title: Declining hospitalization rate of esophageal variceal bleeding in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In recent years, there have been many advances in the primary and secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate nationwide trends in the hospitalization rate of bleeding esophageal varices in the advent of these new modalities. In addition, our aims were to study the incidence trends of nonbleeding esophageal varices over the past 2 decades while studying hospitalization rates for cirrhosis over the same study period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was used for inpatient data analysis (1988-2002) and the State Ambulatory Surgery Database was used for outpatient analysis. Patients discharged with International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision, Clinical Modification discharge diagnoses related to esophageal varices were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hospitalization rate of bleeding varices increased 13.7% from 10.9 per 100,000 in the 1988 to 1990 period to 12.4 per 100,000 in the 1994 to 1996 period (P < .01), and then decreased 14.5% to 10.6 per 100,000 in the 2000 to 2002 period (P < .01). In-hospital nonbleeding varices increased 55% from 6.0 to 9.3 per 100,000 from the 1988 to 1990 period to the 2000 to 2002 period (P < .01). Outpatient nonbleeding esophageal varices increased 20% from 5.5 to 6.6 per 100,000 from 1997 to 2003.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hospitalization rate for bleeding esophageal varices has been on the decline in recent years and may be a reflection of the advances in primary and secondary prophylaxis. The incidence rate of nonbleeding esophageal varices is increasing and likely is owing to the increasing burden of portal hypertensive liver disease in the nation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Long Beach Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California 90822, USA. jamalm@uci.edu
authors.forename: M Mazen
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Jamal
authors.forename: Jason B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Samarasena
authors.forename: Mehrtash
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashemzadeh
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Vega
mesh_terms: D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000150:complications*; D006470:Hemorrhage; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D014481:United States