title: Seasonal variation and environmental predictors of exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma.
abstract: The fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), a measure of airway inflammation, shows promise as a noninvasive tool to guide asthma management, but there is a paucity of longitudinal data about seasonal variation and environmental predictors of FeNO in children. The objective of this project was to evaluate how environmental factors affect FeNO concentrations over a 12-month study period among children with doctor diagnosed asthma. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 225 tobacco-smoke exposed children age 6-12 years with doctor-diagnosed asthma including measures of FeNO, medication use, settled indoor allergens (dust mite, cat, dog, and cockroach), and tobacco smoke exposure. Baseline geometric mean FeNO was 12.4 ppb (range 1.9-60.9 ppb). In multivariable analyses, higher baseline FeNO levels, atopy, and fall season were associated with increased FeNO levels, measured 6 and 12 months after study initiation, whereas inhaled steroid use, summer season, and increasing nicotine exposure were associated with lower FeNO levels. In secondary analyses of allergen sensitization, only sensitization to dust mite and cat were associated with increased FeNO levels. Our data demonstrate that FeNO levels over a year long period reflected baseline FeNO levels, allergen sensitization, season, and inhaled steroid use in children with asthma. These results indicate that FeNO levels are responsive to common environmental triggers as well as therapy for asthma in children. Clinicians and researchers may need to consider an individual's baseline FeNO levels to manage children with asthma.
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Environmental Health Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA. adam.spanier@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Spanier
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hornung
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: Michelle B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Lierl
authors.forename: Bruce P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lanphear
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000276:immunology; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides / Q000276:immunology; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001944:Breath Tests; D002415:Cats / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D003058:Cockroaches / Q000276:immunology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004285:Dogs / Q000276:immunology; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000639:trends; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides; D013256:Steroids; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009569:Nitric Oxide