title: Novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of IBD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advances in mucosal immunology have revealed a broad set of new therapeutic targets to resolve inflammation and symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Despite the enormous success of anti-TNF therapies in IBD, these treatments have limited efficacy, and there continues to be concerns regarding their toxicity. Thus, a considerable unmet need exists for better treatment of these disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  New therapeutic targets include other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 or IFN-gamma, and others. In addition, molecules directing trafficking of inflammatory cells such as integrin alpha(4)beta(7) or intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) might be attractive candidates as anti-inflammatory targets. Targeting intestine-specific homing by blocking chemokine receptors such as CCR9 might provide a new avenue for treatment in the future.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All these and many other different therapies are currently being investigated in IBD, the challenge will be to develop more effective therapies than those currently available.
authors.affiliation: Medical University Innsbruck, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaser
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tilg
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000187:drug effects; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D016023:Integrins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D054388:Receptors, CCR / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: C119309:CC chemokine receptor 9; D016207:Cytokines; D016023:Integrins; D054388:Receptors, CCR; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C071777:integrin alpha4beta7; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1