title: Early surgical morbidity and mortality in adults with congenital heart disease: the University of Michigan experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review early surgical outcomes in a contemporary series of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) undergoing cardiac operations at the University of Michigan, and to investigate possible preoperative and intraoperative risk factors for morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective medical record review was performed for all patients > or =18 years of age who underwent open heart operations by a pediatric cardiothoracic surgeon at the University of Michigan Congenital Heart Center between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2004. Records from a cohort of pediatric patients ages 1-17 years were matched to a subset of the adult patients by surgical procedure and date of operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 243 cardiac surgical operations were performed in 234 adult patients with CHD. Overall mortality was 4.7% (11/234). The incidence of major postoperative complications was 10% (23/234) with a 19% (45/23) minor complication rate. The most common postoperative complication was atrial arrhythmias in 10.8% (25/234). The presence of preoperative lung or liver disease, prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross clamp times, and postoperative elevated inotropic score and serum lactates were significant predictors of mortality in adults. There was no difference between the adult and pediatric cohorts in terms of mortality and morbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The postoperative course in adults following surgery for CHD is generally uncomplicated and early survival should be expected. Certain risk factors for increased mortality in this patient population may include preoperative presence of chronic lung or liver dysfunction, prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic cross-clamp times, and postoperative elevated inotropic score and serum lactate levels.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-9470, USA.
authors.forename: Ginnie L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Abarbanell
authors.forename: Caren S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Devaney
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ohye
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Bove
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Charpie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors