title: Crystals of monosodium urate monohydrate enhance lipopolysaccharide-induced release of interleukin 1 beta by mononuclear cells through a caspase 1-mediated process.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies suggest that crystals of monosodium urate (MSU), deposited in joints of patients with acute gouty arthritis, activate the NACHT domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing protein (NALP)3 inflammasome. In the present study we have investigated whether production of proinflammatory cytokines by crystals was exacerbated during costimulation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mononuclear cells of 22 healthy donors were stimulated by various concentrations of MSU crystals in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Pam3Cys and flagellin. Production of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin (IL)1 beta and IL6, as well as the intracellular concentrations of proIL1 beta were measured by ELISA. mRNA transcripts of TNFalpha and IL1 beta were assessed by real-time PCR. Stimulation experiments were also performed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of one patient carrying a NALP3 mutation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MSU induced a moderate release of IL1 beta and IL6, but not of TNFalpha. Urate crystals amplified IL1 beta production stimulated by the TLR4 ligand LPS, while no synergy was apparent for IL6 production. In addition, no synergy between urate crystals and Pam3Cys (TLR2 ligand) or flagellin (TLR5 ligand) was apparent. The synergy between urate crystals and LPS was directed at the level of the NALP3 inflammasome, as it was present only when active IL1 beta was measured, but not at the level of IL1 mRNA or proIL1 beta. The synergy between LPS and MSU crystals ceased to exist in the presence of a caspase 1 inhibitor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MSU crystals act in synergy with LPS for the induction of enhanced release of IL1 beta. Increased cleavage of proIL1 beta by urate-activated caspase 1 is proposed as the underlying mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre St Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. giamarel@ath.forthnet.gr
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Giamarellos-Bourboulis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mouktaroudi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bodar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Ven
authors.forename: B-J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kullberg
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Netea
authors.forename: J W M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: van der Meer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020170:Caspase 1 / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003460:Crystallization; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; C453881:NLRP3 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014527:Uric Acid; D020170:Caspase 1