title: Hydroxamic acid and fluorinated derivatives of valproic acid: anticonvulsant activity, neurotoxicity and teratogenicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fluorinated and non-fluorinated valproic acid (VPA) analogues with hydroxamic acid moieties were tested for their teratogenic, anticonvulsant and neurotoxic potencies in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Compounds were synthesized from their corresponding acids. The induction of neural tube defects (exencephaly) of the resulting hydroxamates (applied on day 8.25 of gestation) was tested in the offspring of pregnant animals (Han:NMRI mice). The anticonvulsant activity was evaluated in the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) seizure threshold test and neurotoxicity in the rotorod neurotoxicity test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All tested hydroxamates showed no or greatly reduced teratogenic potency in mice compared to the free acids. Furthermore all compounds exhibited anticonvulsant activity with ED(50) doses ranging from 0.16 mmol/kg to 0.59 mmol/kg (VPA 0.57 mmol/kg). Neurotoxicity of the hydroxamates was increased compared to VPA. TD(50) doses range from 0.70 mmol/kg to 1.42 mmol/kg (VPA 1.83 mmol/kg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydroxamic acid derivatives of VPA with improved protective index and little or undetectable teratogenic potency compared to the free acids are described. alpha-fluorination of VPA also resulted in loss of teratogenic activity. Such fluorination of the hydroxamic acids also led to compounds with an improved anticonvulsant profile compared to non-fluorinated hydroxamates. The non-chiral 2-Fluoro-VPA-hydroxamic acid was the most promising compound with a protective index (ratio of TD(50) to ED(50)) of 4.4 compared to 3.2 for VPA. This compound combines an improved ratio of anticonvulsant potency/neurotoxicity with the advantage of not being teratogenic in the mouse neural tube defect model used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gravemann
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Volland
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000633:toxicity*; D003292:Convulsants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000633:toxicity*; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013723:Teratogens / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D003292:Convulsants; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D013723:Teratogens; D014635:Valproic Acid