title: PCR detection of Clostridium difficile triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), toxin A (tcdA), toxin B (tcdB), binary toxin (cdtA, cdtB), and tcdC genes in Vhembe District, South Africa.
abstract: Specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols were used to determine the prevalence of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in Vhembe, South Africa. Of 322 stool samples collected, toxigenic C. difficile was found in 23 (7.1%) cases and was significantly associated with diarrhea 20 (11.4%) compared with 3 (2%) in non-diarrheal samples (chi(2) = 426, P = 0.001), intestinal inflammation in 18 (12.1%) compared with 5 (2.9%) in lactoferrin-negative samples (chi(2) = 10.194, P = 0.001), and occult blood in 19 (16%) compared with 4 (2%) in occult blood-negative samples (chi(2) = 22.157, P < 0.001). Toxigenic C. difficile was more common among individuals > 50 years of age (20%), followed by those between 30 and 39 years of age (19%) and was not associated with HIV infections (chi(2) = 0.289, P = 0.591). Co-infection with other pathogens was common. Multivariate analysis indicated that toxigenic C. difficile was associated with E. bieneusi (P = 0.028), C. parvum (P = 0.007), and Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) (P = 0.007) in diarrheal samples. This study confirms the usefulness of PCR methodologies in the detection of toxigenic C. difficile and suggests that C. difficile is responsible for a small, but underappreciated, proportion of diarrheal cases in the region, and further study is warranted in this area.
authors.affiliation: AIDS Virus Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa. samieamidou@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Amidou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samie
authors.forename: Chikwelu L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Obi
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Franasiak
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Archbald-Pannone
authors.forename: Pascal O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Bessong
authors.forename: Cirle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alcantara-Warren
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Guerrant
mesh_terms: D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases / Q000235:genetics*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000453:epidemiology; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014305:Triose-Phosphate Isomerase / Q000235:genetics*; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; C041348:tcdA protein, Clostridium difficile; C031815:toxB protein, Clostridium difficile; D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases; C410164:actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase, Clostridium; D014305:Triose-Phosphate Isomerase