title: Flexible, intensive insulin therapy and dietary freedom in adolescents and young adults with Type 1 diabetes: a prospective implementation study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the outcome of a Diabetes Treatment and Teaching Programme (DTTP) on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), severe hypoglycaemia (SH) and severe ketoacidosis (SKA) in adolescents and young adults with Type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quality-assurance project with assessment of participants 1 year after participation in a DTTP (5-day inpatient course, groups < or = 10 patients, fixed curriculum of education/training, introduction of dietary freedom). Before-after analyses of participants aged 12-15, 15-18, 18-21 and 21-24 years. Main outcome measures were HbA1c, SH and SKA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the 1592 participants, aged 12 to 24 years, mean age at enrolment was 19 +/- 3 years, mean duration of diabetes was 7.3 +/- 5.4 (range 0.3-24) years, mean baseline HbA1c declined from 8.8 +/- 2.3% to 8.1 +/- 2.0%. The incidence of SH was 0.31 vs. 0.11 events/patient/year; the incidence of SKA 0.17 vs. 0.07 events/patient/year. In mixed effects models taking into account effects of centres, age and diabetes duration, the mean difference was -0.64%[P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.79 to -0.5] for HbA1c, -0.2 events/patient/year (P < 0.0001, 95% CI -0.28 to -0.12) for SH and -0.1 events/patient/year (P < 0.0001, 95% CI -0.14 to -0.06) for SKA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents and young adults with Type 1 diabetes benefit from participation in a standard DTTP for flexible, intensive insulin therapy and dietary freedom.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany. alexander.saemann@med.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sämann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kloos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hunger-Dathe
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: U A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012648:Self Care; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin