title: Composite resin microhardness: the influence of light curing method, composite shade, and depth of cure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of light curing method, composite shade, and depth of cure on composite microhardness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight specimens with 4 mm of depth were prepared with a hybrid composite (Filtek Z-100, 3M ESPE); 24 with shade A1 and the remaining with shade C2. For each shade, two light curing units (LCUs) were used: a quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) LCU (Optilight Plus - Gnatus) and a light emitting diode (LED) LCU (LEC 470 II - MM Optics). The LED LCU was tested using two exposure times (LED 40 seconds and LED 60 seconds). After 24-hour storage, three indentations were made at mm depth intervals using a Knoop indenter. Data were submitted to three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three factors tested (light curing method, shade, and depth) had a significant influence on the composite microhardness (p<0.05). All groups presented similar hardness values in the first mm, except for composite shade C2 cured with LED for 40 seconds. The hardness decreased with depth, especially for shade C2 for 40 seconds. Increasing light-curing time with LED produced hardness values similar to the QTH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The light curing method including variations of time, the depth of cure, and the composite shade influence the composite microhardness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should avoid thicker increments when working with composite restorations. Extended light-curing time might be indicated depending on the composite shade and on the light-curing device.
authors.affiliation: Operative Dentistry at the Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila Silveira
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: de Araújo
authors.forename: Marcelo Thome
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Schein
authors.forename: Cesar Henrique
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Zanchi
authors.forename: Sinval Adalberto
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Flavio Fernando
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Demarco
mesh_terms: D003116:Color; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008029:Lighting / Q000295:instrumentation; D008422:Materials Testing; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; D011108:Polymers; C083568:Z100 composite resin; D014867:Water; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D015040:Zirconium