title: Chemoprevention by white currant is mediated by the reduction of nuclear beta-catenin and NF-kappaB levels in Min mice adenomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Berries are a good natural source of phenolic compounds and many berries or their compounds have been shown to be chemopreventive. White currant is an interesting berry, as it contains low levels of dominant berry phenolics such as ellagic acid, anthocyanins and other flavonoids.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study if white currant is chemopreventive in an experimental model for intestinal tumorigenesis and further study the effects on beta-catenin and NF-kappaB signaling pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice were fed an AIN-93G based control diet or a diet containing 10% freeze dried white currant (Ribes x pallidum) for 10 weeks. Cell signaling parameters were analysed from intestinal adenomas and surrounding mucosa by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The white currant diet reduced the number of adenomas from 81 (min-max 47-114) to 51 (36-84) in the total small intestine of Min mice (P<0.02). Most of the adenomas develop in the distal part of the small intestine, and in this area white currant reduced the number from 49 to 29.5 (P<0.01) and also the size of the adenomas from 0.88 mm to 0.70 mm (P<0.02). In the colon white currant increased the number of adenomas (0.3+/-0.6 vs. 0.8+/-0.6, mean +/- SD, P<0.05), but did not affect the size. White currant reduced nuclear beta-catenin and NF-kappaB protein levels in the adenomas (P<0.05 and P<0.02, respectively). They were correlated with the size of adenomas (P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that white currant is effective in preventing cancer initiation and progression in the Min mouse. Whether the positive effects are due to its special phenolic composition needs to be studied in more detail.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology (Nutrition), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. johanna.rajakangas@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rajakangas
authors.forename: Marjo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Misikangas
authors.forename: Essi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Päivärinta
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mutanen
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D016328:NF-kappa B; D051176:beta Catenin