title: Lgals6, a 2-million-year-old gene in mice: a case of positive Darwinian selection and presence/absence polymorphism.
abstract: Duplications of genes are widely considered to be a driving force in the evolutionary process. The fate of such duplicated genes (paralogs) depends mainly on the early stages of their evolution. Therefore, the study of duplications that have already started to diverge is useful to better understand their evolution. We present here the example of a 2-million-year-old segmental duplication at the origin of the Lgals4 and Lgals6 genes in the mouse genome. We analyzed the distribution of these genes in samples from 110 wild individuals and wild-derived inbred strains belonging to eight mouse species from Mus (Coelomys) pahari to M. musculus and 28 laboratory strains. Using a maximum-likelihood method, we show that the sequence of the Lgals6 gene has evolved under the influence of strong positive selection that is likely to result in its neofunctionalization. Surprisingly, despite this selection pressure, the Lgals6 gene is present in some mouse species, but not all. Furthermore, even within the species and populations where it is present, the Lgals6 gene is never fixed. To explain this paradox, we propose different hypotheses such as balanced selection and neutral retention of ancient polymophism and we discuss this unexpected result with regard to known galectin properties and response to infections by pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5554, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier, France. houzelstein@ijm.jussieu.fr
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Houzelstein
authors.forename: Isabelle R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orth
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bonhomme
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Netter
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D037541:Galectin 4 / Q000235:genetics; D037161:Galectins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D020440:Gene Duplication; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics; D005843:Geography; D049690:History, Ancient; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012641:Selection, Genetic
chemical_list: D037541:Galectin 4; D037161:Galectins; C110383:Lgals6 protein, mouse