title: Cost of care for elderly cancer patients in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Timely estimates of the costs of care for cancer patients are an important element in the formulation of national cancer programs and policies. We estimated net costs of care for elderly cancer patients in the United States for the 18 most prevalent cancers and for all other tumor sites combined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare files to identify 718,907 cancer patients and 1,623,651 noncancer control subjects. Within each tumor site, noncancer control subjects were matched to patients by sex, age group, geographic location, and phase of care (ie, initial, continuing, and last year of life). Costs of care were estimated for each phase by use of Medicare claims data from January 1, 1999, through December 31, 2003. Per-patient net costs of care were applied to the 5-year survival of cancer patients by phase of care to estimate 5-year costs of care and extrapolated to the elderly US Medicare population diagnosed with cancer in 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across tumor sites, mean net costs of care were highest in the initial and last year of life phases of care and lowest in the continuing phase. Mean 5-year net costs varied widely, from less than $20,000 for patients with breast cancer or melanoma of the skin to more than $40,000 for patients with brain or other nervous system, esophageal, gastric, or ovarian cancers or lymphoma. For elderly cancer patients diagnosed in 2004, aggregate 5-year net costs of care to Medicare were estimated to be approximately $21.1 billion. Costs to Medicare were highest for lung, colorectal, and prostate cancers, reflecting underlying incidence, stage distribution at diagnosis, survival, and phase-specific costs for these tumor sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The costs of cancer care to Medicare are substantial and vary by tumor site, phase of care, stage at diagnosis, and survival.
authors.affiliation: Health Services and Economics Branch/Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza North, Rm 4005, 6130 Executive Blvd, MSC 7344, Bethesda, MD 20892-7344, USA. yabroffr@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: K Robin
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Yabroff
authors.forename: Elizabeth B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Lamont
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mariotto
authors.forename: Joan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Topor
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meekins
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D018426:SEER Program; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology