title: Resident uncertainty in clinical decision making and impact on patient care: a qualitative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known regarding how internal medicine residents manage uncertainty during decision making and subsequent effects on patient care. The aims of this study were to describe types of uncertainty faced by residents, strategies employed to manage uncertainty and effects on patient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using critical incident technique, residents were asked to recall important clinical decisions during a recent call night, with probes to identify decisions made during uncertainty. They were also asked to report who they approached for advice. Three authors independently coded transcripts using the constant comparative method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 42/50 (84%) interviewed residents reported 18 discrete critical incidents. Six categories emerged and mapped to the domains of the Beresford Model of Clinical Uncertainty: technical uncertainty (procedural skills, knowledge of indications); conceptual uncertainty (care transitions, diagnostic decision making and management conflict) and personal uncertainty (goals of care). In managing uncertainty, residents report a "hierarchy of assistance", using colleagues and literature for initial management, followed by senior residents, specialty fellows and, finally, the attending physician. Barriers to seeking the attending physician's input included the existence of a defined hierarchy for assistance and fears of losing autonomy, revealing knowledge gaps, and "being a bother". For 12 of the 18 cases reported, patient care was compromised: delay in procedure or escalation of care (n = 8); procedural complications (n = 2); and cardiac arrest (n = 2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resident uncertainty results in delays of indicated care and, in some cases, patient harm. Despite the presence of a supervisory figure, residents adhere to a hierarchy when seeking advice in clinical matters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 2007, AMB B226A, Chicago, Illinois, USA. jfarnan@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Farnan
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: D O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Meltzer
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Humphrey
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Arora
mesh_terms: D002641:Chicago; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003657:Decision Making; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D035501:Uncertainty; D000078329:Workforce