title: Microbial complexes in supragingival plaque.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine microbial communities in supragingival biofilm samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Supragingival plaque samples were taken from 187 subjects at baseline (n = 4745). Fifty-five subjects provided supragingival plaque samples at 1-7 days after professional tooth cleaning (n = 1456); 93 subjects provided 8044 samples between 3 and 24 months post-therapy. All samples were individually analyzed for their content of 40 bacterial species using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Microbial associations among species were sought using cluster analysis and community ordination techniques for the three groups separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six complexes were formed for the baseline samples. Similar complexes were formed for the samples taken 3-24 months post-therapy. However, distinct changes were observed in microbial communities in samples taken during the 7 days of plaque redevelopment. The complexes related to clinical parameters of periodontal disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were specific microbial complexes in supragingival plaque that were similar to those found in subgingival plaque samples with a few minor differences. The relation of previously unclustered taxa to the complexes was also described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ahaffajee@forsyth.org
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Haffajee
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Socransky
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000190:Actinomyces / Q000145:classification; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification*; D001438:Bacteroidaceae / Q000145:classification; D018441:Biofilms / Q000145:classification; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D012534:Dental Scaling; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000382:microbiology; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000382:microbiology; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000382:microbiology; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000382:microbiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D016745:Root Planing; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000145:classification