title: Mutations in a novel, cryptic exon of the luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor gene cause male pseudohermaphroditism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Male pseudohermaphroditism, or Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH), is an autosomal recessive disorder in individuals with a 46,XY karyotype, characterized by a predominantly female phenotype, a blind-ending vagina, absence of breast development, primary amenorrhea, and the presence of testicular structures. It is caused by mutations in the luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor gene (LHCGR), which impair either LH/CG binding or signal transduction. However, molecular analysis has revealed that the LHCGR is apparently normal in about 50% of patients with the full clinical phenotype of LCH. We therefore searched the LHCGR for novel genomic elements causative for LCH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study we have identified a novel, primate-specific bona fide exon (exon 6A) within the LHCGR gene. It displays composite characteristics of an internal/terminal exon and possesses stop codons triggering nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in LHCGR. Transcripts including exon 6A are physiologically highly expressed in human testes and granulosa cells, and result in an intracellular, truncated LHCGR protein of 209 amino acids. We sequenced exon 6A in 16 patients with unexplained LCH and detected mutations in three patients. Functional studies revealed a dramatic increase in the expression of the mutated internal exon 6A transcripts, indicating aberrant NMD. These altered ratios of LHCGR transcripts result in the generation of predominantly nonfunctional LHCGR isoforms, thereby preventing proper expression and functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification and characterization of this novel exon not only identifies a new regulatory element within the genomic organization of LHCGR, but also points toward a complex network of receptor regulation, including events at the transcriptional level. These findings add to the molecular diagnostic tools for LCH and extend our understanding of the endocrine regulation of sexual differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany, 2 Endokrinologikum Ruhr, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kossack
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simoni
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richter-Unruh
authors.forename: Axel P N
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Themmen
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gromoll
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007985:Leydig Cells / Q000473:pathology; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D011974:Receptors, LH / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011974:Receptors, LH; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone