title: Comparing drug-related hospital morbidity following heroin dependence treatment with methadone maintenance or naltrexone implantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most research on heroin dependence treatments assesses short-term changes in patients' self-reported drug use. To our knowledge, long-term sustainability of changes in patients' drug use and associated hospital morbidity posttreatment have not been studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate drug-related hospital morbidity in heroin users at 6 months and 3 1/2 years after receiving naltrexone implant treatment and to compare these results with outcomes from a similar cohort treated with methadone maintenance treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective longitudinal follow-up, using data prospectively collected via a state hospital (public and private) reporting system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perth, Western Australia. Methadone maintenance dosage was generally dispensed daily by registered community pharmacies. Naltrexone implant treatment was performed as a day procedure at a community clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 522 and 314 heroin-dependent persons (according to DSM-IV), first time treated with methadone maintenance or a naltrexone implant, respectively, between January 1, 2001, and December 30, 2002, were identified, using health record linkage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Planned outcomes included crude hospital admission rates, adjusted changes in risks (odds ratio [OR]), and rates (rate ratio) of "overdose-related" and "non-overdose-related" hospital morbidity associated with opioid vs nonopioid drugs 6 months and 3 1/2 years posttreatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following naltrexone implant treatment, opioid-related risk decreased for overdose (OR, 0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11-0.48) and nonoverdose (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.46-0.89) conditions at 3 1/2 years. Such reductions were not observed after methadone treatment. Overdose on nonopioid drugs increased in older patients to 6 months: OR of 16.31 (95% CI, 3.07-86.53) for naltrexone and OR of 5.03 (95% CI, 1.18-21.54) for methadone. Nonoverdose (eg, dependence and withdrawal) associated with nonopioid drugs also increased for patients receiving the naltrexone implant: OR of 1.52 (95% CI, 1.04-2.23) at 3 1/2 years. In addition, there were 6 drug-related deaths: 5 after methadone maintenance and 1 after naltrexone implantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Naltrexone implants, but not methadone maintenance, has long-term benefits in reducing opioid-related hospital morbidity. However, long-lasting and increased nonopioid drug-related morbidity following naltrexone implantation is particularly concerning. Similar studies are required to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. hanh.ngo@uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Hanh T T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Ngo
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Tait
authors.forename: Gary K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Hulse
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004343:Drug Implants; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009017:Morbidity; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D004343:Drug Implants; D009294:Narcotics; D009271:Naltrexone; D008691:Methadone