title: Areola-nipple perception threshold to faradic electricity: a new measure of sensibility of the breasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We describe a new method to study the sensibility of the nipple-areola complex of the breast with faradic electricity delivered through an electromyographic device used to monitor peripheral nerve conduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The objective results of faradic pulses (2-50 mA per pulse) delivered to the nipple-areola complex of the breast through a Nihon-Kohden II machine (Evoked potential/Electromyographs, Nihon-Kohden Co., Japan) were evaluated in normal volunteers to get a basal measure that was defined by the patient as "a soft electric discharge." The measures were recorded and their output discharges averaged (at least 5 to each complex).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight volunteers with normal breasts, 28 patients with breast hypertrophy before and after breast reduction, and 28 patients before and after breast augmentation were studied. The faradic pulses were perceived from 1.5 to 3.5 mA in the areola and from 3 to 5.5 mA in the nipple in the control group and from 4.5 to 7.0 mA in the areola and from 6.5 to 9.5 mA in the nipple in the breast hypertrophy group with no significant changes before and after surgery. In the breast augmentation group the faradic pulses were very similar to the volunteers that had normal breasts, but 13 months after breast augmentation with silicone gel prosthesis, a difference was found because all the patients had a higher threshold and three cases had lost sensibility of the nipple-areola complex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In normal breasts the areola had a lower threshold for faradic pulses compared to the nipple. Hypertrophic breasts had a higher threshold to the faradic stimulation than normal subjects in the pre- and postoperative period. Hypoplastic breasts before breast augmentation had a perception threshold similar to that of the normal volunteers but after breast augmentation this perception was much higher.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Plastic Surgery Division, Jose Joaquin Aguirre Clinical Hospital, University of Chile School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile. pradoplast@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.forename: Patricio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andrades
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benitez
authors.forename: Franciso
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Parada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001940:Breast / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D004566:Electrodes; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009558:Nipples / Q000294:innervation*; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology*