title: The Neck Pain and Disability Scale: cross-cultural adaptation into German and evaluation of its psychometric properties in chronic neck pain and C1-2 fusion patients.
abstract: METHODS
  Cross-cultural adaptation of an outcome questionnaire.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to cross-culturally adapt the Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPAD) for the German language, and to assess its psychometric qualities.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Neck pain and its associated disability represent an extremely common musculoskeletal problem. Reliable and valid questionnaires for its assessment are available in English, but no German versions of these exist.
  
  
  METHODS
  The English version of the NPAD was translated into German (NPAD-D) and back-translated according to established guidelines. Twenty-three patients with chronic neck pain completed the NPAD-D twice over 1 to 2 weeks, to assess its test-retest reliability. A further 80 patients [40% male, mean (SD) 54 (18) years] completed the questionnaire and underwent a clinical follow-up examination, 1 to 14 years after C1-C2 fusion. These patients also documented their satisfaction with the surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cronbach's alpha values (internal consistency) for the NPAD-D whole scale and for the NPAD-D subscales pain, disability, and neck-specific function were 0.97, 0.95, 0.97, and 0.87, respectively. The ICC for the test-retest reliability of the NPAD-D was excellent (0.97) and the SEM was relatively low (3.8), giving a "minimal detectable difference" for the scale of 10.5 (scale range is 0-100). The range of motion in rotation, assessed during the clinical examination, correlated significantly with the scores on NPAD-D item 16 (stiffness of neck) (Rho = -0.52, P < 0.0001) and item 17 (trouble turning neck) (Rho = -0.59, P < 0.0001). Range of motion in flexion-extension correlated significantly with the scores on item 18 (trouble looking up and down) (Rho = -0.60, P < 0.0001) and item 19 (trouble working overhead) (Rho = -0.45, P < 0.0001). The NPAD-D scores differed significantly between patients who were satisfied with the result of their operation and those who were not [mean values 36.4 (SD 24.3) and 58.1 (SD 27.4), respectively; P = 0.008].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NPAD-D is a reliable and valid patient-orientated instrument for use in future studies of neck pain and disability in German speaking patients.
authors.affiliation: Spine Center, Schulthess Klinik, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Friedrich H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Bremerich
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grob
authors.forename: Jiri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.forename: Anne F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Mannion
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D020127:Recovery of Function; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome