title: Low plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor and childhood physical neglect are associated with verbal memory impairment in major depression--a preliminary report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early life stress has been suggested to mediate vulnerability to affective disorders. Animal models of repeated maternal separation have shown reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in specific brain regions implicated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and memory formation. In addition, BDNF levels are also reduced in major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate whether childhood physical neglect (CPN) and plasma BDNF levels would impact on memory performance in adult female subjects with recurrent major depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recurrent female MDD outpatients with CPN (MDD + CPN, n = 17) and without CPN (MDD, n = 17) and healthy control subjects (n = 15) were assessed for plasma BDNF content and verbal memory performance. Memory was assessed through the logical memory component of the Weschler Memory Scale-Revised for immediate and delayed recall. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor was assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major depressive disorder patients showed lower plasma BDNF concentrations than healthy control subjects (p < .001). Major depressive disorder + CPN had even lower BDNF levels compared with control subjects and MDD (p < .05). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were negatively related to psychological morbidity and positively correlated to memory performance. Regression models showed that severity of self-reported CPN and low plasma BDNF predicted impairment on immediate verbal recall. Delayed recall impairment was predicted by severity of CPN and depression and memory retention by posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that CPN and plasma BDNF are important factors associated with depression and verbal memory performance, particularly with encoding processes.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grassi-Oliveira
authors.forename: Lilian Milnitsky
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Rodrigo Pestana
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Antonio L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Moisés Evandro
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010045:Outpatients; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor