title: Management of cryptorchidism.
abstract: The forces guiding testicular descent have not been completely elucidated. Both testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone might play a role. Available evidence suggests that malfunction of the testes of some sort usually precedes maldescent. The proper management of cryptorchidism has long been a controversial issue. In unilateral cryptorchidism, hormonal function and fertility are generally normal. To maximize fertility in patients with bilateral cryptorchidism, surgical treatment should be completed ideally by the first birthday. GnRH is unlikely to be of much help in initiating testicular descent. Cryptorchidism is associated with a three- to tenfold increase in testicular cancer. Twenty percent of tumors in unilateral cryptorchidism are in the normally descended testes. The condition of all boys and men with a history of cryptorchidism should be followed by physicians their entire lives, and these boys and men must become proficient in self-examination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saenger
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Reiter