Myocardial first-pass perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance: history, theory, and current state of the art.
In less than two decades, first-pass perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has undergone a wide range of changes with the development and availability of improved hardware, software, and contrast agents, in concert with a better understanding of the mechanisms of contrast enhancement. The following review provides a perspective of the historical development of first-pass CMR, the developments in pulse sequence design and contrast agents, the relevant animal models used in early preclinical studies, the mechanism of artifacts, the differences between 1.5T and 3T scanning, and the relevant clinical applications and protocols. This comprehensive overview includes a summary of the past clinical performance of first-pass perfusion CMR and current clinical applications using state-of-the-art methodologies.
Gerber
Bernhard L
BL
Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. bernhard.gerber@clin.ucl.ac.be
Raman
Subha V
SV
Nayak
Krishna
K
Epstein
Frederick H
FH
Ferreira
Pedro
P
Axel
Leon
L
Kraitchman
Dara L
DL
D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D003287:Contrast Media; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D005080:Exercise Test; D006282:Health Personnel; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000503:physiopathology; D023421:Models, Animal; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
D003287:Contrast Media