title: Betulinic acid suppresses constitutive and TNFalpha-induced NF-kappaB activation and induces apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells.
abstract: Development of chemoresistance in androgen-refractory prostate cancer cells is partly due to constitutive activation of Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors that regulate several cell survival and anti-apoptotic genes. In this study we examined whether betulinic acid (BetA), a pentacyclic triterpene from the bark of white birch, is effective in inhibiting NF-kappaB expression in androgen-refractory human prostate cancer cells exhibiting high constitutive NF-kappaB expression. Treatment of PC-3 cells with BetA inhibited DNA binding and reduced nuclear levels of the NF-kappaB/p65. BetA-mediated NF-kappaB inhibition involved decreased IKK activity and phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha at serine 32/36 followed by its degradation. Reporter assays revealed that NF-kappaB inhibition by BetA is transcriptionally active. These effects were found to correlate with a shift in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cleavage of poly(ADP)ribose polymerase more towards apoptosis. BetA also inhibited TNFalpha-induced activation of NF-kappaB via the IkappaBalpha pathway, thereby sensitizing the cells to TNFalpha-induced apoptosis. Our studies demonstrate that BetA effectively inhibits constitutive NF-kappaB activation and supports the rationale for targeting NF-kappaB through combination protocols with BetA in androgen-refractory prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The James & Eillen Dicke Research Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Thangaiyan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rabi
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005562:Formazans / Q000378:metabolism; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D000094062:Betulinic Acid
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D005562:Formazans; D016328:NF-kappa B; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D014315:Triterpenes; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C079782:MTT formazan; D008156:Luciferases; D000094062:Betulinic Acid