title: Exosome-like vesicles in Gloydius blomhoffii blomhoffii venom.
abstract: Exosomes are small membrane vesicles (30-100 nm) with an endosome-derived limiting membrane that are secreted by a diverse range of cell types. We provide here the first evidence for the presence of exosome-like vesicles in snake venom. We isolated vesicles from fresh venom from Gloydius blomhoffii blomhoffii by gel-filtration. We found that the vesicles showed a typical exosome-like size and morphology as analyzed by electron microscopy. We observed that the vesicles contained dipeptidyl peptidase IV, aminopeptidase A, ecto-5'-nucleotidase and actin. Vesicle preparations truncated bioactive peptides such as angiotensin II, substance P, cholecystokinin-octapeptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1. The role of these vesicles is still unknown, but they may affect blood pressure and glucose homeostasis following envenomation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Masami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanai-Azuma
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akimoto
authors.forename: Hayato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Ryohei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yanoshita
mesh_terms: D015720:5'-Nucleotidase / Q000378:metabolism; D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000378:metabolism; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D003435:Crotalid Venoms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D018819:Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D043384:Glutamyl Aminopeptidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000378:metabolism*; D022142:Secretory Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013373:Substance P / Q000378:metabolism; D017819:Viperidae
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D003435:Crotalid Venoms; D011498:Protein Precursors; D000804:Angiotensin II; D013373:Substance P; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D002766:Cholecystokinin; D015720:5'-Nucleotidase; D043384:Glutamyl Aminopeptidase; D018819:Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4