title: Intravascular volume administration: a contributing risk factor for intracranial hemorrhage during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the frequency and total volume of intravascular volume administration and the development of intracranial hemorrhage during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective, matched, case-control study, 24 newborns who developed an intracranial hemorrhage during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment were compared with 40 control subjects. Both groups were analyzed for gestational age, gender, race, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes, birth weight, cardiopulmonary resuscitation before venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, age at the start of treatment, duration of treatment, worst arterial blood gas sample preceding treatment, activated clotting time values, need for platelet transfusions, mean blood pressure, and the use of inotropics and steroids before the treatment. For both groups, total number and volume of intravascular infusions of normal saline, pasteurized plasma protein solution, erythrocytes, and platelets during the first 24 hours of treatment were determined. Variables were analyzed in their relationship to intracranial hemorrhage by using univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The only statistically significant difference in patient characteristics between the case patients and control subjects was arterial blood gas values. Newborns who developed intracranial hemorrhage during the treatment received both a statistically significantly higher number and a statistically significantly higher total volume of intravascular volume administrations compared with control patients. After adjustment for pH, Paco(2), and Pao(2) in the multivariate analysis, we found a significant relation between the development of intracranial hemorrhage and >8 infusions or >300 mL of volume infusion in the first 8 hours and >10 infusions in the first 24 hours of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number and total volume of intravascular volume administration in the first 8 and 24 hours of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment are statistically significantly related to the development of intracranial hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Internal Postal Code 833, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands. a.c.demol@cukz.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Amerik C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Mol
authors.forename: Luella C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Gerrits
authors.forename: Arno F J
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: van Heijst
authors.forename: Huub
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Straatman
authors.forename: Frans H J M
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: van der Staak
authors.forename: Kian D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Liem
mesh_terms: D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001810:Blood Volume; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D017713:Platelet Transfusion / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D012965:Sodium Chloride