title: The complex structure of calmodulin bound to a calcineurin peptide.
abstract: The activity of the protein phosphatase calcineurin (CN) is regulated by an autoinhibition mechanism wherein several domains from its catalytic A subunit, including the calmodulin binding domain (CaMBD), block access to its active site. Upon binding of Ca2+ and calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) to CaMBD, the autoinhibitory domains dissociate from the catalytic groove, thus activating the enzyme. To date, the structure of the CN/CaM/Ca2+ complex has not been determined in its entirety. Previously, we determined the structure of a fusion protein consisting of CaM and a 25-residue peptide taken from the CaMBD, joined by a 5-glycine linker. This structure revealed a novel CaM binding motif. However, the presence of the extraneous glycine linker cast doubt on the authenticity of this structure as an accurate representation of CN/CaM binding in vivo. Thus, here, we have determined the crystal structure of CaM complexed with the 25-residue CaMBD peptide without the glycine linker at a resolution of 2.1 A. The structure is essentially identical to the fusion construction which displays CaM bound to the CaMBD peptide as a dimer with an open, elongated conformation. The N-lobe from one molecule and C-lobe from another encompass and bind the CaMBD peptide. Thus, it validates the existence of this novel CaM binding motif. Our experiments suggest that the dimeric CaM/CaMBD complex exists in solution, which is unambiguously validated using a carefully-designed CaM-sepharose pull-down experiment. We discuss structural features that produce this novel binding motif, including the role of the CaMBD peptide residues Arg-408, Val-409, and Phe-410, which work to provide rigidity to the otherwise flexible central CaM helix joining the N- and C-lobes, ultimately keeping these lobes apart and forcing "head-to-tail" dimerization to attain the requisite N- and C-lobe pairing for CaMBD binding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Canada.
authors.forename: Qilu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Hailong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jimin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Zongchao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jia
mesh_terms: D019703:Calcineurin / Q000737:chemistry*; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000737:chemistry*; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D019281:Dimerization; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002147:Calmodulin; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019703:Calcineurin