title: Campylobacter jejuni induces diverse kinetics and profiles of cytokine genes in INT-407 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the kinetic ability of embryonic human epithelial INT-407 cells to express messenger ribonucleic acid mRNA for various cytokines and chemokines in response to Campylobacter jejuni C. jejuni stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an experimental single-blind study, cultured embryonic human epithelial INT-407 cells were treated with different concentrations of viable C. jejuni, its sonicated, and filtered supernatant. A modified non-radioactive in situ hybridization using probe cocktails was used to measure mRNA levels for the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin IL-1beta, IL-6, interferon-gamma IFN-gamma, tumour necrosis factor TNF-alpha, transforming growth factor TGF-beta1, and IL-8, and the anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10. The study was carried out from September 2005 to March 2007 at the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viable C. jejuni, sonicated bacteria and filtered supernatant induced high mRNA expression for the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1, and IL-8, which peaked at the 12 hours post stimulation. Anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA expression were induced maximally at 3 hours post stimulation mainly by sonicated bacteria and filtrated supernatant, however, not with living bacteria. Untreated embryonic human epithelial INT-407 cells expressed low amount of mRNA for the various cytokines and chemokines at all time points. For each cytokine, 4 samples were used per time hour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that embryonic human epithelial INT-407 cells in response to viable C. jejuni or its cytotoxins can alter cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression patterns and kinetics suggesting a potential role for theses mediators in the immunopathogenesis of the infection caused by this pathogen, which might be relevant for future immunotherapeutic interventions during severe bacterial infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine of Princess Al-Jawhara Center, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain.
authors.forename: Ahlam I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Al-Amri
authors.forename: Giuseppe A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Botta
authors.forename: Khaled S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Tabbara
authors.forename: Abdelrahman Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Ismaeel
authors.forename: Ali E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Al-Mahmeed
authors.forename: Ahmed Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Qareeballa
authors.forename: Khalid M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bin Dayna
authors.forename: Moiz O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Bakhiet
mesh_terms: D016123:Campylobacter jejuni / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D006801:Humans; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger