title: Evidence for cross-adaptation between s-triazine herbicides resulting in reduced efficacy under field conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enhanced atrazine degradation has been observed in agricultural soils from around the globe. Soils exhibiting enhanced atrazine degradation may be cross-adapted with other s-triazine herbicides, thereby reducing their control of sensitive weed species. The aims of this study were (1) to determine the field persistence of simazine in atrazine-adapted and non-adapted soils, (2) to compare mineralization of ring-labeled (14)C-simazine and (14)C-atrazine between atrazine-adapted and non-adapted soils and (3) to evaluate prickly sida control with simazine in atrazine-adapted and non-adapted soils.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pooled over two pre-emergent (PRE) application dates, simazine field persistence was 1.4-fold lower in atrazine-adapted than in non-adapted soils. For both simazine and atrazine, the mineralization lag phase was 4.3-fold shorter and the mineralization rate constant was 3.5-fold higher in atrazine-adapted than in non-adapted soils. Collectively, the persistence and mineralization data confirm cross-adaptation between these s-triazine herbicides. In non-adapted soils, simazine PRE at the 15 March and 17 April planting dates reduced prickly sida density at least 5.4-fold compared with the no simazine PRE treatment. Conversely, in atrazine-adapted soils, prickly sida densities were not statistically different between simazine PRE and no simazine PRE at either planting date, thereby indicating reduced simazine efficacy in atrazine-adapted soils.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results demonstrate the potential for cross-adaptation among s-triazine herbicides and the subsequent reduction in the control of otherwise sensitive weed species.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Weed Science Research Unit, PO Box 350, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA. jason.krutz@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: L Jason
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Krutz
authors.forename: Ian C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Krishna N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Zablotowicz
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D019660:Malvaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D012839:Simazine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014227:Triazines; D012839:Simazine