title: Ecstasy and other club drugs: a review of recent epidemiologic studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review highlights the epidemiologic research on club drug use in the past year, with a focus on clinical epidemiology, social epidemiology, new methodological approaches, and alternative explanations for drug use behaviors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy is currently classified as a type of hallucinogen and its withdrawal is not recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, there is evidence for the association of withdrawal symptoms with MDMA abstinence. Findings from latent class analysis indicate that MDMA users have a significantly higher risk of dependence than lysergic acid diethylamide users. Research on sociodemographic factors associated with club drug use continues to be a main focus worldwide. New epidemiologic research methods have been developed to enable researchers to monitor real-time drug use behaviors and to conduct surveys on sensitive issues in public places. In addition to traditional behavioral models, researchers began to examine the club drug phenomenon in the context of economic environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent findings on MDMA use further question the current drug classification in the diagnostic systems. Despite the continuous growth in the club drug research literature, there is no study on the influence of genetic factors on club drug use. More research in this area is needed.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Prevention Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA. leungks@epi.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Kit Sang
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Linda B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Cottler
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003364:Costa Rica / Q000453:epidemiology; D006166:Guatemala / Q000453:epidemiology; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; D010176:Panama / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine