title: The B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin inhibits Th1 but not Th17 cell responses in established experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the efficacy of the B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (EtxB) in the treatment of ocular autoimmune disease. Murine experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) is an animal model of autoimmune posterior uveitis initiated by retinal antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 CD4(+) T cells, which activate myeloid cells, inducing retinal damage. EtxB is a potent immune modulator that ameliorates other Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases, enhancing regulatory T-cell activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  EAU was induced in B10.RIII mice by immunization with peptide hIRBP(161-180). Disease severity was measured by clinical and histologic assessment, and functional responses of macrophages (Mphis) and T cells were assessed, both in vivo and in cocultures in vitro. EtxB was administered intranasally daily for 4 days, starting either 3 days before or 3 days after EAU induction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preimmunization treatment with EtxB protected mice from EAU, limiting both the number and the activation status of retinal infiltrating immune cells. Treatment after EAU induction did not alter the disease course, despite suppression of IFN-gamma. Although EtxB treatment of in vitro cocultures of T cells and Mphis increased IL-10 production, EtxB treatment in vivo increased the proportion and number of IL-17-producing CD4(+) cells infiltrating the eye.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EtxB preimmunization protects mice from EAU induction by inhibiting Th1 responses, but the resultant reduction in IFN-gamma responses by EtxB does not effect infiltration or structural damage in established EAU, where Th17 responses predominate. These data highlight the critical importance of the dynamics of T-cell phenotype and infiltration during EAU when considering immunomodulatory therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ben J E
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Raveney
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Marie-Laure
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Aknin
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Copland
authors.forename: Bronwen R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Lindsay B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Dick
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000276:immunology*; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D002455:Cell Division; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000276:immunology*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012173:Retinitis / Q000276:immunology*; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D014605:Uveitis / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins; C084433:interphotoreceptor-retinoid binding protein (1158-1180); D010047:Ovalbumin; C027538:heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli