title: Characterization of aerosols containing microcystin.
abstract: Toxic blooms of cyanobacteria are ubiquitous in both freshwater and brackish water sources throughout the world. One class of cyanobacterial toxins, called microcystins, is cyclic peptides. In addition to ingestion and dermal, inhalation is a likely route of human exposure. A significant increase in reporting of minor symptoms, particularly respiratory symptoms was associated with exposure to higher levels of cyanobacteria during recreational activities. Algae cells, bacteria, and waterborne toxins can be aerosolized by a bubble-bursting process with a wind-driven white-capped wave mechanism. The purposes of this study were to: evaluate sampling and analysis techniques for microcystin aerosol, produce aerosol droplets containing microcystin in the laboratory, and deploy the sampling instruments in field studies. A high-volume impactor and an IOM filter sampler were tried first in the laboratory to collect droplets containing microcystins. Samples were extracted and analyzed for microcystin using an ELISA method. The laboratory study showed that cyanotoxins in water could be transferred to air via a bubble-bursting process. The droplets containing microcystins showed a bimodal size distribution with the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 1.4 and 27.8 mum. The sampling and analysis methods were successfully used in a pilot field study to measure microcystin aerosol in situ.
authors.affiliation: Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest, SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87111, USA; E-mails: yzhou@LRRI.org (for Yue Zhou); cirvin@LRRI.org (C. Mitch Irvin).
authors.forename: Yung Sung
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: C Mitch
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Irvin
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: Lorraine C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Backer