title: Amylase levels in bile in patients with a morphologically normal pancreaticobiliary ductal arrangement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the presence of occult pancreaticobiliary reflux in patients with a morphologically normal pancreaticobiliary ductal arrangement by measuring biliary amylase levels and compared histopathological findings of the gallbladder between groups with high and low biliary amylase levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 178 patients with a normal pancreaticobiliary ductal arrangement who had undergone endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), we sampled bile from the bile duct and measured amylase levels. Then we compared clinical features and histological findings of the gallbladder between high (HALG) and low amylase level groups (LALG).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high biliary amylase level was observed in 25.8% (46/178) of the patients. The prevalence of a high biliary amylase level was high in patients with gallbladder carcinoma (40%) and in those with choledocholithiasis (28.4%). The level of amylase in bile was high in patients with gallbladder carcinoma, adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder, and chronic cholecystitis. A strong correlation between the levels of amylase and lipase in bile and the dominance of amylase of pancreatic origin in bile were confirmed by isozyme analysis. Thickening of the gallbladder mucosa was a significant manifestation in HALG. Histological examination of the gallbladder mucosa showed that incidences of metaplastic change and atypical epithelium and Ki67-LI in were higher in HALG than in LALG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Occult pancreaticobiliary reflux is observed in a considerable number of ERCP candidates. Those who show an extremely high biliary amylase level, at least, may be at high risk for biliary malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai City Medical Center, 5-22-1 Tsurugaya, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, 983-0824, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horaguchi
authors.forename: Naotaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Takasawa
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Obana
authors.forename: Takuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Kazunari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakahara
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yonechi
authors.forename: Dai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hirasawa
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.forename: Tetuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohhira
authors.forename: Kengo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Onochi
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Harada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000681:Amylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D001646:Bile / Q000201:enzymology*; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000201:enzymology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology*; D042883:Choledocholithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D008049:Lipase / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010179:Pancreas / Q000201:enzymology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008049:Lipase; D000681:Amylases