title: Carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in a prospective study of French women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diets high in carbohydrates may result in chronically elevated insulin concentrations and may affect breast cancer risk by stimulation of insulin receptors or through insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)-mediated mitogenesis. Insulin response to carbohydrate intake is increased in insulin-resistant states such as obesity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to evaluate carbohydrate intake, glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load (GL) and subsequent overall and hormone-receptor-defined breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort analysis of dietary carbohydrate and fiber intakes was conducted among 62 739 postmenopausal women from the E3N French study who had completed a validated dietary history questionnaire in 1993. During a 9-y period, 1812 cases of pathology-confirmed breast cancer were documented through follow-up questionnaires. Nutrients were categorized into quartiles and energy-adjusted with the regression-residual method. Cox model-derived relative risks (RRs) were adjusted for known determinants in breast cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary carbohydrate and fiber intakes were not associated with overall breast cancer risk. Among overweight women, we observed an association between GI and breast cancer (RR(Q1-Q4): 1.35; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.82; P for trend = 0.04). For women in the highest category of waist circumference, the RR(Q1-Q4) was 1.28 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.67; P for trend = 0.10) for carbohydrates, 1.35 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.75; P for trend = 0.01) for GI, and 1.37 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.77; P for trend = 0.003) for GL. We also observed a direct association between carbohydrate intake, GL, and estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rapidly absorbed carbohydrates are associated with postmenopausal breast cancer risk among overweight women and women with large waist circumference. Carbohydrate intake may also be associated with estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, ERI 20, EA 4045, and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lajous
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Boutron-Ruault
authors.forename: Alban
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fabre
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Clavel-Chapelon
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Romieu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight; D017698:Postmenopause; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D007328:Insulin; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I