title: Problems in determination of skeletal lead burden in archaeological samples: an example from the First African Baptist Church population.
abstract: Human bone lead content has been demonstrated to be related to socioeconomic status, occupation and other social and environmental correlates. Skeletal tissue samples from 135 individuals from an early nineteenth century Philadelphia cemetery (First African Baptist Church) were studied by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence for lead content. High bone lead levels led to investigation of possible diagenetic effects. These were investigated by several different approaches including distribution of lead within bone by X-ray fluorescence, histological preservation, soil lead concentration and acidity as well as location and depth of burial. Bone lead levels were very high in children, exceeding those of the adult population that were buried in the cemetery, and also those of present day adults. The antemortem age-related increase in bone lead, reported in other studies, was not evidenced in this population. Lead was evenly deposited in areas of taphonomic bone destruction. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence studies revealed no consistent pattern of lead microdistribution within the bone. Our conclusions are that postmortem diagenesis of lead ion has penetrated these archaeological bones to a degree that makes their original bone lead content irretrievable by any known method. Increased bone porosity is most likely responsible for the very high levels of lead found in bones of newborns and children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA. lwittmer@d.umn.edu
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Wittmers
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Aufderheide
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Pounds
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Angel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D001106:Archaeology / Q000379:methods*; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000737:chemistry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009027:Mortuary Practice; D015143:Philadelphia; D033303:Protestantism; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D007854:Lead