title: Epigenetic mechanisms silence a disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 expression in bronchial epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 (ADAM33) polymorphism is strongly associated with asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Although considered to be a mesenchymal cell-specific gene, recent reports have suggested epithelial expression of ADAM33 in patients with severe asthma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Because dysregulated expression of ADAM33 can contribute to disease pathogenesis, we characterized the mechanism or mechanisms that control its transcription and investigated ADAM33 expression in bronchial biopsy specimens and brushings from healthy and asthmatic subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ADAM33 promoter and CpG island methylation were analyzed by using bioinformatics, luciferase reporters, and bisulfite sequencing of genomic DNA. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition was induced by using TGF-beta1. ADAM33 mRNA was scrutinized in bronchial biopsy specimens and brushings by using reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, melt-curve analysis, and direct sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The predicted ADAM33 promoter (-550 to +87) had promoter transcriptional activity. Bisulfite sequencing showed that the predicted promoter CpG island (-362 to +80) was hypermethylated in epithelial cells but hypomethylated in ADAM33-expressing fibroblasts. Treatment of epithelial cells with 5-aza-deoxycytidine caused demethylation of the CpG island and induced ADAM33 expression. In contrast, phenotypic transformation of epithelial cells through a TGF-beta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition was insufficient to induce ADAM33 expression. ADAM33 mRNA was confirmed in bronchial biopsy specimens, but no validated signal was detected in bronchial brushings from healthy or asthmatic subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ADAM33 gene contains a regulatory CpG island within its promoter, the methylation status of which tightly controls its expression in a cell type-specific manner. ADAM33 repression is a stable feature of airway epithelial cells, irrespective of disease.
authors.affiliation: Brooke Laboratories, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Youwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hans Michael
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Haitchi
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cakebread
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sammut
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Holloway
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Howarth
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Holgate
authors.forename: Donna E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D051722:ADAM Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001249:Asthma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001980:Bronchi / Q000378:metabolism*; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051722:ADAM Proteins; C450441:ADAM33 protein, human