title: Distribution of retinal responses evoked by transscleral electrical stimulation detected by intrinsic signal imaging in macaque monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The distribution of the electrical current over the retina when electrical pulses are delivered transsclerally has not been clearly determined objectively and quantitatively in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of electrically evoked neural activity in the monkey retina by using intrinsic signal imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intrinsic signals of monkey retinas were recorded as changes in the reflectance of infrared light from the retina after transscleral electrical stimulation by DTL electrodes. The effects of changing the stimulus parameters (e.g., intensity, duration, and frequency) of the electrical current, were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Electrical stimulation evoked a uniform change in the reflectivity across the posterior pole of the retina; that is, the intrinsic signals changed uniformly. A peak of the intrinsic signal was not observed at the fovea. The threshold of the intrinsic signal was not significantly different for the macula, perimacula, and optic disc, and the threshold did not differ under dark- and light-adapted conditions. The strength of the signals increased with longer stimulus durations, and the maximum signals were obtained when the stimulus frequency was between 15 and 20 Hz.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrinsic signals of the monkey retina evoked by transscleral electrical stimulation are elicited uniformly across the posterior pole of the fundus and most likely arise from activation of the inner or middle layers of the retina. These functional measurements could serve as a diagnostic tool for mapping the inner retinal activity, by which the site of a lesion can be noninvasively imaged.
authors.affiliation: Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Visual Science, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inomata
authors.forename: Kazushige
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsunoda
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hanazono
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kazato
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shinoda
authors.forename: Mitsuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yuzawa
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanifuji
authors.forename: Yozo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyake
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003623:Dark Adaptation; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*; D012590:Sclera / Q000502:physiology; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology