title: The goal of value-based medicine analyses: comparability. The case for neovascular macular degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the comparability of articles in the peer-reviewed literature assessing the (1) patient value and (2) cost-utility (cost-effectiveness) associated with interventions for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (ARMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A search was performed in the National Library of Medicine database of 16 million peer-reviewed articles using the key words cost-utility, cost-effectiveness, value, verteporfin, pegaptanib, laser photocoagulation, ranibizumab, and therapy. All articles that used an outcome of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were studied in regard to (1) percent improvement in quality of life, (2) utility methodology, (3) utility respondents, (4) types of costs included (eg, direct healthcare, direct nonhealthcare, indirect), (5) cost bases (eg, Medicare, National Health Service in the United Kingdom), and (6) study cost perspective (eg, government, societal, third-party insurer). To qualify as a value-based medicine analysis, the patient value had to be measured using the outcome of the QALYs conferred by respective interventions. As with value-based medicine analyses, patient-based time tradeoff utility analysis had to be utilized, patient utility respondents were necessary, and direct medical costs were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 21 cost-utility analyses performed on interventions for neovascular macular degeneration, 15 (71%) met value-based medicine criteria. The 6 others (29%) were not comparable owing to (1) varying utility methodology, (2) varying utility respondents, (3) differing costs utilized, (4) differing cost bases, and (5) varying study perspectives. Among value-based medicine studies, laser photocoagulation confers a 4.4% value gain (improvement in quality of life) for the treatment of classic subfoveal choroidal neovascularization. Intravitreal pegaptanib confers a 5.9% value gain (improvement in quality of life) for classic, minimally classic, and occult subfoveal choroidal neovascularization, and photodynamic therapy with verteporfin confers a 7.8% to 10.7% value gain for the treatment of classic subfoveal choroidal neovascularization. Intravitreal ranibizumab therapy confers greater than a 15% value gain for the treatment of subfoveal occult and minimally classic subfoveal choroidal neovascularization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of cost-utility studies performed on interventions for neovascular macular degeneration are value-based medicine studies and thus are comparable. Value-based analyses of neovascular ARMD monotherapies demonstrate the power of value-based medicine to improve quality of care and concurrently maximize the efficacy of healthcare resource use in public policy. The comparability of value-based medicine cost-utility analyses has important implications for overall practice standards and public policy. The adoption of value-based medicine standards can greatly facilitate the goal of higher-quality care and maximize the best use of healthcare funds.
authors.affiliation: Center for Value-Based Medicine, Flourtown, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Gary C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Melissa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Heidi C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kindermann
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000191:economics; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D015143:Philadelphia; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity