title: Indoor wayfinding: developing a functional interface for individuals with cognitive impairments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assistive technology for wayfinding will significantly improve the quality of life for many individuals with cognitive impairments. The user interface of such a system is as crucial as the underlying implementation and localisation technology. We studied the user interface of an indoor navigation system for individuals with cognitive impairments.
  
  
  METHODS
  We built a system using the Wizard-of-Oz technique that let us experiment with many guidance strategies and interface modalities. Through user studies, we evaluated various configurations of the user interface for accuracy of route completion, time to completion, and user preferences. We used a counter-balanced design that included different modalities (images, audio, and text) and different routes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that although users were able to use all types of modalities to find their way indoors, they varied significantly in their preferred modalities. We also found that timing of directions requires careful attention, as does providing users with confirmation messages at appropriate times.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the ability to adapt indoor wayfinding devices for specific users' preferences and needs will be particularly important.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2350, USA.
authors.forename: Alan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Harlan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hile
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kautz
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Borriello
authors.forename: Pat A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harniss
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008124:Locomotion; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012656:Self-Help Devices; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014794:Visual Fields