title: Red-shifted optogenetic excitation: a tool for fast neural control derived from Volvox carteri.
abstract: The introduction of two microbial opsin-based tools, channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and halorhodopsin (NpHR), to neuroscience has generated interest in fast, multimodal, cell type-specific neural circuit control. Here we describe a cation-conducting channelrhodopsin (VChR1) from Volvox carteri that can drive spiking at 589 nm, with excitation maximum red-shifted approximately 70 nm compared with ChR2. These results demonstrate fast photostimulation with yellow light, thereby defining a functionally distinct third category of microbial rhodopsin proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering and Psychiatry, W083 Clark Center, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prigge
authors.forename: Florent
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beyrière
authors.forename: Satoshi P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Tsunoda
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mattis
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yizhar
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hegemann
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deisseroth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003116:Color; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D025602:Halorhodopsins / Q000502:physiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D007473:Ion Channels; D008027:Light; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014162:Transfection; D044446:Volvox / Q000737:chemistry*; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D025602:Halorhodopsins; D007473:Ion Channels; C523009:channelopsin-2, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii