title: Are altered smooth pursuit eye movements related to chronic pain and disability following whiplash injuries? A prospective trial with one-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ability of early smooth pursuit testing to predict chronic whiplash-associated disorders, and to study whether the presence of abnormal smooth pursuit eye movements at one-year follow-up is associated with symptoms at that time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study with one-year follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was carried out at a university research centre and participants were recruited from emergency units and general practitioners.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 262 participants were recruited within 10 days from a whiplash injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smooth pursuit eye movements were tested with electrooculography (EOG) an average of 12 days after a whiplash trauma and again after one year. Analyses of EOG recordings were computerized. Associations between test results both from baseline and one-year tests and self-reported neck pain, headache, neck disability and working ability one year after the car collision were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results of early eye movement tests were not associated with the prognosis. Reduced smooth pursuit performance when tested in static cervical rotation at the one-year follow-up was significantly associated with higher neck pain intensity at that time (regression coefficient 0.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04-1.5), but the association was too weak for the test to discriminate between recovered participants and those with lasting symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although reduced smooth pursuit performance at one-year follow-up was associated with persistent neck pain, smooth pursuit eye movement tests are not useful as predictive or diagnostic tests in whiplash-associated disorders.
authors.affiliation: The Back Research Center part of Clinical Locomotion Science, Back Center Funen, Denmark. alik@shf.fyns
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kongsted
authors.forename: Lars Vincents
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leboeuf-Yde
authors.forename: Erisela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Qerama
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Korsholm
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bendix
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000150:complications*; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011698:Pursuit, Smooth / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014911:Whiplash Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*