title: In search of necessary mouthguard thickness. Part 1: From the viewpoint of shock absorption ability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To date, the minimum thickness required for a mouthguard has been assumed to be around 2 mm to 4 mm. However, this figure is based mostly on experience and is yet to be standardized. The purpose of this study is to determine the minimum thickness required to obtain sufficient energy absorption.
  
  
  METHODS
  The thicknesses of the tested ethylene vinyl acetate) samples were 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mm. The pendulum- type testing equipment used in the present study was also used in a series of earlier studies. Three types of sensors (strain gauge, accelerator, and load cell) and two different impact objects (a steel ball and baseball) were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that all the above-mentioned mouthguard thicknesses reduced shocks for all the three types of sensors and both types of impact objects; little difference was observed between sensors and clear results were obtained for the steel ball. An improvement in the energy absorption was observed with an initial increase in the thickness. However, a further increase in the thickness from 4 mm to 5 mm and 6 mm tended to yield a smaller improvement in energy absorption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this study, from the viewpoint of energy absorption ability, the minimum thickness required for a mouthguard is 4 mm, which is generally too large from the viewpoint of player comfort. This finding indicates the necessity of improving the impact absorption ability of mouthguards by considering new designs and developing new materials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Tomotaka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Mami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shibusawa
authors.forename: Katuhide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurokawa
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishigami
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D004867:Equipment Design; D008422:Materials Testing; D009064:Mouth Protectors; D013314:Stress, Mechanical