title: Dietary toxicity and tissue accumulation of methylmercury in American kestrels.
abstract: American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were fed meat diets containing 0, 3, 6, or 12 ppm (dry weight) methylmercury chloride. Birds fed the 12-ppm diet started to show signs of neurotoxicity after 26 days and all died in 39-49 days. One male kestrel fed the 6-ppm diet died after 75 days of exposure and several others showed signs of neurotoxicity after 45 days. None of the birds fed the 3-ppm diet died or showed signs of toxicity. After 59 days of exposure, mercury concentrations in the liver, kidney, and blood of nonreproducing kestrels increased with increasing dietary concentration. Tissue concentrations of mercury also steadily increased over time in birds fed diets with 6 ppm mercury, which were necropsied at 8, 15, 29, or 59 days of exposure, reaching mean total mercury concentrations of 57, 46, and 45 ppm (wet weight) at 59 days in the liver, kidney, and whole blood, respectively. Two pairs of kestrels at each dietary concentration were allowed to breed. Eggs averaged 8.3 and 18.1 ppm (wet weight) total mercury from birds fed 3- and 6-ppm diets, respectively. Feathers grown during mercury exposure contained high concentrations of mercury: Birds fed 3- and 6-ppm diets contained 275 and 542 ppm total mercury, respectively.
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, USA. bennett.rick@epa.gov
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rossmann
authors.forename: Romona
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haebler
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D046093:Falconiformes / Q000502:physiology*; D005241:Feathers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D008136:Longevity / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D010063:Ovum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C004925:methylmercuric chloride