title: In vivo MRI assessment of a novel GdIII-based contrast agent designed for high magnetic field applications.
abstract: Gd(3)L is a trinuclear Gd(3+) complex of intermediate size, designed for contrast agent applications in high field magnetic resonance imaging (H(12)L is based on a trimethylbenzene core bearing three methylene-diethylenetriamine- N,N,N'',N''-tetraacetate moieties). Thanks to its appropriate size, the presence of two inner sphere water molecules and a fast water exchange, Gd(3)L has remarkable proton relaxivities at high magnetic field (r(1) = 10.2 vs 3.0 mM(-1) s(-1) for GdDOTA at 9.4 T, 37 degrees C, in H(2)O). Here we report an in vivo MRI feasibility study, complemented with dynamic gamma scintigraphic imaging and biodistribution experiments using the (153)Sm-enriched analog. MRI experiments were performed at 9.4 T in mice with Gd(3)L and the commercial contrast agent gadolinium(III)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate (GdDOTA). Gd(3)L was well tolerated by the animals at the dose of 8 micromol Gd kg(-1) body weight. Dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) images showed considerably higher signal enhancement in the kidney medulla and cortex after Gd(3)L injection than after GdDOTA injection at an identical dose. The relaxation rates, DeltaR(1), were calculated from the IR TrueFISP data. During the excretory phase, the DeltaR(1) for various tissues was similar for Gd(3)L and GdDOTA, when the latter was injected at a three-fold higher dose (24 vs 8 micromol Gd kg(-1) body weight). These results point to an approximately three times higher in vivo relaxivity (per Gd) for Gd(3)L relative to GdDOTA, thus the ratio of the relaxivities of the two compounds determined in vitro is retained under in vivo conditions. They also indicate that the two inner sphere water molecules per Gd in Gd(3)L are not substantially replaced by endogenous anions or other donor groups under physiological conditions. Gd(3)L has a pharmacokinetics typical of small, hydrophilic complexes, involving fast renal clearance and no retention in the blood pool. The dynamic gamma scintigraphic studies and the biodistribution experiments performed in Wistar rats with (153)Sm-enriched (*)Sm(3)L are also indicative of a fast elimination via the kidneys.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans, France.
authors.forename: Paulo Loureiro
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: de Sousa
authors.forename: João Bruno
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Livramento
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Helm
authors.forename: André E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Merbach
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Même
authors.forename: Bich-Thuy
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Doan
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Beloeil
authors.forename: Maria I M
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Prata
authors.forename: Ana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Carlos F G C
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Geraldes
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tóth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007668:Kidney / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D051379:Mice; D009928:Organ Specificity; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D051598:Whole Body Imaging / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D005682:Gadolinium