title: Hydroxamate siderophores produced by Streptomyces acidiscabies E13 bind nickel and promote growth in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) under nickel stress.
abstract: The siderophore-producing ability of nickel-resistant Streptomyces acidiscabies E13 and the role of the elicited siderophores in promoting plant growth under iron and nickel stress are described. Siderophore assays indicated that S. acidiscabies E13 can produce siderophores. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) revealed that the bacterium simultaneously produces 3 different hydroxamate siderophores. ESI-MS showed that in addition to iron, all 3 siderophores can bind nickel. In vitro plant growth tests were conducted with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in the presence and absence of the elicited siderophores. Culture filtrates containing hydroxamate siderophores significantly increased cowpea height and biomass, irrespective of the iron status of the plants, under nickel stress. The presence of reduced iron was found to be high in siderophore-containing treatments in the presence of nickel. Measurements of iron and nickel contents of cowpea roots and shoots indicated that the siderophore-mediated plant growth promotion reported here involves the simultaneous inhibition of nickel uptake and solubilization and supply of iron to plants. We conclude that hydroxamate siderophores contained in culture filtrates of S. acidiscabies E13 promoted cowpea growth under nickel contamination by binding iron and nickel, thus playing a dual role of sourcing iron for plant use and protecting against nickel toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Microbial Phytopathology Group, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany. C.Dimkpa@uni-jena.de
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dimkpa
authors.forename: Ales
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Svatos
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Merten
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Büchel
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kothe
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D009532:Nickel / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000737:chemistry; D017262:Siderophores / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D017262:Siderophores; D009532:Nickel; D007501:Iron