Cardiovascular disease in blacks: can we stop the clock?
Blacks have the highest rates of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, with earlier onset, greater severity, and more target organ damage including coronary disease, heart failure, stroke, and end-stage renal disease. A major reason is the greater prevalence of other cardiovascular disease risk factors, particularly obesity, inactivity, and diabetes mellitus, along with socioeconomic differences, adherence, and achievement of goals. This review focuses on the burden of cardiovascular disease in blacks. Therapeutic lifestyle changes and pharmacologic interventions to decrease clinical events in this high-risk group are described. Intensive blood pressure control is a primary means of "stopping the clock" in the progression of cardiovascular disease and renal disease. Thiazide diuretics remain primary first-step agents, especially for uncomplicated hypertension; calcium channel blockers are also efficacious. However, renin-angiotensin system modulators may also be beneficial, especially with a diuretic, considering the high prevalence in this group of patients of compelling indications for use of such agents.
Ferdinand
Keith C
KC
Emory University and the Association of Black Cardiologists, Atlanta, GA 30349, USA. kcferdmd@aol.com
D044383:Black People; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends