title: In vivo protection against retinal neurodegeneration by sigma receptor 1 ligand (+)-pentazocine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the neuroprotective properties of the sigma receptor 1 (sigmaR1) ligand, (+)-pentazocine in an in vivo model of retinal neurodegeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spontaneously diabetic Ins2(Akita/+) and wild-type mice received intraperitoneal injections of (+)-pentazocine for 22 weeks beginning at diabetes onset. Retinal mRNA and protein were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Retinal histologic sections were measured to determine total retinal thickness, thicknesses of inner-outer nuclear and plexiform layers (INL, ONL, IPL, INL), and the number of cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Immunolabeling experiments were performed using antibodies specific for 4-hydroxynonenal and nitrotyrosine, markers of lipid peroxidation, and reactive nitrogen species, respectively, and an antibody specific for vimentin to view radial Müller fibers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  sigmaR1 mRNA and protein levels in the Ins2(Akita/+) retina were comparable to those in the wild-type, indicating that sigmaR1 is an available target during the disease process. Histologic evaluation of eyes of Ins2(Akita/+) mice showed disruption of retinal architecture. By 17 to 25 weeks after birth, Ins2(Akita/+) mice demonstrated approximately 30% and 25% decreases in IPL and INL thicknesses, respectively, and a 30% reduction in ganglion cells. In the (+)-pentazocine-treated group, retinas of Ins2(Akita/+) mice showed remarkable preservation of retinal architecture; IPL and INL thicknesses of (+)-pentazocine-treated Ins2(Akita/+) mouse retinas were within normal limits. The number of ganglion cells was 15.6 +/- 1.5 versus 10.4 +/- 1.2 cells/100 mum retinal length in (+)-pentazocine-treated versus nontreated mutant mice. Levels of nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxynonenal increased in Ins2(Akita/+) retinas, but were reduced in (+)-pentazocine-treated mice. Retinas of Ins2(Akita/+) mice showed loss of the uniform organization of radial Müller fibers. Retinas of (+)-pentazocine-treated mice maintained the radial organization of glial processes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sustained (+)-pentazocine treatment in an in vivo model of retinal degeneration conferred significant neuroprotection, reduced evidence of oxidative stress, and preserved retinal architecture, suggesting that sigmaR1 ligands are promising therapeutic agents for intervention in neurodegenerative diseases of the retina.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA. sbsmith@mail.mcg.edu
authors.forename: Sylvia B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duplantier
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dun
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mysona
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roon
authors.forename: Pamela M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Vadivel
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ganapathy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008024:Ligands; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010423:Pentazocine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017480:Receptors, sigma / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000097605:Sigma-1 Receptor
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008024:Ligands; D010423:Pentazocine; D017480:Receptors, sigma; D000097605:Sigma-1 Receptor