title: Population snapshot of emergent Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A in the United States, 2005.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serotype 19A invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) increased annually in the United States after the introduction of the 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7). To understand this increase, we characterized serotype 19A isolates recovered during 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  IPD cases during 1998-2005 were identified through population-based surveillance. We performed susceptibility testing and multilocus sequence typing on 528 (95%) of 554 serotype 19A isolates reported in 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of IPD due to serotype 19A increased from 0.8 to 2.5 cases per 100,000 population between 1998 and 2005 (P < .05), whereas the overall incidence of IPD decreased from 24.4 to 13.8 cases per 100,000 population (P < .05). Simultaneously, the incidence of IPD due to penicillin-resistant 19A isolates increased from 6.7% to 35% (P < .0001). Of 151 penicillin-resistant 19A isolates, 111 (73.5%) belonged to the rapidly emerging clonal complex 320, which is related to multidrug-resistant Taiwan(19F)-14. The remaining penicillin-resistant strains were highly related to other clones of PCV7 serotypes or to isolates within major 19A clonal complex 199 (CC199). In 1999, only CC199 and 3 minor clones were apparent among serotype 19A isolates. During 2005, 11 multiple-isolate clonal sets were detected, including capsular switch variants of a serotype 4 clone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCV7 ineffectiveness against serotype 19A, antibiotic resistance, clonal expansion and emergence, and capsular switching have contributed to the genetic diversity of 19A and to its emergence as the predominant invasive pneumococcal serotype in the United States.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gertz
authors.forename: Robyn L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Woodbury
authors.forename: Genevieve A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Barkocy-Gallagher
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schaffner
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lexau
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gershman
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reingold
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farley
authors.forename: Lee H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hadler
authors.forename: Nancy M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Ann R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McGee
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pilishvili
authors.forename: Angela B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Brueggemann
authors.forename: Cynthia G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Whitney
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jorgensen
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial