title: Reassessing the WIC effect: evidence from the Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System.
abstract: Recent analyses differ on how effective the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) is at improving infant health. We use data from nine states that participate in the Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System to address limitations in previous work. With information on the mother's timing of WIC enrollment, we test whether greater exposure to WIC is associated with less smoking, improved weight gain during pregnancy, better birth outcomes, and greater likelihood of breastfeeding. Our results suggest that much of the often reported association between WIC and lower rates of preterm birth is likely spurious, the result of gestational age bias. We find modest effects of WIC on fetal growth, inconsistent associations between WIC and smoking, limited associations with gestational weight gain, and some relationship with breastfeeding. A WIC effect exists, but on fewer margins and with less impact than has been claimed by policy analysts and advocates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics and Finance, Baruch College, City University of New York, and National Bureau of Economic Research, USA.
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Racine
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yunzal-Butler
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D006078:Government Programs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D018803:Models, Economic; D009657:North Carolina; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011295:Prenatal Care; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D015983:Selection Bias; D012907:Smoking; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D015430:Weight Gain