title: Aetiology, diagnosis and management of haemospermia: a review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an overview of the aetiology, investigations and the various treatment methods currently available in the management of haemospermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of literature was effected through medline and index medicus search of major published indexed journals and books.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published data on haemospermia, hemospermia, haematospermia and semen over the last five decades (1967-2007) were utilised.
  
  
  METHODS
  Abstracts of selected articles were read and analysed to determine their possible contribution and relevance to this article.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All relevant articles were reviewed in full and contribution extracted for this review as necessary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Haemospermia (haematospermia) is a relatively frequent, distressing and frightening symptom in sexually active men. It is usually a benign self-limiting condition resolving within several weeks except for the few with underlying aetiology including prostate malignancy and idiopathic. Patients presenting with haemospermia should have a detailed medical history, physical examillation including blood pressure measurement, genital and digital rectal examination. Persistent and recurrent haemospermia is best investigated by TRUS, CT, MRI, urethrocystoscopy, and biopsy and histological confirmation of malignancies. Specific treatment depends on the underlying pathological cause but often involves only minimal investigations and simple reassurance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: G A O
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Magoha
authors.forename: O B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Magoha
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051516:Hemospermia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents