title: Zfra is an inhibitor of Bcl-2 expression and cytochrome c release from the mitochondria.
abstract: Zfra is a small size 31-amino-acid C2H2 zinc finger-like protein, which is known to interact with c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1), WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX, FOR or WOX1), TNF receptor-associated death domain protein (TRADD) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) during stress response. Here, we show that Zfra became phosphorylated at Ser8 (as determined by specific antibody) and translocated to the mitochondria in response to inducers of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) (e.g. staurosporine and betulinic acid). Overexpressed Zfra induced cell death. This event is associated, in part, with increased dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and increased chromosomal DNA fragmentation. Intriguingly, Zfra significantly downregulated Bcl-2 and yet blocked cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Overexpression of an S8G-Zfra mutant (Ser8 to Gly8 alteration) could not induce cell death, probably due to its failure of translocating to the mitochondria and causing MMP dissipation. Over-expressed proapoptotic WOX1 induced cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Zfra bound and blocked the effect of WOX1. Taken together, Ser8 is essential for overexpressed Zfra to exert cell death via the mitochondrial pathway. Zfra downregulates Bcl-2 and induces MMP dissipation but causes no cytochrome c release, indicating a novel death pathway from the mitochondria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701 Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Li-Jin
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Qunying
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Emory
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Sing-Ru
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Ming-Hui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yee-Shin
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Nan-Shan
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010768:Phosphoserine / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism; D013912:Threonine / Q000378:metabolism; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D000094062:Betulinic Acid
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D014315:Triterpenes; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D010768:Phosphoserine; D013912:Threonine; D012694:Serine; D045304:Cytochromes c; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D000094062:Betulinic Acid