title: Management of factitious disorders: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The literature regarding the management of factitious disorder (FD) is diverse and generally of case reports or case series. To date there has been no systematic review of the effectiveness of management techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of all evidence reporting the management and subsequent outcome in FD. Data were extracted and outcomes were assessed using an adaptation of the Global Improvement Scale. Results were analysed by parametric statistical tests; a meta-analysis was not possible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two case reports and 13 case series were eligible for inclusion. Analysis of the case reports found no significant difference in outcomes between confrontational and non-confrontational approaches [t(29) = 0.72, p = 0.48], between treatment with psychotherapy compared to no psychotherapy [t(30) = 0.69, p = 0.48], and when psychiatric medication had been prescribed compared with not [t(30) = 0.35, p = 0.73]. A trend was observed that a longer length of treatment lead to better outcomes, but this was not significant [F(5, 26) = 1.17, p = 0.35]. The consecutive case series demonstrated that many FD sufferers were not engaged in treatment and were lost to follow-up but did not provide any strong evidence regarding the effectiveness of different management approaches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an absence of sufficient robust research to determine the effectiveness of any management technique for FD. The establishment of a central reporting register to facilitate the development of evidence-based guidelines is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eastwood
authors.forename: Jonathan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Bisson
mesh_terms: D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005162:Factitious Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011613:Psychotherapy; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs