title: Human immunodeficiency virus-associated prostate cancer: clinicopathological findings and outcome in a multi-institutional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the clinicopathological findings and the outcome of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients diagnosed and treated for prostate carcinoma, as HIV-positive men being treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are living longer and thus are more likely to develop cancers such as prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective, multi-institutional study involving HIV-positive men with concomitant prostate carcinoma. We collected data regarding patient demographics (age, race), HIV status (CD4(+) cell count, HIV viral load, HAART), PSA level (at cancer diagnosis), symptoms and signs, radiological findings, pathology (Gleason score, stage), cancer treatment (type, side-effects), and outcome (response, survival). Accrued data was analysed using descriptive statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 17 patients (mean age 59 years) with HIV-associated prostate adenocarcinoma. The mean CD4(+) count was 336 cells/mm(3) and the mean HIV viral load was 17 319 copies/mL. In all, 14 (82%) of these men were receiving HAART. Most patients were diagnosed with carcinoma after an abnormal screening PSA level. The mean PSA level was 30 ng/mL. Only six (35%) men had an abnormal prostate on examination. The mean Gleason score was 6.8, and in most cases, cancer was confined to the prostate gland. Most patients were amenable to curative treatment with hormonal therapy, radiation, and/or prostatectomy. There were no serious treatment related side-effects. One patient remained untreated. All treated patients had a complete response (undetectable PSA level). Most patients were long-term survivors. Documented death in five cases was unrelated to prostate cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The management of HIV-positive men with prostate carcinoma in the HAART era is becoming increasingly important. Our data shows that in men receiving HAART, their age, PSA levels, clinical presentation, management, and outcome from treated prostate carcinoma does not appear to be significantly altered by HIV status. Therefore, we recommend that patients with prostate cancer and well-controlled HIV viraemia be managed similarly to their HIV-negative counterparts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Springfield, MA 01199, USA. Liron.pantanowitz@bhs.org
authors.forename: Liron
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pantanowitz
authors.forename: Gerry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bohac
authors.forename: Timothy P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Cooley
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aboulafia
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Dezube
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D019562:Viral Load