Pituitary-targeted medical therapy of Cushing's disease.
BACKGROUND
The goals of ideal medical therapy for Cushing's disease should be to target the aetiology of the disorder, as is the case for surgery, which is the current 'gold standard' treatment. However, no effective drug that directly and reliably targets the adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma has yet been found.


OBJECTIVE
To summarise pituitary-targeted medical treatment of Cushing's disease.


METHODS
Compounds with neuromodulatory properties and ligands of different nuclear hormone receptors involved in hypothalamo-pituitary regulation have been investigated.


RESULTS
The somatostatin analogue pasireotide and the dopamine agonist cabergoline, as well as their combination, show some therapeutic promise in the medical therapy of Cushing's disease. Other treatments such as retinoic acid analogues look promising and may be a possible option for further investigation. No other medical therapies seem to be reliably effective currently.


CONCLUSIONS
Since a percentage of patients treated with surgery are not cured, or improve and subsequently relapse, there is an urgent need for effective medical therapies for this disorder. At present, only cabergoline and pasireotide are under active investigation.
Alexandraki
Krystallenia I
KI
Professor of Neuroendocrinology St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Ashley Grossman FMedSci, London EC1A 7BE, UK.
Grossman
Ashley B
AB
D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000077465:Cabergoline; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004873:Ergolines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047748:Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D004873:Ergolines; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D009842:Oligopeptides; D013004:Somatostatin; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; C517782:pasireotide; D000077465:Cabergoline