title: Licensing teenagers: nontraffic risks and benefits in the transition to driving status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The initiation of teen driving, which occurs between ages 15 and 17, has generally been studied primarily in relation to crash injury reduction. However, it may be the most important period influencing development between puberty and emerging adulthood because, once the teens are driving on their own or riding with other teens, parental control over social behavior is greatly reduced and opportunities for risk-taking are substantially increased. The noncrash risks and benefits of licensing during this critical transition period are the subject of this paper.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identify "transition teens" as a subgroup of all 15-to 17-year-olds who reside in middle-class suburban and rural areas where families can afford a car and where a vehicle is needed for reasonable mobility. In this paper, we review recent studies on the effect of driving on non-traffic-related behaviors of teen drivers. Our analysis suggests that there are two environments that affect behavior and development: the home environment and the extended environment. Before driving age, the home environment influences are omnipresent in the life of the developing child. However, once teens can move more readily within the community and travel outside the home environment on their own or with a peer, they have access to locations where many or all the local controls on risky behavior may be absent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article introduces the concept of "transitional teens" and provides a rough model that explains the possible risks encountered by this group when they begin to drive a vehicle or to ride with a peer. We offer this model to the research community with a challenge to hypothesize, test, and explore this proposed transitional period so that we can better understand and mitigate its associated risks.
authors.affiliation: Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland 20705-3111, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Voas
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kelley-Baker
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control; D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D008004:Licensure; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012449:Safety; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D014481:United States