title: Parents' stories of grandparenting concerns in the three-generational family: generativity, optimism, and forgiveness.
abstract: Adults' level of Eriksonian generativity in midlife has been shown to predict variations in parenting, but there has been less research on its relation to inter generational processes in the three-generational family. As part of a larger study, a sample of 35 Canadian mothers and fathers described a particular, salient child-rearing problem with grandparents when their first-born children were 8 years old. Descriptions were rated for severity of the problem, anger/irritation, optimism about solution, and forgiveness of the grandparent's behavior. Generativity data were collected by a standard questionnaire (the Loyola Generativity Scale of McAdams; McAdams & de St. Aubin, 1992). Results showed few gender differences, though mothers tended to be angrier than fathers with the grandparents. More mature parents were more forgiving than younger parents and saw problems as less serious, as predicted. Finally, parent level of generativity predicted maternal and paternal forgiveness of grandparent behaviors, as well as paternal, but not maternal, optimism about problem outcomes. Parental generativity may thus serve to encourage greater forgiveness and optimism among the generations of the family.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3C5. mpratt@wlu.ca
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: Joan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cressman
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lawford
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hebblethwaite
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000786:Anger; D002648:Child; D002668:Child Rearing / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005260:Female; D005639:Frustration; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009769:Object Attachment; D009864:Ontario; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires