title: [Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease].
abstract: The prevalence of Alzheimer disease is higher in women than in men. In the age group 65-69 years 0.7% of women and 0.6% of men suffer from the disease with increasing frequencies of 14.2% and 8.8% in individuals aged 85-89 years. The incidence is also higher in demented women. In Austria 74.1% of Alzheimer patients older than 60 years are women. Several studies report more pronounced language, mnestic, semantic and orientation deficits in women, but methodological shortcomings might be responsible for this finding. The validity of results reporting a more rapid cognitive decline in women can also be questioned. Women have a broader spectrum of dementiarelated behavioural symptoms with a predominance of depression, while aggression is more frequent in men than in women. Biological explanations for gender-specific differences in the phenotype of Alzheimer s disease include different brain morphology and function with higher susceptibility for pathological lesions in women and greater cognitive reserve in men. Sex differences were also reported for expression of antioxidative enzymes and post-menopausal hormonal changes. Interactions between gender nd response to treatment, if any, are subtle and have large intra-individual variability. In Austria, two thirds of patients receiving attendance allowance are women. Care takes place in 80% by the families and is provided by women in 78%. The rate of female care-givers in partly institutionalized care units in 91% in nursing homes it is 84%.
authors.affiliation: Univ.-Klinik für Neurologie, Medizinische Universität Graz. reinhold.schmidt@meduni-graz.at
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kienbacher
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Benke
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dal-Bianco
authors.forename: Margarete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delazer
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ladurner
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jellinger
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marksteiner
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ransmayr
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stögmann
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wehringer
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D001317:Austria; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012744:Sex Ratio