title: Cranial base features in skeletal Class III patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the cranial base configuration in skeletal Class III patients to clarify the conflicting findings from literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initial lateral radiographs of 54 skeletal Class III patients and 54 matched controls (Class I, II/1, II/2) aged 14 to 24 years were analyzed retrospectively for 21 cephalometric basicranial variables and jaw lengths relative to anterior cranial base length.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In contrast to overall cranial base length, the anterior (N-S) and posterior (S-Ba, S-Ar) sections failed to show a significant reduction in Class III patients. The significantly more acute angles Ca-S-Ba and Se-S-Ba reflected increased cranial base flexure. Resulting anterior condylar displacement was shown by significant reduction of Se-S-Cd and Ar-Ca. Relative mandibular length was significantly increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased basicranial angulation associated with Class III mandibular protrusion was clearly confirmed for skeletal Class III patients. Overall shortening of the cranial base apparently resulted from various minor alterations. The results are compatible with the deficient orthocephalization hypothesis of Class III morphogenesis. The basicranial-maxillary relationship in skeletal Class III remains unclear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. p.c.proff@gmx.net
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Proff
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Will
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bokan
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fanghänel
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gedrange
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000473:pathology; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000473:pathology; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000473:pathology*; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000473:pathology; D009915:Orbit / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012658:Sella Turcica / Q000473:pathology; D019291:Skull Base / Q000473:pathology*; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000473:pathology