title: Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution.
abstract: We present a draft genome sequence of the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus. This monotreme exhibits a fascinating combination of reptilian and mammalian characters. For example, platypuses have a coat of fur adapted to an aquatic lifestyle; platypus females lactate, yet lay eggs; and males are equipped with venom similar to that of reptiles. Analysis of the first monotreme genome aligned these features with genetic innovations. We find that reptile and platypus venom proteins have been co-opted independently from the same gene families; milk protein genes are conserved despite platypuses laying eggs; and immune gene family expansions are directly related to platypus biology. Expansions of protein, non-protein-coding RNA and microRNA families, as well as repeat elements, are identified. Sequencing of this genome now provides a valuable resource for deep mammalian comparative analyses, as well as for monotreme biology and conservation.
authors.affiliation: Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8501, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA. wwarren@wustl.edu
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mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001482:Base Composition; D003817:Dentition; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D016678:Genome / Q000235:genetics*; D018392:Genomic Imprinting / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008322:Mammals / Q000235:genetics; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D010987:Platypus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D018035:Receptors, Odorant / Q000235:genetics; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D012104:Reptiles / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism; D014688:Venoms / Q000235:genetics; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D008894:Milk Proteins; D018035:Receptors, Odorant; D014688:Venoms