title: Victimization and bullying among 8-year-old Finnish children: a 10-year comparison of rates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are only few population-based time-trend studies on changes in prevalence of bullying and victimization among children. The main aim of this study was to find out whether changes have occurred in prevalence rates of bullying and victimization from 1989 to 1999 among eight-year-old children. The associations between victimization and bullying and psychiatric symptoms and their possible differences in the statistical strengths of associations between the years 1989 and 1999 were also studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two cross-sectional, representative samples from southern Finland were compared. All children born in 1981 (1989 sample, n = 985, response rate 95%) and 1991 (1999 sample, n = 962, response rate 86%) and living in the selected school district were included in the study samples. Children, parents and teachers were asked about bullying and victimization. The Children's Depression Inventory and Rutter's parent and teacher scales were used to study psychiatric symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1999, fewer 8-year-old children were victims of bullying than in 1989. There was a decrease in the number of bullies but the change was statistically significant only in the parental reports. The statistical strengths of associations of victimization and bullying with psychiatric symptoms were mainly the same in 1989 as in 1999.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Slightly decreased levels of victimization among 8-year-old Finnish children is a promising result, but further time-trend studies are needed, as well as qualitative studies, to obtain a deeper understanding of the bullying phenomenon and the factors reducing it. It might be that especially young children are suspectible to influences diminishing victimisation and bullying.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. paisan@utu.fi
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Santalahti
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sourander
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aromaa
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Helenius
authors.forename: Kaija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikäheimo
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piha
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D015995:Prevalence; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012647:Self-Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires