title: White matter hyperintensities in mid-adult life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  White matter hyperintensities on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging are frequent incidental findings in the brains of elderly individuals. Recent studies have reported that they may also be common in middle-aged individuals, and their systematic evaluation in younger populations is necessary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidental white matter hyperintensities are common in brains of healthy individuals in their 60s and may be seen as early as the 30s and 40s. They are associated with subtle functional impairment and higher prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders. While cerebrovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, high homocysteine, and so forth, are known risk factors for white matter hyperintensities, a significant proportion of the variance is unexplained. Genetic factors, alone or in interaction with environmental factors, appear to be important. There is a slight excess of white matter hyperintensities in women, the basis for which is not understood. Longitudinal studies show that those with baseline lesions have a greater progression over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New imaging techniques present an opportunity to examine white matter pathology in great detail in younger populations. Standardized methods to examine such pathology and its determinants will help inform strategies for their prevention, which is an important component of a healthy ageing agenda.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. p.sachdev@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Perminder
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sachdev
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002539:Cerebral Arterial Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000097:blood; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine