title: Influence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on soluble cellular adhesion molecules as biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in young healthy subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Serum levels of soluble cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) and blood lipid parameters have been used as markers of inflammatory processes associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. The present study evaluated the effects of the intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in fish and fish oil within energy-restricted diets, on soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and seventy-five healthy European subjects aged between 20 and 40 years, were randomized to one of four hypocaloric dietary groups: control (sunflower oil capsules, no seafood), lean fish (3 x 150 g portions of cod/week), fatty fish (3 x 150 g portions of salmon/week), fish oil ((docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)+eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) capsules, no seafood)). Diets rich in lean fish significantly decreased ICAM-1 levels, around 5% from baseline to endpoint (p<0.05), and had no effect on VCAM-1 levels. No significant differences were observed in sICAM-1 levels after the intervention with fatty fish or fish oils. On the other hand, these two seafood based diets were responsible for a significant increase of VCAM-1 levels [fatty fish; 16.1% and fish oil; 21.9%] respectively (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAMs as inflammatory biomarkers in young and healthy subjects are not conclusive for the evaluation of CVD risk. Hypocaloric fish diets had a different effect on CAMs, being lean fish responsible for the highest decrease in ICAM-1. On the other hand, VCAM-1 results allow speculation that a low dose of n-3 PUFA may be anti-inflammatory contrarily to a high dose which can have a pro-inflammatory effect. CAMs mechanism is complex and affected by multiple factors such as lifestyle, gender, and n-3 dose and source.
authors.affiliation: The National Research Institute of Agriculture and Fisheries Research, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Paulo
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Morais
authors.forename: Mairead
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiely
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parra
authors.forename: J Alfredo
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martinéz
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Thorsdottir
authors.forename: Narcisa M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bandarra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D008055:Lipids; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1