title: Pharmacokinetics of darunavir/ritonavir and ketoconazole following co-administration in HIV-healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the interaction between ketoconazole and darunavir (alone and in combination with low-dose ritonavir), in HIV-healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteers received darunavir 400 mg bid and darunavir 400 mg bid plus ketoconazole 200 mg bid, in two sessions (Panel 1), or darunavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg bid, ketoconazole 200 mg bid and darunavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg bid plus ketoconazole 200 mg bid, over three sessions (Panel 2). Treatments were administered with food for 6 days. Steady-state pharmacokinetics following the morning dose on day 7 were compared between treatments. Short-term safety and tolerability were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on least square means ratios (90% confidence intervals), during darunavir and ketoconazole co-administration, darunavir area under the curve (AUC(12h)), maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and minimum plasma concentration (C(min)) increased by 155% (80, 261), 78% (28, 147) and 179% (58, 393), respectively, compared with treatment with darunavir alone. Darunavir AUC(12h), C(max) and C(min) increased by 42% (23, 65), 21% (4, 40) and 73% (39, 114), respectively, during darunavir/ritonavir and ketoconazole co-administration, relative to darunavir/ritonavir treatment. Ketoconazole pharmacokinetics was unchanged by co-administration with darunavir alone. Ketoconazole AUC(12h), C(max) and C(min) increased by 212% (165, 268), 111% (81, 144) and 868% (544, 1355), respectively, during co-administration with darunavir/ritonavir compared with ketoconazole alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in darunavir exposure by ketoconazole was lower than that observed previously with ritonavir. A maximum ketoconazole dose of 200 mg day(-1) is recommended if used concomitantly with darunavir/ritonavir, with no dose adjustments for darunavir/ritonavir.
authors.affiliation: Tibotec Inc., 1020 Stony Hill Road, Yardley, PA 19067, USA. vsekar@tibus.jnj.com
authors.forename: Vanitha J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Sekar
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lefebvre
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Pauw
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vangeneugden
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoetelmans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D000069454:Darunavir; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D013449:Sulfonamides; D019438:Ritonavir; D007654:Ketoconazole; D000069454:Darunavir