title: Association of hepatitis C virus infection with prevalence and development of kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatitis C and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are both highly prevalent diseases in the United States. Data showed that hepatitis C may be causally linked to some glomerular diseases, and patients who are positive for hepatitis C have increased risk of albuminuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine whether hepatitis C infection is associated with increased likelihood of CKD, we performed retrospective cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of a large clinical database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for a study population of 13,139 African American and white patients tested for hepatitis C between 1994 and 2004 were extracted from a computerized database from a clinical population of an urban hospital and affiliated clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hepatitis C by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In cross-sectional analysis, CKD was defined as a minimum estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) by using the 4-variable isotope dilution mass spectrometry-traceable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation or proteinuria. In longitudinal analysis, CKD was defined as eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Potential confounders investigated included sex, age, race, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, chronic hypertension, diabetes, and other laboratory test result abnormalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3,938 patients (30.0%) were positive for hepatitis C and 2,549 (19.4%) had CKD. Of those with CKD, 1,999 (78.4%) had an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2), 186 (7.3%) had proteinuria, and 364 (14.3%) had both. In cross-sectional analysis, after controlling for diabetes, hypertension, age, aspartate aminotransferase level, and HIV status, patients who tested positive for hepatitis C had a decreased risk of CKD (odds ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.62 to 0.77). A total of 7,038 subjects without CKD were followed up for a median of 3.5 years. Of these, 2,243 (31.8%) were hepatitis C positive at the onset of follow-up. In longitudinal analysis, after adjustment for age, baseline eGFR, diabetes, hypertension, aspartate aminotransferase level, and HIV status, the hazard ratio for the development of CKD compared with those who were hepatitis C negative was 0.896 (95% confidence interval, 0.790 to 1.015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrospective design, clinical database with missing values, different hepatitis C assays used during the study period, limited data for proteinuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results do not support the hypothesis that infection with hepatitis C virus per se is associated with increased risk of having or developing CKD.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. smoe@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Sharon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Moe
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pampalone
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ofner
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenman
authors.forename: Evgenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Teal
authors.forename: Siu L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies