title: Ethanol enhances GABAergic transmission onto dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activation of the dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) by ethanol has been implicated in its rewarding and reinforcing effects. At most central synapses, ethanol generally increases inhibitory synaptic transmission; however, no studies have explored the effect of acute ethanol on GABAergic transmission in the VTA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole-cell patch clamp recordings of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) from VTA-DA neurons in midbrain slices from young rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute exposure of VTA-DA neurons to ethanol (25 to 50 mM) robustly enhanced GABAergic spontaneous and miniature IPSC frequency while inducing a slight enhancement of spontaneous IPSC (sIPSC) amplitude. Ethanol (50 mM) enhanced paired-pulse depression of evoked IPSCs, further suggesting enhanced GABA release onto VTA-DA neurons. The frequency of sIPSCs was suppressed by the GABA(B) agonist, baclofen (1.25 microM) and enhanced by the antagonist, SCH50911 (20 microM); however, neither appeared to modulate or occlude the effects of ethanol on sIPSC frequency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results indicate that ethanol increases postsynaptic GABA(A) receptor sensitivity, enhances action potential-independent GABA release onto VTA-DA neurons, and that this latter effect is independent of GABA(B) auto-receptor inhibition of GABA release.
authors.affiliation: Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, PHAR-Pharmacology, 1 University Station, A1915, Austin, TX 78712-0125, USA. jontheile@mail.utexas.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Theile
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.forename: Reuben A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Morrisett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D053444:Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018080:Receptors, GABA-B / Q000502:physiology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects*; D017557:Ventral Tegmental Area / Q000166:cytology*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D018080:Receptors, GABA-B; D000431:Ethanol; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D004298:Dopamine