title: Refractive properties of the healthy human eye during acute hyperglycemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the refractive properties of the healthy human eye during acute hyperglycemia by means of Scheimpflug imaging and Hartmann-Shack aberrometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute hyperglycemia was induced in five healthy subjects (two males, three females, mean age +/-SD 24.8 years +/- 4.6) by means of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after subcutaneous somatostatin injection. Before and every 30 minutes after the OGTT, measurements with Scheimpflug imaging and Hartmann-Shack aberrometry were performed. The main outcome measures were the thickness and shape of the lens, and the ocular refractive error and higher order aberrations. The equivalent refractive index of the lens was calculated from these parameters. Measurements at baseline and during hyperglycemia were analyzed by means of Wilcoxon signed rank sum tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During hyperglycemia (mean blood glucose level at baseline: 4.0 mmol/l; mean maximal blood glucose level: 18.4 mmol/l) no changes could be found in the refractive properties within the group. In one subject, a hyperopic shift (0.4 D) was observed, together with a more convex shape of the anterior lens surface and a decrease in the equivalent refractive index of the lens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that hyperglycemia generally does not cause changes in the refractive properties of the healthy eye. Nevertheless, in one subject a hyperopic shift accompanied by a change in shape and refractive index of the lens was measured. This finding could provide an explanation for the mechanism underlying the refractive changes that are often observed during hyperglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ngm.wiemer@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Nanouk G M
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Wiemer
authors.forename: Elisabeth M W
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Eekhoff
authors.forename: Suat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simsek
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Ringens
authors.forename: Bettine C P
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.forename: Michiel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dubbelman
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose