title: Inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks in MADIT II: frequency, mechanisms, predictors, and survival impact.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to identify the incidence and outcome related to inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shocks, that is, those for nonventricular arrhythmias.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The MADIT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial) II showed that prophylactic ICD implantation improves survival in post-myocardial infarction patients with reduced ejection fraction. Inappropriate ICD shocks are common adverse consequences that may impair quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stored ICD electrograms from all shock episodes were adjudicated centrally. An inappropriate shock episode was defined as an episode during which 1 or more inappropriate shocks occurred; another inappropriate ICD episode occurring within 5 min was not counted. Programmed parameters for patients with and without inappropriate shocks were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One or more inappropriate shocks occurred in 83 (11.5%) of the 719 MADIT II ICD patients. Inappropriate shock episodes constituted 184 of the 590 total shock episodes (31.2%). Smoking, prior atrial fibrillation, diastolic hypertension, and antecedent appropriate shock predicted inappropriate shock occurrence. Atrial fibrillation was the most common trigger for inappropriate shock (44%), followed by supraventricular tachycardia (36%), and then abnormal sensing (20%). The stability detection algorithm was programmed less frequently in patients receiving inappropriate shocks (17% vs. 36%, p = 0.030), whereas other programming parameters did not differ significantly from those without inappropriate shocks. Importantly, patients with inappropriate shocks had a greater likelihood of all-cause mortality in follow-up (hazard ratio 2.29, p = 0.025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inappropriate ICD shocks occurred commonly in the MADIT II study, and were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA. James_Daubert@URMC.Rochester.edu
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Daubert
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zareba
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Cannom
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McNitt
authors.forename: Spencer Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Rosero
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schuger
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wilber
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: W Jackson
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Arthur J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Moss
mesh_terms: D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013617:Tachycardia, Supraventricular / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*