title: Reproducibility of brain tissue volumes in longitudinal studies: effects of changes in signal-to-noise ratio and scanner software.
abstract: It is imperative that users of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) be aware of its reproducibility and the factors which influence results. We assessed the reproducibility of a VBM software package (SPM5) in measuring gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes from at least two consecutive 3D T1-weighted studies in 64 subjects. Factors investigated were the inter-study interval (ISI: 2.2 h to 124 days), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR: number of image averages (NA)=1 or 2), scanner software version and idle time. SNR was measured by direct estimation of tissue noise (SNR(TN)) and mean intensity in noise-only voxels (SNR(NO)). After the scanner software upgrade, voxel intensity increased 5-fold and WM mean SNR(TN) by 24% (p<0.001). Mean WM and GM volume changes in consecutive studies were near 0% (absolute SD of 7 ml and 10 ml respectively). Studies acquired with original scanner software showed a small (1.6%) mean GM volume increase attributed to SNR(TN) increases in five subjects due to scanner maintenance. GM volumes increased with SNR(TN) across the software upgrade (up to 4.3%; p<0.01) and NA=2 acquisitions (up to 4.1%; p<0.001). GM and WM volumes were independent of ISI when ISI did not encompass the software change. Scanner idle times of >6 h decreased SNR by 7% (p<0.001). SPM5 failed to include visible peripheral GM in only 2 subjects. SNR(TN) increases were greater than SNR(NO) increases across the software upgrade. It was concluded that SNR changes significantly influence SPM5-derived GM volumes. SNR may be influenced by scanner software upgrades and hardware condition and should be routinely assessed in studies of brain volume.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore. dnrsb@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: Borys
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shuter
authors.forename: Ing Berne
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: Shih-Chang
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software