title: Formation of an adduct by clenbuterol, a beta-adrenoceptor agonist drug, and serum albumin in human saliva at the acidic pH of the stomach: evidence for an aryl radical-based process.
abstract: Clenbuterol (CLB) is an antiasthmatic drug used also illegally as a lean muscle mass enhancer in both humans and animals. CLB and amine-related drugs in general are nitrosatable, thus raising concerns regarding possible genotoxic/carcinogenic activity. Oral administration of CLB raises the issue of its possible transformation by salivary nitrite at the acidic pH of gastric juice. In acidic human saliva CLB was rapidly transformed to the CLB arenediazonium ion. This suggests a reaction of CLB with salivary nitrite, as confirmed in aerobic HNO(2) solution by a drastic decrease in nitric oxide, nitrite, and nitrate. In human saliva, both glutathione and ascorbic acid were able to inhibit CLB arenediazonium formation and to react with preformed CLB arenediazonium. The effect of ascorbic acid is particularly pertinent because this vitamin is actively concentrated within the gastric juice. EPR spin trapping experiments showed that preformed CLB arenediazonium ion was reduced to the aryl radical by ascorbic acid, glutathione, and serum albumin, the major protein of saliva. As demonstrated by anti-CLB antibodies and MS, the CLB-albumin interaction leads to the formation of a covalent drug-protein adduct, with a preference for Tyr-rich regions. This study highlights the possible hazards associated with the use/abuse of this drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy. pietraf@iss.it
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pietraforte
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brambilla
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Camerini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scorza
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loizzo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crescenzi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Minetti
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002976:Clenbuterol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000378:metabolism; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D015538:Nitrosation; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013053:Spectrophotometry
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D002976:Clenbuterol