title: Adverse reactions to antibiotics in hospitalized Iranian children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of adverse reactions to antibiotics by organ system in hospitalized children in the infectious ward of a pediatric diseases referral center in Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients treated with antibiotics were evaluated daily for the presence of ADRs during a 5-month period. For each suspected ADR, a specialized questionnaire was completed in order to obtain the information necessary for analysis of ADRs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 300 patients, 65 ADRs were seen in 36 patients (12%) during their hospitalization. Pneumonia was the most common reason for administering antibiotics; ceftriaxone and rifampin were the most frequently implicated antibiotics in ADRs. There was a significant relationship between the number of drugs used and the rate of ADRs (p=0.0001). The most commonly affected organ systems were skin and appendages, and the gastrointestinal system. Maculopapular rashes were the most frequent skin ADRs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As antibiotics are the most frequently used drugs in children, and also because of significant relationship between the number of drugs used and ADRs, limited use and careful selection of type and dose of antibiotics as well as close clinical observation are very important in minimizing ADRs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Medical Center, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ghamar Taj
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Khotaei
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fattahi
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pourpak
authors.forename: Zeinab
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Moinfar
authors.forename: Farzaneh Mirza
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Aghaee
authors.forename: Kheirollah
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gholami
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents