title: Tubercular atlantoaxial dislocation in children: an institutional experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this paper the authors analyzed the clinical and imaging-documented profile of pediatric patients with tubercular atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen children 16 years of age or younger with tubercular AAD were included in the study. Patients with reducible AAD underwent direct posterior stabilization. All patients were treated with a four-drug antituberculosis therapy (ATT) regimen (10-20 mg/kg/day rifampicin, 10-20 mg/kg/day isoniazid, and 15 mg/kg/day ethambutol in a single daily dose; and pyrazinamide 20-35 mg/kg/day in two divided doses) for 3 months. The pyrazinamide was then discontinued after 3 months and the ethambutol after 1 year. The rifampicin and isoniazid were continued for 18 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the patients had irreducible AAD. There was a high incidence of long tract signs, and the restriction of neck movements, as well as neck pain, was also very common. There was a significant delay in seeking neurosurgical consultation. Most patients were assigned poor preoperative grades, but they experienced excellent improvement postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of tubercular AAD in children can have subtle manifestations leading to delayed diagnosis. The successful management of tubercular AAD can be achieved after determining the extent of the disease process and the underlying instability. The goal of surgery is tissue diagnosis and relief of neural compression and stabilization. Medical treatment with ATT is an integral part of the treatment protocol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Samir Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kalra
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Ashok Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mahapatra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014399:Tuberculosis, Spinal / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents