title: How to make hypericin water-soluble.
abstract: Hypericin, isolated from Hypericum perforatum, is an effective photodynamic substance as demonstrated by various studies. Practical forms of applications of hypericin solutions for systemic use and introduction into body cavities are, however, lacking. We developed an aqueous solution of hypericin non-covalently bound to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). PVP is a poly-N-vinylamide of various degrees of polymerization and forms of intermolecular crosslinks suitable for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. We used PVP (molecular weights of PVP between 10 kD and 40 kD) as a complex forming agent to prepare hypericin for photodynamic therapy and diagnostics. In pure water, hypericin forms aggregates which are non-soluble and non-fluorescent. The hypericin-PVP complex binds more than 1000 mg of hypericin in presence of 100 g PVP or less and is soluble in 1 liter of pure water. Aqueous complex solutions of hypericin-PVP display a characteristic absorption spectrum and fluorescence emission band around 600 nm wavelength. Varying concentrations of hypericin do not cause a blue- or red-shift in the absorption maximum at 595 nm. Excitation at 200 nm to 500 nm leads to emission at 590 nm; a property conducive to diagnostic investigations both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, hypericin-PVP exhibits high photostability in the presence of oxygen and broad band light which ensures reproducible photodynamic therapy and diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypericin forms liquid molecular chromophore complexes in water when bound to PVP thus allowing investigations in biological media.
authors.affiliation: Wiener Gesellschaft für PDD und PDT, Vienna, Austria. akubin@planta.at
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kubin
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Loew
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Burner
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jessner
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kolbabek
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wierrani
mesh_terms: D000873:Anthracenes; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D020014:K562 Cells; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010569:Perylene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids / Q000737:chemistry; D010777:Photochemistry; D011205:Povidone / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D010592:Pharmaceutic Aids; D014867:Water; D010569:Perylene; C004965:hypericin; D011205:Povidone