title: Cardioprotective mechanism of telmisartan via PPAR-gamma-eNOS pathway in dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, some investigators have shown that telmisartan, an angiotensin II (Ang II)-receptor blocker (ARB), is a partial agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma). We investigate whether telmisartan improves cardiovascular remodeling associated with the production of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) through PPAR-gamma, inhibits the Rho-kinase pathway, and suppresses oxidative stress in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) hypertensive rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Telmisartan (1 mg/kg per day) or telmisartan plus PPAR-gamma inhibitor, GW9662 (1 mg/kg per day) was administered from the age of 6-11 weeks. Age-matched male Dahl salt-resistant (DR) rats served as a control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of eNOS and PPAR-gamma expression, and eNOS phosphorylation were significantly lower in DS rats than in DR rats. Chronic telmisartan treatment in DS rats significantly increased these parameters, but not telmisartan plus GW9662. Telmisartan effectively inhibited the vascular lesion formation such as medial thickness and perivascular fibrosis, but not telmisartan plus GW9662. Moreover, upregulated RhoA protein, Rho-kinase mRNA, and myosin light-chain phosphorylation in DS rats was decreased by telmisartan to a similar degree as observed after treatment with Y-27632, a selective Rho-kinase inhibitor. In addition, NAD(P)H oxidase p22phox, p47phox, gp91phox expression, and mitogen-activated protein kinase and its downstream effector p70 S6 kinase phosphorylation in DS rats was also inhibited by telmisartan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the cardioprotective mechanism of telmisartan may be partly due to improvement of endothelial function associated with PPAR-gamma-eNOS, oxidative stress, and Rho-kinase pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hypertension and Cardiorenal Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan. nao-koba@dokkyomed.ac.jp
authors.forename: Naohiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: Kohtaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Hiromichi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Yasuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mamada
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: Hisato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Yoshifumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Machida
authors.forename: Motoo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinoda
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
mesh_terms: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001565:Benzoates / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D020303:Rats, Inbred Dahl; D012107:Research Design; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D000077333:Telmisartan; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects*; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001565:Benzoates; D024042:Collagen Type I; D047495:PPAR gamma; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013481:Superoxides; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D000077333:Telmisartan