title: Characterization of a CNS penetrant, selective M1 muscarinic receptor agonist, 77-LH-28-1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  M1 muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) represent an attractive drug target for the treatment of cognitive deficits associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. However, the discovery of subtype-selective mAChR agonists has been hampered by the high degree of conservation of the orthosteric ACh-binding site among mAChR subtypes. The advent of functional screening assays has enabled the identification of agonists such as AC-42 (4-n-butyl-1-[4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl]-piperidine), which bind to an allosteric site and selectively activate the M(1) mAChR subtype. However, studies with this compound have been limited to recombinantly expressed mAChRs.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we have compared the pharmacological profile of AC-42 and a close structural analogue, 77-LH-28-1 (1-[3-(4-butyl-1-piperidinyl)propyl]-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone) at human recombinant, and rat native, mAChRs by calcium mobilization, inositol phosphate accumulation and both in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Calcium mobilization and inositol phosphate accumulation assays revealed that both AC-42 and 77-LH-28-1 display high selectivity to activate the M1 mAChR over other mAChR subtypes. Furthermore, 77-LH-28-1, but not AC-42, acted as an agonist at rat hippocampal M1 receptors, as demonstrated by its ability to increase cell firing and initiate gamma frequency network oscillations. Finally, 77-LH-28-1 stimulated cell firing in the rat hippocampus in vivo following subcutaneous administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that 77-LH-28-1 is a potent, selective, bioavailable and brain-penetrant agonist at the M1 mAChR and therefore that it represents a better tool than AC-42, with which to study the pharmacology of the M1 mAChR.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, Essex, UK. christopher.j.langmead@gsk.com
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Langmead
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Branch
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: I T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: V A H
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hagan
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Herdon
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jeggo
authors.forename: J N C
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Kew
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mazzali
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Melarange
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pardoe
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roopun
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Starr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teriakidis
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whittington
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007295:Inositol Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010539:Permeability; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015363:Quinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043643:Receptor, Muscarinic M1; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000819:agonists; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C456520:4-n-butyl-1-(4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl)-piperidine hydrogen chloride; C531940:77-LH-28-1; C086088:CHRM1 protein, human; D007295:Inositol Phosphates; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D010880:Piperidines; D015363:Quinolones; D043643:Receptor, Muscarinic M1; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D011994:Recombinant Proteins