title: Monocyte phagocytosis of viable Staphylococcus aureus is impaired by barbiturates, but not by propofol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Barbiturates and propofol are used for deep sedation of patients with elevated intracranial pressure refractory to standard therapeutic regimens. Such patients often suffer from bacterial infections, which are most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Various interactions of anesthetics with components of the host defense have been documented, but very little is known about the influence on monocytes, which are a first-line defense against bacterial invasion. Therefore, we studied the effects of thiopental, methohexital, and propofol on monocyte phagocytosis using an in vitro whole blood model of viable S. aureus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole blood samples were preincubated with different concentrations of thiopental, methohexital, and propofol. Phagocytosis was stopped at different time points after addition of viable S. aureus. Monocytes then were stained with monoclonal antibodies for flow cytometric analysis of monocyte recruitment (ratio of ingesting monocytes). Furthermore, the fluorescence intensity of ingested bacteria served as semiquantitative measurement of phagocytosis activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both barbiturates inhibited monocyte recruitment and phagocytosis activity concentration-dependently, whereas propofol did not affect any of the investigated parameters. At concentrations of 7.6 x10(-3) M thiopental or 1.1 x 10(-3) M methohexital and greater, monocyte recruitment and phagocytosis activity were significantly inhibited. The calculated half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of thiopental was 8.4 x 10(-3) M for monocyte recruitment and 8.6 x 10(-3) M for phagocytosis activity. The corresponding values for methohexital were 4.1 x 10(-3) M and 1.1 x 10(-3) M, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two barbiturates induce concentration-dependent inhibition of monocyte phagocytosis, whereas propofol is without effect. In combination with previously described effects on granulocyte function, these findings suggest that defense against bacterial infection might be reduced by barbiturates.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Tübingen University Hospital, Hoppe-Seyler Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ploppa
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Kiefer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nohé
authors.forename: Helene A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Haeberle
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Dieterich
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Unertl
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Durieux
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Krueger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001463:Barbiturates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008723:Methohexital / Q000494:pharmacology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000276:immunology*; D013874:Thiopental / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001463:Barbiturates; D008723:Methohexital; D013874:Thiopental; D015742:Propofol