title: Determinants of health-related quality of life during the 2 years following deep vein thrombosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We prospectively measured change in quality of life (QOL) during the 2 years after a diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and evaluated determinants of QOL, including development of the post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients with acute DVT were recruited from 2001 to 2004 at eight hospitals in Canada. At study visits at baseline, and 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 months, clinical data were collected, standardized PTS assessments were performed, and QOL questionnaires were self-completed. Generic QOL was measured using the Short-Form Health Survey-36 (SF-36) questionnaire. Venous disease-specific QOL was measured using the Venous Insufficiency Epidemiological and Economic Study (VEINES)-QOL/Sym questionnaire. The change in QOL scores over a 2-year follow-up was assessed. The influence of PTS and other characteristics on QOL at 2 years was evaluated using multivariable regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 387 patients recruited, the average age was 56 years, two-thirds were outpatients, and 60% had proximal DVT. The cumulative incidence of PTS was 47%. On average, QOL scores improved during follow-up. However, patients who developed PTS had lower scores at all visits and significantly less improvement in QOL over time (P-values for PTS*time interaction were 0.001, 0.012, 0.014 and 0.006 for PCS, MCS, VEINES-QOL and VEINES-Sym). Multivariable regression analyses showed that PTS (P < 0.0001), age (P = 0.0009), proximal DVT (P = 0.01) and inpatient status (P = 0.04) independently predicted 2-year SF-36 PCS scores. PTS alone independently predicted 2-year VEINES-QOL (P < 0.0001) and VEINES-Sym (P < 0.0001) scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Development of PTS is the principal determinant of health-related QOL 2 years after DVT. Our study provides prognostic information on patient-reported outcomes after DVT and emphasizes the need for effective prevention and treatment of the PTS.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada. susan.kahn@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shbaklo
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Lamping
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Holcroft
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shrier
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Miron
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roussin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Desmarais
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Joyal
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kassis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Solymoss
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Desjardins
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johri
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054070:Postthrombotic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*