[Learning and implicit memory: mechanisms and neuroplasticity].
BACKGROUND
Learning and memory are complex processes that researchers have been attempting to unravel for over a century in order to gain a clear view of the underlying mechanisms.


OBJECTIVE
To review the basic cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the process of procedural retention, to offer an overall view of the fundamental mechanisms involved in storing information by means of theories and models of memory, and to discuss the different types of memory and the role played by the cerebellum as a modulator of procedural memory.


METHODS
Experimental results from recent decades have opened up new areas of study regarding the participation of the biochemical and cellular processes related to the consolidation of information in the nervous system.


CONCLUSIONS
The neuronal circuits involved in acquiring and consolidating memory are still not fully understood and the exact location of memory in the nervous system remains unknown. A number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors interfere in these processes, such as molecular (long-term potentiation and depression) and cellular mechanisms, which respond to communication and transmission between nerve cells. There are also factors that have their origin in the outside environment, which use the association of events to bring about the formation of new memories or may divert the subject from his or her main focus. Memory is not a singular occurrence; it is sub-divided into declarative and non-declarative or, when talking about the time it lasts, into short and long-term memory. Moreover, given its relation with neuronal mechanisms of learning, memory cannot be said to constitute an isolated process.
Machado
S
S
Laboratorio de Cartografía Cerebral e Integración Sensomotora, Instituto de Psiquiatría (IPUB), Universidade Federal do Río de Janeiro, Río de Janeiro, Brasil. secm80@ig.com.br
Portella
C E
CE
Silva
J G
JG
Velasques
B
B
Bastos
V H
VH
Cunha
M
M
Basile
L
L
Cagy
M
M
Piedade
R A
RA
Ribeiro
P
P
D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology