title: Drug-induced torsades de pointes: a review of the Swedish pharmacovigilance database.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe spontaneously reported cases of torsades de pointes (TdP) in Sweden and to investigate if this adverse drug reaction (ADR) was labelled in the summary of product characteristics (SPC) for the drugs implicated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reported cases of TdP 1991-2006 were identified and evaluated with regard to drug use and other possible risk factor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among a total of 61 788 ADRs, 88 cases of TdP were identified. In these cases, 27 different suspected drugs were implicated. Cardiac drugs were involved in most reports (74%; 65/88), with sotalol being the most frequently suspected drug (57%, 58/88). In addition to drug treatment two or more established risk factors were present in 85% of the cases (75/88). Heart disease (90%; 79/88) was the most common risk factor followed by age over 65 years (72%; 63/88) and female gender (70%; 62/88). TdP or QT prolongation were labelled in the SPC for 33% (9/27) of the drugs implicated in the 88 cases. However, supporting evidence for an association was found elsewhere in 56% (15/27) for the different drugs implicated in the reports. Although citalopram was the third most common suspected drug in the reports (10%; 9/88), TdP was not listed in the SPC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TdP is a rarely reported ADR. Several risk factors are often present. In two thirds of the drugs implicated in the reports neither TdP nor QT prolongation was labelled in the SPC. Further investigations are needed regarding the association between citalopram and TdP.
authors.affiliation: Regional Pharmacovigilance Unit (MPA), Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Lund University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aström-Lilja
authors.forename: Johanna Mercke
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Odeberg
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ekman
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hägg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015283:Citalopram / Q000009:adverse effects; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004348:Drug Labeling / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013015:Sotalol / Q000009:adverse effects; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D016171:Torsades de Pointes / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D015283:Citalopram; D013015:Sotalol