title: Differential effects of relaxation techniques on ultraweak photon emission.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence has accumulated favoring the possible role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases. Meditation is utilized as an adjunct to conventional medical treatment for several clinical conditions. A few studies suggest a role of long-term meditation in the control of the free-radical metabolism. Many techniques for recording reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been made available. However, most are invasive and none are applicable to all conditions. Attention has recently been drawn to spontaneous ultraweak photon emission (UPE). However, the application of this method in meditation studies is very limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study recorded spontaneous UPE at multiple anatomic locations of subjects with long-term experience in transcendental meditation (TM) and compared this with a group that practiced other meditation techniques (OMT) and with subjects having no meditation experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study examined the anatomic pattern of UPE of 20 subjects practicing TM, compared to 20 subjects practicing OMT, and 20 control subjects with no experience in meditation. Subjects were men who were reported to be healthy and nonsmokers. Meditation was not practiced on the day prior to recording. UPE was recorded in a dark room, using a highly sensitive, cooled photomultiplier system designed for manipulation in three directions. The protocol for the multisite registration of UPE included recording 12 anatomic locations, including the anterior torso, head, neck, and hands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data demonstrated emission intensities in the TM and OMT groups that were 27% and 17% lower, respectively, compared to the control group. The decrease was recorded at all anatomic locations. The percent emission contribution of each location to total emission was very similar for the three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data supported the hypothesis that persistent meditation resulted in decreased UPE. However, the determination of oxidation levels as the source of group differences needs to be verified further to confirm our hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: International Institute of Biophysics, Neuss, Germany.
authors.forename: Eduard P A
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Van Wijk
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lüdtke
authors.forename: Roeland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Wijk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001703:Biophysics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D005546:Forehead / Q000502:physiology*; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck / Q000502:physiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017785:Photons; D012063:Relaxation / Q000502:physiology*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays