title: Regional grey matter volumetric changes in forensic schizophrenia patients: an MRI study comparing the brain structure of patients who have seriously and violently offended with that of patients who have not.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim was to carry out the first voxel-based morphometry study of grey matter changes in the whole brain in schizophrenia associated with a history of seriously and violently offending.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structural cerebral magnetic resonance imaging scans of 26 patients with schizophrenia were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry: 13 of the patients had seriously and violently offended directly as a result of schizophrenia prior to admission, the offences consisting of homicide, attempted murder or wounding with intent to cause grievous bodily harm; the other 13 patients did not have a history of violence. There was no history of comorbid psychoactive substance misuse disorder in any of the patients. Voxelwise generalized linear modelling was applied to the processed magnetic resonance data using permutation-based non-parametric testing, forming clusters at t > 2.3 and testing clusters for significance at p < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons across space.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two groups of patients were matched with respect to age, gender and duration of illness, but the group with a history of serious violence was on average receiving a higher dose of antipsychotic medication than the group without a history of violence. There were local regions of reduced grey matter volume in the schizophrenia patient group with a history of serious and violent offending, compared with the schizophrenia patient group without such a history. Significant voxels (p < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons) were noted bilaterally in the cerebellum and in BA 39 and 40.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These regions are important in verbal working memory. The cerebellum may integrate inputs from ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal regions, providing a corrective signal that refines the process of rehearing the contents of the phonological store. A strong connection has been hypothesized between the supramarginal region corresponding to BA 39/40 and Broca's area, which may correspond largely to the arcuate fasciculus, with the connectional pattern of the language regions of this model fitting the network of parietotemporal-prefrontal connections that participate in working memory. Therefore our results point to the possibility of an abnormality in neural circuits involved in verbal working memory in this group of patients.
authors.affiliation: MRI Unit, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imaging Sciences Department, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK. basant.puri@csc.mrc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Basant K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Puri
authors.forename: Serena J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Counsell
authors.forename: Nadeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: Marcelo G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bustos
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Treasaden
authors.forename: Graeme M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Bydder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010487:Periaqueductal Gray / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000473:pathology*; D014754:Violence