title: Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, smoking, alcohol consumption, and disease duration as risk factors for extraarticular manifestations in Korean patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the prevalence of extraarticular manifestations (EAM) in Korean patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Risk factors for development of EAM were identified from patients' general characteristics and clinical or laboratory data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a retrospective medical record review, 405 patients, who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology 1987 criteria for RA, were consecutively enrolled. EAM such as serositis, vasculitis, neuropathy, ocular lesions, sicca symptoms, pulmonary fibrosis, cervical myelopathy, and rheumatoid nodules were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using a chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, 2-sample t-test, and multivariate logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of EAM in our patients was estimated to be 21.5% (n = 87). The most common EAM was rheumatoid nodule (8.4%, n = 34). Univariate analysis revealed anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody positivity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and disease duration to be the risk factors associated with development of EAM. Multivariate logistic regression analysis also revealed a positive anti-CCP antibody, smoking, alcohol consumption, and disease duration to be closely associated with the development of EAM (p = 0.003, OR 5.006, 95% CI 1.729-14.494; p = 0.002, OR 5.260, 95% CI 1.876-14.753; p = 0.001, OR 0.218, 95% CI 0.086-0.553; p < 0.001, OR 1.061, 95% CI 1.032-1.091, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of EAM in Korean RA patients is lower than in European, North American, and Mediterranean populations. Longer disease duration, smoking history, and positive anti-CCP antibody contributed significantly to the occurrence of EAM. Alcohol consumption in patients with RA had a negative association with EAM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Medical Statistics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung-Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Im-Hee
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Jung-Yoon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Choe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009187:Myelitis / Q000150:complications; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000276:immunology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012215:Rheumatic Nodule / Q000150:complications; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C487763:cyclic citrullinated peptide