title: Meta-analysis of the efficacy of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in animal models of focal cerebral ischemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent reports have described the efficacy of the hematopoietic growth factor granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in animal stroke models. Early clinical multicenter trials evaluating the effect of G-CSF in acute stroke and pilot clinical trials for the subacute phase are ongoing. To guide further development, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the effects of G-CSF on infarct size and sensorimotor deficits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using electronic and manual searches of the literature, we identified studies describing the efficacy of G-CSF in animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. Two reviewers independently selected studies and extracted data on study quality, G-CSF doses, time of administration, and outcome measured as infarct volume and/or sensorimotor deficit. Data from all studies were pooled by meta-regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen studies including 277 animals for infarct size calculation and 258 animals for assessment of sensorimotor deficit met the criteria for inclusion. Overall efficacy of G-CSF regarding infarct size reduction was 42%. Meta-regression analysis revealed a 0.8% (P<0.0001) decrease in infarct size per 1-mug/kg increase in G-CSF dose when applied within the first 6 hours and a 2.1% (P<0.0001) decrease when applied later than 6 hours after induction of ischemia with a significant (P=0.0004) greater infarct size reduction after delayed treatment. Sensorimotor deficits categorized into 3 subgroups improved between 24% and 40%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings consolidate G-CSF as a drug that both reduces infarct size and enhances functional recovery. These effects are presumably dose dependent. In contrast to most other neuroprotectants, a beneficial outcome may also be achieved when treatment is delayed.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinikum Münster, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48149 Münster, Germany. minnerup@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Minnerup
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heidrich
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wellmann
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rogalewski
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Wolf-Rüdiger
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Schäbitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor