title: Are auditory-evoked frequency and duration mismatch negativity deficits endophenotypic for schizophrenia? High-density electrical mapping in clinically unaffected first-degree relatives and first-episode and chronic schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a negative-going event-related potential (ERP) component that occurs in response to intermittent changes in constant auditory backgrounds. A consistent finding across a large number of studies has been impaired MMN generation in schizophrenia, which has been interpreted as evidence for fundamental deficits in automatic auditory sensory processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which dysfunction in MMN generation might represent an endophenotypic marker for schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured MMN to deviants in duration (25 msec, 1000 Hz) and deviants in pitch (50 msec, 1200 Hz) relative to standard tones (50 msec, 1000 Hz) in 45 chronic schizophrenia patients, 25 of their first-degree unaffected biological relatives, 12 first-episode patients, and 27 healthy control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In line with previous work, MMN amplitudes to duration deviants (but not to pitch deviants) were significantly reduced in patients with chronic schizophrenia compared with control subjects. However, both duration and pitch MMNs were completely unaffected in the first-degree biological relatives and this was also the case for the first-episode patients. Furthermore, length of illness did not predict the extent of MMN deficit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the MMN deficit seen in schizophrenia patients is most likely a consequence of the disease and that MMN, at least to basic auditory feature deviants, is at best only weakly endophenotypic for schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, St. Vincent's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Magno
authors.forename: Sherlyn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yeap
authors.forename: Jogin H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Thakore
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Garavan
authors.forename: Pierfilippo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Sanctis
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Foxe
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001308:Auditory Perceptual Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011601:Psychophysics; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D013997:Time Factors