title: Phenotypic variation in enhanced S-cone syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the clinical, psychophysical, and electrophysiological phenotype of 19 patients with enhanced S-cone syndrome (ESCS) and relate the phenotype to the underlying genetic mutation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients underwent ophthalmic examination and functional testing including pattern ERG, full-field ERG, and long-duration and short-wavelength stimulation. Further tests were performed in some patients, including color contrast sensitivity (CCS), multifocal ERG, fundus autofluorescence imaging (FAI), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA). Mutational screening of NR2E3 was undertaken in 13 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fundus appearance was variable, from normal to typical nummular pigment clumping at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium in older patients. Nine patients had foveal schisis, and one had peripheral schisis. Pattern ERG was abnormal in all patients. In all patients, ISCEV Standard photopic and scotopic responses had a similar waveform, the rod-specific-ERG was undetectable and the 30-Hz flicker ERG was markedly delayed with an amplitude lower than the photopic a-wave. Most ERG responses arose from short-wavelength-sensitive mechanisms, and a majority of patients showed possible OFF-related activity. Multifocal ERG showed relative preservation of central function, but reduced responses with increased eccentricity. Mutations were identified in NR2E3 in 12 of 13 patients including four novel variants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phenotype in ESCS is variable, both in fundus appearance and in the severity of the electrophysiological abnormalities. The ERGs are dominated by short-wavelength-sensitive mechanisms. The presence, in most of the patients, of possible OFF-related ERG activity is a finding not usually associated with S-cones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrophysiology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, 162 City Road, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Audo
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michaelides
authors.forename: Anthony G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hawlina
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaclavik
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sandbach
authors.forename: Magella M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Neveu
authors.forename: Chris R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Anthony T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Alan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Graham E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Holder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004596:Electroretinography; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009755:Night Blindness / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D010641:Phenotype; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D017299:Rod Opsins / Q000378:metabolism; D013577:Syndrome; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; C403073:NR2E3 protein, human; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D017299:Rod Opsins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C095853:short-wavelength opsin