title: Gray matter structural alterations in psychotropic drug-naive pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: an optimized voxel-based morphometry study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have been conducted in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), few studies have used voxel-based morphometry to examine brain structure, especially in psychotropic drug-naive pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  MRI examinations of 37 psychotropic drug-naive pediatric OCD patients and 26 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers were acquired on a 1.5 T MRI system, normalized to a customized template, and segmented with optimized voxel-based morphometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pediatric OCD patients had significantly more gray matter in regions predicted to differ a priori between groups, including the right and left putamen and orbital frontal cortex. Among patients, more gray matter in the left putamen and right lateral orbital frontal cortex correlated significantly with greater OCD symptom severity, but not with anxiety or depression. Manual region-of-interest measurements confirmed more gray matter in the orbital frontal cortex and putamen in patients compared to healthy volunteers. More anterior cingulate gray matter was evident among patients compared to healthy volunteers with regional volumetry but not with voxel-based morphometry. Regions of significantly less gray matter in OCD were confined to the occipital cortex and were not predicted a priori.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that OCD is characterized by more gray matter in brain regions comprising cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuits. These findings are consistent with functional neuroimaging studies reporting hypermetabolism and increased regional cerebral blood flow in striatal, anterior cingulate, and orbital frontal regions among OCD patients while in a resting state.
authors.affiliation: Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, 75-59 263rd St., Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA. szeszko@lij.edu
authors.forename: Philip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Szeszko
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Christian
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Macmaster
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lencz
authors.forename: Yousha
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mirza
authors.forename: S Preeya
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Taormina
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Easter
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Michalopoulou
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000473:pathology; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011699:Putamen / Q000473:pathology; D012016:Reference Values; D013788:Thalamus / Q000473:pathology