title: Vascular endothelial growth factor attenuates hepatic sinusoidal capillarization in thioacetamide-induced cirrhotic rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) transfection on hepatic sinusoidal capillarization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)/VEGF transfection was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry both in primary hepatocytes and in normal liver. Cirrhotic rats were generated by thioacetamide (TAA) administration and then divided into a treatment group, which received injections of 400 microg of plasmid DNA encoding an EGFP-VEGF fusion protein, and a blank group, which received an equal amount of normal saline through the portal vein. The portal vein pressure was measured in the normal and cirrhotic state, in treated and blank groups. The average number of fenestrae per hepatic sinusoid was determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while the relative abundance of VEGF transcripts was examined by Gene array.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Green fluorescent protein was observed in the cytoplasms of liver cells under immunofluorescence microscopy 24 h after transfection with EGFP/VEGF plasmid in vitro. Staining with polyclonal antibodies against VEGF illustrated that hepatocytes expressed immunodetectable VEGF both in vitro and in vitro. There were significant differences in the number of fenestrae and portal vein pressures between normal and cirrhotic rats (7.40 +/- 1.71 vs 2.30 +/- 1.16 and 9.32 +/- 0.85 cmH2O vs 17.92 +/- 0.90 cmH2O, P < 0.01), between cirrhotic and treated rats (2.30 +/- 1.16 cmH2O vs 4.60 +/- 1.65 and 17.92 +/- 0.90 cmH2O vs 15.52 +/- 0.93 cmH2O, P < 0.05) and between the treatment group and the blank group (4.60 +/- 1.65 cmH2O vs 2.10 +/- 1.10 cmH2O and 15.52 +/- 0.93 cmH2O vs 17.26 +/- 1.80 cmH2O, P < 0.05). Gene-array analysis revealed that the relative abundance of transcripts of VEGF family members decreased in the cirrhotic state and increased after transfection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injection of a plasmid encoding VEGF through the portal vein is an effective method to induce the formation of fenestrae and decrease portal vein pressure in cirrhotic rats. Therefore, it may be a good choice for treating hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Clinical College of Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Bao-Min
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Xiao-Fei
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Tai-Huang
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002196:Capillaries / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008106:Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D017082:Portal Pressure; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013853:Thioacetamide; D014162:Transfection; D042643:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D042643:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D; C485184:enhanced green fluorescent protein; D013853:Thioacetamide; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins