title: Comparison of levels of inflammatory mediators IL-1beta and betaG in gingival crevicular fluid from molars, premolars, and incisors during rapid palatal expansion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previously, we reported fluctuation of the levels of the inflammatory mediators interleukin-1beta (IotaL-1beta) and beta-glucuronidase (betaG) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from the maxillary first molars in adolescents undergoing rapid palatal expansion. In this study, we compared the responses of IL-1beta and betaG in the GCF of the maxillary first molars, first premolars, and central incisors during palatal expansion at the same patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients requiring palatal expansion were selected at the postdoctoral orthodontic clinic at Columbia University College of Dental Medicine. Each patient received periodontal prophylaxis and instructions in proper home care including rinsing with chlorhexidine. Four weeks after periodontal prophylaxis, a modified hyrax appliance was placed. The jackscrew was activated twice daily until the appropriate expansion was achieved. GCF samples were collected before and after periodontal prophylaxis and during passive wearing of the appliance, active orthodontic treatment, and retention. Fluid samples were collected with filter paper strips and analyzed by ELISA and time-dependent fluorometry for IL-1beta and betaG, respectively. The values recorded after periodontal prophylaxis were used as the baseline. Paired t tests were used to compare mediator levels at baseline with the levels obtained at each subsequent observation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results validate that IL-1beta and betaG are present in the GCF of adolescents, and, although their level decreases after a strict regimen of plaque control, it increases during orthodontic or orthopedic movement. Moreover, this study demonstrates that both heavy and light forces evoke increased levels of IL-1beta and betaG, stronger forces cause higher levels of inflammatory mediators, and both IL-1beta and betaG respond to direct and indirect application of mechanical force to teeth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation corroborates previous findings that an inflammatory process occurs during application of mechanical force to teeth. Although this inflammation is considered relatively aseptic, additional inflammation, such as that induced by plaque accumulation, must be avoided during orthodontic or orthopedic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. sappho.tzannetou@gmx.net
authors.forename: Sappho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tzannetou
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Efstratiadis
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nicolay
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grbic
authors.forename: Ira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lamster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000378:metabolism*; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008297:Male; D008963:Molar / Q000378:metabolism; D010155:Palatal Expansion Technique / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D005966:Glucuronidase