title: Global metabolic responses of mice to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection.
abstract: Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is transmitted by tsetse flies and, if untreated, is fatal. Treatment depends on infection stage, and early diagnosis is crucial for effective disease management. The systemic host biochemical changes induced by HAT that enable biomarker discovery or relate to therapeutic outcome are largely unknown. We have characterized the multivariate temporal responses of mice to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection, using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic metabolic phenotyping of urine and plasma. Marked alterations in plasma metabolic profiles were detected already 1 day postinfection. Elevated plasma concentrations of lactate, branched chain amino acids, and acetylglycoprotein fragments were noted. T. brucei brucei-infected mice also had an imbalance of plasma alanine and valine, consistent with differential gluconeogenesis (parasite)-ketogenesis (host) pathway counterflux, involving stimulated host glycolysis, ketogenesis, and enhanced lipid oxidation in the host. Histopathologic evidence of T. brucei brucei-induced extramedullary hepatic hemopoiesis, renal interstitial nephritis, and a provoked inflammatory response was also noted. Metabolic disturbance of gut microbiotal activity was associated with infection, as indicated by changes in the urinary concentrations of the microbial co-metabolites, including hippurate. Concluding, parasite infection results in multiple systemic biochemical effects in the host and disturbance of the symbiotic gut microbial metabolic interactions. Investigation of these transgenomic metabolic alterations may underpin the development of new diagnostic criteria and metrics of therapeutic efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Yulan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jürg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Utzinger
authors.forename: Jasmina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saric
authors.forename: Jia V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burckhardt
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dirnhofer
authors.forename: Jeremy K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: Burton H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Reto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holmes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D014346:Trypanosoma brucei brucei; D014353:Trypanosomiasis, African / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*