title: HSD is a better resuscitation fluid for hemorrhagic shock with pulmonary edema at high altitude.
abstract: To investigate the fluid tolerance of hemorrhagic shock with pulmonary edema (HSPE) at high altitude in unacclimated rats and the beneficial effect of 7.5% hypertonic saline/6% dextran (HSD). One hundred seventy-six Sprague-Dawley rats, transported to LaSa, Tibet, 3,760 m above the sea level, were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, i.p.) within 1 week. Hemorrhagic shock with pulmonary edema was induced by bloodletting (50 mmHg for 1 h) plus intravenous injection of oleic acid (50 microL/kg). Seventy-seven rats were equally divided into 11 groups (n = 7/group) including sham-operated control group; hemorrhagic shock control group; HSPE control group; HSPE plus 0.5-, 1.0-, 1.5-, 2.0-, or 3.0-fold volumes of lactated Ringer's solution (LR) groups; and HSPE plus 4, 6, and 8 mL/kg of HSD groups. Hemodynamic parameters including mean arterial blood pressure, left intraventricular systolic pressure, and the maximal change rate of intraventricular pressure rise or decline (+/-dp/dtmax) were observed at baseline and at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after infusion; blood gases were measured at 30 and 120 min after infusion, and the water content of lung and brain was determined at 120 min after infusion. Additional 99 rats were used to observe the effect of these treatments on the survival time of HSPE rats; 0.5 volume of LR infusion slightly increased the mean arterial blood pressure, left intraventricular systolic pressure, and +/-dp/dtmax and prolonged the survival time of HSPE animals as compared with the HSPE group (P < 0.05 - 0.01); it did not increase the water content of lung and brain and had no marked influences on blood gases. One volume of LR infusion had somewhat improved the hemodynamic parameters for HSPE animals, but had no apparent effect on the survival time and the water content of lung and brain. Lactate Ringer's solution infusion, 1.5, 2, and 3 volumes, significantly deteriorated the hemodynamic parameters, increased the water content of lung, and decreased the survival time of HSPE animals. Hypertonic saline/6% dextran (4 - 8 mL/kg) significantly increased the hemodynamic parameters, improved the blood gases, decreased the water content of lung and brain, and prolonged the survival time of HSPE rats. Among the three dosages of HSD, 6 mL/kg of HSD had the best effect. The tolerance of fluid infusion for hemorrhagic shock with pulmonary edema at high altitude is significantly decreased. More than one volume of LR infusion would aggravate the pulmonary edema and exacerbate the resuscitation effect, but only one volume of LR cannot reach the effective volume resuscitation. Small volume of HSD could better resuscitate hemorrhagic shock with pulmonary edema at high altitude.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, The Second Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China. liuliangming2002@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Liang-Ming
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: De-Yao
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Xue-Wu
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jiang-Cang
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000532:Altitude Sickness; D000818:Animals; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006439:Hemodynamics; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D015996:Survival Rate; D018609:Tibet
chemical_list: D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic