title: Exercise as an adjunct to nicotine gum in treating tobacco dependence among women.
abstract: This was the first randomized, controlled smoking cessation trial assessing the efficacy of an exercise intervention as an adjunct to nicotine gum therapy in comparison with both equal contact control and standard care control conditions. Sedentary female smokers aged 18-55 years were provided with nicotine gum treatment along with brief behavioral counseling and were randomized into one of these three behavioral adjunct conditions. In the "intent-to-treat" sample (N = 182), at end of treatment and at 1-year follow-up, there were clear, but nonsignificant, trends in univariate analyses in which the exercise and equal contact control conditions both had higher rates of abstinence than the standard care control. However, when adjusting for other predictors of relapse in a multiple logistic regression, both exercise and equal contact control showed an advantage over standard care control in avoiding early relapse (i.e., after 1 week). In a multivariate survival model adjusting for other predictors, the equal contact condition had a significantly lower likelihood of relapse compared with the standard care condition and there was a near significant trend in which exercise offered an advantage over standard care as well. While these findings suggest a slightly improved likelihood of abstinence with exercise compared with standard care, exercise did not differ from equal contact control in its efficacy. Potential explanations for these equivalent levels of efficacy and implications for the findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Dependence Treatment and Research, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA. taru_kinnunen@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Taru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinnunen
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Leeman
authors.forename: Tellervo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.forename: Zandra N
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Quiles
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Terwal
authors.forename: Arthur J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Garvey
authors.forename: Howard L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Hartley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002638:Chewing Gum; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D002638:Chewing Gum; D009538:Nicotine