title: Comparisons between five self-administered instruments predicting sick leaves in a 4-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to explore and compare the ability of five instruments for self-rating to predict future sick leave rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  In three Swedish municipalities 2,252 employees completed a baseline questionnaire and were followed up for 4 years. Five health-oriented instruments for self-rating were used as potential predictors of the two outcome measures no sick leave at all, and one or more spells of long-term sick leave >or=28 days. Positive and negative predictive values as well as Cox proportional hazard ratios (denoted as RRs) adjusted for age and work type were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The instruments showed no statistical difference in predicting future sick leave for either of the sexes. For no sick leave RRs ranged between 1.27 and 1.52 (women), 1.35 and 1.61 (men); for long-term sick leave RRs ranged between 1.78 and 2.39 (women), 2.87 and 5.53 (men). However, the best prediction of long-term sick leave for men, RR 5.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.37-9.08, was significantly higher than the best prediction for women, RR 2.39, 95% CI 1.97-2.90.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prediction of long-term sick leave was better than that of no sick leave, and better among men than among women. There was a tendency for somewhat better prediction of future sick leave by multiple-question instruments, but single-question instruments can very well be used in predicting future sick leaves, and crude analyses stratified by sex can be used for screening purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section for Personal Injury Prevention,Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. per.lindberg@hig.se
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.forename: Malin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Josephson
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alfredsson
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vingård
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult