title: Pharmacodynamics of unfractionated heparin during and after a hemodialysis session.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anti-Xa activity is used as a clinical guide to anticoagulation with heparin, but heparin dosing regimens for hemodialysis were established before anti-Xa assays were developed; thus, the optimal regimen for heparin dosing was not determined. The aim is to confirm the interesting characteristics of unfractionated heparin pharmacokinetics for hemodialysis anticoagulation, provide insight into the hemorrhagic risk of hemodialysis patients, and determine the dose of unfractionated heparin and its adequate mode of administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of the pharmacokinetics of unfractionated heparin performed during and after a 4-hour midweek hemodialysis session.
  
  
  METHODS
  35 long-term hemodialysis patients at the Sainte-Marguerite Unit of the Marseille University Hospital, Marseille, France.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hemodialysis anticoagulation with continuous unfractionated heparin infusion at a dose of 50 IU/kg/session (25 IU/kg/h during the first hour, 12.5 IU/kg during the second and third hours, and stop during the last hour).
  
  
  METHODS
  Anti-Xa activity was monitored during the 10 hours after the beginning of the hemodialysis session. Levels of 0.3 to 0.7 IU/mL are considered sufficient for anticoagulation. Pharmacokinetics was determined by using a population approach (nonlinear mixed-effects modeling). The final model and corresponding parameter values (including interindividual and residual variability) were used to simulate 1,000 replicates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No case of clotting was recorded. A pharmacokinetic model with 1 compartment and first-order elimination best fitted the data. Terminal half-life was 54 minutes. Median anti-Xa activities were 0.55 IU/mL at peak, 0.25 IU/mL at end of the 4-hour session, and less than 0.1 IU/mL at 90 minutes after the session. We simulated a continuous infusion of the dose of 50 IU/kg for 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours. Peak values were 1.1, 0.8, 0.6, and 0.5 IU/mL, respectively. Values at the end of the session were 0.12, 0.18, 0.3, and 0.5 IU/mL, respectively. Values became less than 0.1 IU/mL at 15, 60, 105, and 120 minutes after the session, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interindividual variability in unfractionated heparin pharmacokinetics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unfractionated heparin administered by means of a 3-hour continuous infusion for hemodialysis anticoagulation provided an efficient and safe effect that quickly disappeared after the end of the session.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Néphrologie et de Transplantation Rénale, Hôpital de la Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France. philippe.brunet@ap-hm.fr
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brunet
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Opris
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Faure
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lorec-Penet
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Portugal
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dussol
authors.forename: Yvon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Berland
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006493:Heparin; D015951:Factor Xa