title: Evaluation of lure dispensers for fruit fly surveillance in New Zealand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) represent a major biosecurity threat to the horticulture sector of New Zealand, which is entirely free of these invasive pests. A nationwide surveillance programme is conducted to ensure any incursion is detected as early as possible. A review of the lure dispensers used is reported here.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lure dispenser emission trials found that the currently used lure plugs release lure more slowly under New Zealand subtropical to temperate climates than wafer dispensers. Subsequent trapping experiments at high altitude in Hawaii (as a mimic of New Zealand meteorological and expected fruit fly ecological conditions) compared Lynfield traps baited with the existing lure plug dispensers and newer wafer dispensers. Catches of wild Oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), were 9.5-fold higher with methyl eugenol wafers than with the plugs. Recaptures of sterile melon flies, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet), were 2.6-fold higher with cuelure wafers than with the plugs. Recaptures of sterile Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata Weid., were not significantly higher with trimedlure wafers than with the plugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Release rate and trapping experiments found new lure dispensers differed in release rate characteristics from existing dispensers under temperate and subtropical conditions, and indicated some potential for improvement in surveillance efficacy.
authors.affiliation: HortResearch, PO Box 51, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand. msuckling@hortresearch.co.nz
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Suckling
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holder
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Andrea E A
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Stephens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002074:Butanones / Q000494:pharmacology; D002980:Climate; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005054:Eugenol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006254:Hawaii; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D009520:New Zealand; D010675:Pheromones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D033621:Tephritidae / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002074:Butanones; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D010675:Pheromones; C010411:insect attractants; C481839:4-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone; C045211:trimedlure; C005223:methyleugenol; D005054:Eugenol