title: Altered 'three-flash' illusion in response to two light pulses in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disorganization is a core dysfunction in schizophrenia. Coherent thought and behavior rely on the interactive neural responses to temporally discrete external events. Previous studies have demonstrated that a single visual stimulus (event) is abnormally affected by another (as in backward masking), but the integration (or 'synthesis') of temporally discrete events remains largely unexplored in schizophrenia. We examined the perceived interaction of two elementary visual events in schizophrenia patients, using a psychophysical approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two brief, spatially-coincident foveal light pulses (5 ms) were presented with different inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs). At ISIs around 100 ms, a substantial proportion of the light pulse pairs was paradoxically perceived as three flashes, a known phenomenon in normal subjects. The subjects reported the number of flashes perceived ('one', 'two' or 'three').
  
  
  RESULTS
  Schizophrenia patients (n=28) reported fewer 'three flashes' than normal controls (n=26) at the ISIs where 'three flash' reports were greatest in normal subjects (90 to 110 ms). On the other hand, at longer ISIs (130-310 ms) patients reported 'three flashes' in more trials than did normal subjects. The perception of three flashes in patients was correlated with certain aspects of clinical status, including the positive and general subscales of the PANSS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The alteration of the 'three-flash' illusion in schizophrenia suggests that the synthesis of discrete visual events is temporally 'dilated' or distorted, which might contribute to disorganized thought and behavior.
authors.affiliation: McLean Hospital, United States.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Dost
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ongur
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stromeyer
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009903:Optical Illusions; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011930:Reaction Time; D012016:Reference Values; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology