title: Effects of hiking pole inertia on energy and muscular costs during uphill walking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of using hiking poles with different inertia on oxygen cost (V O2) and muscular activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven subjects walked at 3 km.h on a treadmill inclined at 20% grade. Three mass (240, 300, and 360 g), load distribution, and walking frequency (preferred, -20% and +20%) conditions were tested. Each subject also walked without poles and carried a 360-g mass. V[spacing dot above]O2 and average EMG (aEMG) of nine muscles from lower (soleus, gastrocnemius lateralis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus) and upper (latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and anterior deltoid) limbs were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using poles significantly reduced lower limb muscle aEMG values (P < 0.001) by about 15% and increased upper limb muscle aEMG values (P < 0.001) by about 95%. Hand-masses of 360 g did not result in an increased V[spacing dot above]O2, and the only modification in terms of muscular activation was greater biceps brachii activity (+55%, P = 0.006). Biceps brachii and anterior deltoid activity were also influenced by pole mass and load distribution (P < 0.01). Walking at high frequency increased both aEMG and V[spacing dot above]O2, whereas walking at low frequency redistributed the muscular work from the thigh muscles to calf and upper limb muscles although this did not lead to an increased V[spacing dot above]O2 compared with that at preferred frequency. No interaction between mass and frequency was found for aEMG or V[spacing dot above]O2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using poles and changing frequency have important effects on muscle recruitment, whereas the effects of mass were limited when considering poles available on the market.
authors.affiliation: PPEH Laboratory, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France. matfoissac@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Matthieu J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Foissac
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berthollet
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seux
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belli
authors.forename: Guillaume Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Millet
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D019876:Sports Equipment; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*