title: Nuclear localization and intensity of staining of nm23 protein is useful marker for breast cancer progression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in the western world. The expression differences of many proteins are associated with breast cancer progression or suppression. The purpose of the study was to determine the expression of nm23 protein in the invasion status and metastatic potential of breast cancer by using tissue microarray and to determine its role in breast cancer based on the expression of nm23 gene product.
  
  
  METHODS
  nm23 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using commercially available tissue microarray containing malignant and normal breast tissues from 216 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  a similar percentage of cases showed positive cytoplasmic/nuclear staining for nm23 in normal breast tissue (85.7%), primary breast carcinoma node negative (97.5%) and carcinoma with lymph node metastasis (92.1%). Nuclear localization of staining for nm23 protein was higher in infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) node positive (24.3%) and in matched lymph mode metastasis (18.9%) compared to IDC node negative (4.9%). Strong intensity of cytoplasmic/nucleus staining was observed in IDC node negative (42.6%), in IDC node positive (57.1%), and Infiltrating lobular carcinoma (ILC) node negative (44%) compared to normal breast tissue (16.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  nm23 protein expression appears widely expressed in normal breast, early and advanced breast cancer stages. Interestingly our study found that strong staining intensity and nuclear localization of nm23 protein may prove to be a useful marker of breast cancer progression.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. nofal_ishahad@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Nawfal I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Gurjeet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Hasnah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.forename: Mohammed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hassan