title: Need for inferior vena cava filters in cancer patients: a surrogate marker for poor outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer patients have an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are used extensively in the US, and more than 40 000 are inserted annually. The impact on survival of cancer patients receiving IVC filters has not been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study examined 206 consecutive cancer patients with VTE to compare the effects of IVC filter placement with anticoagulation (AC) therapy on overall survival (OS), as measured from the time of VTE. Patients were classified into 3 treatment groups: AC (n = 62), IVC filter (77), or combination IVC filter + AC (67).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment groups did not differ with respect to age, sex, or albumin levels. Median OS was significantly greater in patients treated with AC (13 months) compared with those treated with IVC filters (2 months) or IVC + AC (3.25 months; P < .0002). IVC patients were 1.9 times more at risk of death than AC only (hazard ratio = .528; 95% confidence interval = .374 to .745). Multivariate analysis revealed that performance status and type of thrombus were not confounders and had no effect on OS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The need for the insertion of an IVC filter projected markedly reduced survival. Patients requiring an IVC filter rather than AC as initial therapy face a 2-fold increase in risk of death. Whether or not this therapeutic procedure has a positive impact on outcome in cancer patients is uncertain. Complications resulting from thrombosis were also analyzed in this cohort. A prospective randomized trial at our institution is addressing this issue.
authors.affiliation: Don Monti Division of Oncology, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Myra F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Barginear
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lesser
authors.forename: Meredith Lukin
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Akerman
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strakhan
authors.forename: Iuliana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shapira
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Budman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016306:Vena Cava Filters / Q000009:adverse effects; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants