title: A murine model for septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to establish a murine model of hematogenously acquired bacterial arthritis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) to investigate the pathogenesis of this rare TMJ infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred forty mice were inoculated intravenously with 3 different staphylococcal suspensions. They were sacrificed at intervals between 1 day and 2 months. Bacterial cultures were obtained from peripheral blood, liver, kidney, TMJs, knees, and interphalangeal joints. The TMJs were collected for histopathological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from the joint fluid of a patient with septic arthritis of the TMJ, was recovered from the liver, kidneys, knees, interphalangeal joints, and TMJs of several animals. Blood cultures were negative. Acute septic arthritis of the TMJs was confirmed in several animals as soon as 4 days after inoculation. Histopathology showed severe damage to chondrocytes and collagen fibers in the condyles and discs, leading to extensive degenerative changes. All cultures were negative, and there were no histopathologic changes in animals inoculated with bacteria from the other sources.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A murine model for hematogenous septic arthritis of the TMJ was successfully developed with S. aureus isolated from a patient with a TMJ infection. The bacteria induced multiple organ and joint infections. Septic arthritis of the TMJ occurred in 21% of the animals inoculated. Onset was rapid. It produced extensive degenerative changes. The study confirms the need for prompt diagnosis and treatment of patients with septic arthritis. The model may prove to be very useful in the study of this rare infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xie-Yi
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Zhi-Yuan
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wei-Liu
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001170:Arthritis, Infectious / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000150:complications; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000382:microbiology; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology*