title: Dietary flavonoid intake and non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of dietary factors in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) risk is not yet well understood. Dietary flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds proposed to be anticarcinogenic. Flavonoids are well-characterized antioxidants and metal chelators, and certain flavonoids exhibit antiproliferative and antiestrogenic effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that higher flavonoid intake is associated with lower NHL risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 1998-2000, we identified incident NHL cases aged 20-74 y from 4 US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registries. Controls without history of NHL were selected by random-digit dialing or from Medicare files and frequency-matched to cases by age, center, race, and sex. Using 3 recently developed US Department of Agriculture nutrient-specific databases, flavonoid intake was estimated from participant responses to a 117-item food-frequency questionnaire (n = 466 cases and 390 controls). NHL risk in relation to flavonoid intake in quartiles was evaluated after adjustment for age, sex, registry, education, NHL family history, and energy intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher total flavonoid intake was significantly associated with lower risk of NHL (P for trend < 0.01): a 47% lower risk in the highest quartile of intake than in the lowest (95% CI: 31%, 73%). Higher intakes of flavonols, epicatechins, anthocyanidins, and proanthocyanidins were each significantly associated with decreased NHL risk. Similar patterns of risk were observed for the major NHL subtypes--diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n = 167) and follicular lymphoma (n = 146).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher intake of flavonoids, dietary components with several putative anticarcinogenic activities, may be associated with lower NHL risk.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer, Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
authors.forename: Cara L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Frankenfeld
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cerhan
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cozen
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Maryjean
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schenk
authors.forename: Lindsay M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hartge
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ward
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002392:Catechin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D044948:Flavonols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D018426:SEER Program; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D044948:Flavonols; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C013221:proanthocyanidin; D002392:Catechin