title: Development of porous lamellar poly(L-lactic acid) scaffolds by conventional injection molding process.
abstract: A novel fabrication technique is proposed for the preparation of unidirectionally oriented, porous scaffolds by selective polymer leaching from lamellar structures created by conventional injection molding. The proof of the concept is implemented using a 50/50 wt.% poly(L-lactic acid)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PLLA/PEO) blend. With this composition, the PLLA and PEO blend is biphasic, containing a homogeneous PLLA/PEO phase and a PEO-rich phase. The two phases were structured using injection molding into well-defined alternating layers of homogeneous PLLA/PEO phase and PEO-rich phase. Leaching of water-soluble PEO from the PEO-rich phase produces macropores, and leaching of phase-separated PEO from the initially homogeneous PLLA/PEO phase produces micropores in the lamellae. Thus, scaffolds with a macroporous lamellar architecture with microporous walls can be produced. The lamellae are continuous along the flow direction, and a continuous lamellar thickness of less than 1 microm could be achieved. Porosities of 57-74% and pore sizes of around 50-100 microm can be obtained using this process. The tensile elastic moduli of the porous constructs were between 580 and 800 MPa. We propose that this organic-solvent-free method of preparing lamellar scaffolds with good mechanical properties, and the reproducibility associated with the injection molding technique, holds promise for a wide range of guided tissue engineering applications.
authors.affiliation: 3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Satyabrata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Júlio C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Viana
authors.forename: Rui L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: João F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mano
mesh_terms: D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011091:Polyesters; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D016062:Porosity; D012212:Rheology; D013718:Tensile Strength; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014783:Viscosity; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D014867:Water; D019344:Lactic Acid; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C033616:poly(lactide)