title: Nutrient composition of hindmilk produced by mothers of very low birth weight infants born at less than 28 weeks' gestation.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to describe and compare retinol, alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol, fat, energy, and nitrogen concentrations between the foremilk and hindmilk fractions of 24-hour milk collected by 24 mothers of very preterm (< 28 weeks' gestation) infants and to relate milk vitamins A and E content to maternal vitamin intake. Concentrations of retinol were significantly higher in hindmilk than in foremilk (1.6-fold), as were concentrations of alpha-tocopherol (1.6-fold), gamma-tocopherol (1.5-fold), fat (1.7-fold), energy (1.3-fold), and nitrogen (1.05-fold). Retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and gamma-tocopherol were positively related (P < .05) to milk fat and energy but not to maternal intake. Estimates of vitamins A and E intakes of infants fed hindmilk with added human milk fortifier surpassed current recommended upper level of intakes. The higher fat-soluble vitamin content of hindmilk produced by mothers of very low birth weight infants needs to be considered in the design and recommendations for use of human milk fortifier.
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Rosine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bishara
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Merko
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Darling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E