title: Cost-effectiveness of intensified versus conventional multifactorial intervention in type 2 diabetes: results and projections from the Steno-2 study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cost-effectiveness of intensive versus conventional therapy for 8 years as applied in the Steno-2 study in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov model was developed to incorporate event and risk data from Steno-2 and account Danish-specific costs to project life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE), and lifetime direct medical costs expressed in year 2005 Euros. Clinical and cost outcomes were projected over patient lifetimes and discounted at 3% annually. Sensitivity analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intensive treatment was associated with increased life expectancy, QALE, and lifetime costs compared with conventional treatment. Mean +/- SD undiscounted life expectancy was 18.1 +/- 7.9 years with intensive treatment and 16.2 +/- 7.3 years with conventional treatment (difference 1.9 years). Discounted life expectancy was 13.4 +/- 4.8 years with intensive treatment and 12.4 +/- 4.5 years with conventional treatment. Lifetime costs (discounted) for intensive and conventional treatment were euro45,521 +/- 19,697 and euro41,319 +/- 27,500, respectively (difference euro4,202). Increased costs with intensive treatment were due to increased pharmacy and consultation costs. Discounted QALE was 1.66 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) higher for intensive (10.2 +/- 3.6 QALYs) versus conventional (8.6 +/- 2.7 QALYs) treatment, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of euro2,538 per QALY gained. This is considered a conservative estimate because accounting prescription of generic drugs and capturing indirect costs would further favor intensified therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From a health care payer perspective in Denmark, intensive therapy was more cost-effective than conventional treatment. Assuming that patients in both arms were treated in a primary care setting, intensive therapy became dominant (cost- and lifesaving).
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center, Copenhagen, Denmark. phag@steno.dk
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gaede
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Daniel M D
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lammert
authors.forename: Hans-Henrik
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Parving
authors.forename: Oluf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003718:Denmark; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008390:Markov Chains; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome