title: Falsified papers in high-impact journals were slow to retract and indistinguishable from nonfraudulent papers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to evaluate papers retracted due to falsification in high-impact journals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected articles retracted due to allegations of falsification in January 1, 1980 to March 1, 2006 from journals with impact factor >10 and >30,000 annual citations. We evaluated characteristics of these papers and misconduct-involved authors and assessed whether they correlated with time to retraction. We also compared retracted articles vs. matched nonretracted articles in the same journals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen eligible journals had 63 eligible retracted articles. Median time from publication to retraction was 28 months; it was 79 months for articles where a senior researcher was implicated in the misconduct vs. 22 months when junior researchers were implicated (log-rank P<0.001). For the 25 implicated authors, the median time from the first publication of a fraudulent paper to the first retraction was 34 months, again with a clear difference according to researcher rank (log-rank P=0.001). Retracted articles didn't differ from matched nonretracted papers in citations received within 12 months, number of authors, country, funding, or field, but were twofold more likely to have multinational authorship (P=0.049).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retractions due to falsification can take a long time, especially when senior researchers are implicated. Fraudulent articles are not obviously distinguishable from nonfraudulent ones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Trikalinos
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Evangelou
authors.forename: John P A
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ioannidis
mesh_terms: D001319:Authorship; D015706:Bibliometrics; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012180:Retraction of Publication as Topic; D015871:Scientific Misconduct / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors