title: Resveratrol inhibits cell growth in a human cholangiocarcinoma cell line.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cholangiocarcinoma is a devastating tumour with a poor prognosis. An efficient therapy is unavailable in unoperable patients and new drugs are widely sought for and required. Resveratrol (RES) is a natural molecule with a reported anticancer effect, evaluated on different tumour cell lines. We tested the efficacy of RES on a cholangiocarcinoma cell line for the first time.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the human SK-ChA-1 cell line, cultured in the classical two-dimensional model and in the three-dimensional spheroids. After RES exposure morphology, cell viability (colony-forming assay), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and cancer antigen (CA) 19-9 medium releases, cellular transglutaminase activity, karyotype and cell cycle were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resveratrol inhibited cell growth in both the cell culture systems used (from -15 to -80% vs untreated controls) and induced a 40-fold increase of LDH and ALP activities in the culture medium. Also, transglutaminase (TG) activity increased in the cell lysates, together with a cell cycle perturbation characterised by an accumulation in the G(1)/S phase. Karyotype and CA 19-9 expression were not influenced by the treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed cytotoxic effect of RES on the human cholangiocarcinoma SK-ChA-1 cell line cultured two- and three-dimensionally suggests to further analyse its chemotherapic/chemopreventive possibilities for this kind of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Leda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Roncoroni
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Elli
authors.forename: Ersilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dolfini
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erba
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dogliotti
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Terrani
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Doneda
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Grimoldi
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bardella
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003114:Colony-Forming Units Assay; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D000077185:Resveratrol; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D013267:Stilbenes; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D011503:Transglutaminases; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000077185:Resveratrol