title: Combination of estrogen and dioxin is involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis by promoting chemokine secretion and invasion of endometrial stromal cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The CC chemokines, regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), have been identified as potential contributors to the pathogenesis and the progression of endometriosis. Dioxin, an air pollutant, and estrogen also appear to be involved in endometriosis. The aim of this study was to probe into the effect of dioxin and estrogen on expression of the chemokines in endometriosis-associated cells, and to explore the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Co-culture models were established to evaluate the secretion of human RANTES and MIP-1alpha. The effects of a dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, TCDD) and estrogen on the invasion of endometrial stromal cells (ESC) were also examined by using an invasion assay, and the translation and proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-2 in ESC were determined by western blot and zymography, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that the combination of 17beta-estradiol and TCDD increased the secretion of RANTES and MIP-1alpha, promoted the invasiveness of ESC and increased the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in ESC. Anti-RANTES, anti-MIP-1alpha neutralizing antibody or antibody against their receptors could effectively inhibit the invasiveness of ESC and the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of 17beta-estradiol with TCDD may facilitate the onset of endometriosis and contribute to its development by increasing the invasion of ESC mediated by CC-motif chemokines.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wen-Hui
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yin-Yan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Da-Jin
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002460:Cell Line; D054405:Chemokine CCL3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000166:cytology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D020298:U937 Cells; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D004958:Estradiol; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9