title: Knowledge to action: implementing a guideline for second stage labor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify practice changes associated with implementing a clinical practice guideline for the second stage of labor in term nulliparous women with epidural anesthesia and to describe the lessons learned about knowledge translation. The main clinical practice guideline recommendation was waiting up to 2 hours before pushing after full dilatation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre- and post-evaluation of clinical outcomes and knowledge translation strategies associated with implementing the second stage of labor clinical practice guideline at two birthing units within a large teaching hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The implementation of the clinical practice guideline resulted in a significant increase in median waiting time before pushing of 33 minutes at Site 1. This change was also reflected in the twofold increase in the proportion of women waiting longer than 120 minutes before pushing at this site. There was no change in waiting time at Site 2. The duration of the second stage did not change significantly at either site. The median pushing time decreased at both sites but was only statistically significant at Site 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bringing about practice change in obstetrics is complex. The measured change in this study was less than we expected. Greater success might have been achieved by enhancing feedback to care providers and more frequent audits of practice. We need to better understand the subtle influences in attitude and culture that prevented successful implementation in one site. For units considering a similar process, we recommend a commensurately greater level of presence in the units to encourage compliance with the clinical practice guideline in order to achieve the desired level of practice change.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Partnership Program of Eastern and Southeastern Ontario, Canada. asprague@ottawahospital.on.ca
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Sprague
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oppenheimer
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Barbara L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000451:nursing; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000451:nursing; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing*; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007748:Labor Stage, Second; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D009731:Nursing Audit; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D009737:Nursing Records; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology; D009773:Obstetric Nursing / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods*; D009864:Ontario; D010298:Parity; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D013997:Time Factors