title: Identification of further elongation and branching of dimeric type 1 chain on lactosylceramides from colonic adenocarcinoma by tandem mass spectrometry sequencing analyses.
abstract: Mammalian glycan chain elongation is mostly based on extending the type 2 chain, Galbeta1-4GlcNAc, whereas the corresponding type 1 chain, Galbeta1-3GlcNAc, is not normally extended. In a broader context of developing high sensitivity mass spectrometry methodologies for glycomic identification of Le(a) versus Le(x) and linear versus branched poly-N-acetyllactosamine (polyLacNAc), we have now shown that the dimeric type 1 glycan chain, as carried on the lactosylceramides of a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line, Colo205, not only can be further extended linearly but can likewise be branched at C6 of 3-linked Gal in a manner similar to polyLacNAc. A combination of chemical and enzymatic derivatization coupled with advanced mass spectrometry analyses afforded unambiguous identification of a complex mixture of type 1 and 2 hybrids as well as those fucosylated variants founded exclusively on linear and branched trimeric type 1 chain. We further showed by in vitro enzymatic synthesis that extended type 1 and the hybrid chains can be branched by all three forms of the human I branching enzymes (IGnT) currently identified but with lower efficiency and stringency with respect to branching site preference. Importantly, it was found that a better substrate is one that carries a Gal site for branching that is extended at the non-reducing end by a type 2 and not a type 1 unit, whereas the IGnTs are less discriminative with respect to whether the targeted Gal site is itself beta3- or beta4-linked to GlcNAc at the reducing end.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yao-Yun
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Shin-Yi
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kameyama
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Chi-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Lung-Chih
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Narimatsu
authors.forename: Kay-Hooi
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Khoo
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D019281:Dimerization; D005091:Exons; D005643:Fucose / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007790:Lactosylceramides / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D007790:Lactosylceramides; D011134:Polysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005643:Fucose; C037199:poly-N-acetyllactosamine