title: Carbohydrate-supplement form and exercise performance.
abstract: Numerous studies have shown that ingesting carbohydrate in the form of a drink can improve exercise performance by maintaining blood glucose levels and sparing endogenous glycogen stores. The effectiveness of carbohydrate gels or jellybeans in improving endurance performance has not been examined. On 4 separate days and 1-2 hr after a standardized meal, 16 male (8; 35.8 +/- 2.5 yr) and female (8; 32.4 +/- 2.4 yr) athletes cycled at 75% VO(2peak) for 80 min followed by a 10-km time trial. Participants consumed isocaloric (0.6 g of carbohydrate per kg per hour) amounts of randomly assigned sports beans, sports drink, gel, or water only, before, during, and after exercise. Blood glucose concentrations were similar at rest between treatments and decreased significantly during exercise with the water trial only. Blood glucose concentrations for all carbohydrate supplements were significantly, p < .05, higher than water during the 80-min exercise bout and during the time trial (5.7 +/- 0.2 mmol/L for sports beans, 5.6 +/- 0.2 mmol/L for sports drink, 5.7 +/- 0.3 mmol/L for gel, and 4.6 +/- 0.3 mmol/L for water). There were no significant differences in blood glucose between carbohydrate treatments. The 10-km time trials using all 3 carbohydrate treatments were significantly faster (17.2 +/- 0.6 min for sports beans, 17.3 +/- 0.6 min for sports drink, and 17.3 +/- 0.6 min for gel) than water (17.8 +/- 0.7 min). All carbohydrate-supplement types were equally effective in maintaining blood glucose levels during exercise and improving exercise performance compared with water only.
authors.affiliation: Sports Performance Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95616-5270, USA.
authors.forename: Caitlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: Marlia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Applegate
authors.forename: Gretchen A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Casazza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D005782:Gels; D019344:Lactic Acid; D006003:Glycogen