title: Maternal nutrition and birth size among urban affluent and rural women in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Varying results of worldwide intervention programs to pregnant mothers necessitate the need to understand the relationship between maternal nutrition and birth size among well nourished and undernourished mothers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine this relationship among urban affluent mothers and to compare the findings with those on rural Indian mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data collected on urban affluent mothers (n = 236) was compared with rural mothers (n = 633).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mothers were contacted at 18 +/- 2 and 28 +/- 2 wk of gestation for anthropometry, dietary intakes [24-hr recall, Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)] and after delivery for neonatal anthropometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite large differences in nutritional status of urban and rural mothers ( pre-pregnant weight 55.9 +/- 9.2 Vs 41.5 +/- 5.2 kg, respectively) maternal fat intakes at 18 wk were associated with birth weight (p < 0.05), length (p < 0.01) and triceps skin fold thickness (p < 0.05) of the newborn in urban and rural mothers. Consumption of fruits was associated with birth length (p < 0.05) in urban (18wk) and with birth weight (p < 0.01) and length (p < 0.01) in rural (28wk) mothers, when their energy intakes were low. Maternal consumption of milk too, was associated with newborn's triceps (p < 0.01) in urban (28wk) while with birth weight (p < 0.05) and length (p < 0.05) in rural (18wk) mothers. The findings mainly underscore the importance of consumption of micronutrient rich foods, when energy intakes are limiting during pregnancy, for improving birth size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Creating nutritional awareness and motivating rural mothers for consuming micronutrient rich foods like green leafy vegetables and seasonal fruits that are easily available in rural areas, will be a much affordable solution for combating the problem of low birth weight rather than waiting for improvement in the existing nationwide programs for pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Biometry & Nutrition Unit, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kanade
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kelkar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupte
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011247:Pregnancy; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D012423:Rural Health; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014504:Urban Health; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*