title: Psychotherapy for depression among incurable cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most common psychiatric diagnosis among cancer patients is depression; this diagnosis is even more common among patients with advanced cancer. Psychotherapy is a patient-preferred and promising strategy for treating depression among cancer patients. Several systematic reviews have investigated the effectiveness of psychological treatment for depression among cancer patients. However, the findings are conflicting, and no review has focused on depression among patients with incurable cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of psychotherapy for treating depression among patients with advanced cancer by conducting a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group Register, The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases in September 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  All relevant RCTs comparing any kind of psychotherapy with conventional treatment for adult patients with advanced cancer were eligible for inclusion. Two independent review authors identified relevant studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently extracted data from the original reports using standardized data extraction forms. Two independent review authors also assessed the methodological quality of the selected studies according to the recommendations of a previous systematic review of psychological therapies for cancer patients that utilized ten internal validity indicators. The primary outcome was the standardized mean difference (SMD) of change between the baseline and immediate post-treatment scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified a total of ten RCTs (total of 780 participants); data from six studies were used for meta-analyses (292 patients in the psychotherapy arm and 225 patients in the control arm). Among these six studies, four studies used supportive psychotherapy, one adopted cognitive behavioural therapy, and one adopted problem-solving therapy. When compared with treatment as usual, psychotherapy was associated with a significant decrease in depression score (SMD = -0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.08 to -0.80). None of the studies focused on patients with clinically diagnosed depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence from RCTs of moderate quality suggest that psychotherapy is useful for treating depressive states in advanced cancer patients. However, no evidence supports the effectiveness of psychotherapy for patients with clinically diagnosed depression.
authors.affiliation: Nagoya City University Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, 467 8601. takechi@med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akechi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okuyama
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Onishi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Furukawa
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D011613:Psychotherapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic