title: Effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil on in vivo production of inflammatory mediators in clinically normal dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of diets enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on in vivo production of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and platelet-activating factor (PAF) in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  15 young healthy dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs were randomly allocated to receive an isocaloric ration supplemented with sunflower oil (n=5), fish oil (5), or fish oil plus vitamin E (5) for 12 weeks. At week 12, in vivo production of inflammatory mediators was evaluated in serum at multiple time points for 6 hours following stimulation with IV administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum activity or concentration (area under the curve) of IL-1, IL-6, and PGE2 significantly increased after LPS injection in all groups but to a lesser extent in dogs receiving the fish oil diet, compared with results for dogs receiving the sunflower oil diet. Serum activity of TNF-alpha and PAF concentration also increased significantly after LPS injection in all groups but did not differ significantly among groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A fish oil-enriched diet consisting of 1.75 g of EPA/kg of diet and 2.2 g of DHA/kg of diet (dry-matter basis) with an n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio of 3.4:1 was associated with significant reductions in serum PGE2 concentrations and IL-1 and IL-6 activities. Results supported the use of EPA- and DHA-enriched diets as part of antiinflammatory treatments for dogs with chronic inflammatory diseases. Additional studies in affected dogs are warranted to further evaluate beneficial anti-inflammatory effects of EPA- and DHA-enriched diets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Casey J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: LeBlanc
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Horohov
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Giselle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hosgood
authors.forename: Glenna E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Mauldin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004285:Dogs / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011897:Random Allocation; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014810:Vitamin E; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D015232:Dinoprostone