title: uPA and PAI-1 in breast cancer: review of their clinical utility and current validation in the prospective NNBC-3 trial.
abstract: The plasminogen activator system is a complex system with multiple interactions and members participating in fibrinolysis, cell migration, angiogenesis, wound healing, embryogenesis, tumor cell dissemination, and metastasis in a variety of solid tumors. Increased levels of uPA and/or PAI-1 in primary tumor tissues of breast cancer patients correlate with tumor aggressiveness and poor clinical outcome. Patients with high tumor tissue antigen content of uPA and/or PAI-1 have a worse probability of disease-free and overall survival than patients with low levels of both of the biomarkers, serving as prognostic markers. The clinical utility of uPA and PAI-1 has been proven on the highest level of evidence (LOE-I). Next to being clinically useful prognostic factors allowing estimates of the course of disease in early breast cancer, uPA and PAI-1 may also serve as predictive factors predicting response to systemic therapy. Node-negative primary breast cancer patients with high uPA/PAI-1 levels benefit significantly from adjuvant chemotherapy. The aim of the ongoing NNBC-3 trial is to determine the benefits of a sequential anthracycline-docetaxel regimen in high-risk node-negative breast cancer patients compared to the current standard of anthracycline-based chemotherapy. At present, uPA and PAI-1 provide the unique opportunity to allow validated and clinically relevant risk assessment of breast cancer patients, over and above that provided by established risk factors. Therefore, in the evidence-based, annually updated AGO guidelines for breast cancer management, the German Working Group for Gynecological Oncology (AGO) has recommended both biomarkers as risk-group-classification markers for routine clinical decision making in node-negative breast cancer, next to established clinical and histomorphological factors.
authors.affiliation: Frauenklinik und Poliklinik der Technischen Universität München, München 81675, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Annecke
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Euler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zerm
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paepke
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paepke
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: von Minckwitz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomssen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Harbeck
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator