title: Women's perceptions and experiences of sexual violence in marital relationships and its effect on reproductive health.
abstract: In this article we explore women's perceptions and experiences of sexual violence in marital relationships and its effects on reproductive health. We conducted a qualitative study composed of key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews in two low- to middle-income areas of Karachi, Pakistan. Results show sexual coercion and nonconsensual sex were common and not limited to abusive relationships. Difficulties in negotiating safe sex resulted in unwanted pregnancies, some leading to unsafe abortions. The women reported escalation of violence during pregnancy to be common. Social norms prevented disclosure of sexual violence leading to limited support or intervention or both. The link between women's social status, marital violence, and reproductive health is discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, Australia. rhussain@une.edu.au
authors.forename: Rafat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Adeel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018585:Battered Women / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003068:Coercion; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D004291:Dominance-Subordination; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage / Q000208:ethnology*; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000208:ethnology; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012919:Social Behavior; D012945:Social Values; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016387:Women's Health / Q000208:ethnology*