title: Comparison of the biodistribution and tumor targeting of two 99mTc-labeled anti-EGFR nanobodies in mice, using pinhole SPECT/micro-CT.
abstract: Camelidae possess an unusual class of antibodies devoid of light chains. Nanobodies are intact antigen-binding fragments that are stable, easily generated against different targets, and fully functional. Their rapid clearance from the blood circulation favors their use as imaging agents. We compared the in vivo tumor uptake and biodistribution of 2 anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) Nanobodies, (99m)Tc-7C12 and (99m)Tc-7D12.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nanobodies were labeled via their hexahistidine tail with (99m)Tc-tricarbonyl ((99m)Tc(CO)(3)) generated from a kit. Mice bearing subcutaneous A431 (EGFR-positive) and R1M (EGFR-negative) xenografts were intravenously injected with (99m)Tc-7C12 and (99m)Tc-7D12 on separate days. Pinhole SPECT/micro-CT images were acquired at 1 h after administration to assess noninvasively the biodistribution and tumor targeting of the labeled compounds. Pinhole SPECT and micro-CT images from the same mouse were automatically fused on the basis of a mathematic rigid-body-transformation algorithm using six (57)Co sources. Images were quantified, and tracer uptake was expressed as percentage injected activity per gram per cubic centimeter (%IA/cm(3)) of tissue. Ex vivo biodistribution of mice bearing A431 injected with either (99m)Tc-7C12 or (99m)Tc-7D12 was also assessed; activity in the tumor and organs was recorded and expressed as percentage injected activity per gram (%IA/g).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Binding of both tracers was receptor-specific. Image analysis showed high and similar tumor uptake values for both (99m)Tc-7C12 and (99m)Tc-7D12 (4.55+/-0.24 %IA/cm(3) and 4.62+/-0.36 %IA/cm(3), respectively) in A431 xenografts, whereas the uptake in the negative tumor (R1M) was low (1.16+/-0.14 for (99m)Tc-7C12 and 1.49+/-0.60 for (99m)Tc-7D12). (99m)Tc-7C12 showed significantly higher kidney uptake (63.48+/-2.36 vs. 56.25+/-2.46 %IA/cm(3)) and lower liver uptake (2.55+/-0.26 vs. 4.88+/-0.86 %IA/cm(3)) than did (99m)Tc-7D12. The ex vivo analysis confirmed the image quantification with high tumor-to-background ratio; however, (99m)Tc-7C12 showed higher tumor uptake (9.11+/-1.12 %IA/g) than did (99m)Tc-7D12 (6.09+/-0.77 %IA/g). (99m)Tc-7D12 demonstrated significantly higher blood activity than did (99m)Tc-7C12, but both showed short plasma half-lives (<10 min).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Nanobody fragments used here show high tumor uptake, low liver uptake, and rapid blood clearance. Nanobodies are promising probes for noninvasive radioimmunodetection of specific targets early after administration. On the basis of its favorable biodistribution, (99m)Tc-7C12 was selected for further studies.
authors.affiliation: In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. ltchouat@vub.ac.be
authors.forename: Lea Olive Tchouate
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Gainkam
authors.forename: Lieven
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Vicky
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Caveliers
authors.forename: Marleen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keyaerts
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hernot
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vaneycken
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vanhove
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Revets
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Baetselier
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lahoutte
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D002161:Camelids, New World; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007128:Immunoglobulin Fragments / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007128:Immunoglobulin Fragments; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; C512478:EGFR protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors