title: Penetration profile of taurine in the human skin and its distribution in skin layers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure in vitro release of taurine from a semisolid standard formulation (amphiphilic cream, DAC) containing 1% taurine, a multi-layer membrane system was used. The content and distribution of taurine in different healthy skin layers (stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis) before (native taurine) and after application of the DAC cream were determined using capillary electrophoresis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The release of taurine from the DAC cream was studied using a multilayer membrane system. Due to the high hydrophilic properties of taurine, the artificial model membranes consisted of collodion as matrix and glycerol as the acceptor phase. In order to determine whether taurine shows the potential for dermal penetration a Franz diffusion cell system was used. The distribution of taurine in the skin layers was determined before and after application of the DAC cream followed by the incubation in a Franz diffusion cell. The excised skin sample was cut in horizontal sections using a cryomicrotome. In order to detect taurine, fluorescamine was used as a derivatization agent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experiments with a multilayer membrane system were performed to verify the release of taurine at different times (1, 2 and 5 h). Approximately 42.5% taurine was released from the semisolid standard formulation, accumulating in the first membrane (17.63%). The native taurine content was quantified in human isolated skin layer before and after the application of the semisolid standard formulation followed by incubation in a Franz-type diffusion cell for 1 and 5 h. No statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) of the taurine content in the skin layers existed between exposure times (1 and 5 h) studied. The highest taurine content was found in the epidermis both before (256.01 microg taurine/g skin layer) and after (555.5 microg taurine/g skin layer) the application of the DAC cream.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distribution profile of taurine in the skin layers was very similar for the times studied, which suggests that taurine is accumulated in specific cells of the skin. The study suggests that taurine is effectively released from the semisolid standard formulation and can be used for topical application in dermatopharmaceutics.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University, Wolfgang Langenbeck Str. 4, 06120, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
authors.forename: D L P
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Thiago
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Pessôa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mrestani
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Rüttinger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wohlrab
authors.forename: R H H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Neubert
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D012995:Solubility; D013654:Taurine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D013654:Taurine