title: Effect and safety of spinal cord stimulation for treatment of chronic pain caused by diabetic neuropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been shown effective as a therapy for different chronic painful conditions, but the effectiveness of this treatment for pain as a result of peripheral diabetic neuropathy is not well established. The primary objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect and safety of SCS for treatment of pain and the effects on microcirculatory blood flow in the affected areas in patients with refractory peripheral diabetic neuropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was designed as a prospective, open-label study. Data were collected during screening, at implant and at regular intervals, after initiation of therapy. Eleven diabetic patients with chronic pain in their lower limbs and no response to conventional treatment were studied. The SCS electrode was implanted in the thoracic epidural space. Neuropathic pain relief was assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and microcirculatory skin perfusion was measured with Laser Doppler flowmetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine subjects had significant pain relief with the percutaneous electrical stimulator. Average pain score for all nine patients was 77 at baseline and 34 at 6 months after implantation. At the end of the study, eight of nine patients continued to experience significant pain relief and have been able to significantly reduce their pain medication. For six of them, the stimulator was the sole treatment for their neuropathic pain. No significant changes in microcirculatory perfusion were recorded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spinal cord stimulation offers an effective and safe therapy for chronic diabetic neuropathic pain.
authors.affiliation: Twente Institute for Neuromodulation, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. c.devos@ziekenhuis-mst.nl
authors.forename: Cecile C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: de Vos
authors.forename: Vinayakrishnan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rajan
authors.forename: Wiendelt
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Steenbergen
authors.forename: Hans E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: van der Aa
authors.forename: Hendrik P J
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Buschman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D004566:Electrodes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D059408:Pain Management; D010477:Perfusion; D012449:Safety; D013116:Spinal Cord; D016896:Treatment Outcome