title: Molecular discrimination of responders and nonresponders to anti-TNF alpha therapy in rheumatoid arthritis by etanercept.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  About 30% of rheumatoid arthritis patients fail to respond adequately to TNFalpha-blocking therapy. There is a medical and socioeconomic need to identify molecular markers for an early prediction of responders and nonresponders.
  
  
  METHODS
  RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 19 rheumatoid arthritis patients before the first application of the TNFalpha blocker etanercept as well as after 72 hours. Clinical response was assessed over 3 months using the 28-joint-count Disease Activity Score and X-ray scans. Supervised learning methods were applied to Affymetrix Human Genome U133 microarray data analysis to determine highly selective discriminatory gene pairs or triplets with prognostic relevance for the clinical outcome evinced by a decline of the 28-joint-count Disease Activity Score by 1.2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early downregulation of expression levels secondary to TNFalpha neutralization was associated with good clinical responses, as shown by a decline in overall disease activity 3 months after the start of treatment. Informative gene sets include genes (for example, NFKBIA, CCL4, IL8, IL1B, TNFAIP3, PDE4B, PPP1R15A and ADM) involved in different pathways and cellular processes such as TNFalpha signalling via NFkappaB, NFkappaB-independent signalling via cAMP, and the regulation of cellular and oxidative stress response. Pairs and triplets within these genes were found to have a high prognostic value, reflected by prediction accuracies of over 89% for seven selected gene pairs and of 95% for 10 specific gene triplets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data underline that early gene expression profiling is instrumental in identifying candidate biomarkers to predict therapeutic outcomes of anti-TNFalpha treatment regimes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koczan
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Drynda
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hecker
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drynda
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guthke
authors.forename: Joern
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kekow
authors.forename: Hans-Juergen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Thiesen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000068800:Etanercept; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000068800:Etanercept