title: Survivin antisense oligonucleotides effectively radiosensitize colorectal cancer cells in both tissue culture and murine xenograft models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Survivin shows a radiation resistance factor in colorectal cancer. In the present study, we determined whether survivin messenger RNA levels in patients with rectal cancer predict tumor response after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy and whether inhibition of survivin by the use of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) enhances radiation responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  SW480 colorectal carcinoma cells were transfected with survivin ASO (LY2181308) and irradiated with doses ranging from 0-8 Gy. Survivin expression, cell-cycle distribution, gammaH2AX fluorescence, and induction of apoptosis were monitored by means of immunoblotting, flow cytometry, and caspase 3/7 activity. Clonogenic survival was determined by using a colony-forming assay. An SW480 xenograft model was used to investigate the effect of survivin attenuation and irradiation on tumor growth. Furthermore, survivin messenger RNA levels were studied in patient biopsy specimens by using Affymetrix microarray analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the translational study of 20 patients with rectal cancer, increased survivin levels were associated with significantly greater risk of local tumor recurrence (p = 0.009). Treatment of SW480 cells with survivin ASOs and irradiation resulted in an increased percentage of apoptotic cells, caspase 3/7 activity, fraction of cells in the G(2)/M phase, and H2AX phosphorylation. Clonogenic survival decreased compared with control-treated cells. Furthermore, treatment of SW480 xenografts with survivin ASOs and irradiation resulted in a significant delay in tumor growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survivin appears to be a molecular biomarker in patients with rectal cancer. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo data suggest a potential role of survivin as a molecular target to improve treatment response to radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Therapy and Oncology, University of Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt, Germany. franz.roedel@kgu.de
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rödel
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Leitmann
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Capalbo
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rödel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053179:Caspase 7 / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy / Q000379:methods; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000235:genetics*; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000077022:Survivin; D014162:Transfection; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: C107489:BIRC5 protein, human; C468783:H2AX protein, human; D006657:Histones; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; C529350:LY 2181308; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000077022:Survivin; D053148:Caspase 3; D053179:Caspase 7