title: Muscle tension in generalized anxiety disorder: a critical review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a prevalent, disabling, and often chronic disorder. With a typical recovery rate of only about 40% with current psychological treatments a better understanding of potential psychophysiological mechanisms is vital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since the most discriminative somatic symptom of GAD compared to other anxiety disorders is muscle tension this review qualitatively examines the literature on muscle tension as it relates to GAD and muscle relaxation therapy for GAD patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Muscle tension in GAD is poorly understood. Experimental studies refute the often-assumed direct relationship between anxiety and muscle tension. However, muscle relaxation therapies have been as effective as cognitive interventions directly addressing the defining symptom worry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Muscle tension in its objective and subjective representations may play a role in GAD through various pathways that are testable. Future research needs to better examine the different aspects and functions of muscle tension in GAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute for Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pluess
authors.forename: Ansgar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Frank H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D009129:Muscle Tonus / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index