title: Forces exerted by conventional and self-ligating brackets during simulated first- and second-order corrections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our aim in this study was to comparatively assess the forces generated from conventional and self-ligating bracket systems during the late leveling and alignment stage, specifically for first- and second-order movement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three types of brackets were selected: Orthos2 (Ormco, Glendora, Calif), Damon2 (Ormco), and In Ovation-R (GAC, Bohemia, NY). The brackets were bonded on resin replicas constructed from a model of an aligned mandibular arch, and a 0.014 x 0.025-in copper-nickel-titanium wire (Ormco) was placed. First- and second-order corrections-buccolingual and intrusion-extrusion movements-were simulated on the orthodontic measurement and simulation system. A 2-mm displacement was applied on the x-axis and a 1-mm displacement on the z-axis, both in 0.1-mm intervals; 5 repetitions were performed for each wire-bracket-interval combination, and new brackets and archwires were used for each trial. The forces generated by manipulation of the bracket in the 2 directions were recorded directly with the orthodontic measurement and simulation system software and were statistically analyzed with 2-way ANOVA, with bracket and displacement as the discriminating variables. Group differences were further analyzed with the Tukey post-hoc comparisons test with the family error rate set at the 0.05 level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first-order correction, the direction showed a significant effect on force magnitude, with inward (lingual) movement having lower force levels for the In Ovation-R. No significant difference was found between the Damon2 and the conventional appliance for this movement. In the second-order model, no difference was noted between the 2 self-ligating brackets in magnitude of force, but the conventional bracket showed higher force levels, which accounted for 20%, or 1 N, of the increase in magnitude. The effect of the direction of displacement (intrusion vs extrusion) on force variation did not produce a significant effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The forces generated by first- and second-order corrections in self-ligating appliances do not show a consistent pattern and depend on the wire, the direction of movement, and the design of the ligating component.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pandis
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eliades
authors.forename: Samira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Partowi
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bourauel
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003300:Copper; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible; D003765:Models, Dental; D009532:Nickel; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: C415948:Copper NiTi; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium