title: Signal pathway in salt-activated expression of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 type III secretion system in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.
abstract: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium secretes virulence factors for invasion called Sip proteins or Sips into its hosts through a type III secretion system (T3SS). In the absence of a host, S. enterica induces Sip secretion in response to sucrose or simple salts, such as NaCl. We analyzed induction of host-independent Sip secretion by monitoring protein secretion by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), assembly of needle complexes by electron microscopy, and transcription of virulence regulatory genes by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (real-time PCR). SDS-PAGE showed that addition of sucrose or simple salts, such as NaCl, to the growth medium induced Sip secretion without altering flagellar protein secretion, which requires a distinct T3SS. Electron microscopy confirmed that the amount of secreted Sips increased as the number of assembled needle complexes increased. Real-time PCR revealed that added sucrose or NaCl enhanced transcription of hilA, hilC, and hilD, which encode known regulators of Salmonella virulence. However, epistasis analysis implicated HilD and HilA, but not HilC, in the direct pathway from the salt stimulus to the Sip secretion response. Further analyses showed that the BarA/SirA two-component signal transduction pathway, but not the two-component sensor kinase EnvZ, directly activated hilD and hilA transcription and thus Sip secretion in response to either sucrose or NaCl. Finally, real-time PCR showed that salt does not influence transcription of the BarA/SirA-dependent csrB and csrC genes. A model is proposed for the major pathway in which sucrose or salt signals to enhance virulence gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 562 Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizusaki
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takaya
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aizawa
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D044404:Genomic Islands / Q000235:genetics*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008954:Models, Biological; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C102236:HilA protein, Salmonella; C119659:HilC protein, Salmonella typhimurium; C119660:HilD protein, Salmonella typhimurium; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D012965:Sodium Chloride