title: Calcium and dairy product modulation of lipid utilization and energy expenditure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of dietary calcium or dairy product intake on total energy expenditure (TEE), fat oxidation, and thermic effect of a meal (TEM) during a weight loss trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intervention included a prescribed 500-kcal deficit diet in a randomized placebo-controlled calcium or dairy product intervention employing twenty-four 18 to 31-year-old (22.2+/-3.1 years, mean +/- s.d.) overweight women (75.5+/-9.6 kg). TEM and fat oxidation were measured using respiratory gas exchange after a meal challenge, and TEE was measured by doubly labeled water. Fat mass (FM) and lean mass (fat-free mass (FFM)) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Subjects were randomized into one of these three intervention groups: (i) placebo (<800 mg/day calcium intake); (ii) 900 mg/day calcium supplement; (iii) three servings of dairy products/day to achieve an additional 900 mg/day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no group effects observed in change in TEE; however, a group effect was observed for fat oxidation after adjusting for FFM (P=0.02). The treatment effect was due to an increase in fat oxidation in the calcium-supplemented group of 1.5+/-0.6 g/h, P=0.02. Baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) was positively correlated with TEM (R=0.31, P=0.004), and trended toward a correlation with fat oxidation (P=0.06), independent of group assignment. Finally, the change in log parathyroid hormone (PTH) was positively correlated with the change in trunk FM (R=0.27, P=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support that calcium intake increases fat oxidation, but does not change TEE and that adequate vitamin D status may enhance TEM and fat oxidation.
authors.affiliation: Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. dteegard@pudue.edu
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Teegarden
authors.forename: Kimberly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Roseann M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lyle
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zemel
authors.forename: Marta D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Van Loan
authors.forename: Velimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Matkovic
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Dale A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schoeller
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000097:blood; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D003611:Dairy Products; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D050177:Overweight / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D002112:Calcifediol