title: Sex differences in brain developing in the presence or absence of gonads.
abstract: Brain sexual differentiation results from the interaction of genetic and hormonal influences. This study used a unique agonadal mouse model to determine relative contributions of genetic and gonadal hormone influences in the differentiation of selected brain regions. SF-1 knockout (SF-1 KO) mice are born without gonads and adrenal glands and are not exposed to endogenous sex steroids during fetal/neonatal development. Consequently, male and female SF-1 KO mice are born with female external genitalia and if left on their own, die shortly after birth due to adrenal insufficiency. In this study, SF-1 KO mice were rescued by neonatal adrenal transplantation to examine their brain morphology in adult life. To determine potential brain loci that might mediate functional sex differences, we examined the area and distribution of immunoreactive calbindin and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the preoptic area (POA) and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, two areas previously reported to be sexually dimorphic in the mammalian brain. A sex difference in the positioning of cells containing immunoreactive calbindin in a group within the POA was clearly gonad dependent based on the elimination of the sex difference in SF-1 KO mice. Several other differences in the area of ventromedial hypothalamus and in POA were maintained in male and female SF-1 KO mice, suggesting gonad-independent genetic influences on sexually dimorphic brain development.
authors.affiliation: Center for Animal Genomics, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Tomaz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Büdefeld
authors.forename: Neza
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grgurevic
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tobet
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Majdic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D064026:Calbindins; D002452:Cell Count / Q000379:methods; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000235:genetics; D006066:Gonads / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / Q000378:metabolism; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D054339:Steroidogenic Factor 1 / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D064026:Calbindins; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G; D054339:Steroidogenic Factor 1; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I