title: Fistula analysis after radial forearm free flap reconstruction of hypopharyngeal defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate risk factors and management options for fistula formation after hypopharyngeal reconstruction using the radial forearm free flap reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing radial forearm free flap for hypopharyngeal reconstruction were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 104 patients underwent this procedure between 2001 and 2007. Fistulas were classified as mild or severe depending on the response to conservative management. Demographics, operative details, pathology, and postoperative course were recorded as the prognostic variables. Univariate analysis and a logistic regression model were used to identify associated factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharyngocutaneous fistula developed in 30 (28.8%) patients. Recurrence, cancer stage, cancer location, type of ablative surgery, and the addition of other oncologic procedures were identified as significant predictors of fistula formation. Fistula significantly increases hospital stay and recipient site complications such as flap survival, infection, and bleeding. Functional results such as diet, deformity, and socialization were also negatively affected by fistula development. One third of the cases responded to conservative management, and 20 cases required a surgical procedure to definitively close the fistulous track.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fistula formation remains a significant cause of morbidity associated with hypopharyngeal-reconstruction. Postoperative course and successful preventive strategies are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama in Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0012, USA.
authors.forename: Patricio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andrades
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Pehler
authors.forename: Christopher F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Baranano
authors.forename: Jeffery S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Magnuson
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Eben L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D017577:Cutaneous Fistula / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005402:Fistula / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007012:Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D037981:Neck Dissection; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D010608:Pharyngeal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D011379:Prognosis; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013524:Surgical Flaps