title: Minimally invasive cardiac output monitoring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The measurement of cardiac output in the critically ill constitutes a vital part in the management of these patients. Minimally invasive techniques are gaining popularity as they allow continuous cardiac output monitoring while avoiding the risks associated with pulmonary artery catheterization. This article focuses on some of the commonly used minimally invasive devices that rely on pulse contour waveform analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The current studies in the literature that assess the validity and the clinical applications of calibrated and noncalibrated arterial waveform derived cardiac output devices are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The minimally invasive cardiac output monitoring devices available differ in their methodology and application. Currently there is conflicting evidence as to the accuracy of some of these systems and further investigation into their clinical application is required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, St George's Hospital, London, UK. patgmorgan@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Nawaf
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Al-Subaie
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rhodes
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002302:Cardiac Output; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D006801:Humans; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods