title: Comparing solid phase extraction and direct injection for the analysis of ultra-trace levels of relevant explosives in lake water and tributaries using liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: Off-line solid phase extraction and direct injection analysis were evaluated for the determination of traces of explosives such as TNT and its mono and diamino metabolites, HMX, RDX, nitroglycerin and PETN in lake water and tributaries applying liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Improved chromatographic separation was achieved on a phenyl based stationary phase with baseline resolution of the mono- and diamino metabolites of TNT. Identification and quantification of the target compounds was performed by multiple reaction monitoring applying electrospray ionization in either the positive mode for the diaminometabolites of TNT or the negative mode for all other compounds. An extensive method validation was performed and limits of quantification were obtained for the explosives in preconcentrated lake water samples from 0.03 to 1 ng l(-1) and 0.1 to 5 ng l(-1) in river water. Direct injection analysis revealed comparable results to preconcentrated water samples for the most persistent explosives. Analysis of lake water samples collected at different depths showed the presence of HMX, RDX and PETN at concentrations from 0.1 to 0.4 ng l(-1). The analysis of main tributaries revealed concentrations from 0.1 to 0.9 ng l(-1) of the same compounds. They seem to be responsible for the contamination of the explosives in the lakes.
authors.affiliation: Water and Soil Protection Laboratory (WSPL), Department of Organic Analytical Chemistry, Schermenweg 11, 3014 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ueli
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ochsenbein
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeh
authors.forename: Jean-Daniel
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Berset
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D053834:Explosive Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical