title: A life span study of exploratory eye movements in healthy subjects: gender differences and affective influences.
abstract: To evaluate age and gender differences as well as effects of affection, we examined exploratory eye movements. Exploratory eye movements were recorded in healthy subjects (57 women and 57 men) ranging from 9 to 74 years. All subjects were divided into three groups as pre puberty, young, and older adults to study the influences of age and gonadal hormones. Exploratory eye movements were analyzed for total eye scanning length (TESL), and total numbers of gaze points (TNGP) as subjects viewed neutral or affectively charged pictures. TESL and TNGP in older adults were significantly larger than that in both pre puberty and young adults for crying babies. TESL and TNGP in pre puberty were significantly smaller than that in both young and older adults for circles. TESL and TNGP in pre puberty were significantly smaller than that in older adults for smiling babies. Pre puberty and young adult of both genders for crying babies showed significantly shorter TESL than for when smiling babies. When viewing circles, young adult women had shorter TESL than men. TNGP in young adult women was smaller than in men for circles or crying babies. TNGP of young adult women in the visual right field was significantly smaller than in men. TNGP for crying babies was significantly smaller than that for smiling babies in young adults of both genders for the left field. Exploratory eye movements thus are a useful marker of visual cognitive function. Gender differences were limited to younger adults, suggesting influences of gonadal hormones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishiura
authors.forename: Youko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: Keiichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.forename: Takatsugu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurakake
authors.forename: Chiyomi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Egami
authors.forename: Kiichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morita
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors