title: Nematicidal activity of anion transport blockers against Meloidogyne incognita, Caenorhabditis elegans and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because methyl bromide has been phased out as a soil sterilant, new nematicides are urgently needed. Four different chemical classes of organic acids acting as anion transport (AT) blockers were tested against a free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas, a plant-parasitic nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood, and an entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, in toxicity bioassays. The materials tested were DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid), 9-AC (anthracene-9-carboxylic acid), NPPB [5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid] and IAA-94 (indanyloxyacetic acid).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the compounds showed slowly developing nematicidal activity against second-stage juveniles of M. incognita and adults of C. elegans, but not against H. bacteriophora infective-stage juveniles. The LC(50) values of these compounds were < 50 mg L(-1) after 48 and 72 h incubation, while at 168 h incubation the LC(50) values were < 10 mg L(-1) for both sensitive species. Across both species and time, the LC(50) values generally differed no more than twofold among the four compounds tested in this study. In contrast, none of the compounds (200 mg L(-1)) caused more than control mortality to H. bacteriophora, even after 168 h of incubation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These compounds are potential leads for commercial nematicides. The insensitivity to H. bacteriophora is consistent with the natural exposure of this nematode to DST (3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilbene), a stilbene produced by its symbiotic bacterium. Based on the known activity of the compounds used in this study, it is suggested that anion transporters form the probable target sites for DIDS, 9-AC, NPPB and IAA-94 in nematodes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Dhana Raj
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Boina
authors.forename: Edwin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bloomquist
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D027321:Anion Transport Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D017168:Rhabditida / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D027321:Anion Transport Proteins; D000871:Anthelmintics