title: Pharmacologically active compounds in the Anoectochilus and Goodyera species.
abstract: The extract of Anoectochilus formosanus showed significant activity in decreasing the levels of the cytosolic enzymes LDH, GOT, and GPT, and the result demonstrated that A. formosanus possessed prominent hepatoprotective activity against CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity. Moreover, in the results of the test using aurothioglucose-induced obese mice, the extract showed a significant antihyperliposis effect. A. formosanus grown in the wild and propagated by tissue culture contain ten compounds, including a major known component, (3R)-3-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)butanolide (kinsenoside; 1), and two new components, (3R)-3-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4-hydroxybutanoic acid (2) and 2-[(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)methyl]-5-hydroxymethylfuran (3), along with the known compounds, isopropyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (4), (R)-3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid gamma-lactone (5), 4-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy) benzyl alcohol (6), (6R,9S)-9-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)megastigma-4,7-dien-3-one (7), and (3R)-3-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4-hydroxybutanolide (8). Since a higher concentration of kinsenoside (1) was detected in the crude drugs A. formosanus and A. koshunensis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, we proved a simple purification system for kinsenoside (1), giving 180 mg of kinsenoside (1) from 1 g of dried samples for further pharmacological experiments. In an anti-hyperliposis assay using high-fat-diet rats, 1 significantly reduced the weights of the body and the liver, and also decreased the triglyceride level in the liver compared to those of control rats. On the other hand, the epimer of 1, (3S)-3-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)butanolide, goodyeroside A (9), which was isolated from the Goodyera species, had no effect for anti-hyperliposis. In aurothioglucose-induced obese mice, 1 suppressed the body and liver weight increase, significantly ameliorated the triglyceride level in the liver, and also reduced the deposition of uterine fat pads. The anti-hepatoxic activities of 9 and goodyerosides B (10) were studied on injury induced by CCl(4) in primary cultured rat hepatocytes by measuring the levels of LDH, GOT, and GPT. In the CCl(4)-treated control group, there were marked increases in LDH, GOT, and GPT activities compared with the normal group. In contrast, these levels were suppressed in 9- and 10-treated groups. Goodyerin (11), a new typical flavone glycoside, exhibited a significant and dose-dependent sedative and anticonvulsant effect.
authors.affiliation: Seiwa Pharmaceuticals Ltd., 1-12-15 Shiba-Daimon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Xiao-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Nobuto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Irino
authors.forename: Norihiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Furusho
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shoyama
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D002252:Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning / Q000517:prevention & control; D006027:Glycosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009765:Obesity / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D029595:Orchidaceae; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: C422363:3-glucopyranosyloxybutanolide; D006027:Glycosides; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D009005:Monosaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D028321:Plant Preparations; D020011:Protective Agents; D015107:4-Butyrolactone