title: Writing problems in developmental dyslexia: under-recognized and under-treated.
abstract: The International Dyslexia Association defines dyslexia as unexpected problems of neurobiological origin in accuracy and rate of oral reading of single real words, single pseudowords, or text or of written spelling. However, prior research has focused more on the reading than the spelling problems of students with dyslexia. A test battery was administered to 122 children who met inclusion criteria for dyslexia and qualified their families for participation in a family genetics study that has been ongoing for over a decade. Their parents completed the same test battery. Although a past structural equation modeling study of typically developing children identified a significant path from handwriting to composition quality, the current structural equation modeling study identified a significant path from spelling to composition for children and their parents with dyslexia. Grapho-motor planning did not contribute uniquely to their composition, showing that writing is not just a motor skill. Students with dyslexia do have a problem in automatic letter writing and naming, which was related to impaired inhibition and verbal fluency, and may explain their spelling problems. Results are discussed in reference to the importance of providing explicit instruction in the phonological, orthographic, and morphological processes of spelling and in composition to students with dyslexia and not only offering accommodation for their writing problems.
authors.affiliation: Educational Psychology, University of Washington. Seattle, WA 98195-3600, USA. vwb@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Virginia W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Berninger
authors.forename: Kathleen H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wijsman
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Raskind
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D008037:Linguistics; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D010700:Phonetics; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011930:Reaction Time; D012660:Semantics; D014706:Verbal Learning; D014956:Writing