title: Invasive measurements of atrioventricular conduction parameters prior to and following ventricular septal defect closure with the amplatzer device.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because of anatomical proximity, closure of paramembranous ventricular septal defect (pm-VSD) with an Amplatzer occluder has the potential to affect the atrioventricular (AV) conduction system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electrophysiology studies (EPS) were performed prior to and following closure of the pm-VSD in 19 children aged 8.9 +/- 4.5 years. Data from electrocardiograms, Holter monitoring and exercise tests before intervention and at follow up (1.9 +/- 0.8 years) were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no EPS catheter-induced complications. Incidence of total conduction anomalies was 31.6% with 21% of patients having permanent conduction anomalies. Complete AV block was not recorded in any subject and transitory 1st-degree AV block occurred in 2 patients. Permanent complete right bundle branch block was observed in 2 patients and incomplete right bundle branch block in 2 others. Prolongation in EPS parameters was significant for His ventricle interval (p = 0.017). Otherwise, EPS parameters with increased measurements > 15% were observed in 18 patients (95%). Prolongation of retrograde Wenckebach cycle length was predictive of new onset conduction abnormalities (p = 0.003). Other parameters changes did not correlate with the observed conduction disturbances however. With respect to device implantation characteristics, a large Amplatzer device was the only predictive risk factor for new conduction abnormalities (p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Closure of pm-VSD with an Amplatzer device promotes relative changes of the AV conduction system, mainly with large devices. In our limited series, these changes have no apparent clinical impact in the immediate and intermediate terms.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiology (6th Floor, Bloc 9), Sainte-Justine Hospital, 3175 Cote Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Euloge Kouadio
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kramoh
authors.forename: Nagib
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dahdah
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: Shubhayan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanatani
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosking
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miró
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D054537:Atrioventricular Block / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome