title: Hardiness commitment, gender, and age differentiate university academic performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increasing diversity of students, particularly in age, attending university has seen a concomitant interest in factors predicting academic success.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This 2-year correlational study examined whether age, gender (demographic variables), and hardiness (cognitive/emotional variable) differentiate and predict university final degree grade point average (GPA) and final-year dissertation mark.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are reported from a total of 134 university undergraduate students.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants provided baseline data in questionnaires administered during the first week of their second year of undergraduate study and gave consent for their academic progress to be tracked. Final degree GPA and dissertation mark were the academic performance criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mature-age students achieved higher final degree GPA compared to young undergraduates. Female students significantly outperformed their male counterparts in each measured academic assessment criteria. Female students also reported a significantly higher mean score on hardiness commitment compared to male students. commitment was the most significant positive correlate of academic achievement. Final degree GPA and dissertation mark were significantly predicted by commitment, and commitment and gender, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings have implications for universities targeting academic support services to maximize student scholastic potential. Future research should incorporate hardiness, gender, and age with other variables known to predict academic success.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, York St John University, York, UK. m.sheard@yorksj.ac.uk
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sheard
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002605:Character; D003479:Curriculum; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D012737:Sex Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult