title: Human cardiovascular progenitor cells develop from a KDR+ embryonic-stem-cell-derived population.
abstract: The functional heart is comprised of distinct mesoderm-derived lineages including cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Studies in the mouse embryo and the mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation model have provided evidence indicating that these three lineages develop from a common Flk-1(+) (kinase insert domain protein receptor, also known as Kdr) cardiovascular progenitor that represents one of the earliest stages in mesoderm specification to the cardiovascular lineages. To determine whether a comparable progenitor is present during human cardiogenesis, we analysed the development of the cardiovascular lineages in human embryonic stem cell differentiation cultures. Here we show that after induction with combinations of activin A, bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, also known as FGF2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, also known as VEGFA) and dickkopf homolog 1 (DKK1) in serum-free media, human embryonic-stem-cell-derived embryoid bodies generate a KDR(low)/C-KIT(CD117)(neg) population that displays cardiac, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle potential in vitro and, after transplantation, in vivo. When plated in monolayer cultures, these KDR(low)/C-KIT(neg) cells differentiate to generate populations consisting of greater than 50% contracting cardiomyocytes. Populations derived from the KDR(low)/C-KIT(neg) fraction give rise to colonies that contain all three lineages when plated in methylcellulose cultures. Results from limiting dilution studies and cell-mixing experiments support the interpretation that these colonies are clones, indicating that they develop from a cardiovascular colony-forming cell. Together, these findings identify a human cardiovascular progenitor that defines one of the earliest stages of human cardiac development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Soonpaa
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Torsten K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Roepke
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kattman
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Els
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Henckaerts
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bonham
authors.forename: Geoffrey W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: R Michael
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.forename: Loren J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: Gordon M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D028341:Activins / Q000494:pharmacology; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000187:drug effects; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000637:transplantation; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit / Q000235:genetics; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000494:pharmacology; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C525809:BMP4 protein, human; C525810:Bmp4 protein, mouse; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; C501126:DKK1 protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C422405:activin A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D028341:Activins; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2