title: Sex differences in atheroma burden and endothelial function in patients with early coronary atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Women and men have different clinical presentations and outcomes in coronary artery disease (CAD). We tested the hypothesis that sex differences may influence coronary atherosclerotic burden and coronary endothelial function before development of obstructive CAD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 142 patients (53 men, 89 women; mean +/- SD age, 49.3 +/- 11.7 years) with early CAD simultaneously underwent intravascular ultrasonography and coronary endothelial function assessment. Atheroma burden in the left main and proximal left anterior descending (LAD) arteries was significantly greater in men than women (median, 23.0% vs. 14.1%, P = 0.002; median, 40.1% vs. 29.3%, P = 0.001, respectively). Atheroma eccentricity in the proximal LAD artery was significantly higher in men than women (median, 0.89 vs. 0.80, P = 0.04). The length of the coronary segments with endothelial dysfunction was significantly longer in men than women (median, 39.2 vs. 11.1 mm, P = 0.002). In contrast, maximal coronary flow reserve was significantly lower in women than men (2.80 vs. 3.30, P < 0.001). Sex was an independent predictor of atheroma burden in the left main and proximal LAD arteries (both P < 0.05) by multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Men have greater atheroma burden, more eccentric atheroma, and more diffuse epicardial endothelial dysfunction than women. These results suggest that men have more severe structural and functional abnormalities in epicardial coronary arteries than women, even in patients with early atherosclerosis, which may result in the higher incidence rates of CAD and ST-segment myocardial infarction in men than women.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Seung Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Jang Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lennon
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eeckhout
authors.forename: Gregory W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Barsness
authors.forename: Charanjit S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rihal
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lerman
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D019160:Endosonography; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional