title: [Histopathology of urothelial carcinomas: crucial for patient management].
abstract: Urothelial carcinomas include tumors with very different clinical outcomes: 70-80% of urothelial carcinomas are genetically stable and are associated with a favorable prognosis, but 20-30% are genetically unstable and have a high progression rate. Therefore, the current World Health Organization classification (2004) differentiates the histologic grade as low grade (LG) or high grade (HG). Unequivocal language is mandatory to optimize therapy and assess prognosis. In addition to TNM classification and histologic grade, genetic factors such as mutations of p53, fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PIK(3)CA) are relevant in patients' prognoses.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lindemann-Docter
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knüchel-Clarke
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics; D001706:Biopsy; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D058534:Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D051498:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3 / Q000235:genetics; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D058534:Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; C484760:PIK3CA protein, human; C496365:FGFR3 protein, human; D051498:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3