title: Choline concentrations in human maternal and cord blood and intelligence at 5 y of age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Animal studies indicate that maternal prenatal choline supplementation leads to permanent enhancement of attention and spatial memory abilities in offspring, whereas dietary choline restriction during pregnancy impairs cognitive function in offspring. The association between gestational choline concentrations and neurodevelopmental outcome in humans has not been studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to assess the relation between maternal and cord blood choline concentrations and child intelligence quotient (IQ) scores at 5 y of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  With data and samples from a prospective study (n = 404 maternal-child pairs), serum concentrations of free and total choline were measured in maternal serum at 4 gestational age intervals (16-18 wk, 24-26 wk, 30-32 wk, and 36-38 wk) and in cord blood. Child IQ at 5 y of age was assessed with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised. Multiple regression techniques were used to estimate the relation between choline concentrations and Full Scale IQ, Verbal and Performance IQ, and subscales that assess spatial relation and memory ability while adjusting for other factors that affect IQ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no effect at gestational ages 16-18 wk, 24-26 wk, 30-32 wk, and 36-38 wk or in cord blood of serum concentrations of free or total choline on Full Scale child IQ or on selected scales related to visuospatial processing and memory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gestational and newborn choline concentrations in the physiologic range showed no correlation with childhood intelligence.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Branch, Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Signore
authors.forename: Per Magne
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ueland
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Troendle
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mills
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002794:Choline / Q000097:blood*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology*; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D002794:Choline