title: Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the mouse urinary bladder induces the expression of immune- and cell proliferation-related genes.
abstract: The mechanisms whereby cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) overexpression may contribute to bladder carcinogenesis remain unknown. We recently developed a transgenic mouse model overexpressing COX-2 under the control of a bovine keratin 5 (BK5) promoter causing a high incidence of transitional cell hyperplasia (TCH) in the bladder with a proportion of lesions progressing to invasive carcinoma. Microarray gene analysis was employed to determine the effects of COX-2 overexpression on gene expression profiles in the urinary bladder. Statistical analysis revealed that 70 genes were upregulated and 60 were downregulated by twofold or more in bladders from transgenic compared to wild-type mice. Expression Analysis Systematic Explorer (EASE) analysis revealed that genes associated with Immune/Stress Response and Cell Cycle/Proliferation biological processes were overexpressed in the transgenic mice. Relevant downregulated genes included three transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta related genes, Tgfb2, Tgfb3, and Tgfbi. The growth factor epiregulin was the most highly induced gene among those validated by qRT-PCR in TCH of BK5.COX-2 mouse bladders in parallel with increased staining for Ki67. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) directly induced the expression of epiregulin mRNA in bladders from wild-type FVB mice ex vivo. We further determined that recombinant epiregulin increased both cell proliferation and Erk phosphorylation in UMUC-3 bladder cancer cells. These results indicate that the response of the mouse urinary bladder to elevated COX-2 expression includes enhanced inflammatory response and induction of cell proliferation. The growth factor epiregulin may play a role in bladder carcinogenesis and may serve as a novel target for the prevention and treatment of bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition (OSUN), Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Xingya
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jennifer K L
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Colby
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rengel
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Steven K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Clinton
authors.forename: Russell D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D066260:Epiregulin; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D066260:Epiregulin; C587881:Ereg protein, mouse; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; C077623:Ptgs2 protein, mouse; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2