title: The influence of tobacco on early dental implant failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess tobacco use as a risk factor for early implant failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  To address the research aim, a retrospective study design was used, and a study sample was derived from among patients who had 1 or more implants inserted between July 1996 and July 2004. The main predictor variable was the frequency of tobacco use. The major outcome variable was early implant failure. Appropriate descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate statistics were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study sample was composed of 650 patients who had 1,628 implants inserted and were selected for analysis. The early implant loss rates found in the nonsmoking group and the smoking group were 3.32% and 2.81%, respectively. Univariate and bivariate analyses showed no statistical significance for early implant losses associated with the frequency of tobacco use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that tobacco use alone cannot be considered as a factor for risk related to early implant failures. Prospective studies are needed to assess the risk of early implant failure in conjunction with smoking.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexander Tadeu
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Sverzut
authors.forename: Glaykon Alex Vitti
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Stabile
authors.forename: Márcio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Moraes
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mazzonetto
authors.forename: Roger William Fernandes
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Moreira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D015921:Dental Implants; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013516:Oral Surgical Procedures, Preprosthetic; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants