title: Variation within the PPARG gene is associated with residual beta-cell function and glycemic control in children and adolescents during the first year of clinical type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conflicting evidence exists as to whether the Pro12Ala single nucleotide polymorphism of the type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) also confers risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the PPARG gene in relation to residual beta-cell function and glycemic control in newly diagnosed T1D.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, non-interventional, 12-month follow-up study, conducted in 18 centers in 15 countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and fifty-seven children and adolescents (aged <16 yr) with newly diagnosed T1D.
  
  
  METHODS
  Beta-cell function was determined as 90-min meal-stimulated C-peptide (Boost test) 1, 6, and 12 months after diagnosis. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and daily insulin dose (IU/kg/d) were recorded at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after diagnosis. Haplotypes within PPARG were estimated by SNPHap program. Statistical analyses were performed in a repeated measurements model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five haplotypes within PPARG were generated (h1, 68.4%; h2, 16.3%; h3, 8.3%; h4, 3.5%; and hx, 3.5%). Compared with the most frequent h1 haplotype, the haplotypes h3 and h4 of the PPARG associated with residual beta-cell function during the first year of clinical disease: h3 with a 27% lower C-peptide (p = 0.02) and h4 with a 39% lower C-peptide (p = 0.01). Haplotype h4 also associated with a 0.86% (absolute) higher HbA1c, after adjustment for the insulin dose (p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variation in the PPARG locus may influence disease progression during the first year after the presentation of T1D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark. svepor01@glo.regionh.dk
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pörksen
authors.forename: Lotte B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Henrik B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Danne
authors.forename: Mirjana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kocova
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Castaño
authors.forename: Flemming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pociot
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hougaard
authors.forename: Claus T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ekstrøm
authors.forename: Steen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gammeltoft
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D047495:PPAR gamma