title: Volunteering and psychological well-being among young-old adults: how much is too much?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research concerned with the relationship between volunteer activity and psychological well-being has typically reported higher levels of well-being among older adult volunteers relative to nonvolunteers. However, few studies have examined nonlinear associations between frequency of volunteer activity and well-being. We examined nonlinear associations between hours spent volunteering and psychological well-being, controlling for employment status, partner status, physical health, and education. We also investigated associations between different domains of volunteer activity and well-being, along with the possible moderating effects of gender on these relationships.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the PATH Through Life Project, a population-based study of Australian adults. Participants consisted of 2,136 older adults aged 64 to 68.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nonlinear associations between hours spent volunteering and psychological well-being were evident, with these associations characterized by inverted U shapes, with nonvolunteers and those volunteering at high levels producing lower well-being scores relative to those volunteering at moderate levels. Few associations between specific domains of volunteer activity and well-being were evident, and no notable gender interactions emerged.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results point toward optimal frequency of engagement in volunteer activity for psychological well-being as being bounded by upper and lower levels, outside of which benefits to well-being diminish.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Tim.Windsor@anu.edu.au
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Windsor
authors.forename: Kaarin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Anstey
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rodgers
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology*; D001315:Australia; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged / Q000523:psychology*; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012737:Sex Factors; D014838:Volunteers / Q000523:psychology*