title: Hemin arginate-induced heme oxygenase 1 expression improves liver microcirculation and mediates an anti-inflammatory cytokine response after hemorrhagic shock.
abstract: Microvascular failure is a major determinant for the development of hepatocellular dysfunction after hemorrhagic shock. Induction of heme oxygenase (HO) 1 may confer hepatocellular protection. Hemin arginate (HAR) induces HO-1 and protects against shock-induced organ failure. The mechanisms are not completely understood, but HO-1-mediated protective effects on the microcirculation and on the inflammatory response may contribute. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of HAR pretreatment on liver microcirculation and cytokine response to assess the role of HO-1-mediated effects under these conditions. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-300 g; n=8 per group) were subjected to hemorrhage (MAP, 30-40 mmHg for 1 h) 24 h after pretreatment with vehicle (Ringer solution) or HAR (5 mg kg(-1)), followed by 2 h of resuscitation. The microcirculation and the redox state (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [reduced form; NADPH] autofluorescence) of the liver were assessed using intravital microscopy. Cytokine levels (TNF-alpha and IL-10) were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A profound induction of HO-1 was observed 24 h after pretreatment with HAR. Hemorrhage significantly reduced sinusoidal perfusion and increased NADPH autofluorescence and cytokine levels. Hemin arginate pretreatment significantly improved liver microcirculation, reduced NADPH autofluorescence, significantly increased IL-10, and tended to decrease TNF-alpha serum levels compared with shock vehicle. Blockade of the HO pathway with tin-mesoporphyrin-IX after HAR pretreatment abolished the observed beneficial effects, whereas the additional administration of the carbon monoxide donor dichloromethane reversed the tin-mesoporphyrin-IX-mediated changes. These results suggest that HAR pretreatment improves liver microcirculation and mediates an anti-inflammatory cytokine response after hemorrhagic shock through induction of HO-1 and in part through an increased carbon monoxide release.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, University of the Saarland, Homburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Darius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kubulus
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mathes
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pradarutti
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raddatz
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heiser
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pavlidis
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Hauke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rensing
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001120:Arginine / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006418:Heme / Q000378:metabolism*; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D006418:Heme; D001120:Arginine; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; C048849:heme arginate