title: Inflammation markers are modulated by responses to diets differing in postprandial insulin responses in individuals with the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation may be a mechanism by which high postprandial insulin and glucose responses increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that dietary carbohydrates characterized by different postprandial insulin responses may differentially modify cytokine concentrations in plasma and gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals (n = 47) with the metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to a 12-wk diet with oat and wheat bread and potato (high postprandial insulin response) or rye bread and pasta (low postprandial insulin response). Postprandial glucose and insulin responses to the oat and wheat bread meal and to the rye bread meal were determined in 19 individuals before intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 12-wk diet, the change in the gene expression of interleukin (IL)-10 receptor alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in subcutaneous adipose tissue differed between the groups (P = 0.002 and P = 0.083, respectively). Moreover, the change in fasting plasma concentrations of IL-1beta and IL-6 differed between the groups (P = 0.020 and P = 0.055, respectively). In the postprandial challenge, the insulin response to the rye bread meal was lower than that to the oat and wheat bread meal (P < 0.001), whereas there were no differences in the mean blood glucose response. In contrast, plasma glucose concentrations decreased more below fasting concentrations 2.5-3 h after the oat and wheat bread meal than after the rye bread meal. A late postprandial rebound of free fatty acids was detected after the oat and wheat bread meal (P = 0.048).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term intake of cereal foods with differing postprandial insulin responses may be a factor that modulates the inflammatory status in individuals with the metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Food and Health Research Centre, University of Kuopio, Finland. petteri.kallio@uku.fi
authors.forename: Petteri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kallio
authors.forename: Marjukka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolehmainen
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Laaksonen
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pulkkinen
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atalay
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mykkänen
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uusitupa
authors.forename: Kaisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Poutanen
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niskanen
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D018554:Avena; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001939:Bread; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000378:metabolism*; D014908:Triticum
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007328:Insulin; D012333:RNA, Messenger