title: Prevalence of mental disorders and torture among Bhutanese refugees in Nepal: a systemic review and its policy implications.
abstract: The mass expulsion and exile of Bhutanese de facto refugees to displaced camps in Nepal represents one of the world's most neglected humanitarian crises. We aimed to summarize the impact of the long-term displacement on refugee mental illness using systematic review techniques, a methodology seldom used in the humanitarian field. In order to examine the impact among the population and the association between tortured refugees over non-tortured refugees, we searched 11 electronic databases from inception to 12 May 2006. We additionally contacted researchers at the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) and at the Centre for Victims of Torture, Kathmandu, and searched the websites of Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Relief-Web, and the US State Department. We included any studies that use a pre-defined protocol to determine mental illness within this population. Six studies met our inclusion criteria. All were conducted amongst the Bhutanese populations residing in Nepalese refugee camps, and include a sub-sample of 2,331 torture survivors residing in the camps, identified in 1995. All studies report a dramatically high incidence of mental illness including depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Both tortured and non-tortured participants reported elevated rates of mental illness. Our review indicates that the prevalence of serious mental health disorders within this population is elevated. The reported incidence of torture is a possible contributor to the illnesses. The use of systematic review techniques strengthens the inference that systematic human rights violations were levied upon this population and that they continue to suffer as a result. The international community must resolve this protracted crisis.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. millsej@univmail.cis.mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Sonal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roach
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chong
mesh_terms: D001631:Bhutan / Q000453:epidemiology; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D006291:Health Policy; D006806:Human Rights; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011640:Public Policy; D012036:Refugees; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D014104:Torture / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data