title: [Health economic consequences of insulin analogues in the treatment of type 1 diabetes in Denmark].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes is a major challenge to the Danish health care system, and complications account for the majority of total treatment costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The majority of type 1 diabetes patients in Denmark are treated with the flexible basal-bolus insulin regimen. Use of insulin analogues provides superior metabolic control, lower blood glucose viability, flexible life style, reduced frequency of hypoglycaemia and no undesired weight gain. The long term health economic consequences were projected in a published and validated Markov model. Treatment effects of insulin analogues and a similar human insulin regimen were based on results from a clinical RCT study and Danish health care costs were applied in the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the model, the improved glycaemic control and the reduction in hypoglycaemia episodes obtained with insulin analogues resulted in a reduction in late stage diabetes complications, improved quality of life and increased life expectancy compared to human insulin. The incremental costs-effectiveness ratio was estimated to DKK 55,867 per quality-adjusted life year gained, which is considered beneficial to society.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modelling predicts insulin analogues to be a cost-effective alternative to human insulin in Denmark.
authors.affiliation: CORE-Center for Outcomes Research, Allschwill, Schweiz Novo Nordisk Scandinavia AB, København S.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lammert
authors.forename: Kjeld
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hermansen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003718:Denmark; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061267:Insulin Aspart; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D061267:Insulin Aspart