title: Alterations in beta-catenin expression and localization in prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wnt signaling is thought to be important in prostate cancer, in part because proteins such as beta-catenin can also affect androgen receptor signaling. beta-Catenin forms a cell adhesion complex with E-cadherin raising the possibility that loss of expression or a change in beta-catenin distribution in the cell could also alter downstream signaling, decreased inter-cellular adhesion and the promotion of metastasis. A number of studies have reported the altered expression and/or localization of beta-catenin as a biomarker in prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue microarrays comprised of BPH and low, moderate and high-grade prostate cancer (n=77) were assessed for beta-catenin expression and distribution using immunohistochemistry. Staining was also performed on a tissue microarray containing tissue from patients before and after hormone manipulation. The effects of fixation and different antibodies was assessed on fixed LNCaP cell pellets and small prostate tissue microarrays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have observed increased beta-catenin expression in only high Gleason score (>7) prostate cancer. A nuclear re-distribution of beta-catenin has previously been reported. We noted nuclear beta-catenin in benign prostatic hyperplasia and a gradual loss in nuclear distribution with increasing Gleason grade. We found no evidence for an alteration in beta-catenin expression or re-distribution with hormone ablation. Altered fixation, antibodies and antibody concentration did affect the intensity and specificity of staining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A loss of nuclear beta-catenin is the most consistent feature in prostate cancer rather than absolute levels of expression. We also suggest that variation in immunohistochemical protocols may explain variations in the reported literature.
authors.affiliation: Uro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK. hayley.whitaker@cancer.org.uk
authors.forename: Hayley C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Girling
authors.forename: Anne Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Hing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Ian G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Neal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000556:secondary; D002417:Cattle; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D051176:beta Catenin