title: Safety of low-dose subcutaneous enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after primary intracerebral haemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risks and benefits of low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) for the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) after intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) have not been assessed. The few studies on this subject have revealed conflicting results.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated whether subcutaneous enoxaparin (20 mg daily) reduced symptomatic venous complications or caused increased 3-month death rate. We included 407 patients who were admitted to a stroke unit and survived the first two days after onset of ICH. There were 232 patients who received anticoagulant treatment for the prevention of DVT and PE and 175 who did not.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite the fact that the treated patients were in worse clinical condition at the start of the treatment, 3-month death rate was 19% among them compared to 21% among those not receiving anticoagulant therapy. Low-dose subcutaneous enoxaparin (20 mg once daily) induced a significant plasma anti-factor Xa activity 2-3 hours after administration (p=0.018). Haematoma enlargements (33%) occurred in 9% and 7% of the treated and untreated patients, whereas symptomatic venous thromboembolic complications were observed in 3% and 2%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We did not observe any increased mortality among ICH patients who survived the first 2 days after the onset of ICH and were thereafter treated with enoxaparin 20 mg daily relative to patients remaining untreated. A randomized trial of the effect of LMWH with a higher dose in prevention of venous thromboembolic complications would be indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Oulu University Hospital, Finland. sami.tetri@ppshp.fi
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tetri
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hakala
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Juvela
authors.forename: Pertti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saloheimo
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pyhtinen
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rusanen
authors.forename: Eeva-Riitta
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Savolainen
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hillbom
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D017984:Enoxaparin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D017984:Enoxaparin; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight