title: The PI3K pathway regulates endochondral bone growth through control of hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The majority of our bones develop through the process of endochondral ossification that involves chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation in the cartilage growth plate. A large number of growth factors and hormones have been implicated in the regulation of growth plate biology, however, less is known about the intracellular signaling pathways involved. PI3K/Akt has been identified as a major regulator of cellular proliferation, differentiation and death in multiple cell types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Employing an organ culture system of embryonic mouse tibiae and LY294002, a pharmacological inhibitor of PI3K, we show that inhibition of the pathway results in significant growth reduction, demonstrating that PI3K is required for normal endochondral bone growth in vitro. PI3K inhibition reduces the length of the proliferating and particularly of the hypertrophic zone. Studies with organ cultures and primary chondrocytes in micromass culture show delayed hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes and increased apoptosis in the presence of LY294002. Surprisingly, PI3K inhibition had no strong effect on IGF1-induced bone growth, but partially blocked the anabolic effects of C-type natriuretic peptide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate an essential role of PI3K signaling in chondrocyte differentiation and as a consequence of this, in the endochondral bone growth process.
authors.affiliation: CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ulici
authors.forename: Katie D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Hoenselaar
authors.forename: J Ryan
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D001846:Bone Development / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006984:Hypertrophy; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011247:Pregnancy; D013977:Tibia / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002867:Chromones; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D009025:Morpholines; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one