title: Cell death by SecTRAPs: thioredoxin reductase as a prooxidant killer of cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  SecTRAPs (selenium compromised thioredoxin reductase-derived apoptotic proteins) can be formed from the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) by targeting of its selenocysteine (Sec) residue with electrophiles, or by its removal through C-terminal truncation. SecTRAPs are devoid of thioredoxin reductase activity but can induce rapid cell death in cultured cancer cell lines by a gain of function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both human and rat SecTRAPs killed human A549 and HeLa cells. The cell death displayed both apoptotic and necrotic features. It did not require novel protein synthesis nor did it show extensive nuclear fragmentation, but it was attenuated by use of caspase inhibitors. The redox active disulfide/dithiol motif in the N-terminal domain of TrxR had to be maintained for manifestation of SecTRAP cytotoxicity. Stopped-flow kinetics showed that NADPH can reduce the FAD moiety in SecTRAPs at similar rates as in native TrxR and purified SecTRAPs could maintain NADPH oxidase activity, which was accelerated by low molecular weight substrates such as juglone. In a cellular context, SecTRAPs triggered extensive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequently antioxidants could protect against the cell killing by SecTRAPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that formation of SecTRAPs could contribute to the cytotoxicity seen upon exposure of cells to electrophilic agents targeting TrxR. SecTRAPs are prooxidant killers of cells, triggering mechanisms beyond those of a mere loss of thioredoxin reductase activity.
authors.affiliation: Medical Nobel Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anestål
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prast-Nielsen
authors.forename: Narimantas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cenas
authors.forename: Elias S J
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Arnér
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology; D016877:Oxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017279:Selenocysteine / Q000737:chemistry*; D013880:Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D016877:Oxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017279:Selenocysteine; D013880:Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase; C005134:juglone