title: Slumping resistance and viscoelasticity prior to setting of dental composites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop a method for measuring the slumping resistance of resin composites and to evaluate the efficacy using rheological methodology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two commercial hybrid composites (Z100 and Z250) and a nanofill composite (Z350) were used to make disc-shaped specimens of 2mm thickness. Three kinds of aluminum molds with triangular, circular, and square shaped cutting surfaces were pressed onto the resin discs to make standardized imprints. The imprints were light-cured either immediately (non-slumped) or after waiting for 2min at 25 degrees C (slumped). White stone replicas were made and then scanned for topography using a laser 3-D profilometer. Slumping resistance index (SRI) was defined as the ratio of the groove depth of the slumped specimen to that of the non-slumped specimen. The pre-cure viscoelasticity of each composite was evaluated by an oscillatory shear test and normal stress was measured by a squeeze test using a rheometer. Correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the viscoelastic properties and SRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SRI varied between the three materials (Z100<Z250<Z350) and the imprint shapes did not affect the slumping tendency. The SRI was strongly correlated with the loss shear modulus G'' but not with the loss tangent. Also, slumping resistance was more closely related to the resistance to shear flow than to the normal stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Slumping tendency could be quantified using the imprint method and SRI. The index may be applicable to evaluate the clinical handling characteristics of composites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28-2 Yeongeon-Dong, Jongro-Ku, Seoul 110-749, South Korea. inboglee@snu.ac.kr
authors.forename: InBog
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Juhea
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferracane
mesh_terms: D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004548:Elasticity; D008422:Materials Testing; D053761:Nanocomposites; D010316:Particle Size; D012212:Rheology; D033081:Shear Strength; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014783:Viscosity; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; C444701:Filtek Z250; C083568:Z100 composite resin; C533204:filtek Z350; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D015040:Zirconium