title: National mortality following upper gastrointestinal or cardiovascular events in older veterans with recent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Upper gastrointestinal events (UGIE), myocardial infarction (MI) and cerebrovascular accident (CVA) are known morbidities among recent NSAID users.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess all-cause mortality following UGIE, MI or CVA among recent NSAID users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Veterans >65 prescribed an NSAID at any Veterans Affairs (VA) facility were identified using prescription fill data and their records linked to a merged VA-Medicare database. Each person-day was assessed for NSAID, coxib or proton pump inhibitor (PPI) exposure. Incidence density ratios and hazard rates of death were calculated following UGIE, MI and CVA adjusting for demographics, co-morbidity, prescription channeling, geographic location and pharmacological covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 474 495 patients [97.8% male; 85.3% white; 73.9 years (s.d. 5.6)], death followed at a rate of 5.5 per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 5.4-5.6) post-UGIE, 17.7 per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 17.5-17.9) post-MI and 21.8 per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 21.6-22.0) post-CVA. CVA was associated with greatest risk of death [hazard ratio (HR) 12.4; 95% CI: 10.9-14.3] followed by MI (HR 10.7; 95% CI: 9.2-11.6) and UGIE (HR 3.3; 95% CI: 2.8-3.9). Predictors of mortality were advancing age and co-morbidity, increased use of coxibs and failure to ensure adequate gastroprotection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among elderly veterans with recent NSAID use, an UGIE, MI or CVA is a clinically relevant premorbid event.
authors.affiliation: Houston Center for Quality of Care & Utilization Studies, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. nabraham@bcm.edu
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hartman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality*; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000401:mortality*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors