title: A review of interventions and system changes to improve time to reperfusion for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Identify and describe interventions to reduce time to reperfusion for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Key word searches of five research databases: MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Clinical Trials Registry.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included controlled and uncontrolled studies of interventions to reduce time to reperfusion. One researcher reviewed abstracts and 2 reviewed full text articles. Articles were subsequently abstracted into structured data tables, which included study design, setting, intervention, and outcome variables. We inductively developed intervention categories from the articles. A second researcher reviewed data abstraction for accuracy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 666 articles, 42 of which met inclusion criteria. We identified 11 intervention categories and classified them as either process specific (e.g., emergency department administration of thrombolytic therapy, activation of the catheterization laboratory by emergency department personnel) or system level (e.g., continuous quality improvement, critical pathways). A majority of studies (59%) were single-site pre/post design, and nearly half (47%) had sample sizes less than 100 patients. Thirty-two studies (76%) reported significantly lower door to reperfusion times associated with an intervention, 12 (29%) of which met or exceeded guideline recommended times. Relative decreases in times to reperfusion ranged from 15 to 82% for door to needle and 13-64% for door to balloon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified an array of process and system-based quality improvement interventions associated with significant improvements in door to reperfusion time. However, weak study designs and inadequate information about implementation limit the usefulness of this literature.
authors.affiliation: VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: Christian D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Helfrich
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Sales
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rumsfeld
authors.forename: P Michael
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Stephan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Fihn
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000628:therapy*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000592:standards*; D013997:Time Factors