title: All in a day's work: an observational study to quantify how and with whom doctors on hospital wards spend their time.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify time doctors in hospital wards spend on specific work tasks, and with health professionals and patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational time and motion study.
  
  
  METHODS
  400-bed teaching hospital in Sydney.
  
  
  METHODS
  19 doctors (seven registrars, five residents, seven interns) in four wards were observed between 08:30 and 19:00 for a total of 151 hours between July and December 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proportions of time in categories of work; proportions of tasks performed with health professionals and patients; proportions of tasks using specific information tools; rates of multitasking and interruptions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The greatest proportions of doctors' time were in professional communication (33%; 95% CI, 29%-38%); social activities, such as non-work communication and meal breaks (17%; 95% CI, 13%-21%), and indirect care, such as planning care (17%; 95% CI, 15%-19%). Multitasking involved 20% of time, and on average, doctors were interrupted every 21 minutes. Most tasks were completed with another doctor (56%; 95% CI, 55%-57%), while 24% (95% CI, 23%-25%) were undertaken alone and 15% (95% CI, 15%-16%) with a patient. Interns spent more time completing documentation and administrative tasks, and less time in direct care than residents and registrars. The time interns spent documenting (22%) was almost double the time they were engaged in direct patient care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two-thirds of doctors' time was consumed by three work categories: professional communication, social activities and indirect care. Doctors on wards are interrupted at considerably lower rates than those in emergency and intensive care units. The results confirm interns' previously reported dissatisfaction with their level of administrative work and documentation.
authors.affiliation: Health Informatics Research and Evaluation Unit, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. J.Westbrook@usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Johanna I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Westbrook
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ampt
authors.forename: Leanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kearney
authors.forename: Marilyn I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Rob
mesh_terms: D006757:Hospital Units; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009517:New South Wales; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D000078329:Workforce; D016526:Workload / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*