title: Variability in superior hypogastric plexus morphology and its clinical applications: a cadaveric study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The superior hypogastric plexus (SHP) that is formed anterior to the aorta and the sacral promontory and is located anterior to the L5-S1 vertebrae, normally continues as the inferior hypogastric plexus. Several variations have been described from a single trunk to a plexiform arrangement.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SHP was dissected in 35 formalized cadavers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single thin and rounded nerve was found in 17.14% of subjects. The type of a wide reticular formation was observed in 28.57% of specimens. Interestingly, a band-like nerve trunk consisting of nerve bundles connected with loose connective tissue was evident in 22.85% of cadavers. Eventually, two distinct nerves at a short distance with each other were found in 31.44% of subjects. Furthermore, we found that branches of the major and minor splanchnic nerves contributed to SHP constitution. We provided, additionally, the topographic anatomy of the SHP with regard to the sacral promontory and the abdomen midline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A detailed knowledge of the course, the morphology, the various forms and the topography of the SHP is of outmost significance for several clinical specialties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. g_paraskevas@yahoo.gr
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paraskevas
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tsitsopoulos
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Papaziogas
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Natsis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martoglou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stoltidou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kitsoulis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001837:Body Weights and Measures / Q000379:methods; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007001:Hypogastric Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D008488:Medical Illustration; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values