title: Identifying best practices in dialysis care: results of cognitive interviews and a national survey of dialysis providers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because there is wide variation in case-mix adjusted outcomes across dialysis facilities, it is possible that top-performing facilities use practices not shared by others. We sought to catalogue "best practices" that may account for interfacility variations in outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This multidisciplinary study identified candidate best practices in dialysis through a staged process, including systematic review, cognitive interviews, and a national "virtual focus group" of dialysis providers. The resulting candidate practices were rank-ordered by perceived importance as determined by mean RAND Appropriateness Scores from a national survey of nephrologists, nurses, and opinion leaders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 155 candidate best practices were identified. Among these, respondents believed dialysis outcomes are most strongly related to 1) characteristics of multidisciplinary care conferences, 2) technician proficiency in protecting vascular access, 3) training of nurses to provide education in fluid management, vascular access, and nutrition, 4) use of random and blinded audits of staff performance, and 5) communication and teamwork among staff. In contrast, there was wide disagreement about the importance of facility-based health maintenance practices, optimal staffing ratios, frequency of dialysis-based physician visits, and optimal frequency of multidisciplinary care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides a "conceptual map" of candidate dialysis best practices and highlights areas of general agreement and disagreement. These findings can help the dialysis community think critically about what may define "best practice" and provide targets for future research in quality improvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Amar A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bolus
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nissenson
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bolus
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Khawar
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gitlin
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Talley
authors.forename: Brennan M R
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Spiegel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D019985:Benchmarking; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D003071:Cognition; D004506:Education, Nursing / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006268:Health Facilities / Q000592:standards*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000592:standards; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000592:standards; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D024802:Nurse's Role; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000592:standards; D010465:Perception; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000592:standards; D016730:Program Development; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States