title: 11C-choline positron emission tomography/computerized tomography for preoperative lymph-node staging in intermediate-risk and high-risk prostate cancer: comparison with clinical staging nomograms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conventional imaging (CI) techniques are inadequate for lymph node (LN) staging in prostate cancer (PCa).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the accuracy of (11)C-Choline positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT) for LN staging in intermediate-risk and high-risk PCa and to compare it with two currently used nomograms.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2007 to September 2007, 57 PCa patients at intermediate risk (n=27) or high risk (n=30) were enrolled at two academic centres. All patients underwent preoperative PET/CT and radical prostatectomy with extended pelvic LN dissection (PLND). Risk of LN metastasis (LNM) was assessed using available nomograms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and number of correctly recognized cases for LNM detection at PET/CT were assessed. The accuracy of PET/CT for LNM detection was compared with the accuracy of nomograms for LNM prediction by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fifteen patients (26%) had LNMs, and a total of 41 LNMs were identified. On a patient analysis, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and number of correctly recognized cases at PET/CT were 60.0%, 97.6%, 90.0%, 87.2%, and 87.7% while, on node analysis, these numbers were 41.4%, 99.8%, 94.4%, 97.2%, and 97.1%. The mean diameter (in mm) of the metastatic deposit of true-positive LNs was significantly higher than that of false-negative LNs (9.2 vs 4.2; p=0.001). PET/CT showed higher specificity and accuracy than the nomograms; however, in pairwise comparison, the areas under the curve (AUCs) were not statistically different (all p values >0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with intermediate-risk and high-risk PCa, (11)C-Choline PET/CT has quite a low sensitivity for LNM detection but performed better than clinical nomograms, with equal sensitivity and better specificity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schiavina
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Scattoni
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Castellucci
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Picchio
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Corti
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briganti
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franceschelli
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sanguedolce
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bertaccini
authors.forename: Moshen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farsad
authors.forename: Giampiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giovacchini
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fanti
authors.forename: Walter Franco
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Grigioni
authors.forename: Ferruccio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fazio
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montorsi
authors.forename: Patrizio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rigatti
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martorana
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002794:Choline; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D049451:Nomograms; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002794:Choline