title: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography-directed intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist therapy to control transient cerebral microemboli before and after carotid endarterectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with a transient focal neurological deficit, critical carotid stenosis and/or microemboli detected by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) have a significant risk of stroke. The effect of tirofiban, a selective glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, was assessed in patients with microembolic signals on TCD after transient ischaemic attacks or carotid endarterectomy (CEA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three patients with microemboli on TCD (13 symptomatic preoperative, 19 postoperative, one both) were treated with tirofiban between 2002 and 2007. All patients had carotid stenosis greater than 70 per cent. TCD monitoring was used during and after tirofiban therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median (range) rate of microemboli decreased from 22 (4-260) per h before surgery and 81 (44-216) per h after surgery to 0 (0-9) per h in both groups (P < 0.001, Mann-Whitney U test). This occurred rapidly (preoperative median 30 min; postoperative median 45 min) and was well tolerated in all patients, with no serious adverse effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cerebral microemboli were controlled by tirofiban both before and after CEA. Further study is required to compare the relative efficacy of tirofiban and dextran.
authors.affiliation: Coventry and Warwickshire County Vascular Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Walsgrave Hospital, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Dellen
authors.forename: C A S
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Tiivas
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jarvi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Higman
authors.forename: C H E
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Imray
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000601:surgery*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D000077466:Tirofiban; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D019039:Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex; D014443:Tyrosine; D000077466:Tirofiban