title: Neuro-genetic non-invasive temperature estimation: intensity and spatial prediction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The existence of proper non-invasive temperature estimators is an essential aspect when thermal therapy applications are envisaged. These estimators must be good predictors to enable temperature estimation at different operational situations, providing better control of the therapeutic instrumentation. In this work, radial basis functions artificial neural networks were constructed to access temperature evolution on an ultrasound insonated medium.
  
  
  METHODS
  The employed models were radial basis functions neural networks with external dynamics induced by their inputs. Both the most suited set of model inputs and number of neurons in the network were found using the multi-objective genetic algorithm. The neural models were validated in two situations: the operating ones, as used in the construction of the network; and in 11 unseen situations. The new data addressed two new spatial locations and a new intensity level, assessing the intensity and space prediction capacity of the proposed model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Good performance was obtained during the validation process both in terms of the spatial points considered and whenever the new intensity level was within the range of applied intensities. A maximum absolute error of 0.5 degrees C+/-10% (0.5 degrees C is the gold-standard threshold in hyperthermia/diathermia) was attained with low computationally complex models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirm that the proposed neuro-genetic approach enables foreseeing temperature propagation, in connection to intensity and space parameters, thus enabling the assessment of different operating situations with proper temperature resolution.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Intelligent Systems, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Algarve, Portugal. cateixeira@ualg.pt
authors.forename: César A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: M Graça
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ruano
authors.forename: António E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ruano
authors.forename: Wagner C A
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014159:Transducers; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy