title: Plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity: development of composite images by quantification of expert opinion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate a methodology for generating composite wide-angle images of plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), using quantitative analysis of expert opinions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four wide-angle retinal images were independently interpreted by 22 ROP experts as "plus" or "not plus." All images were processed by the computer-based Retinal Image multiScale Analysis (RISA) system to calculate two parameters: arterial integrated curvature (AIC) and venous diameter (VD). Using a reference standard defined by expert consensus, sensitivity and specificity curves were calculated by varying the diagnostic cutoffs for AIC and VD. From these curves, individual vessels from multiple images were identified with particular diagnostic cutoffs, and were combined into composite wide-angle images using graphics-editing software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The values associated with 75% underdiagnosis of true plus disease (i.e., 25% sensitivity cutoff) were AIC 0.061 and VD 4.272, the values associated with 50% underdiagnosis of true plus disease (i.e., a 50% sensitivity cutoff) were AIC 0.049 and VD 4.088, and the values associated with 25% underdiagnosis of true plus disease (i.e., 75% sensitivity cutoff) were AIC 0.042 and VD 3.795. Composite wide-angle images were generated by identifying and combining individual vessels with these characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Computer-based image analysis permits quantification of retinal vascular features, and a spectrum of abnormalities is seen in ROP. Selection of appropriate vessels from multiple images can produce composite plus disease images corresponding to expert opinions. This method may be useful for educational purposes, and for development of future disease definitions based on objective, quantitative principles.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Ophthalmology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA. chiang@dbmi.columbia.edu
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Rony
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gelman
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Joo-Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Casper
authors.forename: M Elena
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Martinez-Perez
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Flynn
mesh_terms: D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D015588:Observer Variation; D010380:Peer Review; D010781:Photography; D012171:Retinal Vessels; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000145:classification*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity