title: Neurodevelopment in children with albinism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate neurologic development in children with albinism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cohort series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-eight children with albinism, ages 4 to 18 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents completed a developmental questionnaire and were interviewed to evaluate their child for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) utilizing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV criteria. Sixty-five children underwent neurologic evaluation of balance and fine and gross motor movements. Results were compared with age-appropriate norms. Standardized reading tests were administered to 44 children. Each of 7 neurodevelopmental parameters were compared in terms of binocular best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven neurodevelopmental parameters were measured, including onset of walking, tandem gait, repetitive finger movements, sequential finger movements, standing on one foot, hopping on one foot, and throwing a ball overhand. School performance, reading performance, and presence of ADHD were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The BCVA ranged from 20/20 to 20/800, with median of 20/150. A diagnosis of ADHD was present in 21.8% and pervasive developmental disorder was noted in three children (3.8%). No significant developmental delays were noted in the majority of children. Motor development was generally within the normal range and unaffected by severity of visual impairment. Parents reported that 82% performed at grade level in math and 74% at grade level in reading. Only 18% scored below average on standardized reading tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most children with albinism have normal neurologic development despite visual impairment and increased prevalence of ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Beth R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Kutzbach
authors.forename: C Gail
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Holleschau
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: MacDonald
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016117:Albinism, Ocular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016115:Albinism, Oculocutaneous / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D009048:Motor Skills; D009420:Nervous System / Q000254:growth & development; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011932:Reading; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014792:Visual Acuity