title: Speech and language development in toddlers with and without cleft palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of early palate closure on speech and language development in children with cleft palate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparative study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University Medical Center Groningen, Cleft Palate Team (The Netherlands).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-three toddlers with cleft palate and thirty-two toddlers without cleft palate were analyzed with standardized tests for language comprehension and language production. Moreover articulation and hyper nasality were examined by trained speech therapists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For language comprehension, language production and articulation there were no significant differences between the children with and without cleft lip and/or palate. This is despite the high percentage of conductive hearing loss (55%) in children with clefts. Significant difference was found for hyper nasality (mean: 35% vs. 0%, p=0.001). In both groups articulation problems raise to a higher percentage than language production problems (63-20%; 24-4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early surgical treatment is effective for a part of the communicative development, i.e. language development and articulation. Besides conductive hearing loss hyper nasality remains a serious problem in 30-50% of the children with cleft palate. Therefore, speech therapy and pharyngoplasty also are part of the treatment procedure. Because of the high amount articulation problems in all children, standards for articulation development are perhaps too strict. Future research should be carried out after normal variations in articulation development.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Care, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, PO Box 10900, 8000 GB, Zwolle, The Netherlands. Hg.priester@windesheim.nl
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Priester
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Goorhuis-Brouwer
mesh_terms: D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006314:Hearing Loss, Conductive / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007807:Language Tests; D013068:Speech Production Measurement