title: Prevalence and predictive signs for gastrointestinal lesions in premenopausal women with iron deficiency anemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reported rates of gastrointestinal (GI) lesions among pre-menopausal women with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) vary considerably.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of significant gastrointestinal lesions among symptomatic and asymptomatic pre-menopausal women with IDA, and to shed light on potential predictors of their presence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical, endoscopic, and histological data was collected from 116 pre-menopausal women with IDA. All women underwent upper and lower gastrointestinal tract endoscopies, duodenal biopsies, and small bowel evaluation with small bowel series or computed tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 33 years (range: 18-45). Clinically, significant lesions were demonstrated in 30%, the majority in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Helicobacter pylori gastritis was the most common finding (16%). Celiac disease was detected in 6%. No malignant lesions were detected. The prevalence of lesions was highest among women with symptoms of heartburn and regurgitation. The presence of upper gastrointestinal symptoms (OR: 3.67, 95%CI: 2.14-5.03; P = 0.002), MCV lower than 70 pg (OR: 1.88, 95%CI: 1.27-3.91; P = 0.04), and hemoglobin levels less than 10 g/dl (OR: 1.71, 95%CI: 1.19-4.07; P = 0.05) were associated with an increased likelihood of significant gastrointestinal lesions; history of heavy menstrual blood loss was associated with negative findings (OR: 0.46, 95%CI: 0.27-0.69; P = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Upper GI findings, mainly HP gastritis and celiac disease, were the most common pathologic findings. Initial evaluation of IDA in premenopausal women may include urea breath test and celiac serology. Further endoscopic evaluation can be reserved for those women who are found to be negative in the initial evaluation, as well as in cases of failure of IDA remission after successful HP eradication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel. carterd@zahav.net.il
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Yaacov
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maor
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bar-Meir
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Avidan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000150:complications*; D001706:Biopsy; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005260:Female; D005756:Gastritis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000473:pathology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017697:Premenopause; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult