title: Knockdown of TFIIS by RNA silencing inhibits cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A common element among cancer cells is the presence of improperly controlled transcription. In these cells, the degree of specific activation of some genes is abnormal, and altering the aberrant transcription may therefore directly target cancer. TFIIS is a transcription elongation factor, which directly binds the transcription motor, RNA Polymerase II and allows it to read through various transcription arrest sites. We report on RNA interference of TFIIS, a transcription elongation factor, and its affect on proliferation of cancer cells in culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  RNA interference was performed by transfecting siRNA to specifically knock down TFIIS expression in MCF7, MCF10A, PL45 and A549 cells. Levels of TFIIS expression were determined by the Quantigene method, and relative protein levels of TFIIS, c-myc and p53 were determined by C-ELISA. Induction of apoptosis was determined by an enzymatic Caspase 3/7 assay, as well as a non-enzymatic assay detecting cytoplasmic mono- and oligonucleosomes. A gene array analysis was conducted for effects of TFIIS siRNA on MCF7 and MCF10A cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Knockdown of TFIIS reduced cancer cell proliferation in breast, lung and pancreatic cancer cell lines. More specifically, TFIIS knockdown in the MCF7 breast cancer cell line induced cancer cell death and increased c-myc and p53 expression whereas TFIIS knockdown in the non-cancerous breast cell line MCF10A was less affected. Differential effects of TFIIS knockdown in MCF7 and MCF10A cells included the estrogenic, c-myc and p53 pathways, as observed by C-ELISA and gene array, and were likely involved in MCF7 cell-death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although transcription is a fundamental process, targeting select core transcription factors may provide for a new and potent avenue for cancer therapeutics. In the present study, knockdown of TFIIS inhibited cancer cell proliferation, suggesting that TFIIS could be studied as a potential cancer target within the transcription machinery.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. hubbard.kyle@gmail.com
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: Raj K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Puri
authors.forename: Averell
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gnatt
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics*; D035602:Transcriptional Elongation Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C489427:MYC protein, human; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C495901:TP53 protein, human; D035602:Transcriptional Elongation Factors; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C018648:transcription factor S-II