title: Technique sensitivity of water-free one-step adhesives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  All-in-one adhesives have been associated with water-related problems, such as phase-separation, polymerization-inhibition and reduced shelf life. In this study we investigated whether these problems could be avoided by a water-free self-etch adhesive that requires a 'wet-bonding' application procedure. Additionally, the technique-sensitivity of such a system was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The micro-tensile bond strength (muTBS) of a water-free and a water-containing experimental one-step adhesive (EXP) bonded to either 'air-dried', 'blot-dried' or 'overwet' bur-cut enamel and dentin was determined. Likewise, the muTBS of a commercial water-free adhesive Absolute2 (Denstply-Sankin) was determined. The interfacial interaction of the adhesives was evaluated by SEM and TEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the blot-dried group, both water-free adhesives obtained the highest bond strength and the bond strength of the water-free EXP was comparable to that of the water-containing EXP bonded to an air-dried surface. When they were applied to overwet surfaces, the water-free adhesives tended towards a lower bond strength. This was partly attributed to the presence of phase-separation (or 'overwet') droplets in the adhesive layer. Unexpectedly, even on air-dried dentin, the water-free adhesives were able to demineralize dentin, however to a limited extent, hence impairing the bond strength.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Water-free one-step adhesives are a valuable alternative for conventional water-containing one-step adhesives. However, water-related problems in these adhesives are not ruled out, as they are eventually also mixed with water during the application procedure. As such, they partially fail to meet their objective. In addition, their bonding procedure, which involves 'wet bonding', is more technique-sensitive than dry bonding.
authors.affiliation: Leuven BIOMAT Research Cluster, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Catholic University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Van Landuyt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mine
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Munck
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Countinho
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peumans
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaecques
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lambrechts
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Meerbeek
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003804:Dentin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D003890:Desiccation; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: C514346:Absolute adhesive; D003188:Composite Resins; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C470230:Gradia; D008689:Methacrylates; D011108:Polymers; D014867:Water; C034139:4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride