title: Maternal depression and medication exposure during pregnancy: comparison of maternal retrospective recall to prospective documentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Outcome investigations of prenatal maternal depression and psychotropic exposure rely extensively on maternal retrospective recall. This study compared postnatal recall to prospective documentation of illness and medication exposures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort and retrospective case-control studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emory Women's Mental Health Program (prospective study) and Emory University Department of Psychology (retrospective study).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 164 women who participated in both the prospective and retrospective studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with a history of mental illness were followed during pregnancy for prospective prenatal assessments of depression and medication exposures. At 6 months postpartum, some of these women also participated in a retrospective study during which they were asked to recall prenatal depression and medication use. Agreement between prospective and retrospective documentation of exposures was analysed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Occurrence of maternal depression during pregnancy and maternal use of pharmacological agents during pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was only moderate agreement (k = 0.42) in prospective versus retrospective reporting of prenatal depression. Positive predictive value for recalling depression was 90.4%; however, negative predictive value for denying depression was only 53.8%. Participants accurately recalled psychotropic use but significantly underreported use of nonpsychotropic medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies using retrospective data collection may be susceptible to systematic recall bias with underreporting of maternal depression and use of nonpsychotropic agents during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. jeff.newport@emory.edu
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Newport
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ilardi
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Whitfield
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Z N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Stowe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004282:Documentation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011939:Mental Recall; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents