title: Advances in brain imaging of neuropathic pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the literature on the use of brain imaging, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in investigation of the activity in diverse brain regions that creates and modulates chronic neuropathic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  English literatures from January 1, 2000 to July 31, 2007 that examined human brain activity in chronic neuropathic pain were accessed through MEDLINE/CD ROM, using PET, fMRI, VBM, MRS and receptor binding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published articles about the application of fMRI, PET, VBM, MRS and chronic neuropathic pain were selected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were mainly extracted from 40 representative articles as the research basis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PET studies suggested that spontaneous neuropathic pain is associated with changes in thalamic activity. Both PET and fMRI have been used to investigate the substrate of allodynia. The VBM demonstrated that brain structural changes are involved in chronic neuropathic pain, which is not seen in a matched control group. However, the results obtained had a large variety, which may be due to different pain etiology, pain distribution, lesion tomography, symptoms and stimulation procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Application of the techniques of brain imaging plays a very important role in the study of structural and functional reorganization in patients with neuropathic pain. However, a unique "pain matrix" has not been defined. Future studies should be conducted using a prospective longitudinal research design, which would guarantee the control for many confounding factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
authors.forename: Fu-yong
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Yong-jie
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D010146:Pain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D011957:Receptors, Opioid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D011957:Receptors, Opioid