title: The mu-opioid receptor agonist morphine, but not agonists at delta- or kappa-opioid receptors, induces peripheral antinociception mediated by cannabinoid receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although participation of opioids in antinociception induced by cannabinoids has been documented, there is little information regarding the participation of cannabinoids in the antinociceptive mechanisms of opioids. The aim of the present study was to determine whether endocannabinoids could be involved in peripheral antinociception induced by activation of mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nociceptive thresholds to mechanical stimulation of rat paws treated with intraplantar prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, 2 microg) to induce hyperalgesia were measured 3 h after injection using an algesimetric apparatus. Opioid agonists morphine (200 microg), (+)-4-[(alphaR)-alpha-((2S,5R)-4-Allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide (SNC80) (80 microg), bremazocine (50 microg); cannabinoid receptor antagonists N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (AM251) (20-80 microg), 6-iodo-2-methyl-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl(4-methoxyphenyl) methanone (AM630) (12.5-100 microg); and an inhibitor of methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP) (1-4 microg) were also injected in the paw.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CB1-selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM251 completely reversed the peripheral antinociception induced by morphine in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the CB2-selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM630 elicited partial antagonism of this effect. In addition, the administration of the fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, MAFP, enhanced the antinociception induced by morphine. The cannabinoid receptor antagonists AM251 and AM630 did not modify the antinociceptive effect of SNC80 or bremazocine. The antagonists alone did not cause any hyperalgesic or antinociceptive effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide evidence for the involvement of endocannabinoids, in the peripheral antinociception induced by the mu-opioid receptor agonist morphine. The release of cannabinoids appears not to be involved in the peripheral antinociceptive effect induced by kappa- and delta-opioid receptor agonists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: da Fonseca Pacheco
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Castro Perez
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: da Fonseca Pacheco
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: de Francischi
authors.forename: I D G
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Duarte
mesh_terms: D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D001575:Benzomorphans / Q000494:pharmacology; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators / Q000378:metabolism*; D015232:Dinoprostone; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000494:pharmacology; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000819:agonists; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000819:agonists; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases
chemical_list: D000581:Amidohydrolases; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D001549:Benzamides; D001575:Benzomorphans; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D015232:Dinoprostone; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D009020:Morphine; D063065:Organophosphonates; D010879:Piperazines; D010880:Piperidines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases; C469526:Cnr2 protein, rat; C104810:methyl arachidonylfluorophosphonate; C088464:4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide; C103505:AM 251; C027248:bremazocine; C094023:iodopravadoline