title: Challenges and constraints to vaccination in developing countries.
abstract: The challenges and constraints to vaccinating poultry in areas where adequate infrastructure and human resources are lacking are addressed in both a technical and a socioeconomic framework. The key issues discussed are: (1) selection of an appropriate vaccine and vaccination technique, including the advantages and disadvantages of a combined vaccine against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and Newcastle disease and addressing the differences between endemic disease and emergency disease control; (2) vaccine conservation and distribution; (3) evaluation of the flocks to be vaccinated in terms of their disease status, immunocompetence and production systems; (4) design of effective information, education and communication materials and methods with and for veterinary and extension staff as well as commercial and smallholder producers and community vaccinators in rural areas; (5) evaluation and monitoring systems for technical and socioeconomic factors that affect vaccination; (6) support and coordination of and by relevant public and private agencies; (7) the role of simultaneous implementation of other control activities in addition to vaccination; (8) the importance of assessing the costs and cost-effectiveness of various approaches to the control of HPAI, including the prevention of other endemic killer diseases and options for cost-sharing; (9) evaluation of the incentives for poultry-holders, vaccinators and vaccine producers to contribute to and participate in effective vaccination campaigns; and (10) policy development and the organizational framework for short- and long-term implementation and communication to decision-makers.
authors.affiliation: International Rural Poultry Centre, Kyeema Foundation, Australia. robyna@kyeemafoundation.org
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Alders
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bagnol
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ahlers
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brum
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rushton
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000191:economics; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D003132:Commerce; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000191:economics*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines