title: Pollutant emissions from vehicles with regenerating after-treatment systems in regulatory and real-world driving cycles.
abstract: Regenerating exhaust after-treatment systems are increasingly employed in passenger cars in order to comply with regulatory emission standards. These systems include pollutant storage units that occasionally have to be regenerated. The regeneration strategy applied, the resultant emission levels and their share of the emission level during normal operation mode are key issues in determining realistic overall emission factors for these cars. In order to investigate these topics, test series with four cars featuring different types of such after-treatment systems were carried out. The emission performance in legislative and real-world cycles was monitored as well as at constant speeds. The extra emissions determined during regeneration stages are presented together with the methodology applied to calculate their impact on overall emissions. It can be concluded that exhaust after-treatment systems with storage units cause substantial overall extra emissions during regeneration mode and can appreciably affect the emission factors of cars equipped with such systems, depending on the frequency of regenerations. Considering that the fleet appearance of vehicles equipped with such after-treatment systems will increase due to the evolution of statutory pollutant emission levels, extra emissions originating from regenerations of pollutant storage units consequently need to be taken into account for fleet emission inventories. Accurately quantifying these extra emissions is achieved by either conducting sufficient repetitions of emission measurements with an individual car or by considerably increasing the size of the sample of cars with comparable after-treatment systems.
authors.affiliation: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Internal Combustion Engines, Dübendorf, Switzerland. robert.alvarez@empa.ch
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weilenmann
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Novak
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001334:Automobile Driving; D001336:Automobiles; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide