title: Glucose-induced inhibition of seed germination in Lotus japonicus is alleviated by nitric oxide and spermine.
abstract: Seed germination is sensitive to glucose (Glc), nitric oxide (NO) and polyamine (PA). To elucidate whether cross-talk among Glc, NO and PAs occurs in mediation of seed germination, effects of Glc, NO and spermine on seed germination of Lotus japonicus were studied. Glc retarded seed germination in a concentration-dependent manner. NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) alleviated Glc-induced inhibition of seed germination, whereas the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) diminished the SNP-dependent alleviation of seed germination. These observations indicate that Glc may inhibit seed germination by interacting with NO signaling pathways. Exogenous spermine enhanced and the inhibitor of the spermine synthase, methylglyoxal-bis-guanyl hydrazone (MGBG), inhibited seed germination, respectively. Like SNP, spermine alleviated the Glc-induced inhibition of seed germination, whereas MGBG exaggerated the Glc-induced inhibition of seed germination. These results suggest that Glc may inhibit the spermine synthesis, leading to reductions in seed germination. NO scavenger and spermine synthase inhibitor diminished the SNP-induced alleviation of Glc-induced inhibition of seed germination. These findings reveal that both NO and spermine participate in the Glc-induced inhibition of seed germination in L. japonicus.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Climate Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China.
authors.forename: Min-Gui
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Ruo-Jing
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Qiu-Ying
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Wen-Hao
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001565:Benzoates / Q000494:pharmacology; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D000070116:Lotus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008935:Mitoguazone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000494:pharmacology; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D013096:Spermine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D007093:Imidazoles; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; C079393:1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole; D009599:Nitroprusside; D013096:Spermine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D005947:Glucose; D008935:Mitoguazone