title: Genotoxicity of triasulfuron in the wing spot test of Drosophila melanogaster is modulated by winter wheat seedlings.
abstract: Triasulfuron (TS) is a widely used sulfonylurea herbicide which inhibits the acetolactate synthase in broad-leaf weeds and in some wheat crop grasses (Triticum aestivum L.). Residues can be found in soil and superficial water with high toxicity to primary producers. In cereals, TS metabolism depends on cytochromes P450 (CYPs), the age of seedlings and the interaction with compounds. The genotoxicity of TS was demonstrated in the wing spot test of Drosophila melanogaster, an in vivo assay based on the loss of heterozygosity of the mwh and flr markers in the wing imaginal disk cells of larvae fed with chemical agents. Chronic treatments with analytical grade TS, commercial formulation TS (Amber) 75WG) (0.5mg/mL) and commercial formulation bentazon (Basagran) 480) (0.24mg/mL) were performed with three-day-old larvae of the standard (ST) and the high bioactivation (HB) crosses with regulated and high constitutive levels of CYPs, respectively. To demonstrate the effect of winter wheat metabolism on TS genotoxicity, T. aestivum L. seedlings were immersed for 4h in these herbicides, and aqueous extracts (AEs) of the roots were prepared to expose the larvae. TS and Amber 75WG produced similar genotoxic effects in both crosses. Wheat metabolism modulated the genotoxicity because the AEs yielded statistically significant lower spot frequencies in the HB cross than in the ST cross. Differences between the two crosses of the wing spot test in D. melanogaster must be related to CYPs levels. Basagran 480 was genotoxic only in the HB cross, and wheat metabolism did not modulate its genotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090 Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico. heres@campus.iztacala.unam.mx
authors.forename: Maria Eugenia
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Heres-Pulido
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lombera-Hernández
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dueñas-García
authors.forename: Ivonne
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Perales-Canales
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Castañeda-Partida
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rocha-Ortiz
authors.forename: Saúl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flores-Maya
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Durán-Díaz
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Graf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001581:Benzothiadiazines / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D007814:Larva / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity / Q000187:drug effects*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D009153:Mutagens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000201:enzymology; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014908:Triticum / Q000201:enzymology; D014921:Wings, Animal; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006540:Herbicides; D009153:Mutagens; D010940:Plant Proteins; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; C094039:triasulfuron; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides; C002003:bentazone