title: A paradigm shift in endodontic management of immature teeth: conservation of stem cells for regeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article will review the new concept of regenerative endodontics in the management of immature permanent teeth. The potential role of stem cells to regenerate immature permanent teeth after conservative treatment will be discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two sets of data source are focused in this review: (i) the characterization of various dental stem cells discovered since 2000 and (ii) recent clinical case reports showing that after conservative treatment, severely infected immature teeth with periradicular periodontitis and abscess can undergo healing and apexogenesis or maturogenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A new protocol of treating endodontically involved immature permanent teeth based on published articles to date is summarized in the review. The key procedures of the protocol are (1) minimal or no instrumentation of the canal while relying on a gentle but thorough irrigation of the canal system, (2) the disinfection is augmented with intra-canal medication of a triple-antibiotic paste between appointments, and (3) the treated tooth is sealed with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and glass ionomer/resin cement at the completion of the treatment. Periodical follow-ups will take place to observe any continued maturation of the root.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While more clinical research is needed, regenerative endodontics promotes a paradigm shift in treating endodontically involved immature permanent teeth from performing apexification procedures to conserving any dental stem cells that might remain in the disinfected viable tissues to allow tissue regeneration and repair to achieve apexogenesis/maturogenesis.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland, College of Dental Surgery, Dental School, Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States. ghuang@umaryland.edu
authors.forename: George T-J
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D010482:Periapical Abscess / Q000628:therapy; D010485:Periapical Periodontitis / Q000628:therapy; D012038:Regeneration; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012390:Root Canal Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D013234:Stem Cells; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants