title: Longitudinal pedagogy: a successful response to the fragmentation of the third-year medical student clerkship experience.
abstract: A longitudinal clerkship was designed at Harvard Medical School (HMS) in 2004-2005 to emphasize continuity, empathy, learner-centeredness, and patient-centered care. In 2005-2006, the curriculum was piloted with eight students who voluntarily enrolled in the third-year curriculum, which focused on longitudinal mentorship and feedback, interdisciplinary care, integration of clinical and basic science, and humanism in patient care. Eighteen traditional curriculum (TC) students at HMS who were comparable at baseline served as a comparison group. SHELF exams and OSCE performance, monthly and end-of-year surveys, and focus groups provided comparisons between pilot and TC students on their performance, perceptions, attitudes, and satisfaction. Pilot students performed as well as or better than their peers in standardized measures of clinical aptitude. They demonstrated statistically significant greater preservation of patient-centered attitudes compared with declining values for TC students. Pilot students rated the atmosphere of learning, effective integration of basic and clinical sciences, mentorship, feedback, clerkship satisfaction, and end-of-year patient-care preparedness significantly higher than TC students. The authors conclude that implementation of a longitudinal third-year curriculum, with only modest alterations in existing clinical training frameworks, is feasible and effective in meeting its stated goals. "Exposing" the hidden curriculum through specific longitudinal activities may prevent degradation of student attitudes about patient-centered care. Minimizing the disjointed nature of clinical training during a critical time in students' training by providing a cohesive longitudinal curriculum in parallel to clinical clerkships, led by faculty with consistent contact with students, can have positive effects on both professional performance and satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. sbell1@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Sigall K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krupat
authors.forename: Sara B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Fazio
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Schwartzstein
mesh_terms: D002982:Clinical Clerkship / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003479:Curriculum; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008404:Massachusetts; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015397:Program Evaluation; D013663:Teaching / Q000379:methods*