title: Factors identified as precipitating hospital admissions for heart failure and clinical outcomes: findings from OPTIMIZE-HF.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have examined factors identified as contributing to heart failure (HF) hospitalization, and, to our knowledge, none has explored their relationship to length of stay and mortality. This study evaluated the association between precipitating factors identified at the time of HF hospital admission and subsequent clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 2003 to 2004, 259 US hospitals in OPTIMIZE-HF submitted data on 48 612 patients, with a prespecified subgroup of at least 10% providing 60- to 90-day follow-up data. Identifiable factors contributing to HF hospitalization were captured at admission and included ischemia, arrhythmia, nonadherence to diet or medications, pneumonia/respiratory process, hypertension, and worsening renal function. Multivariate analyses were performed for length of stay, in-hospital mortality, 60- to 90-day follow-up mortality, and death/rehospitalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean patient age was 73.1 years, 52% of patients were female, and mean ejection fraction was 39.0%. Of 48 612 patients, 29 814 (61.3%) had 1 or more precipitating factors identified, with pneumonia/respiratory process (15.3%), ischemia (14.7%), and arrhythmia (13.5%) being most frequent. Pneumonia (odds ratio, 1.60), ischemia (1.20), and worsening renal function (1.48) were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality, whereas uncontrolled hypertension (0.74) was associated with lower in-hospital mortality. Ischemia (1.52) and worsening renal function (1.46) were associated with a higher risk of follow-up mortality. Uncontrolled hypertension as a precipitating factor was associated with lower postdischarge death/rehospitalization (hazard ratio, 0.71).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Precipitating factors are frequently identified in patients hospitalized for HF and are associated with clinical outcomes independent of other predictive variables. Increased attention to these factors, many of which are avoidable, is important in optimizing the management of HF.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00344513.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA. gfonarow@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Gregg C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Fonarow
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Nancy M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Wendy Gattis
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Stough
authors.forename: Mihai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gheorghiade
authors.forename: Barry H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.forename: Jie Lena
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Clyde W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Yancy
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000401:mortality; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010359:Patient Readmission; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000401:mortality; D012042:Registries; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000401:mortality; D016312:Treatment Refusal