title: Effects of weekly exposure to anatoxin-a and nicotine on operant performance of rats.
abstract: This study examined the effects of acute and weekly administration of anatoxin-a and nicotine on operant performance. Anatoxin-a is a potent nicotinic receptor agonist produced by cyanobacteria, which are found in fresh waters throughout the world. Anatoxin-a is a potential human health hazard and has been responsible for numerous deaths of wildlife, livestock and domestic animals. Remarkably little is known, however, about the effects of anatoxin-a on behavior. Nicotine, the psychomotor stimulant in tobacco, has many well-documented behavioral effects, which often diminish (i.e. tolerance develops) when it is given daily. Male Long Evans rats initially were trained to respond under a multiple variable-ratio 30-response variable-interval 60-s (mult VR-30 VI 60-s) schedule of food reinforcement. They were then divided into 12 groups of 8 that received four weekly subcutaneous injections of anatoxin-a (0.05-0.2 mg/kg), nicotine (0.125-1.8 mg/kg), or vehicle 5-min prior to testing. When initially administered, each compound decreased response rates and reinforcement rates in both components of the multiple schedule. Substantial tolerance developed to the disruptive effects of nicotine with weekly administration. Tolerance also developed to the effects of anatoxin-a, although to a lesser degree; the highest dose severely decreased performance with little evidence of recovery. In conjunction with prior findings, these results suggest the behavioral effects of anatoxin-a and nicotine are similar, but not identical, and that relatively infrequent (episodic) administration can produce tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Neurotoxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive B105-04, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA. jarema.kimberly@epa.gov
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Jarema
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poling
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: MacPhail
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000633:toxicity*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000633:toxicity*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D014326:Tropanes / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D014326:Tropanes; D009538:Nicotine; C509783:anatoxin a