title: Secondary ocular hypertension after intravitreal injection of 4 mg of triamcinolone acetonide: incidence and risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the incidence of secondary ocular hypertension (SOH) after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) injection and its risk predictors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of charts for 219 consecutive patients receiving a 4-mg IVTA injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred fifty eyes of 150 patients who were followed for at least 3 months and met inclusion criteria were considered. Main indications for IVTA injection were neovascular age-related macular degeneration (79 eyes [52.7%]), choroidal neovascularization due to other etiologies (22 eyes [14.7%]), diabetic macular edema (14 eyes [9.3%]), central retinal vein occlusion (12 eyes [8.0%]), and branch retinal vein occlusion (8 eyes [5.3%]). SOH defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) of >or=21 mmHg was recorded for 32.0% of injected eyes at some point during a mean follow-up of 7.7 months. There was no association between SOH and age, sex, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, indication for IVTA injection, prior cataract surgery, or concurrent photodynamic therapy. Although previous pars plana vitrectomy did not influence risk, peak IOP was lower in vitrectomized eyes (P = 0.044). Prior diagnosis of glaucoma was a significant risk factor for SOH (relative risk = 2.17; P = 0.004). In nonglaucomatous eyes, baseline IOP of >or=16 mmHg was associated with a higher risk of SOH (relative risk = 2.31; P = 0.003). Baseline IOPs of <12 mmHg, 12-14 mmHg, 15-17 mmHg, 18-20 mmHg, and >20 mmHg were associated with incidences of SOH of 11.1%, 25.4%, 40.0%, 46.2%, and 50.0% (P = 0.01), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 4-mg IVTA injection was associated with SOH in 32.0% of treated eyes. The risk of SOH was higher in eyes with previous glaucoma and higher baseline IOP. Peak IOP after IVTA injection was lower in vitrectomized eyes. Risk factor analysis may permit better individualization of the risk-benefit ratio for IVTA injection.
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. dvitor@ufmg.br
authors.forename: Daniel V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos-Santos
authors.forename: Patrícia G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Nehemy
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Schachat
authors.forename: Márcio B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Nehemy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007267:Injections; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014822:Vitreous Body
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide