title: Methylphenidate decreased the amount of glucose needed by the brain to perform a cognitive task.
abstract: The use of stimulants (methylphenidate and amphetamine) as cognitive enhancers by the general public is increasing and is controversial. It is still unclear how they work or why they improve performance in some individuals but impair it in others. To test the hypothesis that stimulants enhance signal to noise ratio of neuronal activity and thereby reduce cerebral activity by increasing efficiency, we measured the effects of methylphenidate on brain glucose utilization in healthy adults. We measured brain glucose metabolism (using Positron Emission Tomography and 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-D-glucose) in 23 healthy adults who were tested at baseline and while performing an accuracy-controlled cognitive task (numerical calculations) given with and without methylphenidate (20 mg, oral). Sixteen subjects underwent a fourth scan with methylphenidate but without cognitive stimulation. Compared to placebo methylphenidate significantly reduced the amount of glucose utilized by the brain when performing the cognitive task but methylphenidate did not affect brain metabolism when given without cognitive stimulation. Whole brain metabolism when the cognitive task was given with placebo increased 21% whereas with methylphenidate it increased 11% (50% less). This reflected both a decrease in magnitude of activation and in the regions activated by the task. Methylphenidate's reduction of the metabolic increases in regions from the default network (implicated in mind-wandering) was associated with improvement in performance only in subjects who activated these regions when the cognitive task was given with placebo. These results corroborate prior findings that stimulant medications reduced the magnitude of regional activation to a task and in addition document a "focusing" of the activation. This effect may be beneficial when neuronal resources are diverted (i.e., mind-wandering) or impaired (i.e., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), but it could be detrimental when brain activity is already optimally focused. This would explain why methylphenidate has beneficial effects in some individuals and contexts and detrimental effects in others.
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America. nvolkow@nida.nih.gov
authors.forename: Nora D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Volkow
authors.forename: Joanna S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Gene-Jack
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Telang
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Kith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Benveniste
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Swanson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010919:Placebos; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D010919:Placebos; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D008774:Methylphenidate; D005947:Glucose