title: Predicting the likelihood of carrying a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation: validation of BOADICEA, BRCAPRO, IBIS, Myriad and the Manchester scoring system using data from UK genetics clinics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Genetic testing for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 has important implications for the clinical management of people found to carry a mutation. However, genetic testing is expensive and may be associated with adverse psychosocial effects. To provide a cost-efficient and clinically appropriate genetic counselling service, genetic testing should be targeted at those individuals most likely to carry pathogenic mutations. Several algorithms that predict the likelihood of carrying a BRCA1 or a BRCA2 mutation are currently used in clinical practice to identify such individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the performance of the carrier prediction algorithms BOADICEA, BRCAPRO, IBIS, the Manchester scoring system and Myriad tables, using 1934 families seen in cancer genetics clinics in the UK in whom an index patient had been screened for BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mutations. The models were evaluated for calibration, discrimination and accuracy of the predictions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the five algorithms, only BOADICEA predicted the overall observed number of mutations detected accurately (ie, was well calibrated). BOADICEA also provided the best discrimination, being significantly better (p<0.05) than all models except BRCAPRO (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve statistics: BOADICEA = 0.77, BRCAPRO = 0.76, IBIS = 0.74, Manchester = 0.75, Myriad = 0.72). All models underpredicted the number of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in the low estimated risk category.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carrier prediction algorithms provide a rational basis for counselling individuals likely to carry BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Their widespread use would improve equity of access and the cost-effectiveness of genetic testing.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK. antonis@srl.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Antoniou
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shenton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eeles
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shanley
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pichert
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Izatt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Douglas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eccles
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Zimmern
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Easton
authors.forename: P D P
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Pharoah
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D019398:Genes, BRCA1; D024522:Genes, BRCA2; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity