title: Determinants of self-measured pulse rate profile in medicated hypertensives: the Jichi Morning Surge-1 (JMS-1) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, it was reported that high pulse rate (PR), which was measured using by self-measured blood pressure (BP) monitoring at home, was associated with cardiovascular risk. However, the predictor of high PR at home in treated hypertensives is unknown. In this study, we studied the predictor of high PR and evaluated pulse rate variability (PRV).
  
  
  METHODS
  In the JMS-1 study, 611 hypertensive outpatients were recruited. Self-measured BP monitoring was conducted consecutively twice in the morning and evening for three days. PR analysis was conducted using the average of these two measurements for three days (six readings in total). We defined home PR as the mean of these six readings. Home PRV was defined as the standard deviation of these six readings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that current smoking (beta = 0.12, p = 0.002), diabetes (beta = 0.16, p < 0.001), lack of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor use (beta = 0.10, p = 0.008), decreased brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP; beta = 0.17, p < 0.001), and elevated home diastolic blood pressure (beta = 0.14, p = 0.009) were determinants of high PR. Determinants of decreased home PRV were female gender (beta = 0.10, p < 0.03) and increased hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c; beta = 0.15, p < 0.001). When we divided the patients into four groups according to home PR and its variability, hypertensives whose home PR was high and variability was low were found to have high HbA1c (ANOVA, p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking habit, diabetes, lack of ACE inhibitor use, and low BNP value were determinants of home PR, and female gender and higher HbA1c were significantly associated with its low variability. Home PR and its variability may be useful for detecting high-risk hypertensive patients, particularly with autonomic neuropathy.
authors.affiliation: Chichibu Municipal Hospital, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kabutoya
authors.forename: Joji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoshide
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.forename: Seiichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shibasaki
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Shizukiyo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Pickering
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Kazuomi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kario
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000379:methods; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D012648:Self Care; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain