title: Incidence, prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers in intensive care patients: a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pressure ulcers are common in acute and long-term care. However, critically ill patients usually have multiple risk factors for pressure ulcers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study was conducted to assess pressure ulcer incidence in intensive care patients, the factors related to pressure ulcer incidence and the course of pressure ulcers after the admission to an intensive care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal design.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was carried out in cardiological and surgical intensive care of a general hospital and in a nephrological intensive care of a university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients admitted to intensive care wards during the period from April until October 2006 were invited to take a part in the study. One hundred and twenty-one patients were involved in the study. The inclusion criteria were adult intensive care patients, males and females, all diagnosis were included. The exclusion criterion was patients whose age less than 18 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each patient was assessed twice; first, upon admission and second upon discharge or death, or after 2 weeks if the patient was still in intensive care. The assessed data included pressure ulcer preventive measures, risk factors using Braden score, pressure ulcer characteristics and treatment. Additionally, incontinence supplies (urine/bowel) if used and the severity of illness using Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II score) were assessd.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study revealed a total incidence of 3.3% (4.5% in nephrological patients and 2.9% in surgical patients). Sixteen patients with a total of 21 pressure ulcers were admitted to the intensive care units. During the patients' stay at the intensive care units six pressure ulcers developed newly and five pressure ulcers healed. The mean of the APACHE II score of patients with new pressure ulcers (16.6) were higher than in patients without new pressure ulcers (11.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pressure ulcer incidence is low in this study compared to other studies. Pressure ulcers can be healed in intensive care patients. Using some preventive measures such as foam and alternating air pressure mattresses may help to decrease pressure ulcer development. Hydrocolloid dressing may help to increase the healing rate of pressure ulcers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, Centre for the Humanities and Health Sciences, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany. Eman.Shahin@charite.de
authors.forename: Eman S M
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Shahin
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dassen
authors.forename: Ruud J G
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Halfens
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007297:Inpatients; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires