title: Neuroanatomical correlates of temperament in early adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Temperament refers to enduring behavioral characteristics that underpin individual differences in human behavior, including risk for psychopathology. Research attempting to investigate the neurobiological basis of temperament represents an important step toward elucidating the biological mechanisms underlying these individual differences. In the present study, we examined the relation between four core temperament dimensions and anatomically defined regions of the limbic and prefrontal cortices.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a cross-sectional design to examine a large sample (N = 153; mean age 12.6 years, SD 0.4, range 11.4-13.7) of healthy early adolescents who were selected from a larger sample to maximize variation in temperament. The main outcome measures were psychometric measures of temperament (four factors: effortful control, negative affectivity, surgency, and affiliativeness) based on the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised, and volumetric measures of a priori brain regions of interest (anterior cingulate cortex [ACC], orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found regional brain volumes to account for small but significant amounts of the variance in self-reported temperament scores. Specifically, higher effortful control was associated with larger volume of the left orbitofrontal cortex and hippocampus. Higher negative affectivity was associated with smaller volume of the left dorsal paralimbic relative to limbic portion of the ACC. Higher affiliativeness was associated with larger volume of the right rostral/ventral limbic portion of the ACC. Affiliativeness and surgency also showed a number of female-specific associations, primarily involving the rostral/ventral ACC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide support for a neuroanatomical basis for individual differences in temperament and have implications for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the development of a number of psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Drs. Whittle, Yücel, Lubman, and Allen and Mr. Simmons are with ORYGEN Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; Drs. Fornito, Wood, and Pantelis are with the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; and Ms. Barrett is with the Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne.. Electronic address: nba@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Whittle
authors.affiliation: Drs. Whittle, Yücel, Lubman, and Allen and Mr. Simmons are with ORYGEN Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; Drs. Fornito, Wood, and Pantelis are with the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; and Ms. Barrett is with the Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yücel
authors.affiliation: Drs. Whittle, Yücel, Lubman, and Allen and Mr. Simmons are with ORYGEN Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; Drs. Fornito, Wood, and Pantelis are with the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; and Ms. Barrett is with the Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fornito
authors.affiliation: Drs. Whittle, Yücel, Lubman, and Allen and Mr. Simmons are with ORYGEN Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; Drs. Fornito, Wood, and Pantelis are with the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; and Ms. Barrett is with the Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.affiliation: Drs. Whittle, Yücel, Lubman, and Allen and Mr. Simmons are with ORYGEN Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; Drs. Fornito, Wood, and Pantelis are with the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; and Ms. Barrett is with the Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Drs. Whittle, Yücel, Lubman, and Allen and Mr. Simmons are with ORYGEN Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; Drs. Fornito, Wood, and Pantelis are with the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; and Ms. Barrett is with the Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne.
authors.forename: Dan I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Lubman
authors.affiliation: Drs. Whittle, Yücel, Lubman, and Allen and Mr. Simmons are with ORYGEN Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; Drs. Fornito, Wood, and Pantelis are with the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; and Ms. Barrett is with the Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.affiliation: Drs. Whittle, Yücel, Lubman, and Allen and Mr. Simmons are with ORYGEN Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; Drs. Fornito, Wood, and Pantelis are with the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; and Ms. Barrett is with the Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pantelis
authors.affiliation: Drs. Whittle, Yücel, Lubman, and Allen and Mr. Simmons are with ORYGEN Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; Drs. Fornito, Wood, and Pantelis are with the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne; and Ms. Barrett is with the Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne.
authors.forename: Nicholas B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007206:Individuality; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D013694:Temperament / Q000502:physiology*