title: A replication of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) revised algorithms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To replicate the factor structure and predictive validity of revised Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule algorithms in an independent dataset (N = 1,282).
  
  
  METHODS
  Algorithm revisions were replicated using data from children ages 18 months to 16 years collected at 11 North American sites participating in the Collaborative Programs for Excellence in Autism and the Studies to Advance Autism Research and Treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensitivities and specificities approximated or exceeded those of the old algorithms except for young children with phrase speech and a clinical diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Revised algorithms increase comparability between modules and improve the predictive validity of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule for autism cases compared to the original algorithms.
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.. Electronic address: kog@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gotham
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Risi
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Geraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tager-Flusberg
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hepburn
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: McMAHON
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rodier
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hyman
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sigman
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landa
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: M Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osann
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Flodman
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Volkmar
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hollander
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buxbaum
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pickles
authors.affiliation: Ms. Gotham and Drs. Risi and Lord are with the University of Michigan Autism and Communication Disorders Center; Dr. Dawson is with the University of Washington; Drs. Tager-Flusberg and Joseph are with Boston University School of Medicine; Dr. Carter is with the University of Massachusetts; Dr. Hepburn is with University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Dr. McMahon is with the University of Utah; Drs. Rodier and Hyman are with University of Rochester Medical Center; Dr. Sigman is with University of California, Los Angeles; Dr. Rogers is with the University of California, Davis M.I.N.D. Institute; Dr. Landa is with Kennedy Krieger Institute; Drs. Spence and Osann and Ms. Flodman are with University of California, Irvine; Dr. Volkmar is with the Yale Child Study Center; Drs. Hollander and Buxbaum are with the Mount Sinai School of Medicine; and Dr. Pickles is with the University of Manchester.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lord
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results