title: Clinical and procedural predictors of no-reflow phenomenon after primary percutaneous coronary interventions: experience at a single center.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to identify clinical factors, angiographic findings, and procedural features that predict no-reflow phenomenon (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade < or =2) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who undergo primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A series of 382 consecutive patients with AMI underwent primary PCI within 12 h of symptom onset. Patients with ischemic symptoms continuing for more than 12 h were also included. Clinical, angiographic and procedural data were collected for each subject. Ninety-three (24.3%) of the patients developed no-reflow phenomenon, and their findings were compared with those of the reflow group. Univariate analysis showed that advanced age (>60 years), delayed reperfusion (> or =4 h), low (< or =1) TIMI flow prior to PCI, cut-off type total occlusion, high thrombus burden on baseline angiography, long target lesion (>13.5 mm) and large vessel diameter all correlated with no-reflow (p<0.05 for all). Multiple logistic regression analysis identified that advanced age (odds ratio (OR) 1.04, p=0.001), delayed reperfusion (OR 1.4, p=0.0004), low TIMI flow before primary PCI (OR 1.1, p=0.0002), target lesion length (OR 5.1, p=0.0003) and high thrombus burden (OR 1.6, p=0.03) on angiography as independent predictors of no-reflow phenomenon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The occurrence of no-reflow phenomenon after primary PCI can be predicted using simple clinical, angiographic and procedural features. In this selected group of patients, adjunctive pharmacotherapy and/or distal protection device may be of value.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, Kartal Kosuyolu Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. ckirma@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Cevat
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kirma
authors.forename: Akin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Izgi
authors.forename: Cihan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dundar
authors.forename: Ali Cevat
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Tanalp
authors.forename: Vecih
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Oduncu
authors.forename: Soe Moe
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Aung
authors.forename: Kenan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sonmez
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mutlu
authors.forename: Nihal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ozdemir
authors.forename: Vedat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Erentug
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003328:Coronary Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017211:Treatment Failure