title: Post genome-wide association studies of novel genes associated with type 2 diabetes show gene-gene interaction and high predictive value.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, several Genome Wide Association (GWA) studies in populations of European descent have identified and validated novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), highly associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Our aims were to validate these markers in other European and non-European populations, then to assess their combined effect in a large French study comparing T2D and normal glucose tolerant (NGT) individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the same French population analyzed in our previous GWA study (3,295 T2D and 3,595 NGT), strong associations with T2D were found for CDKAL1 (OR(rs7756992) = 1.30[1.19-1.42], P = 2.3x10(-9)), CDKN2A/2B (OR(rs10811661) = 0.74[0.66-0.82], P = 3.5x10(-8)) and more modestly for IGFBP2 (OR(rs1470579) = 1.17[1.07-1.27], P = 0.0003) SNPs. These results were replicated in both Israeli Ashkenazi (577 T2D and 552 NGT) and Austrian (504 T2D and 753 NGT) populations (except for CDKAL1) but not in the Moroccan population (521 T2D and 423 NGT). In the overall group of French subjects (4,232 T2D and 4,595 NGT), IGFBP2 and CXCR4 synergistically interacted with (LOC38776, SLC30A8, HHEX) and (NGN3, CDKN2A/2B), respectively, encoding for proteins presumably regulating pancreatic endocrine cell development and function. The T2D risk increased strongly when risk alleles, including the previously discovered T2D-associated TCF7L2 rs7903146 SNP, were combined (8.68-fold for the 14% of French individuals carrying 18 to 30 risk alleles with an allelic OR of 1.24). With an area under the ROC curve of 0.86, only 15 novel loci were necessary to discriminate French individuals susceptible to develop T2D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to TCF7L2, SLC30A8 and HHEX, initially identified by the French GWA scan, CDKAL1, IGFBP2 and CDKN2A/2B strongly associate with T2D in French individuals, and mostly in populations of Central European descent but not in Moroccan subjects. Genes expressed in the pancreas interact together and their combined effect dramatically increases the risk for T2D, opening avenues for the development of genetic prediction tests.
authors.affiliation: CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cauchi
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meyre
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Proença
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marre
authors.forename: Samy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hadjadj
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choquet
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Graeve
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaget
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Allegaert
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delplanque
authors.forename: Marshall Alan
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Permutt
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wasson
authors.forename: Ilana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Blech
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Charpentier
authors.forename: Beverley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balkau
authors.forename: Anne-Claire
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vergnaud
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Czernichow
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Patsch
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chikri
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sladek
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Froguel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D051360:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 / Q000235:genetics; D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15 / Q000235:genetics; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005602:France; D005819:Genetic Markers; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012359:tRNA Methyltransferases
chemical_list: C493966:CDKN2B protein, human; D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D005819:Genetic Markers; D018970:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1; D012359:tRNA Methyltransferases; D051360:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5; C525110:CDKAL1 protein, human