title: Noninvasive evaluation of upper-extremity vascular perfusion.
abstract: Evaluation of vascular disorders of the upper extremity requires an anatomic and functional approach. The combination of a good history and physical examination, laboratory testing, and specialized vascular laboratory studies will help detect any underlying collagen vascular disease or coagulopathy and provide physiologic-specific and patient-oriented management. This paper reviews the currently available noninvasive modalities for the evaluation of upper-extremity perfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: George D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Chloros
authors.forename: Nicholas N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Smerlis
authors.forename: Zhongyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Beth P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: L Andrew
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Koman
mesh_terms: D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D003935:Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular; D006801:Humans; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*