title: TNF-alpha TGF-beta2 and IL-1beta levels in gingival and peri-implant crevicular fluid before and after de novo plaque accumulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this split-mouth study was to investigate levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta2) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) after a 21-day-period of de novo plaque accumulation in the same patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 25 patients, samples of GCF and PICF were collected in the sulcus of the tooth and of the implant after professional hygiene. After the no-hygiene phase (21 days), second samples of GCF and PICF were taken. Third samples were collected after 69 days of re-establishment oral hygiene techniques. The crevicular fluids were used to determine the volume and the levels of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta2 and IL-1beta.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The volume of the crevicular fluids increased significantly after 21 days of plaque accumulation around teeth and implants and decreased significantly by 69 days. TNF-alpha and TGF-beta2 did not change significantly among the three different samples. A significant increase of IL-1beta was observed after plaque accumulation around the teeth GCF, whereas in the PICF the increase was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that increased volumes of GCF and PICF could be useful markers of early inflammation in gingival and peri-implant tissues. In the presence of de novo plaque, implants showed lower, and nearly significant, levels of IL-1beta compared with teeth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. gianmario.schierano@unito.it
authors.forename: Gianmario
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schierano
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pejrone
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brusco
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trombetta
authors.forename: Germana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martinasso
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Preti
authors.forename: Rosa Angela
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Canuto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015921:Dental Implants; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010512:Periodontal Index; D012008:Recurrence; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015921:Dental Implants; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha