title: Mechanism of estrogen-mediated intestinal protection following trauma-hemorrhage: p38 MAPK-dependent upregulation of HO-1.
abstract: p38 MAPK has been reported to regulate the inflammatory response in various cell types via extracellular stimuli. p38 MAPK activation also results in the induction of heme oxygenase (HO)-1, which exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects. Although studies have shown that 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) prevented organ dysfunction following trauma-hemorrhage, it remains unknown whether p38 MAPK/HO-1 plays any role in E(2)-mediated attenuation of intestinal injury under those conditions. To study this, male rats underwent trauma-hemorrhage (mean blood pressure approximately 40 mmHg for 90 min) followed by fluid resuscitation. At the onset of resuscitation, rats were treated with vehicle, E(2) (1 mg/kg body wt), the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB-203580 (2 mg/kg body wt) or E(2) plus SB-203580. Two hours thereafter, intestinal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and lactate, TNF-alpha, IL-6, ICAM-1, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 levels were measured. Intestinal p38 MAPK and HO-1 protein levels were also determined. Trauma-hemorrhage led to an increase in intestinal MPO activity and lactate, TNF-alpha, IL-6, ICAM-1, CINC-1, and MIP-2 levels. This was accompanied with a decrease in intestinal p38 MAPK activity and increase in HO-1 expression. Administration of E(2) normalized all the above parameters except HO-1, which was further increased following trauma-hemorrhage. Administration of SB-203580 with E(2) abolished the E(2)-mediated restoration of the above parameters as well as the increase in intestinal HO-1 expression following trauma-hemorrhage. These results suggest that the p38 MAPK/HO-1 pathway plays a critical role in mediating the salutary effects of E(2) on shock-induced intestinal injury.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan [corrected]
authors.forename: Jun-Te
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Wen-Hong
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: Chi-Hsun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Mashkoor A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Choudhry
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Schwacha
authors.forename: Kirby I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Bland
authors.forename: Irshad H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chaudry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1 / Q000378:metabolism; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; C513297:Cxcl1 protein, rat; C513296:Cxcl2 protein, rat; D004967:Estrogens; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D019344:Lactic Acid; D009195:Peroxidase; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases