title: The metabolism of amiodarone by various CYP isoenzymes of human and rat, and the inhibitory influence of ketoconazole.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the metabolism of amiodarone (AM) to desethylamiodarone (DEA) by selected human and rat cytochrome P450, and the inhibitory effect of ketoconazole (KTZ).
  
  
  METHODS
  Some important CYP isoenzymes (rat CYP1A1, 1A2, 2C6, 2C11, 2D1, 2D2, and 3A1 and human CYP1A1, 1A2, 2D6 and 3A4) were spiked with various concentrations of AM to determine the relative kinetic parameters for formation of DEA in the presence and absence of various concentrations of KTZ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The formation of DEA was observed when AM was exposed to each of the CYP tested, although the rates were varied. Human CYP1A1 followed by 3A4 had the highest intrinsic clearance (CLint) for DEA formation whereas in rat, CYP2D1 followed by CYP2C11 had the highest CLint. Human and rat CYP1A2 seemed to have the lowest CLint. At high concentrations of AM and KTZ, near those expected in vivo, significant inhibition of all isoforms except for rat CYP1A2 was observed. At lower concentration ranges of both drugs, the inhibitory constant was determined. At these levels, KTZ was found to potently inhibit human CYP1A1 and 3A4 and rat 2D2 and 1A1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human CYP1A1 and 3A4 and rat CYP2D1 and 2C11 were most efficient in converting AM to DEA. For DEA formation, the in vivo administration of KTZ could inhibit other CYP isoforms besides CYP3A in human and rat.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
authors.forename: Marwa E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Elsherbiny
authors.forename: Ayman O S
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: El-Kadi
authors.forename: Dion R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Brocks
mesh_terms: D000638:Amiodarone / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000818:Animals; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D000638:Amiodarone; D007654:Ketoconazole