title: Periventricular leukomalacia in very low birth weight preterm neonates with high risk for neonatal sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and neonatal sepsis in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied VLBWI with a clinical suspicion of infection who had been born at our institution between the 1st of August, 2005 and the 31st of July, 2007. Children were excluded if they died before reaching 14 days, had malformations of the central nervous system or congenital infections. Ultrasound brain scans were carried out on the third day and weekly up until the sixth week of life or discharge. Periventricular leukomalacia was diagnosed by persistent diffuse periventricular hyperechogenecity for more than 7 days, or by periventricular cysts. The VLBWI were separated into two groups on the basis of the presence or absence of PVL. Sepsis was defined as clinical manifestation plus a positive culture. The Mann-Whitney, chi-square and t tests were applied followed by logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 88 VLBWI were studied. Of these, 62 (70.5%) survived and 51 (57.8%) had PVL. Both groups were similar in terms of birth weight, gestational age, Apgar score, type of delivery, SNAPPE-II score, presence of necrotizing enterocolitis, persistent ductus arteriosus and deaths. Sepsis and mechanical ventilation were more common in the group with PVL (23.5 and 2.7%, p = 0.005; 86 and 59%, p = 0.004, respectively). Both of these were identified as, independent risk factors for PVL by logistic regression (p = 0.027 and 0.015, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chorioamnionitis has been defined as a risk factor for PVL. We have demonstrated that neonatal sepsis is also an important risk factor. We believe that the systemic inflammatory response is the principal factor involved in the etiopathogenesis of PVL among VLBWI.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS.
authors.forename: Rita C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: Renato S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Procianoy
authors.forename: Juliana C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dill
authors.forename: Cristine S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: da Costa
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007969:Leukomalacia, Periventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications*; D014463:Ultrasonography