title: Opioid dependence and pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The management of opioid dependence during pregnancy has received considerable attention over the past three decades. Recent peer-reviewed literature in the fields of pregnancy and opioid dependence and neonatal abstinence syndrome has been evaluated and discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregnant opioid-dependent women must be carefully managed to minimize harm to the fetus; therefore, standardized care for maternal health is required. In a multidisciplinary care system opioid maintenance therapy is the recommended treatment approach during pregnancy. Equivalent attention must be given to the treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome, which occurs in 55-94% of neonates after intrauterine opioid exposure with a 60% likelihood of requiring treatment; heterogeneous rating scales as well as heterogeneous treatment approaches are often responsible for extended hospital stays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interpretation of available literature is confounded by several methodological flaws. In general, there is still a lack of evidence-based study designs for pharmacological treatment of these patients as well as neonatal abstinence syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winklbaur
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D002047:Buprenorphine; D008691:Methadone