title: Gastro-intestinal haemorrhage risks of selective serotonin receptor antagonist therapy: a new look.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (i) To determine the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and other classes of antidepressants on upper gastro-intestinal (GI) haemorrhage and (ii) to assess the drug-drug interaction effects of antidepressants and warfarin or clopidogrel on the risk of GI haemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a population-based case control study in the General Practice Research Database (GPRD). Cases with a first episode of upper GI haemorrhage between 2000 and 2005 were matched with up to 10 controls. Exposure to the study drugs was defined by a prescription issued in the 90 days before the index date. Rate ratios were estimated using conditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four thousand and twenty-eight cases of GI haemorrhage and 40 171 controls were identified. The excess risk of GI haemorrhage with SSRI use was small (Rate Ratio [RR]: 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1, 1.6) and null with exposure to tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (RR 1.0; 95% CI: 0.8, 1.3). The risk of GI haemorrhage was highest with venlafaxine use (RR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3, 2.6). There was no drug-drug interaction between warfarin anticoagulation and antidepressant use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports a small increased risk of upper GI haemorrhage with the use of SSRI antidepressants compared with the older TCA drugs, but to a lesser extent than previously reported due to confounding by alcohol use. The small elevation in risk of GI haemorrhage with SSRI and venlafaxine should be weighed against the therapeutic benefit of their use.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Opatrny
authors.forename: J A 'chris'
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.forename: Samy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suissa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D013988:Ticlopidine; D014859:Warfarin