title: Tumor necrosis factor alpha and lymphotoxin alpha haplotypes in idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the contribution of the -238G/A and -308G/A tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, and +252A/G lymphotoxin (LT) alpha gene polymorphisms to idiopathic recurrent miscarriage (RM).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient maternity center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study subjects comprised 372 RM women and 274 age-matched parous control women.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  The TNFalpha and LTalpha gene variants and idiopathic RM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher prevalence of TNFalpha -238A and LTalpha +252G alleles and LTalpha +252G/G genotype and lower frequencies of TNFalpha -308G/A were seen in RM cases. Three-loci haplotype analysis (TNFalpha -308GA/TNFalpha -238GA/LTalpha +252AG) demonstrated significant association between TNFalpha-LTalpha gene variants and RM. Both protective [-308A/-238G/+252A], and susceptible [-308G/-238A/+252G] haplotypes were identified. Mutlivariate regression analysis confirmed the association of -308G/-238A/+252G haplotype with exclusively early RM, after controlling for a number of covariates; no specific TNFalpha and LTalpha genotypes or haplotypes were linked with either late or combined early and late RM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TNFalpha -238G/A and LTalpha +252A/G, but not TNFalpha -308G/A, polymorphic variants are associated with exclusively early idiopathic RM.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Unit of Hematologic and Autoimmune Diseases, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Walid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zammiti
authors.forename: Nabil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mtiraoui
authors.forename: Ramzi R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Finan
authors.forename: Wassim Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Almawi
authors.forename: Touhami
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mahjoub
mesh_terms: D000026:Abortion, Habitual / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha / Q000235:genetics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha