Time perspective, depression, and substance misuse among the homeless.
Using the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; P. G. Zimbardo & J. N. Boyd, 1999), the authors found that homeless people, in comparison with a control group, had a significantly more negative outlook concerning their past and present as evinced by high Past-Negative and Present-Fatalistic scores and low Past-Positive scores on the ZTPI. However, the homeless individuals were almost indistinguishable from control participants on measures of Present-Hedonism and Future thinking. The homeless individuals had significantly higher levels of depression, with 31 out of 50 (62%) reaching criteria for probable depression. However, this finding was unrelated to their atypical time perspective. There was no significant relation between substance misuse and time perspective. Despite their current difficulties, including depression and drug abuse, the homeless individuals maintained a propensity toward future thinking characterized by striving to achieve their goals.
Pluck
Graham
G
Academic Clinical Psychiatry, University of Sheffield, The Longley Centre, Norwood Grange Drive, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, SS 7JT7, England. g.pluck@sheffield.ac.uk
Lee
Kwang-Hyuk
KH
Lauder
Hannah E
HE
Fox
James M
JM
Spence
Sean A
SA
Parks
Randolph W
RW
D000124:Achievement; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D035061:Control Groups; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005544:Forecasting; D006040:Goals; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009042:Motivation; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013850:Thinking; D013997:Time Factors