title: Clinical biomarkers and imaging for radiotherapy-induced cell death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiotherapy, like most anticancer treatments, achieves its therapeutic effect by inducing different types of cell death in tumors.
  To evaluate treatment efficacy a variety of routine anatomical imaging modalities is used. However, changes in tumor physiology, metabolism and proliferation often precede these volumetric changes. Therefore, reliable biomarkers and imaging modalities that could assess treatment response more rapidly or even predict tumor responsiveness to treatment in an early phase would be very useful to identify responders and/or avoid ineffective, toxic therapies. A better understanding of cell death mechanisms following irradiation is essential for the development of such tools.
  In this review the most prominent types of radiation-induced cell death are discussed. In addition, the currently available assays to detect apoptosis, necrosis, mitotic catastrophe, autophagy and senescence in vitro and, if applicable, in vivo, are presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology and Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.verheij@nki.nl
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verheij
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016923:Cell Death / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor