title: Chronological changes in the ultrastructure of titanium-bone interfaces: analysis by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and micro-computed tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to chronologically examine the titanium-bone interfaces and to clarify the process of osseointegration using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and micro-computed tomography (CT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental implants (Ti-coating plastic implants) were placed into tibiae of 8-week-old rats. Animals were sacrificed at 1 to 28 days after implant placement and prepared tissue specimens for a light microscope, a TEM, and micro-CT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  New bone formation began 5 days after implant placement, and osseointegration was obtained by 14 days after implant placement. Osseointegration was well developed by 28 days after implant placement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TEM and quantitative computer tomography (QCT) results indicated that bone formation in osseointegration of titanium implants did not occur from the surfaces of the implant or preexisting bone, but it was likely that bone formation progressed at a site a small distance away from the surface. The bone formation took place in a scattered manner. Small bone fragments adhered to each other and transformed into reticular-shaped bone, and finally these bones became lamellar bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparative analysis of the titanium-bone interfaces using light microscopy, TEM, and QCT by micro-CT revealed the precise process of osseointegration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenzo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morinaga
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Watazu
authors.forename: Masaro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsuura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry; D003094:Collagen / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D010969:Plastics / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013499:Surface Properties; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; D010969:Plastics; D003094:Collagen; D014025:Titanium