title: Effects of two sterol biosynthesis inhibitor fungicides (fenpropimorph and fenhexamid) on the development of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus.
abstract: The effects of different concentrations (0.2, 2, 20, 200mgl(-1)) of two sterol biosynthesis inhibitor (SBI) fungicides, i.e. fenpropimorph and fenhexamid, were evaluated on the spore germination, germ tube elongation, sporulation, and root colonization of Glomus intraradices grown monoxenically in association with transformed carrot roots. The percentage of germinated spores incubated on the SBI fungicides and the length of the germ tubes decreased with increasing concentrations of both fungicides. However, for spore germination this impact was fungistatic rather than fungicidal. Extraradical mycelium architecture and spore production in contact with the SBI fungicides were also strongly impacted at high concentration (20mgl(-1)). Conversely, the colonization of roots developing in the fungicide-free compartment, but interconnected with the extraradical mycelium developing on the SBI fungicides, appeared unaffected. Our results demonstrated that the monoxenic culture system could be used as a standardized, reproducible technique to compare the impacts of different molecules on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and for the initial screening of new candidate molecules before registration.
authors.affiliation: Université Catholique de Louvain, Unité de Microbiologie, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zocco
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fontaine
authors.forename: Evgenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lozanova
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Renard
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bivort
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grandmougin-Ferjani
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Declerck
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018533:Biomass; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D013261:Sterols / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009025:Morpholines; D013261:Sterols; C050435:fenpropimorph; C451426:N-(2,3-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide