title: Antiproteinuric response to dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in primary glomerulonephritis: meta-analysis and metaregression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with primary glomerulonephritis (GN), antiproteinuric response to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors plus angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) versus either monotherapy is undefined because of the small size of studies and high heterogeneity of response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analysis/metaregression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized clinical trials (RCTs).
  
  
  METHODS
  RCTs published from January 1996 to April 2007. Studies were excluded if information about levels of proteinuria was not available, patients had kidney disease other than primary GN, or if they had end-stage renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  ACE inhibitor plus ARB versus monotherapy with 1 of these drug classes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Absolute changes in proteinuria (primary), blood pressure, serum potassium level, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR; secondary).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 13 RCTs including 425 patients with primary GN with proteinuria ranging from 0.8 to 7.9 g/d of protein and age from 25 to 60 years. Combination treatment decreased proteinuria by 0.60 g/d (95% confidence interval, 0.40 to 0.80) versus ACE-inhibitor monotherapy and 0.54 g/d (95% confidence interval, 0.30 to 0.78) versus ARB monotherapy. Baseline levels of proteinuria explained most between-study variability of the antiproteinuric response to combination therapy versus monotherapies. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, GFR, age, and diagnosis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy did not modify antiproteinuric response. ACE-inhibitor plus ARB therapy did not change GFR, whereas it increased serum potassium levels (by 0.10 mEq/L versus ACE-inhibitor and 0.19 mEq/L versus ARB therapy) and decreased blood pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only published data are included.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antiproteinuric response to ACE-inhibitor plus ARB therapy versus either monotherapy is consistently greater and strictly related to baseline proteinuria, associated with only moderate increase in serum potassium levels, and not peculiar to immunoglobulin A nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Division at Second University of Naples-S.M.d.P. Incurabili Hospital-ASL Na1, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Fausta
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Catapano
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chiodini
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Nicola
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Minutolo
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zamboli
authors.forename: Ciro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Conte
mesh_terms: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D011188:Potassium