title: Constraint-induced aphasia therapy stimulates language recovery in patients with chronic aphasia after ischemic stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Constraint-induced aphasia therapy (CIAT) offers potential benefits to individuals with history of aphasia-producing ischemic stroke. The goals of this pilot study were to implement the original German CIAT protocol, refine the treatment program, and confirm its efficacy in patients with chronic aphasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We translated and modified the original CIAT protocol to include a hierarchy of individual skill levels for semantic, syntactic, and phonological language production, while constraining non-use behaviors. Three male participants with moderate to severe post-stroke aphasia received CIAT 3-4 hours/day for 5 consecutive days. Pre and post-testing included formal language evaluation, linguistic analysis of story retell, and mini-Communication Activity Log (mini-CAL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Substantial improvements in comprehension and verbal skills were noted in 2 patients with an increase in the total number of words (31% and 95%) and in number of utterances for story-retell task (57% and 75%). All participants demonstrated an improvement on at least one linguistic measure. No subjective improvements on mini-CAL were noted by any of the participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given that the duration of treatment was only 1 week, these linguistic improvements in post stroke aphasia participants were remarkable. The results indicate that the CIAT protocol used in this study may be a useful tool in language restoration after stroke. These initial findings should be confirmed in a larger, randomized study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A. and The Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0525, USA. Jerzy.Szaflarski@uc.edu
authors.forename: Jerzy P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Szaflarski
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grether
authors.forename: Firas
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Fwaress
authors.forename: Nathan M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neils-Strunjas
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Newmeyer
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reichhardt
mesh_terms: D001037:Aphasia / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000628:therapy*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003142:Communication; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007807:Language Tests; D007808:Language Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008037:Linguistics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020521:Stroke / Q000473:pathology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014705:Verbal Behavior