title: Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of steroid-resistant, severe, acute graft-versus-host disease: a phase II study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a life-threatening complication after allogeneic transplantation with haemopoietic stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells modulate immune responses in vitro and in vivo. We aimed to assess whether mesenchymal stem cells could ameliorate GVHD after haemopoietic-stem-cell transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with steroid-resistant, severe, acute GVHD were treated with mesenchymal stem cells, derived with the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation ex-vivo expansion procedure, in a multicentre, phase II experimental study. We recorded response, transplantation-related deaths, and other adverse events for up to 60 months' follow-up from infusion of the cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between October, 2001, and January, 2007, 55 patients were treated. The median dose of bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells was 1.4x10(6) (min-max range 0.4-9x10(6)) cells per kg bodyweight. 27 patients received one dose, 22 received two doses, and six three to five doses of cells obtained from HLA-identical sibling donors (n=5), haploidentical donors (n=18), and third-party HLA-mismatched donors (n=69). 30 patients had a complete response and nine showed improvement. No patients had side-effects during or immediately after infusions of mesenchymal stem cells. Response rate was not related to donor HLA-match. Three patients had recurrent malignant disease and one developed de-novo acute myeloid leukaemia of recipient origin. Complete responders had lower transplantation-related mortality 1 year after infusion than did patients with partial or no response (11 [37%] of 30 vs 18 [72%] of 25; p=0.002) and higher overall survival 2 years after haemopoietic-stem-cell transplantation (16 [53%] of 30 vs four [16%] of 25; p=0.018).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infusion of mesenchymal stem cells expanded in vitro, irrespective of the donor, might be an effective therapy for patients with steroid-resistant, acute GVHD.
authors.affiliation: Haematology Centre and Centre of Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden. katarina.leblanc@ki.se
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Le Blanc
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Frassoni
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Locatelli
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roelofs
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lanino
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sundberg
authors.forename: Maria Ester
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bernardo
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Remberger
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dini
authors.forename: R Maarten
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Egeler
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bacigalupo
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fibbe
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ringdén
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006086:Graft vs Host Disease / Q000145:classification / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006650:Histocompatibility Testing; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008297:Male; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning / Q000379:methods; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome