title: Effects of environmental enrichment on sensitivity to mu, kappa, and mixed-action opioids in female rats.
abstract: Several studies report that environmental enrichment enhances sensitivity to opioid receptor agonists in male rats. Very few studies have examined the effects of enrichment in female rats, and thus it is not clear whether females are similarly sensitive to these effects. Consequently, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of environmental enrichment on sensitivity to representative mu, kappa, and mixed-action opioids in female rats. Following a protocol established in males, females were obtained at weaning and randomly assigned to two groups immediately upon arrival: isolated rats were housed individually with no visual or tactile contact with other rats; enriched rats were housed in groups of four in large cages and given various novel objects on a regular basis. After 6 weeks under these conditions, the antinociceptive effects of mu (morphine, levorphanol), kappa (spiradoline, U69,593), and mixed-action (buprenorphine, butorphanol) opioids were examined in a warm-water, tail-withdrawal procedure. All the opioids examined produced dose-dependent increases in antinociception; however, no differences in opioid sensitivity were observed between the two groups. To determine whether these findings were consistent across behavioral endpoints, the antidiuretic effects of representative mu opioids, and the diuretic effects of representative kappa opioids, were examined in female rats reared under isolated or enriched conditions for 10 weeks. Similar to that seen in the antinociceptive experiment, no significant differences in opioid sensitivity were observed between groups. These data indicate that environmental enrichment does not alter sensitivity to the effects of opioid receptor agonists in female rats, and suggest that females may respond differently to environmental enrichment than males.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035-7037, USA. masmith@davidson.edu
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Kathryn T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Samantha R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gergans
authors.forename: Jordan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Iordanou
authors.forename: Megan A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lyle
authors.forename: Karl T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D050034:Antidiuretic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D004232:Diuretics / Q000494:pharmacology; D004777:Environment; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000502:physiology; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000502:physiology; D012934:Social Isolation
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D050034:Antidiuretic Agents; D004232:Diuretics; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu