title: All snoring is not adenoids in young children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of snoring in young children and to assess age, growth, previous surgery therapy, respiratory problems and sleep-related symptoms in relation to child's snoring, and to evaluate the relationship between child's snoring and parents' snoring and smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study evaluated 2100 children 1-6 years of age in Helsinki, Finland. Child's frequency of snoring on a five-point scale (never to every night) and age, height, weight and body mass index, previous adenotonsillectomies, tympanostomies, allergic rhinitis and respiratory infections were determined as was frequency of parental snoring and smoking. Sleep problems were determined based on Finnish or Swedish modified version of the sleep disturbance scale for Children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 2100 eligible children, 1471 (71%) returned questionnaires. Children always or often snoring numbered 92 (6.3%), sometimes snoring, 183 (12.4%), and never or occasionally snoring, 1196 (81.3%). No difference in age (p=0.06) or gender (p=0.39) existed between snorers and non-snorers. History of previous adenotonsillectomies (p<0.001), allergic rhinitis (p<0.001), recurrent respiratory infections (p<0.001), and otitis media (p<0.001) were more common among snorers than among occasional or never-snorers. Nocturnal symptoms such as breathing problems, sleep hyperhydrosis, sleep-wake transition disorders, and daytime somnolence were associated with children's snoring. Frequency of children's snoring was also associated with parental snoring (p<0.001) and smoking (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Snoring is common among young children and is associated with previous adenotonsillectomy, allergic rhinitis, respiratory infections, nocturnal symptoms, and parents' snoring and smoking. The high prevalence of snoring among children with adenotonsillectomy raises the question whether adenotonsillectomy alone is adequate treatment for snoring in young children.
authors.affiliation: Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Finland. katja.liukkonen@hus.fi
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liukkonen
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Virkkula
authors.forename: Eeva T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Aronen
authors.forename: Turkka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kirjavainen
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pitkäranta
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000453:epidemiology; D010290:Parents; D015995:Prevalence; D012008:Recurrence; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000453:epidemiology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012913:Snoring / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014068:Tonsillectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data