title: Immunotherapies in diabetes.
abstract: Insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) is a serious, life-long disease replete with life-threatening complications that are not preventable through conventional insulin replacement therapies. The prolonged prodromal period of autoimmunity to beta cell antigens offers multiple intervention opportunities. These can target different steps that precede final destruction of insulin-secreting beta cells and clinical onset of the disease. All current and proposed immunotherapies are experimental procedures that have proven to be protective in animal models, especially the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. This brief review deals with a selected list of nonspecific and autoantigen-specific immunotherapies that may bring hope in the near future to individuals at risk of developing the disease. None are yet proven to be effective in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0275, USA.
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Ramiya
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Maclaren