title: 180 ml and less: cardiopulmonary bypass techniques to minimize hemodilution for neonates and small infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of decreasing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) prime volume for neonates and small infants by using low prime oxygenators, small diameter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing and removing the arterial line filter (ALF) in an effort to reduce intraoperative exposure to multiple units of packed red blood cells (PRBC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two retrospective database studies comparing neonatal CPB prime volume were undertaken: Study 1--A CPB circuit consisting of a 1/8 inch arterial line, a 3/16 inch venous line and a low prime oxygenator with 172 ml total circuit prime (n=74) was compared to a circuit with a 3/16 inch arterial line, a 1/4 inch venous line and a higher prime oxygenator with a 350 ml total circuit prime (n=74). Study 2--The 172 ml circuit (n=389) was compared to a circuit that included an ALF and had a total circuit prime volume of 218 ml (n=389).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study 1--of the 74 neonates and small infants whose CPB prime volume was 350 ml, 19 were exposed to two or more intraoperative exogenous PRBC units while only 3 neonates and small infants in the 172 ml prime group (n=74) received two or more units (p = 0.0002). Study 2--of the 389 neonates and small infants where an ALF was used (prime volume 218 ml), 54 were exposed to two or more exogenous PRBC units while only 36 of the 389 patients where an ALF was not used (prime volume 172 ml) received two or more units of intraoperative PRBCs (p = 0.0436).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreasing the neonatal and small infant extracorporeal circuit prime volume by as little as 46 ml resulted in significantly fewer multiple exposures to exogenous PRBC units.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Children's Hospital of New York, New York, NY 10032, USA. charett@nyp.org
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Charette
authors.forename: Yasutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bograd
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mongero
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quaegebeur
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mosca
mesh_terms: D001810:Blood Volume; D049628:Body Size; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006438:Hemodilution / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride