title: Inflammatory tumour cell killing by oncolytic reovirus for the treatment of melanoma.
abstract: Reovirus is a promising unmodified double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) anti-cancer oncolytic virus, which is thought to specifically target cells with activated Ras. Although reovirus has been tested in a wide range of preclinical models and has entered early clinical trials, it has not previously been tested for the treatment of human melanoma. Here, we show that reovirus effectively kills and replicates in both human melanoma cell lines and freshly resected tumour; intratumoural injection also causes regression of melanoma in a xenograft in vivo model. Reovirus-induced melanoma death is blocked by caspase inhibition and is dependent on constituents of the Ras/RalGEF/p38 pathway. Reovirus melanoma killing is more potent than, and distinct from, chemotherapy or radiotherapy-induced cell death; a range of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are released by infected tumour cells, while IL-10 secretion is abrogated. Furthermore, the inflammatory response generated by reovirus-infected tumour cells causes bystander toxicity against reovirus-resistant tumour cells and activates human myeloid dendritic cells (DC) in vitro. Hence, reovirus is suitable for clinical testing in melanoma, and may provide a useful danger signal to reverse the immunologically suppressive environment characteristic of this tumour.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Errington
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Twigger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ilett
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prestwich
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Pandha
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Selby
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vile
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Melcher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D003601:Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008545:Melanoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D050130:Oncolytic Virotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012087:Reoviridae / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014779:Virus Replication; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002867:Chromones; D016207:Cytokines; D007093:Imidazoles; D009025:Morpholines; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D018631:ras Proteins; C090942:4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole