title: An iconic language for the graphical representation of medical concepts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many medication errors are encountered in drug prescriptions, which would not occur if practitioners could remember the drug properties. They can refer to drug monographs to find these properties, however drug monographs are long and tedious to read during consultation. We propose a two-step approach for facilitating access to drug monographs. The first step, presented here, is the design of a graphical language, called VCM.
  
  
  METHODS
  The VCM graphical language was designed using a small number of graphical primitives and combinatory rules. VCM was evaluated over 11 volunteer general practitioners to assess if the language is easy to learn, to understand and to use. Evaluators were asked to register their VCM training time, to indicate the meaning of VCM icons and sentences, and to answer clinical questions related to randomly generated drug monograph-like documents, supplied in text or VCM format.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VCM can represent the various signs, diseases, physiological states, life habits, drugs and tests described in drug monographs. Grammatical rules make it possible to generate many icons by combining a small number of primitives and reusing simple icons to build more complex ones. Icons can be organized into simple sentences to express drug recommendations. Evaluation showed that VCM was learnt in 2 to 7 hours, that physicians understood 89% of the tested VCM icons, and that they answered correctly to 94% of questions using VCM (versus 88% using text, p = 0.003) and 1.8 times faster (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VCM can be learnt in a few hours and appears to be easy to read. It can now be used in a second step: the design of graphical interfaces facilitating access to drug monographs. It could also be used for broader applications, including the design of interfaces for consulting other types of medical document or medical data, or, very simply, to enrich medical texts.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Informatique Médicale et de Bioinformatique (LIM&BIO), UFR SMBH, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny cedex, France. jibalamy@free.fr
authors.forename: Jean-Baptiste
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lamy
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duclos
authors.forename: Avner
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bar-Hen
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ouvrard
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Venot
mesh_terms: D003196:Computer Graphics; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D050316:Medical Order Entry Systems; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D010821:Physicians, Family; D011381:Programming Languages; D012984:Software; D009626:Terminology as Topic