title: Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress interleukin-1beta-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in human chondrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). In the present study, we determined the effect of trichostatin A (TSA) and butyric acid (BA), two histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, on NO and PGE(2) synthesis, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression, and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB DNA-binding activity, in interleukin-1beta (IL-1)-stimulated human OA chondrocytes, and on IL-1-induced proteoglycan degradation in cartilage explants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chondrocytes were stimulated with IL-1 in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations of TSA or BA. The production of NO and PGE(2) was evaluated using Griess reagent and an enzyme immunoassay, respectively. The expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins and mRNAs was evaluated using Western blotting and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Proteoglycan degradation was measured with dimethymethylene blue assay. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was utilized to analyze the DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HDAC inhibition with TSA or BA resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of IL-1-induced NO and PGE(2) production. IL-17- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced NO and PGE(2) production was also inhibited by TSA and BA. This inhibition correlated with the suppression of iNOS and COX-2 protein and mRNA expression. TSA and BA also prevented IL-1-induced proteoglycan release from cartilage explants. Finally, we demonstrate that the DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB, was induced by IL-1, but was not affected by treatment with HDAC inhibitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that HDAC inhibitors suppressed IL-1-induced NO and PGE(2) synthesis, iNOS and COX-2 expression, as well as proteoglycan degradation. The suppressive effect of HDAC inhibitors is not due to impaired DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB. These findings also suggest that HDAC inhibitors may be of potential therapeutic value in the treatment of OA.
authors.affiliation: Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Notre-Dame Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, 1560 Sherbrooke Street East, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2L 4M1.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chabane
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zayed
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Afif
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mfuna-Endam
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benderdour
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boileau
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martel-Pelletier
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duval
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fahmi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D015232:Dinoprostone