title: Size-separated sampling and analysis of isocyanates in workplace aerosols. Part I. Denuder--cascade impactor sampler.
abstract: Isocyanates in the workplace atmosphere are typically present both in gas and particle phase. The health effects of exposure to isocyanates in gas phase and different particle size fractions are likely to be different due to their ability to reach different parts in the respiratory system. To reveal more details regarding the exposure to isocyanate aerosols, a denuder-impactor (DI) sampler for airborne isocyanates was designed. The sampler consists of a channel-plate denuder for collection of gaseous isocyanates, in series with three-cascade impactor stages with cut-off diameters (d(50)) of 2.5, 1.0 and 0.5 mum. An end filter was connected in series after the impactor for collection of particles smaller than 0.5 mum. The denuder, impactor plates and the end filter were impregnated with a mixture of di-n-butylamine (DBA) and acetic acid for derivatization of the isocyanates. During sampling, the reagent on the impactor plates and the end filter is continuously refreshed, due to the DBA release from the impregnated denuder plates. This secures efficient derivatization of all isocyanate particles. The airflow through the sampler was 5 l min(-1). After sampling, the samples containing the different size fractions were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS. The DBA impregnation was stable in the sampler for at least 1 week. After sampling, the DBA derivatives were stable for at least 3 weeks. Air sampling was performed in a test chamber (300 l). Isocyanate aerosols studied were thermal degradation products of different polyurethane polymers, spraying of isocyanate coating compounds and pure gas-phase isocyanates. Sampling with impinger flasks, containing DBA in toluene, with a glass fiber filter in series was used as a reference method. The DI sampler showed good compliance with the reference method, regarding total air levels. For the different aerosols studied, vast differences were revealed in the distribution of isocyanate in gas and different particle size fractions. The opportunity to obtain detailed information regarding the distribution of isocyanates in aerosols in addition to the total air levels make the DI sampler a valuable tool for studies of possible health effects in the different parts of the airways.
authors.affiliation: Work Environment Chemistry, Stockholm University, PO Box 460, S-281 24 Hässleholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dahlin
authors.forename: Mårten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spanne
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dalene
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Skarping
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D017953:Isocyanates / Q000032:analysis*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D017953:Isocyanates