title: A macroscopic examination of M. biceps femoris and M. gluteus maximus in the orangutan.
abstract: The musculature of the hip and thigh in the orangutan has been described previously. Anatomically, there are various descriptions among primates in those structures, in particular, the relationship between M. biceps femoris and M. gluteus maximus, their derivatives, and the muscle segment. However, a detailed innervation system to this ischiofemoral part has not been described, thus there is still uncertainty as to with which muscle it is associated. In this analysis, we examined the gross anatomy of the hip and thigh muscles of the orangutan and chimpanzee, including their innervation. Also, a comparison was made with documented data of other primates. As a result of these observations, it was found that the ischiofemoral part in the orangutan is innervated by the same sciatic nerve branch (the common peroneal nerve) as the long head of M. biceps femoris, but not by the same nerve as M. gluteus maximus. Therefore, the ischiofemoral part is appropriately considered as a part of the long head of M. biceps femoris. It appears that this morphologic feature is an adjustment to the arboreal life of the orangutan. The development of the flexor complex of the thigh is necessary for this arboreal adaptation, resulting in a unique musculature of M. biceps femoris in the orangutan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy 1st, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Misato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaseda
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Nobutsune
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ichihara
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006615:Hip / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation; D002679:Pan troglodytes / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011148:Pongo pygmaeus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013848:Thigh / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation