title: Guest authorship and ghostwriting in publications related to rofecoxib: a case study of industry documents from rofecoxib litigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Authorship in biomedical publication provides recognition and establishes accountability and responsibility. Recent litigation related to rofecoxib provided a unique opportunity to examine guest authorship and ghostwriting, practices that have been suspected in biomedical publication but for which there is little documentation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize different types and the extent of guest authorship and ghostwriting in 1 case study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Court documents originally obtained during litigation related to rofecoxib against Merck & Co Inc. Documents were created predominantly between 1996 and 2004. In addition, publicly available articles related to rofecoxib identified via MEDLINE.
  
  
  METHODS
  All documents were reviewed by one author, with selected review by coauthors, using an iterative process of review, discussion, and rereview of documents to identify information related to guest authorship or ghostwriting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 250 documents were relevant to our review. For the publication of clinical trials, documents were found describing Merck employees working either independently or in collaboration with medical publishing companies to prepare manuscripts and subsequently recruiting external, academically affiliated investigators to be authors. Recruited authors were frequently placed in the first and second positions of the authorship list. For the publication of scientific review papers, documents were found describing Merck marketing employees developing plans for manuscripts, contracting with medical publishing companies to ghostwrite manuscripts, and recruiting external, academically affiliated investigators to be authors. Recruited authors were commonly the sole author on the manuscript and offered honoraria for their participation. Among 96 relevant published articles, we found that 92% (22 of 24) of clinical trial articles published a disclosure of Merck's financial support, but only 50% (36 of 72) of review articles published either a disclosure of Merck sponsorship or a disclosure of whether the author had received any financial compensation from the company.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case-study review of industry documents demonstrates that clinical trial manuscripts related to rofecoxib were authored by sponsor employees but often attributed first authorship to academically affiliated investigators who did not always disclose industry financial support. Review manuscripts were often prepared by unacknowledged authors and subsequently attributed authorship to academically affiliated investigators who often did not disclose industry financial support.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics and Adult Development, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA. joseph.ross@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Egilman
authors.forename: Harlan M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Krumholz
mesh_terms: D001319:Authorship; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D030881:Disclosure; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D007783:Lactones; D011643:Publishing / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D013450:Sulfones
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D007783:Lactones; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib