title: Consistent, high-level ethanol consumption in pig-tailed macaques via a multiple-session, limited-intake, oral self-dosing procedure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol abuse is a major public health burden that can lead to many adverse health effects such as impaired hepatic, gastrointestinal, central nervous system and immune system function. Preclinical animal models of alcohol abuse allow for experimental control over variables often difficult to control in human clinical studies (e.g., ethanol exposure before or during the study, history of other drug use, access to medical care, nutritional status, etc). Nonhuman primate models in particular provide increased genetic, anatomic and physiologic similarity to humans, relative to rodent models. A small percentage of macaques will spontaneously consume large quantities of ethanol; however, most nonhuman primate models of "voluntary" ethanol intake produce relatively low daily ethanol intake in the majority of monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  To facilitate study of chronic exposure to high levels of ethanol intake, a macaque model has been developed that induces consistent, daily high-level ethanol consumption. This multiple-session procedure employed 4 drinking sessions per day, with sessions occurring once every 6 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group average alcohol consumption was 4.6 g/kg/d (SEM 0.4), roughly twice the group average consumption of previous reports. Ethanol drinking sessions produced group mean blood ethanol levels of 95 mg/dl after 60 minutes, and fine motor control was impaired up to 90 minutes after a drinking session.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model of multiple-session, limited access, oral ethanol self-dosing produced consistent, high-level ethanol consumption with each session qualifying as a "binge" drinking session using the definition of "binge" provided by the NIAAA (>80 mg/dl/session). This model of ethanol drinking in macaques will be of great utility in the study of immunological, physiological and behavioral effects of ethanol in nonhuman primates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA. mweed@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Weed
authors.forename: Kristin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Ator
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hienz
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000818:Animals; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D007700:Kinetics; D008254:Macaca nemestrina / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000187:drug effects; D012646:Self Administration
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol