title: Role of imidacloprid in integrated pest management of California citrus.
abstract: Portions of three commercial citrus orchards were treated for 1 yr with foliar imidacloprid or for 2 yr with a systemic formulation in a replicated plot design to determine the impact of this neonicotinoid on the San Joaquin Valley California citrus integrated pest management (IPM) program. Foliar-applied imidacloprid had little effect on California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell); cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell; or citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), populations. Short-term suppression of the parasitoids Aphytis melinus DeBach and Comperiella bifasciata Howard; vedalia, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant); and the predacious mite Euseius tularensis (Congdon) were observed. Suppression of natural enemies allowed scales and mites to maintain higher populations in the treated areas compared with the nontreated areas. Thus, foliar imidacloprid did not exhibit control of these citrus pest species, and it disrupted biological control. Systemically applied imidacloprid suppressed California red scale and citricola scale populations 2-3 mo after treatment. Suppression of parasitoids of the California red scale also was observed. Thus, treatments of systemic imidacloprid applied in areawide management programs for invasive pests would provide a benefit of California red scale and citricola scale suppression. However, this treatment provided only single-season control of citricola scale, it was somewhat disruptive of biological control, and it did not suppress densities of either scale as low as a treatment of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos for citricola scale or the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen for California red scale. Insecticides with longer periods of efficacy and greater IPM compatibility than imidacloprid should be used for a sustainable IPM approach in California citrus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. bethgc@uckac.edu
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Grafton-Cardwell
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Robillard
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gorden
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002140:California; D002957:Citrus / Q000469:parasitology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007313:Insecta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; C082359:imidacloprid