title: The impact of secondary particles on the association between ambient ozone and mortality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although several previous studies have found a positive association between ambient ozone and mortality, the observed effect may be confounded by other secondary pollutants that are produced concurrently with ozone.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We addressed the question of whether the ozone-mortality relationship is entirely a reflection of the adverse effect of ozone, or whether it is, at least in part, an effect of other secondary pollutants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Separate time-series models were fit to 3-6 years of data between 2000 and 2005 from 18 U.S. communities. The association between nonaccidental mortality was examined with ozone alone and with ozone after adjustment for fine particle mass, sulfate, organic carbon, or nitrate concentrations. The effect estimates from each of these models were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis to obtain an across-community average.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a 0.89% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.45-1.33%] increase in nonaccidental mortality with a 10-ppb increase in same-day 24-hr summertime ozone across the 18 communities. After adjustment for PM(2.5) (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <or= 2.5 microm) mass or nitrate, this estimate decreased slightly; but when adjusted for particle sulfate, the estimate was substantially reduced to 0.58% (95% CI, -0.33 to 1.49%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that the association between ozone and mortality is confounded by particle sulfate, suggesting that some secondary particle pollutants could be responsible for part of the observed ozone effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Landmark Center West, Room 412-E, 401 Park Dr., Boston, MA 02215, USA. mfrankli@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009026:Mortality; D010126:Ozone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D013431:Sulfates / Q000032:analysis; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D013431:Sulfates; D010126:Ozone