title: Flying lemurs--the 'flying tree shrews'? Molecular cytogenetic evidence for a Scandentia-Dermoptera sister clade.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flying lemurs or Colugos (order Dermoptera) represent an ancient mammalian lineage that contains only two extant species. Although molecular evidence strongly supports that the orders Dermoptera, Scandentia, Lagomorpha, Rodentia and Primates form a superordinal clade called Supraprimates (or Euarchontoglires), the phylogenetic placement of Dermoptera within Supraprimates remains ambiguous.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To search for cytogenetic signatures that could help to clarify the evolutionary affinities within this superordinal group, we have established a genome-wide comparative map between human and the Malayan flying lemur (Galeopterus variegatus) by reciprocal chromosome painting using both human and G. variegatus chromosome-specific probes. The 22 human autosomal paints and the X chromosome paint defined 44 homologous segments in the G. variegatus genome. A putative inversion on GVA 11 was revealed by the hybridization patterns of human chromosome probes 16 and 19. Fifteen associations of human chromosome segments (HSA) were detected in the G. variegatus genome: HSA1/3, 1/10, 2/21, 3/21, 4/8, 4/18, 7/15, 7/16, 7/19, 10/16, 12/22 (twice), 14/15, 16/19 (twice). Reverse painting of G. variegatus chromosome-specific paints onto human chromosomes confirmed the above results, and defined the origin of the homologous human chromosomal segments in these associations. In total, G. variegatus paints revealed 49 homologous chromosomal segments in the HSA genome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparative analysis of our map with published maps from representative species of other placental orders, including Scandentia, Primates, Lagomorpha and Rodentia, suggests a signature rearrangement (HSA2q/21 association) that links Scandentia and Dermoptera to one sister clade. Our results thus provide new evidence for the hypothesis that Scandentia and Dermoptera have a closer phylogenetic relationship to each other than either of them has to Primates.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming,Yunnan 650223, People's Republic of China. whnie@mail.kiz.ac.cn
authors.forename: Wenhui
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: Beiyuan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Patricia C M
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Jinhuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Weiting
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Alongkoad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanomtong
authors.forename: Vitaly
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Volobouev
authors.forename: Malcolm A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ferguson-Smith
authors.forename: Fengtang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002871:Chromosome Banding; D020223:Chromosome Painting; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D014418:Tupaiidae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial