title: Modifiable determinants of fetal macrosomia: role of lifestyle-related factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Newborn macrosomia is associated with both short- and long-term health risks for the infant, and increases the prevalence of birth complications. Parity, maternal age and gender of the child are known variables that influence fetal growth. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate prospectively the contributions of modifiable maternal predictors of fetal macrosomia (> or =4,200 g), which included lifestyle-related factors, such as nutritional intake, physical activity, and plasma glucose values, in addition to overweight and pregnancy weight gain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Some 553 women were followed through pregnancy. Predictive variables were subjected to univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis. Among these were: body mass index (BMI), weight gain, maternal subcutaneous fat (mm), fasting and 2-h plasma glucose, self-reported physical activity before and during pregnancy, and nutritional intake of macronutrients. Gestational age, parity and gender were also included in the model. All continuous variables were dichotomized using the upper quartile as the cut-off point in most cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  If physical activity was left out of the analyses, BMI, weight gain, plasma glucose and gestational age were independent determinants of macrosomia. After including low level pre-gestational physical activity in the model, we found that this was now a significant determinant of delivering a macrosomic infant with an OR=2.9 (95% CI: 1.9, 7.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicates that a low level of pre-gestational physical activity adds to the modifiable determinants of newborn macrosomia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet Medical Centre, Oslo, Norway. nanna.voldner@rikshospitalet.no
authors.forename: Nanna
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Voldner
authors.forename: Kathrine F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Frøslie
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bo
authors.forename: Lene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Haakstad
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Godang
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bollerslev
authors.forename: Tore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Henriksen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors