title: Multiple voices in Charles Van Riper's desensitization therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Charles Van Riper (1905-94) author, researcher and practitioner, was one of the major contributors to the field of stuttering in the 20th century. His series of Action Therapy videotapes provide a useful model of how therapy was implemented by a master clinician.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Van Riper's session with a client is analysed to reveal how voices are used by these two participants during desensitization therapy, and to demonstrate how Van Riper's expertise manifests itself during the session.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interaction between Van Riper and a client during the desensitization stage of therapy was transcribed, annotated, and analysed using Goffman's (1974) frame analysis. Elements in the extensive discourse (about 4800 words exchanged) were chosen to illustrate a range of distinctive voices used by Van Riper and the client during this 'crucial' stage of therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Van Riper shifts his voice throughout the session. His comments are sometimes directed to the viewing audience, at which times he tends to use the voice of an exegeter. When directing his comments to the client, he uses two voices: an authoritative one and one that aligns with the person's feelings. The voice of the client is often silenced, especially when Van Riper is being authoritative. Sometimes Van Riper uses his expertise by speaking through the voice of the client. This is especially true when summarizing what the client might be feeling. The true voice of the client emerges only occasionally. Detailed discourse analysis focusing on the roles played by participants as revealed through footings taken by speakers show complexity in the interaction that is not obvious at surface level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By using discourse analysis, the multiple voices that Van Riper uses to achieve the complex tasks involved in desensitization can be specified.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Speech & Language Studies, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. mleahy@tcd.ie
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Leahy
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D006801:Humans; D013070:Speech Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D013342:Stuttering / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D014831:Voice; D014833:Voice Quality