title: Noncanonical cell death programs in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
abstract: Genetic studies of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have uncovered four genes, egl-1 (BH3 only), ced-9 (Bcl-2 related), ced-4 (apoptosis protease activating factor-1), and ced-3 (caspase), which function in a linear pathway to promote developmental cell death in this organism. While this core pathway functions in many cells, recent studies suggest that additional regulators, acting on or in lieu of these core genes, can promote or inhibit the onset of cell death. Here, we discuss the evidence for these noncanonical mechanisms of C. elegans cell death control. We consider novel modes for regulating the core apoptosis genes, and describe a newly identified cell death pathway independent of all known C. elegans cell death genes. The existence of these noncanonical cell death programs suggests that organisms have evolved multiple ways to ensure appropriate cellular demise during development.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Driscoll
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shaham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; C089224:Ced-4 protein, C elegans; C087233:Ced-9 protein, C elegans; C112486:EGL-1 protein, C elegans; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D020169:Caspases; C089223:ced-3 protein, C elegans