title: Surfactive and antibacterial activity of cetylpyridinium chloride formulations in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare effects of three cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) formulations with and without alcohol and Tween80 on physico-chemical properties of salivary pellicles, bacterial detachment in vitro and bacterial killing in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adsorption of CPC to salivary pellicles in vitro was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements. Adhesion and detachment of a co-adhering bacterial pair was determined in vitro using a flow chamber. Killing was evaluated after live/dead staining after acute single use in vivo on 24- and 72-h-old plaques after 2-week continuous use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most pronounced effects on pellicle surface chemistry and hydrophobicity were observed after treatment with the alcohol-free formulation, while the pellicle thickness was not affected by any of the formulations. All CPC formulations detached up to 33% of the co-adhering pair from pellicle surfaces. Bacterial aggregate sizes during de novo deposition were enhanced after treatment with the alcohol-free formulation. Immediate and sustained killing in 24 and 72 h plaques after in vivo, acute single use as well as after 2-week continuous use were highest for the alcohol-free formulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CPC bioavailability in a formulation without alcohol and Tween80 could be demonstrated through measures of pellicle surface properties and bacterial interactions in vitro as well as bacteriocidal actions on oral biofilms in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Busscher
authors.forename: Don J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Jelly
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atema-Smit
authors.forename: Gesinda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Geertsema-Doornbusch
authors.forename: Joop
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Henny C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: van der Mei
mesh_terms: D000190:Actinomyces / Q000187:drug effects; D000327:Adsorption; D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002417:Cattle; D002594:Cetylpyridinium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry*; D044622:Dental Pellicle / Q000187:drug effects*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019533:Streptococcus oralis / Q000187:drug effects; D013499:Surface Properties; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D011136:Polysorbates; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D000431:Ethanol; D002594:Cetylpyridinium