title: Reductions in entrée energy density increase children's vegetable intake and reduce energy intake.
abstract: The energy density (ED; kcal/g) of an entrée influences children's energy intake (EI), but the effect of simultaneously changing both ED and portion size of an entrée on preschool children's EI is unknown. In this within-subject crossover study, 3- to 5-year-old children (30 boys, 31 girls) in a daycare facility were served a test lunch once/week for 4 weeks. The amount and type of vegetables and cheeses incorporated into the sauce of a pasta entrée were manipulated to create two versions that varied in ED by 25% (1.6 or 1.2 kcal/g). Across the weeks, each version of the entrée was served to the children in each of two portion sizes (400 or 300 g). Lunch, consumed ad libitum, also included carrots, applesauce, and milk. Decreasing ED of the entrée by 25% significantly (P<0.0001) reduced children's EI of the entrée by 25% (63.1+/-8.3 kcal) and EI at lunch by 17% (60.7+/-8.9 kcal). Increasing the proportion of vegetables in the pasta entrée increased children's vegetable intake at lunch by half of a serving of vegetables (P<0.01). Decreasing portion size of the entrée by 25% did not significantly affect children's total food intake or EI at lunch. Therefore, reducing the ED of a lunch entrée resulted in a reduction in children's EI from the entrée and from the meal in both portion size conditions. Decreasing ED by incorporating more vegetables into recipes is an effective way of reducing children's EI while increasing their vegetable intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Leahy
authors.forename: Leann L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.forename: Jennifer O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Rolls
mesh_terms: D002611:Cheese; D002652:Child Behavior; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008612:Menu Planning; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013649:Taste; D014675:Vegetables