title: HDL atheroprotection by aerobic exercise training in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study we analyzed the role played by aerobic exercise training in the plasma lipoprotein profile, prebeta 1-HDL concentration, and in the in vitro HDL3 ability to remove cholesterol from macrophages and inhibit LDL oxidation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and control subjects, in the fasting and postprandial states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy controls (HTC, N = 11; 1 M/10 F) and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT, N = 11; 3M/8F) were engaged in a 4-month aerobic training program, and compared with a group of sedentary subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMS, N = 10; 4 M/6 F). All groups were submitted to an oral fat load test to analyze all parameters, both at the beginning of the investigation protocol (basal) and at the end of the study period (final).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exercising did not modify body weight, BMI, plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), glucose, insulin, or HOMA-IR, but it reduced the waist circumference. The HDL3 composition did not change, and its ability to remove cell cholesterol was unaltered by aerobic training. In DMT but not in HTC, aerobic training improved 15% the HDL3 protective effect against LDL maximal oxidation rate in the fasting state, and reduced 24% the plasma prebeta 1-HDL concentration in the postprandial state, suggesting an enhanced prebeta 1-HDL conversion into larger, more mature HDL particles. In this regard, regular aerobic exercise enriched HDL2 with TG in the fasting and postprandial states in HTC and in the fasting phase in DMT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that aerobic exercise training in diabetes mellitus improves the HDL efficiency against LDL oxidation and favors HDL maturation. These findings were independent of changes in insulin resistance and of the rise of plasma HDL cholesterol concentration.
authors.affiliation: Lipids Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of São Paulo. São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabel C D
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Rodrigo T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Iborra
authors.forename: Mônica Q T S
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.forename: Simão A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lottenberg
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Charf
authors.forename: Valéria S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Carlos E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Negrão
authors.forename: Edna R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Nakandakare
authors.forename: Eder C R
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Quintão
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Passarelli
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000886:Anthropometry; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D015444:Exercise; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL