title: Prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the frequency and factors associated with metabolic syndrome in adult female patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  During January and June 2006, 192 consecutive adult female patients seen during their scheduled appointment at the out-patient rheumatology clinic and meeting the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for RA and SLE were invited to participate in this study. Sociodemographic, menopausal status, personal history of coronary heart disease, and physical activity were evaluated. According to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment III (NCEP/ATP III), metabolic syndrome was defined as >or=3 of the following criteria: increased waist circumference (>88 cm or 35 inches), hypertriglyceridemia (>or=150 mg/dL), low (<40 mg/dL) high-density lipoprotein, hypertension, and high fasting glucose (>or=110 mg/dL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  : One hundred-seven RA and 85 SLE patients with a mean age of 43 +/- 13 years were included in this study. The frequency of obesity and abnormal waist circumference were similar in RA and SLE patients. Two percent were underweight, 35% had a normal weight, 37% were overweight, and 25% were obese. The frequency of metabolic syndrome in RA and SLE patients was 17%. Metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with greater age, less education, lower income, and smoking. In RA patients, metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with a shorter treatment period with methotrexate, with pain, and with health assessment questionnaire scores. By multivariate logistic regression, the only statistically significant predictor of metabolic syndrome was smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of metabolic syndrome in RA and SLE patients was similar and associated with smoking. In RA patients, metabolic syndrome was related with pain and functional status, suggesting disease activity. A better control of disease activity may reduce the presence of metabolic syndrome and the risk of cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Clínica y Epidemiología, Hospital General Regional No 20, IMSS, Tijuana, British Columbia, México. zonanaa@-yahoo.com
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zonana-Nacach
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Santana-Sahagún
authors.forename: Francisco Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Balderas
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camargo-Coronel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index