title: Sleep disturbances in visually impaired toddlers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study set out to describe sleep patterns in visually impaired (VI) children during the first 40 months of life compared to typically developing children. We also evaluated the influence of age, sex and the presence of other disabilities on sleep patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sleep questionnaire was administered to 154 parents of 10- to 39-month-old children: 36 with visual impairment without associated disability; 68 with visual impairment and associated disabilities (cortical visual impairment); and 50 healthy controls. The groups were balanced by age and gender. The questionnaire was developed at the C. Mondino Institute of Neurology in Pavia, Italy with the aim of investigating sleep patterns and medical history.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within the VI sample, sleep behaviour was not related to the presence of associated disabilities. Visually impaired children had higher sleep disturbance scores than healthy controls using the Richman Criteria. VI children took longer to fall asleep, and their nocturnal awakenings were longer, more frequent per night, and affected more nights per week compared to the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study show that the sleep of VI children is characterized by increased difficulty in falling asleep and in sleeping through the night, compared with that of their healthy peers. These findings confirm those of other important studies on sleep in VI children and underline the importance of evaluating and taking into account sleep-wake cycle in the care of the VI child.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry-Regional Centre of Child Neurophthalmology, IRCCS C. Mondino Institute of Neurology, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy. efazzi@unipv.it
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fazzi
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaccagnino
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gahagan
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Capsoni
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Signorini
authors.forename: Giada
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ariaudo
authors.forename: Josè
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lanners
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Orcesi
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D019988:Children with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities