title: Appropriate disclosure of a diagnosis of dementia: identifying the key behaviours of 'best practice'.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite growing evidence that many people with dementia want to know their diagnosis, there is wide variation in attitudes of professionals towards disclosure. The disclosure of the diagnosis of dementia is increasingly recognised as being a process rather than a one-off behaviour. However, the different behaviours that contribute to this process have not been comprehensively defined. No intervention studies to improve diagnostic disclosure in dementia have been reported to date. As part of a larger study to develop an intervention to promote appropriate disclosure, we sought to identify important disclosure behaviours and explore whether supplementing a literature review with other methods would result in the identification of new behaviours.
  
  
  METHODS
  To identify a comprehensive list of behaviours in disclosure we conducted a literature review, interviewed people with dementia and informal carers, and used a consensus process involving health and social care professionals. Content analysis of the full list of behaviours was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interviews were conducted with four people with dementia and six informal carers. Eight health and social care professionals took part in the consensus panel. From the interviews, consensus panel and literature review 220 behaviours were elicited, with 109 behaviours over-lapping. The interviews and consensus panel elicited 27 behaviours supplementary to the review. Those from the interviews appeared to be self-evident but highlighted deficiencies in current practice and from the panel focused largely on balancing the needs of people with dementia and family members. Behaviours were grouped into eight categories: preparing for disclosure; integrating family members; exploring the patient's perspective; disclosing the diagnosis; responding to patient reactions; focusing on quality of life and well-being; planning for the future; and communicating effectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This exercise has highlighted the complexity of the process of disclosing a diagnosis of dementia in an appropriate manner. It confirms that many of the behaviours identified in the literature (often based on professional opinion rather than empirical evidence) also resonate with people with dementia and informal carers. The presence of contradictory behaviours emphasises the need to tailor the process of disclosure to individual patients and carers. Our combined methods may be relevant to other efforts to identify and define complex clinical practices for further study.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. jan.lecouturier@newcastle.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lecouturier
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bamford
authors.forename: Julian C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Jillian J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Robbie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Foy
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Martin P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Eccles
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001519:Behavior; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011788:Quality of Life; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D006113:United Kingdom