title: Improvement of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes after long-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of long-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) on cardiovascular risk factors such as hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, and proinflammatory cytokine levels have not been assessed so far in type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed the levels of HbA(1c), serum lipids, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) at 0, 2, and 30 weeks after CSII in 15 patients with type 2 diabetes (mean age, 53.3+/-10.1 years; disease duration, 9.4+/-5.3 years) without previous history of major cardiovascular events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At week 30, CSII significantly lowered HbA(1c) by 5.0+/-0.9% compared to baseline (7.9+/-1.9%, p<0.001) and improved high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc; 1.09+/-0.16 at baseline vs 1.25+/-0.15 mmol/L at week 30; p<0.05) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc)/HDLc ratios (2.8+/-1.4 at baseline vs 2.2+/-0.9 at week 30; p<0.05). CSII also decreased the proportion of patients with dyslipidaemia at week 30. At baseline, TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels were up-regulated (2.65+/-4.04 and 2.82+/-1.81 pg/mL, respectively) compared to the normal control (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively); however, cytokine levels decreased significantly at week 30 (1.44+/-2.25 and 1.99+/-1.05 pg/mL, respectively; p=NS vs control).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term CSII alone decreased cardiovascular risk factors in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, suggesting that the synchronization of sufficient insulin peaks with meal ingestion and continuous pulsatile infusion of basal insulin corrects metabolic derangements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yun-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.forename: Se-Myung
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eun-Ju
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Do-Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyunil
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jun-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ju-Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: So-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ja-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.forename: Jun-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: In-Ja
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Soo-Bong
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008055:Lipids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha