title: Sorbent- and liquid-phase microextraction techniques and membrane-assisted extraction in combination with gas chromatographic analysis: A review.
abstract: Approaches are described for on-line and off-line sample pretreatment of liquid samples utilising liquid- and adsorbent- and sorbent-phase microextraction methodologies with GC analysis. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) and membrane-assisted methods are critically evaluated and the applicability of each technique is demonstrated with examples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuulia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hyötyläinen
authors.forename: Marja-Liisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Riekkola