title: Interactions between SNP alleles at multiple loci contribute to skin color differences between caucasoid and mongoloid subjects.
abstract: This study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) alleles at multiple loci associated with racial differences in skin color using SNP genotyping. A total of 122 Caucasians in Toledo, Ohio and 100 Mongoloids in Japan were genotyped for 20 SNPs in 7 candidate genes, encoding the Agouti signaling protein (ASIP), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), tyrosinase (TYR), melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), oculocutaneous albinism II (OCA2), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and myosin VA (MYO5A). Data were used to analyze associations between the 20 SNP alleles using linkage disequilibrium (LD). Combinations of SNP alleles were jointly tested under LD for associations with racial groups by performing a chi(2) test for independence. Results showed that SNP alleles at multiple loci can be considered the haplotype that contributes to significant differences between the two population groups and suggest a high probability of LD. Confirmation of these findings requires further study with other ethnic groups to analyze the associations between SNP alleles at multiple loci and skin color variation among races.
authors.affiliation: Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548 Japan. annou@sic.shibaura-it.ac.jp
authors.forename: Sumiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anno
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Takushi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D054366:Agouti Signaling Protein / Q000235:genetics; D000483:Alleles; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D001415:Back; D002610:Cheek; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D051739:Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000235:genetics*; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics; D024701:Myosin Type V / Q000235:genetics; D009820:Ohio; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000235:genetics*; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C515182:ASIP protein, human; D054366:Agouti Signaling Protein; C497234:MITF protein, human; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D051739:Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor; C489600:OCA2 protein, human; D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1; C077511:MYO5A protein, human; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C489799:TYRP1 protein, human; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase; D024701:Myosin Type V; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains