title: Plasma concentrations and sedation scores after nebulized and intranasal midazolam in healthy volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An efficacious, reliable, and non-invasive route of administration for midazolam, a drug used for sedation and pre-anaesthetic medication, would have obvious advantages. This study compares two potential methods of administering midazolam by the nasal and nebulized routes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Midazolam (0.2 mg kg(-1)) was given by both nebulizer and nasally by liquid instillation to 10 healthy volunteers in a randomized, double-blind crossover study. Plasma concentrations of midazolam, Ramsay sedation scores, visual analogue scores, critical flicker fusion frequency, and parameters of cardiovascular and respiratory function were measured over 60 min and summarized using 'area under the curve'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nasal instillation caused more sedation than nebulized administration. This was demonstrated by higher Ramsay sedation scores (P=0.005), lower visual analogue scores (P<0.001), and lower critical flicker fusion frequency (P<0.02). Nasal instillation was associated with higher plasma concentrations of midazolam (P<0.001). Unpleasant symptoms were recorded by six volunteers in the intranasal and one in the nebulized group (P=0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was some evidence that midazolam caused less discomfort when given by nebulizer compared with intranasally. Comparative bioavailability of midazolam, estimated by the ratio (nebulized:nasal) of area under the 60 min plasma concentration curve, was 1:2.9. A higher dose may need to be administered for adequate pre-anaesthetic medication when midazolam is given by nebulizer.
authors.affiliation: Shackleton Department of Anaesthetics, Southampton University Hospital NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK. law_mckenna@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A S M
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005425:Flicker Fusion / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D011292:Premedication / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam