title: Neonatal dexamethasone treatment for chronic lung disease of prematurity alters the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system activity at school age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare long-term effects of neonatal treatment with dexamethasone or hydrocortisone for chronic lung disease of prematurity on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune response in children at school age.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 156 prematurely born children were included in this retrospective matched cohort study. Children treated with dexamethasone (n = 52) or hydrocortisone (n = 52) were matched for gestational age, birth weight, grade of infant respiratory distress syndrome, grade of periventricular or intraventricular hemorrhage, gender, and year of birth. A reference group of 52 children not treated with corticosteroids was included for comparison. Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol in response to a social stress task were determined. Cytokine production was analyzed after in vitro stimulation of whole-blood cultures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Trier Social Stress Test adapted for children induced an adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol response in all of the groups. The adrenocorticotropic hormone response was blunted in the dexamethasone group. The overall cortisol level was lower in the dexamethasone than in the hydrocortisone and reference group. Cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone in the hydrocortisone and reference groups were similar. The ratio of T-cell mitogen-induced interferon-gamma/interleukin-4 secretion was significantly higher in the dexamethasone group than in the hydrocortisone group. Interferon-gamma production and the ratios of interferon-gamma/interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma/ interleukin-10 were significantly higher in the dexamethasone group than the reference group. However, production of these cytokines did not differ between the hydrocortisone and the reference groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neonatal treatment of prematurely born children with dexamethasone but not with hydrocortisone resulted in long-lasting programming effects on hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and on the T-helper 1/T-helper 2 cytokine balance. Follow-up of these children is required to investigate long-term clinical consequences. We recommend that authors of previously performed randomized, controlled trials on neonatal glucocorticoid treatment include immune and neuroendocrine analyses in prolonged follow-up of these children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karemaker
authors.forename: Annemieke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kavelaars
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: ter Wolbeek
authors.forename: Marijke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tersteeg-Kamperman
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Baerts
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Veen
authors.forename: Jannie F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Samsom
authors.forename: Gerard H A
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van Bel
authors.forename: Cobi J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Heijnen
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000151:congenital / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000187:drug effects*; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D003907:Dexamethasone; D006854:Hydrocortisone