title: Intensive care for extreme prematurity--moving beyond gestational age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decisions regarding whether to administer intensive care to extremely premature infants are often based on gestational age alone. However, other factors also affect the prognosis for these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively studied a cohort of 4446 infants born at 22 to 25 weeks' gestation (determined on the basis of the best obstetrical estimate) in the Neonatal Research Network of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to relate risk factors assessable at or before birth to the likelihood of survival, survival without profound neurodevelopmental impairment, and survival without neurodevelopmental impairment at a corrected age of 18 to 22 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among study infants, 3702 (83%) received intensive care in the form of mechanical ventilation. Among the 4192 study infants (94%) for whom outcomes were determined at 18 to 22 months, 49% died, 61% died or had profound impairment, and 73% died or had impairment. In multivariable analyses of infants who received intensive care, exposure to antenatal corticosteroids, female sex, singleton birth, and higher birth weight (per each 100-g increment) were each associated with reductions in the risk of death and the risk of death or profound or any neurodevelopmental impairment; these reductions were similar to those associated with a 1-week increase in gestational age. At the same estimated likelihood of a favorable outcome, girls were less likely than boys to receive intensive care. The outcomes for infants who underwent ventilation were better predicted with the use of the above factors than with use of gestational age alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The likelihood of a favorable outcome with intensive care can be better estimated by consideration of four factors in addition to gestational age: sex, exposure or nonexposure to antenatal corticosteroids, whether single or multiple birth, and birth weight. (ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT00063063 [ClinicalTrials.gov] and NCT00009633 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA. jon.e.tyson@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Jon E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tyson
authors.forename: Nehal A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Rosemary D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Higgins
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001724:Birth Weight; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology; D019988:Children with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones