title: Identification of a non-pathogenic surrogate organism for chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas treatment.
abstract: The identification of non-pathogenic surrogate microorganisms is beneficial for determining and validating the efficacy of antimicrobial treatments in food manufacturing environments. A surrogate organism was identified to aid in the decontamination process of fresh produce when treated with chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) gas. Thirty-two known strains of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms and seven unknown microbial isolates from mushroom, tomatoes, and strawberries were evaluated. The primary goal was to find alternative non-pathogenic organisms that had an equal or higher resistance compared to Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes. Among the strains tested, MR1 (mushroom isolate), E. coli O157:H7 C7927, E. coli O157:H7 204P, STB2 (strawberry isolate), and vegetative cells of Bacillus cereus 232 in wet inoculum were found to be the most resistant to gaseous ClO(2) treatment at 0.3 mg/l for 1 min and D-values at 0.3 mg/l ClO(2) were 3.53, 1.95, 1.72, 1.68, and 1.57 min, respectively. For identification, the MR1 and STB2 strains were identified using a Ribotyper with the EcoRI restriction enzyme of 16S rDNA sequence. MR1 was identified as Hafnia alvei with a similarity value of 94% using the ribotype pattern and with a 93.6% similarity using an API 20E strip, and with a 99% similarity using 16S rDNA analysis. The Ped-2E9-based cytotoxicity assay was conducted for the MRI strain extracellular toxin and whole cell toxicity and did not show cytotoxicity. Analysis, using multiplex PCR, was performed to verify absence of the eaeA gene. H. alvei is a suitable non-pathogenic surrogate, with higher resistance to ClO(2) gas compared to pathogens studied, that may be useful to establish optimum conditions of ClO(2) gas decontamination systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Mok
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Linton
mesh_terms: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004203:Disinfection; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005511:Food Handling; D005638:Fruit / Q000382:microbiology*; D020611:Hafnia alvei / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D050296:Microbial Viability; D009268:Nalidixic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D021521:Ribotyping / Q000379:methods; D012475:Salmonella / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014675:Vegetables / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D010087:Oxides; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; C073819:eaeA protein, E coli; D009268:Nalidixic Acid; C025109:chlorine dioxide