title: Hepatitis C virus diversity and evolution in the full open-reading frame during antiviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pegylated interferon plus ribavirin therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) fails in approximately half of genotype 1 patients. Treatment failure occurs either by nonresponse (minimal declines in viral titer) or relapse (robust initial responses followed by rebounds of viral titers during or after therapy). HCV is highly variable genetically. To determine if viral genetic differences contribute to the difference between response and relapse, we examined the inter-patient genetic diversity and mutation pattern in the full open reading frame HCV genotype 1a consensus sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre- and post-therapy sequences were analyzed for 10 nonresponders and 10 relapsers from the Virahep-C clinical study. Pre-therapy interpatient diversity among the relapsers was higher than in the nonresponders in the viral NS2 and NS3 genes, and post-therapy diversity was higher in the relapsers for most of HCV's ten genes. Pre-therapy diversity among the relapsers was intermediate between that of the non-responders and responders to therapy. The average mutation rate was just 0.9% at the amino acid level and similar numbers of mutations occurred in the nonresponder and relapser sequences, but the mutations in NS2 of relapsers were less conservative than in nonresponders. Finally, the number and distribution of regions under positive selection was similar between the two groups, although the nonresponders had more foci of positive selection in E2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HCV sequences were unexpectedly stable during failed antiviral therapy, both nonresponder and relapser sequences were under selective pressure during therapy, and variation in NS2 may have contributed to the difference in response between the nonresponder and relapser groups. These data support a role for viral genetic variability in determining the outcome of anti-HCV therapy, with those sequences that are more distant from an optimal sequence being less able to resist the pressures of interferon-based therapy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00038974.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
authors.forename: Nathan A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Maureen J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Donlin
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aurora
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tavis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000187:drug effects; D005838:Genotype; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D012008:Recurrence; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D014764:Viral Proteins; D012254:Ribavirin