title: Effect of pre-freezing conditions on semen cryopreservation in rhesus monkeys.
abstract: Although sperm cryopreservation has been studied in at least 17 non-human primate species, systematic factor optimization for any single species is lacking. Gene banking of non-human primate sperm is still in its infancy. The objective of the present study was to initiate a systematic approach to optimize the process of sperm cryopreservation for rhesus macaques, specifically, factors related to pre-freezing conditions (e.g., straw freezing position, sperm concentration, sperm washing, equilibration methods, and equilibration time periods). Straw position had no effect on post-thaw motility (P=0.193). Sperm concentration was tested in a range from 5 x 10(6)mL(-1) to 5 x 10(8)mL(-1); post-thaw motility of sperm samples frozen at 5 x 10(7)cell mL(-1) (51.0+/-10.6%; mean+/-S.D.) and 5 x 10(8)cell mL(-1) (48.1+/-7.3%) were higher than samples frozen at 5 x 10(6)cells mL(-1) (33.0+/-12.0%, P=0.003). Comparison of motility immediately after thawing between samples with (51.2+/-6.2%) and without washing (53.9+/-6.8%) revealed no differences (P>0.05). However, washing improved sperm forward progression within 1h after thawing, whereas unwashed sperm retained higher post-thaw motility and progression during extended incubation (4h) after thawing (P<0.05). Equilibration methods (with or without pre-cooling) made no difference on post-thaw motility (P>0.05), and the most effective equilibration time was the duration required for samples to acclimate to 4 degrees C prior to freezing. Evaluation and optimization of these pre-freezing conditions will help to minimize sources of injury, maximize survival, and contribute to the development of an optimized cryopreservation protocol for rhesus macaque sperm.
authors.affiliation: California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Road 98, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Rodenburg
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: VandeVoort
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002498:Centrifugation; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000502:physiology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors