title: Treatment of classic Kaposi sarcoma with a nicotine dermal patch: a phase II clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kaposi sarcoma (KS), a malignancy of dermal endothelial cells that is caused by human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) infection, is sensitive to perturbations of immunity. Nicotine might be effective against KS because of its immunologic and vascular effects and because smoking is associated with a low risk of KS.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a masked, randomized phase 2 clinical trial of transdermal nicotine and placebo patches to assess the safety and efficacy of nicotine against classic KS (cKS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three cKS lesions, predominantly nodules, in each of 24 non-smoking patients were randomly assigned to 15 weeks continuous treatment with nicotine patch (escalated to 7 mg), identical masked placebo patch or no patch. Changes in lesion area and elevation from baseline through six follow-up visits, by direct measurement and by two independent readers using digital photographs of the lesions, were compared using non-parametric and regression methods. Changes in longitudinal levels of HHV8 antibodies and DNA in blood cells were similarly assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no systemic or serious adverse events, and compliance was good. One patient resumed smoking and discontinued patches, and two patients withdrew at week 12 for unrelated indications. Six (29%) of the remaining 21 suspended use of patches to relieve local skin irritation; four of these six completed the trial at reduced dose. Treatment assignment was not associated with significant or consistent changes in cKS lesion area or elevation, HHV8 viral load or antibodies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transdermal nicotine and placebo patches caused no serious toxicities but had no demonstrable effect on nodular cKS lesions or HHV8 levels.
authors.affiliation: Viral Epidemiology Branch and Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. goedertj@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Goedert
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Scoppio
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Neve
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Federici
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Dolan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brambati
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bellinvia
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lauria
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Preiss
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Boneschi
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whitby
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brambilla
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D005260:Female; D019288:Herpesvirus 8, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010919:Placebos; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D009538:Nicotine