title: A global genomic view of MIF knockdown-mediated cell cycle arrest.
abstract: Macrophage immigration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a ubiquitously expressed proinflammatory mediator that has also been implicated in cell growth, cell cycle and carcinogenesis. In this study, we demonstrate siRNA-mediated knockdown of MIF results in G(0)/G(1) cell cycle arrest in HEK293 cells. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of cell cycle perturbation following MIF knockdown, we employed microarray to investigate the genome-wide expression profile in MIF-deficient cells and normal cells. Quantitative real-time PCR were used to confirm the differential expression patterns of approximately 50 transcripts involved in cell cycle and signaling identified by microarray. The dynamic model of MIF-dependent signaling pathways linked to cell cycle machinery were constructed through analyzing gene expression data in the context of known biological pathways. The results demonstrate that knockdown of MIF could inhibit G(1)/S transition through inhibition of MAPK, PI3K/Akt, NFkappaB, c-Myc-dependent pathway and activation of TGFbeta, p53-dependent pathway. Meanwhile, inhibition of E2F-, NFkappaB, c-Myc and Ap-1-mediated transcription and stimulation of p53 and FoxO4 transcriptional activity will lead to differential expression of cell cycle regulators and subsequent cell cycle arrest in G(0)/G(1) phase in MIF-knockdown cells. This study provides novel insights into the pleiotropic activities of endogenous MIF, especially its essential and crucial role in cell proliferation and the cell cycle.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: Lingfeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chaoneng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Jinzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xuping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Shaohua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Yumin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mao
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics*; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D008954:Models, Biological; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D016192:Resting Phase, Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; C515598:MIF protein, human