title: Increasing antituberculosis drug resistance in the United Kingdom: analysis of National Surveillance Data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify recent trends in, and factors associated with, resistance to antituberculosis drugs in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort of tuberculosis cases reported to the enhanced tuberculosis surveillance system matched to data on drug susceptibility and national strain typing data.
  
  
  METHODS
  England, Wales, and Northern Ireland 1998-2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for drug resistance and associated factors. Proportion of multidrug resistant tuberculosis cases clustered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  28 620 culture confirmed cases were available for analysis. The proportion of cases resistant to isoniazid increased from 5% to 7%. Rifampicin resistance increased from 1.0% to 1.2% and multidrug resistance from 0.8% to 0.9%. Ethambutol and pyrazinamide resistance remained stable at around 0.4% and 0.6%, respectively. Regression analyses showed a significant increase in isoniazid resistance outside London (odds ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.07, a year, associated with changes in age (0.98, 0.98 to 0.99, a year), place of birth (1.49, 1.16 to 1.92), and ethnicity (P<0.05). In London, the rise (1.05, 1.02 to 1.08, a year) was related mainly to an ongoing outbreak. Increases in rifampicin resistance (1.06, 1.01 to 1.11, a year) and multidrug resistance (1.06, 1.00 to 1.12, a year) were small. A fifth of patients with multidrug resistant tuberculosis in 2004-5 had indistinguishable strain types, and one case was identified as extensively drug resistant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rise in isoniazid resistance reflects increasing numbers of patients from sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent, who might have acquired resistance abroad, and inadequate control of transmission in London. The observed increases highlight the need for early case detection, rapid testing of susceptibility to drugs, and improved treatment completion.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Diseases Department, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London NW9 5EQ. michelle.kruijshaar@hpa.org.uk
authors.forename: Michelle E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kruijshaar
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Drobniewski
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Magee
authors.forename: E Grace
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Alistair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Story
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Abubakar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D010131:Aminosalicylic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005000:Ethionamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D010131:Aminosalicylic Acid; D005000:Ethionamide; D007538:Isoniazid