title: Medicolegal perspective: interpretation of pretreatment orthodontic radiographs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To detect the prevalence of anatomic anomalies and pathologic findings that could be screened from pretreatment orthodontic radiographs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A thorough screening was conducted of the pretreatment orthodontic radiographs of a sample of 1,354 patients, collected by the author during the last 15 years from 4 locations, 3 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and 1 in Egypt.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 154 significant anomalies and pathologic findings were recorded among the total sample group of 1,354 orthodontic patients (11.4%). Among these, 22 could have a serious effect on the general health of the patient. The findings included fractured odontoid process of the axis vertebra, os odontoideum, spondylolisthesis, fractured surgical needle in the oropharynx, fractured transpalatal archwire swallowed and stuck in patient's throat, unrecognized carotid artery stenosis, cystic lesions, and calcified stylohyoid ligaments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medicolegal litigation is a main priority for the clinician, requiring cautiousness through screening of the pretreatment orthodontic radiographs beyond orthodontic purposes to exclude patients with significant anomalies and pathological findings. If not done from the medicolegal prospective, such screening should at least take place from an ethical perspective. The orthodontic clinician needs to know when to consult other medical specialties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, AlAzhar University, Cairo, Egypt. hmkader@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Hussam M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Abdel-Kader
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint / Q000002:abnormalities; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001270:Cervical Atlas / Q000002:abnormalities; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D033162:Incidental Findings; D007570:Jaw Cysts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008022:Ligaments / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D009339:Needles; D009809:Odontoid Process / Q000293:injuries; D009969:Orthodontic Wires / Q000009:adverse effects; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D011861:Radiography, Dental; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013168:Spondylolisthesis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging