title: Sustained weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is characterized by down regulation of endocannabinoids and mitochondrial function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the physiologic importance of endocannabinoids and mitochondrial function in the long-term outcome using a rat model of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Sixteen million people are morbidly obese and RYGB surgery is the most effective treatment. Endocannabinoids are implicated in appetite stimulation and regulation of peripheral energy metabolism. We hypothesize that down-regulation of endocannabinoids and alterations in mitochondrial function and hormones favoring catabolism contribute to sustained RYGB-induced weight loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diet-induced obese Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to sham-operated obese controls, RYGB, and sham-operated obese pair-fed rats. Body weight and food intake were recorded, and food efficiency was calculated. Endocannabinoid levels in skeletal muscle and liver, muscle mitochondrial respiratory complex I-V content, and hormones concentrations were determined 14 and 28 days postsurgery, reflecting rapid and sustained weight loss periods after RYGB, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with pair-fed controls, RYGB rats had significant reduction in body weight and food efficiency (P < 0.001). Increased cholecystokinin, reduced insulin, leptin, adiponectin, T3, and down-regulation of mitochondrial complex I were evident on day 14 postsurgery. On day 28, leptin, insulin, and T3 remained low, whereas adiponectin and cholecystokinin were normal. Along with complex I, the endocannabinoids anandamide in muscle (P = 0.003) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol in liver were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The attenuated caloric intake, reduced food efficiency, and normalization of hormonal levels on day 28 post-RYGB were associated with significant down-regulation of endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol in muscle and liver, respectively. These results suggest a role for endocannabinoids in the mechanism of sustained weight loss and RYGB success, and may have implications for treatment of morbid obesity.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition Laboratory, Neuroscience Program, Department of Surgery, University Hospital, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guijarro
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Osei-Hyiaman
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harvey-White
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kunos
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Sergiy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nadtochiy
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Brookes
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Meguid
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015390:Gastric Bypass; D008297:Male; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins