Online cancer communication: meeting the literacy, cultural and linguistic needs of diverse audiences.
OBJECTIVE
This article provides an analysis of issues and empirical evidence related to literacy, cultural, and linguistic factors in online health and cancer communication, and recommendations to improve cancer communication for diverse audiences.


METHODS
We examined English-language online literature and selected books and policy documents related to literacy, cultural, and linguistic factors in health and cancer communication.


RESULTS
Studies about literacy, cultural, and linguistic factors in online cancer communication for diverse audiences are limited, but have increased during the past 15 years. Empirical evidence and theoretical guidance describe the critical importance of these factors, significant unmet needs among low-literate, multicultural and non-English-speaking populations, and strategies to improve communication.


CONCLUSIONS
Overall, online cancer communication has not met the literacy, cultural, and linguistic needs of diverse populations. The literature offers valuable recommendations about enhancing research, practice, and policy for better cancer communication.


CONCLUSIONS
Practitioners should understand the strengths and weaknesses of online cancer communication for vulnerable groups, guide patients to better Websites, and supplement that information with oral and tailored communication.
Neuhauser
Linda
L
School of Public Health, 50 University Hall MC 7360, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA. lindan@berkeley.edu
Kreps
Gary L
GL
D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology; D003142:Communication; D003197:Computer Literacy; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D004522:Educational Status; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006287:Health Planning Guidelines; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007255:Information Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D020407:Internet / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008913:Minority Groups; D009862:Online Systems / Q000458:organization & administration; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000458:organization & administration*; D024382:Professional Role; D017749:Total Quality Management; D035862:Vulnerable Populations