title: Upregulation of beta-catenin levels in superior frontal cortex of chronic alcoholics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic and excessive alcohol misuse results in neuroadaptive changes in the brain. The complex nature of behavioral, psychological, emotional, and neuropathological characteristics associated with alcoholism is likely a reflection of the network of proteins that are affected by alcohol-induced gene expression patterns in specific brain regions. At the molecular level, however, knowledge remains limited regarding alterations in protein expression levels affected by chronic alcohol abuse. Thus, novel techniques that allow a comprehensive assessment of this complexity will enable the simultaneous assessment of changes across a group of proteins in the relevant neural circuitry.
  
  
  METHODS
  A proteomics analysis was performed using antibody microarrays to determine differential protein levels in superior frontal cortices between chronic alcoholics and age- and gender-matched control subjects. Seventeen proteins related to the catenin signaling pathway were analyzed, including alpha-, beta-, and delta-catenins, their upstream activators cadherin-3 (type I cadherin) and cadherin-5 (type II cadherin), and 5 cytoplasmic regulators c-Src, CK1 epsilon, GSK-3beta, PP2A-C alpha, and APC, as well as the nuclear complex partner of beta-catenin CBP and 2 downstream genes Myc and cyclin D1. ILK, G(alpha1), G(beta1), and G(beta2), which are activity regulators of GSK-3beta, were also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both alpha- and beta-catenin showed significantly increased levels, while delta-catenin did not change significantly, in chronic alcoholics. In addition, the level of the beta-catenin downstream gene product Myc was significantly increased. Average levels of the catenin regulators c-Src, CK1 epsilon, and APC were also increased in chronic alcoholics, but the changes were not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic and excessive alcohol consumption leads to an upregulation of alpha- and beta-catenin levels, which in turn increase downstream gene expressions such as Myc that is controlled by beta-catenin signaling. This study showed that the beta-catenin signal transduction pathway was upregulated by chronic alcohol abuse, and prompts further investigation of mechanisms underlying the upregulation of alpha- and beta-catenins in alcoholism, which may have considerable pathogenic and therapeutic relevance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Ali M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Housseini
authors.forename: Thamil Mani
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Sivanandam
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Bradbury
authors.forename: Rudi K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Tannenberg
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000378:metabolism*; D000906:Antibodies; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D051177:Catenins / Q000378:metabolism; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008875:Middle Aged; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D040901:Proteomics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015854:Up-Regulation; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; C495270:CTNNB1 protein, human; D015820:Cadherins; D051177:Catenins; D051176:beta Catenin