title: Thyroid functions in children with Down's syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate thyroid function in children with Down's syndrome, and to ascertain the presence of a relationship between overt thyroid diseases and congenital anomalies.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and forty Down's syndrome patients, aged from 3 days to 13 years 9 months, were evaluated for karyotype, thyroid functions and the coexistence of congenital anomalies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Trisomy 21 was found in the majority of cases (95.7%). Fifty-six patients (40%) had abnormal thyroid functions: 53 (37.9%) hypothyroidism and 3 (2.1%) hyperthyroidism. Ten patients (7.1%) were diagnosed with overt thyroid disease: congenital hypothyroidism 3.6%, acquired hypothyroidism associated autoimmune thyroiditis 1.4% and hyperthyroidism 2.1%. None of the patients with congenital hypothyroidism had athyreosis or ectopic thyroid gland. Sub-clinical hypothyroidism accounted for 32.9% of all cases; 10.7% showed a spontaneous decrease to normal TSH levels and 13.6% had persistently elevated TSH levels with the median follow-up time of 6 and 12 months, respectively. Congenital heart disease, gastrointestinal anomalies and hematological disease were found in 73.6, 10 and 3.6 percent of patients, respectively. There was no statistical correlation between the coexistence of cardiovascular or gastrointestinal disease in Down's syndrome patients with overt thyroid diseases or sub-clinical hypothyroidism to those having normal thyroid functions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sub-clinical hypothyroidism was the most common thyroid abnormality in children with Down's syndrome. A longitudinal and timely-scheduled evaluation of thyroid function is needed to establish the natural course of this abnormality and the proper management guideline.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. kunachak@mail.med.cmu.ac.th
authors.forename: Kevalee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Unachak
authors.forename: Pranoot
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tanpaiboon
authors.forename: Yupada
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pongprot
authors.forename: Rekwan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sittivangkul
authors.forename: Suchaya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silvilairat
authors.forename: Prapai
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dejkhamron
authors.forename: Jutamas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sudasna
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism; D007037:Hypothyroidism; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000473:pathology*