title: Behavioral conditioning of antihistamine effects in patients with allergic rhinitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Allergic symptoms can be induced by behavioral conditioning. However, the conditionability of antiallergic effects has not yet been studied. Thus, we investigated whether the effects of a histamine 1 (H(1)) receptor antagonist are inducible in patients suffering from house-dust mite allergy using a behavioral conditioning procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the association phase, 30 patients with allergic house-dust mite rhinitis received a novel-tasting drink once daily, followed by a standard dose of the H(1) receptor antagonist, desloratadine, on 5 consecutive days. After 9 days of drug washout, the evocation trial commenced: 10 patients received water together with an identically looking placebo pill (water group), 11 patients were re-exposed to the novel-tasting drink and received a placebo pill [conditioned stimulus (CS); CS group] and 9 patients received water and desloratadine (drug group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the association phase, desloratadine treatment decreased the subjective total symptom scores, attenuated the effects of the skin prick test for histamine and reduced basophil activation ex vivo in all groups. During the evocation trial, the water group, in which subjects were not re-exposed to the gustatory stimulus, showed a reduction in subjective total symptom scores and skin prick test results, but no inhibition of basophil activation. In contrast, re-exposure to the novel-tasting drink decreased basophil activation, the skin prick test result and the subjective symptom score in the CS group to a degree that was similar to the effects of desloratadine in the drug group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that behaviorally conditioned effects are not only able to relieve subjective rhinitis symptoms and allergic skin reactions, but also to induce changes in effector immune functions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Marion U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Goebel
authors.forename: Nuschin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Meykadeh
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kou
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schedlowski
authors.forename: Ulrich R
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Hengge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001245:Association Learning; D001491:Basophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D003214:Conditioning, Classical; D005260:Female; D039563:Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007428:Intradermal Tests; D017336:Loratadine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015990:Placebo Effect; D011598:Psychoneuroimmunology; D039981:Pyroglyphidae / Q000276:immunology; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology*; D012903:Smell; D013649:Taste; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D039563:Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating; D017336:Loratadine; C121345:desloratadine