title: Polyunsaturated fatty acids and cerebrospinal fluid from children on the ketogenic diet open a voltage-gated K channel: a putative mechanism of antiseizure action.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many children with epilepsy do not satisfactorily respond to conventional pharmacological therapy, but to the ketogenic diet, a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. This diet increases the concentrations of ketone bodies and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma. However, its anticonvulsant mechanism is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate the mechanism by which the diet protects against seizures, we studied the effects of several PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and linoleic acid), ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybuturic acid and acetoacetic acid), and CSF from patients on the ketogenic diet on the voltage-gated Shaker K channel expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that PUFAs at concentrations down to 21microM clearly increased the K current by shifting the conductance versus voltage curve in negative direction along the voltage axis. CSF from patients on the ketogenic diet has similar but smaller effects. In contrast, high concentrations (1-5mM) of ketone bodies did not affect the K current. Computer simulations showed that the observed shifts for clinically relevant concentrations of PUFAs, and CSF from patients could effectively impair repetitive firing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the ketogenic diet could prevent epileptic seizures by PUFA-induced openings of voltage-gated K channels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Xiang-ping
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Erichsen
authors.forename: Sara I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Börjesson
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dahlin
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amark
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Elinder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003198:Computer Simulation; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D007657:Ketone Bodies / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D008954:Models, Biological; D009865:Oocytes; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated / Q000502:physiology*; D012640:Seizures / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000178:diet therapy; D014981:Xenopus
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D007657:Ketone Bodies; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated