title: Single and combined effects of nickel (Ni(II)) and cobalt (Co(II)) ions on activated sludge and on other aerobic microorganisms: a review.
abstract: Nickel (N(II)) and cobalt (Co(II)) are often encountered in wastewaters. As conventional wastewater treatment may only partially remove nickel and cobalt, a large fraction of the above metals is released to the aquatic environment. Both metals have been identified as micronutrients, at trace concentrations; however, they are both microbial growth inhibitors, at relatively high concentrations. On the other hand, the combined effects (e.g.: growth stimulation or toxicity) of the above metals have been found to differ from the summation of the effects which occur when the metals are applied individually. Moreover, a number of environmental factors (e.g.: pH, biomedium composition, biomass concentration, presence of other heavy metals) can affect the microbial toxicity of the above metallic species. The present review discusses, in a systematic way, the individual and joint effects of the above heavy metals to the growth of microorganisms grown under aerobic conditions, with focus on the growth of activated sludge. Data on multi-metal toxicity are particularly useful in establishing criteria for heavy metal tolerance levels in the environment.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Environmental Planning and Public Works, General Secretariat of Public Works, Special Service of Public Works for Greater Athens Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, and Central Water Agency, Varvaki 12, Athens 11474, Greece. petrosgikas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gikas
mesh_terms: D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000187:drug effects*; D003035:Cobalt / Q000633:toxicity*; D009532:Nickel / Q000633:toxicity*; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003035:Cobalt; D009532:Nickel