title: Clinical biomarkers of angiogenesis inhibition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An expanding understanding of the importance of angiogenesis in oncology and the development of numerous angiogenesis inhibitors are driving the search for biomarkers of angiogenesis. We review currently available candidate biomarkers and surrogate markers of anti-angiogenic agent effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A number of invasive, minimally invasive, and non-invasive tools are described with their potential benefits and limitations. Diverse markers can evaluate tumor tissue or biological fluids, or specialized imaging modalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inclusion of these markers into clinical trials may provide insight into appropriate dosing for desired biological effects, appropriate timing of additional therapy, prediction of individual response to an agent, insight into the interaction of chemotherapy and radiation following exposure to these agents, and perhaps most importantly, a better understanding of the complex nature of angiogenesis in human tumors. While many markers have potential for clinical use, it is not yet clear which marker or combination of markers will prove most useful.
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health, Building 10/3B42, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Deborah E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Citrin
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Camphausen
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor