title: [Study of causal factors of reading impairment in a sample of 1062 7 to 8-year-old children].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  From an original large sample of 1062 7 to 8-year-old children, reading skills were assessed and found to be highly linked with socioeconomic status (SES). The purpose of the present study was to further determine underlying medical, sociocultural, cognitive and behavioural factors explaining the diversity of reading skills and the influence of SES.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual testing among low-SES children identified 100 poor readers, 50 typical readers and 31 children with intermediate reading scores. All 3 groups underwent a thorough assessment, including a medical evaluation, a full cognitive battery, a structured parental interview and behavioural questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to demonstrate the variables predicting reading score outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the medical factors studied was statistically related to reading scores. Due to the methodology buffering the impact of SES sociocultural variables, such as parental levels of education, parental occupation, as well as familial income were weak, but statistically significant predictors. The strongest variables were phonological abilities and symptoms of attention disorders. In a final regression model, phonological awareness, level of mother's education and attention explained the differences in reading skills.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results, which are unique in France, are similar to existing data in the literature. They support the need to conceptualize an early screening programme to detect reading difficulties and to promote an intervention based on phonological processing and decoding in low-SES environments.
authors.affiliation: Centre de référence sur les troubles des apprentissages, hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance publique-hôpitaux de Paris, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France. catherine.billard@bct.aphp.fr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Billard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fluss
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ducot
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Warszawski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ecalle
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magnan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ziegler
mesh_terms: D001077:Aptitude Tests; D001184:Articulation Disorders / Q000150:complications; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000209:etiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires