title: Radiographic measurement of canine tibial angles in the sagittal plane.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a method for radiographic measurement of the mechanical joint angles of the tibia in the sagittal plane and report reference ranges for a population of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease, and specifically for Labrador Retrievers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective evaluation of radiographs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canine tibia (n=150) of dogs evaluated for cranial cruciate ligament disease; 104 tibiae were from Labrador Retrievers, 46 tibiae were from other medium- to large-breed dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medial-lateral radiographs were used to establish anatomic landmarks and measure the mechanical cranial distal tibial angle (mCrDTA) and mechanical caudal proximal tibial angle (mCaPTA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all tibiae mean mCrDTA was 81.6 degrees and mCaPTA, 63.6 degrees . For Labrador Retriever tibiae mean mCrDTA was 81.7 degrees and mCaPTA, 63.8 degrees . For non-Labradors, means mCrDTA was 81.5 degrees and mCaPTA, 63 degrees . Labrador Retrievers were significantly younger than non-Labradors in our study population. No significant differences were noted between Labrador Retrievers and non-Labradors for mCrDTA or mCaPTA and correlations between mCrDTA and mCaPTA were neither strong nor significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A method was established for radiographic measurement of mechanical joint angles of the canine tibia in the sagittal plane. Reference ranges are reported for a population of Labrador Retrievers and a population of non-Labradors with cranial cruciate ligament disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurement method and reference ranges provided for mechanical tibial angles may be used to aid in diagnosis, surgical planning, and postoperative critique for hindlimb angular deformities.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. dismukesd@missouri.edu
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Dismukes
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.forename: Derek B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Tige H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Witsberger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D001947:Breeding; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010375:Pedigree; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011859:Radiography / Q000662:veterinary; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013045:Species Specificity; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology