title: Pragmatic language and theory of mind deficits in people with schizophrenia and their relatives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deficits in theory of mind have frequently been observed in people affected by illnesses characterized by disrupted social behaviour like autism and psychoses. In schizophrenia, a pragmatic deficit in expressive language can also be observed. The present study was designed in order to assess the suitability of theory of mind and pragmatic conversation abilities as possible cognitive endophenotypes of schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  First- and second-order false belief tasks and pragmatic deficits in expressive language were examined in 38 patients with schizophrenia, in 34 non-psychotic relatives and in 44 healthy controls. An extensive clinical and neuropsychological assessment was also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Schizophrenic people and their first-degree relatives performedworse than the normal control subjects in false belief and pragmatic conversation tasks. General cognitive ability and neuropsychological measures of executive functions were not related to social cognition tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Theory of mind disorders and failing to understand the gricean conversational maxims are associated with schizophrenia liability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy. mazzamon@tin.it
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazza
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Michele
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pollice
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casacchia
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roncone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018187:Personal Construct Theory; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D012564:Schizophrenic Language; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012919:Social Behavior; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014705:Verbal Behavior