title: Anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg1, cinnamic acid, and tanshinone IIA in osteosarcoma MG-63 cells: nuclear matrix downregulation and cytoplasmic trafficking of nucleophosmin.
abstract: Ginsenoside Rg1, cinnamic acid, and tanshinone IIA are effective anticancer and antioxidant constituents of traditional Chinese herbal medicines of Ginseng (Panax ginseng), Xuanshen (Radix scrophulariae), and Danshen (Salvia mitiorrhiza), respectively. There was insufficient study on molecular mechanisms of anticancer effects of those constituents and their targets were unknown. We chose nucleophosmin as a candidate molecular target because it is frequently mutated and upregulated in various cancer cells. Nucleophosmin is a major nucleolus phosphoprotein that involves in rRNA synthesis, maintaining genomic stability, and normal cell division and its haploinsufficiency makes cell more susceptible to oncogenic assault. Ginsenoside Rg1, cinnamic acid, and tanshinone IIA treatment of osteosarcoma MG-63 cells decreased nucleophosmin expression in nuclear matrix and induced nucleophosmin translocation from nucleolus to nucleoplasm and cytoplasm, a process of dedifferentiating transformed cells. Using immunogold electro-microscopy, we found at the first time that nucleophosmin was localized on nuclear matrix intermediate filaments that had undergone restorational changes after the treatments. Nucleophosmin also functions as a molecular chaperone that might interact with multiple oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. We found that oncogenes c-myc, c-fos and tumor suppressor genes, P53, Rb were regulated by ginsenoside Rg1, cinnamic acid, and tanshinone IIA as well. In present study, we identified nucleophosmin as a molecular target of the effective anticancer constituents of t Ginseng, Xuanseng, and Danseng that down-regulated nucleophosmin in nuclear matrix, changed its trafficking from nucleolus to cytoplasm, and regulated several oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Therefore, we postulate that Ginsenoside Rg1, cinnamic acid, and tanshinone IIA could serve as protective agents in cancer prevention and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Cell Biology & Tumor cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China. chifulee@xmu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Qi-Fu
authors.initials: QF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Song-Lin
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Qing-Rong
authors.initials: QR
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Jianye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D045784:Abietanes; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002417:Cattle; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016208:Databases, Factual; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D034521:Nuclear Matrix-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000090243:Nucleophosmin; D009857:Oncogenes; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D045784:Abietanes; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002934:Cinnamates; D036145:Ginsenosides; D034521:Nuclear Matrix-Associated Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D010616:Phenanthrenes; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C021751:tanshinone; D000090243:Nucleophosmin; C029010:cinnamic acid; C035054:ginsenoside Rg1