title: Too fat or too thin? Body habitus assessment in children listed for heart transplant and impact on outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Body habitus assessment (BHA), be it wasted or obese, is a useful marker of nutritional status and overall medical condition. Wasting and obesity pre-heart transplant adversely affects outcomes in adults. The utility of BHA as a prognostic factor in children post-transplant is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Weight and height at listing and standard growth charts were used to determine the ideal body weight (%IBW) and percentiles for body mass index for age (BMI%) and weight-for-length (W:L%). Wasting was defined as <90%IBW and/or <or=5th percentile for BMI% or W:L%. Obesity was defined as >120%IBW and/or >or=95th percentile BMI% or W:L%. Outcomes of cohorts based on these criteria were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From June 1990 to December 2006, 180 children, aged 5.81 +/- 6 years, were listed for transplant. Wasting occurred in 66 (37%) and obesity in 22 (12%) children, without differences between diagnoses of cardiomyopathy or congenital heart disease. %IBW was a prognostic factor for survival post-transplant on multivariate analysis: obese patients had a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.82 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.81 to 8.06) compared with normal BHA (p < 0.001). Wasting had a survival advantage compared with normal BHA (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.94, p = 0.032). There were no significant differences between cohorts in incidence of infections, first-year rejections or graft vasculopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal BHA at listing was a prognostic factor for survival post-transplant. Obese children had increased mortality, but wasting did not adversely affect post-transplant survival in our population. Body habitus assessment may risk-stratify children at listing, potentially providing a complex target for intervention.
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Organ Transplant Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399, USA. kaufmanb@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Beth D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Monica L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Nagle
authors.forename: Selena R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Nirmala
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vijaynathan
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paridon
authors.forename: Chitra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ravishankar
authors.forename: Maryanne K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Chrisant
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019282:Wasting Syndrome / Q000150:complications*