title: Analysis of chemokines and reactive oxygen species formation by rat and human neutrophils induced by microcystin-LA, -YR and -LR.
abstract: Microcystins (MC), a family of heptapeptide toxins produced by some genera of Cyanobacteria, have potent hepatotoxicity and tumor-promoting activity. Leukocyte infiltration in the liver was observed in MC-induced acute intoxication. Although the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity are still unclear, neutrophil infiltration in the liver may play an important role in triggering toxic injury and tumor development. The present study reports the effects of MC-LA, MC-YR and MC-LR (1 and 1000 nM) on human and rat neutrophils functions in vitro. Cell viability, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured by flow cytometry. Extracellular ROS content was measured by lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence, and cytokines were determined by ELISA. We found that these MC increased interleukin-8 (IL-8), cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-2alphabeta (CINC-2alphabeta) and extracellular ROS levels in human and rat neutrophils. Apart from neutrophil presence during the inflammatory process of MC-induced injury, our results suggest that hepatic neutrophil accumulation is further increased by MC-induced neutrophil-derived chemokine.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-900, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kujbida
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hatanaka
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Campa
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Curi
authors.forename: Sandra Helena
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Poliselli Farsky
authors.forename: Ernani
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pinto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000378:metabolism; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008387:Marine Toxins; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D052998:Microcystins / Q000633:toxicity*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D018925:Chemokines; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; C513294:Cxcl3 protein, rat; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C065685:microcystin YR; C049865:cyanoginosin-LA; C057862:cyanoginosin LR