title: Validation of soy protein estimates from a food-frequency questionnaire with repeated 24-h recalls and isoflavonoid excretion in overnight urine in a Western population with a wide range of soy intakes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence of the benefits of soy on cancer risk in Western populations is inconsistent, in part because of the low intake of soy in these groups.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the validity of soy protein estimates from food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs) in a sample of Adventist Health Study-2 participants with a wide range of soy intakes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained dietary intake data from 100 men and women (43 blacks and 57 nonblacks). Soy protein estimates from FFQs were compared against repeated 24-h recalls and urinary excretion of daidzein, genistein, total isoflavonoids (TIFLs), and equol (measured by HPLC/photodiode array/mass spectrometry) as reference criteria. We calculated Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients (with 95% CIs) for FFQ-24-h recall, 24 h-recall-urinary excretion, and FFQ-urinary excretion pairs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among soy users, mean (+/- SD) soy protein values were 12.12 +/- 10.80 g/d from 24-h recalls and 9.43 +/- 7.83 g/d from FFQs. The unattenuated correlation (95% CI) between soy protein estimates from 24-h recalls and FFQs was 0.57 (0.32, 0.75). Correlation coefficients between soy protein intake from 24-h recalls and urinary isoflavonoids were 0.72 (0.43, 0.96) for daidzein, 0.67 (0.43, 0.91) for genistein, and 0.72 (0.47, 0.98) for TIFLs. Between FFQs and urinary excretion, these were 0.50 (0.32, 0.65), 0.48 (0.29, 0.61), and 0.50 (0.32, 0.64) for daidzein, genistein, and TIFLs, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Soy protein estimates from questionnaire were significantly correlated with soy protein from 24-h recalls and urinary excretion of daidzein, genistein, and TIFLs. The Adventist Health Study-2 FFQ is a valid instrument for assessing soy protein in a population with a wide range of soy intakes.
authors.affiliation: Adventist Health Study-2, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA. kjaceldo@llu.edu
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jaceldo-Siegl
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sabaté
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D015331:Cohort Studies; D060754:Equol; D005260:Female; D019833:Genistein / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C007610:4',7-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoflavone; D015415:Biomarkers; D007529:Isoflavones; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D060754:Equol; C004742:daidzein; D019833:Genistein