title: Trauma and traumatic neurosis: Freud's concepts revisited.
abstract: The authors examine Freud 's concepts of 'trauma', 'protective shield against stimuli ' and 'traumatic neurosis' in the light of recent findings. 'Protective shield against stimuli' is regarded as a biological concept which appears in mental life as the striving to avoid unpleasant affects. 'Trauma' is a twofold concept in that it relates to mental experience and links an external event with the specific after-effects on an individual 's psychic reality. A distinction needs to be made between mentally destructive trauma and affective trauma. A destructive trauma does not break through the protective shield but does breach the pleasure-unpleasure principle, so that in the course of its subsequent mastery it leads to a traumatic neurosis. An affective trauma can be warded off under the rule of the pleasure-unpleasure principle and leads to a psychoneurosis.
authors.affiliation: University of Saarland, Narzissenstrasse 5, Saarbrucken, D-66119, Germany. s.zepf@rz.uni-sb.de
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zepf
authors.forename: Florian D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Zepf
mesh_terms: D005619:Freudian Theory; D006801:Humans; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology*