title: Physical activity, heart rate, metabolic profile, and estradiol in premenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study whether physical inactive women with a tendency to develop metabolic syndrome have high levels of 17beta-estradiol (E2) of importance for breast cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and four healthy women of reproductive age were assessed for self-reported leisure-time physical activity (LPA), resting heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), anthropometry, and serum glucose, lipids, and insulin [Norwegian Energy Balance and Breast Cancer Aspect (EBBA) study]. E2 was measured in daily saliva samples throughout an entire menstrual cycle. A clustered metabolic risk score [z metabolic syndrome (zMS); total cholesterol-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, insulin resistance, total fat tissue, BP, and triglycerides] was defined. Linear regression and linear mixed models were used, and confounding factors were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physically active women had lower fat percentage (Ptrend = 0.003) and HRs (Ptrend = 0.003) than sedentary women. We estimated an increase in E2 of 1.27 pmol.L [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.06-2.47] for each 11.7 beats.min (1 SD) increase in HR, and this corresponds to the 7% change in mean concentration of E2 for the total group. Associations with E2 were also found for fat tissue, total cholesterol-HDL-C ratio, insulin resistance, and triglycerides. A dose-response relationship was observed among the three levels of LPA and HR and zMS (Ptrend = 0.03 for LPA; Ptrend = 0.004 for HR). Women in the highest tertile of the clustered metabolic risk score had average salivary E2profiles that were markedly higher, throughout the cycle, than those of the other groups, with a cycle peak-day difference in E2 of 22-28%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LPA and HR were associated with metabolic risk score, and this score was associated with daily level of E2, pointing to important biologic mechanisms operating between a sedentary lifestyle and an increased breast cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. aina.emaus@meisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Aina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Emaus
authors.forename: Marit B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Veierød
authors.forename: Anne-Sofie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Furberg
authors.forename: Sissi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Espetvedt
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Friedenreich
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jasienska
authors.forename: Lars Bo
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Thune
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D017697:Premenopause / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004958:Estradiol