title: Procoagulant activity in children with community acquired pneumonia, pleural effusion and empyema.
abstract: In patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), bacterial-cell-wall-derived fragments may induce the coagulation cascade. To contribute to the knowledge of underlying mechanisms, we have studied the fibrinolytic activity in children with CAP and parapneumonic effusions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty previously healthy children admitted to our Department with CAP were studied; with (n = 11) or without (n = 9) pleural effusion (PPE). We also investigated 10 children with empyema. In all children we analyzed coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters and compared the results to nine controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were not significantly modified in the three groups as compared to controls (P = 0.975, P = 0.535, respectively). The fibrinogen levels were significantly increased in respect to the control group (P < 0.0001). The median values of D-dimer showed an increasing trend that was statistically significant: children with pneumonia 244 microg/L, with pneumonia and PPE 751 microg/L and with empyema 2003 microg/L, in respect to values (48 microg/L) of our control group (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that plasma level of D-dimer can give an additional contribution for the evaluation of the severity of CAP and its complications in children.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Michelin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Snijders
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dalla Via
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tagliaferro
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Da Dalt
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Monciotti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simioni
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stefanutti
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ghirardo
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gamba
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barbato
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections; D004653:Empyema / Q000097:blood*; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis*; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000097:blood*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000097:blood*; D011517:Prothrombin Time / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein