title: Air temperature and inflammatory responses in myocardial infarction survivors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Temperature changes have been associated with increased cardiovascular risk, but the role of inflammatory markers in this relationship is not well understood. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between air temperature and C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and fibrinogen in postmyocardial infarction patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a multicenter panel study, the 3 inflammatory blood markers were measured repeatedly. In total, 5813 blood samples in 1003 subjects were collected in 6 European cities representing different climates. Data on patient characteristics and disease history were gathered at the baseline visit. Meteorologic data were obtained from the city-specific network stations. The association was analyzed using a semiparametric model with random patient effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 10 degrees C decrease in the 5-day-average of air temperature before the blood withdrawal was associated with a 4% increase in C-reactive protein (4.3% [95% confidence interval = 0.2% to 8.1%]). Correspondingly, an increase of interleukin-6 was observed for the same time window (3.3% [0.1% to 6.3%]) whereas fibrinogen showed an increase of 1.3% (0.2% to 2.4%) with a lag of 3 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A decrease in air temperature, particularly the average temperature of the last 5 days, was associated with an increase in both C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, whereas fibrinogen seemed to react to temperature changes after 3 days. In susceptible patients this might lead to an additional risk for cardiovascular events and suggests a biologic mechanism for the observed seasonal variation in death from ischemic heart disease and stroke in the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany. alexandra.schneider@helmholtz-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Demosthenes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Panagiotakos
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Picciotto
authors.forename: Klea
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katsouyanni
authors.forename: Hannelore
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Löwel
authors.forename: Bénédicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jacquemin
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lanki
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stafoggia
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bellander
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peters
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017741:Survivors; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein