title: Cadmium, lead, and mercury levels in feathers of small passerine birds: noninvasive sampling strategy.
abstract: Bird feathers have been widely used as a nondestructive biological material for monitoring heavy metals. Sources of metals taken up by feathers include diet (metals are incorporated during feather formation), preening, and direct contact with metals in water, air, dust, and plants. In the literature, data regarding the origin of trace elements in feathers are not univocal. Only in the vast literature concerning mercury (as methyl mercury) has endogenous origin been determined. In the present study, we investigate cadmium, lead, and mercury levels in feathers of prey of Falco eleonorae in relation to the ecological characteristics (molt, habitat, and contamination by soil) of the different species. Cluster analysis identified two main groups of species. Differences and correlations within and between groups identified by cluster analysis were then checked by nonparametric statistical analysis. The results showed that mercury levels had a pattern significantly different from those of cadmium and lead, which in turn showed a significant positive correlation, suggesting different origins. Nests of F. eleonorae proved to be a good source for feathers of small trans-Saharan passerines collected by a noninvasive method. They provided abundant feathers of the various species in a relatively small area--in this case, the falcon colony on the Isle of San Pietro, Sardinia, Italy.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, Siena 53100, Italy. bianchi11@unisi.it
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ancora
authors.forename: Noemi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: di Fazio
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leonzio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019187:Cadmium Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D046093:Falconiformes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005241:Feathers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005612:Freeze Drying; D007558:Italy; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D017669:Mercury Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D019187:Cadmium Compounds; D017669:Mercury Compounds; D012987:Soil; D014131:Trace Elements; D007854:Lead