title: Genetic variation in mother-child acute seroconverter pairs from Zambia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the envelope (Env) glycoprotein of HIV-1 in mother-infant pairs (MIP) that underwent near simultaneous or acute-phase seroconversion, we examined the Env sequence of the transmitted viruses and compare viral evolution within the pair.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three MIP from a Zambian cohort that seroconverted at the same sampling time were identified and followed longitudinally.
  
  
  METHODS
  The V1-V5 region of the HIV-1 Env gene was sequenced for each sample collected. Phylogenetic and population genetics analyses were carried out to subtype the viruses, estimate relationships among viral genotypes, and compare molecular evolution between the viral populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genetic analyses demonstrated a close intrapair relationship between viral sequences from each MIP. Transmission involved several closely related viral genotypes and did not result in a reduction in viral diversity. Amino acid changes were not evenly distributed along Env V1-V5 but concentrated in concordant areas within each MIP. Several positions under positive selection were shared between the MIP viruses. Interestingly, selective pressure on the virus was higher in the infants than in the mothers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to most cases of perinatal transmission of HIV-1 from chronically infected mothers, there is no evidence of a genetic bottleneck in the transmitted viruses in these three instances of acute seroconversion. The longitudinal changes in the amino acids are in similar positions in Env for the MIP, suggesting shared evolutionary constrains among the closely related viruses infecting the MIP; such constrains may lead to similar genetic changes in the virus in two different hosts.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0666, USA.
authors.forename: Federico G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lemey
authors.forename: Chipepo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kankasa
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015752:Genes, env; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D011247:Pregnancy; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein; D015024:Zambia