title: Cost of hospital-wide activities to improve patient safety and infection control: a multi-centre study in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the financial costs to hospitals for the implementation of hospital-wide patient safety and infection control programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted questionnaire surveys and structured interviews in seven acute-care teaching hospitals with an established reputation for their efforts towards improving patient safety. We defined the scope of patient safety activities by use of an incremental activity measure between 1999 and 2004. Hospital-wide incremental manpower, material, and financial resources to implement patient safety programs were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total incremental activities were 19,414-78,540 person-hours per year. The estimated incremental costs of activities for patient safety and infection control were calculated as US$ 1.100-2.335 million per year, equivalent to the employment of 17-40 full-time healthcare staff. The ratio of estimated costs to total medical revenue ranged from 0.55% to 2.57%. Smaller hospitals tend to shoulder a higher burden compared to larger hospitals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides a framework for measuring hospital-wide activities for patient safety. Study findings suggest that the total amount of resources is so great that cost-effective and evidence-based health policy is needed to assure the sustainability of hospital safety programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Healthcare Economics and Quality Management, School of Public Health, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruhisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imanaka
authors.forename: Kenshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashida
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000191:economics*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007564:Japan; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D017751:Safety Management / Q000191:economics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires