title: Knockdown resistance mutations (kdr) and insecticide susceptibility to DDT and pyrethroids in Anopheles gambiae from Equatorial Guinea.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. from continental Equatorial Guinea; and to relate kdr genotypes with susceptibility to DDT and pyrethroid insecticides in this vector.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female mosquitoes were collected in two villages, Miyobo and Ngonamanga, of mainland Equatorial Guinea. Insecticide susceptibility tests were performed following WHO procedures. Anopheles gambiae complex specimens were identified to species and molecular form by PCR. Genotyping of the kdr locus was performed by allele-specific PCR and direct sequencing in a subset of samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both M and S molecular forms of A. gambiae were found in Ngonamanga whereas only the S-form was identified in Miyobo. The two kdr mutations were detected in S-form samples of both villages, with a higher frequency of the kdr-e (Leu-1014-Ser) allele (Miyobo: 16%; Ngonamanga: 40%). The kdr-w (Leu-1014-Phe) mutation was also detected in 3% of the M-form. All individuals tested for pyrethroids were susceptible. A mortality rate of 86% was obtained for DDT. An overall kdr allele frequency (i.e. kdr-e + kdr-w) of 22% was detected in DDT resistant individuals, whereas susceptible individuals had a kdr frequency of 6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The co-occurrence of both kdr mutations and reduced susceptibility to DDT found in A. gambiae highlights the importance of implementing efficient surveillance of insecticide resistance in Equatorial Guinea.
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. martamor@isciii.es
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vicente
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cano
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Berzosa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Lucio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nzambo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bobuakasi
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Buatiche
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ondo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Micha
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Do Rosario
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D003634:DDT / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016703:Equatorial Guinea; D005260:Female; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000187:drug effects; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D003634:DDT