title: Characteristic thickened cell walls of the bracts of the 'eternal flower' Helichrysum bracteatum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Helichrysum bracteatum is called an 'eternal flower' and has large, coloured, scarious bracts. These maintain their aesthetic value without wilting or discoloration for many years. There have been no research studies of cell death or cell morphology of the scarious bract, and hence the aim of this work was to elucidate these characteristics for the bract of H. bracteatum.
  
  
  METHODS
  DAPI (4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindol dihydrochloride) staining and fluorescence microscopy were used for observation of cell nuclei. Light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and polarized light microscopy were used for observation of cells, including cell wall morphology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell death occurred at the bract tip during the early stage of flower development. The cell wall was the most prominent characteristic of H. bracteatum bract cells. Characteristic thickened secondary cell walls on the inside of the primary cell walls were observed in both epidermal and inner cells. In addition, the walls of all cells exhibited birefringence. Characteristic thickened secondary cell walls have orientated cellulose microfibrils as well as general secondary cell walls of the tracheary elements. For comparison, these characters were not observed in the petal and bract tissues of Chrysanthemum morifolium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bracts at anthesis are composed of dead cells. Helichrysum bracteatum bracts have characteristic thickened secondary cell walls that have not been observed in the parenchyma of any other flowers or leaves. The cells of the H. bracteatum bract differ from other tissues with secondary cell walls, suggesting that they may be a new cell type.
authors.affiliation: Vegetable and Ornamental Horticulture, Division of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Kuniko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Awano
authors.forename: Munetaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosokawa
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yazawa
mesh_terms: D016923:Cell Death; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D035264:Flowers / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D036562:Helichrysum / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020894:Microfibrils / Q000378:metabolism; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008859:Microscopy, Polarization