Thyroid disease: effects on cardiovascular function.
Thyroid hormones exert direct effects upon the heart and indirect influences mediated via changes in cardiac work. Overt thyroid dysfunction is frequently associated with cardiovascular symptoms and signs and less frequently with significant cardiovascular morbidity due to atrial fibrillation or cardiac failure. Whether subclinical thyroid dysfunction is similarly associated with adverse effects upon the cardiovascular system remains unclear.
Franklyn
J A
JA
Department of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Gammage
M D
MD