title: Meta-analysis: antibiotics for prophylaxis against hemodialysis catheter-related infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Catheter-related infections cause morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether topical or intraluminal antibiotics reduce catheter-related bloodstream infection compared with no antibiotic therapy in adults undergoing hemodialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases, trial registries, bibliographies, and conference proceedings up to October 2007, with no language restrictions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently selected randomized, controlled trials using topical or intraluminal antibiotics for prophylaxis of infection in adults with catheters who are undergoing hemodialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two independent reviewers assessed studies for inclusion, quality, and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fixed-effects models were used to estimate pooled rate ratios for outcomes. Topical antibiotics reduced the rate of bacteremia (rate ratio, 0.22 [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.40]; 0.10 vs. 0.45 case of bacteremia per 100 catheter-days), exit-site infection (rate ratio, 0.17 [CI, 0.08 to 0.38]; 0.06 vs. 0.41 case of infection per 100 catheter-days), need for catheter removal, and hospitalization for infection. Intraluminal antibiotics reduced the rate of bacteremia (rate ratio, 0.32 [CI, 0.22 to 0.47]; 0.12 vs. 0.32 case of bacteremia per 100 catheter-days) and need for catheter removal. Intraluminal antibiotics did not significantly reduce the rate of exit-site infection, and no hospitalization data were available for these agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The evidence base included only 16 trials, and most had less than 6 months of follow-up. Only one third of studies were blinded. Publication bias was evident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both topical and intraluminal antibiotics reduced the rate of bacteremia as well as the need for catheter removal secondary to complications. Whether these strategies will lead to antimicrobial resistance and loss of efficacy over longer periods remains unclear.
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, Calgary, and University of Alberta and Institute of Health Economics, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Joslyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Conley
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tonelli
authors.forename: Braden J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Manns
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: MacRae
authors.forename: Brenda R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Hemmelgarn
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation