title: Conventional and future diagnostics for avian influenza.
abstract: The significant and continued transboundary spread of Asian avian influenza H5N1 since 2003, paired with documented transmission from avian species to humans and other mammals, has focused global attention on avian influenza virus detection and diagnostic strategies. While the historic and conventional laboratory methods used for isolation and identification of the virus and for detection of specific antibodies continued to be widely applied, new and emerging technologies are rapidly being adapted to support avian influenza virus surveillance and diagnosis worldwide. Molecular tools in particular are advancing toward lab-on-chip and fully integrated technologies that are capable of same day detection, pathotyping, and phylogenetic characterization of influenza A viruses obtained from clinical specimens. The future of avian influenza diagnostics, rather than moving toward a single approach, is wisely adopting a strategy that takes advantage of the range of conventional and advancing technologies to be used in "fit-for-purpose" testing.
authors.affiliation: California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Charlton
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Crossley
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hietala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures / Q000639:trends*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006801:Humans; D005779:Immunodiffusion; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods