title: Nuclear organization in human sperm: preliminary evidence for altered sex chromosome centromere position in infertile males.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many genetic defects with a chromosomal basis affect male reproduction via a range of different mechanisms. Chromosome position is a well-known marker of nuclear organization, and alterations in standard patterns can lead to disease phenotypes such as cancer, laminopathies and epilepsy. It has been demonstrated that normal mammalian sperm adopt a pattern with the centromeres aligning towards the nuclear centre. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that altered chromosome position in the sperm head is associated with male infertility.
  
  
  METHODS
  The average nuclear positions of fluorescence in-situ hybridization signals for three centromeric probes (for chromosomes X, Y and 18) were compared in normoozoospermic men and in men with compromised semen parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In controls, the centromeres of chromosomes X, Y and 18 all occupied a central nuclear location. In infertile men the sex chromosomes appeared more likely to be distributed in a pattern not distinguishable from a random model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings cast doubt on the reliability of centromeric probes for aneuploidy screening. The analysis of chromosome position in sperm heads should be further investigated for the screening of infertile men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Finch
authors.forename: K G L
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Fonseka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abogrein
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ioannou
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Handyside
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Thornhill
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hickson
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Griffin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D002467:Cell Nucleus; D002503:Centromere; D002887:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D009845:Oligospermia / Q000378:metabolism; D012730:Sex Chromosomes; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers