Factors identified as precipitating hospital admissions for heart failure and clinical outcomes: findings from OPTIMIZE-HF.
BACKGROUND
Few studies have examined factors identified as contributing to heart failure (HF) hospitalization, and, to our knowledge, none has explored their relationship to length of stay and mortality. This study evaluated the association between precipitating factors identified at the time of HF hospital admission and subsequent clinical outcomes.


METHODS
During 2003 to 2004, 259 US hospitals in OPTIMIZE-HF submitted data on 48 612 patients, with a prespecified subgroup of at least 10% providing 60- to 90-day follow-up data. Identifiable factors contributing to HF hospitalization were captured at admission and included ischemia, arrhythmia, nonadherence to diet or medications, pneumonia/respiratory process, hypertension, and worsening renal function. Multivariate analyses were performed for length of stay, in-hospital mortality, 60- to 90-day follow-up mortality, and death/rehospitalization.


RESULTS
Mean patient age was 73.1 years, 52% of patients were female, and mean ejection fraction was 39.0%. Of 48 612 patients, 29 814 (61.3%) had 1 or more precipitating factors identified, with pneumonia/respiratory process (15.3%), ischemia (14.7%), and arrhythmia (13.5%) being most frequent. Pneumonia (odds ratio, 1.60), ischemia (1.20), and worsening renal function (1.48) were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality, whereas uncontrolled hypertension (0.74) was associated with lower in-hospital mortality. Ischemia (1.52) and worsening renal function (1.46) were associated with a higher risk of follow-up mortality. Uncontrolled hypertension as a precipitating factor was associated with lower postdischarge death/rehospitalization (hazard ratio, 0.71).


CONCLUSIONS
Precipitating factors are frequently identified in patients hospitalized for HF and are associated with clinical outcomes independent of other predictive variables. Increased attention to these factors, many of which are avoidable, is important in optimizing the management of HF.


BACKGROUND
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00344513.
Fonarow
Gregg C
GC
Department of Medicine, UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA. gfonarow@mednet.ucla.edu
Abraham
William T
WT
Albert
Nancy M
NM
Stough
Wendy Gattis
WG
Gheorghiade
Mihai
M
Greenberg
Barry H
BH
O'Connor
Christopher M
CM
Pieper
Karen
K
Sun
Jie Lena
JL
Yancy
Clyde W
CW
Young
James B
JB
D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000401:mortality; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010359:Patient Readmission; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000401:mortality; D012042:Registries; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000401:mortality; D016312:Treatment Refusal