title: 1Alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and corticosteroid regulate adipocyte nuclear vitamin D receptor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We previously demonstrated that high calcium diets inhibit obesity in both mice and humans; this effect is mediated, in part, by dietary calcium suppression of 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which exerts both non-genomic and genomic effects on adipocyte metabolism. However, the presence of the nuclear vitamin D receptor (nVDR) and its role in this regulation in adipocytes have not been investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nVDR is expressed at low levels in preadipocytes, and differentiation induced a rapid 1150% increase within 3 h (P<0.001), which then declined rapidly to preadipocyte levels at differentiation day 3. However, this was not a differentiation event, as the components of the differentiation mixture (isobutylmethylxanthine and dexamethasone) also increased nVDR expression markedly by 1620 and 284%, respectively, in fully differentiated adipocytes (P<0.05). 1alpha, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and 11beta-dehydrocorticosterone each stimulated nVDR expression at 48 h, but not 3 h, by approximately 650% in fully differentiated adipocytes, whereas the combination augmented this effect (P<0.005). Knockdown of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase I (11beta-HSD I) markedly decreased adipocyte nVDR expression and attenuated 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D stimulation of nVDR. Thus, 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D stimulation of corticosteroid synthesis via the 11beta-HSD appears to provide an indirect positive feedback on the nVDR. 1alpha, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D also regulated short-term corticosterone release independently of either 11beta-HSD I or nVDR. Knockdown 11beta-HSD I did not affect short-term corticosterone release, whereas modulating calcium influx by KCl, BAYK8644 and the membrane 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor agonist lumisterol markedly increased corticosterone release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest a potential role of nVDR and corticosterone in the regulation in adipocyte responses to 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and dietary calcium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1900, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zemel
mesh_terms: D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C422824:1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D4; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014807:Vitamin D; D003907:Dexamethasone; D015056:1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine