title: Experimental model to evaluate in vivo and in vitro cartilage MR imaging by means of histological analyses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Implementation of an experimental model to compare cartilage MR imaging by means of histological analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  MRI was obtained from 4 patients expecting total knee replacement at 1.5 and/or 3T prior surgery. The timeframe between pre-op MRI and knee replacement was within two days. Resected cartilage-bone samples were tagged with Ethi-pins to reproduce the histological cutting course. Pre-operative scanning at 1.5 T included following parameters for fast low angle shot (FLASH: TR/TE/FA=33 ms/6 ms/30 degrees, BW=110 kHz, 120 mm x 120 mm FOV, 256 x 256 matrix, 0.65 mm slice-thickness) and double echo steady state (DESS: TR/TE/FA=23.7 ms/6.9 ms/40 degrees, BW=130 kHz, 120 x 120 mm FOV, 256 x 256 matrix, 0.65 mm slice-thickness). At 3T, scan parameters were: FLASH (TR/TE/FA=12.2 ms/5.1 ms/10 degrees, BW=130 kHz, 170 x 170 mm FOV, 320 x 320, 0.5mm slice-thickness) and DESS (TR/TE/FA=15.6 ms/4.5 ms/25 degrees, BW=200 kHz, 135 mm x 150 mm FOV, 288 x 320 matrix, 0.5mm slice-thickness). Imaging of the specimens was done the same day at 1.5 T. MRI (Noyes) and histological (Mankin) score scales were correlated using the paired t-test. Sensitivity and specificity for the detection of different grades of cartilage degeneration were assessed. Inter-reader and intra-reader reliability was determined using Kappa analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low correlation (sensitivity, specificity) was found for both sequences in normal to mild Mankin grades. Only moderate to severe changes were diagnosed with higher significance and specificity. The use of higher field-strengths was advantageous for both protocols with sensitivity values ranging from 13.6% to 93.3% (FLASH) and 20.5% to 96.2% (DESS). Kappa values ranged from 0.488 to 0.944.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Correlating MR images with continuous histological slices was feasible by using three-dimensional imaging, multi-planar-reformat and marker pins. The capability of diagnosing early cartilage changes with high accuracy could not be proven for both FLASH and DESS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Berne, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bittersohl
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Mamisch
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Welsch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stratmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Forst
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Swoboda
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bautz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: von Rechenberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavallaro
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical