title: Effects of activated protein C on neonatal hypoxic ischemic brain injury.
abstract: Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia remains the single most important cause of brain injury in the newborn, leading to death or lifelong sequelae. White matter injuries in newborn infants have long-term effects on physical, visual, motor, sensory, cognitive and social development in human infants. There is no known cure for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (NHIE). Activated protein C has potent anticoagulant activity due to its ability to inactivate factor Va and VIIIa. APC is the first effective biological therapy approved for the treatment of severe sepsis. Although APC is well defined as a physiological anticoagulant, emerging data suggest that it also has cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties. APC has been shown to provide neuroprotection in ischemic brain and spinal cord injury. Here, we propose that APC, which modulates many of these processes, may represent a promising therapeutic agent for NHIE. Seven days old Wistar Albino rat pups have been used in the study (n=42). Experimental groups in the study were: sham-operated group, APC treated group, and vehicle treated group. In hypoxia-ischemia groups, the left common carotid artery was ligated permanently on the seventh postnatal day. Two hours after the procedure, hypoxia (92% nitrogen and 8% oxygen) was applied for 2.5 h. APC were injected (intraperitoneally; i.p.) as a single dose immediately after the hypoxia period. Brain nitrite levels, neuronal cell death, and apoptosis were evaluated in both hemispheres 72 h after the hypoxic-ischemic insult. Histopathological evaluation demonstrated that APC significantly diminished the number of "apoptotic cells" in the hippocampal CA1, CA2, CA3 and gyrus dentatus regions in both hemispheres. APC treatment significantly reduced "apoptotic cell death" in both hemispheres, when compared with vehicle treated group. APC significantly preserved the number of neurons CA1, CA3 regions of the hippocampus, when compared with vehicle treated group. Our results showed that hypoxic-ischemic injury caused a significant increase in NO production. The APC-treated animals were reduced brain nitrite levels in carotid ligated hemispheres. To our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrates a protective effect of the APC against hypoxia-ischemia in the developing brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Didem Cemile
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Yesilirmak
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumral
authors.forename: Kazim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tugyan
authors.forename: Serap
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cilaker
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baskin
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: Nuray
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duman
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozkan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D018891:Dentate Gyrus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D011486:Protein C / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009573:Nitrites; D011486:Protein C