title: DSM-IV criteria-based clinical subtypes of cannabis use disorders: results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC).
abstract: Prior research documented high homogeneity of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) as clinical entities. However, it is unknown whether this finding extends to other substance use disorders. We investigated this by examining the prevalence of all possible DSM-IV criteria-based clinical subtypes of current and lifetime cannabis use disorders in the general population. The number of possible (i.e., theoretical) clinical subtypes of cannabis abuse and dependence based on different combinations of the DSM-IV criteria was calculated using the combinatorial function. This number was compared with the subtypes actually observed in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a large U.S. national sample (N=43,093). Clinical and demographic correlates of the subtypes were examined with chi2 tests whose target population was the United States civilian non-institutionalized population. All DSM-IV cannabis abuse and dependence criteria were assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version (AUDADIS-IV). Of all possible cannabis dependence subtypes, 29 (69%) were observed in the 12-month timeframe, and 41 (98%) in the lifetime timeframe. The corresponding numbers of subtypes for cannabis abuse were 12 (75%), current and 15 (100%), lifetime. These findings suggest that, in contrast to alcohol disorders, cannabis use disorders were highly heterogeneous. Future research should investigate whether there are differences in the course and treatment response of these clinical subtypes of cannabis use disorders, and the heterogeneity of other substance use disorders.
authors.affiliation: New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ogburn
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pérez de Los Cobos
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lujan
authors.forename: Edward V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Shang-Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Deborah S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hasin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology