title: Low-frequency sonophoresis: current status and future prospects.
abstract: Application of ultrasound enhances skin permeability to drugs, a phenomenon referred to as sonophoresis. Significant strides have been made in sonophoresis research in recent years, especially under low-frequency conditions (20 kHz<f<100 kHz). This article reviews the mechanistic principles and current status of sonophoresis under low-frequency conditions. Several therapeutic macromolecules including insulin, low-molecular weight heparin, and vaccines have been delivered using low-frequency sonophoresis in vivo. Clinical trials have been performed with several drugs including lidocaine and cyclosporin. Novel theoretical and experimental approaches have provided insights into the mechanisms of low-frequency sonophoresis. Current understanding of these mechanisms is presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ogura
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paliwal
authors.forename: Samir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitragotri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D015612:Phonophoresis / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations