title: Detection of smuggled cocaine in cargo using MDCT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smuggling dissolved drugs, especially cocaine, in bottled liquids is an ongoing problem at borders. Common fluoroscopy of packages at the border cannot detect contaminated liquids. The objective of our study was to develop an MDCT screening method to detect cocaine-containing vessels that are hidden between uncontaminated ones in a shipment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were performed on three wine bottles containing cocaine solutions that were confiscated at the Swiss border. Reference values were obtained by scans of different sorts of commercially available wine and aqueous solutions of dissolved sugar. All bottles were scanned using MDCT, and data evaluation was performed by measuring the mean peak of Hounsfield units. To verify the method, simulated testing was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using measurements of the mean peak of Hounsfield units enables the detection of dissolved cocaine in wine bottles in a noninvasive and rapid fashion. Increasing opacity corresponds well with the concentration of dissolved cocaine. Simulated testing showed that it is possible to distinguish between cocaine-contaminated and uncontaminated wine bottles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described method is an efficacious screening method to detect cocaine-contaminated bottles that are hidden between untreated bottles in cargo. The noninvasive examination of cargo allows a questionable delivery to be tracked without arousing the suspicion of the smugglers.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Forensic Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. silke.grabherr@chuv.ch
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grabherr
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Priska
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Regenscheit
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oesterhelweg
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bolliger
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thali
mesh_terms: D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis*; D053593:Forensic Toxicology / Q000379:methods*; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D019064:Product Packaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012996:Solutions; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014186:Transportation; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D012996:Solutions; D003042:Cocaine