title: Development of a triage protocol for patients presenting with gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many patients presenting with acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage (GIH) are admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for monitoring. A simple triage protocol based upon validated risk factors could decrease ICU utilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of 188 patients admitted with GIH from the emergency department (ED) were reviewed for BLEED criteria (visualized red blood, systolic blood pressure below 100 mm Hg, elevated prothrombin time [PT], erratic mental status, and unstable comorbid disease) and complication within the first 24 hours of admission. Variables associated with early complication were reassessed in 132 patients prospectively enrolled as a validation cohort. A triage model was developed using significant predictors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 188 patients in the development set and 132 in the validation set. Red blood (relative risk [RR] 4.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.04, 10.07) and elevated PT (RR 3.27, 95% CI 1.53, 7.01) were significantly associated with complication in the development set. In the validation cohort, the combination of red blood or unstable comorbidity had a sensitivity of 0.73, a specificity of 0.55, a positive predictive value of 0.24, and a negative predictive value of 0.91 for complication within 24 hours. In simulation studies, a triage model using these variables could reduce ICU admissions without increasing the number of complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients presenting to the ED with GIH who have no evidence of ongoing bleeding or unstable comorbidities are at low risk for complication during hospital admission. A triage model based on these variables should be tested prospectively to optimize critical care resource utilization in this common condition.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Institute of Augusta, 3685 Wheeler Road, Suite 101, Augusta, GA 30909, USA. aneesaamar@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Aneesa M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Namita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hodgin
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Shannon S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Carson
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014218:Triage / Q000379:methods*