title: Phase III trial comparing carboplatin, paclitaxel, and bexarotene with carboplatin and paclitaxel in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: SPIRIT II.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether addition of the synthetic rexinoid bexarotene (Targretin; Eisai Inc, Woodcliff Lake, NJ) to standard first-line carboplatin and paclitaxel therapy provides additional survival benefit in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with stage IIIB disease with pleural effusion, or stage IV NSCLC and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 to 1, were randomly assigned to bexarotene 400 mg/m(2)/d combined with carboplatin and paclitaxel, or assigned to carboplatin and paclitaxel alone. Bexarotene patients also received lipid-lowering agents on or before day 1. The primary efficacy end point was overall survival; secondary efficacy and supportive analyses were also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 612 patients (306 per arm) were enrolled onto the study. In the intent-to-treat population, no significant difference in survival occurred between the two arms. However, a subpopulation (approximately 40%) of bexarotene-treated patients who experienced National Cancer Institute grade 3/4 hypertriglyceridemia had significantly longer median survival than control patients (12.4 v 9.2 months; log-rank, P = .014). Bexarotene-treated patients with grade 3/4 hypertriglyceridemia who received the most benefit included those who were male, were smokers, experienced 6-month prior weight loss >or= 5%, and had stage IV disease. The incidence and severity of most adverse events were similar between arms, although hyperlipidemia, neutropenia, fatigue, leukopenia, arthralgia, and diarrhea were more frequent in the bexarotene arm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the addition of bexarotene to chemotherapy did not improve survival in the overall study population, occurrence of high-grade hypertriglyceridemia in bexarotene-treated patients strongly correlated with increased survival, suggesting that bexarotene may benefit a segment of first-line NSCLC patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Box 432, Houston, TX 77030, USA. gblumens@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Blumenschein
authors.forename: Fadlo R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Khuri
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: von Pawel
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gatzemeier
authors.forename: Wilson H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Jotte
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Le Treut
authors.forename: Show-Li
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Jinkun K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zofia E
authors.initials: ZE
authors.lastname: Dziewanowska
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Negro-Vilar
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077610:Bexarotene; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes; D000077610:Bexarotene; D016190:Carboplatin; D017239:Paclitaxel