title: Effects of neonatal iron status, iron injections at birth, and weaning in young pigs from sows fed either organic or inorganic trace minerals.
abstract: Second-parity sows (n = 7) were fed diets containing organic or inorganic trace minerals, and their progeny (n = 68) were used to determine the Fe status of pigs at birth and nursing and postweaning phases. The experiment comprised 2 parts, in which the first experiment was a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Sow trace mineral (organic vs. inorganic) was the first factor evaluated, and the injection of Fe (0 or 200 mg) to neonatal pigs within litter was the second factor. In Exp. 2, half the pigs in each litter from each neonatal Fe injection group were injected with Fe (0 vs. 200 mg) at weaning as an added factor in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement in a split-split-plot design. Weanling pigs were fed diets fortified with 90 mg/kg of Fe (sulfate), but the analyzed indigenous and fortified Fe content was 170 mg/kg. Pigs in both experiments were bled at periodic intervals to determine hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, percentage of hematocrit (Hct), and ceruloplasmin oxidase activity. Neonates and d-2 pigs from sows fed organic trace minerals had lower (P < 0.05) Hb concentrations compared with sows fed inorganic trace minerals, but they had similar percentages of Hct values. Blood Hb seemed to remain lower throughout the nursing period when sows were fed organic vs. inorganic Fe. Pigs without Fe injection had decreased ADG (P < 0.05) from 0 to 7 and 7 to 17 d than pigs injected with Fe. Although Hb values increased when neonatal pigs received Fe injection, they were somewhat lower when sows were fed the organic Fe. Ceruloplasmin oxidase activity was low at birth, increased to weaning in each treatment group, and was greater in pigs without Fe injection at d 13 (P < 0.05) and those from sows fed organic minerals at d 17 (P < 0.01). In Exp. 2, when the Fe-fortified diet was fed, BW and ADG responses were both greater (P < 0.01) to 28 d postweaning when neonates had received Fe injections. Neonates not injected with Fe at birth but injected at weaning had greater ADG, Hb, and Hct values, whereas pigs injected with Fe did not respond to Fe injection at weaning, which resulted in interactions (P < 0.05) in those criteria at most measurement periods. The results indicated a reduced Fe bioavailability when sows were fed the organic Fe source, but this may also have been due to the greater Fe need, lowered Fe status, or both, of the sow because of the greater number of pigs farrowed and heavier litter weights at parturition and weaning. The results also indicated that Fe injections at birth may be critical to achieving maximum pig growth response to weaning. There was no apparent advantage to injecting Fe at weaning when neonatal pigs received Fe injections.
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Columbus 43210-1095, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Mahan
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002570:Ceruloplasmin / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006400:Hematocrit / Q000662:veterinary; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D007505:Iron-Dextran Complex / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D007505:Iron-Dextran Complex; D007501:Iron; D002570:Ceruloplasmin