title: Self-reported early trauma as a predictor of adult personality: a study in a military sample.
abstract: Exposure to early trauma has frequently been linked to adult psychopathology, including personality disorders. This cross-sectional study explored the relationship between personality and retrospectively rated levels of early trauma in 242 soldiers. Multiple regression analyses showed a significant relationship between early trauma and adult personality as exposure to emotional trauma predicted levels of self-directedness and cooperativeness on the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI; C. R. Cloninger, T. R. Przybeck, D. M. Svrakic, & R. D. Wetzel, 1994). Overall, these results suggest that early emotional trauma may be related to personality dimensions associated with poor impulse control and interpersonal behavior. These results are noteworthy considering that they were obtained in a healthy sample. They show that early trauma may become ingrained in personality and hamper the potential to effectively engage in social interactions, increasing the risk of emotional and cognitive problems.
authors.affiliation: Utrecht University, and Research Institute for Psychology & Health; and Research Centre-Military Mental Healthcare, Utrecht, The Netherlands. AR.Rademaker@mindef.nl
authors.forename: Arthur R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rademaker
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vermetten
authors.forename: Elbert
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Geuze
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muilwijk
authors.forename: Rolf J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kleber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010553:Personality Development; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors