title: Outpatient antibiotic use and assessment of antibiotic guidelines in Chinese children's hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to investigate outpatient antibiotic use and assess the impacts of intervention in five Chinese children's hospitals from 2002 to 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Anatomical Therapeutical Chemical Classification/Defined Daily Doses and Drug Utilization 90% methodologies were used. We also analyzed the relationship between antibiotic consumption and resistant rate in one of the hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall antibiotic consumption decreased during the intervention period in some hospitals, and the variation in use between hospitals was also reduced. A decrease in penicillins and first-generation cephalosporins, and an increase in third-generation cephalosporins as well as in the combinations of penicillins and beta-lactamase inhibitors were observed. In addition, an increasing resistance to antibiotics was a concern due to antibiotic overconsumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intervention had effects on the overall antibiotic use in outpatients. However, over the span of 5 years, there was a decrease in the use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics and an increase in broad-spectrum antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wenshuang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xuzhuang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Qiyi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Maohuai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.forename: Yonghong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D003625:Data Collection; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents