title: Substance use, post-traumatic stress disorder and violence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present review focuses on the co-occurrence of substance use disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder, with special attention to measurement and the role of violence as a contributor to the comorbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in the presence or absence of a post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis are comorbid with several substance use dependencies and with a range of severity of substance use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of consistency in terms of substance use classification and measurement of post-traumatic stress disorder across studies continues to hinder comparisons of rates of comorbid substance use disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. More attention to the role of violence as a contributor to the comorbidity and its impact on treatment outcomes is warranted.
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri-St Louis, School of Social Work, St Louis, Missouri 63121, USA. Sharon_Johnson@umsl.edu
authors.forename: Sharon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*