title: Superinfection of defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with different subtypes of wild-type virus efficiently produces infectious variants with the initial viral phenotypes by complementation followed by recombination.
abstract: Superinfection rates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have increasingly been leading to more variation in HIV-1, as evidenced by the emergence of circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). We recently reported complementation in a persistently replication-defective subtype B-infected cell clone, L-2, by superinfection with CRF15_01B. The L-2 cells continuously produce immature particles due to a one-base insertion at pol protease. Proviruses in the superinfected cells carried both subtypes and produced particles with a mature morphology. In this study, we examined possible recombination following complementation to generate replication-competent variants by using three cell clones prepared from superinfected L-2 cells. The individual clones predominantly expressed the initial subtype B-derived mature Gag proteins. However, the viral particles carried both subtype B with the mutation and wild-type CRF15_01B at pol, suggesting the generation of virions with heterozygous RNAs. Interestingly, with cell-free passages of the progeny, defective particles disappeared, and were replaced with heterogeneous recombinants in the pol region with sequences derived from CRF15_01B that expressed subtype B phenotype. Thus, even a defective form of persistent HIV-1 can become replication-competent through superinfection-mediated complementation followed by recombination. These findings suggest the significance of long-lived infected cells as recipients for superinfection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwabu
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizuta
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawase
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kameoka
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikuta
mesh_terms: D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000648:ultrastructure / Q000821:virology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010641:Phenotype; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D015163:Superinfection / Q000821:virology*; D016662:Virus Integration; D014779:Virus Replication; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000032:analysis; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus