title: Ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage: the latest evidence on mortality, readmissions and hospital costs from Scotland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the UK, yet little information exists on current treatment patterns, outcomes and costs. This study assessed survival, readmissions and total hospital costs over 12 months in patients with first-ever intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) or ischemic stroke (IS) in Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital-based retrospective inception cohort design using data from the Hospital Record Linkage System in the National Health Service in Scotland. Survival, readmissions and total hospital costs were evaluated in all patients admitted to hospital for ICH or IS from April 1, 2004, to March 31, 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,016 patients with ICH and 4,295 with IS were identified. The average age was 67.6 years (SD 14.5) for ICH and 70.4 years (SD 12.7) for IS at stroke onset. In-hospital mortality was 45.2% (95% confidence interval, CI, 41.0-49.3) for ICH and 15.6% (95% CI, 14.4-16.7) for IS, while 52.5% (95% CI, 48.0-56.9) and 27.2% (95% CI, 25.7-28.8), respectively, were dead at 1 year after stroke onset. The cumulative 1-year risk of rehospitalization for stroke and severe cardiac events was 15.0 and 1.0% in the ICH cohort, respectively, and 10.8 and 1.5% in the IS cohort. The average length of initial hospital stay was 38.4 days for ICH and 39.3 days for IS. The average total hospital costs over 12 months were GBP 13,960 (SD 21,487) for ICH and GBP 14,051 (SD 17,850) for IS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals experiencing an ICH continue to exhibit a much worse prognosis than IS, and both forms of stroke continue to imply significant hospital costs to the National Health Service in Scotland.
authors.affiliation: Global Development, CNS Medical and Science Department, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark. mcrc@novonordisk.com
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Vicki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Munro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000639:trends*; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000639:trends*; D012042:Registries; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality*