title: Influence of fruit juices on drug disposition: discrepancies between in vitro and clinical studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Grapefruit juice is known to alter the pharmacokinetics of over 30 prescription drugs by increasing their bioavailabilities. After the discovery of this interaction almost 20 years ago, there have been many reports investigating the effects of fruit juices on drug disposition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews the literature on fruit juice-prescription drug interaction studies to determine which juices are likely to cause clinically significant interactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the results from in vitro and clinical studies regarding the interactions between prescription drugs and over ten fruit beverages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Grapefruit juice and Seville orange juice caused several clinically significant interactions with cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A). The OATP drug transporter was inhibited by grapefruit juice, orange juice, and apple juice. Other fruit juices also interacted with drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters in vitro, but more studies are needed to determine whether these interactions are clinically significant.
authors.affiliation: Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Dora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farkas
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Greenblatt
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D041743:Herb-Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D010936:Plant Extracts