title: When the genome plays dice: circumvention of the spindle assembly checkpoint and near-random chromosome segregation in multipolar cancer cell mitoses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Normal cell division is coordinated by a bipolar mitotic spindle, ensuring symmetrical segregation of chromosomes. Cancer cells, however, occasionally divide into three or more directions. Such multipolar mitoses have been proposed to generate genetic diversity and thereby contribute to clonal evolution. However, this notion has been little validated experimentally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chromosome segregation and DNA content in daughter cells from multipolar mitoses were assessed by multiphoton cross sectioning and fluorescence in situ hybridization in cancer cells and non-neoplastic transformed cells. The DNA distribution resulting from multipolar cell division was found to be highly variable, with frequent nullisomies in the daughter cells. Time-lapse imaging of H2B/GFP-labelled multipolar mitoses revealed that the time from the initiation of metaphase to the beginning of anaphase was prolonged and that the metaphase plates often switched polarity several times before metaphase-anaphase transition. The multipolar metaphase-anaphase transition was accompanied by a normal reduction of cellular cyclin B levels, but typically occurred before completion of the normal separase activity cycle. Centromeric AURKB and MAD2 foci were observed frequently to remain on the centromeres of multipolar ana-telophase chromosomes, indicating that multipolar mitoses were able to circumvent the spindle assembly checkpoint with some sister chromatids remaining unseparated after anaphase. Accordingly, scoring the distribution of individual chromosomes in multipolar daughter nuclei revealed a high frequency of nondisjunction events, resulting in a near-binomial allotment of sister chromatids to the daughter cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The capability of multipolar mitoses to circumvent the spindle assembly checkpoint system typically results in a near-random distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells. Spindle multipolarity could thus be a highly efficient generator of genetically diverse minority clones in transformed cell populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. david.gisselsson@med.lu.se
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gisselsson
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Håkanson
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stoller
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marti
authors.forename: Yuesheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Anders H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Rosengren
authors.forename: Ylva
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stewénius
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kahl
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Panagopoulos
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002842:Chromatids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D020090:Chromosome Segregation; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016678:Genome; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008938:Mitosis; D008957:Models, Genetic; D013997:Time Factors