title: Identification of novel host defense peptides and the absence of alpha-defensins in the bovine genome.
abstract: Host defense peptides (historically called antimicrobial peptides, AMPs) are key components in the mammalian innate immune system, and are responsible for both direct killing and immunomodulatory effects in host defense against pathogenic organisms. In order to identify novel host defense peptides by sequence analysis, we constructed the AMPer resource (http://www.cnbi2.com/cgi-bin/amp.pl) that utilizes hidden Markov models to recognize sequences of antimicrobial peptides. In the current work, we utilized the AMPer resource to search bovine expressed sequence tags from the NCBI dbEST project and the bovine genome sequence for novel host defense peptides. Of the 34 known bovine AMPs, 27 were identified with high confidence in the AMPs predicted from ESTs. A further potential 68 AMPs predicted from the EST data were found that appear to be novel giving a total estimate of 102 AMPs present in the genome. Two of these were cathelicidins and selected for experimental verification in RNA derived from bovine tissue. One predicted AMP, most similar to rabbit '15 kDa protein' AMP, was confirmed to be present in infected bovine intestinal tissue using PCR. These findings demonstrated the practical applicability of the developed bioinformatics approach and laid a foundation for future discoveries of gene-coded AMPs. No members of the alpha-defensin family were found in the bovine sequences. Since we could find no technical reasons these would be missed and no references to bovine alpha-defensins in the literature, this suggests that cattle lack this important family of host defense peptides.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia,Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. cfjell@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Fjell
authors.forename: Håvard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jenssen
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fries
authors.forename: Palok
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aich
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Griebel
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hilpert
authors.forename: Robert E W
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.forename: Artem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cherkasov
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002417:Cattle; D019295:Computational Biology; D030562:Databases, Protein; D015870:Gene Expression; D016678:Genome; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein; D023084:alpha-Defensins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D023084:alpha-Defensins