title: Activation of TLR-4 and liver injury via NF-kappa B in rat with acute cholangitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of type 1 transmembrane receptors, which can recognize different pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Among them, TLR-4 is specific to lipopolysaccharide. It transfers the infection signal into the cell and promotes the translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) to the nucleus and the subsequent transcriptional activation of genes encoding pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Acute cholangitis (AC) is a common biliary tract infection in oriental countries, and often leads to liver injury. The activation of TLR-4 and its significance in liver injury in rats with AC remain unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat models of AC (biliary tract obstruction+E. coli injection, n=36) and control models (biliary tract obstruction+saline, n=18) were made. Liver tissue injury was investigated by pathological examination. The levels of serum TNF-alpha and IL-10 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the expressions of TLR-4, NF-kappaB mRNAs and proteins in the liver were detected by RT-PCR, immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Severe liver tissue injury in rats with AC was evident as shown by pathological examination. TLR-4 and NF-kappaB were strongly expressed in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in the AC group. They were negative or slightly positive in the control group. TLR-4 mRNA and protein in the liver of rats with AC increased 1 hour after biliary tract ligation and E. coli injection, and peaked at 6 hours after surgery. Twenty-four hours later, they began to decrease. The expression of TLR-4 was paralleled by that of NF-kappaB in the liver and TNF-alpha in serum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher expression of TLR-4 in the liver of rats with AC may be involved in liver injury through the activation of NF-kappaB and release of cytokines such as TNF-alpha.
authors.affiliation: Department of the First Biliary and Minimal Invasive Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China. yuhong1973@163.com
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Shuo-Dong
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495347:Tlr4 protein, rat; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4