title: Biofilms and their role in otorhinolaryngological disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the pathophysiology of biofilm communities and their role in otorhinolaryngological disease, with reference to the published literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of relevant literature, using Medline and the combined search terms 'biofilms' and 'otorhinolaryngology', and also various related keywords such as 'tonsil' and 'adenoid'.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Description of biofilm pathophysiology and of published reports of biofilms in otorhinolaryngological disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Virtually all microbes live in biofilm communities. Within these communities, the microbes assume differing specialised roles which confer survival advantages on the community. These communities cause chronic and device-associated infections. Within the specialist field of otorhinolaryngology, biofilms have been shown to play a role in many infections, including: chronic otitis media, cholesteatoma, chronic tonsillitis, chronic sinusitis, and infections of tracheostomies, endotracheal tubes and cochlear implants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dunedin Public Hospital, New Zealand. Emily.macassey@healthotago.co.nz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Macassey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dawes
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000502:physiology; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents