title: Dietary alpha-ketoglutarate reduces gastrectomy-evoked loss of calvaria and trabecular bone in female rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgical removal of the stomach (gastrectomy, Gx) leads to osteopenia in animals and in humans. In the rat, Gx adversely affects calvaria and trabecular bone. alpha-Ketoglutarate (AKG) is a precursor of hydroxyproline--the most abundant amino acid in bone collagen. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary AKG on Gx-induced osteopenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to Gx and divided between two groups: Gx+AKG in the drinking water and Gx+Vehicle (i.e. drinking water without AKG). Another 20 rats were sham-operated and divided between two groups: Sham+AKG and Sham+Vehicle. The daily dose of AKG was 0.43 g per 100 g rat. All the rats were killed 8 weeks later and the calvariae, femora and tibiae were collected. The integrity of the calvariae was analysed planimetrically, following transillumination and photography. The bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured in the right femorae and tibiae (bone densitometry), leaving the left femorae and tibiae to be analysed histomorphometrically (measurement of trabecular bone volume and trabecular fractal dimension).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gx caused calvarial bone degradation, reduced trabecular bone (femur and tibia) and impaired trabecular architecture. In addition, Gx lowered the femoral/tibial BMC and BMD (mainly cortical bone). Dietary AKG counteracted the Gx-evoked impairment of calvaria and trabecular bone but failed to affect the BMC and the BMD in either sham- operated or Gx rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gx resulted in loss of calvarial, trabecular and cortical bone in the rat. AKG counteracted the effect of Gx on calvaria and trabecular bone but not on cortical bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Anatomy and Anthropology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Dobrowolski
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Piersiak
authors.forename: Vikas V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Surve
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kruszewska
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gawron
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pacuska
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Håkanson
authors.forename: Stefan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Pierzynowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology; D005743:Gastrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012886:Skull / Q000473:pathology; D013977:Tibia / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D007656:Ketoglutaric Acids