title: Association between retinopathy, microalbuminuria and coronary perfusion in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) impairment of the coronary circulation has been observed. This phenomenon could be ascribed to the existence of a specific cardiomyopathy. Disturbances in other microcirculation beds--renal and ocular--are mirrored by microalbuminuria and retinopathy, respectively. The association between coronary microvascular dysfunction and the presence of microalbuminuria and retinopathy is not clear. Recognition of the interrelationships between microalbuminuria, retinopathy and the impairment of coronary circulation could allow for a simple estimation of coronary perfusion in these patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess coronary blood flow velocity in young patients with type 1 DM using transoesophageal Doppler echocardiography with dipyridamole and to analyse the possible relationship between the impairment of coronary flow and retinopathy as well as microalbuminuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of 36 patients, aged from 18 to 35 (mean: 25+/-5) years with type 1 DM lasting from 8 to 27 years. Diabetes was the only disease and none of the patients had any history of cardiovascular diseases or any abnormalities in physical examination. The control group consisted of 23 age-matched healthy volunteers. All subjects underwent transoesophageal echocardiography with dipyridamole to assess coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the study group CFVR and maximal flow velocity after dipyridamole were significantly decreased (2.4+/-0.6 vs. 3.4+/-0.7; p <0.001 and 125.7+/-31.4 vs. 168.00+/-12.9 cm/s; p <0.001, respectively). The basal flow velocity was comparable in both groups (55.9+/-14.6 vs. 52.2+/-11.6 cm/s; p=0.32). Decrease in CFVR in the study group was associated with a smaller increase in coronary flow velocity after dipyridamole challenge. There was no relationship between coexisting microalbuminuria, retinopathy and the CFVR values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In young patients with type 1 DM, without any clinical cardiovascular abnormalities, decreased coronary perfusion is observed. The presence of microalbuminuria or retinopathy is not associated with the alterations in coronary perfusion.
authors.affiliation: II Klinika Kardiologii, Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Karola Marcinkowskiego, ul. Mickiewicza 2, Poznań. rafaldan@gmail.com
authors.forename: Rafał
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dankowski
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wierzchowiecki
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Naskret
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michalski
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kandziora
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Biegalski
authors.forename: Kajetan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Poprawski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004176:Dipyridamole; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014665:Vasodilator Agents
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D004176:Dipyridamole