title: Hormone replacement therapy and stroke.
abstract: Stroke is the third most common cause of death in women and a major cause of disability. Stroke occurs in older age in women compared with men. High premenopausal estrogen concentrations in women are thought to be protective against stroke and cardiovascular disease. Estrogens are essential for normal reproductive function and they exert complex and diverse non reproductive actions on multiple tissues such as neuroprotective effects, vasodilatation, improved vascular reactivity, antithrombotic effects and lipid lowering effects. After menopause estrogen concentrations are depleted and in the past estrogen replacement therapy was considered as a potential protective agent against both cardiovascular disease and stroke. Although the use of hormone therapy was originally associated with a reduction in the risk of heart disease by about 50% in observational studies, the results regarding stroke have been less clear. In order to investigate the effect of hormone therapy on stroke risk, randomized controlled trials of cardio-and/or cerebrovascular-disease prevention in women with established heart disease have been designed. The Heart Estrogen-Progestin Replacement Study included stroke as secondary outcome. This study did not show any differences in myocardial infarction (MI) or coronary death (HR 0.99; 95%CI 0.80-1.22) and in stroke rate. In another study, the Women Estrogen Stroke Trial, 17 beta estradiol 1 mg/placebo was administered to women with previous ischemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) having a mean age 71. No differences in stroke rate (RR 1.1; 95% CI 0.8-1.4) and in mortality rate (RR 1.2; 95% CI 0.8-1.8) were found, while a trend showing an increased rate of fatal strokes (RR 2.9; 95% CI 0.9-9.0) and for more severe non-fatal strokes (% patients with final National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) 0-1: 19 % vs. 33%; p = 0.12) was observed. The Women's Health Initiative, a primary prevention study, where conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate/placebo was utilized, was stopped because of an excess in breast cancer and increased stroke rates (RR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1-1.8). Recently, a meta-analysis including 39,769 women participating in 28 trials has been published. Twelve studies were of secondary prevention and the overall stroke rate was 2%. In the hormone replacement therapy (HRT) arm there was a 29% increased rate of ischemic stroke (Number Needed to Harm, NNH:147). Furthermore, a 56% increased rate of death or dependency after stroke and a tendency of more fatal stroke were observed. Additionally, a higher stroke risk was reported in the first year of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There seems to be no indication for hormone replacement therapy in the prevention of stroke in women. Further studies are needed to discover why estrogens have different effects on the heart and brain. Conventional risk-factors which could increase the risk of estrogen therapy need to be identified and as well as more restrictive inclusion and exclusion criteria such as coagulation parameters and intimal thickness should be adopted before new randomized trials are started.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Unit and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Ospedale S.M. della Misericordia, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, 06129 Perugia, Italy. antobilly@yahoo.it
authors.forename: Antonia M R
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Billeci
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paciaroni
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Caso
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Agnelli
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017698:Postmenopause; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016387:Women's Health