title: Cerebrovascular risk factors and incident depression in community-dwelling elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The 'vascular depression' hypothesis suggests that late-life depression results from vascular brain damage. We studied the longitudinal association between cerebrovascular risk factors and incident depression in a large population-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two thousand nine hundred and thirty-one persons with the age of > or =61 years were followed up. Data on a comprehensive set of cerebrovascular risk factors were collected at baseline. Participants received a psychiatric assessment 5 years later to establish DSM-IV diagnoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only current smoking and antihypertensive drug use were independently associated with incident depressive symptoms. Diabetes mellitus and the Framingham stroke risk score were related to incident depressive disorder. No relation with depression was observed for cholesterol, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, history of cardiovascular disease, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular hypertrophy or the use of statins and anticoagulants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results moderately support the 'vascular depression' hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Luijendijk
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Stricker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: J C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Witteman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tiemeier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000196:embryology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol