title: Rules of tumor cell development and their application to biomarkers for ovarian cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To apply the Hanahan and Weinberg conceptual framework for tumor development to the specific biomarkers observed or expressed in ovarian cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data-based publications, topical reviews, and book chapters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Articles specific to ovarian cancer were reviewed to examine whether the six rules from the Hanahan and Weinberg conceptual framework were applicable to biomarkers of ovarian cancer. This approach allows for the application of a general framework for the development of solid tumors to the development of ovarian cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The six rules for tumor cell development outlined in the Hanahan and Weinberg conceptual framework are applicable to biomarkers expressed or observed in patients with ovarian cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oncology nurses can enhance their clinical teaching by integrating this information into their practice. Nurses who conduct research on ovarian cancer can use this framework to guide the selection of biomarker(s) for these studies. Finally, nurse educators can use this framework when teaching students key concepts in the care of patients with cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, USA. monica.mclemore@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Monica R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: McLemore
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miaskowski
authors.forename: Bradley E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Aouizerat
authors.forename: Lee-may
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Marylin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dodd
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D018394:CA-125 Antigen / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D015820:Cadherins / Q000502:physiology; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007265:Inhibins / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009859:Oncology Nursing; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018394:CA-125 Antigen; D015820:Cadherins; D006133:Growth Substances; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D007265:Inhibins; D066246:ErbB Receptors