title: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and HBCD in bird eggs of South Africa.
abstract: In this paper, the first data on brominated flame retardants (BFRs), in particular polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in eggs of bird species from South Africa are described (N=43). Concentrations of PBDEs were detected in all the studied species and in all the geographic areas. Highest concentrations of PBDEs were measured in bird eggs from the Vaal River, which is situated downstream of the most industrialized area in South Africa. Sum-PBDE concentrations were highest in eggs of one African sacred ibis (396 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw)), possibly due to foraging on dumping sites. Lowest mean level of sum-PBDEs (2.3 ng g(-1) lw) was measured in cattle egrets (N=11) from Barberspan Sanctuary, a Ramsar site. The PBDE congener pattern showed large differences, reflecting different trophic levels, migratory behavior, distance to the source, and, exposure to different PBDE mixtures, among others. HBCD was detected only in four species, and highest levels were measured in one egg of African sacred ibis (71 ng g(-1) lw). In most species, levels of PBDEs were one to several orders of magnitude lower than levels of DDTs and PCBs. PBDEs correlated strongly with DDTs, PCBs and some other organochlorines (OCs), indicating the same source. The widespread occurrence of PBDEs in the South African avian species showed a strong need for further investigations of PBDEs in the Southern African environment.
authors.affiliation: The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway. anuschka.polder@veths.no
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polder
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Venter
authors.forename: J U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Skaare
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bouwman
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D004531:Eggs / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis; D005843:Geography; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000032:analysis*; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; C089796:hexabromocyclododecane