title: A continuum for using placebo interventions in regional anesthesia and analgesia studies.
abstract: The anesthesiologist Henry K. Beecher is commonly associated with his crusade for informed consent for research. Less recognized is his contribution to the development of principles of randomized controlled trials through his emphasis on surgery as placebo to minimize bias. This article reviews Beecher's contribution and how it should be applied to modern studies of perioperative analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. david.waisel@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Waisel
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Truog
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015990:Placebo Effect; D010919:Placebos / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos