title: Characterizing molecular probes for diffusion measurements in the brain.
abstract: Brain diffusion properties are at present most commonly evaluated by magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion imaging. MR cannot easily distinguish between the extracellular and intracellular signal components, but the older technique of real-time iontophoresis (RTI) detects exclusively extracellular diffusion. Interpretation of the MR results would therefore benefit from auxiliary RTI measurements. This requires a molecular probe detectable by both techniques. Our aim was to specify a minimum set of requirements that such a diffusion probe should fulfill and apply it to two candidate probes: the cation tetramethylammonium (TMA(+)), used routinely in the RTI experiments, and the anion hexafluoroantimonate (SbF(6)(-)). Desirable characteristics of a molecular diffusion probe include predictable diffusion properties, stability, minimum interaction with cellular physiology, very slow penetration into the cells, and sufficiently strong and selective MR and RTI signals. These properties were evaluated using preparations of rat neocortical slices under normal and ischemic conditions, as well as solutions and agarose gel. While both molecules can be detected by MR and RTI, neither proved an ideal candidate. TMA(+) was very stable but it penetrated into the cells and accumulated there within tens of minutes. SbF(6)(-) did not enter the cells as readily but it was not stable, particularly in ischemic tissue and at higher temperatures. Its presence also resulted in a decreased extracellular volume. These probe properties help to interpret previously published MR data on TMA(+) diffusion and might play a role in other diffusion experiments obtained with them.
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States.
authors.forename: Gurjinder
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hrabetova
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Guilfoyle
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hrabe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000965:Antimony / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008839:Microelectrodes; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; C061374:antimonite; D000965:Antimony; C027917:tetramethylammonium