title: Canine leishmaniasis in Southern Italy: a role for nitric oxide released from activated macrophages in asymptomatic infection?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human and canine leishmaniasis (CanL) by Leishmania infantum is endemic in Italy, with a high percentage of infected asymptomatic animals. However, the immune response mechanisms underlying the clinical presentation of CanL have not been fully investigated. Among leishmanicidal molecules produced by activated macrophages, nitric oxide (NO) produced by an inducible NO synthase seems to play an important protective role, but no conclusive data are available. Therefore, NO released by cultured macrophages from dogs with natural Leishmania infection living in an endemic area for CanL was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the basis of one year's clinical and laboratory follow-up, 22 dogs infected by Leishmania infantum were identified and grouped as: asymptomatic dogs (n = 13) and dogs with symptoms of leishmaniasis (n = 9). Each animal was bled twice at 4-month intervals and macrophage and lymphocyte cultures were obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Supernatants of L. infantum-infected macrophage cultures, with or without addition of autologous lymphocytes, were assayed for NO production by Griess reaction for nitrites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first months of the infection the levels of NO in supernatants of Leishmania-infected macrophages were higher in symptomatic than in asymptomatic dogs, but they were significantly increased in the latter group eight months after the diagnosis of infection. Furthermore, NO release significantly decreased in the presence of autologous lymphocytes in both groups of animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that NO may be involved in the long-term protection of dogs against natural Leishmania infection and in the clinical presentation of canine leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Medical School, University of Bari, Policlinico, Italy. ma.panaro@anatomia.uniba.it.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Panaro
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Brandonisio
authors.forename: Donato
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Caprariis
authors.forename: Pasqua
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cianciulli
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mitolo
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Otranto