Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model to determine dosimetry and cholinesterase inhibition for a binary mixture of chlorpyrifos and diazinon in the rat.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) models have been developed for the organophosphorus (OP) insecticides chlorpyrifos (CPF) and diazinon (DZN). It is anticipated that these OPs could interact at a number of important metabolic steps including: CYP450 mediated activation/detoxification, B-esterases [carboxylesterase (CaE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)] or PON-1 (A-esterase) oxon detoxification. We developed a binary PBPK/PD model for CPF, DZN and their metabolites based on previously published models for the individual insecticides. The metabolic interactions (CYP450) between CPF and DZN were evaluated in vitro and suggests that CPF is more substantially metabolized to its oxon metabolite than DZN, which is consistent with observed in vivo potency (CPF>DZN). Each insecticide inhibited the other's in vitro metabolism in a concentration-dependent manner. The PBPK model code used to describe the metabolism of CPF and DZN was modified to reflect the type of CYP450 inhibition kinetics (i.e. competitive vs. non-competitive), while B-esterase metabolism was described as dose-additive, and no PON-1 interactions were assumed between CPF- and DZN-oxon with the enzyme. The binary model was then evaluated against previously published rodent dosimetry and cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition data for the mixture. The PBPK/PD model simulations of the acute oral exposure to single-mixtures (15 mg/kg) vs. binary-mixtures (15+15 mg/kg) of CFP and DZN resulted in no differences in the predicted pharmacokinetics of either the parent OPs or their respective metabolites, while cholinesterase inhibition was reasonably described using the dose-additive model. A binary oral dose of CPF+DZN (60+60 mg/kg) did result in observable changes in the DZN pharmacokinetics where C(max) was more reasonably fit by modifying the absorption parameters. It is anticipated that at low environmentally relevant binary doses, most likely to be encountered in occupational or environmental related exposures, that the pharmacokinetics are expected to be linear, and ChE inhibition dose-additive.
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Center for Biological Monitoring and Modeling, Battelle, Pacific Northwest Division, Richland, WA 99352, USA. charles.timchalk@pnl.gov
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D000818:Animals; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D002302:Cardiac Output; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D002802:Cholinesterases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003976:Diazinon / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D015233:Models, Statistical; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014018:Tissue Distribution
D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D004338:Drug Combinations; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D002802:Cholinesterases; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D003976:Diazinon