title: Rotavirus infection accelerates type 1 diabetes in mice with established insulitis.
abstract: Infection modulates type 1 diabetes, a common autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing islet beta cells in the pancreas. Childhood rotavirus infections have been associated with exacerbations in islet autoimmunity. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice develop lymphocytic islet infiltration (insulitis) and then clinical diabetes, whereas NOD8.3 TCR mice, transgenic for a T-cell receptor (TCR) specific for an important islet autoantigen, show more rapid diabetes onset. Oral infection of infant NOD mice with the monkey rotavirus strain RRV delays diabetes development. Here, the effect of RRV infection on diabetes development once insulitis is established was determined. NOD and NOD8.3 TCR mice were inoculated with RRV aged > or = 12 and 5 weeks, respectively. Diabetes onset was significantly accelerated in both models (P < 0.024), although RRV infection was asymptomatic and confined to the intestine. The degree of diabetes acceleration was related to the serum antibody titer to RRV. RRV-infected NOD mice showed a possible trend toward increased insulitis development. Infected males showed increased CD8(+) T-cell proportions in islets. Levels of beta-cell major histocompatibility complex class I expression and islet tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA were elevated in at least one model. NOD mouse exposure to mouse rotavirus in a natural experiment also accelerated diabetes. Thus, rotavirus infection after beta-cell autoimmunity is established affects insulitis and exacerbates diabetes. A possible mechanism involves increased exposure of beta cells to immune recognition and activation of autoreactive T cells by proinflammatory cytokines. The timing of infection relative to mouse age and degree of insulitis determines whether diabetes onset is delayed, unaltered, or accelerated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Kate L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Janette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: Thomas W H
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: Barbara S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Coulson
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000209:etiology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D012400:Rotavirus Infections / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell