title: A simple and selective method for the measurement of azadirachtin and related azadirachtoid levels in fruits and vegetables using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: Neem-based insecticides containing azadirachtin and related azadirachtoids are widely used in agriculture. Here, we report an analytical method for the rapid and accurate quantification of the insecticide azadirachtin A and B and other azadirachtoids such as salannin, nimbin, and their deacetylated analogues on tomatoes and peaches. Azadirachtoids were extracted from fruits and vegetables with acetonitrile. Using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometer, azadirachtoids were selectively detected monitoring the multiple reaction transitions of sodium adduct precursor ions. For azadirachtin A, calibration was linear over a working range of 1-1000 microg/L with r > 0.996. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for azadirachtin A were 0.4 and 0.8 microg/kg, respectively. The presence of interfering compounds in the peach and tomato extracts was evaluated and found to be minimal. Because of the linear behavior, it was concluded that the multiple reaction transitions of sodium adduct ions can be used for analytical purposes, that is, for the identification and quantification of azadirachtin A and B and related azadirachtoids in fruit and vegetable extracts at trace levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sarais
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caboni
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sarritzu
authors.forename: Mariateresa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cabras
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D036701:Limonins / Q000032:analysis*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry; D027861:Prunus / Q000737:chemistry; D011786:Quality Control; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D036701:Limonins; C010329:azadirachtin