title: Standard antiepileptic drugs fail to block epileptiform activity in rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Earlier studies had demonstrated that tonic-clonic seizure-like events (SLEs) resembling electrographic correlates of limbic seizures in animals and humans can be induced in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs). We have explored OHSCs for their suitability to serve as in vitro models of limbic seizures for studying seizure mechanisms and screening new antiepileptic compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  OHSCs were cultivated according to the interface method. Neuronal activity and extracellular potassium concentration were recorded under submerged conditions. SLEs were induced by lowering magnesium concentration or by applying the potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine. The effects of standard antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproic acid, clonazepam, diazepam and phenobarbital sodium on SLEs were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In more than 93% of OHSCs, AEDs did not prevent the induction of SLEs or stop ongoing seizure activity even when toxic concentrations were applied. This pharmacoresistance was independent of the method of seizure provocation, postnatal age at explantation (P2-P10) and cultivation time in vitro (2 months). SLEs were reversibly blocked by glutamate antagonists or the GABA(A)-agonist muscimol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present a simple to establish in vitro model of tonic-clonic SLEs that is a priori pharmacoresistant and thus has an advantage over animal models of pharmacoresistant seizures in which responders and non-responders can be sorted out only after an experiment. OHSCs could be suitable for exploring mechanisms of pharmacoresistant seizures and be used for the identification of new anticonvulsive compounds eventually effective in drug refractory epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Neurophysiologie, Johannes Müller Center of Physiology, CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. klaus.albus@charite.de
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Albus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wahab
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Heinemann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants