title: Poor sleep quality and changes in objectively recorded sleep after traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate changes in sleep quality and objectively assessed sleep parameters after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to investigate the relationship between such changes and mood state and injury characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey and laboratory-based nocturnal polysomnography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten community-based subjects with moderate to very severe TBI and 10 age- and sex-matched controls from the general community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index for self-report sleep quality, nocturnal polysomnography for objective sleep recording, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls, TBI patients reported significantly poorer sleep quality and higher levels of anxiety and depression. Objective sleep recording showed that TBI patients showed an increase in deep (slow wave) sleep, a reduction in rapid eye movement sleep, and more frequent nighttime awakenings. No significant relationship was observed between these changes in sleep and injury severity or time since injury. Anxiety and depression covaried with the observed changes in sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings contribute to the growing body of evidence that sleep is involved in the physiologic processes underlying neural recovery. The association between anxiety and depression and the observed changes in sleep in TBI patients warrants further examination to determine whether a causative relationship exists.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Diane L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Parcell
authors.forename: Jennie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ponsford
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Redman
authors.forename: Shantha M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rajaratnam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D020208:Brain Injury, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012890:Sleep; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*