title: Diagnostic performance of clinical motor and non-motor tests of Parkinson disease: a matched case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD) is made typically on the basis of motor abnormalities. PD is now recognized to have both motor and non-motor manifestations, indicating a need for the development of reliable non-motor diagnostic tests for PD. The aim of the present study was to compare the accuracy of various clinical motor and non-motor tests for the diagnosis of PD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five PD patients (Hoehn and Yahr stages 1-3; mean age 59.5 +/- 10.0 years) and 45 healthy controls matched for gender and age completed a clinimetric motor test battery to assess limb bradykinesia, tremor and balance. Non-motor tests consisted of depression, anxiety and smell identification ratings. Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) analysis was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that smell identification was the most accurate predictor of the presence of PD within the overall group of patients and matched control subjects (AUC = 0.886) and also in the subgroups of mild severity (Hoehn and Yahr stages 1-1.5; AUC = 0.923), young-onset (AUC = 0.888) and female PD patients (AUC = 0.797). The second best diagnostic test was the grooved pegboard test for the clinically most affected body side.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that olfactory function is the most accurate diagnostic predictor within a heterogeneous sample of patients with PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School; VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. nbohnen@umich.edu
authors.forename: N I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Bohnen
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Studenski
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Constantine
authors.forename: R Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012372:ROC Curve; D012903:Smell