title: Fatal and non-fatal food injuries among children (aged 0-14 years).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify and characterize food items with high risk of airway obstruction in children younger than 15 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study collected injury data from 1989 to 1998 for 26 pediatric hospitals in the United States and Canada. Aspiration, choking, ingestion, and insertion injuries due to food items were analyzed. The data included 1429 infants and children. Results were compared with fatality data published by the American Association of Pediatrics in 1984.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 10 food objects with the highest frequency for both injuries and fatalities were identified. Peanuts caused the highest frequency of injury, and hot dogs were most often associated with fatal outcomes. The severity of respiratory distress prior to hospital evaluation varied for different foods. Age younger than 3 years was the highest-risk factor. Key characteristics such as bite size, shape, and texture were analyzed and found to demonstrate relationships with severity of clinical outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children younger than 3 years remain at greatest risk of food injury and death. We found that hard, round foods with high elasticity or lubricity properties, or both, pose a significant level of risk. Consideration of the key characteristics of the most hazardous foods may greatly decrease airway obstruction injuries. Food safety education can help pediatricians and parents select, process, and supervise appropriate foods for children younger than 3 years to make them safer for this highest-risk population.
authors.affiliation: Intertek, Oak Brook, IL 60523, USA. bob.altkorn@intertek.com
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Altkorn
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milkovich
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stool
authors.forename: Gene
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rider
authors.forename: C Martin
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Keith H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Riding
authors.forename: Seth M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pransky
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Reilly
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005502:Food / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D053120:Respiratory Aspiration / Q000150:complications