title: Resting energy expenditure of children and adolescents undergoing hemodialysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared the resting energy expenditure (REE) of clinically stable children and adolescents on hemodialysis with that of healthy individuals, to investigate whether the current energy recommendations from the National Kidney Foundation/Kidney Disease Outcomes Initiative (NKF/DOQI) are adequate.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in 25 children and adolescents (15 male, SD 12.3 +/- 3.1 years old) undergoing hemodialysis (study group) under stable clinical conditions. Patients were pair-matched by sex and age with 25 healthy individuals (control group). The REE was measured by indirect calorimetry. Nutritional status was evaluated by body mass index Z-score, and growth deficit was evaluated by height-for-age Z-score. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The total energy expenditure (TEE) was estimated by multiplying the REE by the physical activity factor. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for daily energy intake was compared with the estimated TEE in the study group, considering children's age-specific height.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All anthropometric parameters were significantly lower in the study group. Malnutrition and stunting were found in up to 56% and 60%, respectively, of the children in the study group. The absolute REE was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group (1,067 +/- 191 kcal/day vs 1,372 +/- 290 kcal/day, respectively, P < .01). However, when the REE was adjusted for its main determinant, ie, lean body mass, no significant difference was observed between groups (P = .12). In the study group, the RDA for energy was above the TEE in all age groups, and the mean percentage of RDA/TEE was 124.2% +/- 14.2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children and adolescents on hemodialysis had an important deficit of energy and protein stores. The similar adjusted REE found between hemodialysis patients and their matched healthy pairs suggests that under stable clinical conditions, the REE of these subjects is normal. Moreover, the energy recommendation set by he NKF/DOQI is appropriate for this population.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Pediatrics, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Talita
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marques de Aquino
authors.forename: Carla Maria
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Avesani
authors.forename: Rosana Sarmento
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Brasileiro
authors.forename: Joao Thomas
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: de Abreu Carvalhaes
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001938:Brazil; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012146:Rest