title: A comparison of the clinical anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine and 0.5% bupivacaine (both with 1:200,000 epinephrine) for lower third molar removal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the clinical efficacy of 4% articaine (A200) and 0.5% bupivacaine (B200), both with 1:200,000 epinephrine, for lower third molar removal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients underwent removal of symmetrically positioned lower third molars, in 2 separate appointments, under local anesthesia either with A200 or B200, in a double-blind, randomized, and crossover manner. Time to onset, duration of postoperative analgesia, duration of anesthetic action on soft tissues, intraoperative bleeding, and hemodynamic parameters were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistically significant difference between the time to onset of A200 (1.66 +/- 0.13 minutes) and B200 (2.51 +/- 0.21 minutes) was found (P < .05). There was no statistically significant difference in the duration of analgesia, whether the patient was subjected to osteotomy or not, regardless of the local anesthetic used (3 to 4 hours; P > .05). However, when patients received B200 they experienced a statistically significant longer period of anesthesia on the soft tissues as compared with when they had received A200 (around 5 hours and 4 hours, respectively, P < .05). The surgeon's rating of intraoperative bleeding was considered very close to minimal for both anesthetics. In the surgeries with osteotomy, the comparison between A200 and B200 showed statistically significant differences in the diastolic (64 mm Hg and 68 mm Hg, respectively, P = .001) and mean arterial pressure (86 mm Hg and 89 mm Hg, respectively, P = .031) when data from all the surgical phases were pooled. Additionally, the mouth opening at the suture removal was statistically different for A200 and B200 solutions (91.90% +/- 3.00% and 88.57% +/- 2.38% of the preoperative measure, respectively) when surgeries required bone removal (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In comparison with 0.5% bupivacaine, 4% articaine (both with 1:200,000 epinephrine) provided a shorter time to onset and comparable hemostasis and postoperative pain control with a shorter duration of soft tissue anesthesia in lower third molar removal.
authors.affiliation: Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonardo V L
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Gregorio
authors.forename: Fernando P M
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Giglio
authors.forename: Vivien T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Karin C S
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Modena
authors.forename: Bella L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Colombini
authors.forename: Adriana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: Carla R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Sipert
authors.forename: Thiago J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Dionísio
authors.forename: José R P
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lauris
authors.forename: Flávio A C
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.forename: Alceu S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Trindade Junior
authors.forename: Carlos F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002355:Carticaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000601:surgery*; D010027:Osteotomy; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D014081:Tooth Extraction / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002355:Carticaine; D002045:Bupivacaine