title: The effect of hemodialysis on accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetic patients: correlation of carotid artery intima-media thickness with oxidative stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both diabetes and hemodialysis (HD) are associated with increased oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of maintenance HD on oxidative stress parameters in diabetic patients and to explore any relation between carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) and oxidative stress markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty Type 2 diabetic patients undergoing chronic maintenance HD, 20 type 2 diabetic patients with normal renal function, and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were included. Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl content (PCO), and nitrite/nitrate levels were determined as oxidative stress markers. Serum vitamin E, plasma sulfhydryl (P-SH), erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured as antioxidants. CIMT was assessed by carotid artery ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both diabetic patient groups had enhanced oxidative stress indicated by higher levels of TBARS, PCO, and nitrate/nitrite and lower activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx compared to controls. Diabetic patients undergoing HD had significantly higher CIMT (P=.001) and higher levels of nitrite/nitrate (P=.05), PCO (P=.03), and GSH (P=.04) but significantly lower levels of P-SH (P<.001), serum vitamin E (P=.04), SOD (P=.02), CAT (P=.001), and GPx (P=.006) compared to diabetic patients with normal renal functions. There were significant negative correlations between CIMT and SOD (r=-0.50, P<.001), CAT (r=-0.41, P=.003), and P-SH levels (r=-0.51, P<.001) and significant positive correlation between CIMT and nitrite/nitrate levels (r=0.41, P=.003) and TBARS (r=0.35, P=.02). Linear regression analysis showed TBARS was significantly and positively correlated with CIMT (P=.04), while SOD and P-SH were significantly and negatively correlated with CIMT (P=.05 and P=.02, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemodialysis exacerbates oxidative stress and disturbances in antioxidant enzymes in diabetic patients. Serum nitrite/nitrate and TBARS can be used as positive determinants, while erythrocyte SOD, CAT activities, and P-SH level can be used as negative determinants of atherosclerosis assessed by CIMT in diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Belda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dursun
authors.forename: Evrim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dursun
authors.forename: Gultekin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Suleymanlar
authors.forename: Beste
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ozben
authors.forename: Irfan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Capraz
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Apaydin
authors.forename: Tomris
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozben
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000502:physiology; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014810:Vitamin E; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione