title: Development and application of quantitative methods for monitoring dermal and inhalation exposure to propiconazole.
abstract: Quantitative methods to measure dermal and inhalation exposure to the fungicide propiconazole were developed in the laboratory and applied in the occupational exposure setting for monitoring five farm workers' exposure during pesticide preparation and application to peach crops. Dermal exposure was measured with tape-strips applied to the skin, and the amount of propiconazole was normalized to keratin content in the tape-strip. Inhalation exposure was measured with an OVS tube placed in the worker's breathing-zone during pesticide handling. Samples were analyzed by GC-MS in EI+ mode (limit of detection 6 pg microl(-1)). Dermal exposure ranged from non-detectable to 32.1 +/- 22.6 ng per microg keratin while breathing-zone concentrations varied from 0.2 to 2.2 microg m(-3). A positive correlation was observed between breathing-zone concentrations and ambient air temperature (r2 = 0.87, p < 0.01). Breathing-zone concentrations did not correlate with dermal exposure levels (r2 = 0.11, p = 0.52). Propiconazole levels were below limit of detection when rubber gloves, coveralls, and full-face mask were used. The total-body propiconazole dose, determined for each worker by summing the estimated dermal dose and inhalation dose, ranged from 0.01 to 12 microg per kg body weight per day. Our results show that tape-stripping of the skin and the OVS can be effectively utilized to measure dermal and inhalation exposure to propiconazole, respectively, and that the dermal route of exposure contributed substantially more to the total dose than the inhalation route.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7431, Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flack
authors.forename: Ipek
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goktepe
authors.forename: Louise M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: Leena A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Nylander-French
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D020405:Dermis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D016272:Occupational Health; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014230:Triazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D017132:Workplace
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D014230:Triazoles; C045950:propiconazole