title: Do targeted bans of insecticides to prevent deaths from self-poisoning result in reduced agricultural output?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pesticides monocrotophos, methamidophos, and endosulfan were a very common cause of severe poisoning in Sri Lanka during the 1980s and early 1990s, before they were banned in 1995 and 1998. Now, the most commonly used insecticides are the less toxic World Health Organization Class II organophosphorus pesticides and carbamates. These bans were followed by a large reduction in both fatal poisonings and suicide in Sri Lanka.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to see if these bans adversely affected agricultural production or costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the World Resources Institute to compare the yields of the main crop groups in Sri Lanka with those from surrounding South Asian countries for 1980-2005. We also examined data from the Sri Lankan Department of Census and Statistics to examine the yields of 13 specific vegetable crops and rice for 1990-2003, along with the costs of rice production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no drop in productivity in the years after the main bans were instituted (1995, 1998). We observed substantial annual fluctuation in estimated yields in all data sources, but these did not coincide with the bans and were no larger than the fluctuations in other countries. Also, there was no sudden change in costs of rice production coinciding with bans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Countries aiming to apply restrictions to reduce deaths from pesticide poisoning should evaluate agricultural needs and develop a plan that encourages substitution of less toxic pesticides. If farmers have an affordable alternative for pest control for each crop, there is no obvious adverse effect on agricultural output.
authors.affiliation: Office of the Pesticide Registrar, Government Department of Agriculture, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Gamini
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Manuweera
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eddleston
authors.forename: Samitha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Egodage
authors.forename: Nick A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Buckley
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000506:poisoning; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000506:poisoning*; D008999:Monocrotophos / Q000506:poisoning; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds / Q000506:poisoning; D013188:Sri Lanka / Q000453:epidemiology; D000092864:Suicide Prevention
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D008999:Monocrotophos; C014655:methamidophos; D004726:Endosulfan