title: The development and investigation of a prototype three-dimensional compensator for whole brain radiation therapy.
abstract: Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) is the standard treatment for patients with brain metastases, and is often used in conjunction with stereotactic radiotherapy for patients with a limited number of brain metastases, as well as prophylactic cranial irradiation. The use of open fields (conventionally used for WBRT) leads to higher doses to the brain periphery if dose is prescribed to the brain center at the largest lateral radius. These dose variations potentially compromise treatment efficacy and translate to increased side effects. The goal of this research was to design and construct a 3D 'brain wedge' to compensate dose heterogeneities in WBRT. Radiation transport theory was invoked to calculate the desired shape of a wedge to achieve a uniform dose distribution at the sagittal plane for an ellipsoid irradiated medium. The calculations yielded a smooth 3D wedge design to account for the missing tissue at the peripheral areas of the brain. A wedge was machined based on the calculation results. Three ellipsoid phantoms, spanning the mean and +/- two standard deviations from the mean cranial dimensions were constructed, representing 95% of the adult population. Film was placed at the sagittal plane for each of the three phantoms and irradiated with 6 MV photons, with the wedge in place. Sagittal plane isodose plots for the three phantoms demonstrated the feasibility of this wedge to create a homogeneous distribution with similar results observed for the three phantom sizes, indicating that a single wedge may be sufficient to cover 95% of the adult population. The sagittal dose is a reasonable estimate of the off-axis dose for whole brain radiation therapy. Comparing the dose with and without the wedge the average minimum dose was higher (90% versus 86%), the maximum dose was lower (107% versus 113%) and the dose variation was lower (one standard deviation 2.7% versus 4.6%). In summary, a simple and effective 3D wedge for whole brain radiotherapy has been developed. The wedge gives a more uniform dose distribution than commonly used techniques. Further development and shape optimization may be necessary prior to clinical implementation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. Paul.Keall@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keall
authors.forename: Isti
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Arief
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shamas
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Castle
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017785:Photons; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques