title: Brain histamine H1 receptor occupancy of orally administered antihistamines, bepotastine and diphenhydramine, measured by PET with 11C-doxepin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  'Bepotastine besilate' is a novel second-generation antihistamine developed in Japan and its antiallergic effects have already been demonstrated by various studies. However, only a few clinical studies regarding its sedative property are available. In addition, histamine H(1) receptor occupancy (H(1)RO) of this new antihistamine has never been measured by positron emission tomography (PET).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper provides the first measurement result of cerebral H(1)RO of bepotastine besilate (approximately 15%) as determined by PET. This result is in accordance with the clinical classification of bepotastine as a second-generation antihistamine. In addition, the relationship between subjective sleepiness and cerebral H(1)RO of this second-generation antihistamine is demonstrated for the first time using a placebo-controlled crossover study design. AIMS Antihistamines are frequently used for treating various allergic diseases, but often induce sedation. The degree of sedation can be evaluated by measuring histamine H(1) receptor occupancy (H(1)RO) in the brain using positron emission tomography (PET). The aim was to measure H(1)RO of bepotastine, a new second-generation antihistamine, and to compare it with that of diphenhydramine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight healthy male volunteers (mean age +/- SD 24.4 +/- 3.3 years) were studied after single oral administration of bepotastine (10 mg), diphenhydramine (30 mg) or placebo, by PET imaging with (11)C-doxepin in a crossover study design. Binding potential ratio and H(1)ROs were calculated using placebo data and were compared between bepotastine and diphenhydramine in the anterior and posterior cingulate gyri (ACG and PCG, respectively), superior and inferior frontal cortices (SFC and IFC, respectively), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), insular cortex (IC), lateral and medial temporal cortices (LTC and MTC, respectively), parietal cortex (PC), occipital cortex (OC) and sensorimotor cortex (SMC). Plasma concentration of each antihistamine was measured, and its correlation to H(1)RO was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  H(1)RO after bepotastine treatment was significantly lower than that after diphenhydramine treatment in all cortical regions (P < 0.001). Mean H(1)ROs of bepotastine and diphenhydramine were 14.7% and 56.4%, respectively. H(1)ROs of both bepotastine and diphenhydramine correlated to their respective drug plasma concentration (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral bepotastine (10 mg), with its relatively low H(1)RO and thus minimal sedation, has the potential for use as a mildly or slightly sedative antihistamine in the treatment of various allergic disorders.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cyclotron Nuclear Medicine, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Centre, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. mtashiro@m.tains.tohoku.ac.jp
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tashiro
authors.forename: Xudong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Motohisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Masayasu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Shoichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watanuki
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Yoshihito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Funaki
authors.forename: Ren
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yanai
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D004155:Diphenhydramine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004316:Doxepin; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D039563:Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011969:Receptors, Histamine H1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D039563:Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating; D010880:Piperidines; D011725:Pyridines; D011969:Receptors, Histamine H1; D004316:Doxepin; C511534:bepotastine besilate; D004155:Diphenhydramine