title: In vitro resistance of articular chondrocytes to 5-Aminolevulinic acid based photodynamic therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  5-Aminolevulinic acid based photodynamic therapy (5-ALA-PDT) has revealed promising results in the treatment of inflammatory joint diseases due to the sensitivity of inflamed synovial tissue. For 5-ALA-PDT to be safe and beneficial for intra-articular applications, resistance of chondrocytes is essential to prevent cartilage damage. As no data yet exist, the aim of the present study was to assess in vitro the response of the chondrocytes to 5-ALA-PDT and to compare with osteoblasts and synovial tissue derived cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine articular chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and synovial cells were subjected to 5-ALA-PDT in cell culture. The PpIX accumulation and the function of the cells were assessed for up to 12 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bovine chondrocytes showed lower PpIX fluorescence upon incubation with 5-ALA (0.0-2.0 mM) for 4 hours as compared to osteoblasts and synovial cells suggesting a low PpIX accumulation. After incubation with 0.5 mM 5-ALA and application of light at a dose of 20 J/cm2, chondrocytes were functionally not affected (collagen type II and aggrecan mRNA, glycosaminoglycan synthesis) whereas a decrease in the proportion of viable cells was observed in osteoblasts and synovial cells (2+/-2% and 14+/-8%, respectively; chondrocytes 91+/-13%). Chondrocytes showed a 58% reduction of 5-ALA uptake using [3H]5-ALA as compared to osteoblasts and a lower mitochondrial content as assessed by the activity of the mitochondrial marker enzyme citrate synthase (9.2+/- 3.6 mU/mg protein) than osteoblasts (32.6+/-10.5 mU/mg) and synovial cells (60.0+/-10.8 mU/mg). The reduced uptake of 5-ALA and/or the low mitochondrial content, an adaptation to their in vivo environment and the site of PpIX synthesis, presumably explains the lower PpIX content in chondrocytes and their resistance against 5-ALA-PDT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  5-ALA-PDT might represent a treatment strategy in inflammatory joint diseases without endangering the cartilage function. However, further in vitro and in vivo experiments are required to confirm this data in the authentic environment of chondrocytes, the articular cartilage.
authors.affiliation: Group for Bone Biology and Orthopaedic Research, Department Clinical Research, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Berne, Switzerland. rainier.egli@dkf.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Rainer J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Egli
authors.forename: Agostino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Criscio
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hempfing
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schoeniger
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ganz
authors.forename: Willy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hofstetter
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leunig
mesh_terms: D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid