title: Cost-effectiveness analysis of thiazolidinediones in uncontrolled type 2 diabetic patients receiving sulfonylureas and metformin in Thailand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The national essential drug committee in Thailand suggested that only one of thiazolidinediones be included in hospital formulary but little was know about their cost-effectiveness values. This study aims to determine an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of pioglitazone 45 mg compared with rosiglitazone 8 mg in uncontrolled type 2 diabetic patients receiving sulfonylureas and metformin in Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov diabetes model (Center for Outcome Research model) was used in this study. Baseline characteristics of patients were based on Thai diabetes registry project. Costs of diabetes were calculated mainly from Buddhachinaraj hospital. Nonspecific mortality rate and transition probabilities of death from renal replacement therapy were obtained from Thai sources. Clinical effectiveness of thiazolidinediones was retrieved from a meta-analysis. All analyses were based on the government hospital policymaker perspective. Both cost and outcomes were discounted with the rate of 3%. Base-case analyses were analyzed as incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. A series of sensitive analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In base-case analysis, the pioglitazone group had a better clinical outcomes and higher lifetime costs. The incremental cost per QALY gained was 186,246 baht (US$ 5389). The acceptability curves showed that the probability of pioglitazone being cost-effective was 29% at the willingness to pay of one time of Thai gross domestic product per capita (GDP per capita). The effect of pioglitazone on %HbA1c decrease was the most sensitive to the final outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings showed that in type 2 diabetic patients who cannot control their blood glucose under the combination of sulfonylurea and metformin, the use of pioglitazone 45 mg fell in the cost-effective range recommended by World Health Organization (one to three times of GDP per capita) on average, compared to rosiglitazone 8 mg. Nevertheless, based on sensitivity analysis, its probability of being cost-effective was quite low. Hospital policymakers may consider our findings as part of information for the decision-making process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Suphachai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chirakup
authors.forename: Nathorn
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaiyakunapruk
authors.forename: Usa
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Chaikledkeaw
authors.forename: Petcharat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pongcharoensuk
authors.forename: Boonsong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ongphiphadhanakul
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roze
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017850:Economics, Pharmaceutical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008687:Metformin / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D008687:Metformin