title: Measurable prediction for the single patient and the results of large double blind controlled randomized trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been shown that the clinical state of one patient can be represented by known measured variables of interest, each of which then form the element of a fuzzy set as point in the unit hypercube. We hypothesized that precise comparison of a single patient with the average patient of a large double blind controlled randomized study is possible using fuzzy theory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sets as points unit hypercube geometry allows fuzzy subsethood to define in measures of fuzzy cardinality different conditions, similarity and comparison between fuzzy sets. A fuzzy measure of prediction is defined from fuzzy measures of similarity and comparison. It is a measure of the degree to which fuzzy set A is similar to fuzzy set B when different conditions are taken into account and removed from the comparison. When represented as a fuzzy set as point in the unit hypercube, a clinical patient can be compared to an average patient of a large group study in a precise manner. This comparison is expressed by the fuzzy prediction measure. This measure in itself is not a probability. Once thus precisely matched to the average patient of a large group study, risk reduction is calculated by multiplying the measured similarity of the clinical patient to the risk of the average trial patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Otherwise not precisely translatable to the single case, the result of group statistics can be applied to the single case through the use of fuzzy subsethood and measured in fuzzy cardinality. This measure is an alternative to a Bayesian or other probability based statistical approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America. helgason@uic.edu
authors.forename: Cathy M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Helgason
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Jobe
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D006801:Humans; D008511:Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D012306:Risk