title: Idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy in children is caused by mutations in cardiac sarcomere protein genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is rare in childhood, but has a grave prognosis. The cause of disease in most cases is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of sarcomere protein gene mutations in children with idiopathic RCM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients (9 female, mean age 5.1 years) with idiopathic RCM referred between 1991 and August 2006 underwent detailed clinical and genetic evaluation. Nine had received cardiac transplants at the time of the study. The entire coding sequences of the genes encoding eight cardiac sarcomere proteins and desmin were screened for mutations. Familial evaluation was performed on first-degree relatives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients (33%) had a family history of cardiomyopathy: RCM (n = 2); dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 1) and left ventricular non-compaction (n = 1). Sarcomere protein gene mutations were identified in four patients (33%): 2 in the cardiac troponin I gene (TNNI3) and 1 each in the troponin T (TNNT2) and alpha-cardiac actin (ACTC) genes. Two were de novo mutations and 3 were new mutations. All mutations occurred in functionally important and conserved regions of the genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sarcomere protein gene mutations are an important cause of idiopathic RCM in childhood. We describe the first mutation in ACTC in familial RCM. The identification of RCM in a child should prompt consideration of sarcomere protein disease as a possible cause and warrants clinical evaluation of the family.
authors.affiliation: Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, Cardiac Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK. pelliott@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kaski
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Syrris
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burch
authors.forename: M-T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tomé-Esteban
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fenton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sebire
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashworth
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Deanfield
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics*; D000293:Adolescent; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000235:genetics; D024741:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Familial / Q000235:genetics; D002313:Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D020125:Mutation, Missense / Q000235:genetics; D010375:Pedigree; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D020107:Troponin T / Q000235:genetics*; D000099163:Myosin Binding Protein C
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020107:Troponin T; D000099163:Myosin Binding Protein C; C526913:ACTC1 protein, human; C481078:TNNI3K protein, human