title: Improved piercing of microneedle arrays in dermatomed human skin by an impact insertion method.
abstract: An electrical applicator was designed, which can pierce short microneedles into the skin with a predefined velocity. Three different shapes of microneedles were used, namely 300 mum assembled hollow metal microneedle arrays, 300 mum solid metal microneedle arrays and 245 mum hollow silicon microneedle arrays. The latter are available as 4x4, 6x6 and 9x9 arrays. When using a velocity of 1 or 3 m/s reproducible piercing of dermatomed and full thickness human skin was evident from the appearance of blue spots on the dermal side of the skin after Trypan Blue treatment and the presence of fluorescently labeled particles in dermatomed skin. Manual piercing did not result in the appearance of blue spots. Transport studies revealed that i) piercing of microneedles with a predefined velocity into human skin resulted in a drastic enhancement of the Cascade Blue (CB, Mw 538) transport, ii) A higher piercing velocity resulted in a higher CB transport rate, iii) The CB transport rate was also dependent on the shape of the microneedles and iv) no difference in transport rate was observed between 4x4, 6x6 and 9x9 hollow silicon microneedle arrays.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Verbaan
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bal
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dijksman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Hecke
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Verpoorten
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luttge
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bouwstra
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008845:Microinjections / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009339:Needles; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012867:Skin
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; C066850:Cascade Blue; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate