title: Outcomes and costs of penetrating trauma injury in England and Wales.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Penetrating trauma injury is generally associated with higher short-term mortality than blunt trauma, and results in substantial societal costs given the young age of those typically injured. Little information exists on the patient and treatment characteristics for penetrating trauma in England and Wales, and the acute outcomes and costs of care have not been documented and analysed in detail.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Trauma Audit Research Network (TARN) database, we examined patient records for persons aged 18+ years hospitalised for penetrating trauma injury between January 2000 and December 2005. Patients were stratified by injury severity score (ISS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  1365 patients were identified; 16% with ISS 1-8, 50% ISS 9-15, 15% ISS 16-24, 16% ISS 25-34, and 4% with ISS 35-75. The median age was 30 years and 91% of patients were men. Over 90% of the injuries occurred in alleged assaults. Stabbings were the most common cause of injury (73%), followed by shootings (19%). Forty-seven percent were admitted to critical care for a median length of stay of 2 days; median total hospital length of stay was 7 days. Sixty-nine percent of patients underwent at least one surgical procedure. Eight percent of the patients died before discharge, with a mean time to death of 1.6 days (S.D. 4.0). Mortality ranged from 0% among patients with ISS 1-8 to 55% in patients with ISS>34. The mean hospital cost per patient was pound 7983, ranging from pound 6035 in patients with ISS 9-15 to pound 16,438 among patients with ISS>34. Costs varied significantly by ISS, hospital mortality, cause and body region of injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The acute treatment costs of penetrating trauma injury in England and Wales vary by patient, injury and treatment characteristics. Measures designed to reduce the incidence and severity of penetrating trauma may result in significant hospital cost savings.
authors.affiliation: Global Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Krogshøjvej 55, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark. mcrc@novonordisk.com
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Tina G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Saxon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ridley
authors.forename: Fiona E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Lecky
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D017048:Health Care Costs; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012044:Regression Analysis; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality; D055815:Young Adult