title: Diffusion-weighted MRI sequences (DW-MRI) of the kidney: normal findings, influence of hydration state and repeatability of results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to determine the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the normal kidney using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) sequences and to analyse both the changes due to hydration state and results repeatability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten volunteers underwent DW-MRI imaging of the kidneys with a breath-hold single-shot spin-echo planar imaging (SE-EPI) sequence in the axial and coronal planes with b values of 300, 500, 800 s/mm(2), in different states of hydration. Urine osmolarity (OsmU) and sodium excretion (NaU) were measured at the time of each examination. ADC maps were created for all b values, and ADC values were calculated and compared between different states of hydration. In five subjects, the protocol was conducted twice to test data repeatability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ADC values were lower with higher b values (3.00 vs. 2.47 vs. 1.99 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s with b values of 300, 500, 800 s/mm(2), respectively). ADC values in different hydration states were not statistically different. Measurements were reproducible. OsmU and NaU were statistically different in the different states of hydration (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADC values significantly decrease with higher b values. Average ADC values in the normal kidney are reproducible. Hydration state does not significantly influence mean ADC values.
authors.affiliation: Radiologia-DICMI, University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi 8, Genoa, Italy. beatrice.damasio@libero.it
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Damasio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tagliafico
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Capaccio
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cancelli
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Perrone
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tomolillo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pontremoli
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Derchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003681:Dehydration / Q000175:diagnosis; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D007668:Kidney / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride