Recognition of nucleic acid and nucleic acid analogs by Toll-like receptors 7, 8 and 9.
The mammalian immune system senses pathogens through pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and responds with activation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are expressed on immune and non-immune cells play a critical role in this process. As part of the innate immune response, TLRs lead to cellular activation and cytokine production with subsequent initiation of an adaptive immune response. TLR7-9 recognize single-stranded RNA, nucleoside analogs and single-stranded CpG-DNA, respectively, and their activation initiates the immune response against viruses and bacteria. Furthermore, the stimulation of these TLRs may be exploited for adjuvant therapy, vaccination and anti-tumor responses. However, a role in the generation or perpetuation of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has also been suggested.
Bauer
Stefan
S
Institut für Immunology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, BMFZ, Hans-Meerweinstr. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany. stefan.bauer@staff.uni-marburg.de
Pigisch
Stephanie
S
Hangel
Doris
D
Kaufmann
Andreas
A
Hamm
Svetlana
S
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D018899:CpG Islands; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D012313:RNA / Q000737:chemistry; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D051200:Toll-Like Receptor 8 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009696:Nucleic Acids; C495348:TLR7 protein, human; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7; D051200:Toll-Like Receptor 8; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D012313:RNA