title: Leptin affects endocardial cushion formation by modulating EMT and migration via Akt signaling cascades.
abstract: Blood circulation is dependent on heart valves to direct blood flow through the heart and great vessels. Valve development relies on epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a central feature of embryonic development and metastatic cancer. Abnormal EMT and remodeling contribute to the etiology of several congenital heart defects. Leptin and its receptor were detected in the mouse embryonic heart. Using an ex vivo model of cardiac EMT, the inhibition of leptin results in a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and Snail/vascular endothelial cadherin-independent decrease in EMT and migration. Our data suggest that an Akt signaling pathway underlies the observed phenotype. Furthermore, loss of leptin phenocopied the functional inhibition of alphavbeta3 integrin receptor and resulted in decreased alphavbeta3 integrin and matrix metalloprotease 2, suggesting that the leptin signaling pathway is involved in adhesion and migration processes. This study adds leptin to the repertoire of factors that mediate EMT and, for the first time, demonstrates a role for the interleukin 6 family in embryonic EMT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Anjali K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.forename: M Rocio
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sierra-Honigmann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Madri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D054089:Endocardial Cushions / Q000502:physiology*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D020738:Leptin / Q000502:physiology*; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D011247:Pregnancy; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt