title: Noninvasive quantification of human nucleus pulposus pressure with use of T1rho-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early diagnosis is a challenge in the treatment of degenerative disc disease. A noninvasive biomarker detecting functional mechanics of the disc is needed. T1rho-weighted imaging, a spin-lock magnetic resonance imaging technique, has shown promise for meeting this need in in vivo studies demonstrating the clinical feasibility of evaluating both intervertebral discs and articular cartilage. The objectives of the present study were (1) to quantitatively determine the relationship between T1rho relaxation time and measures of nucleus pulposus mechanics, and (2) to evaluate whether the quantitative relationship of T1rho relaxation time with the degenerative grade and glycosaminoglycan content extend to more severe degeneration. It was hypothesized that the isometric swelling pressure and compressive modulus would be directly correlated with the T1rho relaxation time and the apparent permeability would be inversely correlated with the T1rho relaxation time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight cadaver human lumbar spines were imaged to measure T1rho relaxation times. The nucleus pulposus tissue from the L1 disc through the S1 disc was tested in confined compression to determine the swelling pressure, compressive modulus, and permeability. The glycosaminoglycan and water contents were measured in adjacent tissue. Linear regression analyses were performed to examine the correlation between the T1rho relaxation time and the other measured variables. Mechanical properties and biochemical content were evaluated for differences associated with degeneration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A positive linear correlation was observed between the T1rho relaxation time on the images of the nucleus pulposus and the swelling pressure (r = 0.59), glycosaminoglycan content per dry weight (r = 0.69), glycosaminoglycan per wet weight (r = 0.49), and water content (r = 0.53). No significant correlations were observed between the T1rho relaxation time and the modulus or permeability. Similarly, the T1rho relaxation time, swelling pressure, glycosaminoglycan content per dry weight, and water content were significantly altered with degeneration, whereas the modulus and permeability were not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T1rho-weighted magnetic resonance imaging has a strong potential as a quantitative biomarker of the mechanical function of the nucleus pulposus and of disc degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA.
authors.forename: An M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Wade
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Johannessen
authors.forename: Jonathon H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoder
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wheaton
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Vresilovic
authors.forename: Arijitt
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borthakur
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011312:Pressure; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; C013786:A73025