title: A systematic analysis of intronic sequences downstream of 5' splice sites reveals a widespread role for U-rich motifs and TIA1/TIAL1 proteins in alternative splicing regulation.
abstract: To identify human intronic sequences associated with 5' splice site recognition, we performed a systematic search for motifs enriched in introns downstream of both constitutive and alternative cassette exons. Significant enrichment was observed for U-rich motifs within 100 nucleotides downstream of 5' splice sites of both classes of exons, with the highest enrichment between positions +6 and +30. Exons adjacent to U-rich intronic motifs contain lower frequencies of exonic splicing enhancers and higher frequencies of exonic splicing silencers, compared with exons not followed by U-rich intronic motifs. These findings motivated us to explore the possibility of a widespread role for U-rich motifs in promoting exon inclusion. Since cytotoxic granule-associated RNA binding protein (TIA1) and TIA1-like 1 (TIAL1; also known as TIAR) were previously shown in vitro to bind to U-rich motifs downstream of 5' splice sites, and to facilitate 5' splice site recognition in vitro and in vivo, we investigated whether these factors function more generally in the regulation of splicing of exons followed by U-rich intronic motifs. Simultaneous knockdown of TIA1 and TIAL1 resulted in increased skipping of 36/41 (88%) of alternatively spliced exons associated with U-rich motifs, but did not affect 32/33 (97%) alternatively spliced exons that are not associated with U-rich motifs. The increase in exon skipping correlated with the proximity of the first U-rich motif and the overall "U-richness" of the adjacent intronic region. The majority of the alternative splicing events regulated by TIA1/TIAL1 are conserved in mouse, and the corresponding genes are associated with diverse cellular functions. Based on our results, we estimate that approximately 15% of alternative cassette exons are regulated by TIA1/TIAL1 via U-rich intronic elements.
authors.affiliation: Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aznarez
authors.forename: Yoseph
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Barash
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shai
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zielenski
authors.forename: Lap-Chee
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Tsui
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parkinson
authors.forename: Brendan J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rommens
authors.forename: Benjamin J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Blencowe
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D005091:Exons; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D051379:Mice; D039102:Poly(A)-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D034622:RNA Interference; D022821:RNA Splice Sites; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D038621:Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D000074019:T-Cell Intracellular Antigen-1; D014529:Uridine / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D039102:Poly(A)-Binding Proteins; D022821:RNA Splice Sites; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D038621:Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid; D000074019:T-Cell Intracellular Antigen-1; C071558:TIA1 protein, human; C076751:TIAL1 protein, human; D014529:Uridine