title: The White test: a new dye test for intraoperative detection of bile leakage during major liver resection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a new intraoperative bile leakage test in patients undergoing a major liver resection aimed to combine the advantages of each of the other standard bile leakage tests (accurate visualization of leaks, reproducibility, and ease of use) without their disadvantages.
  
  
  METHODS
  At the end of the major hepatic resection, 10 to 30 mL of sterile fat emulsion, 5%, is injected via an olive-tip cannula through the cystic duct while manually occluding the distal common bile duct. As the biliary tree fills with fat emulsion solution, leakage of the white fluid is visualized on the raw surface of the liver resection margin. The detected leakages are closed by means of single stitches. Afterwards, the residual fat emulsion on the resection surface is washed off with saline and the White test is repeated to detect and/or exclude additional bile leakages. At the end, residual fat emulsion is washed out from the biliary tract by a low-pressure infusion of saline solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraoperatively, additional potential bile leakages (not seen using a conventional saline bile leakage test) were identified in 74% of our patients. Postoperative bile leakages (within 30 days) occurred in only 5.1% of patients when the White test was used. No adverse effects related to this technique were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The White test has clear advantages in comparison with other bile leakage tests: it precisely detects bile leakages, regardless of size; it does not stain the resection surface, allowing it to be washed off and repeated ad infinitum; and it is safe, quick, and inexpensive.
authors.affiliation: Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany. silvio.nadalin@uni-due.de
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nadalin
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hauke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Georgios C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Sotiropoulos
authors.forename: Randolph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schaffer
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Radtke
authors.forename: Fuat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saner
authors.forename: Christoph E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Broelsch
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malagó
mesh_terms: D001646:Bile; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D015718:Fibrin Tissue Adhesive / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D015718:Fibrin Tissue Adhesive