title: R-Spondin family members regulate the Wnt pathway by a common mechanism.
abstract: The R-Spondin (RSpo) family of secreted proteins is implicated in the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Despite the high structural homology between the four members, expression patterns and phenotypes in knockout mice have demonstrated striking differences. Here we dissected and compared the molecular and cellular function of all RSpo family members. Although all four RSpo proteins activate the canonical Wnt pathway, RSpo2 and 3 are more potent than RSpo1, whereas RSpo4 is relatively inactive. All RSpo members require Wnt ligands and LRP6 for activity and amplify signaling of Wnt3A, Wnt1, and Wnt7A, suggesting that RSpo proteins are general regulators of canonical Wnt signaling. Like RSpo1, RSpo2-4 antagonize DKK1 activity by interfering with DKK1 mediated LRP6 and Kremen association. Analysis of RSpo deletion mutants indicates that the cysteine-rich furin domains are sufficient and essential for the amplification of Wnt signaling and inhibition of DKK1, suggesting that Wnt amplification by RSpo proteins may be a direct consequence of DKK1 inhibition. Together, these findings indicate that RSpo proteins modulate the Wnt pathway by a common mechanism and suggest that coexpression with specific Wnt ligands and DKK1 may determine their biological specificity in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Research Department, Nuvelo, San Carlos, CA 94070, USA.
authors.forename: Kyung-Ah
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagle
authors.forename: Karolyn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Shouchun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gros
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Korver
authors.forename: Shirlee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yonkovich
authors.forename: Nenad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tomasevic
authors.forename: Minke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Binnerts
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D026502:LDL-Receptor Related Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D060488:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-6; D051379:Mice; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D019699:Thrombospondins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C486076:KREMEN2 protein, human; D026502:LDL-Receptor Related Proteins; C555475:LRP6 protein, human; D008024:Ligands; D060488:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-6; C555476:Lrp6 protein, mouse; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D051820:TCF Transcription Factors; D019699:Thrombospondins; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin