title: Vertical transmission of HIV in Belgium: a 1986-2002 retrospective analysis.
abstract: Prophylactic interventions have lead to the reduction of the mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to less than 2% in industrialized countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes over time in vertical transmission according to the standard care of prophylaxis in the practice of a single large reference center and to identify the risk factors for failure. The rate of MTCT decreased progressively from 10% in 1986-1993 to 4.7% in 1999-2002, reflecting the progressive implementation of newly available means of prevention. During the last period evaluated (1999-2002), where highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) prophylaxis was the standard of care, 17% of women had a viral load between 400 and 20,000 copies/ml around delivery and 5% had a viral load above 20,000 copies/ml. High viral load and low CD4 lymphocyte count were strongly associated with vertical transmission. The rate of MTCT in women who received HAART for more than one month during pregnancy was 1.7%, compared to 13.3% in women treated with HAART for less than one month. The risk of vertical transmission in the absence of therapy was four times higher than before the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART; p=0.05). In conclusion, since the prevention of MTCT of HIV with HAART is the standard of care, a short duration or absence of ART during pregnancy linked to late or absent prenatal care is associated with a high risk of transmission. The early detection of HIV-1 infection in pregnant women, and close follow up and support during pregnancy are crucial to the success of the prevention of transmission.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Department, CHU Saint-Pierre, 322 rue Haute, 1000, Brussels, Belgium. tessa_goetghebuer@stpierre-bru.be
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goetghebuer
authors.forename: Edwige
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haelterman
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marvillet
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hainaut
authors.forename: Assaad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salameh
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ciardelli
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerard
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D015215:Zidovudine