title: Ventricular tachyarrhythmia as a primary presentation of sarcoidosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sarcoidosis is a multisystem, granulomatous disease with occasional cardiac manifestations. The clinical course of patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias as a primary presentation of sarcoidosis is mostly unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We describe nine patients (four males and five females) in whom sarcoidosis manifested as ventricular tachycardia (VT). The age of the patients was 53 +/- 10 years (range 33-68). The disease was diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy in eight patients and by lymph node biopsy in one patient. The presenting arrhythmia varied from non-sustained VT to incessant VT and ventricular fibrillation. All patients received implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and anti-arrhythmic medication. High-dose steroid treatment was used in eight cases. During the follow-up (50 +/- 34 months), five patients underwent appropriate ICD therapies and non-sustained VT episodes were detected in four patients. Two patients developed incessant VT, which was treated by catheter ablation. One patient was referred for heart transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that sarcoidosis can manifest as VT without any detectable systemic findings. This makes sarcoidosis an important diagnostic consideration in patients with VT of unknown origin. Arrhythmia control in cardiac sarcoidosis is difficult, and all modern treatments including high-dose steroids, anti-arrhythmic drugs, ICD, and catheter ablation are needed to suppress the arrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland. paavo.uusimaa@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Paavo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Uusimaa
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ylitalo
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Anttonen
authors.forename: Tuomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kerola
authors.forename: Vesa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: Eija
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pääkkö
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raatikainen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012507:Sarcoidosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*