title: A novel nanoparticle formulation for sustained paclitaxel delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a novel nanoparticle drug delivery system consisting of chitosan and glyceryl monooleate (GMO) for the delivery of a wide variety of therapeutics including paclitaxel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chitosan/GMO nanoparticles were prepared by multiple emulsion (o/w/o) solvent evaporation methods. Particle size and surface charge were determined. The morphological characteristics and cellular adhesion were evaluated with surface or transmission electron microscopy methods. The drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release and cellular uptake were determined using HPLC methods. The safety and efficacy were evaluated by MTT cytotoxicity assay in human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231).
  
  
  RESULTS
  These studies provide conceptual proof that chitosan/GMO can form polycationic nano-sized particles (400 to 700 nm). The formulation demonstrates high yields (98 to 100%) and similar entrapment efficiencies. The lyophilized powder can be stored and easily be resuspended in an aqueous matrix. The nanoparticles have a hydrophobic inner-core with a hydrophilic coating that exhibits a significant positive charge and sustained release characteristics. This novel nanoparticle formulation shows evidence of mucoadhesive properties; a fourfold increased cellular uptake and a 1000-fold reduction in the IC(50) of PTX.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These advantages allow lower doses of PTX to achieve a therapeutic effect, thus presumably minimizing the adverse side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Trickler
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nagvekar
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Dash
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D002470:Cell Survival; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004655:Emulsions; D005260:Female; D005989:Glycerides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007700:Kinetics; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D010316:Particle Size; D012995:Solubility; D013499:Surface Properties; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004655:Emulsions; D005989:Glycerides; D048271:Chitosan; C005953:monoolein; D017239:Paclitaxel