title: MobileASL: intelligibility of sign language video over mobile phones.
abstract: For Deaf people, access to the mobile telephone network in the United States is currently limited to text messaging, forcing communication in English as opposed to American Sign Language (ASL), the preferred language. Because ASL is a visual language, mobile video phones have the potential to give Deaf people access to real-time mobile communication in their preferred language. However, even today's best video compression techniques can not yield intelligible ASL at limited cell phone network bandwidths. Motivated by this constraint, we conducted one focus group and two user studies with members of the Deaf Community to determine the intelligibility effects of video compression techniques that exploit the visual nature of sign language. Inspired by eye tracking results that show high resolution foveal vision is maintained around the face, we studied region-of-interest encodings (where the face is encoded at higher quality) as well as reduced frame rates (where fewer, better quality, frames are displayed every second). At all bit rates studied here, participants preferred moderate quality increases in the face region, sacrificing quality in other regions. They also preferred slightly lower frame rates because they yield better quality frames for a fixed bit rate. The limited processing power of cell phones is a serious concern because a real-time video encoder and decoder will be needed. Choosing less complex settings for the encoder can reduce encoding time, but will affect video quality. We studied the intelligibility effects of this tradeoff and found that we can significantly speed up encoding time without severely affecting intelligibility. These results show promise for real-time access to the current low-bandwidth cell phone network through sign-language-specific encoding techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Box 352350, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. cavender@cs.washington.edu
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavender
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vanam
authors.forename: Dane K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Barney
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ladner
authors.forename: Eve A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Riskin
mesh_terms: D040421:Cell Phone / Q000295:instrumentation*; D032882:Comprehension; D016287:Computer Peripherals; D044962:Data Compression / Q000379:methods*; D003638:Deafness; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012656:Self-Help Devices; D012813:Sign Language; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014741:Video Recording / Q000295:instrumentation*