title: Comparative genomic analysis of clinical strains of Campylobacter jejuni from South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis and is also associated with the post-infectious neuropathies, Guillain-Barré and Miller Fisher syndromes. In the Cape Town area of South Africa, C. jejuni strains with Penner heat-stable (HS) serotype HS:41 have been observed to be overrepresented among cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The present study examined the genetic content of a collection of 32 South African C. jejuni strains with different serotypes, including 13 HS:41 strains, that were recovered from patients with enteritis, Guillain-Barré or Miller Fisher syndromes. The sequence-based typing methods, multilocus sequence typing and DNA microarrays, were employed to potentially identify distinguishing features within the genomes of these C. jejuni strains with various disease outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparative genomic analyses demonstrated that the HS:41 South African strains were clearly distinct from the other South African strains. Further DNA microarray analysis demonstrated that the HS:41 strains from South African patients with the Guillain-Barré syndrome or enteritis were highly similar in gene content. Interestingly, the South African HS:41 strains were distinct in gene content when compared to HS:41 strains from other geographical locations due to the presence of genomic islands, referred to as Campylobacter jejuni integrated elements (CJIEs). Only the integrated element CJIE1, a Campylobacter Mu-like prophage, was present in the South African HS:41 strains whereas this element was absent in two closely-related HS:41 strains from Mexico. A more distantly-related HS:41 strain from Canada possessed both integrated elements CJIE1 and CJIE2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that CJIEs may contribute to the differentiation of closely-related C. jejuni strains. In addition, the presence of bacteriophage-related genes in CJIE1 may contribute to the genomic diversity of C. jejuni strains. This comparative genomic analysis of C. jejuni provides fundamental information that potentially could lead to improved methods for analyzing the epidemiology of disease outbreaks.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Albany, California, United States of America. bquinones@pw.usda.gov
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Quiñones
authors.forename: Magalie R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Guilhabert
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Mandrell
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lastovica
authors.forename: Craig T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Parker
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D016123:Campylobacter jejuni / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013019:South Africa; D013045:Species Specificity