title: Selected antioxidants and risk of hormone receptor-defined invasive breast cancers among postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have evaluated carotenoids and vitamins C and E in association with the risk of breast cancers defined by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the associations between dietary and supplemental intakes of these nutrients and risk of breast cancers jointly defined by both ER and PR status among postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our investigation was conducted in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. After following 84 805 women for an average of 7.6 y, 2879 incident invasive breast cancer cases had been ascertained, of whom 2509 had receptor data. We used Cox proportional hazards models to assess the associations of interest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary alpha-carotene (highest versus lowest quintile: RR = 0.83; 95% CL = 0.70, 0.99; P for trend = 0.019), beta-carotene (highest versus lowest quintile: RR = 0.78; 95% CL = 0.66, 0.94; P for trend = 0.021), and lycopene (highest versus lowest quintile: RR = 0.85; 95% CL = 0.73, 1.00; P for trend = 0.064) were inversely associated with risk of ER+PR+breast cancer, but not with other breast cancer groups jointly defined by ER and PR status. Total or supplemental beta-carotene and dietary intakes of lutein+zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin were not associated with breast cancers defined by ER and PR status. Vitamin E (regardless of source) and dietary vitamin C were not associated with breast cancer. However, total and supplemental vitamin C intake had weak positive associations with breast cancer overall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary intake of certain carotenoids might be differentially associated with risk of invasive breast cancers jointly defined by ER and PR status among postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Office of Health Assessment and Epidemiology, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90012, USA. ycui@ph.lacounty.gov
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shikany
authors.forename: Simin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yasmeen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shagufta
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rohan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; D001205:Ascorbic Acid