title: Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation - predictors of survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the outcomes of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad from January 2005 to December 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected retrospectively of all adult patients who underwent CPR. Clinical outcomes of interest were survival at the end of CPR and survival at discharge from hospital. Factors associated with survival were evaluated using logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 159 patients included, 55 (35%) were alive at the end of CPR and 17 (11%) were discharged alive from the hospital. At the end of CPR, univariate logistic regression analysis found the following factors associated with survival: cardiac arrest within hospital as compared to outside the hospital (odds ratio = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.27-6.20, p-value = 0.01), both cardiac and pulmonary arrest as compared to either cardiac or pulmonary arrest (odds ratio = 0.37, 95%CI = 0.19- 0.73, p-value = 0.004), asystole as cardiac rhythm at presentation (odds ratio = 0.47, 95%CI = 0.24-0.93, p-value = 0.03), and total atropine dose given during CPR (odds ratio = 0.78, 95%CI = 0.62-0.97, p-value = 0.02). In multivariate logistic regression, cardiac arrest within hospital (odds ratio = 2.52, 95%CI = 1.06-5.99, p-value = 0.04) and both cardiac and pulmonary arrest as compared to cardiac or pulmonary arrest (odds ratio = 0.44, 95%CI = 0.21-0.91, p-value = 0.03) were associated with survival at the end of CPR. At the time of discharge from hospital, univariate logistic regression analysis found following factors that were associated with survival: cardiac arrest within hospital (odds ratio = 8.4, 95%CI = 1.09-65.64, p-value = 0.04), duration of CPR (odds ratio = 0.91, 95%CI = 0.85-0.96, p-value = 0.001), and total atropine does given during CPR (odds ratio = 0.68, 95%CI = 0.47-0.99, p-value = 0.05). In multivariate logistic regression analysis cardiac arrest within hospital (odds ratio = 8.69, 95%CI = 1.01-74.6, p-value = 0.05) and duration of CPR (odds ratio = 0.92, 95%CI = 0.87-0.98, p-value = 0.01) were associated with survival at discharge from hospital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest was associated with better clinical outcomes as compared to outside hospital arrest. Public education is needed to improve clinical outcomes in patients who need CPR outside hospital.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad, Pakistan. osama@pakmedinet.com
authors.forename: Osama
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ishtiaq
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zubair
authors.forename: Rehan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Qayyum
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adil
mesh_terms: D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome