title: A five-point change in Modified Mini-Mental State Examination was clinically meaningful in community-dwelling elderly people.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine what change in the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS), a validated and widely used cognitive screening tool for which meaningful change scores have not been clearly characterized, should be considered meaningful.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 3MS was administered at baseline after 5 and 10 years, as part of the population-based Canadian Study of Health and Aging. We calculated Cohen's effect sizes to estimate detectable changes in 3MS screening scores over 5 and 10 years in this large and representative study sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 3,255 older adults who were community dwelling at baseline completed the 3MS as part of a screening interview at all three interviews. Mean 3MS score was 90.4 (standard deviation [SD] 6.9) at t(1), 89.1 (SD 8.2) at 5 years, and 85.8 (SD 13.0) at 10 years. A change of just over one point, over 5 and 10 years, represented a clinically detectable change with a medium effect size (Cohen's d=0.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although a change of >or=1 point was clinically detectable, consideration of additional criteria for clinical meaningfulness suggested that a change of >or=5 points likely represents a clinically meaningful difference for groups, and is a reasonable choice of cutoff in studies using the 3MS to define cognitive change in individuals.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Medicine, Dalhousie University & QEII Health Sciences Centre, Suite 1421, CHVMB, 5955 Veterans' Memorial Lane, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 2E1, Canada.
authors.forename: Melissa K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rockwood
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results