title: Effect of protein, fat, carbohydrate and fibre on gastrointestinal peptide release in humans.
abstract: Short-term regulation of food intake controls what, when and how much we eat within a single day or a meal. This regulation results from an integrated response to neural and humoral signals that originate from the brain, gastrointestinal (GI) tract and adipose tissue. In the GI tract, multiple sites including the stomach, duodenum, distal small intestine, colon, and pancreas are involved in this process. Ingested food evokes satiety by mechanical stimulation and by release of peptides in the GI tract. The intestine in particular plays a key role in satiety through various peptides secreted in response to food. Many of the intestinal peptides inhibit also gastric emptying thus enhancing gastric mechanoreceptor stimulation. In this review, the current knowledge about the effects of different macronutrients and fibre on the release of GI satiety-related peptides in humans is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Food and Health Research Centre, Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Kuopio, Finland. Leila.Karhunen@uku.fi
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Karhunen
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Juvonen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huotari
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Purhonen
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Herzig
mesh_terms: D000682:Amyloid / Q000378:metabolism; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000378:metabolism; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000378:metabolism; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000378:metabolism; D010191:Pancreatic Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism*; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011506:Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000682:Amyloid; D002241:Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D058228:Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D010455:Peptides; D011506:Proteins; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D010191:Pancreatic Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D002766:Cholecystokinin