title: Association study between antipsychotics- induced restless legs syndrome and polymorphisms of dopamine D1, D2, D3, and D4 receptor genes in schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cause of restless legs syndrome (RLS) is not yet clear, but more promising theories involve dopaminergic deficiency and genetic causes. This study investigated whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes of dopamine receptors DRD1, DRD2, DRD3 and DRD4 are associated with antipsychotics-induced RLS in schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 190 Korean schizophrenic patients using the diagnostic criteria of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group and its rating scale for RLS. Genotyping was performed for the DRD1 gene -48A/G, DRD2 gene TaqI A, DRD3 gene Ser9Gly and DRD4 gene -521C/T single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The method of multifactor dimensionality reduction was used to analyze gene-gene interactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We classified the schizophrenic patients into 96 with and 94 without RLS symptoms. The genotype frequencies of all polymorphisms investigated did not differ significantly between these 2 groups. MDR analysis did not show a significant effect of the 4 dopamine receptor gene variants on susceptibility to antipsychotic-induced RLS symptoms (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These genetics data suggest that the analyzed polymorphisms of the dopamine genes may not be associated with RLS symptoms in schizophrenia. Confirming the results reported here requires a larger-scale study involving patients taking specific antipsychotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Gul
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Heon-Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jung-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Young-Min
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jeong-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Changsu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Yong-Ku
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Seung-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Min-Soo
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sook-Haeng
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Joe
authors.forename: In-Kwa
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Leen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000235:genetics*; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000235:genetics*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3 / Q000235:genetics*; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4 / Q000235:genetics*; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; C493593:DRD3 protein, human; C493599:DRD4 protein, human; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4