title: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided endoscopic transmural drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgery is the traditional treatment for symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts, but the morbidity is still too high. Minimally invasive endoscopic approaches have been encouraged.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided endoscopic transmural drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January, 2003 to August, 2006, 31 consecutive symptomatic patients submitted to 37 procedures at the same endoscopic unit were retrospectively analysed. Chronic and acute pancreatitis were found in, respectively, 17 (54.8%) and 10 (32.3%) cases. Bulging was present in 14 (37.8%) cases. Cystogastrostomy or cystoduodenostomy were created with an interventional linear echoendoscope under endosonographic and fluoroscopic control. By protocol, only a single plastic stent, without nasocystic drain, was used. Straight or double pigtail stents were used in, respectively, 22 (59.5%) and 15 (40.5%) procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural drainage was successful in 29 (93.5%) patients. Two cases needed surgery, both due to procedure-related complications. There was no mortality related to the procedure. Twenty-four patients were followed-up longer than 4 weeks. During a mean follow-up of 12.6 months, there were six (25%) symptomatic recurrences due to stent clogging or migration, with two secondary infections. Median time for developing complications and recurrence of the collections was 3 weeks. These cases were successfully managed with new stents. Complications were more frequent in patients treated with straight stents and in those with a recent episode of acute pancreatitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic transmural drainage provides an effective approach to the management of pancreatic pseudocysts.
authors.affiliation: cevele@redemeta.com.br
authors.forename: César Vivian
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pesenti
authors.forename: Erwan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bories
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caillol
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovannini
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004322:Drainage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D019160:Endosonography / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D010192:Pancreatic Pseudocyst / Q000601:surgery* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*