title: Alternative splicing at NAGNAG acceptors in Arabidopsis thaliana SR and SR-related protein-coding genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several recent studies indicate that alternative splicing in Arabidopsis and other plants is a common mechanism for post-transcriptional modulation of gene expression. However, few analyses have been done so far to elucidate the functional relevance of alternative splicing in higher plants. Representing a frequent and universal subtle alternative splicing event among eukaryotes, alternative splicing at NAGNAG acceptors contributes to transcriptome diversity and therefore, proteome plasticity. Alternatively spliced NAGNAG acceptors are overrepresented in genes coding for proteins with RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs). As SR proteins, a family of RRM-containing important splicing factors, are known to be extensively alternatively spliced in Arabidopsis, we analyzed alternative splicing at NAGNAG acceptors in SR and SR-related genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a comprehensive analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, we identified 6,772 introns that exhibit a NAGNAG acceptor motif. Alternative splicing at these acceptors was assessed using available EST data, complemented by a sequence-based prediction method. Of the 36 identified introns within 30 SR and SR-related protein-coding genes that have a NAGNAG acceptor, we selected 15 candidates for an experimental analysis of alternative splicing under several conditions. We provide experimental evidence for 8 of these candidates being alternatively spliced. Quantifying the ratio of NAGNAG-derived splice variants under several conditions, we found organ-specific splicing ratios in adult plants and changes in seedlings of different ages. Splicing ratio changes were observed in response to heat shock and most strikingly, cold shock. Interestingly, the patterns of differential splicing ratios are similar for all analyzed genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NAGNAG acceptors frequently occur in the Arabidopsis genome and are particularly prevalent in SR and SR-related protein-coding genes. A lack of extensive EST coverage can be compensated by using the proposed sequence-based method to predict alternative splicing at these acceptors. Our findings indicate that the differential effects on NAGNAG alternative splicing in SR and SR-related genes are organ- and condition-specific rather than gene-specific.
authors.affiliation: Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany. sschindl@fli-leibniz.de
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.forename: Karol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szafranski
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiller
authors.forename: Gul Shad
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Saiprasad G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Palusa
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Backofen
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Platzer
authors.forename: Anireddy S N
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Reddy
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D003080:Cold Temperature; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018745:Genome, Plant; D006358:Hot Temperature; D022821:RNA Splice Sites; D028961:beta Karyopherins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D022821:RNA Splice Sites; D028961:beta Karyopherins; C119888:transportin SR