title: Dopamine detection with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry used with analog background subtraction.
abstract: Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry has been used in a variety of applications and has been shown to be especially useful to monitor chemical fluctuations of neurotransmitters such as dopamine within the mammalian brain. A major limitation of this procedure, however, is the large amplitude of the background current relative to the currents for the solution species of interest. Furthermore, the background tends to drift, and this drift limits the use of digital background subtraction techniques to intervals less than 90 s before distortion of dopamine signals occurs. To minimize the impact of the background, a procedure termed analog background subtraction is reported here. The background is recorded, and its inverse is played back to the current transducer during data acquisition so that it cancels the background in subsequent scans. Background drift still occurs and is recorded, but its magnitude is small compared to the original background. This approach has two advantages. First it allows the use of higher gains in the current transducer, minimizing quantization noise. Second, because the background amplitude is greatly reduced, principal component regression could be used to separate the contributions from drift, dopamine, and pH when appropriate calibrations were performed. We demonstrate the use of this approach with several applications. First, transient dopamine fluctuations were monitored for 15 min in a flowing injection apparatus. Second, evoked release of dopamine was monitored for a similar period in the brain of an anesthetized rat. Third, dopamine was monitored in the brain of freely moving rats over a 30 min interval. By analyzing the fluctuations in each resolved component, we were able to show that cocaine causes significant fluctuations in dopamine concentration in the brain while those for the background and pH remain unchanged from their predrug value.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3290, Venable Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hermans
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Keithley
authors.forename: Justin M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sombers
authors.forename: R Mark
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Wightman
mesh_terms: D000703:Analog-Digital Conversion; D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D004298:Dopamine / Q000032:analysis*; D004563:Electrochemistry; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D014159:Transducers; D016138:Walking
chemical_list: D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D002244:Carbon; D004298:Dopamine