title: Expected test scores for preschoolers with a cochlear implant who use spoken language.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The major purpose of this study was to provide information about expected spoken language skills of preschool-age children who are deaf and who use a cochlear implant. A goal was to provide "benchmarks" against which those skills could be compared, for a given age at implantation. We also examined whether parent-completed checklists of children's language were correlated with results of standardized language tests and whether scores increased linearly with decreasing age of implantation and increasing duration of cochlear implant use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were a nationwide sample of 76 children who were deaf and orally educated and who received an implant by 38 months of age. Formal language tests were administered at age 4.5 years. The MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI) instrument was completed by parents when children were ages 3.5 and 4.5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on regression analyses, expected scores for each age at implant were provided for 2 commonly administered language tests at 4.5 years of age and CDI subscale scores at 3.5 and 4.5 years. Concurrent test scores were significantly correlated on all measures. A linear relation was found that predicted increasing test scores with younger ages at implantation for all scales administered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the expected scores reported here should not be considered as normative data, they are benchmarks that may be useful for evaluating spoken language progress of children with cochlear implants who are enrolled in spoken language-based programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Box 8115, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. nicholasj@ent.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Johanna G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Geers
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003142:Communication; D032882:Comprehension; D003638:Deafness / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D012660:Semantics; D013067:Speech Perception; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014825:Vocabulary