title: Five-Factor Model personality profiles of drug users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Personality traits are considered risk factors for drug use, and, in turn, the psychoactive substances impact individuals' traits. Furthermore, there is increasing interest in developing treatment approaches that match an individual's personality profile. To advance our knowledge of the role of individual differences in drug use, the present study compares the personality profile of tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, and heroin users and non-users using the wide spectrum Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality in a diverse community sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N = 1,102; mean age = 57) were part of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) program in Baltimore, MD, USA. The sample was drawn from a community with a wide range of socio-economic conditions. Personality traits were assessed with the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), and psychoactive substance use was assessed with systematic interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to never smokers, current cigarette smokers score lower on Conscientiousness and higher on Neuroticism. Similar, but more extreme, is the profile of cocaine/heroin users, which score very high on Neuroticism, especially Vulnerability, and very low on Conscientiousness, particularly Competence, Achievement-Striving, and Deliberation. By contrast, marijuana users score high on Openness to Experience, average on Neuroticism, but low on Agreeableness and Conscientiousness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to confirming high levels of negative affect and impulsive traits, this study highlights the links between drug use and low Conscientiousness. These links provide insight into the etiology of drug use and have implications for public health interventions.
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, USA. TerraccianoA@grc.nia.nih.gov
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terracciano
authors.forename: Corinna E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Löckenhoff
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Crum
authors.forename: O Joseph
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Bienvenu
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010551:Personality; D015995:Prevalence; D018401:Sample Size; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*