title: Haplotype structure of the ENPP1 Gene and Nominal Association of the K121Q missense single nucleotide polymorphism with glycemic traits in the Framingham Heart Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A recent meta-analysis demonstrated a nominal association of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) K-->Q missense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position 121 with type 2 diabetes. We set out to confirm the association of ENPP1 K121Q with hyperglycemia, expand this association to insulin resistance traits, and determine whether the association stems from K121Q or another variant in linkage disequilibrium with it.
  
  
  METHODS
  We characterized the haplotype structure of ENPP1 and selected 39 tag SNPs that captured 96% of common variation in the region (minor allele frequency > or =5%) with an r(2) value > or =0.80. We genotyped the SNPs in 2,511 Framingham Heart Study participants and used age- and sex-adjusted linear mixed effects (LME) models to test for association with quantitative metabolic traits. We also examined whether interaction between K121Q and BMI affected glycemic trait levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Q allele of K121Q (rs1044498) was associated with increased fasting plasma glucose (FPG), A1C, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR; all P = 0.01-0.006). Two noncoding SNPs (rs7775386 and rs7773477) demonstrated similar associations, but LME models indicated that their effects were not independent from K121Q. We found no association of K121Q with obesity, but interaction models suggested that the effect of the Q allele on FPG and HOMA-IR was stronger in those with a higher BMI (P = 0.008 and 0.01 for interaction, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Q allele of ENPP1 K121Q is associated with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in whites. We found an adiposity-SNP interaction, with a stronger association of K121Q with diabetes-related quantitative traits in people with a higher BMI.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Elliot S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Stolerman
authors.forename: Alisa K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: Jarred B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: McAteer
authors.forename: Josée
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dupuis
authors.forename: Caroline S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: L Adrienne
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cupples
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Meigs
authors.forename: Jose C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Florez
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000235:genetics*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts; D008875:Middle Aged; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011755:Pyrophosphatases / Q000235:genetics*; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; C065962:ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1; D011755:Pyrophosphatases