title: Survey of antibiotic use of individuals visiting public healthcare facilities in Indonesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the antibiotic use of individuals visiting public healthcare facilities in Indonesia and to identify determinants of use against a background of high resistance rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients on admission to hospital (group A), visiting a primary health center (group B), and healthy relatives (group C) were included in the study. A questionnaire on demographic, socioeconomic, and healthcare-related items including health complaints and consumption of antibiotics was used. Logistic regression was performed to determine the co-variables of antibiotic use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2996 individuals interviewed, 486 (16%) had taken an antibiotic. Compared to group C (7% consumption), groups B and A exhibited a three-fold and four-fold higher use of antibiotics, respectively. Respiratory (80%) and gastrointestinal (13%) symptoms were most frequent. Aminopenicillins and tetracyclines accounted for 80% of the prescribed antibiotics. Similar antibiotics were self-medicated (17% of users). Age less than 18 years and health insurance were independent determinants of antibiotic use. Urban provenance, being adult, male, and having no health insurance were independent determinants of self-medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to health complaints, other factors determined antibiotic consumption. In view of the likely viral origin of respiratory complaints and the resistance of intestinal pathogens, most antibiotic use was probably unnecessary or ineffective. Future interventions should be directed towards healthcare providers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo Hospital - School of Medicine, Airlangga University, Jl. Manyar Tirtomoyo II/21, Surabaya 60118, Indonesia. i.gyssens@aig.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Usman
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hadi
authors.forename: D Offra
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Duerink
authors.forename: Endang Sri
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Lestari
authors.forename: Nico J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Nagelkerke
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Werter
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keuter
authors.forename: Eddy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suwandojo
authors.forename: Eddy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rahardjo
authors.forename: Peterhans
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van den Broek
authors.forename: Inge C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Gyssens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006760:Hospitalization; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011640:Public Policy; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D019035:Rural Health Services; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019037:Urban Health Services; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents