title: Trace element loss in urine and effluent following traumatic injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few data are available to establish recommendations for trace element supplementation during critical illness. This study quantified the loss of several elements and assessed the adequacy of manganese and selenium in parenteral nutrition (PN).
  
  
  METHODS
  Men with traumatic injuries were grouped by renal status: adequate (POLY; n = 6), acute failure with continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH; n = 2), or continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHD; n = 4). PN supplied 300 microg/d manganese and 60 microg/d selenium. Urine and effluent (from artificial kidneys) were collected for 3 days and analyzed for boron, manganese, nickel, and silicon using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and for selenium using atomic absorption spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  POLY manganese and selenium excretion averaged (standard deviation [SD]) 7.9 (3.3) microg/d and 103.5 (22.4) microg/d, respectively. All elements except selenium were detected in dialysate (prior to use). CVVHD effluent contained 3.5 and 7.3 times more manganese and nickel than CVVH ultrafiltrate, respectively. Loss of manganese averaged 2.6%, 21%, and 73% of PN amounts for POLY, CVVH, and CVVHD groups, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minimal loss of manganese compared with the amount in PN suggests that excessive amounts are retained. POLY patients excreted more selenium than was in PN, indicating negative balance. POLY losses of boron and silicon were less than that published for healthy adults, reflecting less than typical intake, whereas loss during CVVH was in the normal reference range, possibly because of added intake from boron contamination of replacement fluids. All patients lost more nickel than amounts published for healthy adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current guidelines of 60-100 microg/d of parenteral manganese may be excessive for trauma patients. The uptake of manganese and nickel from contaminants in CVVHD dialysate should be investigated.
authors.affiliation: Bionutrition Research Program, General Clinical Research Center, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA. CKlein@cnmc.org
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Forrest H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Phylis B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Moser-Veillon
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001895:Boron / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009532:Nickel / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy; D012643:Selenium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D012825:Silicon / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D008345:Manganese; D009532:Nickel; D012643:Selenium; D001895:Boron; D012825:Silicon