title: [Primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon].
abstract: The term Raynaud's phenomenon describes an abnormal vasospastic response to cold or emotional stress. It is a common condition with a prevalence of 3-5% of the population. Clinically, Raynaud's phenomenon manifests as sharply demarcated colour changes of the skin of the digits that is often accompanied by paraesthesia. Raynaud's phenomenon can be subdivided into primary, or idiopathic, and secondary forms, in the latter of which associated diseases or causes can be identified. The pathogenesis of the disease is incompletely understood. Pathologic changes have been observed primarily in vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and perineuronal microvasculature. Current therapeutic strategies include supportive treatments, topical therapeutic approaches and systemic medication. Drug therapies with proven efficacy include calcium channel blockers, prostacyclin analogues, fluoxetine, losartan and sildenafil.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik 3 und Institut für klinische Immunologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstrasse 29, 91054 Erlangen. joerg.distler@uk-erlangen.de
authors.forename: J H W
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Distler
mesh_terms: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044062:Prostaglandins I / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D044062:Prostaglandins I; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors