title: Tissue transglutaminase regulates focal adhesion kinase/AKT activation by modulating PTEN expression in pancreatic cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progresses rapidly and exhibits profound resistance to treatment. We recently reported that a great majority of PDAC tumors and tumor cell lines express elevated levels of tissue transglutaminase (TG2). Here, we provide first evidence that TG2 expression in PDAC cells results in constitutive activation of focal adhesion kinase/AKT by modulating the expression of the tumor suppressor phosphatase PTEN.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using PDAC cell lines, we determined the effect of TG2 overexpression on PTEN stability and functions. We confirmed the correlation between TG2 expression and PTEN levels in a few (n=51) PDAC tumor samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed that expression of TG2 is inversely correlated with PTEN expression in PDAC cells. Ectopic expression of TG2 inhibited PTEN phosphorylation and promoted its degradation by ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway. Conversely, down-regulation of TG2 by small interfering RNA up-regulated PTEN expression. Clinical relevance of these results was evident in an athymic nude mouse model where down-regulation of endogenous TG2 caused a significant retardation in PDAC xenograft growth. Importantly, the analysis of 51 tumor samples from patients with stage II PDAC revealed that overexpression of TG2 was associated with loss of PTEN expression (P=0.023; odds ratio, 4.1). In multivariate analysis, TG2-mediated loss of PTEN was a prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with stage II pancreatic ductal carcinoma independent of tumor stage/lymph node status and tumor differentiation (P=0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TG2 expression in PDAC promotes degradation of PTEN by ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway and results in constitutive activation of focal adhesion kinase/AKT cell survival signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Sushovan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guha
authors.forename: Huamin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jansina Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Fok
authors.forename: Dimpy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koul
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abbruzzese
authors.forename: Kapil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mehta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000401:mortality; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000401:mortality; D011379:Prognosis; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C494929:PTEN protein, human; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins