title: Local myotoxicity from sustained release of bupivacaine from microparticles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sustained release of local anesthetics is frequently associated with myotoxicity. The authors investigated the role of particulate delivery systems and of the pattern of drug release in causing myotoxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were given sciatic nerve blocks with bupivacaine solutions, two types of bupivacaine-containing microparticles (polymeric microspheres and lipid-protein-sugar particles), or blank particles with or without bupivacaine in the carrier fluid. Myotoxicity was scored in histologic sections of the injection sites. Bupivacaine release kinetics from the particles were measured. Myotoxicity of a range of bupivacaine concentrations from exposures up to 3 weeks was assessed in C2C12 myotubes, with or without microparticles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both types of bupivacaine-loaded microparticles, but not blank particles, were associated with myotoxicity. Whereas 0.5% bupivacaine solution caused little myotoxicity, a concentration of bupivacaine that mimicked the amount of bupivacaine released initially from particles caused myotoxicity. Local anesthetics showed both concentration and time-dependent myotoxicity in C2C12s. Importantly, even very low concentrations that were nontoxic over brief exposures became highly toxic after days or weeks of exposure. The presence of particles did not increase bupivacaine myotoxicity in vitro but did in vivo. Findings applied to both particle types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas the release vehicles themselves were not myotoxic, both burst and extended release of bupivacaine were. A possible implication of the latter finding is that myotoxicity is an inevitable concomitant of sustained release of local anesthetics. Particles, and perhaps other vehicles, may enhance local toxicity through indirect mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Padera
authors.forename: Evangelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bellas
authors.forename: Julie Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kohane
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000737:chemistry*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D009183:Mycotoxins; D002045:Bupivacaine