title: Interprofessional attitudes amongst undergraduate students in the health professions: a longitudinal questionnaire survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interprofessional education (IPE) introduced at the beginning of pre-registration training for healthcare professionals attempts to prevent the formation of negative interprofessional attitudes which may hamper future interprofessional collaboration. However, the potential for IPE depends, to some extent, on the readiness of healthcare students to learn together.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure changes in readiness for interprofessional learning, professional identification, and amount of contact between students of different professional groups; and to examine the influence of professional group, student characteristics and an IPE course on these scores over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Annual longitudinal panel questionnaire survey at four time-points of pre-registration students (n=1683) drawn from eight healthcare groups from three higher education institutions (HEIs) in the UK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The strength of professional identity in all professional groups was high on entry to university but it declined significantly over time for some disciplines. Similarly students' readiness for interprofessional learning was high at entry but declined significantly over time for all groups, with the exception of nursing students. A small but significant positive relationship between professional identity and readiness for interprofessional learning was maintained over time. There was very minimal contact between students from different disciplines during their professional education programme. Students who reported gaining the least from an IPE course suffered the most dramatic drop in their readiness for interprofessional learning in the following and subsequent years; however, these students also had the lowest expectations of an IPE course on entry to their programme of study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings provide support for introducing IPE at the start of the healthcare students' professional education to capitalise on students' readiness for interprofessional learning and professional identities, which appear to be well formed from the start. However, this study suggests that students who enter with negative attitudes towards interprofessional learning may gain the least from IPE courses and that an unrewarding experience of such courses may further reinforce their negative attitudes.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Division of Health & Social Care Research, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coster
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murrells
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitchen
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meerabeau
authors.forename: Enkanah
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sooboodoo
authors.forename: Lynda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: d'Avray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003479:Curriculum; D004517:Education, Professional / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009341:Negativism; D015402:Nursing Education Research; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012933:Social Identification; D013336:Students, Health Occupations / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom