title: Treatment of the humeral shaft aseptic nonunion using plate or unilateral external fixator.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the use of a plate and bone graft is described as a well-known treatment for aseptic humeral shaft nonunion, unilateral external fixator can be alternative as a minimally invasive method. There has been no report comparing two methods of plate and external fixator for humeral shaft nonunion. Also, a few studies described humeral shaft aseptic nonunion treatment using unilateral external fixator.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 31 patients (15 men and 16 women) with aseptic humeral shaft nonunion treated by plate (n = 20) and unilateral external fixator (n = 11). Patients were followed for a mean of 31.8 months. The right upper arm was involved in 19 patients (17 dominant) and left in 12 patients (2 dominant). The inclusion criteria were aseptic, middle shaft nonunion, without bone defects more than 2 cm. Four patients had hypertrophic, and 27 patients had atrophic nonunion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Solid union, as documented on plain radiographic views, was obtained in 28 (90.3%) patients without additional operation. The average operative time was 92.8 minutes in plate group and 47.8 minutes in external fixator group (p < 0.05). The average blood loss was 142.5 mL in plate group and it was 45.5 mL in external fixator group (p < 0.05). Average hospital stay was 10.9 days in plate group and 3.9 days for external fixator group (p < 0.05). Overall, healing time in the plate group was 4.4 months, compared with 3.6 months in the external fixation group (p < 0.05). The mean Constant and Murley score for plate group was 85.6 points and it was 74.3 points for the external fixator group. According to Stewart and Hundley criteria, 16 (80%) patients in the plate group and 6 (54.5%) patients in the external fixator group had good outcome. Two-pin track infection of the external fixator (18.2%) and two transient radial nerve palsy (10%) were recorded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this retrospective study of the humeral shaft nonunion, unilateral external fixator tended to yield equally favorable treatment results as did plate fixation. Advantages of the plate are good stability on the nonunion site and comfortability for patient. On the contrary, the advantages of the unilateral external fixator are minimal exposure to the nonunion site with minimal surgical trauma to the soft tissue, easy application of the fixator and consecutively minimal blood loss and short operative time. Unilateral external fixator could be a valuable alternative to plate fixation in aseptic humeral shaft nonunions.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Center, Nis, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ivan Dragoljub
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Micic
authors.forename: Micic Ivan
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Dragoljub
authors.forename: Milorad Borivoje
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Mitkovic
authors.forename: Mitkovic Milorad
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Borivoje
authors.forename: Desimir Svetomir
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Mladenovic
authors.forename: Mladenovic Desimir
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Svetomir
authors.forename: Velimir Zoran
authors.initials: VZ
authors.lastname: Golubovic
authors.forename: Golubovic Velimir
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Zoran
authors.forename: In-Ho
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Jeon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001860:Bone Plates; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D017102:Fracture Healing; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies