title: Nitric oxide depresses connexin 43 after myocardial infarction in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of death and morbidity. Connexin 43 (Cx43) content is reduced in the failing myocardium, but regulating factors have not been identified. In HF, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-induced high levels of nitric oxide (NO) cause apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction. However, a direct iNOS-Cx43 link has not been demonstrated. We investigated this relationship in mice after myocardial infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of myocardial infarction were evaluated 2 weeks after coronary artery ligation in wild-type C57BL/6 (WT) and iNOS(-/-) knockout mice. Myocardial Cx43 and Cx45 content were assessed by immunofluorescence confocal imaging and western blotting. Cardiac function was evaluated in anaesthetized mice using a micro pressure-tipped catheter inserted into the left ventricle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite similar infarct size, deficiency in iNOS resulted in significantly lower plasma nitrate/nitrite levels, better haemodynamic performance and lower mortality 2 weeks after coronary ligation. Myocardial Cx43, but not Cx45, content was lower in WT mice following ligation. The reduction in Cx43 was less in iNOS(-/-) compared with WT mice. To assess the direct effect of NO on Cx43 expression, cultured neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes were employed. Incubation with the NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, elicited a dose-dependent decrease in Cx43 content in cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased NO production from iNOS depressed cardiac performance and contributed to the decreased myocardial Cx43 content 2 weeks after myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: P E M
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Q P
authors.initials: QP
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D023421:Models, Animal; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D026423:S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II