title: Enrichment and characterization of marine anammox bacteria associated with global nitrogen gas production.
abstract: Microbiological investigation of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria has until now been restricted to wastewater species. The present study describes the enrichment and characterization of two marine Scalindua species, the anammox genus that dominates almost all natural habitats investigated so far. The species were enriched from a marine sediment in the Gullmar Fjord (Sweden) using a medium based on Red Sea salt. Anammox cells comprised about 90% of the enrichment culture after 10 months. The enriched Scalindua bacteria displayed all typical features known for anammox bacteria, including turnover of hydrazine, the presence of ladderane lipids, and a compartmentalized cellular ultrastructure. The Scalindua species also showed a nitrate-dependent use of formate, acetate and propionate, and performed a formate-dependent reduction of nitrate, Fe(III) and Mn(IV). This versatile metabolism may be the basis for the global distribution and substantial contribution of the marine Scalindua anammox bacteria to the nitrogen loss from oxygen-limited marine ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van de Vossenberg
authors.forename: Jayne E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rattray
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Geerts
authors.forename: Boran
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kartal
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Niftrik
authors.forename: Elly G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: van Donselaar
authors.forename: Jaap S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sinninghe Damsté
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strous
authors.forename: Mike S M
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Jetten
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005561:Formates / Q000378:metabolism; D020459:Genes, rRNA; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000378:metabolism; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D008345:Manganese / Q000378:metabolism; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010802:Phylogeny; D011422:Propionates / Q000378:metabolism; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D005561:Formates; D006834:Hydrazines; D008055:Lipids; D009566:Nitrates; D011422:Propionates; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; C030544:formic acid; C029424:hydrazine; D008345:Manganese; D007501:Iron; D009584:Nitrogen; D019342:Acetic Acid