title: A cascade of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases regulates the differentiation and functional activation of murine neutrophils.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The function of neutrophils as primary mediators of innate immunity depends on the activity of granule proteins and critical components of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex. Expression of their cognate genes is regulated during neutrophil differentiation by a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways. In this study, we have investigated the role of two members of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) signaling cascade, CaMK I-like kinase (CKLiK) and CaMKKalpha, in regulating neutrophil differentiation and functional activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse myeloid cell lines were used to examine the expression of a CaMK cascade in developing neutrophils and to examine the effects of constitutive activation vs inhibition of CaMKs on neutrophil maturation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of CaMKKalpha was shown to increase during neutrophil differentiation in multiple cell lines, whereas expression of CKLiK increased as multipotent progenitors committed to promyelocytes, but then decreased as cells differentiated into mature neutrophils. Expression of constitutively active CKLiKs did not affect morphologic maturation, but caused dramatic decreases in both respiratory burst responses and chemotaxis. This loss of neutrophil function was accompanied by reduced secondary granule and gp91(phox) gene expression. The CaMK inhibitor KN-93 attenuated cytokine-stimulated proliferative responses in promyelocytic cell lines, and inhibited the respiratory burst. Similar data were observed with the CaMKKalpha inhibitor, STO-609.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overactivation of a cascade of CaMKs inhibits neutrophil maturation, suggesting that these kinases play an antagonistic role during neutrophil differentiation, but at least one CaMK is required for myeloid cell expansion and functional activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA. peter_gaines@uml.edu
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gaines
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lamoureux
authors.forename: Anantha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marisetty
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Berliner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D001596:Benzylamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D019556:COS Cells; D054737:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D054729:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000502:physiology; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053644:Naphthalimides / Q000494:pharmacology; D018375:Neutrophil Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D022142:Secretory Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001596:Benzylamines; D054737:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase; D054729:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 1; D016207:Cytokines; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D053644:Naphthalimides; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D013449:Sulfonamides; C458525:STO 609; C072105:KN 93; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides; C488842:Cybb protein, mouse; C517602:Camk1d protein, mouse