title: Healthy and unhealthy dependence: implications for major depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the contribution of varying levels of dependency to Axis I and Axis II disorders, and to the recurrence of major depression in a graduate student sample diagnosed with a history of the disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  At Time 1, participants were interviewed to confirm a current or past episode of major depression along with the presence of Axis II and other current or past Axis I disorders. Various measures of dependency were administered including the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt, D'Afflitti, & Quinlan, 1976), the 3-Vector Dependency Inventory (3VDI; Pincus & Gurtman, 1995), and the Personal Style Inventory (PSI; Robins et al., 1994). Participants were interviewed 20 months later to determine the recurrence of a depressive episode.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A factor analysis conducted on scale scores for each dependency measure resulted in three factors labelled 'unhealthy', 'intermediate', and 'healthy' dependence. Controlling for history of major depression, structural equation modelling found 'unhealthy' dependence to be the only predictor of recurrences of major depression and Axis II disorders, while 'healthy' dependence was related to fewer depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results have important implications for the conceptualization of the dependency construct.
authors.affiliation: Health and Behavioural Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Fiona S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mongrain
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Flora
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003858:Dependency, Psychological; D003859:Dependent Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011336:Probability; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012008:Recurrence; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires