title: Time to insulin in type-2 diabetes: high hurdles or Santiago way?
abstract: The prevalence of obesity has been increasing dramatically in the last decades; the major metabolic complication of obesity is insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes because there are pathogenetic mechanisms linking obesity and type-2 diabetes. Diabetes is also rapidly increasing worldwide; such a description of the key stages in the evolution of type-2 diabetes may be of great interest for implementing antidiabetes treatment. In recent times, type-2 diabetes therapy has been based on drugs, which improve insulin sensibility or stimulate insulin secretion or slow down glucose absorption. Recently, an ADA and EASD consensus has been released to develop a common approach for the management of hyperglycaemia in adults. The development of new classes of blood-glucose-lowering medications to supplement the older therapies, such as lifestyle-directed interventions, insulin, sulfonylureas, and metformin, has increased the different possible options for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. Therapeutic approaches aiming to potentiate the biological effects of incretins include degradation-resistant GLP-1 receptor agonists (incretin mimetics), and inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) activity (incretin enhancers) will be very useful to slow down type-2 diabetes progression. Weight-loss interventions, such as a hypocaloric diet and physical exercise, in addition to agents such as orlistat, sibutramine and cannabinoid receptor antagonists, may have favourable effects upon fat storage, nutrient metabolism and ultimately glucose tolerance or type-2 diabetes. When the therapeutic target is not achieved, insulin with metformin could be suggested, but is this approach the ideal one for all patients? Perhaps it is possible to delay the initiation of insulin therapy, therefore, the actual and future therapeutical options are considered in the present review.
authors.affiliation: Department of Phatophysiology, Unit of Endocrinology, Metabolic Disease Clinic, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy. c.rotella@dfc.unifi.it
authors.forename: Carlo Maria
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rotella
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pala
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015995:Prevalence; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin