title: The relative contribution of genes and environment to alcohol use in early adolescents: are similar factors related to initiation of alcohol use and frequency of drinking?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study assessed the relative contribution of genes and environment to individual differences in initiation of alcohol use and frequency of drinking among early adolescents and examined the extent to which the same genetic and environmental factors influence both individual differences in initiation of alcohol use and frequency of drinking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaire data collected by the Netherlands Twin Register were available for 694 twin pairs aged of 12 to 15 years. Bivariate genetic model fitting analyses were conducted in mx. We modeled the variance of initiation of alcohol use and frequency of drinking as a function of three influences: genetic effects, common environmental effects, and unique environmental effects. Analyses were performed conditional on sex.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings indicated that genetic factors were most important for variation in early initiation of alcohol use (83% explained variance in males and 70% in females). There was a small contribution of common environment (2% in males, 19% in females). In contrast, common environmental factors explained most of the variation in frequency of drinking (82% in males and females). In males the association between initiation and frequency was explained by common environmental factors influencing both phenotypes. In females, there was a large contribution of common environmental factors that influenced frequency of drinking only. There was no evidence that different genetic or common environmental factors operated in males and females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different factors were involved in individual differences in early initiation of alcohol use and frequency of drinking once adolescents have started to use alcohol.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. e.poelen@pwo.ru.nl
authors.forename: Evelien A P
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Poelen
authors.forename: Eske M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Derks
authors.forename: Rutger C M E
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.forename: Jan F J
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: van Leeuwe
authors.forename: Ron H J
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Scholte
authors.forename: Gonneke
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Willemsen
authors.forename: Dorret I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Boomsma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009426:Netherlands; D012042:Registries; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires