title: Rust urine after intense hand drumming is caused by extracorpuscular hemolysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During Carnival, groups of > or =60 drummers go drumming with their hands and marching for periods of 2 to 4 h. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and type of urinary abnormalities after candombe drumming and to evaluate possible pathogenic mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  For analysis of pathogenic mechanisms, a group of individuals were prospectively evaluated before and after candombe drumming.
  
  
  METHODS
  Candombe drummers were recruited in January 2006, 1 wk before prolonged drumming. After clinical evaluation, urine and blood samples were obtained before and immediately after drumming.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five healthy individuals (four women and 41 men), median age 31 yr (14 to 56), were evaluated. Predrumming urine and plasma samples were obtained for 30 individuals. Nineteen (42%) of 45 had a previous history of rust urine emission temporally related with candombe drumming. After drumming, 18 of 26 showed urine abnormalities; six of 26 showed rust urine, eight of 26 had microhematuria, and seven of 26 had proteinuria >1 g/L. The candombe drummers who showed rust urine after heavy drumming presented significantly higher levels of lactate dehydrogenase and total bilirubin when compared with those without urine abnormalities. Haptoglobin was significantly lower in the rust urine group. Fragmented red cells were observed in the blood smear of individuals with rust urine. Rust urine after drumming was associated with previous episodes of rust urine and glucosuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these data confirm that rust urine is caused by extracorpuscular hemolysis.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Nefrología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tobal
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olascoaga
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Melania
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurdián
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roselló
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Alallón
authors.forename: Francisco Gonzalez
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Noboa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006029:Glycosuria / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D006225:Hand; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006417:Hematuria / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006456:Hemoglobinuria / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine*; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009146:Music; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014583:Uruguay
chemical_list: D006242:Haptoglobins; D006454:Hemoglobins; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D001663:Bilirubin