title: Dopamine agonist therapy in early Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dopamine agonists are being used increasingly as first line treatment for Parkinson's disease, but there remains uncertainty about their clinical and cost-effectiveness relative to levodopa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This meta-analysis aims to quantify more reliably the benefits and risks of dopamine agonists compared to placebo or levodopa in early Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, LILACS and Web of Science, plus major journals in the field, abstract books, conference proceedings and reference lists of retrieved publications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised trials comparing an orally administered dopamine agonist (with or without levodopa) versus placebo or levodopa or both placebo and levodopa in participants with early Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently extracted data on clinician-rated disability, motor complications, other side-effects, treatment concordance, levodopa dose and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine eligible trials, involving 5247 participants, were identified. Participants randomised to a dopamine agonist were less likely to develop dyskinesia (odds ratio (OR) 0.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43 to 0.59; P < 0.00001), dystonia (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.81; P = 0.0002) and motor fluctuations (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.90; P = 0.002) than levodopa-treated participants. However, various 'non-motor' side-effects, including oedema (OR 3.68, 95% CI 2.62 to 5.18; P < 0.00001), somnolence (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.00; P = 0.007), constipation (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.28; P = 0.01), dizziness (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.92; P = 0.01), hallucinations (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.52; P = 0.01) and nausea (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.66; P = 0.02) were all increased in agonist-treated participants (compared with levodopa-treated participants). Agonist-treated participants were also significantly more likely to discontinue treatment due to adverse events (OR 2.49, 95% CI 2.08 to 2.98; P < 0.00001). Finally symptomatic control of Parkinson's disease was better with levodopa than with agonists, but data were reported too inconsistently and incompletely to meta-analyse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis confirms that motor complications are reduced with dopamine agonists compared to levodopa, but also establishes that other important side-effects are increased and symptom control is poorer with agonists. Larger, long-term comparative trials assessing patient-rated quality of life are needed to assess more reliably the balance of benefits and risks of dopamine agonists compared to levodopa.
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Medical Sciences, Robert Aitken Institute, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK, B15 2TT.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Stowe
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Ives
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Hilten
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hawker
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wheatley
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D007980:Levodopa