title: Secreted CXCL1 is a potential mediator and marker of the tumor invasion of bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to identify proteins that are potentially involved in the tumor invasion of bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched for the candidate proteins by comparing the profiles of secreted proteins among the poorly invasive human bladder carcinoma cell line RT112 and the highly invasive cell line T24. The proteins isolated from cell culture supernatants were identified by shotgun proteomics. We found that CXCL1 is related to the tumor invasion of bladder cancer cells. We also evaluated whether the amount of the chemokine CXCL1 in the urine would be a potential marker for predicting the existence of invasive bladder tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher amount of CXCL1 was secreted from highly invasive bladder carcinoma cell lines and this chemokine modulated the invasive ability of those cells in vitro. It was revealed that CXCL1 regulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13 in vitro and higher expression of CXCL1 was associated with higher pathologic stages in bladder cancer in vivo. We also showed that urinary CXCL1 levels were significantly higher in patients with invasive bladder cancer (pT1-4) than those with noninvasive pTa tumors (P = 0.0028) and normal control (P < 0.0001). Finally, it was shown that CXCL1 was an independent factor for predicting the bladder cancer with invasive phenotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that CXCL1 modulates the invasive abilities of bladder cancer cells and this chemokine may be a potential candidate of urinary biomarker for invasive bladder cancer and a possible therapeutic target for preventing tumor invasion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawanishi
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishizawa
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamoto
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mikami
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Giman
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nobumasa
authors.forename: Parry
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guilford
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reeve
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okuno
authors.forename: Gozoh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsujimoto
authors.forename: Eijiro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 / Q000378:metabolism*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D040901:Proteomics; D015854:Up-Regulation; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C475829:CXCL1 protein, human; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; C507079:MMP13 protein, human; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13