title: Epidemiological study of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: reflux in spouse as a risk factor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a growing health-care problem with variable distribution.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess GERD prevalence and risk factors and their possible correlation with pathophysiology in a population-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals aged 18-65 years were enrolled through random cluster sampling in Tehran. Previously validated self-administered questionnaires were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2500 questionnaires, 2057 were analysed (mean age: 34.8 +/- 13.0 years, 55.1% female). Frequent GERD was seen in 18.2%. Minor symptoms increased prevalence. Female gender (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.01-2.41), BMI >30 kg/m(2) (OR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.03-3.12), less education (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.02-2.27), smoking (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.12-2.99), NSAID use (OR: 4.23, 95% CI: 1.66-10.74) and GERD in spouse (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.18-2.82) were associated with frequent GERD on multivariable analysis. GERD in first-degree relatives (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.23-2.43) and asthma (OR: 4.09, 95% CI: 1.27-13.15) correlated with infrequent GERD. Minor symptoms correlated with GERD history in first-degree relatives, coffee consumption and NSAID use. Prevalence in the past 3 months was similar to that in the past 12 months (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is common in Tehran. The association of 'infrequent symptoms' with GERD history in first-degree relatives and 'frequent symptoms' with GERD history in spouse may point to the presence of yet unknown precipitating environmental factors inducing GERD in a genetically susceptible host. Minor GERD symptoms seem to have independent contribution to GERD. Assessing GERD in the past 3 months predicts prevalence in the past year.
authors.affiliation: Digestive Disease Research Center (DDRC), Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. sianm@ams.ac.ir
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nasseri-Moghaddam
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mofid
authors.forename: M-H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ghotbi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Razjouyan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nouraie
authors.forename: A-R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ramard
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zaer-Rezaie
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Habibi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rafat-Zand
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malekzadeh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D018454:Spouses; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires