title: Measuring angiogenic cytokines, circulating endothelial cells, and endothelial progenitor cells in peripheral blood and cord blood: VEGF and CXCL12 correlate with the number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in peripheral blood.
abstract: Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are thought to play an important role in the vascularization of damaged tissues and cancers. These cells are also required for tissue-engineered blood vessels and to help skin substitutes revascularize more efficiently. A standard approach to the phenotyping and enumeration of CEC and EPC is key to the development of new therapies, and the identification of biomarkers within the blood that regulate their levels may be important for the treatment of cancer. We have devised an improved multiparameter flow cytometric assay for CEC and circulating EPC enumeration. This assay uses antibodies recognizing CD133 and CD34 to identify EPC and CEC, respectively, and incorporates specific markers CD144 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) for both CEC and EPC cells. In peripheral blood (PB), mean CEC numbers were 55 +/- 95 mL(-1) and mean EPC numbers were 44 +/- 58 mL(-1) (n = 60). We also found a significant correlation of both plasma VEGF (r = 0.90, p < 0.001) and CXCL12 (r = 0.84, p < 0.001) with EPCs, but not CECs. The cytokines also correlated with each other (r = 0.85, p < 0.001). In umbilical cord blood (UCB) we found on average 13 times more CEC (719 +/- 338 mL(-1)) and 7 times more EPC (299 +/- 245 mL(-1)) than in PB. However, serum VEGF and CXCL12 levels in UCB did not correlate with either EPC or CEC numbers. These results suggest a major role for VEGF and CXCL12 in the control of marrow-derived EPCs in adult PB and provide normal data for comparison with patient populations.
authors.affiliation: Stem Cells and Immunotherapies Laboratory, National Blood Service, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, United Kingdom. jon.smythe@nbs.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smythe
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Nita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frith
authors.forename: Adrian L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Watt
mesh_terms: D000071916:AC133 Antigen; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015820:Cadherins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D010455:Peptides; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099152:Cadherin 5
chemical_list: D000071916:AC133 Antigen; D015703:Antigens, CD; D018952:Antigens, CD34; D015820:Cadherins; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D016207:Cytokines; D006023:Glycoproteins; D010455:Peptides; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000099152:Cadherin 5; C000606023:PROM1 protein, human