title: Evaluating the nickel content in metal alloys and the threshold for nickel-induced allergic contact dermatitis.
abstract: Many patients are currently suffering from nickel (Ni)-induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). There have been few Korean studies dealing with the threshold of Ni-induced ACD and quantifying the total amount of Ni in the metal alloys. The aim of this study is to evaluate the amount of Ni leached from metal alloys and Ni contents in metal alloys, and to estimate the threshold of Ni-induced ACD. All the earrings we examined leached below 0.5 microg/cm(2)/week, the upper limit of European Union (EU) regulation, but the other metal alloys leached a much higher amount of Ni than the limit. Likewise, all the earrings we examined contained less than 0.05% Ni (500 microg/g), the upper limit of EU regulation, but the other metal alloys exceeded this limit. Twenty Ni-sensitive subjects, who were patch-tested with various concentrations of Ni sulphate, showed positive reactions to 5% and 1% Ni sulphate, 10 subjects showed positive reactions to 0.01%, and the most sensitive subject showed reaction even to 0.0001%. The subjects in this study were more sensitive to Ni than those in the previous studies done in Europe. Taken together, strictly regulating the Ni-containing alloys that are made in Korea is needed to lower the occurrence of Ni-induced ACD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon Young
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Mi-Yeon
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hyung Ok
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Cjae Sook
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Hae Kwang
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000378:metabolism*; D003877:Dermatitis, Contact / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D005062:European Union; D006801:Humans; D007509:Irritants; D007723:Korea; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry*; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis*; D010328:Patch Tests; D010577:Petrolatum; D011786:Quality Control; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D007509:Irritants; D008670:Metals; C029938:nickel sulfate; D009532:Nickel; D010577:Petrolatum