title: Genistein induces the p21WAF1/CIP1 and p16INK4a tumor suppressor genes in prostate cancer cells by epigenetic mechanisms involving active chromatin modification.
abstract: Genistein (4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone) is the most abundant isoflavone found in the soybean. The effects of genistein on various cancer cell lines have been extensively studied but the precise molecular mechanisms are not known. We report here the epigenetic mechanism of the action of genistein on androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) and androgen-insensitive (DuPro) human prostate cancer cell lines. Genistein induced the expression of tumor suppressor genes p21 (WAF1/CIP1/KIP1) and p16 (INK4a) with a concomitant decrease in cyclins. There was a G(0)-G(1) cell cycle arrest in LNCaP cells and a G(2)-M arrest in DuPro cells after genistein treatment. Genistein also induced apoptosis in DuPro cells. DNA methylation analysis revealed the absence of p21 promoter methylation in both cell lines. The effect of genistein on chromatin remodeling has not been previously reported. We found that genistein increased acetylated histones 3, 4, and H3/K4 at the p21 and p16 transcription start sites. Furthermore, we found that genistein treatment also increased the expression of histone acetyl transferases that function in transcriptional activation. This is the first report on epigenetic regulation of various genes by genistein through chromatin remodeling in prostate cancer. Altogether, our data provide new insights into the epigenetic mechanism of the action of genistein that may contribute to the chemopreventive activity of this dietary isoflavone and have important implications for epigenetic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
authors.forename: Shahana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majid
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kikuno
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nelles
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Noonan
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Long C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Steve T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Okino
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Place
authors.forename: Deepa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pookot
authors.forename: Rajvir
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dahiya
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002843:Chromatin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D016153:Genes, Suppressor / Q000187:drug effects; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor / Q000187:drug effects; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006657:Histones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D002843:Chromatin; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D006657:Histones; D019833:Genistein