title: Usefulness of enzyme-linked immunospot assay (Elispot) compared to tuberculin skin testing for latent tuberculosis screening in rheumatic patients scheduled for anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists in patients with rheumatic diseases has been associated with increased rates of tuberculosis due to reactivation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) infection (LTBI). Diagnosis of LTBI is based mainly on the tuberculin skin test (TST), which has certain limitations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the TST with an enzyme-linked immunospot interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) release assay (Elispot; T SPOT TB) for the diagnosis of LTBI in 70 patients with various rheumatic diseases starting treatment with anti-TNF agents. All patients underwent a standard initial evaluation for LTBI including clinical examination, chest radiograph, and standard TST. Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated ex vivo with MTb-specific antigens (ESAT-6 and CFP10), and IFN-gamma-producing cells were counted (Elispot assay).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven patients (38.6%) were TST+ and 16 were Elispot+ (22.8%). The overall level of agreement between the 2 tests was 72.8%, being much higher in patients who were TST- (39/43, 90.6%) than in those who were TST+ (12/27, 44.4%). Discordant results were observed in 19 patients (27.1%). Among TST- patients (n = 43), 4 were Elispot+ (9.3%); we also identified 15 Elispot- patients among 27 TST+ patients (55.6%). Multivariate analysis showed that a history of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination was associated with TST+/Elispot- discordant results (p = 0.01), whereas steroid use was linked to TST-/Elispot+ discordant results (p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elispot assay is a useful test for diagnosis of LTBI in rheumatic patients scheduled for anti-TNF therapy and identification of patients with false-positive TST results due to previous BCG vaccination.
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens University School of Medicine, Athens, Greece. dvassilop@med.uoa.gr
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vassilopoulos
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stamoulis
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hadziyannis
authors.forename: Athanasios J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Archimandritis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000276:immunology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D014374:Tuberculin Test; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha