title: Long-term prevention of diabetic nephropathy: an audit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In type 1 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria not receiving antihypertensive treatment, an increase in urinary AER (UAER) of 6-14%/year and a risk of developing diabetic nephropathy (DN) of 3-30%/year have been reported. We audited the long-term effect of blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) with an ACE inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) in microalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients on progression of microalbuminuria and development of DN.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with type 1 diabetes and persistent microalbuminuria (30-300 mg/24 h) were identified (n=227) in 1995 at Steno Diabetes Center and followed for 11 years. Development of DN was defined as a UAER of >300 mg/24 h in two of three consecutive urine samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age and duration of diabetes at baseline (mean+/-SD) were 46+/-15 and 28+/-13 years, respectively. During follow-up 14 patients emigrated and 58 (26%) died. Over the same period 79% were treated with an ACEI or ARB. There was a mean decline in UAER of 4%/year. Sixty-five patients (29%) progressed to overt DN, corresponding to 3.1%/year. However, 29 of them regressed to normo- or microalbuminuria on intensified antihypertensive treatment. Glycaemic control and blood pressure remained nearly unchanged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our outpatient clinic, the implementation of RAAS-blocking treatment in type 1 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria successfully reduced long-term progression to overt DN to a rate similar to those previously reported in randomised, double-blind intervention trials of shorter duration using RAAS blockade.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensens Vej 1, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark. kjos@steno.dk
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Schjoedt
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tarnow
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rossing
authors.forename: H-H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Parving
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000517:prevention & control; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin