title: Imbalanced effector and regulatory cytokine responses may underlie mycobacterial immune restoration disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immune restoration disease (IRD) is an adverse consequence of antiretroviral therapy, where the restored pathogen-specific response causes immunopathology. Mycobacteria are the pathogens that most frequently provoke IRD and mycobacterial IRD is a common cause of morbidity in HIV-infected patients co-infected with mycobacteria. We hypothesised that the excessive effector immune response in mycobacterial IRD reflects impaired regulation by IL-10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied two patients who experienced mycobacterial IRD during ART. One patient developed a second episode of IRD with distinct clinical characteristics. Findings were compared with patients 'at risk' of developing IRD who had uneventful immune recovery. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from all subjects were stimulated with mycobacterial antigens in the form of purified protein derivative (PPD). Supernatants were assayed for IFNgamma and IL-10. In response to PPD, PBMC from IRD patients generated IFNgamma during the first IRD episode, whilst cells from non-IRD controls produced more IL-10.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present preliminary data from two HIV-infected patients showing an imbalance between IFNgamma and IL-10 responses to mycobacterial antigens during mycobacterial IRD. Our findings suggest that imbalanced effector and regulatory cytokine responses should be investigated as a cause of IRD.
authors.affiliation: School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Level 2 Medical Research Foundation, Rear 50 Murray Street, Perth 6000, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Lloyd
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: D'Orsogna
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Martyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: French