title: The impact of disclosure on donor gamete participants: donors, intended parents and offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present review examines recent publications that provide insight into how the trend toward nonanonymity and disclosure in gamete donation impacts donors, intended parents, and their donor-conceived children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent findings show an increase in donor programs that offer open-identity between donors and offspring. The psychological needs of gamete donors and their attitudes toward disclosure are increasingly given consideration. Qualitative research on how parents of donor gamete offspring make decisions about disclosure reveals that even when couples initially disagree about disclosing to offspring, most ultimately come to a united disclosure decision. The literature on the impact of disclosure on donor gamete offspring has extended to include children conceived through embryo donation and children born as a result of surrogacy. The absence of genetic or gestational link between parents and their child does not have a negative impact on parent-child relationships. Parents through surrogacy tend to disclose the method of family creation to their child, whereas parents through embryo donation tend to be secretive about their child's origins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The trend toward greater openness in gamete donation has been accompanied by an increase in programs offering open-identity donation. In addition, the psychological needs of gamete donors and their attitudes toward disclosure are increasingly being given consideration. Parents of donor gamete offspring give careful thought to their disclosure decisions, and the psychological well being of donor-conceived children does not seem to be impacted by those decisions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. Dorothy.greenfeld@yale.edu
authors.forename: Dorothy A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Greenfeld
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D033001:Directed Tissue Donation; D005260:Female; D030661:Genetic Privacy; D006801:Humans; D007316:Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous; D008297:Male; D018587:Oocyte Donation; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D033283:Patient Access to Records