Human effector and memory CD8+ T cell responses to smallpox and yellow fever vaccines.
To explore the human T cell response to acute viral infection, we performed a longitudinal analysis of CD8(+) T cells responding to the live yellow fever virus and smallpox vaccines--two highly successful human vaccines. Our results show that both vaccines generated a brisk primary effector CD8(+) T cell response of substantial magnitude that could be readily quantitated with a simple set of four phenotypic markers. Secondly, the vaccine-induced T cell response was highly specific with minimal bystander effects. Thirdly, virus-specific CD8(+) T cells passed through an obligate effector phase, contracted more than 90% and gradually differentiated into long-lived memory cells. Finally, these memory cells were highly functional and underwent a memory differentiation program distinct from that described for human CD8(+) T cells specific for persistent viruses. These results provide a benchmark for CD8(+) T cell responses induced by two of the most effective vaccines ever developed.
Miller
Joseph D
JD
Emory Vaccine Center and the Hope Clinic, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
van der Most
Robbert G
RG
Akondy
Rama S
RS
Glidewell
John T
JT
Albott
Sophia
S
Masopust
David
D
Murali-Krishna
Kaja
K
Mahar
Patryce L
PL
Edupuganti
Srilatha
S
Lalor
Susan
S
Germon
Stephanie
S
Del Rio
Carlos
C
Mulligan
Mark J
MJ
Staprans
Silvija I
SI
Altman
John D
JD
Feinberg
Mark B
MB
Ahmed
Rafi
R
D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D012900:Smallpox Vaccine / Q000276:immunology*; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014611:Vaccination; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000276:immunology; D022341:Yellow Fever Vaccine / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D012900:Smallpox Vaccine; D022341:Yellow Fever Vaccine