title: Emergency department treatment of primary headaches in children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Headaches in children and adolescents are common presenting complaints in emergency departments. There is wide variation among acute treatments. We sought to review options for acute emergency department management and the recent evidence supporting their use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Currently accepted diagnosis of pediatric headache is based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders-II classification system, which remains incomplete with regard to pediatric patients. In general, there is a paucity of studies evaluating acute treatment for pediatric headache, especially in the emergency department setting. Most studies use previously diagnosed patients with migraines as their subjects. Recent additions to the literature are mostly reviews in nature or pertain to the evaluation of triptan use in adolescents. No articles evaluate treatment of tension-type headaches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research is needed on therapies targeted toward children and adolescents with headache subtypes other than migraine, including those without a previous diagnosis. While little evidence exists, most authors agree with an initial trial of ibuprofen followed by sumatriptan nasal spray for children over 12 years of age for those with persistent symptoms. Antiemetics remain an option for those with nausea and/or vomiting as a prominent feature of their illness. Other treatments such as ketorolac are still being investigated in children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA. dmwalker@cnmc.org
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Teach
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006261:Headache / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans