Evidence for cross-adaptation between s-triazine herbicides resulting in reduced efficacy under field conditions.
BACKGROUND
Enhanced atrazine degradation has been observed in agricultural soils from around the globe. Soils exhibiting enhanced atrazine degradation may be cross-adapted with other s-triazine herbicides, thereby reducing their control of sensitive weed species. The aims of this study were (1) to determine the field persistence of simazine in atrazine-adapted and non-adapted soils, (2) to compare mineralization of ring-labeled (14)C-simazine and (14)C-atrazine between atrazine-adapted and non-adapted soils and (3) to evaluate prickly sida control with simazine in atrazine-adapted and non-adapted soils.


RESULTS
Pooled over two pre-emergent (PRE) application dates, simazine field persistence was 1.4-fold lower in atrazine-adapted than in non-adapted soils. For both simazine and atrazine, the mineralization lag phase was 4.3-fold shorter and the mineralization rate constant was 3.5-fold higher in atrazine-adapted than in non-adapted soils. Collectively, the persistence and mineralization data confirm cross-adaptation between these s-triazine herbicides. In non-adapted soils, simazine PRE at the 15 March and 17 April planting dates reduced prickly sida density at least 5.4-fold compared with the no simazine PRE treatment. Conversely, in atrazine-adapted soils, prickly sida densities were not statistically different between simazine PRE and no simazine PRE at either planting date, thereby indicating reduced simazine efficacy in atrazine-adapted soils.


CONCLUSIONS
Results demonstrate the potential for cross-adaptation among s-triazine herbicides and the subsequent reduction in the control of otherwise sensitive weed species.
Krutz
L Jason
LJ
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Weed Science Research Unit, PO Box 350, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA. jason.krutz@ars.usda.gov
Burke
Ian C
IC
Reddy
Krishna N
KN
Zablotowicz
Robert M
RM
D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019660:Malvaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D012839:Simazine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014227:Triazines; D012839:Simazine