title: Evaluation of the effects of chemical versus biological control on Botrytis cinerea agent of gray mould disease of strawberry.
abstract: This study investigates on effects of four fungicide and six isolate from Trichoderma and Gliocladium on Botrytis cinerea agent grey mold of strawberry under library and greenhouse condition. The effect of four fungicides i.e. benomyl, dichlofluanid, captan and triadimenol on B. cinerea was studied in the laboratory condition by method mixed poison to culture medium. It was shown that the fungicide including benomyl, triadimenol, dichlofluanid and captan were able to inhibit mycelial growth of B. cinerea on PDA plate with EC50 of 0.16, 1.42, 3.40 and 7.73 ppm respectively. These fungicides delayed myceliogenic germination of sclerotia at 1000 ppm, while exhibiting no fungicidal effect. Moreover, the antagonistic effects of six fungi including Trichoderma koningii (T21), T. viride (T4), T. harzionum (T5), T. viride (T2), G. virens (G2), G. virens (G8) on B. cinerea were assessed. This assessment was done under library condition and its results as follows: The antagonistic mechanism occurred through branching at the end of B. cinerea hyphae, hyphal contact, coiling, vacuolization and lyses. Volatile metabolites of T. koningii (T21) and non-volatile metabolites of G. virens (G2 and G8) and T. koningii (T21) caused maximum inhibition of the fungal growth. Trichoderma spp and G. virens were able to colonize and sporulate on sclerotia and caused their lysis within 7-21 days. In greenhouse, a completely randomized design with 11 treatments (4 chemical and 6 biological and one untreated control) each replicated five times were used for the comparison. Greenhouse studies revealed that application of fungicides i.e. captan, dichlofluanid, triadimenol and benomyl reduces disease severity by 42, 45, 48 and 52% respectively. The fungal antagonists reduce the grey mold disease severity between 5-42%. All treatments caused a decline in post harvest disease, as the most effective treatment of chemical control was benomyl with 68.33% and for the biological treatment this was T. koningii (T21) with 56%.
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Sahid-Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran. hrakjd3283@yahoo.com
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Alizadeh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharifi-Tehrani
authors.forename: Gh A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hedjaroude
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000898:Antibiosis; D020171:Botrytis / Q000254:growth & development*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D031985:Fragaria / Q000382:microbiology*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020462:Gliocladium / Q000502:physiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial