title: The impact of homocysteine levels on cognition in euthymic bipolar patients: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bipolar disorder is associated with cognitive impairment. High homocysteine levels seem to have a negative impact on cognition in the elderly. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential relationship of elevated homocysteine levels and cognitive impairment in bipolar patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cognitive functioning of DSM-IV bipolar disorder patients who were euthymic (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score < or = 5 and Young Mania Rating Scale score < or = 5) and healthy controls was assessed with the revised Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Information Subtest, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III Letter-Number Sequencing Subtest, the Trail Making Test, and the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status Form A to examine premorbid IQ, information processing speed, working memory, verbal learning, visuospatial/constructional abilities, delayed memory, and executive functions. Total homocysteine plasma concentration was measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Multivariate analyses of variance and multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine group differences and possible associations between cognitive functioning and homocysteine level. The study was conducted from 2002 through 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-five euthymic bipolar patients and 42 healthy controls participated in the study. Patients performed significantly worse than controls in all cognitive domains tested (Pillai Spur: F = 3.32, p = .038) except premorbid IQ (p = .068). The mean +/- SD homocysteine levels were 10.2 +/- 3.2 microM/L for patients and 8.9 +/- 2.8 microM/L for controls (p = .036). Stepwise regression analyses revealed a significant and independent association of homocysteine levels with verbal learning (p = .002), delayed memory (p = .030), and executive function (p = .011) in the patient group. About 11% of the variance was explained by only the homocysteine level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated homocysteine levels may have a negative impact on verbal learning, delayed memory, and executive function in euthymic bipolar patients, but further studies are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. sandra.dittmann@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dittmann
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Seemüller
authors.forename: Heinz C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Grunze
authors.forename: Markus J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zach
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fast
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Born
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dargel
authors.forename: Rolf R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bernhard
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riedel
authors.forename: W Emanuel
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Severus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014888:Wechsler Scales
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine