title: Mechanisms underlying saturable intestinal absorption of metformin.
abstract: The purpose of the study was to elucidate mechanisms of metformin absorptive transport to explain the dose-dependent absorption observed in humans. Apical (AP) and basolateral (BL) uptake and efflux as well as AP to BL (absorptive) transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers were evaluated over a range of concentrations. Transport was concentration-dependent and consisted of saturable and nonsaturable components (K(m) approximately 0.05 mM, J(max) approximately 1.0 pmol min(-1) cm(-2), and K(d, transport) approximately 10 nl min(-1) cm(-2)). AP uptake data also revealed the presence of saturable and nonsaturable components (K(m) approximately 0.9 mM, V(max) approximately 330 pmol min(-1) mg of protein(-1), and K(d, uptake) approximately 0.04 microl min(-1) mg of protein(-1)). BL efflux was rate-limiting to transcellular transport of metformin; AP efflux was 7-fold greater than BL efflux and was not inhibited by N-(4-[2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-2-isoquinolinyl)ethyl]-phenyl)-9,10-dihydro-5-methoxy-9-oxo-4-acridine carboxamide (GW918), a P-glycoprotein inhibitor. AP efflux was trans-stimulated by metformin and prototypical substrates of organic cation transporters, suggesting that a cation-specific bidirectional transport mechanism mediated the AP efflux of metformin. BL efflux of intracellular metformin was much less efficient in comparison with the overall transport, with BL efflux clearance accounting for approximately 7 and approximately 13% of the overall transport clearance at 0.05 and 10 mM metformin concentrations, respectively. Kinetic modeling of cellular accumulation and transport processes supports the finding that transport occurs almost exclusively via the paracellular route (approximately 90%) and that the paracellular transport is saturable. This report provides strong evidence for a saturable mechanism in the paracellular space and provides insight into possible mechanisms for the dose dependence of metformin absorption in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bourdet
authors.forename: Dhiren R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Thakker
mesh_terms: D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008687:Metformin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D008687:Metformin