title: [From apprenticeship to Nobel Prize: Henri Moissan's fabulous destiny].
abstract: Born in Paris on September 28, 1852, son of an eastern railways' employee and of a dressmaker, Henri Moissan's secondary schooling in Meaux did not allow him to get access to the sesame diploma "baccalauréat" (GCE). In 1869, he did obtain a special certificate of secondary schooling so that he could become an apprentice in watch making. That could have been the end of the story, but dreadful event for France appeared to have beneficial effects for Moissan. Under the threat of the Prussian army, Moissan's family took refuge near Paris. This gave the young Henri the opportunity to register as a student for the second-class pharmacy diploma, which did not need, at the time, the GCE. Moissan became then a trainee in pharmacy in 1871. Meanwhile, he followed the special schooling of "Ecole de chimie" founded by E. Frémy, and then joined the laboratory of Dehérain at the Museum, where he worked in plant physiology. He finally obtained the famous "baccalauréat" (GCE) and could register as a student in first-class pharmacy. He became a pharmacist as well as a doctor in sciences. In 1883, Moissan was named professor at the school of pharmacy in Paris. In 1886, he isolated fluorine by electrolysis of fluorhydric acid, in the presence of potassium fluoride, at a low temperature. He then studied diamond synthesis and gave a start to high temperature chemistry, designing his famous furnace. These findings and many others allowed Moissan to rise to membership in many learned academies around the world. Crowning achievement, Moissan won the Nobel Prize in 1906. A man of culture, collector of autographs and paintings, he died in 1907. Nothing of that would have been possible if there had not been a second-class pharmacist diploma. The history of Henri Moissan is one of a rise from apprenticeship to the Nobel Prize.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de pharmacochimie, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie de Rouen, université de Rouen, 22, boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen cedex 1, France. olivier.lafont@univ-rouen.fr
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lafont
mesh_terms: D002621:Chemistry / Q000266:history*; D004512:Education, Pharmacy / Q000266:history*; D005461:Fluorine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000266:history; D005602:France; D000077406:History of Pharmacy; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D009613:Nobel Prize
chemical_list: D005461:Fluorine