Rapid scaling-up of antiretroviral therapy in 10,000 adults in Côte d'Ivoire: 2-year outcomes and determinants.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the rates and determinants of mortality, loss to follow-up and immunological failure in a nongovernmental organization-implemented program of access to antiretroviral treatment in Côte d'Ivoire.


METHODS
In each new treatment center, professionals were trained in HIV care, and a computerized data system was implemented. Individual patient and program level determinants of survival, loss to follow-up and immunological failure were assessed by multivariate analysis.


RESULTS
Between May 2004 and February 2007, 10,211 patients started antiretroviral treatment in 19 clinics (median preantiretroviral treatment CD4 cell count, 123 cells/microl; initial regimen zidovudine-lamivudine-efavirenz, 20%; stavudine-lamivudine-efavirenz, 22%; stavudine-lamivudine-nevirapine, 52%). At 18 months on antiretroviral treatment, the median gain in CD4 cell count was +202 cells/microl, the probability of death was 0.15 and the probability of being loss to follow-up was 0.21. In addition to the commonly reported determinants of impaired outcomes (low CD4 cell count, low BMI, low hemoglobin, advanced clinical stage, old age and poor adherence), two factors were also shown to independently jeopardize prognosis: male sex (men vs. women: hazard ratio = 1.52 for death, 1.27 for loss to follow-up, 1.31 for immunological failure); and attending a recently opened clinic (inexperienced vs. experienced centers: hazard ratio = 1.40 for death, 1.58 for loss to follow-up). None of the three outcomes was associated with the drug regimen.


CONCLUSIONS
In this rapidly scaling-up program, survival and immune reconstitution were good; women and patients followed up in centers with longer experience had better outcomes; outcomes were similar in zidovudine/stavudine-based regimens and in efavirenz/nevirapine-based regimens. Decreasing the rate of loss to follow-up should now be the top priority in antiretroviral treatment rollout.
Toure
Siaka
S
Aconda Association, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
Kouadio
Bertin
B
Seyler
Catherine
C
Traore
Moussa
M
Dakoury-Dogbo
Nicole
N
Duvignac
Julien
J
Diakite
Nafissatou
N
Karcher
Sophie
S
Grundmann
Christophe
C
Marlink
Richard
R
Dabis
François
F
Anglaret
Xavier
X
D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D007560:Cote d'Ivoire; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006678:HIV; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1; D015498:HIV-2; D006801:Humans; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000627:therapeutic use
D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D019259:Lamivudine; D015215:Zidovudine; D019829:Nevirapine