Aspects of intracerebral hematomas--an update.
BACKGROUND
In Norway, there are approximately 16000 strokes each year and 15% of these are caused by intracerebral hematomas. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) results from the rupture of blood vessels within the brain parenchyma. ICH occurs as a complication of several diseases, the most prevalent of which is chronic hypertension. When hemorrhage develops in the absence of a pre-existing vascular malformation or brain parenchymal lesion, it is denoted primary ICH. Secondary ICH refers to hemorrhage complicating a pre-existing lesion. Primary ICH is the most common type of hemorrhagic stroke, accounting for approximately 10% of all strokes. Despite aggressive management strategies, the 30-day mortality remains high, at almost 50%, with the majority of deaths occurring within the first 2 days. At 6 months, only 20-30% achieve independent status.


METHODS
This article is based on clinical experience, modern therapeutic guidelines for the treatment of intracerebral hematomas and up-to-date medical literature found in Medline. The article discusses the pathophysiology, clinical aspects, treatment, and the prognosis of intracerebral hematomas.


CONCLUSIONS
Advances in diagnosis, prognosis, pathophysiology, and treatment over the past few decades have significantly advanced our knowledge of ICH; however, much work still needs to be carried out. Future genetic and epidemiologic studies will help identify at-risk populations and hopefully allow for primary prevention. Randomized controlled studies focusing on novel therapeutics should help to minimize secondary injury and hopefully improve morbidity and mortality.
Rønning
P
P
Department of Neurosurgery, Ulleval Universitetssykehus, Oslo, Norway. palronning@gmail.com
Sorteberg
W
W
Nakstad
P
P
Russell
D
D
Helseth
E
E
D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000150:complications; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D020299:Intracranial Hemorrhage, Hypertensive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D012307:Risk Factors
D006490:Hemostatics