title: Sulfamethazine water medication pharmacokinetics and contamination in a commercial pig production unit.
abstract: Sulfamethazine is often used to treat disease in the swine industry. Sulfamethazine is available as water or feed medication and historically (over the past 40 years) has been associated with residue violations in both the United States and Europe. Despite sulfamethazine's approval for use as a water medication, little research on the pharmacokinetics of the water formulation is available. Therefore, a pilot study was performed to determine the plasma levels of an approved sulfamethazine water medication. Plasma levels in pigs treated with an oral bolus (250 mg/kg), which is equivalent to the total drug consumed within a 24-h period, achieved therapeutic concentrations (50 microg/ml). Noncompartmental-based pharmacokinetic model parameters for clearance, half-life, and volume of distribution were consistent with previously published values in swine. However, the above treatment resulted in exposure of pen mates to sulfamethazine at levels currently above tolerance (0.1 ppm). Using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, the treatment dose simulation was compared with observed plasma levels of treated pigs. Flexibility of the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model also allowed simulation of control-pig plasma levels to estimate contamination exposure. A simulated exposure to 0.15 mg/kg twice within approximately 8 h resulted in detectable levels of sulfamethazine in the control pigs. After initial exposure, a much lower dose of 0.059 mg/kg maintained the contamination levels above tolerance for at least 3 days. These results are of concern for producers and veterinarians, because in commercial farms, the entire barn is often treated,and environmental contamination could result in residues of an unknown duration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Center for Chemical Toxicology and Research Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Baynes
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Buur
authors.forename: Jim E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Riviere
authors.forename: Glen W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Almond
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013418:Sulfamethazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D014867:Water; D013418:Sulfamethazine