title: Alprazolam potentiates the antiaversive effect induced by the activation of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT (2A) receptors in the rat dorsal periaqueductal gray.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serotonin in the dorsal periaqueductal gray (DPAG) through the activation of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptors inhibits escape, a defensive behavior associated with panic attacks. Long-term treatment with antipanic drugs that nonselectively or selectively blocks the reuptake of serotonin (e.g., imipramine and fluoxetine, respectively) enhances the inhibitory effect on escape caused by intra-DPAG injection of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptor agonists. It has been proposed that these compounds exert their effect on panic by facilitating 5-HT-mediated neurotransmission in the DPAG.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate whether facilitation of 5-HT neurotransmission in the DPAG is also observed after treatment with alprazolam, a pharmacologically distinct antipanic drug that acts primarily as a high potency benzodiazepine receptor agonist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats, subchronically (3-6 days) or chronically (14-17 days) treated with alprazolam (2 and 4 mg/kg, i.p.) were intra-DPAG injected with (+/-)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT), (+/-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl) piperazine dihydrochloride (DOI), and midazolam, respectively, 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A/2C), and benzodiazepine receptor agonists. The intensity of electrical current that needed to be applied to the DPAG to evoke escape behavior was measured before and after the microinjection of these agonists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intra-DPAG injection of the 5-HT agonists and midazolam increased the escape threshold in all groups of animals tested, indicating a panicolytic-like effect. The inhibitory effect of 8-OH-DPAT and DOI, but not midazolam, was significantly higher in animals receiving long-, but not short-term treatment with alprazolam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alprazolam as antidepressants compounds facilitates 5-HT(1A)- and 5-HT(2A)-receptor-mediated neurotransmission in the DPAG, implicating this effect in the mode of action of different classes of antipanic drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valquíria Camin
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: de Bortoli
authors.forename: Regina Lúcia
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.forename: Hélio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zangrossi
mesh_terms: D017371:8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000525:Alprazolam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000662:Amphetamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections; D010487:Periaqueductal Gray / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D058825:Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists; D058826:Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D058825:Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists; D058826:Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists; D017366:Serotonin Receptor Agonists; D017371:8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin; C015952:4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine; D000525:Alprazolam