title: Representing fluid with smoothed particle hydrodynamics in a cranial base simulator.
abstract: We describe the implementation of irrigation and blood simulation using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) in a cranial base surgical simulator. Graphical accuracy of virtual surgery is a significant goal for improving the realism and immersive experience of computerized training environments. For temporal bone micro-surgery fluids contribute not only to the visual integrity of the surgical field but provide relevant anatomic cues as well. The skill of 3-D sensory and navigation has become increasingly viable in surgery with the rising popularity of laparoscopic, catheter angiography and other minimally invasive approaches. The introduction of realistic simulated blood and irrigation enables the practice and coordination of two-handed microdissection techniques and the timing needed for safe bone removal and cautery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sewell
authors.forename: Nikolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Blevins
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Salisbury
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bodin
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hjelte
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D018056:Hemorheology; D006801:Humans; D019291:Skull Base / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D014481:United States; D014584:User-Computer Interface