title: On the effects of topical synthetic pseudoceramides: comparison of possible keratinocyte toxicities provoked by the pseudoceramides, PC104 and BIO391, and natural ceramides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ceramides (Cer) in the stratum corneum are essential for epidermal permeability barrier function. Thus, topical Cer replacement therapy has been employed to improve barrier function in clinical situations associated with Cer deficiency, e.g., atopic dermatitis. Because of the disadvantages of both natural- and skin identical-Cer (central nervous system origins and cost, respectively), synthetic chemical mimics, or pseudoceramides (pseudo-Cer), have been utilized as Cer substitutes. Whereas increased levels of intracellular Cer trigger cell growth inhibition and apoptosis, Cer levels are maintained by metabolic/catabolic pathways protecting cells from Cer-induced apoptosis. However, since the metabolic fates of each pseudo-Cer remain unknown, their widespread deployment in topical agents has raised concern about potential toxicities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We compared the effects of two chemically unrelated commercially available pseudo-Cer to exogenous cell-permeant (C2)- or natural (C18)-Cer on cell growth and apoptosis thresholds in cultured human keratinocytes (CHK).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell growth and cell toxicity of CHK exposed to either C2-Cer or pseudo-Cer were assessed by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase release assays. Mitochondrial membrane potential, an indicator of apoptosis, was measured using membrane permeabilized semi-intact keratinocytes exposed C2-Cer, natural-Cer or pseudo-Cer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While the cell-permeant-Cer inhibits keratinocyte growth and increases cell toxicity, neither of the pseudo-Cer showed these effects. Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential occurred in CHK incubated with cell-permeant- and natural-Cer, but not pseudo-Cer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together with preclinical safety studies of these pseudo-Cer and their widespread use over the counter without evidence of toxicity, these studies provide further assurance about the safety of these pseudo-Cer for topical use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. uchiday@derm.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Walter M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Holleran
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Elias
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002518:Ceramides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: C530541:Bio 391; D002518:Ceramides; C530540:PC 104