title: Hematuria and transitional cell papilloma of the renal pelvis treated via unilateral nephrectomy in an alpaca.
abstract: METHODS
  An 11-year-old 72-kg (158-lb) sexually intact female alpaca was examined for diagnosis and treatment of hematuria of 4 months' duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pigmenturia was detected by the owner when the alpaca was 8 months pregnant. Radiographic, ultrasonographic, vaginal speculum, and cystoscopic evaluation of the urinary tract revealed normal vaginal and urethral epithelia and increased bladder vessel tortuosity, with pulses of hemorrhage from the left ureter. Regenerative anemia and mild leukopenia were detected and serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations were within reference ranges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic hematuria resolved after unilateral nephrectomy of the left kidney, and no dysfunction was detected in the remaining kidney. Histologic evaluation of the kidney revealed a transitional cell tumor in the renal pelvis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although anemia is common in South American camelids, hematuria is an uncommon sign of this condition. Chronic urinary tract infection, toxin ingestion, and neoplasia causing hematuria or hemoglobinuria should be considered in South American camelids with pigmenturia. Thorough and systematic evaluation of the urinary tract should be performed to locate the site of hemorrhage to treat hematuria appropriately.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gerspach
authors.forename: Bruce L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: D Michael
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rings
authors.forename: Dennis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Gillian L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Beamer
authors.forename: John A E
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hubbell
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lakritz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002161:Camelids, New World; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000473:pathology*; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D010212:Papilloma / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D016896:Treatment Outcome