title: Implementation and evaluation of the SPRINT protocol for tight glycaemic control in critically ill patients: a clinical practice change.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stress-induced hyperglycaemia is prevalent in critical care. Control of blood glucose levels to within a 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L range or below 7.75 mmol/L can reduce mortality and improve clinical outcomes. The Specialised Relative Insulin Nutrition Tables (SPRINT) protocol is a simple wheel-based system that modulates insulin and nutritional inputs for tight glycaemic control.
  
  
  METHODS
  SPRINT was implemented as a clinical practice change in a general intensive care unit (ICU). The objective of this study was to measure the effect of the SPRINT protocol on glycaemic control and mortality compared with previous ICU control methods. Glycaemic control and mortality outcomes for 371 SPRINT patients with a median Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score of 18 (interquartile range [IQR] 15 to 24) are compared with a 413-patient retrospective cohort with a median APACHE II score of 18 (IQR 15 to 23).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 53.9% of all measurements were in the 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L band. Blood glucose concentrations were found to be log-normal and thus log-normal statistics are used throughout to describe the data. The average log-normal glycaemia was 6.0 mmol/L (standard deviation 1.5 mmol/L). Only 9.0% of all measurements were below 4.4 mmol/L, with 3.8% below 4 mmol/L and 0.1% of measurements below 2.2 mmol/L. On SPRINT, 80% more measurements were in the 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/L band and standard deviation of blood glucose was 38% lower compared with the retrospective control. The range and peak of blood glucose were not correlated with mortality for SPRINT patients (P >0.30). For ICU length of stay (LoS) of greater than or equal to 3 days, hospital mortality was reduced from 34.1% to 25.4% (-26%) (P = 0.05). For ICU LoS of greater than or equal to 4 days, hospital mortality was reduced from 34.3% to 23.5% (-32%) (P = 0.02). For ICU LoS of greater than or equal to 5 days, hospital mortality was reduced from 31.9% to 20.6% (-35%) (P = 0.02). ICU mortality was also reduced but the P value was less than 0.13 for ICU LoS of greater than or equal to 4 and 5 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SPRINT achieved a high level of glycaemic control on a severely ill critical cohort population. Reductions in mortality were observed compared with a retrospective hyperglycaemic cohort. Range and peak blood glucose metrics were no longer correlated with mortality outcome under SPRINT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Clyde Road, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand. geoff.chase@canterbury.ac.nz
authors.forename: J Geoffrey
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Le Compte
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lonergan
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Willacy
authors.forename: Xing-Wei
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lotz
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hann
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin