title: Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of fentanyl following intranasal versus intravenous administration in adults undergoing third-molar extraction: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, two-way, crossover study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic profile, as well as the efficacy and tolerability, of i.n. and i.v. administration of fentanyl in acute, episodic pain in patients undergoing third-molar extraction.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, 2-way, crossover study, patients were randomized to receive 1 of 4 doses (75, 100, 150, or 200 microg) by both the i.n. and i.v. routes in random order, after each of 2 separate molar extractions (interval, >or=1 week). Venous blood samples were obtained for quantification of plasma fentanyl concentrations before and at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 25, 40, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after administration. Pain scores (on an 11-point numeric rating scale) were recorded before and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 minutes. Patients indicated the times at which they perceived meaningful pain relief (onset of action) and at which analgesia ended (duration of effect), after which they were able to use rescue medication (time to rescue medication use).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 24 patients were enrolled (in all, 47 extractions) (46% male; mean age, 24.1 years; 94% white, 6% Asian). Mean T(max) values were 12.8 and 6.0 minutes (P<0.001), times to onset of analgesia were 7 and 2 minutes (P<0.001), and durations of effect were 56 and 59 minutes after i.n. and i.v. administration (P=NS), respectively. Differences in the onsets and durations of analgesia after i.n. and i.v. administration of single doses were not significantly different, and neither was the difference in overall analgesia, with pain scores returning to near-predose values at statistically similar times after dosing. Duration of effect was directly related to i.n. fentanyl dose, with significantly less use of rescue medication after i.n. than after i.v. administration (P<0.005). The i.n. and i.v. formulations were both well tolerated, with similar numbers of nasally related adverse events recorded for both routes of administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Onsets and durations of analgesia were not significantly different between single doses of i.n. and i.v. fentanyl in these adults undergoing third-molar extraction. Both i.n. and i.v. administration were generally well tolerated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. llc@farma.ku.dk
authors.forename: Lona L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Christrup
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Lars D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Popper
authors.forename: Tine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Troen
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Upton
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000601:surgery; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D005283:Fentanyl