title: Oral capecitabine in gemcitabine-pretreated patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To date, no standard regimen for salvage chemotherapy after gemcitabine (Gem) failure has been defined for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (PC). Oral capecitabine (Cap) has shown promising activity in first-line chemotherapy trials in PC patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within a prospective single-center study, Cap was offered to patients who had already received at least 1 previous treatment regimen containing full-dose Gem (as a single agent, as part of a combination chemotherapy regimen or sequentially within a chemoradiotherapy protocol). Cap was administered orally at a dose of 1,250 mg/m(2) twice daily for 14 days followed by 7 days of rest. Study endpoints were objective tumor response rate by imaging criteria (according to RECIST), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) tumor marker response, time to progression, overall survival and toxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A median of 3 treatment cycles (range 1-36) was given to 39 patients. After a median follow-up of 6.6 months, 27 patients were evaluable for response: no complete or partial responses were observed, but 15 patients (39%) had stable disease. A CA19-9 reduction of >20% after 2 cycles of Cap was documented in 6 patients (15%). Median time to progression was 2.3 months (range 0.5-45.1) and median overall survival (since start of Cap treatment) was 7.6 months (range 0.7-45.1). Predominant grade 2 and 3 toxicities (per patient analysis) were hand-foot syndrome 28% (13% grade 3); anemia 23%; leg edema 15%; diarrhea 13%; nausea/vomiting 10%, and leukocytopenia 10%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single-agent Cap is a safe treatment option for Gem-pretreated patients with advanced PC. Further evaluation of Cap in controlled clinical trials of Gem-pretreated patients with advanced PC is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department ofInternal Medicine III, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany. stefan.boeck@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boeck
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilkowski
authors.forename: Christiane J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bruns
authors.forename: Rolf D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Issels
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moosmann
authors.forename: Dorit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laessig
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Golf
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Heinemann
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D018395:CA-19-9 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D000069287:Capecitabine; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D015996:Survival Rate; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D018395:CA-19-9 Antigen; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000069287:Capecitabine; D005472:Fluorouracil; D000093542:Gemcitabine