title: Effect of various mouthwashes on the levels of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma in chronic gingivitis.
abstract: The aim of this double blind study was to evaluate the effect of various mouthwashes: Chlorhexidine, Essential oil, Azadirachta indica (Neem) extract, and Povidone iodine on gingival tissue interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) levels in patients with chronic gingivitis. A total of 8O patients (42 boys, 38 girls; mean age 16.0 +/- 1.8 years) were included in this study. Patients were randomly assigned into four groups of 20 each: Group I--Azadirachta indica (Neem) extract, Group II--Essential oil, Group III--Povidone iodine, and Group IV--Chlorhexidine. They were instructed to use these mouthwashes for two weeks. Plaque and gingival indices scores, and IL-2 and IFN-gamma levels in the gingival tissues were measured at baseline and after two weeks of mouthwash use. Results showed the reduction of plaque and gingival indices, and IL-2 and IFN-gamma level with Chlorhexidine, Essential oil, and Povidone iodine, which were found to be statistically significant. Although Neem reduced the level of plaque and gingival indices, and IL-2 and IFN-gamma to a certain level, it was not statistically significant. Therefore, Chlorhexidine, Essential oil, and Povidone iodine mouthwashes can be used as an adjunct to oral prophylaxis in reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-2 and IFN-gamma in patients with chronic gingivitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, College of Dental Surgery, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal. drshivalalsharma@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Shivalal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Saimbi
authors.forename: Bandana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koirala
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shukla
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D019140:Dental Care for Children; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000517:prevention & control; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D005989:Glycerides / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology; D011206:Povidone-Iodine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D005989:Glycerides; D007376:Interleukin-2; D009067:Mouthwashes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010938:Plant Oils; D013729:Terpenes; C002443:neem oil; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D011206:Povidone-Iodine; D002710:Chlorhexidine