A replication of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) revised algorithms.
OBJECTIVE
To replicate the factor structure and predictive validity of revised Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule algorithms in an independent dataset (N = 1,282).


METHODS
Algorithm revisions were replicated using data from children ages 18 months to 16 years collected at 11 North American sites participating in the Collaborative Programs for Excellence in Autism and the Studies to Advance Autism Research and Treatment.


RESULTS
Sensitivities and specificities approximated or exceeded those of the old algorithms except for young children with phrase speech and a clinical diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified.


CONCLUSIONS
Revised algorithms increase comparability between modules and improve the predictive validity of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule for autism cases compared to the original algorithms.
Gotham
Katherine
K
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.. Electronic address: kog@umich.edu.
Risi
Susan
S
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Dawson
Geraldine
G
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Tager-Flusberg
Helen
H
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Joseph
Robert
R
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Carter
Alice
A
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Hepburn
Susan
S
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
McMAHON
William
W
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Rodier
Patricia
P
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Hyman
Susan L
SL
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Sigman
Marian
M
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Rogers
Sally
S
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Landa
Rebecca
R
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Spence
M Anne
MA
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Osann
Kathryn
K
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Flodman
Pamela
P
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Volkmar
Fred
F
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Hollander
Eric
E
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Buxbaum
Joseph
J
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Pickles
Andrew
A
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
Lord
Catherine
C
Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
D000465:Algorithms; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results