title: Musculoskeletal symptoms of the neck and upper extremities among Iowa dairy farmers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) among U.S. dairy farmers is relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of neck and upper extremity MSS, and to examine associations between symptoms and dairy operation activities among dairy farmers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires were mailed to randomly selected dairy farmers in the State of Iowa, USA. Demographic, site specific MSS, and dairy operation activity information was obtained. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated with logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the participants (N = 341), shoulder MSS were reported most frequently (54%). Neck MSS were significantly associated with manually feeding (OR(adj) = 2.29; 95% CI = 1.09-4.80) and tractors use (OR(adj) = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.05-4.50). Also, wrist/hand MSS were associated with manually cleaning animal stalls (OR(adj) = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.06-3.63).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neck and upper extremity MSS were common and associated with common dairy farming practices. Future studies need to more accurately assess exposures to physical risk factors for MSS so ergonomic interventions can be developed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708-3154, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Nonnenmann
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anton
authors.forename: Fredric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gerr
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Merlino
authors.forename: Kelley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Donham
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007484:Iowa / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology