title: Improving the photostability of bright monomeric orange and red fluorescent proteins.
abstract: All organic fluorophores undergo irreversible photobleaching during prolonged illumination. Although fluorescent proteins typically bleach at a substantially slower rate than many small-molecule dyes, in many cases the lack of sufficient photostability remains an important limiting factor for experiments requiring large numbers of images of single cells. Screening methods focusing solely on brightness or wavelength are highly effective in optimizing both properties, but the absence of selective pressure for photostability in such screens leads to unpredictable photobleaching behavior in the resulting fluorescent proteins. Here we describe an assay for screening libraries of fluorescent proteins for enhanced photostability. With this assay, we developed highly photostable variants of mOrange (a wavelength-shifted monomeric derivative of DsRed from Discosoma sp.) and TagRFP (a monomeric derivative of eqFP578 from Entacmaea quadricolor) that maintain most of the beneficial qualities of the original proteins and perform as reliably as Aequorea victoria GFP derivatives in fusion constructs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Shaner
authors.forename: Michael Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: McKeown
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Steinbach
authors.forename: Kristin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Hazelwood
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Roger Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Tsien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001703:Biophysics / Q000379:methods*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000494:pharmacology; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008027:Light; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016296:Mutagenesis; D009154:Mutation; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D038761:Photobleaching; D010777:Photochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein