title: Prevalence and types of sleep disturbances acutely after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of and risk factors for sleep disturbances in the acute post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal, observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four first time closed-head injury patients were recruited and evaluated within 3 months after injury. Pre-injury and post-injury sleep disturbances were compared on the Medical Outcome Scale for Sleep. The subjects were also assessed on anxiety, depression, medical comorbidity and severity of TBI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects were worse on most sleep measures after TBI compared to before TBI. Anxiety disorder secondary to TBI was the most consistent significant risk factor to be associated with worsening sleep status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anxiety is associated with sleep disturbances after TBI. Further studies need to be done to evaluate if this is a causal relationship.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Psychiatry & Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD, USA. vrao@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Vani
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spiro
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaishnavi
authors.forename: Pramit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rastogi
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mielke
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noll
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cornwell
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schretlen
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006261:Headache / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012913:Snoring / Q000150:complications