title: Mitochondrial Bax translocation partially mediates synergistic cytotoxicity between histone deacetylase inhibitors and proteasome inhibitors in glioma cells.
abstract: The effects of combining histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and proteasome inhibitors were evaluated in both established glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines and short-term cultures derived from the Mayo Clinic xenograft GBM panel. Coexposure of LBH589 and bortezomib at minimally toxic doses of either drug alone resulted in a striking induction of apoptosis in established U251, U87, and D37 GBM cell lines, as well as in GBM8, GBM10, GBM12, GBM14, and GBM56 short-term cultured cell lines. Synergism of apoptosis induction was also observed in U251 cells when coexposing cells to other HDAC inhibitors, including LAQ824 and trichostatin A, with the proteasome inhibitor MG132, thus demonstrating a class effect. In U251 cells, bortezomib alone or in combination with LBH589 decreased Raf-1 levels and suppressed Akt and Erk activation. LBH589 or bortezomib alone increased expression of the cell cycle regulators p21 and p27. Additionally, the combination, but not the individual agents, markedly enhanced JNK activation. Synergistic induction of apoptosis after exposure to LBH589 and bortezomib was partially mediated by Bax translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondria resulting from Bax conformational changes. Bax translocation precedes cytochrome c release and apoptosis, and selective down-regulation of Bax using siRNA significantly mitigates the cytotoxicity of LBH589 and bortezomib. This combination regimen warrants further preclinical and possible clinical study for glioma patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Chunrong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Bret B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Friday
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Atadja
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wigle
authors.forename: Jann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sarkaria
authors.forename: Alex A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Adjei
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000069286:Bortezomib; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007211:Indoles; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077767:Panobinostat; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001897:Boronic Acids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D007211:Indoles; C477361:LAQ824; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C012589:trichostatin A; D000069286:Bortezomib; D000077767:Panobinostat