title: A GC-TOF-MS study of the stability of serum and urine metabolomes during the UK Biobank sample collection and preparation protocols.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The stability of mammalian serum and urine in large metabolomic investigations is essential for accurate, valid and reproducible studies. The stability of mammalian serum and urine, either processed immediately by freezing at -80 degrees C or stored at 4 degrees C for 24 h before being frozen, was compared in a pilot metabolomic study of samples from 40 separate healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metabolic profiling with GC-TOF-MS was performed for serum and urine samples collected from 40 volunteers and stored at -80 degrees C or 4 degrees C for 24 h before being frozen at -80 degrees C. Subsequent Wilcoxon rank sum test and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) methods were used to assess whether differences in the metabolomes were detected between samples stored at 4 degrees C for 0 or 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 700 unique metabolite peaks were detected, with over 200 metabolite peaks detected in any one sample. PCA and Wilcoxon rank sum tests of serum and urine data showed as a general observation that the variance associated with the replicate analysis per sample (analytical variance) was of the same magnitude as the variance observed between samples stored at 4 degrees C for 0 or 24 h. From a functional point of view the metabolomic composition of the majority of samples did not change in a statistically significant manner when stored under two different conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on this small pilot study, the UK Biobank sampling, transport and fractionation protocols are considered suitable to provide samples, which can produce scientifically robust and valid data in metabolomic studies.
authors.affiliation: Bioanalytical Sciences Group, School of Chemistry, Manchester Interdiscplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7ND, UK.
authors.forename: Warwick B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Broadhurst
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Halsall
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Hagan
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Spasic
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kell
mesh_terms: D018070:Biological Specimen Banks; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D015925:Cryopreservation; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D044967:Serum / Q000737:chemistry*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*