title: Effects of reflective practice on the accuracy of medical diagnoses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reflective practice has been suggested to be an important instrument in improving clinical judgement and developing medical expertise. Empirical evidence supporting this suggestion, however, is absent. This paper reports on an experiment conducted to study the effects of reflective practice on diagnostic accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 42 internal medicine residents in hospitals in 2 states in the northeast of Brazil. They diagnosed 16 clinical cases. The experiment employed a repeated measures design, with 2 independent variables: the complexity of clinical cases (simple or complex), and the reasoning approach induced to diagnose the case (participants were instructed to diagnose each case either through pattern recognition or reflective reasoning). The dependent variable was the accuracy of the diagnosis provided for each case. All participants participated in each of the 2 levels of both independent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A main effect of case complexity emerged. There was no statistically significant main effect of reflective practice. However, a significant interaction effect was found between case complexity and mode of processing (F[1,41] = 4.48, P < 0.05), indicating that although reflective practice did not make a difference to accuracy of diagnosis in simple cases, it had a positive effect when diagnosing complex cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reflective practice had a positive effect on diagnosis of complex, unusual cases. Non-analytical reasoning was shown to be as effective as reflective reasoning for diagnosing routine clinical cases. Findings support the idea that reflective practice may particularly improve diagnoses in situations of uncertainty and uniqueness, reducing diagnostic errors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. silviamamede@gmail.com
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mamede
authors.forename: Henk G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Júlio César
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Penaforte
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D003933:Diagnosis; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000193:education*; D007396:Internship and Residency; D013850:Thinking