title: A first-in-human phase I trial of locally delivered human plasmin for hemodialysis graft occlusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemodialysis (HD) grafts often fail because of stenosis at the venous anastomosis and thrombotic occlusion. Percutaneous management relies on thrombolysis with plasminogen activators, mechanical removal of thrombus, and angioplasty of the stenotic lesion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This report describes a phase I trial using Plasmin (Human) TAL 05-00018, a direct-acting fibrinolytic agent, to evaluate safety and, secondarily, to establish effective thrombolytic dosing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six cohorts of five patients with acute HD graft occlusion documented by angiography were treated with escalating dosages of plasmin (1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 mg) infused over 30 min via criss-crossed pulse-spray catheters within the graft. The primary efficacy endpoint was > or =50% thrombolysis, as determined by comparison of pre-plasmin and 30-min post-plasmin fistulograms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 31 subjects who received study drug (safety population), one withdrew and 30 completed the trial (evaluable for efficacy). There was no significant change in plasma alpha-2 antiplasmin or fibrinogen concentration, major bleeding did not occur, and there were no deaths. Serious adverse events in four patients were not related to the study drug. There was a dose-response relationship for the primary efficacy endpoint, all five subjects receiving 24 mg achieving >75% lysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This first phase I study of Plasmin (Human) TAL 05-00018, infused into thrombosed HD grafts, documents safety at dosages of 1-24 mg and an effective thrombolytic dosage of 24 mg. The results establish a foundation for further clinical study of catheter-based plasmin administration in thrombotic disorders.
authors.affiliation: Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Shlansky-Goldberg
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Baumbach
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Raabe
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ray Dawkins
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Marder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005341:Fibrinolysin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods*; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D005341:Fibrinolysin