title: Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) in patients with a 45,X/46,X,+mar karyotype - 17 new cases and a review of the literature.
abstract: Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) can appear in a numerically normal 'basic karyotype', but also in a numerically abnormal one like a Turner syndrome karyotype (= sSMC(T)). Here we present 17 new cases with such a mos 45,X/46,X,+mar karyotype. Moreover we reviewed all 512 cytogenetically similar cases available from the literature and supply for the first time data on occurrence, shapes and subgroups of this rare cytogenetic entity. sSMC(T) are very rare in the common population (1:100,000) - however, they can be observed with a 45- and even 60-times higher frequency in infertile and (develop)mentally retarded patients, respectively. Even though sSMC(T) derive from one of the gonosomes in >99% of the cases, there are also exceptional reports on sSMC(T) derived from one of the autosomes. The majority of sSMC(T)(X) form ring chromosomes, while most sSMC(T)(Y) are inverted duplicated/isodicentric chromosomes. Although >500 sSMC(T) are reported, a detailed characterization of the chromosomal breakpoints is only given for a minority. Thus, more cases with detailed (molecular) cytogenetic marker chromosome characterization are needed to provide information on formation and effects of an sSMC(T).
authors.affiliation: Institut fur Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Jena, Germany. i8lith@mti.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liehr
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mrasek
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hinreiner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ewers
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seidel
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Emmanuil
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petesen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polityko
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dufke
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Iourov
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Trifonov
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vermeesch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weise
mesh_terms: D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D019457:Chromosome Breakage; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X / Q000235:genetics*; D003582:Cytogenetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D025064:Sex Chromosome Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000235:genetics