title: Superantigen profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with steroid-resistant atopic dermatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Superantigens induce skin inflammatory responses in atopic dermatitis, which is commonly associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection. T cells activated in vitro by superantigens become steroid resistant. The objective was to assess the superantigen profiles of S. aureus isolates from patients with steroid-resistant atopic dermatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the superantigen-production capability of S. aureus isolates from 78 patients with steroid-resistant atopic dermatitis (group 1) with that of 30 vaginal isolates from healthy women (group 2) and 22 isolates from a general population of patients with atopic dermatitis (group 3). Polymerase chain reaction with primers for superantigens, combined with selected antibody testing, was used to analyze the presence of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, staphylococcal enterotoxins, and enterotoxin-like superantigens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S. aureus isolates from group 1 had a statistically significant difference in superantigen profile, compared with the profiles of group 2 and group 3 isolates. Group 2 isolates were similar in profile to group 3 isolates, with 4 and 5 superantigens per isolate, respectively. In contrast, group 1 isolates produced a mean of 8 superantigens each (P<<.001, for comparison with group 2 or group 3). These group 1 isolates were more likely to produce the 3 major toxic shock syndrome-associated superantigens (toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, and staphylococcal enterotoxin C) and to produce unusual combinations of superantigens (e.g., toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 and staphylococcal enterotoxin B).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S. aureus isolates from patients with steroid-resistant atopic dermatitis appear to be selected on the basis of greater production of superantigens, compared with that of isolates from control groups. Superantigens may offer selective advantages for colonization of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. schli001@umn.edu
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Schlievert
authors.forename: Laura C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Case
authors.forename: Kristi L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Strandberg
authors.forename: Bea B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: Donald Y M
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Leung
mesh_terms: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000150:complications*; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D013207:Staphylococcal Skin Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018089:Superantigens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004768:Enterotoxins; D018089:Superantigens; C030107:enterotoxin F, Staphylococcal