title: Aldose reductase regulates hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha phosphorylation and activity to impact lipid homeostasis.
abstract: Aldose reductase (AR) is implicated in the development of a number of diabetic complications, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. We performed this study to determine whether and how AR might influence hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) activity and lipid metabolism. Our results in mouse hepatocyte AML12 cells show that AR overexpression caused strong suppression of PPARalpha/delta activity (74%, p < 0.001) together with significant down-regulation of mRNA expression for acetyl-CoA oxidase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1. These suppressive effects were attenuated by the selective AR inhibitor zopolrestat. Furthermore, AR overexpression greatly increased the levels of phosphorylated PPARalpha and ERK1/2. Moreover, AR-induced suppression of PPARalpha activity was attenuated by treatment with an inhibitor for ERK1/2 but not that for phosphoinositide 3-kinase, p38, or JNK. Importantly, similar effects were observed for cells exposed to 25 mm glucose. In streptozotocin-diabetic mice, AR inhibitor treatment or genetic deficiency of AR resulted in significant dephosphorylation of both PPARalpha and ERK1/2. With the dephosphorylation of PPARalpha, hepatic acetyl-CoA oxidase and apolipoprotein C-III mRNA expression was greatly affected and that was associated with substantial reductions in blood triglyceride and nonesterified fatty acid levels. These data indicate that AR plays an important role in the regulation of hepatic PPARalpha phosphorylation and activity and lipid homeostasis. A significant portion of the AR-induced modulation is achieved through ERK1/2 signaling.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Longxin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Xiaochun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jenny F L
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.forename: Irene Y Y
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Szeto
authors.forename: Wing Yip
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: Zongsheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Sookja K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Oates
authors.forename: Stephen S M
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: James Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000449:Aldehyde Reductase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006706:Homeostasis; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015398:Signal Transduction; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D047493:PPAR alpha; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4