title: Exercise restores endothelial function independently of weight loss or hyperglycaemic status in db/db mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exercise ameliorates oxidative stress-mediated diabetic vascular endothelial dysfunction through poorly defined mechanisms. We hypothesised that, in addition to improving metabolic parameters, upregulation of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) mediates exercise-induced reductions of oxidative stress and increased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, and also restores vasodilatation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Type 2 diabetic db/db and normoglycaemic wild-type mice were exercised at moderate intensity for 1 h a day for 7 weeks, leading to a 10% body weight loss. Sedentary animals or those undergoing a low-intensity exercise regimen causing non-significant weight loss were also used. We examined aortic endothelial cell function, NO bioavailability and various biomarkers of oxidative stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate-intensity exercise lowered body weight, increased mitochondrial manganese SOD (MnSOD) and both total and phosphorylated (Ser1177) endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein production; it also reduced whole-body (plasma 8-isoprostane) and tissue oxidative stress (nitrotyrosine immunostaining or protein carbonyl levels in the aorta). Low-intensity exercise did not alter body weight; however, it upregulated cytosolic Cu/Zn-SOD instead of MnSOD, and still demonstrated all the above benefits in the db/db aorta. Importantly, both exercise protocols improved endothelial-dependent vasodilatation and NO bioavailability without altering hyperglycaemic status in db/db mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exercise reverses diabetic vascular endothelial dysfunction independently of improvements in body weight or hyperglycaemia. Our data suggest that upregulation of eNOS and specific SOD isoforms could play important roles in improving NO bioavailability, as well as in reversing endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes patients through lifestyle modifications in the management of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moien-Afshari
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elmi
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sallam
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khazaei
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kieffer
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Brownsey
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Laher
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001011:Aorta / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008055:Lipids; D009573:Nitrites; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496315:Nos3 protein, mouse; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase