title: Formant frequencies in Middle Eastern singers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work was conducted to describe the formant frequencies in a group of Middle Eastern singers and to look for the presence of the singer's formant described in operatic singers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 13 Middle Eastern singers were enrolled in this study. There were 5 men and 8 women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive analysis was performed to report the various formants (F1, F2, F3, and F4) in both speaking and singing. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the means of the formants under both conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both sexes combined, for the /a/ vowel, F1 singing was significantly lower than F1 speaking (P = .05) and F3 singing was significantly higher than F3 speaking (P = .046). For the /u/ vowel, only F2 singing was significantly higher than F2 speaking (P = .012). For the /i/ vowel, both F2 and F3 singing were significantly lower than F2 and F3 speaking, respectively (P = .006 and .012, respectively). There was no clustering of the formants in any of the Middle Eastern sung vowels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Formant frequencies for the vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/ differ between Middle Eastern singing vs speaking. There is absence of the singer's formant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, PO Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon. alhamdan@svclb.com
authors.forename: Abdul-latif
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hamdan
authors.forename: Dollen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tabri
authors.forename: Reem
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deeb
authors.forename: Hani
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rifai
authors.forename: Charbel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rameh
authors.forename: Nabil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fuleihan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008877:Middle East; D009146:Music; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology*; D010700:Phonetics; D010898:Pitch Perception; D013018:Sound Spectrography / Q000379:methods*; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult