title: Evaluation of analgesic effect of skin-to-skin contact compared to oral glucose in preterm neonates.
abstract: Nonpharmacological interventions are important alternatives for pain relief during minor procedures in preterm neonates. Skin-to-skin contact or kangaroo mother care is a human and efficient way of caring for low-weight preterm neonates. The aim of the present study was to assess the analgesic effect of kangaroo care compared to oral glucose on the response of healthy preterm neonates to a low-intensity acute painful stimulus. Ninety-five preterm neonates with a postmenstrual age of 28-36 weeks were randomly assigned to three groups in a single-blind manner. In group 1 (isolette, n=33), the neonate was in the prone position in the isolette during heel lancing and did not receive analgesia. In group 2 (kangaroo method, n=31), the neonate was held in skin-to-skin contact for 10 min before and during the heel-lancing procedure. In group 3 (glucose, n=31), the neonate was in the prone position in the isolette and received oral glucose (1 ml, 25%) 2 min before heel lancing. A smaller variation in heart rate (p=0.0001) and oxygen saturation (p=0.0012), a shorter duration of facial activity (brow bulge, eye squeeze and nasolabial furrowing) (p=0.0001), and a lower PIPP (Premature Infant Pain Profile) score (p=0.0001) were observed in group 2. In conclusion, skin-to-skin contact produced an analgesic effect in preterm newborns during heel lancing.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physiotherapy - CEST - São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Service, Maranhão Federal University Hospital, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil Department of Neonatology, Maranhão Federal University Hospital, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nájala Borges
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: de Sousa Freire
authors.forename: João Batista Santos
authors.initials: JBS
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Zeni Carvalho
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Lamy
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D007224:Infant Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose