title: ATP7B copper-regulated traffic and association with the tight junctions: copper excretion into the bile.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The copper transporter ATP7B plays a central role in the elimination of excess copper by the liver into the bile, yet the site of its action remains controversial. The studies reported here examine the correspondence between the site of ATP7B action and distribution and the pathways of copper disposal by the liver.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microscopy and cell fractionation studies of polarized Can 10 cells forming long-branched bile canaliculi have been used to study the cellular distribution of ATP7B. Copper excretion into the bile was studied in perfused rat liver.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Copper excess provokes a massive download of the ATP7B retained in the trans-Golgi network into the bile canalicular membrane. Furthermore, a stable ATP7B pool is localized to the tight junctions that seal the bile canaliculi. The profile of Cu(64) excretion into the bile by isolated rat livers perfused under one-pass conditions provides evidence of copper excretion by 2 separate mechanisms, transcytosis across the hepatocyte and paracellular transport throughout the tight junctions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas the ATP7B retained in the trans-Golgi-network is massively translocated to the bile canalicular membrane in response to increased copper levels, a pool of ATP7B associated with the tight junctions remains stable. In situ studies indicate that copper is excreted into the bile by 2 separate pathways. The results are discussed in the frame of the normal and impeded excretion of copper into the bile.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Yo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.forename: Josefa P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: García-Ruiz
authors.forename: Vassiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lalioti
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cassio
authors.forename: Ignacio V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Sandoval
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism*; D000073840:Copper-Transporting ATPases; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D003300:Copper; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; C081184:ATP7A protein, human; C000612464:ATP7B protein, human; C486202:Atp7a protein, rat; D000073840:Copper-Transporting ATPases