title: Effects of phosphodiesterase 7 inhibition by RNA interference on the gene expression and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell-derived osteoblasts.
abstract: The second messenger molecule cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays an important role in the hormonal regulation of bone metabolism. cAMP is inactivated by the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs), a superfamily of enzymes divided into 11 known families designated PDE 1-11. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PDE7 and PDE8 inhibition on the gene expression and differentiation of human osteoblasts. Osteoblasts differentiated from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) were cultured and treated with short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) generated from PDE7 and PDE8 PCR products. Total RNA was isolated from the cells, and gene expression was assayed with cDNA microarray and quantitative real-time PCR. bALP measurements were assayed during differentiation, and mineralization was determined by quantitative Alizarin red S staining. PDE7 and PDE8 inhibition by RNA interference decreased the gene expression of PDE7A by 60-70%, PDE7B by 40-50%, and PDE8A by 30%. PDE7 silencing increased the expression of beta-catenin, osteocalcin, caspase-8, and cAMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 (CREB-5) genes and decreased the expression of the 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor gene. PDE8A silencing increased the expression of anti-apoptotic genes, but decreased the expression of osteoglycin (osteoinductive factor) and bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP-1). PDE7 silencing increased bALP and mineralization up to three-fold compared to controls. Treatment with the PDE7-selective PDE inhibitor BRL-50481 had similar effects on mineralization as the gene silencing. The PDE7 silencing also increased forskolin stimulated cAMP response, but had no effect on the proliferation rate. Furthermore, osteocalcin expression was increased by PDE7 silencing by a mechanism dependent on protein kinase A. Our results show that specific gene silencing with the RNAi method is a useful tool for inhibiting the gene expression of specific PDEs and that PDE7 silencing upregulates several osteogenic genes and increases mineralization. PDE7 may play an important role in the regulation of osteoblastic differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Calcium Research Unit, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: minna.pekkinen@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pekkinen
authors.affiliation: Calcium Research Unit, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Mikael E B
authors.initials: MEB
authors.lastname: Ahlström
authors.affiliation: Institution of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Riehle
authors.affiliation: Calcium Research Unit, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Minna M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Huttunen
authors.affiliation: Calcium Research Unit, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Christel J E
authors.initials: CJE
authors.lastname: Lamberg-Allardt
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D054708:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 7 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D017931:DNA Primers; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D054708:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 7