title: Clinical spectrum and difficulties in management of hypothalamic hamartoma in a developing country.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe the clinical features, treatment and prognosis in a series of patients with epilepsy secondary to hypothalamic hamarthomas (HH) in a developing country.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients with epilepsy and HH were included between 1997 and 2006. We analyzed gender, age, age at seizure onset (ASO), seizure types (ST), mental retardation (MR), precocious puberty (PP), electroencephalogram (EEG)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features and response to treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age 25.1 years, 2/6 female/male, none had PP, ASO 4.5 years. Complex partial seizure were the most frequent (100%), mean similar to those seen in temporal (62.5%) or frontal lobe epilepsy (37.5%). Exactly 87.5% developed gelastic seizures (GS). Half of the patients showed MR. Mild-to-severe MR was associated with the presence of multiple ST including atonic and complex partial seizures with frontal semiology. Interictal EEG was abnormal in 87.5% patients. Video EEG was performed in three cases with unspecific findings. HH were small and sessile in seven patients whereas large and pedunculated in one. All patients were refractory to medical treatment. In five, an additional procedure was performed without any significant improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These series show the heterogeneous spectrum of this entity and the difficulties in its treatment in a developing country.
authors.affiliation: Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Ramos Mejía Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina. cpapayonis@intramed.net.ar
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Papayannis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Consalvo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Seifer
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kauffman
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kochen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001118:Argentina; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003906:Developing Countries; D004569:Electroencephalography; D017029:Epilepsy, Complex Partial / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006222:Hamartoma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007027:Hypothalamic Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009462:Neurology / Q000379:methods; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000379:methods; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult