title: Outcome analysis of childhood low-grade astrocytomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed to determine the long-term natural history of low-grade astrocytomas (LGA) in children, with respect to pathology, and to evaluate influence of treatment on survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive cohort of patients < or =21 years with surgically confirmed LGA from 1965 to 1996 was assembled. All available pathology specimens were reviewed, masked to original diagnosis, patient data, and neuroimaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred seventy-eight children (160 males; mean age 9.1 years; tumor location: 77 cerebrum, 62 cerebellum, 51 hypothalamic, 30 thalamus, 9 ventricle, 40 brainstem, and 9 spine) were assessed. Among 246 specimens reviewed, diagnoses were 135 pilocytic astrocytoma (PA), 27 diffuse astrocytoma (DA), 75 unclassifiable well-differentiated astrocytoma (NOS), and 9 subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. At 5 and 10 years from initial surgery, for all LGA overall survival (OS) was 87% and 83%, while progression-free survival (PFS) was 55% and 42%, respectively. Original pathology diagnoses did not predict PFS (P = 0.47), but reviewed diagnoses were significantly associated with PFS (P = 0.007). Reviewed diagnoses were highly associated with OS (P < 0.0001), with 5-year OS for PA 96%, DA 48%, and NOS 86%; these differences remained significant when stratified by location or extent of resection. Among patients with residual tumor after surgery, 5-year PFS was 48% with observation alone (n = 114), no different (P = 0.32) from that achieved with immediate irradiation (n = 86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LGA, particularly PA, have excellent long-term OS. While tumor location and resection extent affect outcome, pathologic diagnosis when carefully interpreted significantly influences long-term survival. Immediate postoperative irradiation does not confer an advantage in delaying first progression in children with residual PA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305-5826, USA. pfisher@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Tarik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tihan
authors.forename: Patricia T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Goldthwaite
authors.forename: Moody D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wharam
authors.forename: Benjamin S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Weingart
authors.forename: Michael X
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Repka
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Burger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis