title: Origins of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in vertebrates: identification of a novel GnRH in a basal vertebrate, the sea lamprey.
abstract: We cloned a cDNA encoding a novel (GnRH), named lamprey GnRH-II, from the sea lamprey, a basal vertebrate. The deduced amino acid sequence of the newly identified lamprey GnRH-II is QHWSHGWFPG. The architecture of the precursor is similar to that reported for other GnRH precursors consisting of a signal peptide, decapeptide, a downstream processing site, and a GnRH-associated peptide; however, the gene for lamprey GnRH-II does not have introns in comparison with the gene organization for all other vertebrate GnRHs. Lamprey GnRH-II precursor transcript was widely expressed in a variety of tissues. In situ hybridization of the brain showed expression and localization of the transcript in the hypothalamus, medulla, and olfactory regions, whereas immunohistochemistry using a specific antiserum showed only GnRH-II cell bodies and processes in the preoptic nucleus/hypothalamus areas. Lamprey GnRH-II was shown to stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary axis using in vivo and in vitro studies. Lamprey GnRH-II was also shown to activate the inositol phosphate signaling system in COS-7 cells transiently transfected with the lamprey GnRH receptor. These studies provide evidence for a novel lamprey GnRH that has a role as a third hypothalamic GnRH. In summary, the newly discovered lamprey GnRH-II offers a new paradigm of the origin of the vertebrate GnRH family. We hypothesize that due to a genome/gene duplication event, an ancestral gene gave rise to two lineages of GnRHs: the gnathostome GnRH and lamprey GnRH-II.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA.
authors.forename: Scott I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Kavanaugh
authors.forename: Masumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nozaki
authors.forename: Stacia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sower
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D016678:Genome; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D048428:Petromyzon / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011761:Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C448022:gonadotropin-releasing hormone-III; C097498:lamprey GnRH-I; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D004958:Estradiol; D011761:Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid