title: Clobazam as an add-on in the management of refractory epilepsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epilepsy effects approximately 1% of the population, with up to 30% of patients continuing to have seizures despite antiepileptic drug treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy and tolerability of clobazam when used as an add-on therapy for patients with refractory partial onset or generalised onset seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the following on 22nd March 2007: (a) The Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialised Register; (b) The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); (c) MEDLINE; (d) EMBASE; (e) Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE); (f) American College of Physicians Journals; (g) BIOSIS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised trials of add-on clobazam, with adequate methods of allocation concealment, recruiting patients with drug refractory partial or generalised onset seizures, with a minimum treatment period of eight weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion and extracted relevant data. The following outcomes were assessed: 50% or greater reduction in seizures; seizure freedom; treatment withdrawal and adverse effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four cross-over studies, representing 196 participants, were included. However, due to significant methodological heterogeneity and differences in outcome measures it was not possible to summarise data in a meta-analysis. Only two of the studies reported a 50% or greater seizure reduction compared to placebo; 57.7% and 52.4%. Side effects were only described in two of the studies, reportedly present in 36% and 85% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clobazam as an add-on treatment may reduce seizure frequency and may be most effective in partial onset seizures. However, it is not clear who will best benefit and over what time-frame. A large scale, randomised controlled trial conducted over a greater period of time, incorporating subgroups with differing seizure types, is required to inform clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Cochrane Epilepsy Group, Clinical Sciences Building, Lower Lane, Liverpool, UK, L9 7LJ. benmichael999@hotmail.com
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Marson
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000078306:Clobazam; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000078306:Clobazam