title: Elite long sprint running: a comparison between incline and level training sessions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared incline and level training sessions as usually used in elite 400-m runners through stride kinematics and muscular activity measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine highly trained 400-m runners (international and French national level) performed two maximal velocity sprints: 1) 300-m on level ground (LEV) and 2) 250-m on an incline ground (INC) characterized by a mean +/- SD grade of 5.4 +/- 0.7%. Kinematics (250 Hz) and electromyography parameters (root mean square [RMS] and integrated electromyography [iEMG] measurements) were analyzed (from 40- to 50-m phases).
  
  
  RESULTS
  INC induced a decrease in running velocity compared to LEV (6.28 +/- 0.38 vs 7.56 +/- 0.38 m.s) explained by a reduction in stride length (-14.2%) and stride rate (-7.4%) and by an increase in push-off time (+26.4%). Kinematics analysis indicated that the lower limbs were more flexed during INC running. Concerning the level of activity of the lower limb muscles, the major findings pointed out the decrease in RMS for semitendinosus and biceps femoris muscles during the contact phase and for vastus lateralis during its concentric phase. However, iEMG of both semitendinosus and biceps femoris muscles remained constant during both contact and push-off phases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results are clearly different from those of previous studies carried out at similar absolute velocities in both LEV and INC conditions, which were not the case in this study. The lower running velocity marking INC running was associated with a decrease in the activation of the hamstrings. Trainers should particularly consider this lower level of activation of the hamstrings muscles during INC maximal sprint.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology, French National Institute of Sports, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slawinski
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dorel
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hug
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Couturier
authors.forename: Valentin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fournel
authors.forename: Jean-Benoit
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hanon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*