title: The relationship between leishmaniasis and AIDS: the second 10 years.
abstract: To date, most Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection cases reported to WHO come from Southern Europe. Up to the year 2001, nearly 2,000 cases of coinfection were identified, of which 90% were from Spain, Italy, France, and Portugal. However, these figures are misleading because they do not account for the large proportion of cases in many African and Asian countries that are missed due to a lack of diagnostic facilities and poor reporting systems. Most cases of coinfection in the Americas are reported in Brazil, where the incidence of leishmaniasis has spread in recent years due to overlap with major areas of HIV transmission. In some areas of Africa, the number of coinfection cases has increased dramatically due to social phenomena such as mass migration and wars. In northwest Ethiopia, up to 30% of all visceral leishmaniasis patients are also infected with HIV. In Asia, coinfections are increasingly being reported in India, which also has the highest global burden of leishmaniasis and a high rate of resistance to antimonial drugs. Based on the previous experience of 20 years of coinfection in Europe, this review focuses on the management of Leishmania-HIV-coinfected patients in low-income countries where leishmaniasis is endemic.
authors.affiliation: Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. alvarj@who.int
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alvar
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aparicio
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aseffa
authors.forename: Margriet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Den Boer
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cañavate
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dedet
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gradoni
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ter Horst
authors.forename: Rogelio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: López-Vélez
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications*; D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007891:Leishmania / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents