title: Effect of plastic tarps over raised-beds and potassium thiosulfate in furrows on chloropicrin emissions from drip fumigated fields.
abstract: Plastic tarps are commonly used in raised bed strawberry production to minimize emissions of preplant soil fumigants and are left in place throughout the growing season as part of the standard cultural practices. Soil amendments with chemicals such as thiosulfate (S2O3(2-)) can reduce fumigant emissions. A field study was conducted near Santa Maria, CA to determine the effects of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and virtually impermeable film (VIF) over raised-beds and applying potassium thiosulfate (KTS) in furrows on reducing chloropicrin (CP) emissions from a strawberry field. Four fields (or treatments) were tested with 224 kg ha(-1) CP drip-applied threecm under the soil surface. The CP flux from bed tops and furrows and gas-phase concentrations under the tarps were monitored for five d. The CP emission flux and concentration under tarp were highest immediately following application. Diurnal temperature change affected CP concentration and emission fluxes (higher values during the day and lower at night). Slightly higher CP cumulative emission occurred using LDPE tarp (19%) compared to VIF (17%). Normalized flux (CP emission flux from the beds divided by CP concentration under the tarp) being estimated from field measurement was slightly higher for LDPE than VIF indicating different tarp permeability in the field. Because of extremely low emissions from the furrows (<0.2% of total emission loss), KTS application to furrow treatments did not show further emission reductions than non-KTS treatments. This indicates that emission reduction should focus on the tarp above raised-beds when fumigant was drip-applied near bed-surface.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Water Management Research Unit, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648, USA. ruijun.qin@ars.usda.gov <ruijun.qin@ars.usda.gov>
authors.forename: Ruijun
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Suduan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Husein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ajwa
authors.forename: Shachar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shem-Tov
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D031985:Fragaria; D005651:Fumigation / Q000379:methods*; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000737:chemistry*; D010539:Permeability; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D020959:Polyethylene / Q000737:chemistry*; D013885:Thiosulfates / Q000737:chemistry*; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010575:Pesticides; D013885:Thiosulfates; D020959:Polyethylene; C100187:chloropicrin; C042124:potassium thiosulfate