title: Hydrogel coated monoliths for enzymatic hydrolysis of penicillin G.
abstract: The objective of this work was to develop a hydrogel-coated monolith for the entrapment of penicillin G acylase (E. coli, PGA). After screening of different hydrogels, chitosan was chosen as the carrier material for the preparation of monolithic biocatalysts. This protocol leads to active immobilized biocatalysts for the enzymatic hydrolysis of penicillin G (PenG). The monolithic biocatalyst was tested in a monolith loop reactor (MLR) and compared with conventional reactor systems using free PGA, and a commercially available immobilized PGA. The optimal immobilization protocol was found to be 5 g l(-1) PGA, 1% chitosan, 1.1% glutaraldehyde and pH 7. Final PGA loading on glass plates was 29 mg ml(-1) gel. For 400 cpsi monoliths, the final PGA loading on functionalized monoliths was 36 mg ml(-1) gel. The observed volumetric reaction rate in the MLR was 0.79 mol s(-1) m(-3) (monolith). Apart from an initial drop in activity due to wash out of PGA at higher ionic strength, no decrease in activity was observed after five subsequent activity test runs. The storage stability of the biocatalysts is at least a month without loss of activity. Although the monolithic biocatalyst as used in the MLR is still outperformed by the current industrial catalyst (immobilized preparation of PGA, 4.5 mol s(-1) m(-3) (catalyst)), the rate per gel volume is slightly higher for monolithic catalysts. Good activity and improved mechanical strength make the monolithic bioreactor an interesting alternative that deserves further investigation for this application. Although moderate internal diffusion limitations have been observed inside the gel beads and in the gel layer on the monolith channel, this is not the main reason for the large differences in reactor performance that were observed. The pH drop over the reactor as a result of the chosen method for pH control results in a decreased performance of both the MLR and the packed bed reactor compared to the batch system. A different reactor configuration including an optimal pH profile is required to increase the reactor performance. The monolithic stirrer reactor would be an interesting alternative to improve the performance of the monolith-PGA combination.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Applied Sciences, DelftChemTech, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The Netherlands. karen.delathouder@shell.com
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: de Lathouder
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Smeltink
authors.forename: A J J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Straathof
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Paasman
authors.forename: E J A X
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: van de Sandt
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kapteijn
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Moulijn
mesh_terms: D019149:Bioreactors; D048271:Chitosan; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000378:metabolism*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008863:Microspheres; D010399:Penicillin Amidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D010400:Penicillin G / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D020100:Hydrogels; D048271:Chitosan; D010399:Penicillin Amidase; D010400:Penicillin G