title: Zinc-induced suicidal erythrocyte death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Zn(2+) stimulates secretory sphingomyelinase, which in turn produces ceramide, an important trigger of suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis. Eryptosis is characterized by exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) at the erythrocyte surface and by cell shrinkage. As macrophages are equipped with PS receptors, they bind, engulf, and degrade PS-exposing cells.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined whether Zn(2+) stimulates ceramide formation and PS exposure of erythrocytes and thus may be able to trigger suicidal erythrocyte death.
  
  
  METHODS
  In erythrocytes from healthy volunteers, PS exposure (Annexin V binding), cell volume (forward scatter), cytosolic Ca(2+) activity (Fluo3 fluorescence), and ceramide formation (anticeramide antibody) were determined by fluorescence-assisted cell sorting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to Zn(2+) (> or = 25 micromol/L Zn(2+)) significantly increased annexin binding. The effect was paralleled by increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) activity (> or = 25 micromol/L Zn(2+)) and by ceramide formation (> or = 10 micromol/L Zn(2+)). Glucose depletion (24 h) similarly increased PS exposure, an effect significantly enhanced in the presence of Zn(2+) (> or = 10 micromol/L Zn(2+)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Zn(2+) triggers suicidal erythrocyte death, an effect partially due to ceramide formation and an increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Valentin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kiedaisch
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akel
authors.forename: Olivier M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Niemoeller
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wieder
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism*; D017209:Apoptosis; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002518:Ceramides / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011485:Protein Binding; D015032:Zinc / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D002518:Ceramides; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D005947:Glucose; D015032:Zinc; D002118:Calcium