title: Stromal-derived factor-1alpha (CXCL12) levels increase in periodontal disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1alpha or CXC chemokine ligand 12) are involved in the trafficking of leukocytes into and out of extravascular tissues. The purpose of this study was to determine whether SDF-1alpha secreted by host cells plays a role in recruiting inflammatory cells into the periodontia during local inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  SDF-1alpha levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of 24 individuals with periodontitis versus healthy individuals in tissue biopsies and in a preclinical rat model of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-induced experimental bone loss. Neutrophil chemotaxis assays were also used to evaluate whether SDF-1alpha plays a role in the recruitment of host cells at periodontal lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with periodontal disease had higher levels of SDF-1alpha in their GCF compared to healthy subjects. Subjects with periodontal disease who underwent mechanical therapy demonstrated decreased levels of SDF-1alpha. Immunohistologic staining showed that SDF-1alpha and CXCR4 levels were elevated in samples obtained from periodontally compromised individuals. Similar results were observed in the rodent model. Neutrophil migration was enhanced in the presence of SDF-1alpha, mimicking immune cell migration in periodontal lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SDF-1alpha may be involved in the immune defense pathway activated during periodontal disease. Upon the development of diseased tissues, SDF-1alpha levels increase and may recruit host defensive cells into sites of inflammation. These studies suggest that SDF-1alpha may be a useful biomarker for the identification of periodontal disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan Dental School, 1011 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Havens
authors.forename: Evonne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taba
authors.forename: Jincheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shiozawa
authors.forename: Younghun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: L Susan
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Taichman
authors.forename: Nisha J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: D'Silva
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gopalakrishnan
authors.forename: CunYu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: William V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Giannobile
authors.forename: Russell S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Taichman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000378:metabolism*; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000378:metabolism; D012016:Reference Values; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4