title: Influence of and optimal insulin therapy for a low-glycemic index meal in children with type 1 diabetes receiving intensive insulin therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of glycemic index on postprandial glucose excursion (PPGE) in children with type 1 diabetes receiving multiple daily injections and to determine optimal insulin therapy for a low-glycemic index meal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty subjects consumed test breakfasts with equal macronutrient contents on 4 consecutive days; high-and low-glycemic index meals (glycemic index 84 vs. 48) were consumed with preprandial ultra-short-acting insulin, and the low-glycemic index meal was also consumed with preprandial regular insulin and postprandial ultra-short-acting insulin. Each child's insulin dose was standardized. Continuous glucose monitoring was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PPGE was significantly lower for the low-glycemic index meal compared with the high-glycemic index meal at 30-180 min (P < 0.02) when preprandial ultra-short-acting insulin was administered. The maximum difference occurred at 60 min (4.2 mmol/l, P < 0.0001). Regular insulin produced a 1.1 mmol/l higher PPGE at 30 min compared with ultra-short-acting insulin (P = 0.015) when the low-glycemic index meal was consumed. Postprandial ultra-short-acting insulin produced a higher PPGE at 30 and 60 min compared with preprandial administration when the low-glycemic index meal was consumed. The maximum difference was 2.5 mmol/l at 60 min (P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-glycemic index meals produce a lower PPGE than high-glycemic index meals. Preprandial ultra-short-acting insulin is the optimal therapy for a low-glycemic index meal.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.
authors.forename: Rochelle L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Donald G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Attia
authors.forename: Clare E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Carmel E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Smart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004435:Eating; D038321:Glycemic Index / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin