title: Genetic components of the circadian clock regulate thrombogenesis in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myocardial infarction, stroke, and sudden death undergo diurnal variation. Although genes relevant to hemostasis and vascular integrity undergo circadian oscillation, the role of the molecular clock in thrombotic events remains to be established.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A diurnal variation in the time to thrombotic vascular occlusion (TTVO) subsequent to a photochemical injury was observed in wild-type mice: TTVO varied from 24.6+/-2.7 minutes at zeitgeber time (ZT) 2 to 40.3+/-4.3 minutes at ZT8, 24.3+/-2.3 minutes at ZT14, and 31.0+/-4.4 minutes at ZT20. This pattern was disrupted or altered when core clock genes-BMAL1, CLOCK, and NPAS2-were mutated or deleted. Mutation of CLOCK abolished the diurnal variation in TTVO, whereas deletion of NPAS2 altered its temporal pattern. NPAS2 deletion prolonged TTVO and reduced blood pressure irrespective of clock time. Global BMAL1 deletion shortened TTVO at ZT8, and the diurnal variation in TTVO, but not in systemic blood pressure, was disrupted in mice in which BMAL1 had been selectively deleted in endothelium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Key components of the molecular clock regulate the response to a thrombogenic stimulus in vivo. Such a phenomenon may interact with environmental variables, and together with the influence of these genes on blood pressure may contribute to the diurnal variation in cardiovascular events observed in humans.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Westgate
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Dermot F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Tom S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Jacqueline A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Walisser
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bradfield
authors.forename: Garret A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: FitzGerald
mesh_terms: D056930:ARNTL Transcription Factors; D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D056926:CLOCK Proteins; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000235:genetics*; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D013686:Telemetry; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D056930:ARNTL Transcription Factors; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D056926:CLOCK Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D015534:Trans-Activators; C538960:BMAL1 protein, human; C538961:Bmal1 protein, mouse; C491259:Npas2 protein, mouse; C538943:CLOCK protein, human; C538944:Clock protein, mouse