title: Diversity of risk of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission according to feeding practices, CD4 cell count, and haemoglobin concentration in a South African cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the probabilities of intrapartum and postpartum HIV-1 mother-to-child-transmission according to various feeding practices (formula feeding, exclusive breastfeeding, or mixed-feeding) and to other mother and infant covariates.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the promotion time model extended to multiple exposures to study the probability of infection attributable to each transmission occasion. Blood samples from 551 infants from Durban (South Africa) born to HIV-1 positive untreated mothers between 1995 and 1998 were sequentially tested until 15 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The probability of infection attributable to in utero and intrapartum transmission was 21.88% (18.71-25.20) and was not significantly associated with the feeding practice. The probability of infection attributable to postnatal transmission through exclusive breastfeeding was negligible -0.7% (0-2.5) for 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding-- in comparison with that observed with mixed-feeding -6.15% (3.16-9.57) for 6 months of mixed-feeding. Maternal CD4 cell count and gestational age were significant predictors of intrapartum transmission probability while maternal CD4 cell count and maternal haemoglobin concentration were significant predictors of postpartum transmission probability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decisions about appropriate infant feeding practices should take into account the difference in postpartum transmission risk between exclusive and mixed-feeding. Mixed-feeding should be all the more avoided that mothers have poor immunological statuses and low haemoglobin concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique, Lyon, F-69424, France. maud.tournoud@chu-lyon.fr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tournoud
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ecochard
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coutsoudis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001903:Bottle Feeding; D001942:Breast Feeding; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000635:transmission*; D015497:HIV-1; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D013019:South Africa
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins