title: 6-Shogaol induces apoptosis in human colorectal carcinoma cells via ROS production, caspase activation, and GADD 153 expression.
abstract: Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, is a traditional medicine with anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties. This study examined the growth inhibitory effects of the structurally related compounds 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol on human cancer cells. 6-Shogaol [1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4-decen-3-one] inhibits the growth of human cancer cells and induces apoptosis in COLO 205 cells through modulation of mitochondrial functions regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS generation occurs in the early stages of 6-shogaol-induced apoptosis, preceding cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and DNA fragmentation. Up-regulation of Bax, Fas, and FasL, as well as down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L )were observed in 6-shogaol-treated COLO 205 cells. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), but not by other antioxidants, suppress 6-shogaol-induced apoptosis. The growth arrest and DNA damage (GADD)-inducible transcription factor 153 (GADD153) mRNA and protein is markedly induced in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in response to 6-shogaol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. mhpan@mail.nkmu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Min-Hsiung
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Min-Chi
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Jen-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Ching-Shu
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Hou
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Shengmin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sang
authors.forename: Chi-Tang
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002396:Catechols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D020939:Zingiber officinale; D006801:Humans; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D051336:Mitochondrial Membranes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002396:Catechols; C497249:DDIT3 protein, human; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP; C040115:shogaol; C007845:gingerol; D020169:Caspases