title: Comparison of hand-traced and computerized cephalograms: landmark identification, measurement, and superimposition accuracy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate the variations of landmark identification between film and digital cephalometric tracings, (2) to compare the ability of Quick Ceph 2000 (Quick Ceph Systems, Inc, San Diego, Calif) to measure the linear and angular measurements with the hand-traced method, and (3) to compare Quick Ceph 2000 superimpositions to the hand-traced method of superimpositions that are currently accepted by the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 30 sets of serial cephalometric radiographs of growing patients from 1 orthodontic office. Fiduciary x- and y-axes were drawn in pencil on the T1 radiographs in the regions of the cranial base, the maxilla, and the mandible. The fiduciary lines were transferred to the digital and film serial cephalograms by regionally superimposing the tracings as described in the ABO Phase III examination handbook. A Mann-Whitney test was done to compare the median and Delta of the T1 and T2 values for each measurement acquired by hand and by Quick Ceph.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no difference in the identification of cephalometric landmarks made manually vs digitally with Quick Ceph 2000. There was no difference in acquiring consistent cephalometric values for the measurements required by the ABO for the Phase III clinical examination manually vs digitally by using Quick Ceph 2000. There was no difference in the regional superimpositions of the mandible, the maxilla, and the cranial base, manually vs digitally with Quick Ceph 2000.
authors.affiliation: Dental Branch Department of Orthodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA. dustin@ortho360.com
authors.forename: Dustin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roden-Johnson
authors.forename: Jeryl
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: English
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gallerano
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002568:Certification; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital; D011871:Radiology / Q000193:education*; D012984:Software; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013382:Subtraction Technique