title: [Geographic variation as a result of evolution of the traits with broad and narrow norms of reaction in the moor frog (Rana arvalis)].
abstract: Females reproductive, size, and age characteristics were studied in isolated local populations of Rana arvalis in the southern and northern parts of its range. The yearlings of the southern populations used to get larger by their first overwintering due to earlier beginning of the breeding season, as compared with the yearlings of the northern population. As a result, "southern" females become sexually mature at the age of two years while the "northern" ones become mature at the age of three years. This causes geographic differences in age composition among two populations, the "southern" reproductive females being younger on average than the "northern" ones. The earlier female maturation in the first case is not compensated by respective rise of the growth rate; to the contrary, the "southern" females grow more slowly during the first two years of their life and appear to be smaller than the "norhern" ones. These reproduction and growth patterns arise supposedly due to paedomorphosis, which causes specific reproductive characteristics, namely decrease in the egg size, increase in the reproductive effort and more strong correlation between female fertility and body size. Local and geographic differences are expressed not in the extent but in the structure of reproductive pattern, as no negative correlation was revealed between female reproductive age and body size in the southern populations. Southern habitats cannot be considered as "unfavourable with respect to body size", so the geographic differences under consideration cannot be explained by optimization of the reproductive strategies at population level. Paedomorphosis appears as a result of the female maturation rate possessing a wider norm of reaction than the growth rate. At the same time, fixation of the specific growth rate narrows norm of reaction of some other characters important for the phenotype reproductive fitness thus predetermining their subsequent evolution.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Liapkov
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Cherdantsev
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Cherdantseva
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001824:Body Constitution; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D011898:Ranidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D012741:Sexual Maturation