title: Acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: endoscopic diagnosis and therapy.
abstract: Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a relatively common,potentially life-threatening condition that causes more than 300,000 hospital admissions and about 30,000 deaths per annum in America. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is the procedure of choice for the diagnosis and therapy of upper gastrointestinal bleeding lesions. Endoscopic therapy is indicated for lesions with high risk stigmata of recent hemorrhage, including active bleeding, oozing, a visible vessel, and possibly an adherent clot. Endoscopic therapies include injection therapy, such as epinephrine or sclerosant injection; ablative therapy, such as heater probe or argon plasma coagulation; and mechanical therapy, such as endoclips or endoscopic banding. Endoscopic therapy reduces the risk of rebleeding,the need for blood transfusions, the requirement for surgery, and patient morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, MOB 233, 3601 West Thirteen Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA. mscappell@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Mitchell S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cappell
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Friedel
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000465:Algorithms; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016558:Hemostasis, Endoscopic / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D011182:Postoperative Care; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D004837:Epinephrine