title: Composting clam processing wastes in a laboratory- and pilot-scale in-vessel system.
abstract: Waste materials from the clam processing industry (offal, shells) have several special characteristics such as a high salinity level, a high nitrogen content, and a low C/N ratio. The traditional disposal of clam waste through landfilling is facing the challenges of limited land available, increasing tipping fees, and strict environmental and regulatory scrutiny. The aim of this work is to investigate the performance of in-vessel composting as an alternative for landfill application of these materials. Experiments were performed in both laboratory-scale (5L) and pilot-scale (120L) reactors, with woodchips as the bulking agent. In the laboratory-scale composting test, the clam waste and woodchips were mixed in ratios from 1:0.5 to 1:3 (w/w, wet weight). The high ratios resulted in a better temperature performance, a higher electrical conductivity, and a higher ash content than the low-ratio composting. The C/N ratio of the composts was in the range of 9:1-18:1. In the pilot-scale composting test, a 1:1 ratio of clam waste to woodchips was used. The temperature profile during the composting process met the US Environmental Protection Agency sanitary requirement. The final cured compost had a C/N ratio of 14.6, with an ash content of 167.0+/-14.1g/kg dry matter. In addition to the major nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and sodium), the compost also contained trace amounts of zinc, manganese, copper, and boron, indicating that the material can be used as a good resource for plant nutrients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Zhenhu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Zhiyou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019149:Bioreactors; D049872:Bivalvia; D019649:Food Industry; D007220:Industrial Waste; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D017747:Seafood; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D012987:Soil