title: Sperm acquisition in nonobstructive azoospermia: what are the options?
abstract: Approximately 10% of male-factor infertility is caused by azoospermia, and nearly two thirds of these patients have nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). As experience has been gained, increasing numbers of men who have NOA are having sperm retrieved from their testes and used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection with vitro fertilization. This article reviews the various sperm retrieval techniques, discussing the advantages and disadvantages and the outcomes of each. Predictive factors for sperm retrieval are presented, as are some of the controversies that exist regarding sperm acquisition in NOA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Jay I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Sandlow
mesh_terms: D053713:Azoospermia / Q000473:pathology; D001706:Biopsy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013094:Spermatozoa; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods*