title: Post-thrombotic syndrome in children: a single center experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Development of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is increasingly being recognized as a complication of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and predictors of moderate to severe PTS in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was performed on those children who were followed in the coagulation clinic for objectively confirmed DVTs from December 2004 to December 2006. The scoring system used by Kuhle et al was used to grade the severity of PTS as: mild, moderate, and severe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PTS developed in 20% (11/55; 95% confidence interval 9.4-30.1) of children, in which 8/11 were moderate and 3/11 were severe. Median interval between diagnosis of PTS and DVT was 90 days (range, 46 d to 3 y). The majority (72.7%) of patients in the non-PTS group received treatment intervention within 48 hours of diagnosis of DVT. Delay in treatment initiation (>48 h) and recurrence of DVT were associated with the development of PTS (P<0.05). Variables including occlusive thrombus, location and number of vessels involved with DVT, age at diagnosis, underlying thrombophilia, intensity of anticoagulation, and body mass index were not associated with the development of PTS. Other debilitating consequences of DVT requiring intervention included portal hypertension (n=2), chylothorax (n=1), and reflux sympathetic dystrophy (n=1). The small sample size and limited follow up restricted the statistical analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTS is a significant problem in children with symptomatic DVTs. Early treatment intervention within the first 48 hours of diagnosis of DVT and prevention of thrombosis recurrence may prevent development of PTS. Although PTS refers to consequences of intravenous hypertension owing to extremity DVTs, sequlae of nonextremity DVTs require special consideration in pediatric PTS classification.
authors.affiliation: Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Indianapolis, IN 46260, USA. asharathkumar@ihtc.org
authors.forename: Anjali Alatkar
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sharathkumar
authors.forename: Steven W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Pipe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D000077425:Fondaparinux; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011186:Postphlebitic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000150:complications; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D011134:Polysaccharides; D014859:Warfarin; D000077425:Fondaparinux