title: Testing a hierarchy-of-effects model: pathways from awareness to outcomes in the VERB campaign 2002-2003.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The McGuire hierarchy-of-effects (HOE) model, used extensively in mass-media interventions to describe the mechanisms for understanding effects, has not been tested in physical activity campaigns.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data collected at baseline (2002) and follow-up (2003) surveys in the VERB evaluation were used in structural equation modeling to test pathways and hierarchies of campaign effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cohort of youth aged 9-13 years (N=2364) for whom complete baseline and follow-up data were available.
  
  
  METHODS
  Awareness of the VERB campaign, understanding of the VERB message, attitude toward being active, outcome expectations, and physical activity participation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among youth aged 9-13 years (tweens) in the study cohort, significant paths were identified between awareness and understanding (0.72, p<0.001) and between understanding and being physically active (0.11, p<0.05). At baseline there was a high prevalence of positive attitudes and outcome expectations, and these were not influenced by change in understanding or awareness. Among inactive tweens only, the same paths were identified except that, in this subgroup, attitude was related to physical activity (0.13, p<0.05), and awareness was more strongly related to physical activity than it was for the whole sample (0.14, p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provided limited support for the HOE model and suggest that increased awareness and understanding were the key proximal effects that led to behavior change. A distinct sequence of effects, which bypassed attitudes and outcome expectations, was found for these U.S. young people. The findings could inform the design of future campaigns to address youth physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Physical Activity and Health, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. adrianb@health.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bauman
authors.forename: Heather R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Bowles
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huhman
authors.forename: Carrie D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Heitzler
authors.forename: Neville
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Ben J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reger-Nash
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000329:Advertising / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001364:Awareness; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008402:Mass Media; D009043:Motor Activity; D015995:Prevalence; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000379:methods*; D040241:Social Marketing; D014481:United States