title: LL-37 regulates the overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and c-IAP-2 in human keratinocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The antimicrobial peptide PR39 is a porcine cathelicidin with angiogenic and antiapoptotic activities, as it can regulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inhibitor apoptosis protein-2 (c-IAP-2) in endothelial cells. The human homolog LL-37 has been found to be highly expressed in human keratinocytes from psoriatic patients, but it is not known whether LL-37 can modulate the expression of VEGF and c-IAP-2 in keratinocytes, as both molecules are involved in the overgrowth of psoriatic skin. Therefore, in this work, we studied the possible role of CAP18/LL-37 in the modulation of VEGF and c-IAP-2 expression in human keratinocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The CAP18/LL-37 gene was cloned into a plasmid that contained green fluorescent protein (GFP). This plasmid was called pGFP-CAP18/LL-37. The expression of LL-37, VEGF, and c-IAP-2 was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting in HaCaT cells transfected with pGFP-CAP18/LL-37. Specific DNAzymes were used to break the CAP18/LL-37 mRNA (DNAz-CAP18/LL-37).
  
  
  RESULTS
  HaCaT cells transfected with pGFP-CAP18/LL-37 showed the upregulation of VEGF and c-IAP-2 mRNAs. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) mRNA expression did not change during the assays; however, its protein was increased, as well as the VEGF protein. HaCaT cells cotransfected with pGFP-CAP18/LL-37 and DNAz-CAP18/LL-37 showed depleted expression of LL-37, VEGF, and c-IAP-2 mRNAs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that LL-37 may modulate the expression of VEGF and c-IAP-2 via HIF-1alpha in human keratinocytes.
authors.affiliation: From Departamento de Microbiología and Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Martínez
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cancino-Diaz
authors.forename: Luis Martin
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Vargas-Zuñiga
authors.forename: Mario Eugenio
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cancino-Diaz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019556:COS Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D021881:DNA, Catalytic; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology*; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014162:Transfection; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D054804:Cathelicidins
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D021881:DNA, Catalytic; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D054804:Cathelicidins