title: Pathways to care and treatment delays in first and multi episode psychosis. Findings from a developing country.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In contrast to findings from the developed world where general practitioners and mental health professionals are central in first episode psychosis pathways, studies from Africa have found GPs to play a less prominent role with other help providers such as traditional healers being more important.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared pathways to care, treatment delays and gender differences in patients with first versus multi episode psychosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Private sector GPs were first contacts in first episode patients in as many as 38% of patients and were significantly more likely to be the first contact (odds ratio = 4.5, 95% CI = 1.38-14.67) and final referring agent (odds ratio = 6.8, 95% CI = 1.56-25.12) in first episode patients. Female multi episode patients were significantly more likely to make first contact with primary care practitioners whereas male multi episode patients were more likely to first come into contact with the police (P = 0.003) and be admitted compulsorily (P = 0.009). Only 5.6% (n = 4) of patients contacted traditional healers at some point in their pathway to care. Treatment delays and DUP in first episode patients were longer and reached a median of 4.5 versus 2.5 months in multi episode patients. Treatment discontinuation of antipsychotics occurred in 82% of multi episode patients. Despite significantly longer overall treatment delays in first episode patients the distribution of treatment delays in multi episode patients followed a similar pattern to DUP in first episode patients with a subgroup having very long delays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pathways to care in this treatment setting correspond more to findings from first world and newly industrialized countries. A subgroup of multi episode patients had very long periods of untreated illness. Limitations include small sample size and the retrospective nature of data collection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Hendrik S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Temmingh
authors.forename: Piet P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Oosthuizen
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003134:Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology