title: Haemodynamics and left ventricular function in heart failure patients: comparison of awake versus intra-operative conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart failure patients are increasingly subjected to surgery. Left ventricular (LV) function is generally assessed in awake patients, but intra-operative LV function is not well studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relation between LV function indices obtained in the catheterization laboratory and those obtained intra-operatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 11 patients with heart failure (NYHA III-IV) scheduled for surgical interventions. LV function was assessed by pressure-volume loops (conductance catheter) during diagnostic catheterizations and intra-operatively under anaesthetized conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to awake conditions, cardiac output was unchanged intra-operatively but ejection fraction was significantly reduced (-16%) due to increased end-diastolic volume (+13%). Systolic and diastolic LV pressure and afterload (E(A)) dropped significantly (-32%, -22%, -35%, respectively). LV systolic function assessed by dP/dt(MAX) and the end-systolic pressure-volume relation (E(ES)) was significantly reduced (-34%, -35%). LV diastolic stiffness was reduced (-44%). Ventricular-arterial coupling (E(A)/E(ES)) was maintained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intra-operative cardiac output was unchanged compared to awake conditions due to a balance between reduced systolic and improved diastolic function. Ventricular-arterial coupling was maintained by a reduced afterload. Presumably, systolic function and afterload were reduced by anaesthesia, whereas diastolic function improved after pericardectomy. These findings provide insight into the combined effects of anaesthesia, thoracotomy and pericardectomy, and help to interpret LV function measurements in intra-operative conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology of the Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ellen A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: ten Brinke
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Klautz
authors.forename: Sven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tulner
authors.forename: Frank H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Engbers
authors.forename: Harriette F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Verwey
authors.forename: Douwe E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Atsma
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schalij
authors.forename: Ernst E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: van der Wall
authors.forename: Jeroen J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bax
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Putter
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dion
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steendijk
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left