title: Personality and defense mechanisms in late adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current understanding of the use of psychological defense mechanisms (DMs) in older adults is limited. This study set out to examine individual differences in DMs and Cloninger's biosocial model of personality in two age groups (50-64, 65-93), as well as their influence on health.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Japanese community sample (N = 330) completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125), the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40), and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across age groups, psychological well-being was related to lower levels of harm avoidance and higher levels of self-directedness. In addition, older age was related to decreases in reward dependence, cooperativeness, and increases in self-transcendence, DMs of isolation, denial, and splitting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An Age X Gender interaction revealed that men and women varied in their pattern of age differences for some specific DMs. Results further suggest that image-distortion defense may function to compensate resource loss.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Education and Human Development, University of Nagoya, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan. yuyong17@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chamorro-Premuzic
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honjo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010551:Personality; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*