title: Calcium use during in-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a report from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Specific patterns of calcium use during in-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation have not been reported since publication of pediatric advanced life support guidelines by the American Heart Association in 2000 recommended that calcium use during cardiopulmonary resuscitation be limited to select circumstances. We hypothesized that calcium is used frequently during in-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation and that its use is associated with worse survival to hospital discharge.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 1477 consecutive pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation index events (for patients younger than 18 years) submitted to the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation from January 2000 through July 2004. The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes included survival of event and neurologic outcome. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to analyze the association between calcium use and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calcium was used in 659 (45%) of 1477 events. Calcium was more likely to be used during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the settings of pediatric facilities, ICUs, cardiac surgery, cardiopulmonary resuscitation duration of > or = 15 minutes, asystole, and concurrently with other advanced life support medications: epinephrine, vasopressin, sodium bicarbonate, and magnesium sulfate. The use of calcium during cardiopulmonary resuscitation adjusted for confounding factors was associated with decreased survival to discharge and was not associated with favorable neurologic outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium is used frequently during in-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Although epidemiologic associations do not necessarily indicate causality, calcium use during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is associated with decreased survival to hospital discharge and unfavorable neurologic outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. srinivasan@email.chop.edu
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: Marilyn C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Helfaer
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Vinay M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Nadkarni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002118:Calcium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000401:mortality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium