title: Neuroleptic-induced movement disorders in a naturalistic schizophrenia population: diagnostic value of actometric movement patterns.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuroleptic-induced movement disorders (NIMDs) have overlapping co-morbidity. Earlier studies have described typical clinical movement patterns for individual NIMDs. This study aimed to identify specific movement patterns for each individual NIMD using actometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  A naturalistic population of 99 schizophrenia inpatients using conventional antipsychotics and clozapine was evaluated. Subjects with NIMDs were categorized using the criteria for NIMD found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition (DSM-IV).Two blinded raters evaluated the actometric-controlled rest activity data for activity periods, rhythmical activity, frequencies, and highest acceleration peaks. A simple subjective question was formulated to test patient-based evaluation of NIMD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patterns of neuroleptic-induced akathisia (NIA) and pseudoakathisia (PsA) were identifiable in actometry with excellent inter-rater reliability. The answers to the subjective question about troubles with movements distinguished NIA patients from other patients rather well. Also actometry had rather good screening performances in distinguishing akathisia from other NIMD. Actometry was not able to reliably detect patterns of neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study showed that pooled NIA and PsA patients had a different pattern in lower limb descriptive actometry than other patients in a non-selected sample. Careful questioning of patients is a useful method of diagnosing NIA in a clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Raja 31, 50417, Tartu, Estonia. sven.janno@kliinikum.ee
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Janno
authors.forename: Matti M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Holi
authors.forename: Katinka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tuisku
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wahlbeck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents