title: Methotrexate (MTX) pathway gene polymorphisms and their effects on MTX toxicity in Caucasian and African American patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research has examined the association of folate-dependent gene polymorphisms with methotrexate (MTX) toxicity in racially homogenous patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We examined the influence of MTX transporter gene polymorphisms on MTX toxicity in 2 racial groups of patients with RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a retrospective cross-validation approach, the association of polymorphisms in 6 genes in the MTX cellular pathway with MTX toxicity was examined in training and validation cohorts. The genes analyzed were ATP-binding cassette transporter B1 (ABCB1), C1 (ABCC1), C2 (ABCC2), folylpolyglutamyl synthase (FPGS), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and thymidylate synthase (TYMS). Both cohorts included Caucasian Americans and African Americans. Statistical analyses consisted of Fisher exact tests, multivariable logistic regression models, and survival analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four of 25 variants displayed significant associations with MTX toxicity in the training cohort. The intronic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) ABCC2 IVS 23+56 T --> C was associated with alopecia in Caucasians (p = 0.035). ABCB1 1236 C --> T was associated with overall toxicity (p = 0.013); ABCC2 1249 G --> A with gastrointestinal toxicity (p = 0.009); and ABCC2 1058 G --> A with hepatotoxicity (p = 0.04) in African Americans. These 4 SNP and the MTHFR 677 C --> T variant were assessed in the validation cohort. Of these, only the MTHFR 677 C --> T SNP was associated with alopecia, and only in African Americans (p = 0.032). The ABCC2 IVS 23+56 T --> C genotype influenced toxicity-related time to discontinuation or dose decrease in the Caucasian validation cohort (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to SNP in folate-dependent genes, MTX transporter gene SNP may be important markers of MTX toxicity in RA. Such pharmacogenetic associations are race-specific.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. prangana@im.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Prabha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ranganathan
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Culverhouse
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: Ami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mody
authors.forename: Tiffany J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Scott-Horton
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brasington
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eisen
authors.forename: Howard L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: McLeod
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics; D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics*; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010453:Peptide Synthases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D008727:Methotrexate; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D010453:Peptide Synthases; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; C513055:ABCB1 protein, human; C000715087:ABCC2 protein, human; C023103:folylpolyglutamate synthetase; C421109:multidrug resistance-associated protein 1