title: Novel consequences of voltage-dependence to G-protein-coupled P2Y1 receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Emerging evidence suggests that activation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be directly regulated by membrane voltage. However, the physiological and pharmacological relevance of this effect remains unclear. We have further examined this phenomenon for P2Y1 receptors in the non-excitable megakaryocyte using a range of agonists and antagonists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simultaneous whole-cell patch clamp and fura-2 fluorescence recordings of rat megakaryocytes, which lack voltage-gated Ca2+ influx, were used to examine the voltage-dependence of P2Y1 receptor-evoked IP3-dependent Ca2+ mobilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depolarization transiently and repeatedly enhanced P2Y1 receptor-evoked Ca2+ mobilization across a wide concentration range of both weak, partial and full, potent agonists. Moreover, the amplitude of the depolarization-evoked [Ca2+]i increase displayed an inverse relationship with agonist concentration, such that the greatest potentiating effect of voltage was observed at near-threshold levels of agonist. Unexpectedly, depolarization also stimulated an [Ca2+]i increase in the absence of agonist during exposure to the competitive antagonists A3P5PS and MRS2179, or the allosteric enhancer 2,2'-pyridylisatogen tosylate. A further effect of some antagonists, particularly suramin, was to enhance the depolarization-evoked Ca2+ responses during co-application of an agonist. Of several P2Y1 receptor inhibitors, only SCH202676, which has a proposed allosteric mechanism of action, could block ADP-induced voltage-dependent Ca2+ release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability of depolarization to potentiate GPCRs at near-threshold agonist concentrations represents a novel mechanism for coincidence detection. Furthermore, the induction and enhancement of voltage-dependent GPCR responses by antagonists has implications for the design of therapeutic compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Gurung
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martinez-Pinna
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mahaut-Smith
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000494:Allosteric Regulation; D000818:Animals; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D016257:Fura-2; D008297:Male; D008533:Megakaryocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D058910:Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists; D058919:Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D058472:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C546384:P2ry1 protein, rat; D058910:Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists; D058919:Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2; D058472:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D016257:Fura-2