title: Secure versus fragile high self-esteem as a predictor of verbal defensiveness: converging findings across three different markers.
abstract: Why is it that many individuals verbally rationalize and distort self-esteem threatening information? We examined whether such verbal defensiveness (Feldman Barrett, Williams, & Fong, 2002) differs as a function of whether individuals' high self-esteem is secure or fragile. Our findings indicated that individuals whose self-esteem was stable, not contingent, or congruent with high implicit self-esteem exhibited especially low amounts of verbal defensiveness. In contrast, verbal defensiveness was considerably higher when individuals' high self-esteem was unstable, contingent, or paired with discrepant low implicit self-esteem. Discussion centers on why the possession of well-anchored and secure high self-esteem obviates defensiveness directed toward enhancing, maintaining, or bolstering feelings of self-worth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. mkernis@uga.edu
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kernis
authors.forename: Chad E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lakey
authors.forename: Whitney L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Heppner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D003073:Cognitive Dissonance; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D012649:Self Concept; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D014705:Verbal Behavior