title: Un-nicked BoNT/B activity in human SHSY-5Y neuronal cells.
abstract: BoNT/B holotoxin (HT) from the native source is a mixture of nicked and un-nicked forms. A previous study showed that while un-nicked HT could be transcytosed by intestinal epithelial cells, they did not correlate this with proteolytic activity or biological effect(s). Un-nicked HT is likely to be present in BoNT biological warfare agents (BWA), so it is important to investigate the relative toxicity of un-nicked HT in this BWA. To address this issue, we purified un-nicked HT from commercial sources and evaluated its ability to cleave substrates both in vitro and in vivo, and its effects on vesicle trafficking. The un-nicked HT was unable to cleave VAMPTide substrate used for in vitro proteolytic assays. Brief digestion of the un-nicked toxin with trypsin resulted in significant activation of the toxin proteolytic ability. SHSY-5Y human neuroblastoma cells were used to examine HT uptake and activation in vivo. Vesicle trafficking can be measured following K(+) stimulation of cells preloaded with [(3)H]-noradrenaline (NA). We found that highly purified un-nicked HT did inhibit NA release but at much reduced levels compared to the nicked toxin. That the reduction in NA release was due to BoNT effects on SNARE proteins was supported by the finding that VAMP-2 protein levels in un-nicked toxin treated cells was greater than those treated with nicked toxin. These results demonstrate that although un-nicked HT has markedly reduced toxicity than the nicked form, due to the preponderance in BoNT/B preparations from the native bacteria, it is a major source of toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Division of Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910-7500, USA. xuerong.shi@amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: Xuerong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Madhusoodana P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nambiar
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006027:Glycosides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050988:Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006027:Glycosides; D014315:Triterpenes; D050988:Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2; C001883:stichoposide