title: Combination of infantile spasms, non-epileptic seizures and complex movement disorder: a new case of ARX-related epilepsy.
abstract: Mutations in the ARX gene are responsible for a wide variety of mental retardation conditions including X-linked infantile spasms (ISSX) and generalized dystonia. However, electroclinical descriptions in patients with ISSX carrying ARX mutations are scarce. Here, we report on the electroclinical features of a 4-year-old boy with an expansion of the trinucleotide repeat in the ARX gene. Epilepsy started at 2 months of age with subclinical spasms that consisted of episodes of eye rolling combined with atypical hypsarrhythmia. Later, the condition evolved into severe mental retardation with polymorphic ictal episodes that consisted of nocturnal brief axial contractions followed by dyskinetic movement of all four limbs and diurnal clusters of chaotic movements combined with myoclonic jerks. EEG recording of these episodes lead to the diagnosis of non-ictal dyskinetic movements. This combination of early infantile spasms followed by a complex movement disorder contributes further to extent the pleiotropy of the ARX-linked "interneuronopathy" and should lead the clinician to ARX mutation screening.
authors.affiliation: Institut Cochin, INSERM U567, UMR 8104, Université René Descartes, Paris V, France.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Poirier
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eisermann
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Caubel
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaminska
authors.forename: Sylviane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peudonnier
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boddaert
authors.forename: Yoann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saillour
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dulac
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Souville
authors.forename: Chérif
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beldjord
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lascelles
authors.forename: Perrine
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Plouin
authors.forename: Jamel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chelly
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bahi-Buisson
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D012640:Seizures / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D013036:Spasms, Infantile / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D019680:Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C469264:ARX protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors