title: Different temperament and character dimensions correlate with panic disorder comorbidity in bipolar disorder and unipolar depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to investigate temperament and character correlates of panic disorder (PD) comorbidity in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (BD) or unipolar depression (UD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Temperament and character were assessed using the Temperament and Character Inventory Revised (TCI-R) in 181 patients (70 patients with BD-I, 51 patients with BD-II and 60 with UD) in a euthymic state for at least 2 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PD was diagnosed in 14.3% of BD-I patients, 31.4% of BD-II and 40% of UD. BD patients with PD, when compared with BD patients without PD, had higher scores on harm avoidance (OR=1.04; 95% CI=1.02-1.07; p=0.002). Patients with UD and PD, when compared to patients with UD without PD, had higher scores on social acceptance (OR=1.27; 95% CI=1.08-1.49; p=0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different temperament and character dimensions correlated with PD comorbidity in BD and UD patients, suggesting different underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnologies, University of Pisa, via Roma 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mula
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pini
authors.forename: Palmiero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Monteleone
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iazzetta
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Preve
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tortorella
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amato
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Paolo
authors.forename: Ciro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conversano
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rucci
authors.forename: Giovanni B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Cassano
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maj
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002605:Character; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament