title: Autonomic responses to physiological stressors in women with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare autonomic function, measured during handgrip (HG) and cold pressor (CP), between obese with and without type 2 diabetes and non-obese women in fasting and post-glucose load states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve obese women with type 2 diabetes (50 +/- 1 years), 15 obese women without type 2 diabetes (48 +/- 2 years), and 12 non-obese women (49 +/- 2 years) participated in this study. Heart rate variability (HRV) was determined during autonomic function tests, conducted in both the fasting state and after a glucose challenge (oral glucose tolerance test-OGTT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obese women with and without diabetes and non-obese women responded similarly fasted and post-glucose challenge, such that in the fasted state low frequency power normalized (LF(nu)) to total power (TP), log transformed (Ln) low frequency to high frequency ratio (LnLF/HF) and heart rate (HR) significantly increased with the autonomic functional tasks (P < 0.05), whereas HF(nu) significantly decreased with the tasks (P < 0.05). Handgrip elicited a lower LnTP and a higher HR (P < 0.05) when compared to CP in the fasted state. In the glucose challenged state LF(nu), LnLF/HF and HR increased (P < 0.05) and HF(nu) significantly decreased (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of autonomic testing did not differ between obese women, with and without diabetes, and non-obese women. The HG test elicited a greater reduction in HRV total power compared to the CP. This suggests that HG may be more useful when examining autonomic function in women with complicated diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Science Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-5040, USA. rmfrankl@syr.edu
authors.forename: Ruth M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baynard
authors.forename: Ruth S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Weinstock
authors.forename: Styliani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goulopoulou
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carhart
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ploutz-Snyder
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Figueroa
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fernhall
authors.forename: Jill A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kanaley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003080:Cold Temperature; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018737:Hand Strength; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005947:Glucose