title: Non-traumatic enophthalmos: a review.
abstract: Enophthalmos can be defined as a relative, posterior displacement of a normal-sized globe in relation to the bony orbital margin. Non-traumatic enophthalmos has a wide variety of clinical presentations and may be the first manifestation of a number of local or systemic conditions. It may present with cosmetic problems such as deep superior sulcus, pseudoptosis or eyelid retraction; or functional problems such as diplopia or exposure keratopathy. There are three main pathogenic mechanisms: structural alterations in the bony orbit; orbital fat atrophy; and retraction. Evaluation of enophthalmos patients includes orbital imaging and a thorough ophthalmic and systemic examination. In this review, we discuss the presenting features of non-traumatic enophthalmos and include a brief description of the more important causes. An approach to the clinical evaluation of these patients is also discussed together with a brief overview of the principles of management.
authors.affiliation: Oculoplastic and Orbital Division, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide and South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Adelaide, Australia. eye@health.sa.gov.au
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Athanasiov
authors.forename: Venkatesh C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Prabhakaran
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Selva
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology*; D001284:Atrophy; D015841:Enophthalmos / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D005134:Eye Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000473:pathology; D009915:Orbit / Q000473:pathology