title: Obesity and regional fat distribution in Kenyan populations: impact of ethnicity and urbanization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is increasing rapidly in Africa, and may not be associated with the same changes in body composition among different ethnic groups in Africa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat thickness, prevalence of obesity, and differences in body composition in rural and urban Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study carried out among Luo, Kamba and Maasai in rural and urban Kenya, abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat thicknesses were measured by ultrasonography. Height and weight, waist, mid-upper arm circumferences, and triceps skinfold thickness were measured. Body mass index (BMI), arm fat area (AFA) and arm muscle area (AMA) were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1430 individuals (58.3% females) aged 17-68 years, abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat, BMI, AFA and waist circumference (WC) increased with age, and were highest in the Maasai and in the urban population. AMA was only higher with increasing age among males. The prevalence of overweight (BMI > or = 25) (39.8% vs. 15.8%) and obesity (BMI > or = 30) (15.5% vs. 5.1%) was highest in the urban vs. rural population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat thickness was higher with urban residency. A high prevalence of overweight and obesity was found. The Maasai had the highest overall fat accumulation.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark. drkc@steno.dk
authors.forename: Dirk L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eis
authors.forename: Andreas W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Melanie W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Mwaniki
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kilonzo
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tetens
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Boit
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaduka
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Borch-Johnsen
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Friis
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology*; D012424:Rural Population; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014507:Urbanization; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio