title: Determination of spatial distribution of increase in bone temperature during drilling by infrared thermography: preliminary report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the drilling of the bone, the temperature could increase above 47 degrees C and cause irreversible osteonecrosis. The spatial distribution of increase in bone temperature could only be presumed using several thermocouples around the drilling site. The aim of this study was to use infrared thermographic camera for determination of spatial distribution of increase in bone temperature during drilling.
  
  
  METHODS
  One combination of drill parameters was used (drill diameter 4.5 mm; drill speed 1,820 rpm; feed-rate 84 mm/min; drill point angle 100 degrees) without external irrigation on room temperature of 26 degrees C. The increase in bone temperature during drilling was analyzed with infrared thermographic camera in two perpendicular planes. Thermographic pictures were taken before drilling, during drilling with measurement of maximal temperature values and after extraction of the drill from the bone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The thermographic picture shows that the increase in bone temperature has irregular shape with maximal increase along cortical bone, which is the most compact component of the bone. The width of this area with the temperature above critical level is three times broader than the width of cortical bone. From the front, the distribution of increase in bone temperature follows the form of the cortical bone (segment of a ring), which is the most compact part and causes the highest resistance to drilling and subsequent friction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thermography showed that increase in bone temperature spreads through cortical bone, which is the most compact and dense part, and generates highest frictional heat during drilling. The medullar cavity, because of its gelatinous structure, contributes only to thermal dissipation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Kispatićeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. augustin.goran@gmail.com
authors.forename: Goran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Augustin
authors.forename: Slavko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davila
authors.forename: Toma
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Udiljak
authors.forename: Denis Stjepan
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Vedrina
authors.forename: Dinko
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bagatin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D004285:Dogs; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008297:Male; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D013552:Swine; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods