title: Nonoperative treatment of primary anterior shoulder dislocation in patients forty years of age and younger. a prospective twenty-five-year follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During 1978 and 1979, we initiated a prospective multicenter study to evaluate the results of nonoperative treatment of primary anterior shoulder dislocation. In the current report, we present the outcome after twenty-five years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and fifty-five patients (257 shoulders) with an age of twelve to forty years who had a primary anterior shoulder dislocation were managed with immobilization (achieved by tying the arm to the torso with use of a bandage) or without immobilization. All 227 living patients (229 shoulders) completed the follow-up questionnaire, and 214 patients completed the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-nine (43%) of 229 shoulders had not redislocated, and seventeen (7%) redislocated once. Thirty-three recurrent dislocations had become stable over time (14.4%), and eighteen were considered to be still recurrent (7.9%). Sixty-two shoulders (27%) had undergone surgery for the treatment of recurrent instability. Immobilization after the primary dislocation did not change the prognosis. Only two of twenty-four shoulders with a fracture of the greater tuberosity at the time of the primary dislocation redislocated (p < 0.001). When shoulders with a fracture of the greater tuberosity were excluded, forty-four (38%) of 115 shoulders in patients who had been twelve to twenty-five years of age at the time of the original dislocation and sixteen (18%) of ninety shoulders in patients who had been twenty-six to forty years of age had undergone surgical stabilization. At twenty-five years, fourteen (23%) of sixty-two shoulders that had undergone surgical stabilization were in patients who subsequently had a contralateral dislocation, compared with seven (7%) of ninety-nine shoulders in patients in whom the index dislocation had been classified as solitary (p = 0.01). Gender and athletic activity did not appear to affect the redislocation rate; however, women had worse DASH scores than men did (p = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After twenty-five years, half of the primary anterior shoulder dislocations that had been treated nonoperatively in patients with an age of twelve to twenty-five years had not recurred or had become stable over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Gävle Hospital, S-801 87 Gävle, Sweden. hovelius@swipnet.se
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hovelius
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olofsson
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sandström
authors.forename: Bengt-Göran
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Augustini
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krantz
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fredin
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tillander
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Skoglund
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salomonsson
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sennerby
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome