title: High sensitivity pyrogen testing in water and dialysis solutions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The dialysis patient is confronted with hundreds of litres of dialysis solution per week, which pass the natural protective barriers of the body and are brought into contact with the tissue directly in the case of peritoneal dialysis or indirectly in the case of renal dialysis (hemodialysis). The components can be tested for living specimens or dead pyrogenic (fever-inducing) contaminations. The former is usually detected by cultivation and the latter by the endotoxin-specific Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate Assay (LAL). However, the LAL assay does not reflect the response of the human immune system to the wide variety of possible pyrogenic contaminations in dialysis fluids. Furthermore, the test is limited in its sensitivity to detect extremely low concentrations of pyrogens, which in their sum result in chronic pathologies in dialysis patients. The In vitro Pyrogen Test (IPT) employs human whole blood to detect the spectrum of pyrogens to which humans respond by measuring the release of the endogenous fever mediator interleukin-1beta. Spike recovery checks exclude interference. The test has been validated in an international study for pyrogen detection in injectable solutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study we adapted the IPT to the testing of dialysis solutions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preincubation of 50 ml spiked samples with albumin-coated microspheres enhanced the sensitivity of the assay to detect contaminations down to 0.1 pg/ml LPS or 0.001 EU/ml in water or saline and allowed pyrogen detection in dialysis concentrates or final working solutions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This method offers high sensitivity detection of human-relevant pyrogens in dialysis solutions and components.
authors.affiliation: Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Germany.
authors.forename: Mardas
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daneshian
authors.forename: Albrecht
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wendel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hartung
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Aulock
mesh_terms: D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000032:analysis*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008863:Microspheres; D011749:Pyrogens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000737:chemistry; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D011749:Pyrogens; D012709:Serum Albumin; D013682:Teichoic Acids; C009900:lipoteichoic acid