title: The impact of changes in spatial distance on emotional responses.
abstract: Drawing on motivational approaches to emotion, the authors propose that the perceived change in spatial distance to pictures that arouse negative emotions exerts an influence on the significance of these pictures. Two experiments induced the illusion that affective pictures approach toward the observer, recede from the observer, or remain static. To determine the motivational significance of the pictures, emotional valence and arousal ratings as well as startle responses were assessed. Approaching unpleasant pictures were found to exert an influence on both the valence and the arousal elicited by the pictures. Furthermore, movement of pleasant or neutral pictures did not influence startle responses, while the second experiment showed that approaching unpleasant pictures elicited enhanced startle responses compared to receding unpleasant pictures. These findings support the view that a change of spatial distance influences motivational significance and thereby shapes emotional responses.
authors.affiliation: University of Würzburg, Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, Marcusstr. 9-11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany. muehlberger@psychologie.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mühlberger
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Matthias J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wieser
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pauli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal; D001767:Blinking; D003657:Decision Making; D004215:Distance Perception; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception; D009042:Motivation; D009903:Optical Illusions; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D013216:Reflex, Startle; D013028:Space Perception