Surgical usefulness of indocyanine green as an alternative to India ink for endoscopic marking.
BACKGROUND
India ink has been commonly used for preoperative colonic tattooing, but various complications have been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of indocyanine green (ICG) marking as a replacement for India ink.


METHODS
This study enrolled 40 patients who between January 2005 and February 2006 underwent laparoscopic or open surgery for colorectal lesions considered difficult to locate intraoperatively. Because one patient had a history of allergy to iodinated contrast material, metal clipping was used instead of ICG to mark the lesion. Endoscopists injected 5 ml of ICG suspension and saline solution adjacent to the lesion at duplicate locations to evaluate the visibility, duration, and adverse effects of the dye. For 39 patients, the date of the preoperative colonoscopy was not set for examination of the appropriate interval between endoscopic marking and the surgical operation.


RESULTS
The median interval between ICG marking and surgery was 4 days (range, 1-73 days). All 29 patients who underwent surgery within 8 days after marking had positive green ICG staining at the time of surgery. After 9 days or more, however, positive staining was seen clearly in only two of the remaining 10 patients. The staining tended to grow weaker and fainter over the time course, eventually dissipating. No perioperative adverse reactions to the dye were observed.


CONCLUSIONS
This study supports the use of ICG as a safe technique that can be identified reliably during operations performed within 8 days after endoscopic injection.
Miyoshi
Norikatsu
N
Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3, Nakamichi, Higashinari, Osaka, 537-8511, Japan.
Ohue
Masayuki
M
Noura
Shingo
S
Yano
Masahiko
M
Sasaki
Yo
Y
Kishi
Kentaro
K
Yamada
Terumasa
T
Miyashiro
Isao
I
Ohigashi
Hiroaki
H
Iishi
Hiroyasu
H
Ishikawa
Osamu
O
Imaoka
Shingi
S
D000236:Adenoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003113:Colonoscopy; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013653:Tattooing
D004396:Coloring Agents; D007208:Indocyanine Green