title: Stop orders to reduce inappropriate urinary catheterization in hospitalized patients: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hospitalized patients frequently have urinary catheters inserted for inappropriate reasons. This can lead to urinary tract infections and other complications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether stop orders for indwelling urinary catheters reduces the duration of inappropriate urinary catheterization and the incidence of urinary tract infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial was conducted in three tertiary-care hospitals in Ontario, Canada. Patients with indwelling urinary catheters were randomized to prewritten orders for the removal of urinary catheters if specified criteria were not present or to usual care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred ninety-two hospitalized patients admitted to hospital with indwelling urinary catheters inserted for < or = 48 h.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcomes included days of inappropriate indwelling catheter use, total days of catheter use, frequency of urinary tract infection, and catheter reinsertions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were fewer days of inappropriate and total urinary catheter use in the stop-order group than in the usual care group (difference -1.69 [95% CI -1.23 to -2.15], P < 0.001 and -1.34 days, [95% CI, -0.64 to -2.05 days], P < 0.001, respectively). Urinary tract infections occurred in 19.0% of the stop-order group and 20.2% of the usual care group, relative risk 0.94 (95% CI, 0.66 to 1.33), P = 0.71. Catheter reinsertion occurred in 8.6% of the stop-order group and 7.0% in the usual care group, relative risk 1.23 (95% CI, 0.72 to 2.11), P = 0.45.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stop orders for urinary catheterization safely reduced duration of inappropriate urinary catheterization in hospitalized patients but did not reduce urinary tract infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. loebm@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loeb
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Halloran
authors.forename: Soo Chan
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Carusone
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dafoe
authors.forename: Stephen D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Walter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards*; D019091:Critical Pathways; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D020878:Device Removal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000517:prevention & control