title: X-ray diffraction study of low-temperature phase transformations in nickel-titanium orthodontic wires.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Employ conventional X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyze three clinically important nickel-titanium orthodontic wire alloys over a range of temperatures between 25 and -110 degrees C, for comparison with previous results from temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The archwires selected were 35 degrees C Copper Ni-Ti (Ormco), Neo Sentalloy (GAC International), and Nitinol SE (3M Unitek). Neo Sentalloy, which exhibits superelastic behavior, is marketed as having shape memory in the oral environment, and Nitinol SE and 35 degrees C Copper Ni-Ti also exhibit superelastic behavior. All archwires had dimensions of 0.016in.x0.022in. (0.41 mm x 0.56 mm). Straight segments cut with a water-cooled diamond saw were placed side-by-side to yield a 1 cm x 1cm test sample of each wire product for XRD analysis (Rint-Ultima(+), Rigaku) over a 2theta range from 30 degrees to 130 degrees and at successive temperatures of 25, -110, -60, -20, 0 and 25 degrees C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The phases revealed by XRD at the different analysis temperatures were in good agreement with those found in previous TMDSC studies of transformations in these alloys, in particular verifying the presence of R-phase at 25 degrees C. Precise comparisons are not possible because of the approximate nature of the transformation temperatures determined by TMDSC and the preferred crystallographic orientation present in the wires. New XRD peaks appear to result from low-temperature transformation in martensite, which a recent transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study has shown to arise from twinning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While XRD is a useful technique to study phases in nickel-titanium orthodontic wires and their transformations as a function of temperature, optimum insight is obtained when XRD analyses are combined with complementary TMDSC and TEM study of the wires.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iijima
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Brantley
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: W A T
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yuasa
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mizoguchi
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003300:Copper; D003460:Crystallization; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003722:Dental Alloys; D004548:Elasticity; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009532:Nickel; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D044367:Phase Transition; D013696:Temperature; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; C415948:Copper NiTi; D003722:Dental Alloys; C040654:titanium nickelide; C013616:nitinol; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium