title: Possible involvement of gadolinium chelates in the pathophysiology of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a critical review.
abstract: Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a recently described, highly debilitating scleroderma-like disease occurring in patients with severe or end-stage renal failure. NSF is characterized by cutaneous papules and coalescing plaques ("peau d'orange" appearance) and a wooden consistency. It may ultimately cause disabling contractures of several joints, thus making many patients wheelchair-dependent. NSF has been associated to prior administration of gadolinium chelates (GC) used as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. The best available treatment option at the present time is renal transplantation. The mechanism of NSF has not been fully elucidated. Several hypotheses have been proposed so far and are critically discussed in the present review article. Gadolinium has been found in skin biopsy samples of patients. The most widely accepted hypothesis is related to dechelation of less stable GC, progressively releasing free Gd3+ which may subsequently lead to the attraction of CD34+, CD45+, pro-collagen+ circulating fibrocytes via the release of chemokines, thereby inducing systemic fibrosing disorders. Pre-existing renal failure may facilitate the process by delaying the excretion of GC. A complex interplay between gadolinium and co-factors (pro-inflammatory status, vascular injury, high dose of erythropoietin, high levels of calcium, phosphorus, etc.) may occur in patients with impaired renal function. This and other hypotheses remain to be investigated, as well as the role and independence of co-factors.
authors.affiliation: Guerbet, Research Division, BP 57400, 95943 Roissy-Charles de Gaulle Cedex, France. ideej@guerbet-group.com <ideej@guerbet-group.com>
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Idée
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Port
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lancelot
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fayoux
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ballet
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Corot
mesh_terms: D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium