title: When the hands speak.
abstract: In the present review we will summarize evidence that the control of spoken language shares the same system involved in the control of arm gestures. Studies of primate premotor cortex discovered the existence of the so-called mirror system as well as of a system of double commands to hand and mouth. These systems may have evolved initially in the context of ingestion, and later formed a platform for combined manual and vocal communication. In humans, manual gestures are integrated with speech production, when they accompany speech. Lip kinematics and parameters of voice spectra during speech production are influenced by executing or observing transitive actions (i.e. guided by an object). Manual actions also play an important role in language acquisition in children, from the babbling stage onwards. Behavioural data reported here even show a reciprocal influence between words and symbolic gestures and studies employing neuroimaging and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) techniques suggest that the system governing both speech and gesture is located in Broca's area.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Parma, via Volturno 39, 43100 Parma, Italy. gentiluc@unipr.it
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gentilucci
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dalla Volta
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gianelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005868:Gestures; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D008369:Manual Communication; D013060:Speech