title: Dissemination of ESBL and Qnr determinants in Enterobacter cloacae in Algeria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in Enterobacter cloacae clinical isolates collected from Algerian hospitals and to verify the association with qnr genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  MICs were determined by Etest for isolates giving positive double-disc synergy tests, and all isolates were screened by PCR and sequenced, respectively, for bla(TEM), bla(CTX-M), bla(SHV) and bla(VEB) genes and for qnr genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS), using specific primers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of ESBLs was 25/141 (17.7%) with 11, 9, 4 and 1 isolates testing positive for genes encoding CTX-M-15, CTX-M-3, SHV-12 and VEB-1, respectively. Two SHV-12 producers and one CTX-M-15 producer expressed QnrS1, one isolate produced CTX-M-15 and QnrB1 and one SHV-12 producer co-expressed QnrS1 and QnrB4. qnrA was not detected in our collection, and qnr alleles were not detected in non-ESBL-producing isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SHV-12, QnrS1, QnrB1 and QnrB4 were reported for the first time in Algeria. This study also described a co-expression of qnrS1 and qnrB4 by an SHV-12 producer isolate.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, BP 32 El-Alia, Bab-Ezzouar 16111, Alger, Algérie.
authors.forename: Hassen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iabadene
authors.forename: Yamina
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Messai
authors.forename: Houria
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ammari
authors.forename: Nadjia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramdani-Bouguessa
authors.forename: Saliha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lounes
authors.forename: Rabah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bakour
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arlet
mesh_terms: D000462:Algeria; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D016972:Enterobacter cloacae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics*; D047090:beta-Lactams / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D015363:Quinolones; D047090:beta-Lactams; D001618:beta-Lactamases