title: Metabolic profiling of transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) tissue by 1H-NMR analysis: evidence for unusual phospholipid metabolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) mouse model has frequently been used in preclinical studies with chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive rationales. Here the hypothesis was tested using (1)H-NMR-based metabolic profiling that the TRAMP tumor metabolic phenotype resembles that reported for human prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aqueous extracts or intact tissues of normal prostate from 8- ("young") or 28-("old") week-old C57BL/6J wild-type mice or of prostate tumor from age-matched TRAMP mice were analyzed by (1)H-NMR. Results were compared with immunohistochemical findings. Expression of choline kinase was studied at the protein and mRNA levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In young TRAMP mice presenting with zonal hyperplasia, the ratio of glycerophosphocholine (GPC) to phosphocholine (PC) was 22% below that in wild-type mice (P < 0.05). In old TRAMP mice with well-defined malignancy, reduced tumor levels of citrate (49%), choline (33%), PC (57%), GPC (66%), and glycerophosphoinositol (61%) were observed relative to normal prostate (P < 0.05). Hierarchical cluster analysis of metabolite levels distinguished between normal and malignant tissue in old but not young mice. While the reduction in tissue citrate resembles human prostate cancer, low levels of choline species in TRAMP tumors suggest atypical phospholipid metabolism as compared to human prostate cancer. TRAMP tumor and normal prostate tissues did not differ in expression of choline kinase, which is overexpressed in human prostate cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although prostate cancer in TRAMP mice shares some metabolic features with that in humans, it differs with respect to choline phospholipid metabolism, which could impact upon the interpretation of results from biomarker or chemotherapy/chemoprevention studies.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Teichert
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Verschoyle
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Greaves
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Orla
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Teahan
authors.forename: Donald J L
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Steward
authors.forename: Timothy W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Gant
authors.forename: Andreas J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gescher
authors.forename: Hector C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Keun
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D002797:Choline Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005997:Glycerylphosphorylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular / Q000379:methods*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000378:metabolism; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D010767:Phosphorylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010743:Phospholipids; D011522:Protons; D010767:Phosphorylcholine; D005997:Glycerylphosphorylcholine; D002797:Choline Kinase; D002794:Choline