title: Prospective study of breast-feeding in relation to wheeze, atopy, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast-feeding clearly protects against early wheezing, but recent data suggest that it might increase later risk of atopic disease and asthma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to examine the relationship between breast-feeding and later asthma and allergy outcomes by using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a large birth cohort in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used adjusted logistic regression models to evaluate the association between breast-feeding and atopy at age 7 years, bronchial responsiveness to methacholine at age 8 years, and wheeze at ages 3 and 7 1/2 years. Bayesian methods were used to assess the possibility of bias caused by an influence of early wheezing on the duration of breast-feeding, as well as selection bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breast-feeding was protective for wheeze in the first 3 years of life (odds ratio [OR] of 0.80 [95% CI, 0.70-0.90] for > or = 6 months relative to never) but not wheeze (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.79-1.22), atopy (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.92-1.35), or bronchial hyperresponsiveness (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.82-1.40) at ages 7 to 8 years. Bayesian models adjusting for the longer duration of breast-feeding among children with wheezing in early infancy produced virtually identical results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We did not find consistent evidence for either a deleterious effect or a protective effect of breast-feeding on later risk of allergic disease in a large prospective birth cohort of children with objective outcome measures and extensive data on potential confounders and effect modifiers. Neither reverse causation nor loss to follow-up appears to have materially biased our results.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Northstone
authors.forename: Grace Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dunson
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: London
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens