title: Age-related effects of cocultured rat nucleus pulposus cells and macrophages on nitric oxide production and cytokine imbalance.
abstract: METHODS
  A study of age-related effects on nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine production in cocultured rat nucleus pulposus (NP) cells and macrophages.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of age on NO and cytokine production in an in vitro model of cocultured NP cells and macrophages.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It is well known that the clinical characteristics of lumbar disc herniation differ with age. The relationship between age-related differences in clinical features and immuno-chemical factors, such as NO and inflammatory cytokines, has not been established.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 45), including 15 animals from 3 groups (3-, 12-, and 32-weeks old), were used. NP cells and exudated peritoneal macrophages were cocultured in serum-free media. NO levels were measured at 2-, 24-, 48-, and 72 hours using the Griess method. After 7 days of culture, the production of cytokines, including tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NO levels of coculture increased with age. In the coculture groups, tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1 and IFN-gamma level of 3 weeks old were statistically higher than 12 and 32 weeks old. IL-10 level of 3 weeks old was statistically lower than 12 and 32 weeks old.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NO levels of cocultures increased with age that suggests inflammatory reactions increase with age. This study showed an age-related cytokine imbalance, as represented by levels of IFN-gamma and IL-10. Stress and aging are thought to affect the extracellular matrix and change the immunologic response. Younger rat NP cells had higher cell-mediated immunity activity, while the older rat had higher humoral immunity activity. These results demonstrate that age affects the immunologic response attributable to NP cells. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of this newly observed occurrence and to apply these findings clinically.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kawasaki Medical College, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Raijiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Katsuno
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwashina
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mikawa
authors.forename: Joji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mochida
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000378:metabolism*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D016753:Interleukin-10; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma