title: Yearly measurements of blood lead in Swedish children since 1978: the declining trend continues in the petrol-lead-free period 1995-2007.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have measured blood lead concentrations (B-Pb) in Swedish children, yearly since 1978. As reported previously, a substantial decrease of B-Pb was found for the period 1978-1994 (2440 children measured), as an effect of gradual reduction of lead in petrol. In another report focusing on the petrol-lead-free period 1995-2001, we noted that B-Pb seemed to stabilize at an average level close to 20 microg/L.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We here analyze data from the extended petrol-lead-free period 1995-2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  B-Pb was measured in 1268 children, aged 7-11 years, from the municipalities of Landskrona and Trelleborg in southern Sweden, yielding 1407 measurements on B-Pb (since 139 children were measured in two different calendar years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed statistically significant decreases of the average concentrations during the recent years. The average B-Pb reduction rate was close to 5%/yr in the petrol-lead-free period 1995-2007; a similar reduction rate was estimated for the period with gradual reduction of lead in petrol, 1978-1994. The most recent geometric mean of B-Pb was 13.1 (range, 6.9-29.1)microg/L in Trelleborg (sample year 2005) and 13.2 (5.7-58.5)microg/L in Landskrona (2007). A declining B-Pb time trend was observed during the recent years among children who lived in near smelter, urban, and rural residential areas, respectively. B-Pb was influenced by the variables sex (boys had higher B-Pb), parents' smoking habits (children with one or both parents smoking had higher B-Pb), and potentially lead-exposing hobbies (for example, shooting air guns).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children's B-Pb levels can continue to decline markedly more than a decade after lead in petrol has been phased out in a country.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden. ulf.stromberg@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Strömberg
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lundh
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skerfving
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010578:Petroleum / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D013548:Sweden; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010578:Petroleum; D007854:Lead