title: Reverse engineering of force integration during mitosis in the Drosophila embryo.
abstract: The mitotic spindle is a complex macromolecular machine that coordinates accurate chromosome segregation. The spindle accomplishes its function using forces generated by microtubules (MTs) and multiple molecular motors, but how these forces are integrated remains unclear, since the temporal activation profiles and the mechanical characteristics of the relevant motors are largely unknown. Here, we developed a computational search algorithm that uses experimental measurements to 'reverse engineer' molecular mechanical machines. Our algorithm uses measurements of length time series for wild-type and experimentally perturbed spindles to identify mechanistic models for coordination of the mitotic force generators in Drosophila embryo spindles. The search eliminated thousands of possible models and identified six distinct strategies for MT-motor integration that agree with available data. Many features of these six predicted strategies are conserved, including a persistent kinesin-5-driven sliding filament mechanism combined with the anaphase B-specific inhibition of a kinesin-13 MT depolymerase on spindle poles. Such conserved features allow predictions of force-velocity characteristics and activation-deactivation profiles of key mitotic motors. Identified differences among the six predicted strategies regarding the mechanisms of prometaphase and anaphase spindle elongation suggest future experiments.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell and Computational Biology, Center for Genetics and Development, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. rwollman@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wollman
authors.forename: Gul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Civelekoglu-Scholey
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Scholey
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mogilner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019295:Computational Biology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology*; D008938:Mitosis; D008954:Models, Biological; D020409:Molecular Motor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020409:Molecular Motor Proteins