title: Down-regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/AKT/molecular target of rapamycin metabolic pathway by primary letrozole-based therapy in human breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/molecular target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is involved in the development of tumor resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer cell lines and represents an attractive target for pharmacologic intervention. However, the effects of endocrine therapy with aromatase inhibitors on in vivo expression of this signaling cascade, and its relation to tumor response and patient outcome, is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  PI3K, phospho-AKT (pAKT) and phospho-mTOR were assessed by immunohistochemistry on tumor specimens collected at baseline and after 6 months of treatment in 113 elderly breast cancer patients consecutively enrolled in a randomized phase II trial of primary letrozole therapy and letrozole associated with metronomic cyclophosphamide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Basal expression of the pathway was not significantly correlated with response or patient outcome. Both letrozole alone and letrozole with cyclophosphamide resulted in a significant reduction of PI3K expression (P = 0.02 and P < 0.005, respectively) and phospho-mTOR expression (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.0001, respectively). pAKT showed no change in the letrozole arm, whereas it was significantly decreased in the letrozole plus cyclophosphamide arm (P < 0.005). pAKT expression reduction was associated with a greater response rate (P = 0.05) and greater reduction in Ki67 expression (P = 0.05). Phospho-mTOR expression reduction was associated with a significantly longer disease-free survival in a multivariate analysis (P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Letrozole inhibits key molecules in the PI3K pathway that are important targets of new drugs being developed to overcome resistance. Changes in these molecules may have prognostic significance. These results should be taken into account when planning prospective trials testing up-front aromatase inhibitor with drugs targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Generali
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Maria Pia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Brizzi
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Allevi
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonardi
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aguggini
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milani
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bersiga
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dionisio
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vergoni
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giardini
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dogliotti
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bottini
authors.forename: Adrian L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berruti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077289:Letrozole; D009570:Nitriles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D014230:Triazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D000077289:Letrozole; D009570:Nitriles; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011494:Protein Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014230:Triazoles; C546842:MTOR protein, human