title: Longterm clinical and immunological effects of anti-CD20 treatment in patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To retrospectively evaluate longterm clinical and immunological effects of anti-CD20 treatment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with active nephritis or autoantibody-mediated cytopenias refractory to conventional immunosuppressive treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anti-CD20 treatment (rituximab) was added to the ongoing immunosuppressive treatment in 31 SLE patients with active nephritis (n = 17), thrombocytopenia (n = 10), and hemolytic anemia (n = 4) refractory to conventional therapy. Disease activity was evaluated by the SLE Disease Activity Index. The median followup time after anti-CD20 treatment was 22 months (range 1-61 mo).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete B cell depletion was obtained in all patients. In 11 of the 17 lupus nephritis patients complete or partial responses were achieved after 6-12 months. Eight of these patients increased their glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by > 25%. The responders were characterized by having shorter nephritis duration, a baseline GFR > 30 ml/min, and detectable circulating CD19+ B lymphocytes before B cell depletion. Anti-CD20 treatment was highly effective in patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenia, inducing a significant increase of platelet counts after 1 month (p < 0.01). Five of 10 patients achieved complete normalization of their platelet counts within 6 months. The anti-CD20 treatment was followed by a significant reduction of autoantibodies against dsDNA and platelets, in nephritic and in thrombocytopenic patients, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of anti-CD20 treatment to conventional immunosuppressive therapy may be a beneficial strategy in refractory lupus nephritis and autoimmune cytopenias, possibly by reducing the levels of pathogenic autoantibodies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden. catharina.lindholm@rheuma.gu.se
authors.forename: Catharina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Börjesson-Asp
authors.forename: Kiandokht
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zendjanchi
authors.forename: Anna-Carin
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sundqvist
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tarkowski
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bokarewa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000743:Anemia, Hemolytic / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D018951:Antigens, CD20 / Q000187:drug effects; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016553:Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000069283:Rituximab; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D018951:Antigens, CD20; D001323:Autoantibodies; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D000069283:Rituximab