title: Nitric oxide is involved in appetitive but not aversive olfactory learning in the land mollusk Limax valentianus.
abstract: The land slug Limax performs both aversive and appetitive olfactory learning, and we investigated neurotransmitters involved in each type of learning. Slugs were conditioned by presenting a vegetable juice (appetitive conditioning) or a mixture of vegetable juice and quinidine (aversive conditioning), and the latency to reach the juice became shorter (appetitive conditioning) or longer (aversive conditioning) after conditioning. L-NAME injected either before conditioning or testing blocked the reduction in latency in appetitive conditioning but had no significant effects in aversive conditioning. 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine had no significant effects in appetitive conditioning. These results suggest different mechanisms for appetitive and aversive learning.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Taiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yabumoto
authors.forename: Fumihito
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Takanashi
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kirino
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008974:Mollusca / Q000502:physiology*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D011802:Quinidine; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide; D011802:Quinidine; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester