title: Brightness, contrast, and color balance of digital versus film retinal images in the age-related eye disease study 2.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze brightness, contrast, and color balance of digital versus film retinal images in a multicenter clinical trial, to propose a model image from exemplars, and to optimize both image types for evaluation of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) is enrolling subjects from 90 clinics, with three quarters of them using digital and one quarter using film cameras. Image brightness (B), contrast (C), and color balance (CB) were measured with three-color luminance histograms. First, the exemplars (film and digital) from expert groups were analyzed, and an AMD-oriented model was constructed. Second, the impact of B/C/CB on the appearance of typical AMD abnormalities was analyzed. Third, B/C/CB in AREDS2 images were compared between film (156 eyes) and digital (605 eyes), and against the model. Fourth, suboptimal images were enhanced by adjusting B/C/CB to bring them into accord with model parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exemplar images had similar brightness, contrast, and color balance, supporting an image model. Varying a specimen image through a wide range of B/C/CB revealed greatest contrast of drusen and pigment abnormalities against normal retinal pigment epithelium with the model parameters. AREDS2 digital images were more variable than film, with lower correspondence to our model. Ten percent of digital were too dim and 19% too bright (oversaturated), versus 1% and 4% of film, respectively. On average, digital had lower green channel contrast (giving less retinal detail) than film. Overly red color balance (weaker green) was observed in 23% of digital versus 8% of film. About half of digital (but fewer film) images required enhancement before AMD grading. After optimization of both image types, AREDS2 image quality was judged as good as that in AREDS (all film).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A histogram-based model, derived from exemplars, provides a pragmatic guide for image analysis and enhancement. In AREDS2, the best digital images matched the best film. Overall, however, digital provided lower contrast of retinal detail. Digital images taken with higher G-to-R ratio showed better brightness and contrast management. Optimization of images in the multicenter study helps standardize documentation of AMD (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00345176).
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-1068, USA. hubbard@rc.ophth.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Larry D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Danis
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Neider
authors.forename: Dennis W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Thayer
authors.forename: Hugh D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Wabers
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pugliese
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Pugliese
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003116:Color; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted