title: Expression of IL-19 and its receptors in RA: potential role for synovial hyperplasia formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  IL-19 is a novel cytokine of the IL-10 family. In this study, we sought to examine whether IL-19 plays a role in the pathogenesis of RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of IL-19, IL-20 receptor 1 (IL-20R1) and IL-20R2 was examined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis in rheumatoid synovium. The effects of IL-19 on synovial cells established from rheumatoid synovium (RASCs), with regard to IL-6 production and signal transducers and activators of transcription3 (STAT3) activation, were examined by ELISA and western blot analysis, respectively. The effect of IL-19 on RASC apoptosis was examined by Hoechst staining, flow cytometry analysis of annexin V binding and caspase-3 activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-19, IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 mRNA were detected by RT-PCR in synovial tissues from RA patients. Immunohistochemical analysis showed IL-19 was predominantly expressed in the hyperplastic lining layers of RA synovial tissues. The majority of IL-19-positive cells were vimentin-positive and CD68-positive synovial cells, serving as markers of fibroblasts and macrophages, respectively. IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 (IL-20Rs) were expressed in both the lining and sublining layers of RA synovium. In RASC, IL-19 was induced by lipopolysaccharide stimulation and constitutive expression of IL-20Rs was observed, suggesting IL-19 has an autocrine action. In terms of this function, IL-19 induced STAT3 activation and increased IL-6 production by RASC above the medium control. Moreover, IL-19 significantly reduced RASC apoptosis induced by serum starvation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that IL-19, produced by synovial cells, promotes joint inflammation in RA by inducing IL-6 production and decreasing synovial cell apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuroiwa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikeuchi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hiramatsu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maeshima
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hiromura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nojima
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000276:immunology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007378:Interleukins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C421250:IL19 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007378:Interleukins; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; C492510:interleukin-20 receptor; D053148:Caspase 3