title: Infection associated with hematoma formation after shoulder arthroplasty.
abstract: Hematoma formation requiring operative treatment after shoulder arthroplasty may be associated with higher patient morbidity. We therefore determined whether there was an association of hematoma formation requiring operative treatment with deep infection after shoulder arthroplasty. Between 1978 and 2006, we performed 4147 shoulder arthroplasties in 3643 patients. Of these, 12 shoulders (0.3%) underwent reoperation for hematoma formation. The mean time interval from arthroplasty to surgery for the hematoma was 7 days (range, 0.5-31 days). Among nine cases in which cultures were taken, six had positive cultures; the organisms included Propionibacterium acnes in three, Staphylococcus epidermidis in one, Streptococcus species in one, and Staphylococcus epidermidis with Peptostreptococcus in one. The minimum followup was 12 months (mean, 68 months; range, 12 to 294 months). Two of the 12 patients eventually underwent resection arthroplasty for deep infection. The Neer score was excellent in one, satisfactory in six, and unsatisfactory in five patients. The data suggest hematoma formation after shoulder arthroplasty is often accompanied by positive intraoperative cultures. The surgeon should be aware of the high rate of unsatisfactory results associated with this complication as well as the possibility of developing a deep infection requiring additional surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level IV, prognostic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, R-155, Stanford, CA 94305-5335, USA. evcheung@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Emilie V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sperling
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Cofield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012785:Shoulder Joint; D018461:Soft Tissue Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery