title: Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results in a large series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intraoperative radiofrequency (RF) ablation with or without surgical resection currently plays one of important roles in modern hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy. We evaluated long-term follow-up results including prognostic factors of intraoperative RF ablation for HCC that was difficult to treat percutaneously.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 133 patients (male, 22 female, mean age 55.8 years) underwent intraoperative RF ablations for 200 HCCs (follow-up period 3.0-79.7 months, median 22.3 months). Hepatic resection was also performed in 29 patients. Reasons for the intraoperative procedure included no safe electrode path (n = 59), excessive tumor burden (n = 41), nonvisualization of the HCC on ultrasonography (n = 20), and risk of collateral thermal damage to adjacent organs (n = 13). We evaluated the technique effectiveness rate at 1 month computed tomography (CT), cumulative local tumor progression rate, cumulative disease-free and overall survival rates, and complications. We also sought significant prognostic factors for overall survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The technique effectiveness at 1 month was 94.7% (126/133). The cumulative local tumor progression rates at 1 and 3 years were 4.9% and 8.8%, respectively. The cumulative disease-free and overall survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years were 51.8%, 21.3%, and 16.0% and 92.3%, 72.6%, and 46.5%, respectively. Major complications occurred in nine patients (6.8%). Procedure-related mortality was 1.5% (2/133). The patients treated for recurrent HCC (P = 0.003) or with high serum alpha-fetoprotein levels (P = 0.009) had poor survival by multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study showed that intraoperative radiofrequency ablation with or without hepatic resection is a safe and effective treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients who are not candidates for the percutaneous approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Sun
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyunchul
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rhim
authors.forename: Hyo K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Dongil
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Won Jae
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tae Yeon
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Jae Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Joh
authors.forename: Sung Joo
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome