title: Different strategies for screening and prevention of type 2 diabetes in adults: cost effectiveness analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare four potential screening strategies, and subsequent interventions, for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes: (a) screening for type 2 diabetes to enable early detection and treatment, (b) screening for type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance, intervening with lifestyle interventions in those with a diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance to delay or prevent diabetes, (c) as for (b) but with pharmacological interventions, and (d) no screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost effectiveness analysis based on development and evaluation of probabilistic, comprehensive economic decision analytic model, from screening to death.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hypothetical population, aged 45 at time of screening, with above average risk of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published clinical trials and epidemiological studies retrieved from electronic bibliographic databases; supplementary data obtained from the Department of Health statistics for England and Wales, the screening those at risk (STAR) study, and the Leicester division of the ADDITION study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A hybrid decision tree/Markov model was developed to simulate the long term effects of each screening strategy, in terms of both clinical and cost effectiveness outcomes. The base case model assumed a 50 year time horizon with discounting of both costs and benefits at 3.5%. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to investigate assumptions of the model and to identify which model inputs had most impact on the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimated costs for each quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained (discounted at 3.5% a year for both costs and benefits) were pound14,150 (euro17 560; $27,860) for screening for type 2 diabetes, pound6242 for screening for diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance followed by lifestyle interventions, and pound7023 for screening for diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance followed by pharmacological interventions, all compared with no screening. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of pound20,000 the probability of the intervention being cost effective was 49%, 93%, and 85% for each of the active screening strategies respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening for type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance, with appropriate intervention for those with impaired glucose tolerance, in an above average risk population aged 45, seems to be cost effective. The cost effectiveness of a policy of screening for diabetes alone, which offered no intervention to those with impaired glucose tolerance, is still uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biostatistics and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH. clg13@le.ac.uk
authors.forename: Clare L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Gillies
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Keith R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Alex J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Ron T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Melanie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Kamlesh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khunti
mesh_terms: D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin