title: Fabrication and integration of planar electrodes for contactless conductivity detection on polyester-toner electrophoresis microchips.
abstract: In this report, we describe the microfabrication and integration of planar electrodes for contactless conductivity detection on polyester-toner (PT) electrophoresis microchips using toner masks. Planar electrodes were fabricated by three simple steps: (i) drawing and laser-printing the electrode geometry on polyester films, (ii) sputtering deposition onto substrates, and (iii) removal of toner layer by a lift-off process. The polyester film with anchored electrodes was integrated to PT electrophoresis microchannels by lamination at 120 degrees C in less than 1 min. The electrodes were designed in an antiparallel configuration with 750 microm width and 750 microm gap between them. The best results were recorded with a frequency of 400 kHz and 10 Vpp using a sinusoidal wave. The analytical performance of the proposed microchip was evaluated by electrophoretic separation of potassium, sodium and lithium in 150 microm wide x 6 microm deep microchannels. Under an electric field of 250 V/cm the analytes were successfully separated in less than 90 s with efficiencies ranging from 7000 to 13,000 plates. The detection limits (S/N = 3) found for K+, Na+, and Li+ were 3.1, 4.3, and 7.2 micromol/L, respectively. Besides the low-cost and instrumental simplicity, the integrated PT chip eliminates the problem of manual alignment and gluing of the electrodes, permitting more robustness and better reproducibility, therefore, more suitable for mass production of electrophoresis microchips.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wendell Karlos Tomazelli
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Coltro
authors.forename: José Alberto Fracassi
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Emanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carrilho
mesh_terms: D004553:Electric Conductivity; D046209:Electrophoresis, Microchip / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008672:Metals, Alkali / Q000302:isolation & purification; D046228:Microarray Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008839:Microelectrodes
chemical_list: D008672:Metals, Alkali