title: Linear electrode arrays for stimulation and recording within cardiac tissue space constants.
abstract: In this paper, we document a fabrication process that yields linear arrays of rectangular platinum black electrodes spaced 25 mum apart with edge-to-edge separation of 20 microm. The spatial arrangement is therefore sufficiently fine to insure stimulation and recording within cardiac tissue space constants, as six electrodes with dimensions of either 5 x 100 microm2, 5 x 250 microm2, or 5 x 500 microm2 were positioned in a 130-microm2 span in the arrays. Despite the small electrode sizes and available surface areas, favorable impedance characteristics were identifed. Averages ranged from 111 kOmega to 146 kOmega at 0.5 Hz and from 14 kOmega 39 kOmega at 500 Hz. Differences in impedances between the electrode sizes tested were small. Potential differences (deltaphis) recorded using the two central electrodes during stimulation with combinations at separations of only 75 microm, 100 microm, and 125 microm had low signal noise. As a preliminary test of the use of these arrays for possible application to impedance measurements in cardiac tissue, the deltaphis recorded during stimulation were compared to deltaphis obtained from finite-difference simulations using an isotropic volume conductor model. Anticipated decays in deltaphi with widening electrode separation identified in those simulations matched the decays in the recorded deltaphis closely. These findings are significant because they suggest intracellular and interstitial microimpedance mesurements in heart experiments will be straightforward.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiac Rhythm Management Laboratory, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. pollard@crml.uab.edu
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008839:Microelectrodes; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D010992:Plethysmography, Impedance / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity