title: Identification of novel mutations and sequence variants in the SOX2 and CHX10 genes in patients with anophthalmia/microphthalmia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mutations in the SOX2 and CHX10 genes have been reported in patients with anophthalmia and/or microphthalmia. In this study, we evaluated 34 anophthalmic/microphthalmic patient DNA samples (two sets of siblings included) for mutations and sequence variants in SOX2 and CHX10.
  
  
  METHODS
  Conformational sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) was used for the initial SOX2 and CHX10 screening of 34 affected individuals (two sets of siblings), five unaffected family members, and 80 healthy controls. Patient samples containing heteroduplexes were selected for sequence analysis. Base pair changes in SOX2 and CHX10 were confirmed by sequencing bidirectionally in patient samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two novel heterozygous mutations and two sequence variants (one known) in SOX2 were identified in this cohort. Mutation c.310 G>T (p. Glu104X), found in one patient, was in the region encoding the high mobility group (HMG) DNA-binding domain and resulted in a change from glutamic acid to a stop codon. The second mutation, noted in two affected siblings, was a single nucleotide deletion c.549delC (p. Pro184ArgfsX19) in the region encoding the activation domain, resulting in a frameshift and premature termination of the coding sequence. The shortened protein products may result in the loss of function. In addition, a novel nucleotide substitution c.*557G>A was identified in the 3'-untranslated region in one patient. The relationship between the nucleotide change and the protein function is indeterminate. A known single nucleotide polymorphism (c. *469 C>A, SNP rs11915160) was also detected in 2 of the 34 patients. Screening of CHX10 identified two synonymous sequence variants, c.471 C>T (p.Ser157Ser, rs35435463) and c.579 G>A (p. Gln193Gln, novel SNP), and one non-synonymous sequence variant, c.871 G>A (p. Asp291Asn, novel SNP). The non-synonymous polymorphism was also present in healthy controls, suggesting non-causality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the role of SOX2 in ocular development. Loss of SOX2 function results in severe eye malformation. CHX10 was not implicated with microphthalmia/anophthalmia in our patient cohort.
authors.affiliation: Division of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Femida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kherani
authors.forename: Tanya M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Bardakjian
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katowitz
authors.forename: Nkecha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Schimmenti
authors.forename: Adele
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Terri L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000853:Anophthalmos / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D024002:HMGB Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006579:Heterozygote; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008850:Microphthalmos / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D024002:HMGB Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C527782:SOX2 protein, human; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; C490289:VSX2 protein, human