title: Na+,K+,2Cl- cotransport and intracellular chloride regulation in rat primary sensory neurons: thermodynamic and kinetic aspects.
abstract: Adult primary afferent neurons are depolarized by GABA throughout their entire surface, including their somata located in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Primary afferent depolarization (PAD) mediated by GABA released from spinal interneurons determines presynaptic inhibition, a key mechanism in somatosensory processing. The depolarization is due to Cl(-) efflux through GABA(A) channels; the outward Cl(-) gradient is generated by a Na+,K+,2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC) as first established in amphibians. Using fluorescence imaging microscopy we measured [Cl(-)]i and cell water volume (CWV) in dissociated rat DRG cells (P0-P21) loaded with N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium bromide and calcein, respectively. Basal [Cl(-)]i was 44.2 +/- 1.2 mM (mean +/- SE), Cl(-) equilibrium potential (E Cl) was -27.0 +/- 0.7 mV (n = 75). This [Cl(-)]i is about four times higher than electrochemical equilibrium. On isosmotic removal of external Cl(-), cells lost Cl(-) and shrank. On returning to control solution, cells reaccumulated Cl(-) and recovered CWV. Cl(-) reaccumulation had Na+-dependent (SDC) and Na+-independent (SIC) components. The SIC stabilized at [Cl(-)]i = 13.2 +/- 1.2 mM, suggesting that it was passive (E(Cl) = -60.5 +/- 3 mV). Bumetanide blocked CWV recovery and most (65%) of the SDC (IC50 = 5.7 microM), indicating that both were mediated by NKCC. Active Cl(-) uptake fell with increasing [Cl(-)]i and became negligible when [Cl(-)]i reached basal levels. The kinetics of active Cl(-) uptake suggests a negative feedback system in which intracellular Cl(-)regulates its own influx thereby keeping [Cl(-)]i constant, above electrochemical equilibrium but below the value that would attain if NKCC reached thermodynamic equilibrium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435-0001, USA.
authors.forename: Héctor I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Rocha-González
authors.forename: Shihong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Leefmans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002034:Bumetanide / Q000494:pharmacology; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000166:cytology*; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011806:Quinolinium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D028021:Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters / Q000502:physiology*; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011806:Quinolinium Compounds; D049994:Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; D028021:Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters; D002034:Bumetanide; C085493:N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium; D012964:Sodium; C007740:fluorexon