title: Raster stereography versus radiography in the long-term follow-up of idiopathic scoliosis.
abstract: METHODS
  Raster-stereographic and radiographic evaluation of idiopathic scoliosis without braces in a retrospective longitudinal long-term follow-up study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the reliability and accuracy of raster stereography in comparison with radiography as the gold standard, using a longitudinal long-term study design in idiopathic scoliosis, to reduce the number of radiographs required during follow-up in scoliosis patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It has been confirmed that raster stereography produces reliable data in patients with conservatively and surgically treated idiopathic scoliosis, up to a Cobb angle of 80 degrees. This means that the method can be used to replace radiography during the follow-up in these patients. However, no data have yet been published on the use of raster stereography in a longitudinal setting during a long-term follow-up period in comparison with radiography as the gold standard.
  
  
  METHODS
  Raster stereographs and digitized anterior-posterior radiographs of 16 patients with idiopathic scoliosis were studied retrospectively in a longitudinal study design, with a mean follow-up period of 8 years (range 3 to 10 y). Lateral vertebral deviation and vertebral rotation were measured between C7 and L4 using raster stereography and radiography, compared with Cobb angles, and correlated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the follow-up period, the Cobb angle increased on average by 13 degrees. The progression of lateral vertebral deviation measured using both techniques, and that of vertebral rotation measured with radiography, was greater than that of the Cobb angle, whereas that of raster-stereographic vertebral rotation was lower. However, there was an excellent correlation between the raster-stereographic and radiographic progression of these parameters (R2 >or=0.5). The mean difference between raster stereographs and radiographs was 3.21 mm for lateral vertebral deviation and 2.45 degrees for vertebral rotation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using the parameters of lateral vertebral deviation and vertebral rotation, raster stereography accurately reflects the radiographically measured progression of idiopathic scoliosis during the long-term follow-up, but these parameters are not directly comparable with the Cobb angle. In the follow-up of scoliosis patients, the authors would recommend a raster-stereographic examination every 3 to 6 months and a radiographic examination every 12 to 18 months only, provided that raster stereography does not show rapid deterioration of the scoliosis. The patient's radiation exposure can be reduced using this approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany. dr.tobias.schulte@web.de
authors.forename: Tobias L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hierholzer
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boerke
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lerner
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Liljenqvist
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bullmann
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hackenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001915:Braces / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome