title: Development of a rapid and sensitive immunoassay for detection and subsequent recovery of Bacillus anthracis spores in environmental samples.
abstract: Bacillus anthracis is considered a major threat as an agent of bioterrorism. B. anthracis spores are readily dispersed as aerosols, are very persistent, and are resistant to normal disinfection treatments. Immunoassays have been developed to rapidly detect B. anthracis spores at high concentrations. However, detection of B. anthracis spores at lower concentrations is problematic due to the fact that closely related Bacillus species (e.g., B. thuringiensis) can cross-react with anti-B. anthracis antibodies, resulting in false positive detections. Subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis is required to differentiate virulent strains. We report here on a protocol for the rapid, sensitive detection of B. anthracis spore using the Integrating Waveguide Biosensor followed by a method for the rapid release and germination of immunocaptured spores. A detection limit of ca. 10(3) spores was achieved by incubating spores simultaneously with capture and detection antibodies ("liquid-phase" assay) prior to capture on capillary tubes/waveguides. Subsequent incubation with BHI broth directly in capillary tubes allowed for rapid germination, outgrowth, and release of spores, resulting in vegetative cells for PCR analysis.
authors.affiliation: Creatv MicroTech, Inc., 11609 Lake Potomac Drive, Potomac, MD 20854, United States.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hang
authors.forename: Appavu K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sundaram
authors.forename: Peixuan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Karns
authors.forename: Phyllis A W
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Shuhong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Platte
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amstutz
authors.forename: Cha-Mei
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification*