title: Estrogen and progesterone induce persistent increases in p53-dependent apoptosis and suppress mammary tumors in BALB/c-Trp53+/- mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment with estrogen and progesterone (E+P) mimics the protective effect of parity on mammary tumors in rodents and depends upon the activity of p53. The following experiments tested whether exogenous E+P primes p53 to be more responsive to DNA damage and whether these pathways confer resistance to mammary tumors in a mouse model of Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice that differ in p53 status (Trp53+/+, Trp53+/-, Trp53-/-) were treated with E+P for 14 days and then were tested for p53-dependent responses to ionizing radiation. Responses were also examined in parous and age-matched virgins. The effects of hormonal exposures on tumor incidence were examined in BALB/c-Trp53+/- mammary tissues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nuclear accumulation of p53 and apoptotic responses were increased similarly in the mammary epithelium from E+P-treated and parous mice compared with placebo and age-matched virgins. This effect was sustained for at least 7 weeks after E+P treatment and did not depend on the continued presence of ovarian hormones. Hormone stimulation also enhanced apoptotic responses to ionizing radiation in BALB/c-Trp53+/- mice but these responses were intermediate compared with Trp53+/+ and Trp-/- tissues, indicating haploinsufficiency. The appearance of spontaneous mammary tumors was delayed by parity in BALB/c-Trp53+/- mice. The majority of tumors lacked estrogen receptor (ER), but ER+ tumors were observed in both nulliparous and parous mice. However, apoptotic responses to ionizing radiation and tumor incidence did not differ among outgrowths of epithelial transplants from E+P-treated donors and nulliparous donors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, E+P and parity confer a sustained increase in p53-mediated apoptosis within the mammary epithelium and suppress mammary tumorigenesis, but this effect was not retained in epithelial outgrowths.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences and Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, 300 Massachusetts Avenue, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dunphy
authors.forename: Anneke C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Blackburn
authors.forename: Haoheng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Lauren R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: D Joseph
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jerry
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D004249:DNA Damage; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D016864:Li-Fraumeni Syndrome / Q000628:therapy; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010919:Placebos; D011374:Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D010919:Placebos; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D011374:Progesterone