title: Health effects following 9/11: implications for occupational health nurses.
abstract: The attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001 resulted in hazardous environmental exposures of enormous magnitude, bringing about persistent respiratory and psychological problems among survivors. Approximately 40,000 men and women worked at Ground Zero, the former site of the World Trade Center in New York City, and at the Staten Island landfill, the main wreckage depository, in the days, weeks, and months following 9/11. First responders such as firefighters and police, construction workers, and utility and public sector workers were involved. These individuals were at high risk for injury, respiratory complications, and psychological distress from the traumatic event. This article highlights the controversy surrounding 9/11 research and reports, identifies populations at high risk for exposure, and examines the health effects. Occupational health nurses should not only be empowered to provide the best care for workers affiliated with 9/11, but also contribute to research to protect worker health in future disaster responses.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA , USA.
authors.forename: Victoria M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Pak
authors.forename: MaryEllen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Hara
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: McCauley
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D004189:Disaster Planning; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D008119:Lobbying; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D009785:Occupational Health Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D047851:September 11 Terrorist Attacks; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control