title: Genetic polymorphisms in PTPN22, PADI-4, and CTLA-4 and risk for rheumatoid arthritis in two longitudinal cohort studies: evidence of gene-environment interactions with heavy cigarette smoking.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  PTPN22, PADI-4, and CTLA-4 have been associated with risk for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated whether polymorphisms in these genes were associated with RA in Caucasian women included in two large prospective cohorts, adjusting for confounding factors and testing for interactions with smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied RA risk associated with PTPN22 (rs2476601), PADI-4 (rs2240340), and CTLA-4 (rs3087243) in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHSII. Participants in NHS were aged 30 to 55 years at entry in 1976; those in NHSII were aged 25 to 42 years at entry in 1989. We confirmed incident RA cases through to 2002 in NHS and to 2003 in NHSII by questionnaire and medical record review. We excluded reports not confirmed as RA. In a nested case-control design involving participants for whom there were samples for genetic analyses (45% of NHS and 25% of NHSII), each incident RA case was matched to a participant without RA by year of birth, menopausal status, and postmenopausal hormone use. Genotyping was performed using Taqman single nucleotide polymorphism allelic discrimination on the ABI 7900 HT (Applied Biosystems, 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, CA 94404 USA) with published primers. Human leukocyte antigen shared epitope (HLA-SE) genotyping was performed at high resolution. We employed conditional logistic regression analyses, adjusting for smoking and reproductive factors. We tested for additive and multiplicative interactions between each genotype and smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 437 incident RA cases were matched to healthy female control individuals. Mean (+/- standard deviation) age at RA diagnosis was 55 (+/- 10), 57% of RA cases were rheumatoid factor (RF) positive, and 31% had radiographic erosions at diagnosis. PTPN22 was associated with increased RA risk (pooled odds ratio in multivariable dominant model = 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02 to 2.08). The risk was stronger for RF-positive than for RF-negative RA. A significant multiplicative interaction between PTPN22 and smoking for more than 10 pack-years was observed (P = 0.04). CTLA-4 and PADI-4 genotypes were not associated with RA risk in the pooled results (pooled odds ratios in multivariable dominant models: 1.27 [95% CI = 0.88 to 1.84] for CTLA-4 and 1.04 [95% CI = 0.77 to 1.40] for PADI-4). No gene-gene interaction was observed between PTPN22 and HLA-SE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After adjusting for smoking and reproductive factors, PTPN22 was associated with RA risk among Caucasian women in these cohorts. We found both additive and multiplicative interactions between PTPN22 and heavy cigarette smoking.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. kcostenbader@partners.org
authors.forename: Karen H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Costenbader
authors.forename: Shun-Chiao
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Immaculata
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Vivo
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Plenge
authors.forename: Elizabeth W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Karlson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics*; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D054596:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22 / Q000235:genetics*; D000080002:Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 4; D000076342:Protein-Arginine Deiminases; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D006867:Hydrolases; C516765:PTPN22 protein, human; D054596:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22; C000629235:PADI4 protein, human; D000080002:Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 4; D000076342:Protein-Arginine Deiminases