title: Sustained delivery of timolol maleate from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/poly(lactic acid) microspheres for over 3 months.
abstract: It is estimated that 2.2 million people have glaucoma in the US and 67 million people worldwide. The majority of cases are associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and decreasing IOP eliminates or greatly reduces degeneration in most cases, including cases in which the IOP is in the normal range but optic neuropathy occurs. Timolol maleate has the longest record of safety and efficacy to lower IOP and is administered via eye drops one or more times per day. Unfortunately, compliance is poor across patient populations leading to degeneration. Patients typically see their ophthalmologist once every 3-4 months. If one could administer a long-acting treatment while in the doctor's office, one might overcome the compliance issue and effectively preserve sight. The critical step is to develop a formulation for timolol maleate that leads to sustained delivery for greater than 90 days and would permit a different treatment paradigm, namely subconjunctival administration once every 3-4 months. By using a 50 : 50 blend of PLGA 502H and PLA, this study was able to fabricate microspheres that delivered timolol maleate continually over 107 days, well within the time frame needed to make subconjunctival administration feasible and permit a new approach to treating glaucoma and diseases of the eye more broadly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bertram
authors.forename: Sandeep S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Saluja
authors.forename: Jodi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McKain
authors.forename: Erin B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Lavik
mesh_terms: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008863:Microspheres; D011091:Polyesters; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011108:Polymers; D013999:Timolol / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; C033616:poly(lactide); D013999:Timolol