title: Trends in bacteremia in the pre- and post-highly active antiretroviral therapy era among HIV-infected children in the US Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study (1986-2004).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  HIV-infected children are at high risk for bacteremia. Highly active antiretroviral therapy has reduced rates of opportunistic infections; less is known about its effect on pediatric bacteremia rates. Thus, we sought to determine its impact on bacteremia incidence in HIV-infected children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children born during 1986-1998 were followed until 2004 in the Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study. We determined the pre- and post-highly active antiretroviral therapy (before and after January 1, 1997) incidence of bacteremia among HIV-infected children and characterized the CD4% temporal declines and mortality among patients with and those without incident bacteremias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 364 children, 68 had 118 documented bacteremias, 97 before and 21 after January 1, 1997. Streptococcus pneumoniae constituted 56 (58%) pre- and 13 (62%) post-highly active antiretroviral therapy cases. The incidence rate ratio of bacteremias comparing post- versus pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy was 0.3 overall and 0.2, 0.2, and 0.4 among children aged 0 to 24, 25 to 48, and 49 to 72 months, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis for time to first bacteremia in children born during the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy compared with the post-highly active antiretroviral therapy era revealed that 69% and 94%, respectively, remained bacteremia free at a median follow-up of 6 years. The Cox proportional hazards model also showed a significant reduction of bacteremias in the post-highly active antiretroviral therapy era, even after controlling for gender and race. Among children <6 years of age, those who experienced bacteremia had faster temporal CD4% decline than those who never had bacteremia. Survival analysis revealed that HIV-infected children with bacteremia experienced higher overall mortality when controlling for gender, race, and clinic site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant decrease in bacteremia incidence and a prolongation in the time to first bacteremia incident were seen in the post-highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Children with a steeper decline of CD4 T cells were more likely to develop bacteremia. Children who experienced bacteremia had an associated higher mortality than their bacteremia-free counterparts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. kapogiannisb@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Bill G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Kapogiannis
authors.forename: Minn M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Soe
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Nesheim
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abrams
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Farley
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palumbo
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bulterys
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology