title: Effects of interacting networks of cardiovascular risk genes on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (the CODAM study).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic dissection of complex diseases requires innovative approaches for identification of disease-predisposing genes. A well-known example of a human complex disease with a strong genetic component is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  We genotyped normal-glucose-tolerant subjects (NGT; n = 54), subjects with an impaired glucose metabolism (IGM; n = 111) and T2DM (n = 142) subjects, in an assay (designed by Roche Molecular Systems) for detection of 68 polymorphisms in 36 cardiovascular risk genes. Using the single-locus logistic regression and the so-called haplotype entropy, we explored the possibility that (1) common pathways underlie development of T2DM and cardiovascular disease -which would imply enrichment of cardiovascular risk polymorphisms in "pre-diabetic" (IGM) and diabetic (T2DM) populations- and (2) that gene-gene interactions are relevant for the effects of risk polymorphisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In single-locus analyses, we showed suggestive association with disturbed glucose metabolism (i.e. subjects who were either IGM or had T2DM), or with T2DM only. Moreover, in the haplotype entropy analysis, we identified a total of 14 pairs of polymorphisms (with a false discovery rate of 0.125) that may confer risk of disturbed glucose metabolism, or T2DM only, as members of interacting networks of genes. We substantiated gene-gene interactions by showing that these interacting networks can indeed identify potential "disease-predisposing allele-combinations".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gene-gene interactions of cardiovascular risk polymorphisms can be detected in prediabetes and T2DM, supporting the hypothesis that common pathways may underlie development of T2DM and cardiovascular disease. Thus, a specific set of risk polymorphisms, when simultaneously present, increases the risk of disease and hence is indeed relevant in the transfer of risk.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiovascular Research Institute (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. m.vangreevenbroek@intmed.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Marleen M J
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: van Greevenbroek
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Carla J H van der
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kallen
authors.forename: Paul M H
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Schiffers
authors.forename: Edith J M
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feskens
authors.forename: Tjerk W A
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: de Bruin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012307:Risk Factors