title: Gravid hysterectomy: a decade of experience at an academic referral center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence of gravid hysterectomy (GH) and to examine the indications as well as risk factors and complications associated with the procedure at an academic perinatal referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent GH from 1991 to 2001. Demographics, obstetric history, delivery information, complications and outcome were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 34 GHs out of 19,491 deliveries (1.74/1000). The preoperative indications were hemorrhage associated with atony (32.4%), placenta accreta (20.6%) and uncontrolled bleeding (17.6%). Of the patients, 87.5% were parous and 53.1% had previous cesarean section. GH was performed prior to viability in 3. GH followed cesarean delivery in 24 (68.6%). Uterine and/or hypogastric artery ligation were performed in 11 (32.4%). Postoperative complications included surgical re-exploration for recurrent hemorrhage in 5, transfusion of blood products in 30, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy in 15, prolonged (> 24 hours) ventilation in 10 and admission to the SICU for prolonged intensive care in 12. There were 2 maternal deaths (5.9%). A significant rise in GH rate from 1/800 to 1/299 occurred over the past 5 years despite constant cesarean rates (chi2, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rates of GH increased over the period examined. Placenta accreta associated with previous cesarean section is the predominant risk factor for GH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA. mvmuench@comcast.net
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Muench
authors.forename: Ahmet A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Baschat
authors.forename: Yinka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oyelese
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kush
authors.forename: Hugh E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Mighty
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Malinow
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries / Q000601:surgery; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004211:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation / Q000209:etiology; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion; D005260:Female; D020073:Gravidity; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008026:Ligation; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D010343:Patient Admission; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011247:Pregnancy; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000601:surgery; D014599:Uterus / Q000098:blood supply