title: Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by oleanolic acid and its analog in male F344 rats and modulation of COX-2 and apoptosis in human colon HT-29 cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the chemopreventive effect of oleanolic acid (ONA) and its synthetic analog 18alpha-olean-12-ene-3beta-23,28-triol (OT) on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in F344 rats and understand anti-inflammatory properties and apoptosis effects in HT29 colon cancer cells and Raw 264.7 macrophage cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five week-old male F344 rats were fed a control diet or experimental diets containing two doses of ONA (750 and 1,500 ppm) and OT (250 and 500 ppm). After 1 week, all animals were s.c. injected with AOM (15 mg/kg body weight, once weekly for 2 weeks). At 14 weeks of age, all rats were killed and colons were evaluated for ACF. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions and apoptosis were assessed in cell lines exposed to OT using western blots and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of ONA and OT inhibited mean colonic ACF and multi-crypt AC/foci in a dose dependent manner (p < 0.001-0.0001). OT blocked the COX-2 expression induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in a dose-dependent manner and induced apoptosis in HT-29 cancer cells, and suppressed iNOS activation in RAW264.7 macrophages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ONA and OT possess chemopreventive activity against colon carcinogenesis in rat and OT inhibits the COX-2 and iNOS and induces apoptosis in cell lines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Naveena B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Janakiram
authors.forename: Cooma
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Indranie
authors.forename: Swamy V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Malisetty
authors.forename: Patlolla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jagan
authors.forename: Vernon E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: Chinthalapally V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001397:Azoxymethane; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009828:Oleanolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D009828:Oleanolic Acid; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D001397:Azoxymethane