title: Coffee consumption and CYP1A2*1F genotype modify age at breast cancer diagnosis and estrogen receptor status.
abstract: CYP1A2 plays a key role in the metabolism of both estrogen and coffee. Women with higher coffee intake and the CYP1A2*1F A/A genotype have a ratio of high 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1) to 16alpha-OHE1. 2-OHE1 is a weak estrogen and may even block the estrogen receptor (ER), whereas 16alpha-OHE1 is procarcinogenic. We hypothesized that moderate to high coffee consumption (> or =2 cups per day) combined with the CYP1A2*1F A/A genotype would be associated with a later age at diagnosis and a greater proportion of ER-negative (ER-) tumors among patients with breast cancer. We genotyped 458 patients with breast cancer (age, 25-99 years) in Lund, Sweden, for CYP1A2*1F. Information on lifestyle factors and tumor characteristics were obtained from preoperative questionnaires and pathology reports. Among patients with CYP1A2*1F A/A (51.3%), moderate to high consumption was associated with a later age at diagnosis compared with low coffee consumption (59.8 versus 52.6 years, P = 0.0004). These patients were also more likely to have ER- tumors than patients with low consumption (14.7% versus 0%, P = 0.018). Coffee was not associated with ER status or age at diagnosis in patients with at least one C allele. Age at diagnosis was not associated with ER status in patients with CYP1A2*1F A/A, but younger patients (<50 years) with at least one C allele were more likely to have ER- tumors compared with older patients (odds ratio, 4.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-9.3; P = 0.0002). These findings raise the hypothesis that coffee slows the growth of ER-positive tumors in patients with CYP1A2*1F A/A and may have implications for breast cancer if confirmed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bågeman
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ingvar
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jernström
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003069:Coffee; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2