title: Maximizing the power of comparing single cases against a control sample: an argument, a program for making comparisons, and a worked example from the Pyramids and Palm Trees Test.
abstract: In neuropsychological research, it is frequently necessary to compare the performance of a single case with that of a control sample. Recently, there has been a discussion about whether existing methods are adequate in preventing Type 1 errors due to increased variability in the single-case data (Crawford, Garthwaite, Howell, & Gray, 2004; Mitchell, Mycroft, & Kay, 2004; Mycroft, Mitchell, & Kay, 2002) and about the power of any comparisons. In this paper, we propose an extension of the modified t test introduced by Crawford and Howell (1998). We provide Monte Carlo simulations that show that it is possible to increase the power of the modified t test by retesting the single case. We also make available a computer program that implements the method introduced in this paper and that can be used by neuropsychologists to test for a difference between a single case and a control group. We apply our procedure to an example of a patient examined on the "Pyramids and Palm Trees" test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Hull, UK. j.hulleman@hull.ac.uk
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hulleman
authors.forename: Glyn W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Humphreys
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009484:Neuropsychology / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data