title: Symptoms of influenza virus infection in hospitalized patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During influenza outbreaks, fever and cough are the most accurate symptoms in predicting influenza virus infection in the community.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the usefulness of fever, cough, and other symptoms for diagnosing influenza virus infection in hospitalized patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three wards (pulmonology, internal medicine and infectious diseases, and geriatrics) of a tertiary care hospital in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients staying in the wards during peak national influenza activity in the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 influenza seasons.
  
  
  METHODS
  During peak influenza activity, the presence of fever, cough, and/or other symptoms possibly associated with influenza was monitored for all patients, and nose and throat swab samples were taken twice weekly for virologic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 264 patients, 23 (9%) tested positive for influenza virus. The positive predictive value of fever and cough for the diagnosis of influenza virus infection was 23% (95% confidence interval, 0%-62%), and the sensitivity was 35% (95% confidence interval, 11%-58%). The combination of symptoms with the highest positive predictive value (40%) was that of cough, chills, and obstructed nose or coryza. The combination of cough and chills or fever had the highest sensitivity (60%). None of the combinations of symptoms had both a positive predictive value and a sensitivity higher than 40%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the sensitivity and the positive predictive value of fever, cough, and/or other symptoms for the diagnosis of influenza virus infection in hospitalized patients are low. The use of these common symptoms for treatment decisions and infection control management will probably be insufficient to contain a nosocomial outbreak, because many influenza cases will remain unidentified.
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Str. 6.131, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85 500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. c.vandendool@umcutrecht.nlreferences
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van den Dool
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wallinga
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: van Loon
authors.forename: J W J
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lammers
authors.forename: M J M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bonten
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003371:Cough / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires