title: Physical dormancy in seeds of the holoparasitic angiosperm Cuscuta australis (Convolvulaceae, Cuscuteae): dormancy-breaking requirements, anatomy of the water gap and sensitivity cycling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dormancy in seeds of Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae, tribe Cuscuteae) is due to a water-impermeable seed coat (physical dormancy). In nondormant seeds of several species of this family, bulges adjacent to the micropyle have been identified as the initial route of water entry into seeds (water gap). However, there are claims that water enters seeds of Cuscuta spp. via the entire seed coat. Although several studies have been done on seed coat anatomy of Cuscuta, none has identified and/or characterized the morphology/anatomy of a water gap. Thus, the primary aim of this research was to identify and describe the morphology and anatomy of the water gap in seeds of Cuscuta australis. It was also determined if sensitivity cycling to dormancy-breaking treatments occurs in seeds of this species.
  
  
  METHODS
  Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, tissue-sectioning and dye-tracking and blocking experiments were used to investigate the morphology and anatomy of the water gap. Treatments simulating natural conditions were used to break seed dormancy. Storage of seeds at different temperatures was tested for their effect on sensitivity to dormancy-breaking treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dormancy-breaking treatments caused the tightly closed hilar fissure to open. Staining was observed in cells below the hilum area but not in those below the seed coat away from the hilum. Sensitivity to dormancy-breaking treatment was induced by storing seeds dry and reduced by storing them wet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas bulges adjacent to the micropyle act as the water gap in other species of Convolvulaceae with physical dormancy, the hilar fissure serves this function in Cuscuta. Cuscuta australis can cycle between insensitivity <--> sensitivity to dormancy-breaking treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA.
authors.forename: K M G Gehan
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Jayasuriya
authors.forename: Jerry M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Baskin
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Geneve
authors.forename: Carol C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Baskin
authors.forename: Ching-Te
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Chien
mesh_terms: D027722:Convolvulaceae / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018525:Germination / Q000502:physiology*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012639:Seeds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014867:Water