title: Outcomes and efficacy of newborn hearing screening: strengths and weaknesses (success or failure?).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the outcomes of neonatal hearing screening with regard to the final diagnosis in a very large number of newborns and investigate related strengths and weaknesses of the program.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 76,560 newborns were assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  All neonates were assessed using transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the 76,560 neonates screened, 1,564 (2%) failed the test. According to the screening protocol, all parents of failed neonates were asked to bring their children 1 month following discharge to repeat the test. Of the 541 (34.6%) newborns who repeated the test, 303 (56%) were found normal and 238 (44%) again failed TEOAE. The latter children were referred to two special public centers for full audiology evaluation. In addition, 124 neonates were also referred due to other reasons revealed in the screening process (family history, high levels of bilirubin, etc.). Of the 362 children who were referred to the two special audiology centers, 113 (31.2%) were evaluated by these two centers. In addition, 42 children who had failed initial screening and did not show up for a follow-up appointment to repeat TEOAE were also assessed in the same centers. Of the 155 children who had a special audiologic evaluation, 56 (36.1%) were found to have hearing loss (HL) and 99 (63.9%) normal hearing. In detail, 28 had bilateral sensorineural HL greater than 40 dB, 10 had unilateral sensorineural HL greater than 40 dB, and 18 had otitis media with effusion or other conductive HL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Derived from the present study: 1) repeated testing of "failed" newborns in the maternity hospital and before discharge leads to an acceptable referral rate of 2%; 2) the 1-month follow-up of "failed" newborns further limits the false positive results but leads to high rate of newborns lost to follow-up; 3) a dedicated secretariat system should be implemented to follow-up each "failed" newborn and remind parents about their follow-up appointments; and 4) additional measures such as detailed educational material and parental friendly approach should also be implemented.
authors.affiliation: 1st and 2nd Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Athens University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korres
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Nikolopoulos
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Peraki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsiakou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karakitsou
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Apostolopoulos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Economides
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Balatsouras
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferekidis
mesh_terms: D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000151:congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous / Q000502:physiology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017010:Reminder Systems