title: Intakes of fruits, vegetables and carbohydrate and the risk of CVD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low-carbohydrate diets could lead to reduced fruit and vegetable intake, which may be protective against CVD. The role of carbohydrate intake in modifying the association between fruits and vegetables and CVD has not been evaluated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether carbohydrate intake affects the association between fruits and vegetables and CVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included participants from two large prospective studies, the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study (HPFS). We followed 70 870 eligible NHS females for 16 years and 38 918 eligible HPFS males for 14 years. Diet was assessed from an FFQ updated every 4 years. Our primary outcome was ischaemic CVD (fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke). We used Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the relationship between fruits and vegetables and ischaemic CVD within groups with low, moderate or high carbohydrate intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fruit intake was strongly related with carbohydrate intake, but vegetables showed a very small correlation. Vegetable intake showed stronger associations with ischaemic CVD among the low carbohydrate group (multivariate risk ratio (RR) = 0.82 for an increment of 3 servings/d; 95 % CI 0.68, 0.99); green leafy vegetables and carotene-rich fruits and vegetables followed a similar pattern. Total fruit intake was associated with a lower risk of ischaemic CVD only among participants with moderate carbohydrate intake (RR = 0.81 comparing extreme quintiles; 95 % CI 0.70, 0.94).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total vegetables, green leafy vegetables and carotene-rich fruits and vegetables showed stronger associations with ischaemic CVD among the low carbohydrate group. No consistent trends were observed for fruit intake.
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Dentistry Office A-107, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico PR00936. kjoshipura@rcm.upr.edu
authors.forename: Kaumudi J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Joshipura
authors.forename: Hsin-Chia
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Tricia Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
authors.forename: Meir J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Colditz
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates