title: Intergenic bidirectional promoter and cooperative regulation of the IIx and IIb MHC genes in fast skeletal muscle.
abstract: This study investigated the dynamic regulation of IIx-IIb MHC genes in the fast white medial gastrocnemius (WMG) muscle in response to intermittent resistance exercise training (RE), a model associated with a rapid shift from IIb to IIx expression (11). We investigated the effect of 4 days of RE on the transcriptional activity across the skeletal MHC gene locus in the WMG in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Our results show that RE resulted in significant shifts from IIb to IIx observed at both the pre-mRNA and mRNA levels. An antisense RNA (xII NAT) was detected in the intergenic (IG) region between IIx and IIb, extending across the entire IIx gene and into its promoter. The expression of the xII NAT was positively correlated with IIb pre-mRNA (R = +0.8), and negatively correlated with IIx pre-mRNA (R = -0.8). Transcription mapping of the IIx-IIb IG region revealed the generation of sense IIb and xII NATs from a single promoter region. This bidirectional promoter is highly conserved among species and contains several regulatory elements that may be implicated in its regulation. These results suggest that the IIx and the IIb genes are physically and functionally linked via the bidirectional promoter. In order for the IIx MHC gene to be regulated, a feedback mechanism from the IG xII NAT is needed. In conclusion, the IG bidirectional promoter generating antisense RNA appears to be essential for the coordinated regulation of the skeletal muscle MHC genes during dynamic phenotype shifts.
authors.affiliation: Physiology and Biophysics Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.forename: Fadia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Bodell
authors.forename: Anqi X
authors.initials: AX
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Weihua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Baldwin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D020440:Gene Duplication; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005802:Genes, MHC Class II / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000882:Haplorhini / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D005810:Multigene Family; D018656:Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D016372:RNA, Antisense / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; D016372:RNA, Antisense