title: Biological challenge procedures used to study co-occurring nicotine dependence and panic disorder.
abstract: A wide array of biological challenge procedures - including carbon dioxide inhalation, hyperventilation, and breath holding - have been used to model panic in laboratory settings. Originally used to study developmental processes in panic disorder (PD), these procedures, along with nicotine patch administration and self-administered smoking, have recently been applied to help understand the etiology of co-occurring nicotine dependence and PD. The goals of the present paper are to review studies that have employed biological challenges to study the comorbid condition, identify the advantages and limitations of the various procedures, describe desirable outcome measures for use in biological challenges, and present recommendations for future challenge studies in this field. We argue that biological challenges, though in need of standardization, are useful for studying the development, maintenance, prevention, and treatment of comorbid nicotine dependence and PD.
authors.affiliation: Carleton College, Northfield, MN, United States. Electronic address: kabrams@carleton.edu.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schruers
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fiammetta
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cosci
authors.affiliation: Carleton College, Northfield, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Shaun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sawtell
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000502:physiology; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide