title: Differences in prevalence of pressure ulcers between the Netherlands and Germany--associations between risk, prevention and occurrence of pressure ulcers in hospitals and nursing homes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compares pressure ulcer prevalence and prevention activities in nursing homes and hospitals within two European countries. Background. Over three years stable differences have been found between the Netherlands (NL) and Germany (GER) with higher pressure ulcer rates in the NL. As previous analyses have shown, the differences cannot be entirely explained by differences in the population's vulnerability to pressure ulcers because they still remain after risk adjustment. Therefore, the differences in prevalence must be caused by other factors. The purpose of this study is to analyse if any potential differences in preventive activities can account for the varying occurrence of pressure ulcers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In both countries, nation-wide surveys were conducted annually using the same standardised questionnaires. Trained nurses examined all consenting patients of the voluntarily participating facilities. This examination included a skin assessment of the entire body. Data regarding risk factors, prevention and details about wounds were then collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In-patients of 29 German (n = 2531) and 71 Dutch (n = 10,098) nursing homes and 39 German (n = 8515) and 60 Dutch (n = 10,237) hospitals were investigated. The use of pressure-reducing devices was more common in the NL than in GER, but all other interventions were more frequently provided to German risk patients than to their Dutch counterparts. The pressure ulcer prevalence was significantly higher in the Dutch sample. After adjusting for gender, age, Braden Score and prevention, the probability of having a pressure ulcer was 8.1 times higher for Dutch nursing home residents than for German residents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some of the variance in pressure ulcer prevalence between the two countries can be explained by varying pressure ulcer prevention. However, some remarkable differences still remain unexplained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extent of pressure ulcer prevention, especially repositioning and nutrition intervention provided to patients at risk, is not in accordance with international guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Nursing Science, Berlin, Germany. antje.tannen@charite.de
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tannen
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dassen
authors.forename: Ruud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Halfens
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009735:Nursing Homes; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors