title: Effect of ezetimibe on the prevention and dissolution of cholesterol gallstones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cholesterol cholelithiasis is one of the most prevalent and most costly digestive diseases in developed countries and its incidence has increased markedly in Asian countries owing to the adoption of Western-type dietary habits. Because animal experiments showed that high efficiency of intestinal cholesterol absorption contributes to gallstone formation, we explored whether the potent cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe could prevent gallstones and promote gallstone dissolution in mice and reduce biliary cholesterol content in human beings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male gallstone-susceptible C57L mice were fed a lithogenic diet and concomitantly administered with ezetimibe at 0, 0.8, 4, or 8 mg/kg/day for 8 or 12 weeks. Gallbladder biles and gallstones were examined by microscopy. Gallbladder emptying in response to cholecystokinin octapeptide was measured gravimetrically. Biliary lipid outputs were analyzed by physical-chemical methods. Cholesterol absorption efficiency was determined by fecal dual-isotope ratio and mass balance methods. Lipid changes in gallbladder biles of gallstone patients vs overweight subjects without gallstones were examined before (day 0) and at 30 days after ezetimibe treatment (20 mg/day).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ezetimibe prevented gallstones by effectively reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption and biliary cholesterol secretion, and protected gallbladder motility function by desaturating bile in mice. Treatment with ezetimibe promoted the dissolution of gallstones by forming an abundance of unsaturated micelles. Furthermore, ezetimibe significantly reduced biliary cholesterol saturation and retarded cholesterol crystallization in biles of patients with gallstones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ezetimibe is a novel approach to reduce biliary cholesterol content and a promising strategy for preventing or treating cholesterol gallstones by inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Liver Center and Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Helen H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Portincasa
authors.forename: Nahum
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mendez-Sanchez
authors.forename: Misael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uribe
authors.forename: David Q-H
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000071018:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5; D000071019:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001384:Azetidines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism*; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000069438:Ezetimibe; D005260:Female; D016473:Gallbladder Emptying / Q000187:drug effects*; D042882:Gallstones / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D002785:Sterol O-Acyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D000097587:Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2
chemical_list: D000071018:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5; D000071019:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D001384:Azetidines; D002784:Cholesterol; D000069438:Ezetimibe; D008074:Lipoproteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002785:Sterol O-Acyltransferase; D000097587:Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2; C462600:ABCG5 protein, mouse; C462601:ABCG8 protein, mouse; C482445:Npc1l1 protein, mouse