title: Microalbuminuria associated with indicators of inflammatory activity in an HIV-positive population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The survival of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients has increased significantly since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy, leading to the development of important long-term complications including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and renal disease. Microalbuminuria, an indicator of glomerular injury, is associated with an increased risk of progressive renal deterioration, CVD and mortality. However, the prevalence of microalbuminuria has barely been investigated in HIV-infected individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on three prospective urine samples in an unselected nonhypertensive, nondiabetic HIV-positive cohort (n = 495), we analysed the prevalence of microalbuminuria and compared the Caucasian share with that of a nonhypertensive, nondiabetic population-based control group (n = 2091). Significant predictors for microalbuminuria were analysed within the HIV-positive cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of microalbuminuria was 8.7% in the HIV-infected cohort, which is three to five times higher than that in the general population. HIV-infected patients with microalbuminuria were older, and had higher blood pressure, longer duration of HIV infection, higher serum beta 2-microglobulin, higher serum creatinine and a reduced glomerular filtration rate of < or =90 mL/min, compared with those with normal albumin excretion. In multivariate analysis, systolic blood pressure, serum beta 2-microglobulin and duration of HIV infection were found to be independent predictors of microalbuminuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that in addition to haemodynamic effects, inflammatory activity may be implicated as a cause of the development of microalbuminuria. With respect to the increasing risk of developing CVD or renal diseases and mortality, the high prevalence of microalbuminuria in HIV-infected individuals warrants special attention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Ullevaal University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway. morten.baekken@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baekken
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Os
authors.forename: Leiv
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sandvik
authors.forename: Olav
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oektedalen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D044465:White People; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D003404:Creatinine