title: Epidermal growth factor receptor blockade in combination with conventional chemotherapy inhibits soft tissue sarcoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in many human soft tissue sarcomas (STS). However, EGFR blockade has not apparently been used for human STS therapy; therefore, we examined the in vitro and in vivo effects and the underlying mechanisms before considering EGFR blockade as a therapy for STS patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human STS tissues and cell lines were used to study EGFR expression and activation. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate effects of EGFR activation on downstream signaling. Cell culture assays were used to assess the effect of EGF stimulation as well as EGFR blockade (using an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Iressa; AstraZeneca) on STS cell growth, apoptosis, and chemosensitivity. An in vivo study (HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cell line in nude/nude mice: Iressa, doxorubicin, Iressa + doxorubicin, vehicle) was used to examine tumor growth; pEGFR, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated nick-end labeling staining helped assess the effect of therapy in vivo on STS EGFR activation, proliferation, and apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EGFR was expressed and activated in STS cell lines and tumors, probably due to ligand binding rather than EGFR mutation. Stimulation caused activation of AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. EGFR blockade inhibited these effects and also caused increased apoptosis, a p53-independent G(0)-G(1) cell cycle arrest, and decreased cyclin D1 expression. In vivo, Iressa + doxorubicin had markedly synergistic anti-STS effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EGFR blockade combined with conventional chemotherapy results in anti-human STS activity in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the possibility that combining these synergistic treatments will improve anti-STS therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Wenhong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Borys
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Korchin
authors.forename: Quan-Sheng
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Caimiao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dicker
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heymach
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lazar
authors.forename: Raphael E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lev
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D000077156:Gefitinib; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011799:Quinazolines; D004317:Doxorubicin; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D000077156:Gefitinib