Challenges and constraints to vaccination in developing countries.
The challenges and constraints to vaccinating poultry in areas where adequate infrastructure and human resources are lacking are addressed in both a technical and a socioeconomic framework. The key issues discussed are: (1) selection of an appropriate vaccine and vaccination technique, including the advantages and disadvantages of a combined vaccine against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and Newcastle disease and addressing the differences between endemic disease and emergency disease control; (2) vaccine conservation and distribution; (3) evaluation of the flocks to be vaccinated in terms of their disease status, immunocompetence and production systems; (4) design of effective information, education and communication materials and methods with and for veterinary and extension staff as well as commercial and smallholder producers and community vaccinators in rural areas; (5) evaluation and monitoring systems for technical and socioeconomic factors that affect vaccination; (6) support and coordination of and by relevant public and private agencies; (7) the role of simultaneous implementation of other control activities in addition to vaccination; (8) the importance of assessing the costs and cost-effectiveness of various approaches to the control of HPAI, including the prevention of other endemic killer diseases and options for cost-sharing; (9) evaluation of the incentives for poultry-holders, vaccinators and vaccine producers to contribute to and participate in effective vaccination campaigns; and (10) policy development and the organizational framework for short- and long-term implementation and communication to decision-makers.
Alders
R G
RG
International Rural Poultry Centre, Kyeema Foundation, Australia. robyna@kyeemafoundation.org
Bagnol
B
B
Young
M P
MP
Ahlers
C
C
Brum
E
E
Rushton
J
J
D000383:Agriculture / Q000191:economics; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D003132:Commerce; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000191:economics*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics / Q000662:veterinary*
D007252:Influenza Vaccines