title: Enkephalin elevations contribute to neuronal and behavioral impairments in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: The enkephalin signaling pathway regulates various neural functions and can be altered by neurodegenerative disorders. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), elevated enkephalin levels may reflect compensatory processes or contribute to cognitive impairments. To differentiate between these possibilities, we studied transgenic mice that express human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) and amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides in neurons and exhibit key aspects of AD. Met-enkephalin levels in neuronal projections from the entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus (brain regions important for memory that are affected in early stages of AD) were increased in hAPP mice, as were preproenkephalin mRNA levels. Genetic manipulations that exacerbate or prevent excitotoxicity also exacerbated or prevented the enkephalin alterations. In human AD brains, enkephalin levels in the dentate gyrus were also increased. In hAPP mice, enkephalin elevations correlated with the extent of Abeta-dependent neuronal and behavioral alterations, and memory deficits were reduced by irreversible blockade of mu-opioid receptors with the antagonist beta-funaltrexamine. We conclude that enkephalin elevations may contribute to cognitive impairments in hAPP mice and possibly in humans with AD. The therapeutic potential of reducing enkephalin production or signaling merits further exploration.
authors.affiliation: Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Meilandt
authors.forename: Gui-Qiu
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jeannie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Erik D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Roberson
authors.forename: Jorge J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Palop
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Scearce-Levie
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mucke
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000235:genetics; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D018891:Dentate Gyrus / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004744:Enkephalin, Methionine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018728:Entorhinal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D004745:Enkephalins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D004744:Enkephalin, Methionine; C033660:preproenkephalin