title: Hands-on defibrillation: an analysis of electrical current flow through rescuers in direct contact with patients during biphasic external defibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brief interruptions in chest compressions reduce the efficacy of resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Interruptions of this type are inevitable during hands-off periods for shock delivery to treat ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The safety of a rescuer remaining in contact with a patient being shocked with modern defibrillation equipment has not been investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study measured the leakage voltage and current through mock rescuers while they were compressing the chests of 43 patients receiving external biphasic shocks. During the shock, the rescuer's gloved hand was pressed onto the skin of the patient's anterior chest. To simulate the worst case of an inadvertent return current pathway, a skin electrode on the rescuers thigh was connected to an electrode on the patient's shoulder. In no cases were shocks perceptible to the rescuer. Peak potential differences between the rescuer's wrist and thigh ranged from 0.28 to 14 V (mean 5.8+/-5.8 V). The average leakage current flowing through the rescuer's body for each phase of the shock waveform was 283+/-140 microA (range 18.9 to 907 microA). This was below several recommended safety standards for leakage current.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rescuers performing chest compressions during biphasic external defibrillation are exposed to low levels of leakage current. The present findings support the feasibility of uninterrupted chest compressions during shock delivery, which may enhance the efficacy of defibrillation and cardiocerebral resuscitation.
authors.affiliation: Emory University Hospital, Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Suite F424, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. michael.lloyd@emoryhealthcare.org
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heeke
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Jonathan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Langberg
mesh_terms: D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004556:Electric Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D006225:Hand; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000628:therapy*; D006336:Heart Massage; D006801:Humans; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular