title: Anticipation in familial lattice corneal dystrophy type I with R124C mutation in the TGFBI (BIGH3) gene.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the clinical, ophthalmic, and genetic characteristics for lattice corneal dystrophy type I (LCDI) in a Chilean family.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six affected family members were examined clinically including visual acuity, color cornea photography, applanation tonography, and fundoscopy. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes from six affected and three unaffected members of a family with lattice corneal dystrophy type I. Exon 4 of the transforming growth factor-induced gene (TGFBI) was screened for the most frequent mutation, R124C, in the proband by sequencing. We also designed a rapid polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method to analyze the same mutation, amplifying exon 4 and digesting with PstI restriction enzyme. Using this strategy, we analyzed the mutation in six affected and three healthy family members.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three generations of family members were positively diagnosed with lattice corneal dystrophy. Six participants demonstrated LCD1 in both eyes, most of whom were symmetric. Age at onset of symptoms was variable (3-42 years old). Moreover, in this family, the age of onset of the disease decreased in succeeding generations, which could be interpreted as anticipation. Visual acuity varied from 1.0 to 0.13. Two patients, ages 69 and 44 years old, demonstrated a degree of severity "Bad" according to best-corrected vision and corneal commitment. The exon 4 sequence of TGFBI of the proband exhibits the heterozygous single-nucleotide mutation, C417T, leading to amino acid substitution (R124C) in the encoded TGF-induced protein. Using PCR-RFLP, we confirmed the heterozygous mutation in six affected family members and excluded it in three healthy members.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The R124C mutation in TGFBI cosegregated with LCD type I in the investigated family. This is the first report of a molecular analysis of LCD type I in Chilean patients. The early onset affected persons in the fourth generation raises the possibility of anticipation.
authors.affiliation: Depto de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico José Joaquin Aguirre, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Jose-Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: Maria-Patricia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Herrera
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D001120:Arginine / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology; D003317:Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary / Q000235:genetics*; D003545:Cysteine / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D000099222:betaIG-H3 Protein
chemical_list: D001120:Arginine; D003545:Cysteine; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D000099222:betaIG-H3 Protein