title: Adults with intellectual disabilities: prevalence, incidence and remission of self-injurious behaviour, and related factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-injurious behaviour (SIB) is a serious condition, with implications for the person, their family and financial costs to the state providing care. The previously reported prevalence of SIB has ranged from 1.7% to 41%, or 1.7%-23.7% in community studies. There has been little study of remission rate, and incidence has not previously been reported. SIB has been reported to be individually associated with lower ability, autism and communication impairments, but given the inter-relationships between these three factors, it is not known whether they are independently associated with SIB. This study investigates the point prevalence, incidence and remission rates of SIB among the adult population with intellectual disabilities (ID), and explores which factors are independently associated with SIB.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study design was used in a general community setting. The participants were all adults (16 years and over) with ID in a defined geographical area. Individual assessments were conducted with all participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The point prevalence of SIB (as defined by DC-LD) was 4.9%, the two-year incidence was 0.6%, and two-year remission rate was 38.2%. Independently related to SIB were: lower ability level, not living with a family carer, having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, visual impairment, and not having Down syndrome. Other factors, including communication impairment, autism, and level of deprivation of the area resided within, were not related.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SIB is not as enduring and persistent as previously thought; a significant proportion gains remission in this time period. This should provide hope for families, paid carers and professionals, and reduce therapeutic nihilism. Our study is a first tentative step towards identifying risk-markers for SIB, and developing aetiological hypotheses for subsequent testing. The extent to which SIB may be a relapsing-remitting (episodic) condition requires further investigation, so does further hypothesis-based investigation of factors that might be predictive of incidence of, and remission from, SIB.
authors.affiliation: Section of Psychological Medicine, Division of Community Based Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. SACooper@clinmed.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: S-A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smiley
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Finlayson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mantry
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morrison
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003142:Communication; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult