title: Community-based kangaroo mother care to prevent neonatal and infant mortality: a randomized, controlled cluster trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We adapted kangaroo mother care for immediate postnatal community-based application in rural Bangladesh, where the incidence of home delivery, low birth weight, and neonatal and infant mortality is high and neonatal intensive care is unavailable. This trial tested whether community-based kangaroo mother care reduces the overall neonatal mortality rate by 27.5%, infant mortality rate by 25%, and low birth weight neonatal mortality rate by 30%.
  
  
  METHODS
  Half of 42 unions in 2 Bangladesh divisions with the highest infant mortality rates were randomly assigned to community-based kangaroo mother care, and half were not. One village per union was randomly selected proportionate to union population size. A baseline survey of 39,888 eligible consenting women collected sociodemographic information. Community-based workers were taught to teach community-based kangaroo mother care to all expectant and postpartum women in the intervention villages. A total of 4165 live births were identified and enrolled. Newborns were followed for 30 to 45 days and infants were followed quarterly through their first birthday to record infant care, feeding, growth, health, and vital status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty percent overall and approximately 65% of newborns who died were not weighed at birth, and missing birth weight was differential by study group. There was no difference in overall neonatal mortality rate or infant mortality rate. Except for care seeking, community-based kangaroo mother care behaviors were more common in the intervention than control group, but implementation was weak compared with the pilot study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extensive missing birth weight and its potential bias render the evidence insufficient to justify implementing community-based kangaroo mother care. Additional experimental research ensuring baseline comparability of mortality, adequate kangaroo mother care implementation, and birth weight assessment is necessary to clarify the effect of community-based kangaroo mother care on survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA. nlsloan@gmail.com
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: Salahuddin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Satindra N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.forename: Nuzhat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Choudhury
authors.forename: Mushtaque
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: Ubaider
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rob
authors.forename: Beverly
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winikoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007224:Infant Care; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged