title: Facility factors dominate the ability to achieve target haemoglobin levels in haemodialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our objective was to determine whether patient factors, processes of care and measures of erythropoietin (EPO) responsiveness were associated with successful anemia management at the individual patient level.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed laboratory and demographic data from 1499 patients receiving hemodialysis in 15 units operated by the same dialysis provider. We performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine predictors of an average 3-month hemoglobin level below or above the target interval of 11.0-12.5 g/dL. To explain the effect of facility on anemia performance, we calculated correlations between measures of EPO responsiveness and the probability of achieving the target interval by facility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients above the target hemoglobin range demonstrated an association with parathyroid hormone (PTH) (OR = 0.96 per 100 pg/mL increase), female gender (OR = 0.68), EPO protocol use (OR = 0.94 per 10% increase in use) and facility (range of OR = 0.26-2.59 for 15 participating sites). Patients below the target hemoglobin range demonstrated an association with CRP (OR = 1.10 per mg/L increase), PTH (OR = 1.07 per 100 pg/mL increase), iron deficiency (OR = 1.07 per 10% increase), EPO protocol use (OR = 0.89 per 10% increase in use), iron protocol use (OR = 0.93 per 10% increase in use) and facility (range of OR = 0.58-3.41 over 15 units). EPO index (r = 0.71), EPO dose (r = 0.73), hemoglobin (r = -0.60) and EPO per unit weight (r = 0.76) were significantly correlated with the probability of achieving the target hemoglobin by facility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The facility significantly influences the outcome of anemia management in patients with ESRD. In part, this is due to the patients' EPO responsiveness, which may be influenced by facility care patterns.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, S161, Stanford, CA 94305-5114, USA. kevinchan9999@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Kevin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lafayette
authors.forename: Alice S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Whittemore
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hlatky
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moran
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000628:therapy*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006268:Health Facilities; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009939:Organizations, Nonprofit; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000592:standards; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa; D002097:C-Reactive Protein