title: Reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests of the capuchin monkey (Cebus apella).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in healthy capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) with the aim of establishing normal physiological reference values for this species.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 15 healthy, capuchin monkeys were used to test most of the parameters in this investigation. Five of the 15 monkeys were used for the evaluation of normal conjunctival flora. Ages varied from 6 to 20 years of age. Selected diagnostic ocular tests were performed including Schirmer tear test (STT), tonometry using an applanation tonometer (Tonopen), central corneal thickness (CCT) using an ultrasonic pachymeter (Sonomed, Micropach), Model 200P+) and culture of the normal conjunctival bacterial flora.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results for selected ocular diagnostic tests investigated here for the capuchin monkey eye were as follows: IOP: 18.4 +/- 3.8 mmHg; STT: 14.9 +/- 5.1 mm/min; CCT: 0.46 +/- 0.03 mm. No statistically significant differences between ages or genders were found for any of the results. Streptococcus sp. and Corynebacterium sp. were isolated from healthy conjunctival and eyelid margins, suggesting they are normal constituents of the conjunctival flora of the capuchin monkey. The data obtained in this investigation will help veterinary ophthalmologists and laboratory animal medicine specialists to more accurately diagnose ocular diseases in the capuchin monkey. These ophthalmic reference values will be particularly useful to diagnose discrete or unusual pathological changes of the capuchin monkey eye.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Rua dos Funcionários 1540, 80035-050 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. montiani@ufpr.br
authors.forename: Fabiano
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montiani-Ferreira
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Bianca Chaim
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Mattos
authors.forename: Heloisa Helena Abil
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Russ
authors.forename: Ricardo G D'O C
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Vilani
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002428:Cebus / Q000502:physiology*; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000382:microbiology*; D003315:Cornea / Q000502:physiology; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological / Q000662:veterinary*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary