title: The educational background and qualifications of UK medical students from ethnic minorities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  UK medical students and doctors from ethnic minorities underperform in undergraduate and postgraduate examinations. Although it is assumed that white (W) and non-white (NW) students enter medical school with similar qualifications, neither the qualifications of NW students, nor their educational background have been looked at in detail. This study uses two large-scale databases to examine the educational attainment of W and NW students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Attainment at GCSE and A level, and selection for medical school in relation to ethnicity, were analysed in two separate databases. The 10th cohort of the Youth Cohort Study provided data on 13,698 students taking GCSEs in 1999 in England and Wales, and their subsequent progression to A level. UCAS provided data for 1,484,650 applicants applying for admission to UK universities and colleges in 2003, 2004 and 2005, of whom 52,557 applied to medical school, and 23,443 were accepted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NW students achieve lower grades at GCSE overall, although achievement at the highest grades was similar to that of W students. NW students have higher educational aspirations, being more likely to go on to take A levels, especially in science and particularly chemistry, despite relatively lower achievement at GCSE. As a result, NW students perform less well at A level than W students, and hence NW students applying to university also have lower A-level grades than W students, both generally, and for medical school applicants. NW medical school entrants have lower A level grades than W entrants, with an effect size of about -0.10.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect size for the difference between white and non-white medical school entrants is about B0.10, which would mean that for a typical medical school examination there might be about 5 NW failures for each 4 W failures. However, this effect can only explain a portion of the overall effect size found in undergraduate and postgraduate examinations of about -0.32.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. i.mcmanus@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: McManus
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Woolf
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dacre
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000145:classification* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017145:Models, Educational; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012570:School Admission Criteria; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000145:classification* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006113:United Kingdom