title: The prosecution of hate crimes: the limitations of the hate crime typology.
abstract: Since the development of bias crime legislation over the past few decades, scholars have debated the merits of the legislation and questioned its enforcement.(1) In light of such concerns, this study presents characteristics of all cases prosecuted as bias crimes in a New Jersey county between 2001 and 2004 and applies the hate crime typology originally developed in 1993. Results show that, in this jurisdiction, the typology is an inadequate tool for classifying cases prosecuted as hate crimes. Approximately one third of the cases are unclassifiable according to the typology. Findings indicate that the typology is useful for understanding cases in which bias is the sole motivation but inadequate for application to the many cases in which bias is a peripheral motivation.
authors.affiliation: St. Francis College, USA. nphillips@stfranciscollege.edu
authors.forename: Nickie D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018585:Battered Women / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000145:classification / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003416:Criminal Law / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006252:Hate; D006716:Homosexuality / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D035846:Law Enforcement; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009515:New Jersey; D011287:Prejudice; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult