title: Heart rate reduction by ivabradine reduces oxidative stress, improves endothelial function, and prevents atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated heart rate is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity. We hypothesized that selective heart rate reduction may influence endothelial function and atherogenesis and tested the effects of the I(f) current inhibitor ivabradine in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-cholesterol diet were treated with ivabradine (10 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1)) or vehicle for 6 weeks (n=10 per group). Ivabradine reduced heart rate by 13.4% (472+/-9 versus 545+/-11 bpm; P<0.01) but did not alter blood pressure or lipid levels. Endothelium-dependent relaxation of aortic rings was significantly improved in ivabradine-fed animals (P<0.01). Ivabradine decreased atherosclerotic plaque size in the aortic root by >40% and in the ascending aorta by >70% (P<0.05). Heart rate reduction by ivabradine had no effect on the number of endothelial progenitor cells and did not alter aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase, phosphorylated Akt, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, or intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression but decreased monocyte chemotactic protein-1 mRNA and exerted potent antioxidative effects. Ivabradine reduced vascular NADPH oxidase activity to 48+/-6% and decreased markers of superoxide production and lipid peroxidation in the aortic wall (P<0.05). The in vivo effects of ivabradine were absent at a dose that did not lower heart rate, in aortic rings treated ex vivo, and in cultured vascular cells. In contrast to ivabradine, treatment with hydralazine (25 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1) for 6 weeks) reduced blood pressure (-15%) but increased heart rate (37%) and did not improve endothelial function, atherosclerosis, or oxidative stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selective heart rate reduction with ivabradine decreases markers of vascular oxidative stress, improves endothelial function, and reduces atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Custodis
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baumhäkel
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schlimmer
authors.forename: Franka
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: List
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gensch
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Laufs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000077550:Ivabradine; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D001552:Benzazepines; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D000077550:Ivabradine