title: Computerizing medical records in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study reports the current status of computerizing medical records in Japan. In 2001, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare formulated the Grand Design for the Development of Information Systems in the Healthcare and Medical Fields. The Grand Design stated a numerical target for "spreading the use of electronic medical records (EMR) in at least 60% of Japan's hospitals with 400 or more beds by 2006." The objective of this study was to examine the extent to which EMR and order entry systems (OES) have been adopted as of February 2007 and to evaluate the Japanese government's policy regarding the computerization of medical records.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a postal survey targeting medical institutions throughout Japan. In February 2007, we mailed self-administered questionnaires to all 1574 hospitals with 300 or more beds, and to a random selection of 1000 hospitals with less than 300 beds in addition to 4000 clinics. Responses were received from 812 (51.6%), 504 (50.5%), and 1769 (44.8%), respectively. We asked questions concerning: (i) the extent to which EMR and OES had been introduced; (ii) the reasons why certain institutions had not introduced EMR and (iii) the subjective evaluation of the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of EMR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of institutions that had introduced EMR as of February 2007 was 10.0% for hospitals and 10.1% for clinics. Even the percentage for hospitals with 400 or more beds was just 31.2%, illustrating that the government's target had not been reached. The most common reason given for not introducing EMR was: "The cost is high" which was observed in 82.0% of hospitals. It was considered that the introduction of EMR could improve 'inter-hospital networks', and 'time efficiency for physicians' by around 45% and 25% of hospitals, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Healthcare information computerization in Japan is behind schedule because the introductory costs are high. For the computerization of healthcare information to be further promoted, prices of EMR systems should be lowered to a level which individual hospitals can afford. Furthermore, the communication between EMR systems should be further standardized to secure functional and semantic interoperability in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Management and Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan. yasunagah-jyo@h.u-tokyo.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yasunaga
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imamura
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamaki
authors.forename: Hiroyoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Endo
mesh_terms: D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006276:Health Facility Size; D007564:Japan; D050316:Medical Order Entry Systems / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires