title: Longitudinal study of preschool sleep disturbance: the predictive role of maladaptive parental behaviors, early sleep problems, and child/mother psychological factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if maladaptive parental behaviors (at age 29-41 months) and mother/child psychological characteristics predict future sleep disturbances in 50-month-old to 6-year-old preschoolers, while controlling for early (age 5-17 months) sleep and sociodemographic factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized survey; children assessed annually from 5 months to 6 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants' homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Representative sample of 987 children born in the province of Quebec, Canada, in 1997-1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires and interview, including responses from 7 points for 3 key dependent measures: bad dreams (BD), total sleep time (TST) less than 10 hours/night, and sleep-onset latency (SOL) of 15 minutes or more.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early (age 5-17 months) sleep disturbances predicted maladaptive parental behaviors (eg, mother present at sleep onset, giving food/drink after child awakens) at ages 29 and 41 months. Some parental behaviors in turn predicted future BD, TST less than 10 hours/night, and SOL of 15 minutes or more. However, most relationships did not remain significant in adjusted models that controlled for early sleep problems. Bad dreams were predicted by psychological variables (child's anxiety, mother's feeling of efficacy), as was TST (child's difficult temperament and anxiety, mother's depressive symptoms). However, SOL of 15 minutes or more was predicted by several parental behaviors even in adjusted models; cosleeping after awakenings was a risk factor while mother's presence at sleep onset was a protective factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings support the hypothesis that maladaptive parental behaviors develop in reaction to preexisting sleep difficulties. Further, early sleep difficulties are more predictive than parental behaviors in explaining BD and foreshortened TST beginning at age 50 months. Results are interpreted in light of early emotive/physiological self-regulation problems.
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Etude du Sommeil, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, 5400 Boulevard Gouin Ouest, Montreal, QB H4J 1C5, Canada. valerie.simard@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Simard
authors.forename: Tore A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boivin
authors.forename: Jacques Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Montplaisir
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D011792:Quebec; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires