title: Ischemic preconditioning improves postoperative outcome after liver resections: a randomized controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clamping of the portal triad (Pringle maneuver) prevents blood loss during liver resection, but leads to liver injury upon reperfusion. Ischemic preconditioning (IP) has been shown to protect the liver against prolonged ischemic injury in animal models. However, the clinical value of this procedure has not yet been established.
  
  
  METHODS
  61 Patients undergoing hepatic resection under inflow occlusion were randomized to either to receive (Group-A n = 30) or not to receive (Group-B n = 31) an IP (10 minutes of ischemia followed 10 minutes of reperfusion).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (+/- SD)/ Group-A vs. Group-B. Pringle time of 34 +/- 14 and 33 +/- 12 minutes and the extent of resected liver tissue (2.7 +/- 1.3 vs. 2.7 +/- 1.1 segments) were comparable in both groups. Complications, including death, severe liver dysfunction and biliary leakage occurred in 6 patients of Group-A vs. 14 patients of Group-B (p<0.05). Intraoperative blood loss was significantly lower in Group-A (1.28 +/- 0.91 l vs. 1.94 +/- 0.76 l; p<0.001) with 5 vs. 15 patients requiring transfusions (p<0.01). In a multivariate analysis the duration of the Pringle maneuver (p<0.05) and the absence of preconditioning (p<0.05) were independent predictors for the occurrence of postoperative complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IP protects against reperfusion injury, reduces the incidence of complications after hepatic resection under inflow occlusion and is simple to use in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. oheizmann@uhbs.ch
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Heizmann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Loehe
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Volk
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schauer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome