title: Bone stress and interfacial sliding analysis of implant designs on an immediately loaded maxillary implant: a non-linear finite element study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the surrounding bone stress and the implant-bone interfacial sliding of implant designs and implant sizes of immediately loaded implant with maxillary sinus augmentation by using three-dimensional (3D) non-linear finite element (FE) analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four FE models including four implant designs (cylindrical, threaded, stepped and step-thread implants) and three implant dimensions (standard, long and wide threaded implants) with a bonded and three levels of frictional contact of implant-bone interfaces were analyzed. The maxillary model was constructed from computer tomography (CT) images of a human skull and all 3D implant models were created via the computer-aided design (CAD) software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of threaded implants decreased the bone stress and sliding distance obviously about 30% as compared with non-threaded (cylindrical and stepped) implants. Increasing the implant's length or diameter reduced the bone stress by 13-26%. Employing a immediately loaded implant with smooth machine surface (mu=0.3, mu represents frictional coefficient) increased the bone stress by 28-63% as compared with the osseointegrated (bonded interfaces) implants. Roughening the implant surface (mu>0.3) did not reduced the bone stress, however it did decrease the interfacial sliding between implant and bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For an immediately loaded implant placed with sinus augmentation, using threaded implant could decrease both the bone stress and implant-bone sliding distance which may improve the implant initial stability and long-term survival. Rough surface of implants shows no benefit to reduce the bone stress but they could lower the interfacial sliding. On the contrary, employing long or wide implants decrease the bone stress but they cannot diminish the interfacial sliding.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan. hlhuang@mail.cmu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Heng-Li
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jui-Ting
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Lih-Jyh
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Fuh
authors.forename: Ming-Gene
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Ching-Chang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Yen-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003442:Crowns; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention / Q000379:methods; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D008437:Maxilla / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000601:surgery; D003765:Models, Dental; D013516:Oral Surgical Procedures, Preprosthetic; D011859:Radiography; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants