Action for child survival: elimination of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in Uganda.
OBJECTIVE
To guide immunization policy, we determined the public health benefit of introducing Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine in Uganda and estimated the vaccine effectiveness.


METHODS
Surveillance data for acute bacterial meningitis among children aged 0-59 months were reviewed from three hospital sentinel sites, for July 2001 to June 2007, to determine the incidence of Hib meningitis, the effectiveness of Hib vaccine with a case-control design, and the number of vaccine-preventable cases and deaths of Hib disease in Uganda.


RESULTS
Of the 13 978 children from 17 districts with suspected bacterial meningitis, 269 had confirmed Hib meningitis, declining from 69 patients in the prevaccine year (2001-2002) to three in 2006-2007. Hib meningitis incidence dropped from 88 cases per 100,000 children aged < 5 years in the year before vaccine introduction to 13 within 4 years, and to near zero in the fifth year. Vaccine effectiveness for 2 or more doses was 93% (95% confidence interval, CI: 69-99) against confirmed Hib meningitis and 53% (95% CI: 11-68) against purulent meningitis of unknown cause. In Uganda, Hib vaccine prevents an estimated 28 000 cases of pneumonia and meningitis, 5000 deaths and 1000 severe meningitis sequelae each year.


CONCLUSIONS
Infant immunization with Hib vaccine has virtually eliminated Hib meningitis in Uganda within 5 years. Ensuring long-term benefits of Hib vaccine urgently requires sustainable vaccine financing, high-quality ongoing surveillance, and a health sector able to deliver a robust immunization programme.
Lewis
Rosamund F
RF
Uganda Country Office, World Health Organization, Kampala, Uganda. rosamund_lewis@yahoo.ca
Kisakye
Annet
A
Gessner
Bradford D
BD
Duku
Chaplain
C
Odipio
John Bosco
JB
Iriso
Robert
R
Nansera
Denis
D
Braka
Fiona
F
Makumbi
Issa
I
Kekitiinwa
Addy
A
D016667:Bacterial Capsules / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019741:Haemophilus influenzae type b / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008583:Meningitis, Haemophilus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology
D018073:Haemophilus Vaccines; C044237:Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine