title: Advancement in antithrombotics for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation.
abstract: The focus of this review is the evolving field of antithrombotic drug therapy for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The current standard of therapy includes warfarin, acenocoumarol and phenprocoumon which have proven efficacy by reducing stroke by 68% against placebo. However, a narrow therapeutic index, wide variation in metabolism, and numerous food and drug interactions have limited their clinical application to only 50% of the indicated population. Newer agents such as direct thrombin inhibitors, factor Xa inhibitors, factor IX inhibitors, tissue factor inhibitors and a novel vitamin K antagonist are being developed to overcome the limitations of current agents. The direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran is farthest along in development. Further clinical trial testing, and eventual incorporation into clinical practice will depend on safety, efficacy and cost. Development of a novel vitamin K antagonist with better INR control will challenge the newer mechanistic agents in their quest to replace the existing vitamin K antagonists. Till then, the large unfilled gap to replace conventional agents remains open. This review will assess all these agents, and compare their mechanism of action, stage of development and pharmacologic profile.
authors.affiliation: Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096-3425, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammed Haris
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Umer Usman
authors.forename: Sabreen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: Shariq
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ezekowitz
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications*; D001682:Biological Availability; D005164:Factor IX / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D014812:Vitamin K; D005164:Factor IX; D013917:Thrombin