title: Supervised pattern recognition for the prediction of contrast-enhancement appearance in brain tumors from multivariate magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop a pattern classification algorithm for use in predicting the location of new contrast-enhancement in brain tumor patients using data obtained via multivariate magnetic resonance (MR) imaging from a prior scan. We also explore the use of feature selection or weighting in improving the accuracy of the pattern classifier.
  
  
  METHODS
  Contrast-enhanced MR images, perfusion images, diffusion images, and proton spectroscopic imaging data were obtained from 26 patients with glioblastoma multiforme brain tumors, divided into a design set and an unseen test set for verification of results. A k-NN algorithm was implemented to classify unknown data based on a set of training data with ground truth derived from post-treatment contrast-enhanced images; the quality of the k-NN results was evaluated using a leave-one-out cross-validation method. A genetic algorithm was implemented to select optimal features and feature weights for the k-NN algorithm. The binary representation of the weights was varied from 1 to 4 bits. Each individual parameter was thresholded as a simple classification technique, and the results compared with the k-NN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The feature selection k-NN was able to achieve a sensitivity of 0.78+/-0.18 and specificity of 0.79+/-0.06 on the holdout test data using only 7 of the 38 original features. Similar results were obtained with non-binary weights, but using a larger number of features. Overfitting was also observed in the higher bit representations. The best single-variable classifier, based on a choline-to-NAA abnormality index computed from spectroscopic data, achieved a sensitivity of 0.79+/-0.20 and specificity of 0.71+/-0.11. The k-NN results had lower variation across patients than the single-variable classifiers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated that the optimized k-NN rule could be used for quantitative analysis of multivariate images, and be applied to a specific clinical research question. Selecting features was found to be useful in improving the accuracy of feature weighting algorithms and improving the comprehensibility of the results. We believe that in addition to lending insight into parameter relevance, such algorithms may be useful in aiding radiological interpretation of complex multimodality datasets.
authors.affiliation: Surbeck Laboratory of Advanced Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of California, UCSF Radiology Box 2532, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-2532, USA. michael.c.lee@philips.com
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013057:Spectrum Analysis
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media