title: Root vs pod infection by root-knot nematodes on aflatoxin contamination of peanut.
abstract: Aflatoxins are potent carcinogens produced by some Aspergillus spp. Infection of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne arenaria) can lead to an increase in aflatoxin contamination of kernels when the plants are subjected to drought stress during pod maturation. It is not clear whether the increased aflatoxin contamination is primarily due to greater invasion of the galled pods by toxigenic Aspergillus spp. or whether root galling is also involved. Our objective was to determine the contribution of root and pod galling caused by root-knot nematodes to the increase in aflatoxin contamination in peanut. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in which pods and roots were physically separated. Pod set was restricted to soil-filled pans (41 cm dia. x 10 cm depth), while the roots grew underneath the pan into a pot. The experiments had a factorial arrangement of treatments: pod zone with and without nematodes, and root zone with and without nematodes. In Experiment 1, 5000 eggs of M. arenaria were added to the root zone14 days after planting (DAP) and 8000 eggs were added to the pod zone 60 and 80 DAP. In Experiment 2, 3000 eggs were added to the root zone 30 DAP and 8000 eggs were added to the pod zone every week starting 60 DAP. The four treatment combinations were replicated 10 to 13 times. Conidia of Aspergillus flavus/A. parasiticus was added to the soil surface (pods zone) at mid bloom. Plants were subjected to drought stress 40 days before harvest. In Experiment 1, adding nematodes to the pod zone had no effect on aflatoxin concentrations in the peanut kernel. However, the lack of an effect may have been to due to the low occurrence of galling on the hulls. In pots where nematodes were added to the root zone, 50 to 80% of the root system was galled. Adding nematodes to the root zone increased aflatoxin concentrations in the peanut kernels from 34 ppb in the control to 71 ppb. In Experiment 2, there was heavy pod galling with galls present on 53% of the pods. Adding nematodes to the pod zone increased aflatoxin concentrations in the kernels from 19 ppb in the control to 572 ppb. Based on the results of the two experiments, it appears that infection of either the roots or pods by M. arenaria can lead to greater aflatoxin contamination of peanut kernels.
authors.affiliation: SUSDA ARS, P.O. Box 748, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Timper
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holbrook
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000818:Animals; D010367:Arachis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000469:parasitology; D011891:Rain; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D002273:Carcinogens