title: High pulse pressure protects against headache: prospective and cross-sectional data (HUNT study).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many antihypertensive drugs are also used as migraine prophylactics, but the relationship between blood pressure and headache is not been well understood. The objective of the present study was to explore the association between blood pressure and headache prevalence, and the effect of antihypertensive medication on this relationship, using both cross-sectional and prospective data from a large population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from two large epidemiologic studies, the Nord-Trøndelag Health Survey 1984-1986 (HUNT-1) and 1995-97 (HUNT-2), to evaluate the association between blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, mean arterial, and pulse pressure) and migraine and nonmigrainous headache.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing systolic blood pressure was associated with decreasing prevalence of having nonmigrainous headache or migraine. The most consistent and robust finding, however, was that increasing pulse pressure was linked to decreased prevalence of both nonmigrainous headache and migraine, evident for both sexes in the prospective and cross-sectional analyses. In subjects using antihypertensive medication, this finding was less clear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both increased systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure are related to arterial stiffness and may decrease headache prevalence through modulation of the baroreflex arch, which in turn generates hypoalgesia. This is due to a phenomenon called hypertension-associated hypalgesia. Stimulation of the baroreflex arch in response to increased blood pressure is assumed to inhibit pain transmission at both spinal and supraspinal levels, possibly because of an interaction of the centers modulating nociception and cardiovascular reflexes in the brainstem.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian National Headache Center, Trondheim University Hospital, Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway. erling.tronvik@ntnu.no
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tronvik
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Stovner
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holmen
authors.forename: J-A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zwart
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents