title: Transumbilical flexible endoscopic cholecystectomy in humans: first feasibility study using a hybrid technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Natural-orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) procedures have been tested using numerous approaches, mainly in animals. In humans, only cholecystectomy has been assessed, using a combined transvaginal and transumbilical approach. We present another variant of a hybrid technique for cholecystectomy, namely the combination of a flexible transumbilical double-channel endoscope and a 3-mm rigid transcutaneous trocar placed in the left hypochondrium for liver retraction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The procedure was attempted in 10 well-selected young patients (M : F = 4 : 6, mean age 29.5 years). Instruments used through the two working channels of the endoscope were either a grasping forceps or snare for grasping and pulling and a hot-biopsy forceps for cold and hot preparation and dissection. Endoclips were used for cystic duct and artery closure. Postoperative analgesia consisted of one intravenous dose of analgesic, followed by oral administration for one further day. Follow-up visits were scheduled at 7 days, 30 days, 90 days, and 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 4 of the 10 cases the operation had to be converted to conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to difficulty in dissection (in 2 cases) or uncontrollable hemorrhage (2 cases). The mean operating time was 148 minutes. Of the 6 cases in which the procedure was finished by the new approach, cystic artery bleeding occurred in 1 and was successfully clipped. One further patient had a postoperative cystic duct leak with a bilioma, successfully treated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with stenting. Five of the six patients reported themselves as satisfied at 3- or 6-month follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  So far, our endoscope-based transumbilical cholecystectomy technique has not yielded satisfactory results in humans. Further instrument and accessory improvements may increase both success rate and acceptance. Scarless surgery without the inherent risks of a transluminal approach may then become feasible.
authors.affiliation: GEM Hospital and Postgraduate Institute, Coimbatore, India. drcp@gemhospital.net
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Palanivelu
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Rajan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rangarajan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parthasarathi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Senthilnathan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Praveenraj
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014472:Umbilicus