title: Influences of starch and sucrose on Streptococcus mutans biofilms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The combination of starch and sucrose has been shown to be potentially more cariogenic than either alone. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of starch and sucrose, alone or in combinations, on formation, polysaccharide composition, gene expression, and acidogenicity of Streptococcus mutans biofilms.
  
  
  METHODS
  S. mutans UA159 biofilms were formed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (sHA) discs in batch culture for 5 days in the presence of 1% (weight/volume) starch, 1% sucrose, 1% starch plus 1% sucrose, 1% starch plus 0.5% fructose plus 0.5% glucose, or 1% sucrose plus 1% glucose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amylase activity from sHA disks was detected up to 48 h, thereby increasing the availability of reducing sugars and acidogenicity in the early stages of biofilm development. S. mutans grown in the presence of sucrose alone or in combinations formed well-defined and tightly adherent biofilms comprised of mostly water-insoluble polysaccharides (INS); in contrast, the presence of starch or starch + glucose + fructose resulted in little biofilm formation with minimal amounts of INS. However, the combination of starch + sucrose produced biofilms with more biomass and acidogenicity, and a higher content of INS than those grown in sucrose or sucrose + glucose (P < 0.05). The INS extracted from biofilms formed in the presence of starch + sucrose displayed a higher percentage of 3-linked branching (3,4-, 3,6-, and 3,4,6-linked glucose) compared to those from biofilms grown in sucrose or sucrose + glucose. Furthermore, biofilms grown in starch + sucrose expressed significantly higher levels of gtfB messenger RNA than sucrose-grown or sucrose + glucose-grown biofilms (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of starch and sucrose has profound effects not only on the composition and structure of the polysaccharide matrix but also on gene expression of S. mutans within biofilms, which may enhance the cariogenic potential of dental biofilms.
authors.affiliation: Eastman Department of Dentistry and Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Aires
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cury
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koo
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000681:Amylases / Q000032:analysis; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002326:Cariogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003910:Dextranase / Q000032:analysis; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D005632:Fructose / Q000494:pharmacology; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012463:Saliva; D013213:Starch / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013395:Sucrose / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002326:Cariogenic Agents; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005632:Fructose; D013395:Sucrose; D013213:Starch; D017886:Durapatite; C036655:1,3-alpha-D-glucan synthase; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; C110463:glucosyltransferase C; C113848:glucosyltransferase D; D000681:Amylases; D003910:Dextranase; D005947:Glucose