title: An inventory of the ethnoveterinary practices for reproductive disorders in cattle and buffaloes, Sargodha district of Pakistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to document the ethnoveterinary practices (EVPs) used for the treatment and/or management of reproductive disorders of cattle and buffaloes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The information was collected using rapid and participatory rural appraisal techniques through interviews and focused group discussions with 217 traditional veterinary healers (TVHs) over a period of 16 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of 66 plant species was documented for the treatment of reproductive disorders in the two dairy species. Most frequently reported (>or=20 times) plants represented Apiaceae, Poaceae, Pedaliaceae, Linaceae, Arecaceae, Brassicaceae, Malvaceae, Zingiberaceae, Rosaceae, Cannabaceae, Fabaceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae and Mimosaceae families. All the documented plant species were indigenous to the study area. Genital prolapse, retention of fetal membranes, silent estrous/delayed puberty, anestrous, dystokia associated with incomplete cervical dilatation and retention of lochial discharge were the frequently reported reproductive disorders. Some of the plants were reported to be used in more than one condition. Materials other than plants used for the treatment of these disorders included camel milk, butter and butter fat, minerals, eggs, organic matters, chemical substances and meat preparations. These materials were used either alone or as adjunctive therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Richness of EVPs in the study area and extensive variation in the doses, methods of preparation, indications, and claims regarding efficacy of plants for various disorders merit controlled studies for their validation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Reproduction, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Syed Muhammad Rehan
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dilshad
authors.lastname: Najeeb-Ur-Rehman
authors.forename: Zafar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Ghulam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.forename: Arshad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Nazir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Nazir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002020:Buffaloes / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying; D003625:Data Collection; D020834:Ethnopharmacology / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D007246:Infertility / Q000628:therapy* / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011247:Pregnancy; D014730:Veterinary Medicine / Q000639:trends*