title: Familiality of major depressive disorder and gender differences in comorbidity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gender differences exist in the prevalence and psychiatric comorbidity of major depressive disorder (MDD). This study investigates whether familiality of MDD contributes to observed gender differences in comorbidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Familial (f-MDD) and non-familial (nf-MDD) MDD cases from a population sample were assessed for comorbid dysthymia, anxiety disorders and alcohol-related disorders using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the effect of f-MDD on gender differences in comorbidity, adjusted for confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women with f-MDD reported significantly more comorbid dysthymia and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) than their male counterparts; women with nf-MDD reported significantly more comorbid simple phobias and agoraphobia than their male counterparts. Gender differences in comorbid panic disorder and alcohol-related disorders occurred independently of the familial load. Adjustment for age of onset, severity and recurrence of MDD did not change these results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Models to explain comorbidity patterns of MDD differ by gender. Familiality of MDD should be taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verhagen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Meij
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vollebergh
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Janzing
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D019263:Dysthymic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution