title: Cost effectiveness of self monitoring of blood glucose in patients with non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes: economic evaluation of data from the DiGEM trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cost effectiveness of self monitoring of blood glucose alone or with additional training in incorporating the results into self care, in addition to standardised usual care for patients with non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incremental cost utility analysis from a healthcare perspective. Data on resource use from the randomised controlled diabetes glycaemic education and monitoring (DiGEM) trial covered 12 months before baseline and 12 months of trial follow-up. Quality of life was measured at baseline and 12 months using the EuroQol EQ-5D questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary care in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  453 patients with non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardised usual care (control) compared with additional self monitoring of blood glucose alone (less intensive self monitoring) or with training in self interpretation of the results (more intensive self monitoring).
  
  
  METHODS
  Quality adjusted life years and healthcare costs (sterling in 2005-6 prices).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average costs of intervention were pound89 (euro113; $179) for standardised usual care, pound181 for less intensive self monitoring, and pound173 for more intensive self monitoring, showing an additional cost per patient of pound92 (95% confidence interval pound80 to pound103) in the less intensive group and pound84 ( pound73 to pound96) in the more intensive group. No other significant cost difference was detected between the groups. An initial negative impact of self monitoring on quality of life occurred, averaging -0.027 (95% confidence interval-0.069 to 0.015) for the less intensive self monitoring group and -0.075 (-0.119 to -0.031) for the more intensive group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self monitoring of blood glucose with or without additional training in incorporating the results into self care was associated with higher costs and lower quality of life in patients with non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes. In light of this, and no clinically significant differences in other outcomes, self monitoring of blood glucose is unlikely to be cost effective in addition to standardised usual care.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN47464659.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Centre, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF. judit.simon@dphpc.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Judit
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Alisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neil
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farmer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000191:economics*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin