title: Development and survival of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae derived from sheep faeces under sub-tropical conditions in the Potohar region of Pakistan.
abstract: Assessment on the development and survival of Haemonchus contortus larvae was made to evaluate the influence of microclimatic variables viz., relative humidity (%), temperature (degreesC), rainfall (mm) and intensity of sunlight (hrs). Pasture plots in a subtropical area, Pakistan were contaminated with H. contortus eggs at the start of every month. The plots were sampled on fortnightly basis after contamination for three consecutive months. The overall pattern indicated the most favorable conditions for survival, development and translation to herbage was during the wet season from July to October and the least favorable was during the dry season from April to June. Peak infective larvae (L3) recovery was during the 15-45 day interval for each plot and the lowest number was during the 75-90 day interval. Herbage was collected in the morning, afternoon and evening and greatest recovery of L3 was in the morning time and least in the afternoon. The number of L3 on pasture was directly related to the pattern of rainfall and relative humidity with a significant (P<0.05) positive correlation and temperature and intensity of sunshine were negatively correlated (P<0.05). The results suggest that pastures can remain infective for up to 2 months and become relatively clean by 90 days after contamination. Thus, long pasture rest periods, especially during the high risk wet season, may be a helpful strategy to reduce the infection levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Farhana Riaz
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Chaudary
authors.forename: Mazhar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qayyum
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D006188:Haemonchiasis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D006189:Haemonchus / Q000254:growth & development*; D006813:Humidity; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D008834:Microclimate; D010154:Pakistan; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000469:parasitology; D011891:Rain; D012621:Seasons; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D013472:Sunlight; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014329:Tropical Climate