title: Exuberant and inhibited toddlers: stability of temperament and risk for problem behavior.
abstract: Temperament, effortful control, and problem behaviors at 4.5 years were assessed in 72 children classified as exuberant, inhibited, and low reactive as 2-year-olds. Exuberant toddlers were more positive, socially responsive to novel persons, less shy, and rated as having more problem behaviors, including externalizing and internalizing behaviors, than other children as preschoolers. Two forms of effortful control, the ability to delay a response and the ability to produce a subdominant response, were associated with fewer externalizing behaviors, whereas expressing more negative affect (relative to positive/neutral affect) when disappointed was related to more internalizing behaviors. Interaction effects implicated high levels of unregulated emotion during disappointment as a risk factor for problem behaviors in exuberant children.
authors.affiliation: Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16803, USA. tvr@psu.edu
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Stifter
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Putnam
authors.forename: Laudan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jahromi
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001143:Arousal; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005639:Frustration; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010553:Personality Development; D010988:Play and Playthings; D012307:Risk Factors; D012792:Shyness; D012919:Social Behavior; D012931:Social Environment; D013694:Temperament