title: Assessment of hypnotic effects and patient satisfaction in empirical use of sleep medicines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the hypnotic effects of and patient satisfaction with three types of hypnotics prescribed empirically: ultra-short-acting (US-a), short-acting (S-a), and intermediate- and long-acting (IL-a) agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 310 insomniac patients (age 60.5 +/- 15.0 years) treated with US-a (n = 124), S-a (n = 149) or IL-a (n = 37) agents. Patients were interviewed to evaluate individual satisfaction and drug efficacy. Efficacy, as assessed by total sleep time (TST) and sleep latency time (SLT), was compared between satisfied and dissatisfied patient groups. Nocturnal awaking curve for each hypnotic was used for comparing the effects between satisfied and dissatisfied patient groups in each type of hypnotics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two patients (25.8%) were dissatisfied with US-a, 35 (23.5%) with S-a and 11 (29.7%) with IL-a. TST differed significantly between satisfied and dissatisfied groups: 424 +/- 88 vs. 345 +/- 101 min for US-a (P < 0.001), 440 +/- 84 vs. 359 +/- 111 min for S-a (P < 0.001) and 453 +/- 96 vs. 345 +/- 125 min for IL-a (P < 0.01), respectively. With IL-a agents, the SLT of dissatisfied patients was longer than in satisfied ones (81 +/- 52 vs. 33 +/- 22 min, P < 0.05). Twenty (62.5%) dissatisfied patients taking US-a agents awoke before 05:00 hours - a rate significantly higher than satisfied patients (n = 23, 25.0%, P < 0.001). These characteristics of dissatisfied patients were reflected by the patterns of nocturnal awaking curves, although the patterns for satisfied patients were similar among the three types of hypnotics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Between 24% and 30% of patients were dissatisfied with their hypnotics. Shorter TST was common in dissatisfied patients receiving any agent, for reasons differing among hypnotics (longer SLT with IL-a agents and early awakening with US-a). Drug efficacy and patient satisfaction in empirical use of hypnotics can be assessed by nocturnal awaking curves for each hypnotic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamashiro
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Homma
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kohda
mesh_terms: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives