title: Identification of potentially hazardous human gene products in GMO risk assessment.
abstract: Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), e.g. viral vectors, could threaten the environment if by their release they spread hazardous gene products. Even in contained use, to prevent adverse consequences, viral vectors carrying genes from mammals or humans should be especially scrutinized as to whether gene products that they synthesize could be hazardous in their new context. Examples of such potentially hazardous gene products (PHGPs) are: protein toxins, products of dominant alleles that have a role in hereditary diseases, gene products and sequences involved in genome rearrangements, gene products involved in immunomodulation or with an endocrine function, gene products involved in apoptosis, activated proto-oncogenes. For contained use of a GMO that carries a construct encoding a PHGP, the precautionary principle dictates that safety measures should be applied on a "worst case" basis, until the risks of the specific case have been assessed. The potential hazard of cloned genes can be estimated before empirical data on the actual GMO become available. Preliminary data may be used to focus hazard identification and risk assessment. Both predictive and empirical data may also help to identify what further information is needed to assess the risk of the GMO. A two-step approach, whereby a PHGP is evaluated for its conceptual dangers, then checked by data bank searches, is delineated here.
authors.affiliation: GMO Office, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. hans.bergmans@rivm.nl
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bergmans
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Logie
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Maanen
authors.forename: Harm
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hermsen
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meredyth
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Der Vlugt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000139:chemically induced; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D030781:Organisms, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D019076:Transgenes / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances