title: Fertility and impact of pregnancies on the mother and child in classic galactosemia.
abstract: Despite the high prevalence of premature ovarian failure (POF) and subsequent infertility in galactosemic women, spontaneous pregnancies occur and may not be as rare as is generally assumed. This is important for counseling these women on fertility. The purpose of this review is to assess the occurrence and predicting factors of pregnancy, and to evaluate the impact of pregnancy on the mother's and child's health. The female Dutch galactosemia population (age > 18 years) was studied, and a literature search on articles reporting pregnancy in galactosemic women, published between January 1971 and December 2007, was performed. Twenty-two galactosemic women were studied. Nine women have tried to conceive, of which 4 were successful. Three mothers were diagnosed with POF before the first pregnancy and/or in between pregnancies. In literature, 50 pregnancy reports were found. In 10 pregnancy reports from the literature, the mother's genotype is known. Four women were homozygous for the Q188R mutation, which equals the incidence of 40-45% of classic galactosemia caused by this mutation. This study challenges the current opinion that the chance of becoming pregnant is small in classic galactosemia. Despite POF in most galactosemic women, pregnancies do occur. The genotype and GALT-activity do not seem to predict the chance of becoming pregnant, whereas the occurrence of spontaneous menarche might. No evidence for the need of additional check-ups during the pregnancy and puerperium was found. Elevations in galactose-metabolites do occur, but without evidence of clinical impact for the mother or the child, although possible long-term effects have not been thoroughly investigated.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  After completion of this article, the reader should be able to summarize the purported causes and sequelae of galactosemia, explain the possible sequelae of galactosemia, distinguish alterations of the ovary and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, identify the frequency of pregnancy and the possible outcome of the offspring, and outline dietary management of patients with galactosemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cynthia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gubbels
authors.forename: Jolande A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Land
authors.forename: M Estela
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rubio-Gozalbo
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D005693:Galactosemias / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011295:Prenatal Care