title: Effect of different angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors on mortality among elderly patients with congestive heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Existing clinical trial data do not address whether all angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are similarly beneficial in improving survival and reducing the rate of readmission among patients with congestive heart failure. We sought to answer this question using administrative databases from Canada's 3 most populous provinces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using linked hospital discharge and prescription claims databases in Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia, we identified all patients 65 years or older who were admitted to hospital because of congestive heart failure between Jan. 1, 1998, and Mar. 31, 2002, and who had not been admitted for the same reason in the 3 years preceding the study period. We analyzed the association between the type of ACE inhibitor prescribed within 30 days after discharge and subsequent mortality using Cox proportional hazards models. We then adjusted for demographic, clinical, physician and hospital-related variables, with additional time-dependent variables representing current drug use and dosage. We chose ramipril as the reference category for comparison with the other ACE inhibitors because it has increasingly been prescribed to patients with congestive heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 43 316 patients with congestive heart failure filled prescriptions for ACE inhibitors within 30 days after discharge from hospital. Demographic, clinical and prescription-related characteristics were similar among users of each type of ACE inhibitor. In the time-dependent model, the mortality associated with 5 ACE inhibitors was similar to that with ramipril: adjusted hazard ratios (and 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) were 0.95 (0.89-1.02) for lisinopril, 0.92 (0.85-1.00) for fosinopril, 0.99 (0.88-1.11) for quinapril, 0.90 (0.77-1.06) for perindopril and 1.00 (0.80-1.24) for cilazapril. However, use of enalapril or captopril was associated with higher mortality compared with ramipril: adjusted hazard ratios (and 95% CIs) were 1.10 (1.04-1.16) for enalapril and 1.13 (1.01-1.26) for captopril.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When prescribing ACE inhibitors to patients, physicians should consider a possible 10%-15% increase in mortality with captopril and enalapril compared with ramipril among patients with congestive heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal, Que.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pilote
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abrahamowicz
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Humphries
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Behlouli
authors.forename: Jack V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Tu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017257:Ramipril / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D017257:Ramipril