title: Effect of duration of force application on blood vessels in young and adult rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Age effects on orthodontically induced periodontal vascular reactions have not been studied. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that prolonged tooth movement induces age-related increases in periodontal vascularity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A standardized orthodontic appliance was placed in 2 groups of 30 rats aged 6 weeks and 9 to 12 months. At 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, animals were killed. Blood vessels (BV) were identified based on their morphology and by immunohistochemical staining for alpha-smooth muscle actin. At each study region, surface areas (SA) of the periodontal ligament space and each BV were measured; BV mean SA, BV relative SA (the summed BV SA as a percentage of the periodontal ligament SA), and BV numbers were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pressure and tension regions showed similar vascular changes. Young rats had lower BV relative SA and BV mean SA in the early phase of force application (< 4 weeks); this increased in the late phase, reaching the same level as adult rats. In the late phase (4-12 weeks), young rats had increases of both small- and large-sized BV that did not affect the BV mean SA; adult rats had an increase of small-sized BV only; this resulted in decreased BV mean SA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hypothesis was confirmed that prolonged tooth movement increases periodontal vascularity, which is age related. These results suggest that clinicians should consider age-related difference in tissue reactions during orthodontic tooth movement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. y.ren@dmo.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Yijin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Jaap C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Maltha
authors.forename: Ietse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stokroos
authors.forename: Robert S B
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Liem
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kuijpers-Jagtman
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D008297:Male; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000098:blood supply*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques