title: Blastocyst trophectoderm biopsy and preimplantation genetic diagnosis for familial monogenic disorders and chromosomal translocations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Modern in vitro fertilization practices involve transfer of embryos as blastocysts, when anabolic metabolism is well established and pregnancy rates can be maintained while transferring embryos singly to avoid multiple pregnancies. Embryo biopsy for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), however, is generally performed on day 3, when the embryo comprises just 6 to 8 cells, one or two of which are removed for testing. Implantation rates and clinical pregnancy rates have remained relatively low and a harmful effect from losing one or more cells from such early embryos has not been excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a sequential study involving 399 egg retrievals and 1879 embryo biopsies for patients undergoing PGD to avoid a serious monogenic disease or an unbalanced chromosomal translocation. We compared implantation and viable pregnancy rates after biopsies taken on day 3 (cleavage-stage biopsy) with biopsies delayed until day 5 or 6, when the embryo is a blastocyst and 5 or more cells can be sampled from the trophectoderm while the inner cell mass, from which the fetus develops, remains intact. All embryos were transferred as blastocysts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite fewer blastocysts than cleavage embryos biopsied and tested (3.6 compared to 6.6), implantation rates per embryo transferred were 43.4% if biopsied at the blastocyst stage and 25.6% if biopsied at the cleavage stage (P < 0.01), with ongoing or live-birth pregnancy rates per egg retrieval of 34.2% (average transfer number 1.1) for blastocyst biopsies and 25.5% (transfer number 1.6) for cleavage stage biopsies (P < 0.05, 1-tailed). The multiple pregnancy rate for monogenic disease exclusion fell from 16.7% to 2% (P = 0.04, 1-tailed).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For exclusion of genetic disease, day 5-6 blastocyst-stage biopsies are more likely to be followed by implantation and singleton births than is the case after PGD performed on day 3.
authors.affiliation: Sydney IVF, 321 Kent Street, Sydney, Australia. steve.mcarthur@sydneyivf.com
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: McArthur
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leigh
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: De Boer
authors.forename: R P S
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Jansen
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D011247:Pregnancy; D019836:Preimplantation Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D014178:Translocation, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000166:cytology*