title: Reduced vascular response to phenylephrine during exposure to lipopolysaccharide in vitro involves nitric oxide and endothelin 1.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin 1 (ET-1) increase significantly during the first 4 h of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of these mediators in the reduced response to phenylephrine treatment. We used male rat saphenous arteries (internal relaxed diameter, 63-152 microm; n = 48), mounted on a wire myograph and subsequently treated with LPS. At 1 h, LPS (dose, 50 microg mL(-1)) significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited constriction to phenylephrine (concentration, 10(-1)M to 10(-6)M) (LPS concentration required for half maximal response [EC50], 10.82 +/- 1.08microM; Control EC50, 5.07 +/- 0.34microM). However, by removing the endothelium (denuded) or adding Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; concentration, 10(-4) microM), the response to phenylephrine treatment was significantly improved compared with LPS only-treated arteries (LPS + denuded EC50, 7.04 +/- 1.12microM; LPS + L-NAME EC50, 2.64 +/- 0.63microM). On the other hand, denudation did not restore constriction to phenylephrine at 2 and 4 h. However, L-NAME and the nonspecific ET-1 receptor antagonist bosentan (concentration, 10(-5)M) improved constriction to phenylephrine in LPS-treated arteries (P < 0.05) at 4 h (LPS EC50, 998.50 +/- 447.10microM; LPS + L-NAME EC50, 65.23 +/- 25.61microM; LPS + bosentan EC50, 63.65 +/- 25.33microM). We conclude that endothelium-dependent mechanisms have an early role in the reduced responsiveness of vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictors during simulated septic conditions. Shortly after exposure to LPS (duration, 1 h), endothelium-derived NO seemed to have a role in reduced arterial constriction to phenylephrine, but later (4 h) ET-1 and endothelium-independent increase in NO seemed to contribute further to the loss of response.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Anaesthesia, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Johann K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Scicluna
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mansart
authors.forename: Jonathan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Zoë L S
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Brookes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D010656:Phenylephrine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester