title: [External anal sphincter repair using the overlapping technique in patients with anal incontinence and concomitant pudendal nerve damage].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No single surgical technique has so far emerged as the optimal approach to treat defects of the anal sphincter in patients with postpartum fecal incontinence. Our approach is to repair the external sphincter using the overlapping technique to optimize morphological and clinical outcome. The results were correlated with preoperatively determined pudendal nerve function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five patients were followed up for three years after repair of the external anal sphincter. The patients had grade 2 (n = 29) or grade 3 (n = 6) fecal incontinence. Nineteen (54 %) patients had a concomitant defect of the internal anal sphincter and 28 (80 %) had abnormal pelvic floor EMG findings. Before surgery, all patients underwent conservative treatment with biofeedback and electrostimulation. The muscle ends were overlapped with Vicryl 4-0 sutures. A standardized protocol was used for the perioperative management in all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 35 patients who underwent overlapping repair of the external anal sphincter, 32 (91 %) had a satisfactory result at 3-year follow-up based on sonomorphological criteria. These 32 patients were continent for solid and liquid stools. Six of the 35 patients (17 %) continued to have flatus incontinence. Two (6 %) patients were improved and one patient (3 %) had unchanged incontinence. Pudendal nerve damage had no effect on the outcome of surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings at 3-year follow-up show good results for the overlapping repair of the external anal sphincter in terms of morphology and clinical symptoms. This outcome depends on an adequate preoperative pelvic floor conditioning, optimal perioperative management, and use of a standardized operative technique. Surgical repair of the morphological defect is recommended even in patients with pudendal nerve damage.
authors.affiliation: Urogynäkologie - Deutsches Beckenbodenzentrum im St. Hedwig Krankenhaus, Berlin.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gronewold
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kroencke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hagedorn
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tunn
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gauruder-Burmester
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000601:surgery*; D004576:Electromyography; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005414:Flatulence; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017773:Pelvic Floor; D010502:Perineum / Q000294:innervation*; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000601:surgery*; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013537:Sutures; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome