title: Endoscopic resection of hypothalamic hamartomas for refractory symptomatic epilepsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypothalamic hamartomas (HHs), rare developmental abnormalities of the inferior hypothalamus, often cause refractory, symptomatic, mixed epilepsy, including gelastic seizures. We present 37 patients with HH who underwent transcortical transventricular endoscopic resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between October 2003 and April 2005, 42 consecutive patients with refractory epilepsy who underwent endoscopic resection of HH were studied prospectively. The endoscope was held by an articulated pneumatic arm and tracked with a frameless stereotactic neuronavigation system. Data collection and follow-up were performed by personal interview. Five patients were excluded. The remaining 37 patients (22 males, 15 females; median age 11.8 years; range 8 months to 55 years) had frequent and usually multiple types of seizures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative MRI confirmed 100% resection of the HH from the hypothalamus in 12 patients. At last follow-up (median 21 months; range 13-28 months), 18 (48.6%) patients were seizure free. Seizures were reduced more than 90% in 26 patients (70.3%) and by 50% to 90% in 8 patients (21.6%). Overall, the mean postoperative stay was shorter in the endoscopic patients compared with our previously reported patients who underwent transcallosal resection (mean 4.1 days vs 7.7 days, respectively; p = 0.0006). The main complications were permanent short-term memory loss in 3 patients and small thalamic infarcts in 11 patients (asymptomatic in 9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic resection of hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) is a safe and effective treatment for seizures. Its efficacy seems to be comparable to that of transcallosal resection of HH, but postoperative recovery time is significantly shorter.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W. Thomas Rd., Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA. y2ng@chw.edu
authors.forename: Y-T
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Rekate
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Prenger
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Feiz-Erfan
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Johnsonbaugh
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Varland
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kerrigan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006222:Hamartoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007029:Hypothalamic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012640:Seizures / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome