title: Anti-hyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ketorolac tromethamine gel using pulsed ultrasound in inflamed rats.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine if a ketorolac tromethamine (KT) gel solution could be administered in vivo via phonophoretic transdermal delivery using pulsed ultrasound by examining its anti-hyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat carrageenan inflammation model. 1% carrageenan was injected into the plantar surface of the right hindpaw of a rat, and anti-hyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of KT via phonophoretic transdermal delivery were examined. The changes in the mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, nociceptive flexor reflex (NFR), as well as the swelling changes were determined. According to the anti-hyperagesia and anti-inflammation tests, which were used to determine the change in the pain threshold, NFR and swelling showed that the group given the phonophoretic transdermal delivery of KT exhibited significantly more noticeable anti-hyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory effects than those treated with the simple application of a KT gel. The transdermal application of KT gel using phonophoresis had significant anti-hyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. These findings suggest that the transdermal administration of a KT gel using phonophoresis using pulsed ultrasound might be useful for treating acute inflammation and pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Samrye, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Heon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Tae-Youl
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ji-Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Se-Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Kyu-Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sang-Chul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002351:Carrageenan; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005782:Gels; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects*; D015612:Phonophoresis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005782:Gels; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D002351:Carrageenan