title: Connective tissue growth factor as a mediator of intraocular fibrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of CTGF was evaluated immunohistochemically in human PVR membranes, and the accumulation of CTGF in the vitreous was evaluated by ELISA. The effects of CTGF on type I collagen mRNA and protein expression in RPE were assayed by real-time PCR and ELISA, and migration was assayed with a Boyden chamber assay. Experimental PVR was induced in rabbits with vitreous injection of RPE cells plus rhCTGF; injection of RPE cells plus platelet derived-growth factor, with or without rhCTGF, or by injection of RPE cells infected with an adenoviral vector that expressed CTGF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CTGF was highly expressed in human PVR membranes and partially colocalized with cytokeratin-positive RPE cells. Treatment of RPE with rhCTGF stimulated migration with a peak response at 50 ng/mL (P < 0.05) and increased expression of type I collagen (P < 0.05). There was a prominent accumulation of the N-terminal half of CTGF in the vitreous of patients with PVR. Intravitreous injection of rhCTGF alone did not produce PVR, whereas such injections into rabbits with mild, nonfibrotic PVR promoted the development of dense, fibrotic epiretinal membranes. Similarly, intravitreous injection of RPE cells infected with adenoviral vectors that overexpress CTGF induced fibrotic PVR. Experimental PVR was associated with increased CTGF mRNA in PVR membranes and accumulation of CTGF half fragments in the vitreous.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results identify CTGF as a major mediator of retinal fibrosis and potentially an effective therapeutic target for PVR.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Shikun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Youxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Rima
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khankan
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barron
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: Danhong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Noelynn
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hinton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus; D005355:Fibrosis; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011817:Rabbits; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: C526317:CCN2 protein, human; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor