title: A randomized trial of electronic clinical reminders to improve medication laboratory monitoring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recommendations for routine laboratory monitoring to reduce the risk of adverse medication events are not consistently followed. We evaluated the impact of electronic reminders delivered to primary care physicians on rates of appropriate routine medication laboratory monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 303 primary care physicians caring for 1,922 patients across 20 ambulatory clinics that had at least one overdue routine laboratory test for a given medication between January and June 2004. Clinics were randomized so that physicians received either usual care or electronic reminders at the time of office visits focused on potassium, creatinine, liver function, thyroid function, and therapeutic drug levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcomes were the receipt of recommended laboratory monitoring within 14 days following an outpatient clinic visit. The effect of the intervention was assessed for each reminder after adjusting for clustering within clinics, as well as patient and provider characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medication-laboratory monitoring non-compliance ranged from 1.6% (potassium monitoring with potassium-supplement use) to 6.3% (liver function monitoring with HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitor use). Rates of appropriate laboratory monitoring following an outpatient visit ranged from 14% (therapeutic drug levels) to 64% (potassium monitoring with potassium-sparing diuretic use). Reminders for appropriate laboratory monitoring had no impact on rates of receiving appropriate testing for creatinine, potassium, liver function, renal function, or therapeutic drug level monitoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified high rates of appropriate laboratory monitoring, and electronic reminders did not significantly improve these monitoring rates. Future studies should focus on settings with lower baseline adherence rates and alternate drug-laboratory combinations.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Matheny
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Sequist
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Seger
authors.forename: Julie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fiskio
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sperling
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bugbee
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: Tejal K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Gandhi
mesh_terms: D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D017010:Reminder Systems