title: 3D virtual reality and selective vascular control for laparoscopic left hepatic lobectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Careful control of haemostasis is particularly important in laparoscopic hepatic surgery, since a bloodless operative field results in safer and smoother procedures. A selective vascular control for a left lateral segmentectomy may be facilitated by the use of three-dimensional (3D) virtual reality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 67-year-old male patient presenting with a 3.5-cm hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) located between segment II and III of the liver was referred for hepatic resection. Transplant was contraindicated due to previous head and neck cancer surgery. Preoperative 3D reconstruction was used for preoperative planning and allowed a virtual resection to be done as well as peroperative simulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five ports were used. The first step was primary control of the hepatic pedicle. 3D virtual-reality reconstruction demonstrated the position of the tumor in the segment and regarding the vessels. The left hepatic artery and the portal vein were successively dissected and controlled. The real anatomy was compared to the virtual-reality reconstruction. Both demonstrated the same anatomy. Vascular section was completed and this resulted in a typical color change of the left lateral segment as well as a small decrease in size. The bisegmentectomy was performed using harmonic dissectors (Autosonix(R), Tyco Healthcare), bipolar cautery, clips, and application of Endo GIA vascular staples (Tyco Healthcare) on the portal pedicles. The procedure was completed following isolation and control of the left hepatic vein. After section, the specimen was placed in a bag and extracted following enlargement of the camera port. Follow-up was uneventful and there was no elevation of hepatic enzymes or postoperative ascites. The patient left the hospital on the fifth postoperative day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D reconstruction allowed the procedure to be simulated preoperatively. This facilitated the intraoperative identification of the vascular anatomy and the control of the left lateral segment arteries and veins, thus preventing intraoperative bleeding. The use of this approach in preoperative planning is recommended.
authors.affiliation: IRCAD-EITS, University Louis Pasteur, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67091, Strasbourg Cedex, France. didier.mutter@ircad.u-strasbg.fr
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mutter
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dallemagne
authors.forename: Ch
authors.initials: Ch
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Soler
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marescaux
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male