title: Managing Parkinson's disease with continuous dopaminergic stimulation.
abstract: The pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease is marked by the loss of dopaminergic neurons, which leads to striatal dopaminergic deficiency. This causes resting tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity, bradykinesia, and loss of postural reflexes. Most current treatments for Parkinson's disease aim to restore striatal dopamine signaling by increasing the supply of dopamine with oral levodopa (L-dopa), stimulating dopamine receptors directly using dopamine agonists, or inhibiting the reuptake of endogenous dopamine. L-dopa is standard therapy for patients with Parkinson's disease. However, with continued treatment and disease progression, the response to oral dopaminergic drugs becomes unstable and motor fluctuations emerge, including off periods and dyskinesia. Direct duodenal-administered infusible L-dopa/carbidopa is effective for the management of refractory motor fluctuations in some patient populations. However, enteral infusions cannot mimic the function of the normal dopaminergic brain, and around-the-clock constant-rate administration carries the risk of causing refractory off periods associated with severe immobility and hyperpyrexia. Subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) is also a promising treatment. DBS passes a high-frequency electrical current into the target area, mimicking the effect of lesioning the stimulated area. However, this treatment requires invasive surgery and is appropriate for a limited segment of the patient population. This supplement provides a rationale for the use of continuous dopaminergic receptor stimulation and offers guidelines on the individualization of treatment decisions, with special focus on continuous L-dopa infusion and STN DBS. Erik Wolters, MD, PhD, offers an introduction to the impact of continuous L-dopa infusion. Andrew J. Lees, MD, FRCP, provides an overview of the physiologic response to L-dopa and reviews clinical pharmacologic studies of intravenous and intraduodenal L-dopa. Jens Volkmann, MD, discusses selection criteria for STN DBS and duodenal L-dopa/carbidopa infusion. Teus van Laar, MD, PhD, and Ad Hovestadt, MD, discuss the first data from a Dutch cohort study of duodenal L-dopa/carbidopa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wolters
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Volkmann
authors.forename: Teus
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Laar
authors.forename: Ad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hovestadt
mesh_terms: D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007980:Levodopa / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D007980:Levodopa