Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and nicotinamide riboside: a molecular evaluation of NAD+ precursor vitamins in human nutrition.
Although baseline requirements for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthesis can be met either with dietary tryptophan or with less than 20 mg of daily niacin, which consists of nicotinic acid and/or nicotinamide, there is growing evidence that substantially greater rates of NAD+ synthesis may be beneficial to protect against neurological degeneration, Candida glabrata infection, and possibly to enhance reverse cholesterol transport. The distinct and tissue-specific biosynthetic and/or ligand activities of tryptophan, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and the newly identified NAD+ precursor, nicotinamide riboside, reviewed herein, are responsible for vitamin-specific effects and side effects. Because current data suggest that nicotinamide riboside may be the only vitamin precursor that supports neuronal NAD+ synthesis, we present prospects for human nicotinamide riboside supplementation and propose areas for future research.
Bogan
Katrina L
KL
Department of Genetics and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA. charles.brenner@dartmouth.edu
Brenner
Charles
C
D000818:Animals; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D041221:Candida glabrata / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009243:NAD / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009525:Niacin / Q000378:metabolism*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds
D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; C018613:nicotinamide-beta-riboside; D009243:NAD; D009536:Niacinamide; D009525:Niacin