title: Results of long-term follow-up observations of blepharoptosis correction using the palmaris longus tendon.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The frontalis sling procedure is a useful approach for correcting severe blepharoptosis. However, blepharoptosis often recurs after corrective surgery using the tensor fascia lata. Good results without recurrence after a modified Fox method were obtained using the palmaris longus tendon. This study examined the safety and validity of the surgical method using the palmaris longus tendon through long-term follow-up observations.
  
  
  METHODS
  To reduce the rate of recurrence, the highest point on the pentagon of the Fox method was fixed to the frontalis fascia and frontalis muscle. It was fixed once again to the area 1 cm above the highest point. This approach remarkably reduces the incidence of recurrence by fixing the pentagon of the Fox method not only to the palmaris longus tendon but also to the frontalis fascia and again to the frontalis muscle. A modified Fox method using the palmaris longus tendon was used to treat 16 eyelids of 10 patients. A senior surgeon performed the procedure in all cases under local anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean follow-up period was 51 months (range = 18-86 months). There was no case of blepharoptosis recurrence and a good field of view was secured after surgery. Long-term follow-up revealed that the visual field had been well secured with a mean MRD1 of 3.1 mm. The eyelids were well maintained without any postoperative adverse reaction such as exposure keratitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The palmaris longus tendon as useful donor material does not lead to recurrence of blepharoptosis, which is often encountered when the tensor fascia lata is used. The modified Fox method using the palmaris longus tendon can be an effective and valid surgical approach that produces both immediate and long-term results.
authors.affiliation: BK DongYang Plastic Surgery Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea. pspsk@naver.com
authors.forename: SangKeun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: YongHo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019882:Blepharoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013710:Tendons / Q000637:transplantation*; D014955:Wrist Joint