title: Risk factors associated with different stages of atherosclerosis in Colombian patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since atherosclerosis development is a gradual process of damage inside the artery wall, and the phenotype-genotype correlation of complex diseases may vary depending on ethnicity, we sought to investigate the influence of clinical features, routine inflammatory markers, and the genetic component of RA on different stages of atherosclerosis in northwestern Colombian patients with RA.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 140 patients with RA were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent a noninvasive evaluation of endothelial function by flow-mediated vasodilation (FMV) and an assessment of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) by high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. The patients were classified into 3 categories: endothelial dysfunction (FMV <5%), increased IMT (0.91-1.29 mm), and plaque (IMT >1.30 mm). The risk of being in each category was assessed by investigating traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors. For each stage of atherosclerosis development, we searched for nontraditional risk factors that were significantly associated with the stage after adjusting for traditional risk factors and current age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rheumatoid factor seropositivity was significantly associated with endothelial dysfunction (adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 3.0). A duration of RA >10 years (AOR = 29.0) and being a carrier of an HLA-DRB1 shared epitope allele (AOR = 4.8) were associated with atherosclerotic plaque. No association of extra-articular manifestations, anticyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP3) antibodies, and tumor necrosis factor -308 polymorphism with CVD was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results reveal the presence of RA-related risk factors for CVD which act independently of traditional risk factors. These factors can be used by clinicians to predict CVD in RA patients, and this data should assist in the development of public health policies in our population for the improvement of patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Cellular Biology and Immunogenetics Unit (CBIGU), Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rojas-Villarraga
authors.forename: Oscar-Danilo
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Ortega-Hernandez
authors.forename: Luis F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: Aryce L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pardo
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: López-Guzmán
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arango-Ferreira
authors.forename: Maria-Eugenia
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hincapie
authors.forename: Juan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Betancur
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pineda-Tamayo
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: Juan-Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Anaya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D003105:Colombia; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor / Q000097:blood; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D012217:Rheumatoid Factor