title: Out-of-pocket health expenditure in a population covered by the Family Health Program in Brazil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Brazilian public health system, free and universal, should limit out-of-pocket health expenses. However, Brazil was reported as one of the countries with the highest proportion of families experiencing catastrophic expenditure. This study was designed to assess occurrence of high health spending in a low-income population, as well as the pattern of out-of-pocket health payments.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was done in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2003, with a sample representative of families covered by the Family Health Program. Health expenses were recorded with reference to 30 days prior to the interview and income data were collected with reference to the previous calendar month. Health expenditure was explored in terms of total household health expenditure >5, 10 and 20% of household income and >40% households capacity to pay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final study sample included 869 households. Medicines were responsible for 47% of household expenditure with health; second came private health plans which accounted for 22%. The richest spent, on average, 70 times more them the poorest with health plans, 26 times more with dental treatment and six times more with medicines. About 16% households committed 20% or more of their income with health, independent of economic position. Similarly, 12% of the households had health expenditure in excess of 40% of their capacity to pay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proportion of income spent on health was similar across economic groups, but this 'equality' is achieved at an unacceptably high level. Specific strategies to reduce such vulnerability are needed.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisas Epidemiológicas, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil. abarros.epi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Aluísio J D
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Andréa D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bertoldi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty; D013222:State Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration; D055815:Young Adult