title: Enhanced tumor growth elicited by L-type amino acid transporter 1 in human malignant glioma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the expression and function of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), a major catalytic subunit of system L that is responsible for the transport of large neutral amino acids, including most essential amino acids, in concert with the covalently bound 4F2 heavy chain, and is implicated in tumorigenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human glioma cell lines and tumor specimens were analyzed for LAT1 expression using Western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. The rate of neutral amino acid uptake was measured using L-[C]leucine. The proliferation and apoptosis rates were analyzed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end-labeling assays, respectively, on inhibition of system L by 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid. The effects on proliferation and tumor growth caused by exogenously overexpressed LAT1 were similarly analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LAT1 was expressed in most human high-grade gliomas and glioma cell lines at various levels, with more ubiquitous expression of 4F2 heavy chain. Glioma cells with high LAT1 expression exhibited a marked increase in the uptake rate of L-[C]leucine. 2-Aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid treatment not only suppressed deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in association with the up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 but also enhanced apoptosis with caspase activation, thereby exerting both cytostatic and cytocidal effects in glioma cells with high LAT1 expression levels. Furthermore, overexpression of LAT1 in glioma cells with low endogenous LAT1 expression significantly enhanced the rates of tumor cell growth in athymic mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LAT1, the major transporter of system L, is frequently expressed at higher levels in high-grade gliomas than in low-grade gliomas and brain tissues, and it may play an important role in enhancing the rates of tumor cell proliferation and growth in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.forename: Jutabha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Promsuk
authors.forename: Saki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Yoshikatsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kanai
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shiokawa
authors.forename: Motoo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagane
mesh_terms: D000598:Amino Acids, Cyclic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D027282:Fusion Regulatory Protein 1, Heavy Chain / Q000378:metabolism; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D027283:Large Neutral Amino Acid-Transporter 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007930:Leucine / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000598:Amino Acids, Cyclic; D027282:Fusion Regulatory Protein 1, Heavy Chain; D027283:Large Neutral Amino Acid-Transporter 1; C006504:2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid; D007930:Leucine