Spatial averaging of oceanic rainfall variability using underwater sound: Ionian Sea rainfall experiment 2004.
An experiment to evaluate the inherent spatial averaging of the underwater acoustic signal from rainfall was conducted in the winter of 2004 in the Ionian Sea southwest of Greece. A mooring with four passive aquatic listeners (PALs) at 60, 200, 1000, and 2000 m was deployed at 36.85 degrees N, 21.52 degrees E, 17 km west of a dual-polarization X-band coastal radar at Methoni, Greece. The acoustic signal is classified into wind, rain, shipping, and whale categories. It is similar at all depths and rainfall is detected at all depths. A signal that is consistent with the clicking of deep-diving beaked whales is present 2% of the time, although there was no visual confirmation of whale presence. Co-detection of rainfall with the radar verifies that the acoustic detection of rainfall is excellent. Once detection is made, the correlation between acoustic and radar rainfall rates is high. Spatial averaging of the radar rainfall rates in concentric circles over the mooring verifies the larger inherent spatial averaging of the rainfall signal with recording depth. For the PAL at 2000 m, the maximum correlation was at 3-4 km, suggesting a listening area for the acoustic rainfall measurement of roughly 30-50 km(2).
Nystuen
Jeffrey A
JA
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, Washington 98105-6698, USA. nystuen@apl.washington.edu
Amitai
Eyal
E
Anagnostou
Emmanuel N
EN
Anagnostou
Marios N
MN
D000818:Animals; D006115:Greece; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D011891:Rain; D017603:Signal Detection, Psychological; D013016:Sound; D013028:Space Perception; D014867:Water; D014907:Whales
D014867:Water