title: Draper-dependent glial phagocytic activity is mediated by Src and Syk family kinase signalling.
abstract: The cellular machinery promoting phagocytosis of corpses of apoptotic cells is well conserved from worms to mammals. An important component is the Caenorhabditis elegans engulfment receptor CED-1 (ref. 1) and its Drosophila orthologue, Draper. The CED-1/Draper signalling pathway is also essential for the phagocytosis of other types of 'modified self' including necrotic cells, developmentally pruned axons and dendrites, and axons undergoing Wallerian degeneration. Here we show that Drosophila Shark, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase similar to mammalian Syk and Zap-70, binds Draper through an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in the Draper intracellular domain. We show that Shark activity is essential for Draper-mediated signalling events in vivo, including the recruitment of glial membranes to severed axons and the phagocytosis of axonal debris and neuronal cell corpses by glia. We also show that the Src family kinase (SFK) Src42A can markedly increase Draper phosphorylation and is essential for glial phagocytic activity. We propose that ligand-dependent Draper receptor activation initiates the Src42A-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Draper, the association of Shark and the activation of the Draper pathway. These Draper-Src42A-Shark interactions are strikingly similar to mammalian immunoreceptor-SFK-Syk signalling events in mammalian myeloid and lymphoid cells. Thus, Draper seems to be an ancient immunoreceptor with an extracellular domain tuned to modified self, and an intracellular domain promoting phagocytosis through an ITAM-domain-SFK-Syk-mediated signalling cascade.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605-2324, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ziegenfuss
authors.forename: Romi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.forename: Kyoungja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Sheehan
authors.forename: Yee-Guide
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: E Richard
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: Marc R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002490:Central Nervous System; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000166:cytology*; D010587:Phagocytosis; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D021381:Protein Transport; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016392:Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src) / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000072377:Syk Kinase; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C495322:drpr protein, Drosophila; C092552:Shark protein, Drosophila; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D016392:Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src); C100382:Src42A protein, Drosophila; D000072377:Syk Kinase