title: Pathologic outcomes during the learning curve for robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report our initial experience with 62 patients undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP), focusing on the primary parameter of positive surgical margins. The authors demonstrate that excellent oncologic outcomes can be attained with a less steep learning curve than previously hypothesized.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first 62 patients undergoing RALP by a single physician (DPD) at our institution between November 2005 and August 2007 were retrospectively assessed. Surgical pathology records were reviewed for Gleason score, pathologic tumor stage, nodal status, location of prostate cancer within the specimen, extracapsular extension, surgical margin status, presence of perineural invasion, tumor volume, and weight of the surgical specimen. Margin status was determined using surgical specimens only, and not intraoperative frozen sections. All cases in this series were completed using the four-arm da Vinci Robotic System (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, California).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-one patients had prostate cancer on their final surgical pathology specimens. Pathologic stage T2 and stage T3 patients were 88.7% and 9.7% of all cases, respectively. The pathologic Gleason score was 7 or greater in 62.3%. Our overall positive surgical margin rate was 3.3%. Patients with pathologic T2 and T3 disease had a positive surgical margin rate of 1.8% and 16.7%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that RALP can have equal if not better pathologic outcomes compared to open radical prostatectomy even during the initial series of cases. We argue that the learning curve for RALP is shorter than previously thought with respect to oncologic outcomes, and concerns asserting that lack of tactile feedback leads to poor oncologic outcomes are unfounded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Amul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Onisuru T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Okotie
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pins
authors.forename: Vishal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhalani
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Dalton
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012371:Robotics / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome