title: Early sequential findings in the genitalia of rams experimentally infected with Actinobacillus seminis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate and assess the sequential pathological changes in the epididymis and testis of young rams injected intra-epididymally with Actinobacillus seminis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty yearling Suffolk and Suffolk-cross rams were randomly divided into two groups comprising 16 test and four control animals. Each test ram received 2.3 x 109 cfu/ml of A. seminis injected intra-epididymally. Every 24 h post-inoculation (p.i.), two test rams were randomly selected, euthanised, and necropsied, until the end of the experiment at 192 h p.i. One control animal was euthanised at 24 h, 48 h, 96 h and 144 h p.i., respectively. The reproductive tract of each ram was carefully examined, lesions photographed, and tissues cultured. Thin sections of tissue samples were fixed and examined by light microscopy; additionally, epididymal tissues were examined by scanning electron microscopy (ScEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gross lesions were observed in the cauda epididymis of all test rams, and ranged from swelling at 24 h p.i. through enlargement and granuloma formation from 72 h p.i., to gradual enlargement and increasing firmness by 192 h p.i. Gross testicular atrophy was observed in three rams. Histologically, spermatic granulomas were evident in the epididymis and the tunica vaginalis of 10 and four rams, respectively. Cauda epididymitis was present in all rams, and caput and corpus epididymitis in eight and four rams, respectively. Interstitial orchitis was observed in seven, testicular degeneration in 14, and localised and diffuse tunica vaginalitis in 12 rams. Epididymal vasculitis and infiltration of eosinophils were observed as early as 24 h p.i. Moderate disruption of the epididymal duct from 72 h p.i., with subsequent release of spermatozoa into the interstitium, was revealed by ScEM. Actinobacillus seminis was cultured from the granuloma of six test rams from 72 h p.i.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Actinobacillus seminis has the ability to persist in the genitalia of young rams following experimental infection. Suppurative epididymitis is observed as early as 24 h p.i., and spermatic granuloma within 72 h p.i. Infiltration of eosinophils appears to be an early host response to the bacterium, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of the epididymitis.
authors.affiliation: London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON, Canada. waleed.alkatib@lhsc.on.ca
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Al-Katib
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dennis
mesh_terms: D000189:Actinobacillus Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D044133:Actinobacillus seminis / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000662:veterinary; D004822:Epididymis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D004823:Epididymitis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography