title: Connexin 43 hemichannels are permeable to ATP.
abstract: Astrocytes are electrically nonexcitable cells that communicate by means of Ca(2+) signaling. Long-distance intercellular Ca(2+) waves are initiated by release of ATP and activation of purinergic receptors on nearby cells. Previous studies have implicated connexin 43 (Cx43) in ATP release, but definitive proof that ATP exits through Cx43 hemichannels does not exist. Here, through several alternative approaches, we show that ATP anions can permeate through Cx43 hemichannels. First, openings of Cx43 hemichannels were detected in both cell-attached and inside-out patch recordings in C6 cells expressing Cx43, but not in C6 cells expressing Cx43-eGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) or a C-terminus truncation mutant of Cx43. Second, Cx43 hemichannel openings were inhibited by three structurally different gap-junction channel blockers, but not by the P2X(7) blocker Brilliant blue G. Third, bioluminescence imaging of ATP combined with single-channel recording in the inside-out patch configuration showed that ATP efflux coincided with channel openings and was absent when the Cx43 hemichannel was closed. Fourth, ion replacement experiments confirmed that Cx43 hemichannels are permeable to ATP. In summary, these observations provide the first direct evidence for efflux of ATP through Cx43 hemichannels. Furthermore, a putative Cx43 hemichannel with characteristics identical to the Cx43 hemichannel in C6 cells was identified in the membrane of hippocampal astrocytes in acutely prepared slices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA. Jian_Kang@NYMC.edu
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Ditte
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lovatt
authors.forename: Arnulfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Maiken
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nedergaard
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002229:Carbenoxolone / Q000494:pharmacology; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009154:Mutation; D009579:Nitrobenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019789:Tetraethylammonium / Q000494:pharmacology; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; D009579:Nitrobenzoates; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; C485184:enhanced green fluorescent protein; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; C058176:5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid; D019789:Tetraethylammonium; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002229:Carbenoxolone