title: Risk of Clostridium difficile infection after perioperative antibacterial prophylaxis before and during an outbreak of infection due to a hypervirulent strain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perioperative antibacterial prophylaxis (PAP) is an important component of surgical site infection prevention but may be associated with adverse effects, such as Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Since the emergence of a hypervirulent strain of C. difficile, the risk of development of CDI after PAP has not been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of PAP-induced CDI after selected surgical procedures and to compare such risk before with such risk after the emergence of the hypervirulent strain of C. difficile.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective cohort study including all patients aged > or = 18 years who underwent either abdominal hysterectomy, hip arthroplasty, craniotomy, or colon, cardiac, or vascular surgery from August 1999 through May 2005 in a tertiary care hospital in Quebec, Canada.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 8373 surgical procedures were performed, and PAP was used in 7600 of these interventions. Of 98 CDI episodes identified, 40 occurred after patients received PAP only. The risk of CDI was 14.9 cases per 1000 surgical procedures among patients who received PAP only during the period 2003-2005, compared with 0.7 cases per 1000 surgical procedures during the period 1999-2002 (P < .001). The independent risk factors associated with CDI in patients given PAP only were older age, administration of cefoxitin (rather than cefazolin) alone or in combination with another drug, and year of surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the context of a large epidemic of CDI associated with the emergence of a novel strain, 1.5% of patients who received PAP as their sole antibiotic treatment developed CDI. In situations in which the only purpose of PAP is to prevent infrequent and relatively benign infections, the risks may outweigh the benefits in some elderly patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carignan
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Allard
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pépin
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cossette
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nault
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valiquette
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents