title: A comparative study on the efficiency of two enucleation methods in pig somatic cell nuclear transfer: effects of the squeezing and the aspiration methods.
abstract: In this study, two enucleation methods, the squeezing and the aspiration methods, were compared. The efficiency of these two methods to enucleate pig oocytes and the in vitro and in vivo viability of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) pig embryos, were evaluated. In the squeezing method, the zona pellucida was partially dissected and a small amount of cytoplasm containing metaphase II (MII) chromosomes and the first polar body (PB) were pushed out. In the aspiration method, the PB and MII chromosomes were aspirated using a beveled micropipette. After injection of fetal fibroblasts into the perivitelline space, reconstructed oocytes were fused and activated electrically, and then cultured in vitro for 6 days or transferred to surrogates. The squeezing method resulted in a higher proportion of degenerated oocytes than the aspiration method (14% vs. 5%). The squeezing method took longer to enucleate 100 oocytes (306 minutes) than the aspirating method (113 minutes). Fusion rate (72-78%) and cleavage rate (67%) were not influenced by the enucleation method but blastocyst formation was improved (P < 0.05) in oocytes enucleated by the aspiration method (5 vs. 9%). When SCNT embryos were transferred to recipients, pregnancy rates to term were similar (27%, 3/11 and 27%, 3/11) in both methods with the birth of 10 piglets/3 litters and 16 piglets/3 litters in the squeezing and the aspiration methods, respectively. Our results indicate that the aspiration method for oocyte enucleation is more efficient than the squeezing method in producing a large number of pig SCNT embryos with normal in vivo viability.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA.
authors.forename: Eunsong
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Estrada
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Piedrahita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D008098:Litter Size; D053652:Nuclear Transfer Techniques / Q000662:veterinary*; D009865:Oocytes; D011247:Pregnancy; D013552:Swine