title: Cost-effectiveness of insulin aspart versus human soluble insulin in type 2 diabetes in four European countries: subgroup analyses from the PREDICTIVE study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the long-term health economic outcomes associated with insulin aspart (IAsp) compared to human soluble insulin (HI) in type 2 diabetes patients on basal-bolus therapy in Sweden, Spain, Italy and Poland.
  
  
  METHODS
  A published computer simulation model of diabetes was used to predict life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy and incidence of diabetes-related complications. Baseline cohort characteristics (age 61.6 years, duration of diabetes 13.2 years, 45.1% male, HbA(1c) 8.2%, BMI 29.8 kg/m(2)) and treatment effects were derived from the PREDICTIVE observational study. Country-specific complication costs were derived from published sources. The analyses were run over 35-year time horizons from third-party payer perspectives in Spain, Italy and Poland and from a societal perspective in Sweden. Future costs and clinical benefits were discounted at country-specific discount rates. Sensitivity analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IAsp was associated with improvements in discounted life expectancy and quality-adjusted life expectancy, and a reduced incidence of most diabetes-related complications versus HI in all four settings. IAsp was associated with societal cost-savings in Sweden (SEK 2470), direct medical cost-savings in Sweden and Spain (SEK 8248 and euro 1382, respectively), but increased direct costs in Italy (euro 2235) and Poland (euro 743). IAsp was associated with improved quality-adjusted life expectancy in Sweden (0.077 QALYs), Spain (0.080 QALYs), Italy (0.120 QALYs) and Poland (0.003 QALYs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IAsp was dominant versus HI in both Sweden and Spain, would be considered cost-effective in Italy with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of euro 18,597 per QALY gained, but would not be considered cost-effective in Poland.
authors.affiliation: IMS Health, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goodall
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Kotchie
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roze
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017046:Cost Savings; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061267:Insulin Aspart; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011788:Quality of Life; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D061267:Insulin Aspart