title: Baseline morbidity in 2,990 adult African volunteers recruited to characterize laboratory reference intervals for future HIV vaccine clinical trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An understanding of the health of potential volunteers in Africa is essential for the safe and efficient conduct of clinical trials, particularly for trials of preventive technologies such as vaccines that enroll healthy individuals. Clinical safety laboratory values used for screening, enrolment and follow-up of African clinical trial volunteers have largely been based on values derived from industrialized countries in Europe and North America. This report describes baseline morbidity during recruitment for a multi-center, African laboratory reference intervals study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Asymptomatic persons, aged 18-60 years, were invited to participate in a cross-sectional study at seven sites (Kigali, Rwanda; Masaka and Entebbe, Uganda; Kangemi, Kenyatta National Hospital and Kilifi, Kenya; and Lusaka, Zambia). Gender equivalency was by design. Individuals who were acutely ill, pregnant, menstruating, or had significant clinical findings were not enrolled. Each volunteer provided blood for hematology, immunology, and biochemistry parameters and urine for urinalysis. Enrolled volunteers were excluded if found to be positive for HIV, syphilis or Hepatitis B and C. Laboratory assays were conducted under Good Clinical Laboratory Practices (GCLP).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of the 2990 volunteers who were screened, 2387 (80%) were enrolled, and 2107 (71%) were included in the analysis (52% men, 48% women). Major reasons for screening out volunteers included abnormal findings on physical examination (228/603, 38%), significant medical history (76, 13%) and inability to complete the informed consent process (73, 13%). Once enrolled, principle reasons for exclusion from analysis included detection of Hepatitis B surface antigen (106/280, 38%) and antibodies against Hepatitis C (95, 34%). This is the first large scale, multi-site study conducted to the standards of GCLP to describe African laboratory reference intervals applicable to potential volunteers in clinical trials. Approximately one-third of all potential volunteers screened were not eligible for analysis; the majority were excluded for medical reasons.
authors.affiliation: University of Witwatersrand and Contract Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Anatoli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karita
authors.forename: Omu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Anzala
authors.forename: Eduard J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jaoko
authors.forename: Pontiano
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaleebu
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mulenga
authors.forename: Len
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dally
authors.forename: Pat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fast
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gilmour
authors.forename: Bashir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Farah
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Birungi
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Manigart
authors.forename: Gwynn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Lieven
authors.forename: Marietta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.forename: Matt A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stoll-Johnson
authors.forename: Nzeera
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ketter
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D001681:Biological Assay; D044383:Black People; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007753:Laboratories; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D014838:Volunteers
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines