title: The virtual haptic back: a simulation for training in palpatory diagnosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Models and simulations are finding increased roles in medical education. The Virtual Haptic Back (VHB) is a virtual reality simulation of the mechanical properties of the human back designed as an aid to teaching clinical palpatory diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-nine first year medical students of the Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine carried out six, 15-minute practice sessions with the VHB, plus tests before and after the sessions in order to monitor progress in identifying regions of simulated abnormal tissue compliance. Students palpated with two digits, fingers or thumbs, by placing them in gimbaled thimbles at the ends of PHANToM 3.0(R) haptic interface arms. The interface simulated the contours and compliance of the back surface by the action of electric motors. The motors limited the compression of the virtual tissues induced by the palpating fingers, by generating counterforces. Users could see the position of their fingers with respect to the back on a video monitor just behind the plane of the haptic back. The abnormal region varied randomly among 12 locations between trials. During the practice sessions student users received immediate feedback following each trial, indicating either a correct choice or the actual location of the abnormality if an incorrect choice had been made. This allowed the user to feel the actual abnormality before going on to the next trial. Changes in accuracy, speed and Weber fraction across practice sessions were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Students improved in accuracy and speed of diagnosis with practice. The smallest difference in simulated tissue compliance users were able to detect improved from 28% (SD = 9.5%) to 14% (SD = 4.4%) during the practice sessions while average detection time decreased from 39 (SD = 19.8) to 17 (SD = 11.7) seconds. When asked in anonymous evaluation questionnaires if they judged the VHB practice to be helpful to them in the clinical palpation and manual medicine laboratory, 41% said yes, 51% said maybe, and 8% said no.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The VHB has potential value as a teaching aid for students in the initial phases of learning palpatory diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuromusculoskeletal Research and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH 45701, USA. howell@ohio.edu
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Conatser
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Janet M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Eland
mesh_terms: D000715:Anatomy / Q000193:education*; D001415:Back / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001416:Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009820:Ohio; D010021:Osteopathic Medicine / Q000193:education; D010173:Palpation / Q000379:methods*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014584:User-Computer Interface