title: Cognition and health literacy in patients with hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately half of the US population has marginal or inadequate health literacy, a measure highly associated with health outcomes. This measure is often linked to age and education, but recent evidence from patients with chronic heart failure suggests that much of age-related variability in health literacy can be explained by cognitive abilities (e.g., working memory, processing speed).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the role of cognitive and sensory abilities as mediators of age and education in determining functional health literacy among patients with hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred ninety two community-dwelling adults diagnosed with hypertension (aged 21 to 92 years) participated. They were primarily female (73%), African-American (68%), and reported taking on average 7.8 prescribed medications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before participation in a medication adherence intervention study, participants completed a battery of health literacy-related tasks. They completed tests that measured health literacy [Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (STOFHLA)], cognitive abilities (working memory, processing speed), sensory abilities (visual acuity and hearing), and physical health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analyses showed that health literacy was related to age, education, and race (accounting for 24.4% of variance in STOFHLA scores). Cognitive ability accounted for an additional 24% of variance and greatly reduced the influence of age, education, and race (by 75%, 40%, and 48%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When controlling for cognitive and sensory variables, the association of age and education with STOFHLA scores was dramatically reduced. Thus, future interventions aimed at improving self-care for patients with low health literacy should aim to reduce demands on patients' cognitive abilities.
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology and the Institute of Aviation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Levinthal
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: Wanzhu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Jingwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Murray
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003071:Cognition; D015897:Comorbidity; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D057220:Health Literacy; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006320:Hearing Tests; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents