title: Alkalibacterium indicireducens sp. nov., an obligate alkaliphile that reduces indigo dye.
abstract: Indigo-reducing, obligately alkaliphilic strains A11T, F11 and F12 were isolated from indigo fermentation liquor obtained from Tokushima Prefecture, Shikoku, Japan. The isolates grew at pH 9.0-12.3, but not at pH 7.0-8.0. The optimum pH range for growth was 9.5-11.5. They were Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped strains with peritrichous flagella. The isolates grew in 0-14 % (w/v) NaCl, with optimum growth at 1-11 %. They grew at temperatures of 15-35 degrees C with optimum growth at around 20-30 degrees C. dl-Lactate was the major end product from d-glucose. No quinones were detected. The peptidoglycan type was A4 alpha, l-Lys (l-Orn)-d-Asp. The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, C16 : 17c and C18 : 19c. The DNA G+C contents were 47.0-47.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data indicated that the isolates belong to the genus Alkalibacterium. DNA-DNA hybridization revealed low relatedness values between the isolates and the three phylogenetically most closely related species, Alkalibacterium olivapovliticus, Alkalibacterium psychrotolerans and Alkalibacterium iburiense (<41 %). On the basis of phenotypic characteristics, including hydrolysis of cellulose and fermentation of carbohydrates, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, phylogenetic data and DNA-DNA relatedness data, it is concluded that the isolates merit classification as representatives of a novel species of the genus Alkalibacterium, for which the name Alkalibacterium indicireducens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of this species is A11T (=JCM 14232T=NCIMB 14253T).
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Genome-based Biofactory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan. i.yumoto@aist.go.jp
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yumoto
authors.forename: Kikue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nodasaka
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tokiwa
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakajima
mesh_terms: D001482:Base Composition; D001483:Base Sequence; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006092:Gram-Negative Facultatively Anaerobic Rods / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007203:Indigo Carmine; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism; D007564:Japan; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005227:Fatty Acids; D007211:Indoles; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D007203:Indigo Carmine