title: Elevated inflammation levels in depressed adults with a history of childhood maltreatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between depression and inflammation is inconsistent across research samples.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test whether a history of childhood maltreatment could identify a subgroup of depressed individuals with elevated inflammation levels, thus helping to explain previous inconsistencies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective longitudinal cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative birth cohort of 1000 individuals was followed up to age 32 years as part of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Study members were assessed for history of childhood maltreatment and current depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inflammation was assessed using a clinically relevant categorical measure of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (>3 mg/L) and a dimensional inflammation factor indexing the shared variance of continuous measures of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and white blood cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although depression was associated with high levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (relative risk,1.45; 95% confidence interval,1.06-1.99), this association was significantly attenuated and no longer significant when the effect of childhood maltreatment was taken into account. Individuals with current depression and a history of childhood maltreatment were more likely to have high levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein compared with control subjects (n = 27; relative risk, 2.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-3.47). In contrast, individuals with current depression only had a nonsignificant elevation in risk (n = 109; relative risk, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.97-2.01). Results were generalizable to the inflammation factor. The elevated inflammation levels in individuals who were both depressed and maltreated were not explained by correlated risk factors such as depression recurrence, low socioeconomic status in childhood or adulthood, poor health, or smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A history of childhood maltreatment contributes to the co-occurrence of depression and inflammation. Information about experiences of childhood maltreatment may help to identify depressed individuals with elevated inflammation levels and, thus, at greater risk of cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, PO Box 080, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, England.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Danese
authors.forename: Terrie E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Moffitt
authors.forename: Carmine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pariante
authors.forename: Antony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ambler
authors.forename: Richie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poulton
authors.forename: Avshalom
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caspi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein