title: Evaluation of a novel solid-state method for determining the acoustic power generated by physiotherapy ultrasound transducers.
abstract: A new secondary method of determining ultrasound power is presented based on the pyroelectricity of a thin membrane of the piezoelectric polymer, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). In operation, the membrane is backed by a polyurethane-based rubber material that is extremely attenuating to ultrasound, resulting in the majority of the acoustic power applied to the PVDF being absorbed within a short distance of the membrane-backing interface. The resulting rapid heating leads to a pyroelectric voltage being generated across the electrodes of the sensor that, under appropriate conditions, is related to the rate of change of temperature with respect to time. For times immediately after changes in transducer excitation (switching either ON or OFF), the change in the pyroelectric voltage is proportional to the delivered ultrasound power level. This paper describes a systematic evaluation of the measurement concept applied at physiotherapy frequencies and power levels, investigating key aspects such as repeatability, linearity and sensitivity. The research demonstrates the way that heating of the backing material affects the sensor performance, but outlines the potential of the method as a reproducible, rapid, solid-state method of determining power, requiring calibration using a known ultrasound power source.
authors.affiliation: Acoustics Group, Quality of Life Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, United Kingdom. bajram.zeqiri@npl.co.uk
authors.forename: Bajram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zeqiri
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barrie
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011145:Polyvinyls; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013814:Thermal Conductivity; D014159:Transducers; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005465:Fluorocarbon Polymers
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011145:Polyvinyls; C024865:polyvinylidene fluoride; D005465:Fluorocarbon Polymers