title: The potential predictive value of cyclooxygenase-2 expression and increased risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with erlotinib and celecoxib.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, potentiates antitumor effects of erlotinib in preclinical studies, and COX-2 is frequently expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). With these observations, we designed a phase II trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of erlotinib plus celecoxib in advanced NSCLC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Previously treated stage IIIB/IV NSCLC patients were given celecoxib at 400 mg orally twice daily and erlotinib at 150 mg orally daily until disease progression. Planned accrual was 40 patients. Tissue was collected for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) analysis and COX-2 immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six patients were enrolled (17 men, 9 women; median age, 66 years). Eighteen and 21 patients had tissue available for EGFR analysis and COX-2 immunohistochemistry, respectively. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival were 2.0 and 9.2 months, respectively. Eleven of 21 patients tested had increased tumor COX-2 expression, which was strongly associated with prolonged PFS (P=0.048). Four patients on anticoagulation or with a history of peptic ulcer disease had grade 3/grade 4 upper gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB), prompting early study closure. Three patients with GIB had endoscopy that found peptic ulcers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of erlotinib and celecoxib does not seem superior to erlotinib alone in unselected patients. However, longer PFS with high-tumor COX-2 expression suggests that trials of EGFR and COX-2 inhibitors may be warranted in this patient subset. GIB observed in our trial supports excluding patients with a history of peptic ulcer disease or those requiring therapeutic anticoagulation from future EGFR and COX-2 inhibitor studies.
authors.affiliation: Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA. mary.fidler@rush.edu
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fidler
authors.forename: Athanassios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Argiris
authors.forename: Jyoti D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: Victoria M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Villaflor
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coon
authors.forename: Lela
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Buckingham
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Sanjib
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonomi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000150:complications; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011799:Quinazolines; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D000068579:Celecoxib