title: Avoidance tests in site-specific risk assessment--influence of soil properties on the avoidance response of Collembola and earthworms.
abstract: The ability of organisms to avoid contaminated soils can act as an indicator of toxic potential in a particular soil. Based on the escape response of earthworms and Collembola, avoidance tests with these soil organisms have great potential as early screening tools in site-specific assessment. These tests are becoming more common in soil ecotoxicology, because they are ecologically relevant and have a shorter duration time compared with standardized soil toxicity tests. The avoidance response of soil invertebrates, however, can be influenced by the soil properties (e.g., organic matter content and texture) that affect behavior of the test species in the exposure matrix. Such an influence could mask a possible effect of the contaminant. Therefore, the effects of soil properties on performance of test species in the exposure media should be considered during risk assessment of contaminated soils. Avoidance tests with earthworms (Eisenia andrei) and springtails (Folsomia candida) were performed to identify the influence of both organic matter content and texture on the avoidance response of representative soil organisms. Distinct artificial soils were prepared by modifying quantities of the standard artificial soil components described by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development to achieve different organic matter and texture classes. Several combinations of each factor were tested. Results showed that both properties influenced the avoidance response of organisms, which avoided soils with low organic matter content and fine texture. Springtails were less sensitive to changes in these soil constituents compared with earthworms, indicating springtails can be used for site-specific assessments of contaminated soils with a wider range of respective soil properties.
authors.affiliation: Instituto do Mar-Coimbra Interdisciplinary Centre, Department of Zoology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Tiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Natal-da-Luz
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Römbke
authors.forename: José Paulo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sousa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000502:physiology*; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000502:physiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil
chemical_list: D012987:Soil