title: Physical activity throughout life reduces the atherosclerotic wall process in the carotid artery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Good cardiorespiratory fitness has been associated with a reduced risk for clinical events of atherosclerotic vascular diseases. It is still unclear how this relates to a slower progression of the early atherosclerosis wall process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a dynamic model, we generated new parameters for describing the pathologic wall process in the carotid artery, based on an automatic layer detection system. In this study, we scrutinised the influence of two ultrasonographic parameters, intima-media thickness (IMT) and roughness, by comparing two groups: a healthy inactive group (PIP) (mean (SD) age 64.37 (5.10) years; n = 50) and a healthy lifelong physically active group (PA) (mean (SD) age 64.48 (3.45) years; n = 51). All subjects underwent a blood test, spiroergometry, echocardiography and carotid ultrasound examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant difference in the well known risk factors for cardiovascular disease (for example, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride) between groups. PIP compared to PA had a significantly higher roughness (PIP 0.073 (0.015) vs PA 0.065 (0.0156); p<0.01). No significantly higher IMT was found for PIP (PIP 0.89 (0.18) vs PA 0.90 (0.22); p = 0.63) compared to PA. In this cross sectional study of middle aged men, Vo(2)max was inversely associated with carotid atherosclerotic parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, good cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with an increase of the proven risk factors and a reduction of atherosclerosis in the common carotid artery. Roughness seems to be significantly more sensitive than IMT for characterising the changes of the arterial wall. We suggest measuring roughness in addition to IMT to gain additional information about the atherosclerotic wall.
authors.affiliation: Freiburg University Hospital, Centre for Internal Medicine, Department for Rehabilitative and Preventative Sports Medicine, Freiburg, D-79106, Germany. markus.sandrock@gmx.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandrock
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: H-H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Dickhuth
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Trucksaess
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides