title: Exercise alters the immune profile in Tg2576 Alzheimer mice toward a response coincident with improved cognitive performance and decreased amyloid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation is associated with Abeta pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and transgenic AD models. Previously, it has been demonstrated that chronic stimulation of the immune response induces pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha which contribute to neurodegeneration. However, recent evidence has shown that inducing the adaptive immune response reduces Abeta pathology and is neuroprotective. Low concentrations of IFN-gamma modulate the adaptive immune response by directing microglia to differentiate to antigen presenting cells. Our objective was to determine if exercise could induce a shift from the immune profile in aged (17-19 months) Tg2576 mice to a response that reduces Abeta pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  TG (n = 29) and WT (n = 27) mice were divided into sedentary (SED) and exercised (RUN) groups. RUN animals were provided an in-cage running wheel for 3 weeks. Tissue was harvested and hippocampus and cortex dissected out. Quantitative data was analyzed using 2 x 2 ANOVA and student's t-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were significantly greater in hippocampi from sedentary Tg2576 (TGSED) mice than in wildtype (WTSED) (p = 0.04, p = 0.006). Immune response proteins IFN-gamma and MIP-1alpha are lower in TGSED mice than in WTSED (p = 0.03, p = 0.07). Following three weeks of voluntary wheel running, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha decreased to levels indistinguishable from WT. Concurrently, IFN-gamma and MIP-1alpha increased in TGRUN. Increased CD40 and MHCII, markers of antigen presentation, were observed in TGRUN animals compared to TGSED, as well as CD11c staining in and around plaques and vasculature. Additional vascular reactivity observed in TGRUN is consistent with an alternative activation immune pathway, involving perivascular macrophages. Significant decreases in soluble Abeta40 (p = 0.01) and soluble fibrillar Abeta (p = 0.01) were observed in the exercised transgenic animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise shifts the immune response from innate to an adaptive or alternative response. This shift in immune response coincides with a decrease in Abeta in advanced pathological states.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Brain Aging & Dementia, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. knichol@uci.edu
authors.forename: Kathryn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Nichol
authors.forename: Wayne W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: Anna I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Parachikova
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Cribbs
authors.forename: Charles G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Glabe
authors.forename: Carl W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Cotman
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D019013:CD40 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D054405:Chemokine CCL3 / Q000378:metabolism; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000378:metabolism*; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000502:physiology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D019013:CD40 Antigens; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma