title: Comparative effects of dietary supplementation with red grape juice and vitamin E on production of superoxide by circulating neutrophil NADPH oxidase in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death among hemodialysis patients; it has been attributed to increased oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, malnutrition, and chronic inflammation. Activation of neutrophils is a well-recognized feature in dialysis patients, and superoxide-anion production by neutrophil NADPH oxidase may contribute significantly to oxidative stress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to compare the effects of dietary supplementation with concentrated red grape juice (RGJ), a source of polyphenols, and vitamin E on neutrophil NADPH oxidase activity and other cardiovascular risk factors in hemodialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two patients undergoing hemodialysis were recruited and randomly assigned to groups to receive dietary supplementation with RGJ, vitamin E, or both or a control condition without supplementation or placebo. Blood was obtained at baseline and on days 7 and 14 of treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RGJ consumption but not vitamin E consumption reduced plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and apolipoprotein B and increased those of HDL cholesterol. Both RGJ and vitamin E reduced plasma concentrations of oxidized LDL and ex vivo neutrophil NADPH oxidase activity. These effects were intensified when the supplements were used in combination; in that case, reductions in the inflammatory biomarkers intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 also were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular ingestion of concentrated RGJ by hemodialysis patients reduces neutrophil NADPH-oxidase activity and plasma concentrations of oxidized LDL and inflammatory biomarkers to a greater extent than does that of vitamin E. This effect of RGJ consumption may favor a reduction in cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación and the Servicio de Nefrología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Castilla
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dávalos
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Teruel
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cerrato
authors.forename: Milagros
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernández-Lucas
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Merino
authors.forename: Carolina C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Martín
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ortuño
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lasunción
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000097:blood; D001628:Beverages; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000201:enzymology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D015415:Biomarkers; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D059808:Polyphenols; D013481:Superoxides; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D014810:Vitamin E; D002784:Cholesterol; D019255:NADPH Oxidases