title: Risk of ischaemic cardiovascular events from selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most previous observational studies assessing cardiovascular risk associated with Cox-2 inhibitors (Cox-2is) used a case control approach, limiting the assessment of absolute risk by disease group and effect of duration of exposure. We conducted a retrospective cohort study in patients with osteoarthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Life-link US claims database, all subjects had at least five years history in the database. Exposure was defined as the first chronic period of Cox-2i (celecoxib, rofecoxib or valdecoxib) or naproxen use. Non-users and non-chronic users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)/Cox-2i within the osteoarthritis cohort served as the reference. The primary outcome was myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A cohort of 16,580 subjects were chronically exposed to celecoxib, 9800 received rofecoxib, 2907 received naproxen and 51,539 were non-chronically exposed controls. With a median follow up of 506 days, there were 2116 ischaemic events for the entire cohort. The strongest predictors of AMI/ ischaemic stroke risk were history of ischaemic stroke (HR 2.34, 2.12-2.59) and age 65+ years (HR 2.28, 2.07-2.52). For rofecoxib, (HR 1.25,1.04-1.50), the attributable risk varied from 3 per 1000 patients years in individuals aged under 65 years with no history of CVD to 19 per 1000 patients years in older individuals with a history of CVD. The hazard ratios did not change over time. Celecoxib and naproxen were not associated with increased risks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The attributable risk for rofecoxib varied substantially with the underlying cardiovascular risk profile, being lower in clinical trial than in clinical practice populations.
authors.affiliation: Worldwide Epidemiology, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, Essex, UK.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cunnington
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Nawab
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Qizilbash
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mander
authors.forename: Michele Jonsson
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Funk
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068579:Celecoxib; D015331:Cohort Studies; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007783:Lactones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000139:chemically induced*; D009288:Naproxen / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000188:drug therapy; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000139:chemically induced*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013450:Sulfones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000068579:Celecoxib; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D007555:Isoxazoles; D007783:Lactones; D009288:Naproxen; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib; C406224:valdecoxib; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides