title: Traumatic brain injuries in early childhood: initial impact on the family.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine factors that affect parental burden and distress during the first few months following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were consecutively enrolled children ages 3 through 6 years with either a TBI (n = 89; 21 severe, 22 moderate, and 45 complicated mild) or orthopedic injury (OI; n = 119) requiring hospitalization. During the post-acute period, parents provided information regarding the preinjury family environment and current caregiver functioning and injury-related burden.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with parents of young children with OI, parents of children with TBI reported greater overall caregiver burden and greater burden related to the injury. Parents of children with severe TBI also reported more stress with spouses and siblings and higher levels of parental depression and global distress relative to the OI comparison group. Parents of 5- to 6-year-old children reported significantly higher levels of both injury-related burden and distress than parents of 3- to 4-year-old children. Parents of children with mild TBI based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) who also had positive neuroimaging findings reported greater injury-related burden than parents of children with moderate TBI. Parents reported using a variety of coping strategies, with higher levels of denial and disengagement corresponding with greater injury-related burden and distress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with previous research on family adaptation to TBI in school-age children, chronic life stresses and interpersonal resources accounted for significant variance in measures of acute injury-related burden and parental distress in parents of younger children, although differences were small. TBI severity defined by GCS scores alone may not be sufficient to identify families at risk of increased burden. Findings suggest that services aimed at facilitating family adjustment following TBI in young children may need to consider a broader definition of risk factors when identifying families who would benefit from interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Psychology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA. tstancin@metrohealth.org
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stancin
authors.forename: Shari L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Nicolay C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Walz
authors.forename: Keith O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Yeates
authors.forename: H Gerry
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000191:economics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D009139:Musculoskeletal Abnormalities / Q000191:economics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D009985:Orthopedics; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires