title: [Beta-blockers and electroconvulsive therapy: a review].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When patients with cardiovascular disorders undergo electroconvulsive therapy (ect) they sometimes have to be treated for tachycardia and high blood pressure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the effects of beta-blockers on seizure duration and cardiovascular variables in patients undergoing ect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Search for studies in Medline, with the keywords 'beta-adrenergic blocking agents' and 'electroconvulsive therapy'. Only articles based on randomised placebo-controlled investigations were included. results The search strategy produced 21 articles. These were assessed by all authors. Esmolol was the drug administered in most of the trials. Since seizure duration can influence the therapeutic effect of ect it is advisable to use bilateral electrode placement in patients with cardiovascular risk factors and to administer esmolol prior to seizure induction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The beta-blocker of choice for use during ect seems to be esmolol; it can shorten seizure duration, although the effect is probably dose-dependent. Esmolol is also the drug of choice in ect sessions for patients without cardiovascular risk factors but who develop prolonged hypertension or tachycardia. A possible alternative is labetalol, but its longer half-life is a disadvantage, particularly if it is administered in a high dose. So far, experience with landiolol is limited, but its short half-life, greater cardioselectivity and higher potency mean that it could be a promising alternative.
authors.affiliation: afdeling Psychiatrie, Erasmus mc, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam. w.w.vandenbroek@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: van den Broek
authors.forename: T H N
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Groenland
authors.forename: P G H
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kusuma
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Birkenhäger
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Pluijms
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bruijn
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012640:Seizures / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D011412:Propanolamines; C036604:esmolol