Asherman syndrome--one century later.
OBJECTIVE
To provide an update on the current knowledge of Asherman syndrome.


METHODS
Literature review.


METHODS
The worldwide reports of this disease.


METHODS
Patients with Asherman syndrome who presented with amenorrhea or hypomenorrhea, infertility, or recurrent pregnancy loss.


METHODS
Hysteroscopy and hysteroscopic surgery have been the gold standard of diagnosis and treatment respectively for this condition.


METHODS
The etiology, pathology, symptomatology, diagnosis, treatment, and reproductive outcomes were analyzed.


RESULTS
This syndrome occurs mainly as a result of trauma to the gravid uterine cavity, which leads to the formation of intrauterine and/or intracervical adhesions. Despite the advances in hysteroscopic surgery, the treatment of moderate to severe Asherman syndrome still presents a challenge. Furthermore, pregnancy after treatment remains high risk with complications including spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, placenta accrete or praevia, or even uterine rupture.


CONCLUSIONS
The management of moderate to severe disease still poses a challenge, and the prognosis of severe disease remains poor. Close antenatal surveillance and monitoring are necessary for women who conceive after treatment.
Yu
Dan
D
Hysteroscopic Center, Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. yudanny2006@yahoo.com.cn
Wong
Yat-May
YM
Cheong
Ying
Y
Xia
Enlan
E
Li
Tin-Chiu
TC
D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000209:etiology; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000150:complications; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D004107:Dilatation and Curettage; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D004717:Endometrium / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006175:Gynatresia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D015907:Hysteroscopy; D020883:Hysterotomy; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000209:etiology; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D000267:Tissue Adhesions; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014599:Uterus / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery