title: Atorvastatin inhibits ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux in THP-1 macrophages by an LXR-dependent pathway.
abstract: The effect of atorvastatin on adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression and cholesterol efflux remains controversial. In an effort to clarify this issue, ABCA1 expression and apolipoprotein AI (apoAI)-mediated cholesterol efflux after atorvastatin treatment were investigated in THP-1 macrophages. Atorvastatin from 2 microM to 40 microM dose-dependently inhibited ABCA1 expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated THP-1 monocytes. ApoAI-mediated cholesterol efflux was reduced in PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells treated with atorvastatin, this effect was abolished with acetylated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) pretreatment. Atorvastatin treatment also dose-dependently reduced liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) expression and Rho activation. Rho activation by farnysylpyophosphate (FPP) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) did not salvage, but further depressed, the cholesterol efflux and ABCA1 expression in the presence of atorvastatin. Without atorvastatin, Rho activation by mevalonate, FPP, and LPA diminished apoAI-mediated cholesterol efflux, and Rho activation by GTPgammaS also decreased ABCA1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) by 16%. Furthermore, Rho inhibition by C3 exoenzyme increased ABCA1 mRNA by 48% despite a 17% decrease in apoAI-mediated cholesterol efflux. LXRalpha agonists (T01901317 and 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol) prevented any reductions in cholesterol efflux or ABCA1 expression associated with atorvastatin treatment. Furthermore, Western blot analysis demonstrated the reciprocal inhibition of Rho and LXRalpha. In conclusion, atorvastatin decreases ABCA1 expression in noncholesterol-loaded macrophages in an LXRalpha- but not Rho-dependent pathway; this effect can be compromised after acetylated LDL cholesterol loading.
authors.affiliation: Atherosclerosis Specialty Laboratory, Healthy Heart Program, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Guosong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D002460:Cell Line; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000819:agonists / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005487:Foam Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000819:agonists / Q000502:physiology*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C577836:ABCA1 protein, human; D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; C000605213:NR1H3 protein, human; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D011758:Pyrroles; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; C032629:acetyl-LDL; D002784:Cholesterol; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate