title: DNA watermarks: a proof of concept.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  DNA-based watermarks are helpful tools to identify the unauthorized use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) protected by patents. In silico analyses showed that in coding regions synonymous codons can be used to insert encrypted information into the genome of living organisms by using the DNA-Crypt algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We integrated an authenticating watermark in the Vam7 sequence. For our investigations we used a mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, called CG783, which has an amber mutation within the Vam7 sequence. The CG783 cells are unable to sporulate and in addition display an abnormal vacuolar morphology. Transformation of CG783 with pRS314 Vam7 leads to a phenotype very similar to the wildtype yeast strain CG781. The integrated watermark did not influence the function of Vam7 and the resulting phenotype of the CG783 cells transformed with pRS314 Vam7-TB shows no significant differences compared to the CG783 cells transformed with pRS314 Vam7.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From our experiments we conclude that the DNA watermarks produced by DNA-Crypt do not influence the translation from mRNA into protein. By analyzing the vacuolar morphology, growth rate and ability to sporulate we confirmed that the resulting Vam7 protein was functionally active.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Tumorbiology, University of Muenster, Badestrasse 9, 48149 Muenster, Germany. dominik.heider@uni-muenster.de
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heider
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barnekow
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D016384:Consensus Sequence; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D050767:Qc-SNARE Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012984:Software; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000378:metabolism; D050825:Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25; D014170:Transformation, Genetic; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050767:Qc-SNARE Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D050825:Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25; C494205:VAM7 protein, S cerevisiae; D004247:DNA