title: Cervical insemination versus intra-uterine insemination of donor sperm for subfertility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insemination with donor sperm is an option for couples for whom in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has been unsuccessful, couples with azoospermia and for single women or same sex couples. Insemination of sperm can be done via cervical (CI) or intra-uterine (IUI) routes. IUI has been considered potentially more effective than CI as the sperm bypasses the cervical mucus and is deposited closer to the fallopian tubes. The cost and risks of IUI may be higher because of the need for sperm preparation and the introduction of foreign material into the uterus. Donor sperm used for artificial insemination is mainly cryopreserved, due to concerns about HIV transmission. However, cycle fecundity is higher for fresh sperm. Insemination is often combined with ovulatory stimulation, with either clomiphene or gonadotrophin. There may be risks associated with these therapies, such as higher multiple pregnancy rates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether pregnancy outcomes are improved using intra-uterine insemination in comparison to cervical insemination in women undergoing artificial insemination with donor sperm.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following databases were searched: the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library) , MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the reference lists of articles retrieved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials comparing IUI with CI were included. Crossover studies were included if pre-crossover data was available.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study quality assessment and data extraction were carried out independently by two review authors (DB, JM). Authors of studies that potentially met the inclusion criteria were contacted, where possible if additional information was needed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The search strategy found 232 articles. Fifteen studies potentially met the inclusion criteria. Four studies were included in this review. All the included studies used cryopreserved sperm in stimulated cycles. In two studies 134 women had gonadotrophin-stimulated cycles and in two studies 74 women had clomiphene-stimulated cycles. The evidence showed that IUI after 6 cycles significantly improved live birth rates (odds ratio (OR) 1.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02 to 3.86) and pregnancy rates (OR 3.37, 95% CI 1.90 to 5.96) in comparison to cervical insemination. There was no statistically significant evidence of an effect on multiple pregnancies (OR 2.19, 95% CI 0.79 to 6.07) or miscarriages (relative risk (RR) 3.92, 95% CI 0.85 to 17.96).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this systematic review support the use of IUI rather than CI in stimulated cycles using cryopreserved sperm for donor insemination.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University, Medicine, Joh. Vijghstraat 3, 6524 BN, Nijmegen, Netherlands. d.e.Besselink@student.ru.nl
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Besselink
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Farquhar
authors.forename: J A M
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marjoribanks
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D002584:Cervix Uteri; D015925:Cryopreservation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007316:Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000379:methods; D014599:Uterus