title: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound-guided microwave tissue coagulation therapy for hepatic trauma: an experimental study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonoperative therapies for hepatic trauma have become more popular. Because there is a potential application of microwave tissue coagulation (MTC) in the minimally invasive management of hepatic trauma, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)- guided MTC therapy for hepatic trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty hepatic lacerations were created intraoperatively in 10 heparinized porcine livers. MTC therapy was performed under CEUS guidance. Two hours after MTC, CEUS and histopathologic examination were performed to assess the effect of MTC therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All hepatic lacerations with active bleeding were successfully controlled with MTC therapy. The bleeding times in grade II and III lacerations (192.0 +/- 108.0 seconds, 443.4 +/- 63.5 seconds, respectively) were longer than that in grade I (48.3 +/- 33.3 seconds; p < 0.01), and blood losses (24.8 +/- 6.5 g, 47.8 +/- 10.5 g) were also higher than in grade I (6.6 +/- 4.3 g; p < 0.01). All grade I lacerations (16 of 16, 100%), 7 grade II (7 of 16, 43.8%), and 3 grade III (3 of 8, 37.5%) were not enhanced on CEUS except for the electrode track appearing as a hyperechoic strip. In 9 grade II lacerations and 8 grade III lacerations, most of treated region was unenhanced apart from a few small regular vascular enhancements at the periphery of treated region. Histopathologic examination showed that there was no hematoma in any microwave-treated region and the hepatocytes in treated region were obviously necrotic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MTC therapy is a simple and effective method and may have great potential in minimally invasive treatment of hepatic trauma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, China. txiner@vip.sina.com
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Yuexiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xingguo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.forename: Lichun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Yukun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006489:Hemostatic Techniques; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media