title: Multi-targeted prevention and therapy of cancer by proanthocyanidins.
abstract: In recent years, a considerable emphasis has been focused on the importance of the naturally available botanicals that can be consumed in an individual's everyday diet and that can also be useful as a chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agent for certain diseases, including cancers. A wide variety of botanicals, mostly dietary flavonoids or polyphenolic substances, have been reported to possess substantial anti-carcinogenic and antimutagenic activities because of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Proanthocyanidins are considered as one of them, and are abundantly available in various parts of the plants, such as fruits, berries, bark and seeds. Their modes of action were evaluated through a number of in vitro and in vivo studies which showed their potential role as anti-carcinogenic agent. We summarize and highlight the latest developments on anti-carcinogenic activities of proanthocyanidins from different sources, specifically from grape seeds, and their molecular targets, such as NF-kappaB, mitogen-activated protein kinases, PI3K/Akt, caspases, cytokines, angiogenesis and cell cycle regulatory proteins and other check points, etc. Although the bioavailability and metabolism data on proanthocyanidins is still largely unavailable, certain reports indicate that at least monomers and smaller oligomeric procyanidins are absorbed in the gut. The modulation of various molecular targets by proanthocyanidins in vitro and in vivo tumor models suggests their importance, contribution and mechanism of action to the prevention of cancers of different organs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670, University Boulevard, Volker Hall 557, PO Box 202, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Vijayalakshmi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nandakumar
authors.forename: Tripti
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Santosh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Katiyar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001682:Biological Availability; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; C511402:Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins