title: Women and men with coronary heart disease in three countries: are they treated differently?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonmedical determinants of medical decision making were investigated in an international research project in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The key question in this paper is whether and to what extent doctors' diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in coronary heart disease (CHD) are influenced by patient gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  A factorial experiment with a videotaped patient consultation was conducted. Professional actors played the role of patients with symptoms of CHD. Several alternative versions were taped featuring the same script with patient-actors of different gender, age, race, and socioeconomic status. The videotapes were presented to a randomly selected sample of 128 primary care physicians in each country. Using an interview with standardized and open-ended questions, physicians were asked how they would diagnose and treat such a patient after they had seen the video.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results show gender differences in the diagnostic strategies of the doctors. Women were asked different questions, CHD was mentioned more often as a possible diagnosis for men than for women, and physicians were less certain about their diagnosis with female patients. Gender differences in management decisions (therapy and lifestyle advice) are less pronounced and less consistent than in diagnostic decisions. Magnitude of gender effect on doctors' decisions varies between countries with smaller influences in the United States.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although patients with identical symptoms were presented, primary care doctors' behavior differed by patients' gender in all 3 countries under study. These gender differences suggest that women may be less likely to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment than men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. m.boente@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bönte
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: von dem Knesebeck
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siegrist
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marceau
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arber
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: John B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: McKinlay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D018802:Patient-Centered Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010988:Play and Playthings; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017678:Sex Distribution; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014743:Videotape Recording