title: Identifying vegetarians and their food consumption according to self-identification and operationalized definition in Finland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and sociodemographic factors related to vegetarians according to different definitions in Finland and to compare the consumption of selected foodstuffs and nutritional intakes among vegetarians and omnivores.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information about subjects' identification as vegetarians in a survey was used as a basis for self-defined vegetarianism. Foodstuffs consumed and their frequencies of consumption were obtained, and the reported consumption frequencies of meat, fish, milk and eggs or food portions containing these foodstuffs were used as a basis for an operationalized definition of different types of vegetarianism. Reported consumption was used to estimate foodstuff and nutritional intakes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three large nationwide surveys in Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 24 393 participants aged between 18 and 79 years were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of self-identified vegetarians was 3.3 % of the total population in Finland. According to responses to questions on consumption frequency, 1.4 % of the population were pesco-lacto-ovo-vegetarians, 0.43 % were vegans, lacto-vegetarians or lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and 0.18 % were vegans or lacto-vegetarians. Eighty per cent of the self-identified vegetarians did not follow a vegetarian diet according to the operationalized definition, but they consumed fewer meat products (P < 0.01).ConclusionSome self-defined vegetarians do consume red meat, poultry or fish, but they follow a healthier diet than self-defined omnivores. In the same sample self-identification indicated more than double the incidence of vegetarianism than the operationalized definition. Therefore self-identification is not a good method for observing the prevalence of vegetarianism.
authors.affiliation: Turku School of Economics, Finland Futures Research Centre, Tampere, Finland. markus.vinnari@tse.fi
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vinnari
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Montonen
authors.forename: Tommi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Härkänen
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Männistö
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012650:Self Disclosure; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult