title: Corticosteroids and mortality in children with bacterial meningitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In adults, adjuvant corticosteroids significantly reduce mortality associated with bacterial meningitis; however, in children, studies reveal conflicting results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between adjuvant corticosteroids and clinical outcomes in children with bacterial meningitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study conducted between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2006, of 2780 children discharged with bacterial meningitis as their primary diagnosis from 27 tertiary care children's hospitals located in 18 US states and the District of Columbia that provide data to the Pediatric Health Information System's administrative database.
  
  
  METHODS
  Propensity scores, constructed using patient demographics and markers of illness severity at presentation, were used to determine each child's likelihood of receiving adjuvant corticosteroids. Primary outcomes of interest, time to death and time to hospital discharge, were analyzed by using propensity-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models stratified by age categories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age was 9 months (interquartile range, 0-6 years); 57% of the patients were males. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most commonly identified cause of meningitis. Adjuvant corticosteroids were administered to 248 children (8.9%). The overall mortality rate was 4.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.5%-5.0%), and cumulative incidences were 2.2% and 3.1% at 7 days and 28 days, respectively, after admission. Adjuvant corticosteroids did not reduce mortality, regardless of age (children <1 year: hazard ratio [HR], 1.09; 95% CI, 0.53-2.24; 1-5 years: HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.59-2.78; and >5 years: HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.38-2.25). Adjuvant corticosteroids were also not associated with time to hospital discharge. In subgroup analyses, the results did not change in either children identified with pneumococcal or meningococcal meningitis or children with a cerebrospinal fluid culture performed at the admitting hospital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this multicenter observational study of children with bacterial meningitis, adjuvant corticosteroid therapy was not associated with time to death or time to hospital discharge.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Jillian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mongelluzzo
authors.forename: Zeinab
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mohamad
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Ten Have
authors.forename: Samir S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D005938:Glucocorticoids