title: New insights into the comorbidity between ADHD and major depression in adolescent and young adult females.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main aim of this study was to evaluate the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and major depression (MD) in adolescent and young adult females.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were females with (n = 140) and without (n = 122) ADHD ascertained from pediatric and psychiatric settings. Subjects were followed prospectively for 5 years into adolescence and young adulthood and reassessed in multiple nonoverlapping domains including psychiatric, cognitive, interpersonal, family, and educational functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Females with ADHD had a 2.5 times higher risk for MD at adolescent follow-up compared with control females, adjusting for psychiatric comorbidity. MD in females with ADHD was associated with an earlier age at onset, greater than twice the duration, more severe depression-associated impairment, a higher rate of suicidality, and a greater likelihood of requiring psychiatric hospitalization than MD in control girls. Parental MD and proband mania were significant predictors of MD among females with ADHD, independently of other predictors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MD emerging in the context of ADHD in females is an impairing and severe comorbidity worthy of further clinical and scientific considerations.
authors.affiliation: Drs. Biederman, Ball, Monuteaux, Mick, and Spencer, Ms. McCreary, and Ms. Cote are with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Dr. Biederman is with the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; and Dr. Faraone is with the Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University.. Electronic address: jbiederman@partners.org.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.affiliation: Drs. Biederman, Ball, Monuteaux, Mick, and Spencer, Ms. McCreary, and Ms. Cote are with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Dr. Biederman is with the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; and Dr. Faraone is with the Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University.
authors.forename: Sarah W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.affiliation: Drs. Biederman, Ball, Monuteaux, Mick, and Spencer, Ms. McCreary, and Ms. Cote are with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Dr. Biederman is with the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; and Dr. Faraone is with the Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Monuteaux
authors.affiliation: Drs. Biederman, Ball, Monuteaux, Mick, and Spencer, Ms. McCreary, and Ms. Cote are with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Dr. Biederman is with the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; and Dr. Faraone is with the Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mick
authors.affiliation: Drs. Biederman, Ball, Monuteaux, Mick, and Spencer, Ms. McCreary, and Ms. Cote are with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Dr. Biederman is with the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; and Dr. Faraone is with the Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.affiliation: Drs. Biederman, Ball, Monuteaux, Mick, and Spencer, Ms. McCreary, and Ms. Cote are with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Dr. Biederman is with the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; and Dr. Faraone is with the Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCREARY
authors.affiliation: Drs. Biederman, Ball, Monuteaux, Mick, and Spencer, Ms. McCreary, and Ms. Cote are with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Dr. Biederman is with the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; and Dr. Faraone is with the Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cote
authors.affiliation: Drs. Biederman, Ball, Monuteaux, Mick, and Spencer, Ms. McCreary, and Ms. Cote are with the Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Dr. Biederman is with the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; and Dr. Faraone is with the Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University.
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data