title: Tone burst-evoked otoacoustic emissions in neonates: normative data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tone-burst otoacoustic emissions (TBOAEs) have not been routinely studied in pediatric populations, although tone burst stimuli have greater frequency specificity compared with click sound stimuli. The present study aimed (1) to determine an appropriate stimulus level for neonatal TBOAE measurements when the stimulus center frequency was 1 kHz, (2) to explore the characteristics of 1 kHz TBOAEs in a neonatal population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 395 normal neonates (745 ears) were recruited. The study consisted of two parts, reflecting the two study aims. Part I included 40 normal neonatal ears, and TBOAE measurement was performed at five stimulus levels in the range 60-80 dB peSPL, with 5 dB incremental steps. Part II investigated the characteristics of the 1 kHz TBOAE response in a large group of 705 neonatal ears, and provided clinical reference criteria based on these characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study provided a series of reference parameters for 1 kHz TBOAE measurement in neonates. Based on the results, a suggested stimulus level and reference criteria for 1 kHz TBOAE measures with neonates were established. In addition, time-frequency analysis of the data gave new insight into the energy distribution of the neonatal TBOAE response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TBOAE measures may be a useful method for investigating cochlear function at specific frequency ranges in neonates. However, further studies of both TBOAE time-frequency analysis and measurements in newborns are needed.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Communication Disorders, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. weizhang@hku.hk
authors.forename: Vicky Wei
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.forename: Zhi-Guo
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Zhang