title: Beta2-glycoprotein I inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor induced angiogenesis through its amino terminal domain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beta-2 glycoprotein I (beta(2)GPI) is a plasma glycoprotein which interacts with various proteins of the coagulation and fibrinolysis system. beta(2)GPI has recently been shown to have anti-angiogenic properties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We undertook this study to investigate the specific domain of beta(2)GPI involved in the anti-angiogenic function and its effect on downstream signaling of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF).
  
  
  METHODS
  Various preparations of beta(2)GPI were used on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in the absence or presence of VEGF and bFGF. The effect on HUVECs' proliferation, migration and tubule formation in Matrigel matrix was investigated. The effect of beta(2)GPI on the mRNA expression of VEGF receptors and phosphorylation of signaling molecules was also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  beta(2)GPI is shown in this study to be an anti-angiogenic molecule in vitro by inhibiting VEGF and bFGF-induced proliferation, migration and papillary-like tubule formation of HUVECs. This inhibition was achieved by native, proteolytically clipped and domain deletion mutants, domain I-IV (DI-IV) but not domain II-V (DII-V) of beta(2)GPI. Native beta(2)GPI was found to downregulate the expression of the VEGF receptor KDR/Flk-1 on endothelial cells and to block the phosphorylation of VEGF's downstream effector molecules in the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/GSK3beta pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that beta(2)GPI has anti-angiogenic functions which depend on the presence of domain I. This anti-angiogenic activity may have important implications for the therapeutic manipulation of angiogenesis in various disease states.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Passam
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Denyer
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Krilis
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D053482:beta 2-Glycoprotein I; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2