title: Closed-loop control of fluid therapy for treatment of hypovolemia.
abstract: Closed-loop algorithms and resuscitation systems are being developed to control IV infusion rate during early resuscitation of hypovolemia. Although several different physiologic variables have been suggested as an endpoint to guide fluid therapy, blood pressure remains the most used variable for the initial assessment of hemorrhagic shock and the treatment response to volume loading. Closed-loop algorithms use a controller function to alter infusion rate inversely to blood pressure. Studies in hemorrhaged conscious sheep suggest that: (1) a small reduction in target blood pressure can result in a significant reduction in volume requirement; (2) nonlinear algorithms may reduce the risk of increased internal bleeding during resuscitation; (3) algorithm control functions based on proportional-integral, fuzzy logic, or nonlinear decision tables were found to restore and maintain blood pressure equally well. Proportional-integral and fuzzy logic algorithms reduced mean fluid volume requirements compared with the nonlinear decision table; and (4) several algorithms have been constructed to the specific mechanism of injury and the volume expansion properties of different fluids. Closed-loop systems are undergoing translation from animal to patient studies. Future smart resuscitation systems will benefit from new noninvasive technologies for monitoring blood pressure and the development of computer controlled high flow intravenous pumps.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation Research Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0591, USA. gkramer@utmb.edu
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kinsky
authors.forename: Donald S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Prough
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.forename: Jill L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sondeen
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hazel-Scerbo
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002302:Cardiac Output; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D006801:Humans; D020896:Hypovolemia / Q000628:therapy*; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000379:methods*