title: Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes KF707 upon biofilm formation on a polystyrene surface acquire a strong antibiotic resistance with minor changes in their tolerance to metal cations and metalloid oxyanions.
abstract: The susceptibility to various biocides was examined in planktonic cells and biofilms of the obligate aerobe, PCBs degrader, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes KF707. The toxicity of two antibiotics, amikacin and rifampicin, three metalloid oxyanions (AsO2(-), SeO3(2-), TeO3(2-)) and three metal cations (Cd2+, Ni2+, Al3+) was tested at two stages of the biofilm-development (4 and 24 h) and compared to planktonic cells susceptibility. Mature biofilms formed in rich (LB, Luria-Bertani) medium were thicker (23 microm) than biofilms grown in minimal (SA saccarose-arginine) medium (13 microm). Early grown (4 h) SA-biofilms, which consisted of a few sparse/attached cells, were 50-100 times more resistant to antibiotics than planktonic cells. Conversely, minor changes in tolerance to metal(loid)s were seen in both SA- and LB-grown biofilms. In contrast to planktonic cells, no reduction of TeO3(2-) to elemental Te0 or SeO3(2-) to elemental Se0 was seen in KF707 biofilms. The data indicate that: (a) metal tolerance in KF707 biofilms, under the growth and exposure conditions described here, is different than antibiotic tolerance; (b) KF707 planktonic cells and biofilms, are almost equally susceptible to killing by metal cations and oxyanions, and (c) biofilm-tolerance to TeO3(2-) and SeO3(2-) is not linked to metalloid reduction; this means that KF707 planktonic cells and biofilms differ in their physiology and strategy to counteract metalloid toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, General Microbiology Unit, Faculty of Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tremaroli
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fedi
authors.forename: Raymond J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ceri
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zannoni
mesh_terms: D000583:Amikacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000838:Anions / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002412:Cations / Q000494:pharmacology; D003470:Culture Media; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D008670:Metals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D011137:Polystyrenes; D044205:Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002412:Cations; D003470:Culture Media; D008670:Metals; D011137:Polystyrenes; D000583:Amikacin; D012293:Rifampin