title: The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases.
abstract: Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1-16.7/1. Western diets are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, and have excessive amounts of omega-6 fatty acids compared with the diet on which human beings evolved and their genetic patterns were established. Excessive amounts of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a very high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today's Western diets, promote the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 PUFA (a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio), exert suppressive effects. In the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, a ratio of 4/1 was associated with a 70% decrease in total mortality. A ratio of 2.5/1 reduced rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal cancer, whereas a ratio of 4/1 with the same amount of omega-3 PUFA had no effect. The lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio in women with breast cancer was associated with decreased risk. A ratio of 2-3/1 suppressed inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and a ratio of 5/1 had a beneficial effect on patients with asthma, whereas a ratio of 10/1 had adverse consequences. These studies indicate that the optimal ratio may vary with the disease under consideration. This is consistent with the fact that chronic diseases are multigenic and multifactorial. Therefore, it is quite possible that the therapeutic dose of omega-3 fatty acids will depend on the degree of severity of disease resulting from the genetic predisposition. A lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is more desirable in reducing the risk of many of the chronic diseases of high prevalence in Western societies, as well as in the developing countries.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, 2001 S Street, NW, Suite 530, Washington, DC 20009, USA. cgnh@bellatlantic.net
authors.forename: Artemis P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Simopoulos
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000166:cytology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008954:Models, Biological; D010974:Platelet Aggregation; D012306:Risk; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D019787:Linoleic Acid; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid