title: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and breast cancer risk in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  By inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decrease aromatase activity and might reduce breast cancer risk by suppressing estrogen synthesis. Epidemiologic evidence for a protective role of NSAIDs in breast cancer, however, is equivocal.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested NSAID use for its association with breast cancer incidence in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study, where 127,383 female AARP (formerly known as the American Association of Retired Persons) members with no history of cancer, aged 51 to 72 years, completed a mailed questionnaire (1996 to 1997). We estimated relative risks of breast cancer for NSAID exposures using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models. The state cancer registry and mortality index linkage identified 4,501 primary incident breast cancers through 31 December 2003, including 1,439 estrogen receptor (ER)-positive cancers and 280 ER-negative cancers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proportional hazards models revealed no statistically significant association between overall NSAIDs and total breast cancer. As cyclooxygenase inhibition by aspirin (but not other NSAIDs) is irreversible, we tested associations by NSAID type. Although we observed no significant differences in risk for daily use (versus nonuse) of aspirin (relative risk = 0.93, 95% confidence interval = 0.85 to 1.01) or nonaspirin NSAIDS (relative risk = 0.96, 95% confidence interval = 0.87 to 1.05), risk of ER-positive breast cancer was significantly reduced with daily aspirin use (relative risk = 0.84, 95% confidence interval = 0.71 to 0.98)--a relationship not observed for nonaspirin NSAIDS. Neither aspirin nor nonaspirin NSAIDs were associated with risk of ER-negative breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breast cancer risk was not significantly associated with NSAID use, but daily aspirin use was associated with a modest reduction in ER-positive breast cancer. Our results provide support for further evaluating relationships by NSAID type and breast cancer subtype.
authors.affiliation: Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6120 Executive Blvd, Suite 550, Rockville, MD 20852-7234, USA. gierachg@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Gretchen L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Gierach
authors.forename: James V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Lacey
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schatzkin
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Leitzmann
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Richesson
authors.forename: Albert R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hollenbeck
authors.forename: Louise A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brinton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D001241:Aspirin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000187:drug effects; D004032:Diet; D004967:Estrogens / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D054547:National Cancer Institute (U.S.); D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D004967:Estrogens; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D001241:Aspirin