title: T-cell regulation in chronic paranasal sinus disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory disease with distinct cytokine and remodeling patterns. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is characterized by a T(H)2-skewed eosinophilic inflammation, whereas chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) represents a predominant T(H)1 milieu.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to study the direct tissue expression of transcription factors for T-cell subpopulations, including T regulatory cells, in relation to the cytokine expression patterns in the different disease subgroups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), T-box transcription factor (T-bet), GATA-3, retinoid acid-related orphan receptor C (RORc), the suppressive cytokines TGF-beta1 and IL-10, and T(H)1/ T(H)2/ T(H)17 cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17) were analyzed by means of RT-PCR in 13 CRSsNP, 16 CRSwNP, and 10 control samples. Additional protein measurements were performed for TGF-beta1 and IFN-gamma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In CRSwNP, we observed a significantly lower FOXP3 mRNA and TGF-beta1 protein expression, but a significantly higher T-bet, GATA-3, IL-5, and IL-13 mRNA expression compared with controls, whereas RORc was not significantly different compared with controls. In CRSsNP, FOXP3, T-bet, GATA-3, and RORc expression was not significantly different from controls, whereas TGF-beta1 mRNA, IFN-gamma mRNA, and protein were significantly higher in CRSsNP compared with controls. For IL-17, no significant differences were noted among all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate for the first time a decreased FOXP3 expression accompanied by an upregulation of T-bet and GATA-3 and a downregulation of TGF-beta1 in CRSwNP versus controls and CRSsNP.
authors.affiliation: Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Van Bruaene
authors.forename: Claudina Angela
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pérez-Novo
authors.forename: Tomasz M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Basinski
authors.forename: Thibaut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Zele
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holtappels
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Ruyck
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Weber
authors.forename: Cezmi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Akdis
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Cauwenberge
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bachert
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gevaert
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000276:immunology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000276:immunology*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000276:immunology*; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C418974:FOXP3 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor; D014157:Transcription Factors