title: Regulation of H(2)O(2)-induced necrosis by PKC and AMP-activated kinase signaling in primary cultured hepatocytes.
abstract: Recent studies have suggested that, in certain cases, necrosis, like apoptosis, may be programmed, involving the activation and inhibition of many signaling pathways. In this study, we examined whether necrosis induced by H(2)O(2) is regulated by signaling pathways in primary hepatocytes. A detailed time course revealed that H(2)O(2) treated to hepatocytes is consumed within minutes, but hepatocytes undergo necrosis several hours later. Thus, H(2)O(2) treatment induces a "lag phase" where signaling changes occur, including PKC activation, Akt (PKB) downregulation, activation of JNK, and downregulation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK). Investigation of various inhibitors demonstrated that PKC inhibitors were effective in reducing necrosis caused by H(2)O(2) (~80%). PKC inhibitor treatment decreased PKC activity but, surprisingly, also upregulated Akt and AMPK, suggesting that various PKC isoforms negatively regulate Akt and AMPK. Akt did not appear to play a significant role in H(2)O(2)-induced necrosis, since PKC inhibitor treatment protected hepatocytes from H(2)O(2) even when Akt was inhibited. On the other hand, compound C, a selective AMPK inhibitor, abrogated the protective effect of PKC inhibitors against necrosis induced by H(2)O(2). Furthermore, AMPK activators protected against H(2)O(2)-induced necrosis, suggesting that much of the protective effect of PKC inhibition was mediated through the upregulation of AMPK. Work with PKC inhibitors suggested that atypical PKC downregulates AMPK in response to H(2)O(2). Knockdown of PKC-alpha using antisense oligonucleotides also slightly protected (~22%) against H(2)O(2). Taken together, our data demonstrate that the modulation of signaling pathways involving PKC and AMPK can alter H(2)O(2)-induced necrosis, suggesting that a signaling "program" is important in mediating H(2)O(2)-induced necrosis in primary hepatocytes.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA.
authors.forename: Behnam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Saberi
authors.forename: Mie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ybanez
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hanawa
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Gaarde
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kaplowitz
authors.forename: Derick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D009336:Necrosis; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases