title: The effect of pilot hole size on the insertion torque and pullout strength of self-tapping cortical bone screws in osteoporotic bone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  All surgical screws can experience failure if the torsional, tensile, and flexion loads exerted on the screws are excessively high. The use of self-tapping screws (STS) results in higher insertion torques (IT) as these screws cut their own threads in the pilot hole drilled in the bone. In this study, the torque for inserting the STS into an osteoporotic bone block for different pilot hole sizes (PHS) was measured and the pullout strength (PS) for extraction of the screws was determined for different depths of insertion, 0 mm, 1 mm, and 2 mm beyond the far cortex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two Synthes stainless steel STS (40 mm length and 3.5 mm diameter) were inserted into pilot holes of sizes 2.55 (A: 73% OD), 2.50 (B: 71.5%), 2.45 (C: 70%), and 2.8 mm (D: 80%). Using a digital torque screwdriver, screws were inserted to 0 mm, 1 mm or 2 mm past the far cortex. Pullout tests were conducted with an Instron materials testing system. Analysis of variance and Student-Neuman-Keuls tests were performed to determine the effect of DOI and PHS on the loading energy, PS, and IT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results demonstrated that IT of the screws inserted into pilot holes A, B, and C were higher than those in D. It was also observed that PS and loading energy for 1 mm and 2 mm penetration past the far cortex were higher than those for 0 mm regardless of PHS. This study also found that an increase in PHS to 2.8 mm will reduce IT but will also reduce the PS relative to a PHS of 2.5 mm, the current standard for 3.5 mm screws.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of previously published studies regarding the effect of pilot hole size on PS in healthy cortical bone cannot be applied to the osteoporotic environment. The findings presented in this research support using PHS no larger than 71.5% of the screw outer diameter (i.e., pilot hole size of 2.5 mm for 3.5 mm screws) and inserting screws at least 2 mm beyond the far cortex to maximize PS and minimize iatrogenic damage in osteoporotic bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Suneel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Battula
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Schoenfeld
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sahai
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Vrabec
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tank
authors.forename: Glen O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Njus
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000601:surgery*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength; D019415:Torque
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes