title: Migratory birds, the H5N1 influenza virus and the scientific method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of migratory birds and of poultry trade in the dispersal of highly pathogenic H5N1 is still the topic of intense and controversial debate. In a recent contribution to this journal, Flint argues that the strict application of the scientific method can help to resolve this issue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We argue that Flint's identification of the scientific method with null hypothesis testing is misleading and counterproductive. There is far more to science than the testing of hypotheses; not only the justification, bur also the discovery of hypotheses belong to science. We also show why null hypothesis testing is weak and that Bayesian methods are a preferable approach to statistical inference. Furthermore, we criticize the analogy put forward by Flint between involuntary transport of poultry and long-distance migration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To expect ultimate answers and unequivocal policy guidance from null hypothesis testing puts unrealistic expectations on a flawed approach to statistical inference and on science in general.
authors.affiliation: Joint Research Centre, European Commission, T,P, 267, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Italy. Thomas.Weber@jrc.it
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Nikolaos I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Stilianakis
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001717:Birds; D006801:Humans; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000502:physiology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D011200:Poultry; D012107:Research Design; D014186:Transportation