title: Clostridium difficile in broiler chickens sold at market places in Zimbabwe and their antimicrobial susceptibility.
abstract: Clostridium difficile has been shown to be a nosocomial pathogen associated with diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis in hospitalised patients and the infection is believed to be acquired nosocomially. Community-acquired C. difficile-associated diarrhoea has also been reported. Recent studies have shown the occurrence of C. difficile in food animals which may act as a source of infection to humans. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of C. difficile in broiler chickens sold at market places in an urban area in Zimbabwe. Faeces of broiler chickens were collected from the cages at the market places and soils were collected from areas around the market places. The chicken faeces and soil samples were cultured for C. difficile. The C. difficile isolates were tested for toxins A or B production as well as for their susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs. C. difficile was isolated from 29.0% of 100 chicken faeces samples and 22.0% of 100 soil samples. Some of the C. difficile isolates from chickens (89.7%) and soils (95.5%) were toxigenic. All the isolates were susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Over 70% of the isolates were susceptible to erythromycin, co-trimoxazole and ampicillin. They were all resistant to cefotaxime, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and nalidixic acid. The results of the present study suggest that broiler chickens sold at market places in the urban area are an important source of C. difficile, which may infect humans through consumption of chicken meat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe. cmdsimango@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Clifford
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simango
authors.forename: Silas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mwakurudza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012423:Rural Health; D015030:Zimbabwe
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001427:Bacterial Toxins