title: Rapid eye movement sleep disturbances in Huntington disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep disorders including insomnia, movements during sleep, and daytime sleepiness are common but poorly studied in Huntington disease (HD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the HD sleep-wake phenotype (including abnormal motor activity during sleep) in patients with various HD stages and the length of CAG repeats. Because a mild hypocretin deficiency has been found in the brains of some patients with HD (hereinafter referred to as HD patients), we also tested the HD patients for narcolepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five HD patients (including 2 premanifest carriers) underwent clinical interview, nighttime video and sleep monitoring, and daytime multiple sleep latency tests. Their results were compared with those of patients with narcolepsy and control patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HD patients had frequent insomnia, earlier sleep onset, lower sleep efficiency, increased stage 1 sleep, delayed and shortened rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and increased periodic leg movements. Three HD patients (12%) had REM sleep behavior disorders. No sleep abnormality correlated with CAG repeat length. Reduced REM sleep duration (but not REM sleep behavior disorders) was present in premanifest carriers and patients with very mild HD and worsened with disease severity. In contrast to narcoleptic patients, HD patients had no cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, or sleep paralysis. Four HD patients had abnormally low (< 8 minutes) daytime sleep latencies, but none had multiple sleep-onset REM periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sleep phenotype of HD includes insomnia, advanced sleep phase, periodic leg movements, REM sleep behavior disorders, and reduced REM sleep but not narcolepsy. Reduced REM sleep may precede chorea. Mutant huntingtin may exert an effect on REM sleep and motor control during sleep.
authors.affiliation: Pathologies du Sommeil, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and U106, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris CEDEX 13, France. isabelle.arnulf@psl.aphp.fr
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Arnulf
authors.forename: Jørgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Ebba
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lohmann
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schiefer
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schieffer
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: Poul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jennum
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Konofal
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oudiette
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tabrizi
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Durr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018450:Disease Progression; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009290:Narcolepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D020189:Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D017286:Polysomnography; D020187:REM Sleep Behavior Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics