title: Potential for misclassification of mild cognitive impairment: a study of memory scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale-III in healthy older adults.
abstract: The psychometric criterion of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) generally involves having an unusually low score on memory testing (i.e., -1.5 SDs). However, healthy older adults can obtain low scores, particularly when multiple memory measures are administered. In turn, there is a substantial risk of psychometrically misclassifying MCI in healthy older adults. This study examined the base rates of low memory scores in older adults (55-87 years; n = 550) from the Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition (WMS-III; Wechsler, 1997b) standardization sample. The WMS-III consists of four co-normed episodic memory tests (i.e., Logical Memory, Faces, Verbal Paired Associates, and Family Pictures) that yield eight age- and demographically-adjusted standard scores (Auditory Recognition and Working Memory tests not included). When the eight age-adjusted scores were examined simultaneously, 26% of older adults had one or more scores at or below the 5th percentile (i.e., -1.5 SDs). On the eight demographically- adjusted scores, 39% had at least one score at or below the 5th percentile. There was an inverse relationship between intellectual abilities and prevalence of low memory scores, particularly with the age-adjusted WMS-III scores. Understanding the base rates of low scores can reduce the overinterpretation of low memory scores and minimize false-positive misclassification.
authors.affiliation: British Columbia Mental Health & Addiction Services, Riverview Hospital, Coquitlam, British Columbia. blbrooks@bcmhs.bc.ca
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Grant L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Iverson
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Holdnack
authors.forename: Howard H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014888:Wechsler Scales