title: A comparison of fish oil, flaxseed oil and hempseed oil supplementation on selected parameters of cardiovascular health in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The impact of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the n-6 and n-3 series on the cardiovascular system is well documented. To directly compare the effects of three dietary oils (fish, flaxseed and hempseed) given in concentrations expected to be self-administered in the general population on specific cardiovascular parameters in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  86 healthy male and female volunteers completed a 12 week double blinded, placebo controlled, clinical trial. They were randomly assigned to one of the four groups. Subjects were orally supplemented with two 1 gm capsules of placebo, fish oil, flaxseed oil or hempseed oil per day for 12 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma levels of the n-3 fatty acids docosahexanoic acid and eicosapentanoic acid increased after 3 months supplementation with fish oil. Alpha linolenic acid concentrations increased transiently after flaxseed supplementation. However, supplementation with hempseed oil did not significantly alter the concentration of any plasma fatty acid. The lipid parameters (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and TG) did not show any significant differences among the four groups. Oxidative modification of LDL showed no increase in lag time over the 12 wk period. None of the dietary interventions induced any significant change in collagen or thrombin stimulated platelet aggregation and no increase in the level of inflammatory markers was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From a consumer's perspective, ingesting 2 capsules of any of these oils in an attempt to achieve cardiovascular health benefits may not provide the desired or expected result over a 3 month period.
authors.affiliation: Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R2H 2A6.
authors.forename: Nalini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kreml
authors.forename: J Alejandro
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Austria
authors.forename: Melanie N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Edel
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dibrov
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirono
authors.forename: Marjorie E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Zettler
authors.forename: Grant N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Pierce
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002188:Cannabis / Q000737:chemistry; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005395:Fish Oils; D010938:Plant Oils; D014280:Triglycerides; D008043:Linseed Oil