title: Interrelated neuropsychological and anatomical evidence of hippocampal pathology in the at-risk mental state.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Verbal learning and memory deficits are frequent among patients with schizophrenia and correlate with reduced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumes of the hippocampus in these patients. A crucial question is the extent to which interrelated structural-functional deficits of the hippocampus reflect a vulnerability to schizophrenia, as opposed to the disorder per se.
  
  
  METHODS
  We combined brain structural measures and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) to assess hippocampal structure and function in 36 never-medicated individuals suspected to be in early (EPS) or late prodromal states (LPS) of schizophrenia relative to 30 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group comparisons revealed bilaterally reduced MRI hippocampal volumes in both EPS and LPS subjects. In LPS subjects but not in EPS subjects, these reductions were correlated with poorer performance in RAVLT delayed recall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest progressive and interrelated structural-functional pathology of the hippocampus, as prodromal symptoms and behaviours accumulate, and the level of risk for psychosis increases. Given the inverse correlation of learning and memory deficits with social and vocational functioning in established schizophrenia, our findings substantiate the rationale for developing preventive treatment strategies that maintain cognitive capacities in the at-risk mental state.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. renehurlemann@gmx.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hurlemann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jessen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Frommann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruhrmann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brockhaus
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Picker
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scheef
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Schild
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Moller-Hartmann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krug
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Falkai
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klosterkotter
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012153:Retention, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012569:Schizotypal Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology