title: Estimating the costs of drug-related hospital separations in Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the total hospital costs of drug-related separations in Australia from 1999/2000 to 2004/05, and separate costs for the following illicit drug classes: opioids, amphetamine, cannabis and cocaine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Australian hospital separations between 1999/2000 to 2004/05 from the National Hospital Morbidity Dataset (NHMD) with a principal diagnosis of opioids, amphetamine, cannabis or cocaine were included, as were indirect estimates of additional 'drug-caused' separations using aetiological fractions. The costs were estimated using the year-specific case weights and costs for each respective Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total constant costs decreased from $50.8 million in 1999/2000 to $43.8 million in 2002/03 then increased to $46.7 million in 2004/05. The initial decrease was driven by a decline in numbers of opioid-related separations (with costs decreasing by $11.5 million) between 1999/2000 and 2001/02. Decreases were evident in separations within the opioid use, dependence and poisoning DRGs. Increases in costs were observed between 1999/00 and 2004/05 for amphetamine (an increase of $2.4 million), cannabis ($1.8 million) and cocaine ($330,000) related separations. Several uncommon but very expensive drug-related separations constituted 12.7% of the total drug-related separations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the costs of drug-related hospital separations have decreased by $4.1 million between 1999 and 2005, which is primarily attributable to fewer opioid-related separations. Small reductions in the number of costly separations through harm reduction strategies have the potential to significantly reduce drug-related hospital costs.
authors.affiliation: The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riddell
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shanahan
authors.forename: Louisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Degenhardt
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roxburgh
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000191:economics*; D001315:Australia; D002188:Cannabis; D003042:Cocaine / Q000191:economics; D019992:Databases as Topic; D003953:Diagnosis-Related Groups; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000191:economics*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D000661:Amphetamine; D003042:Cocaine