title: Role of dipicolinic acid in the germination, stability, and viability of spores of Bacillus subtilis.
abstract: Spores of Bacillus subtilis spoVF strains that cannot synthesize dipicolinic acid (DPA) but take it up during sporulation were prepared in medium with various DPA concentrations, and the germination and viability of these spores as well as the DPA content in individual spores were measured. Levels of some other small molecules in DPA-less spores were also measured. These studies have allowed the following conclusions. (i) Spores with no DPA or low DPA levels that lack either the cortex-lytic enzyme (CLE) SleB or the receptors that respond to nutrient germinants could be isolated but were unstable and spontaneously initiated early steps in spore germination. (ii) Spores that lacked SleB and nutrient germinant receptors and also had low DPA levels were more stable. (iii) Spontaneous germination of spores with no DPA or low DPA levels was at least in part via activation of SleB. (iv) The other redundant CLE, CwlJ, was activated only by the release of high levels of DPA from spores. (v) Low levels of DPA were sufficient for the viability of spores that lacked most alpha/beta-type small, acid-soluble spore proteins. (vi) DPA levels accumulated in spores prepared in low-DPA-containing media varied greatly between individual spores, in contrast to the presence of more homogeneous DPA levels in individual spores made in media with high DPA concentrations. (vii) At least the great majority of spores of several spoVF strains that contained no DPA also lacked other major spore small molecules and had gone through some of the early reactions in spore germination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular, Microbial and Structural Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3305, USA.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magge
authors.forename: Amanda C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Granger
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Wahome
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Setlow
authors.forename: Venkata R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Vepachedu
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Loshon
authors.forename: Lixin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: De
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yong-Qing
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Setlow
mesh_terms: D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D050296:Microbial Viability; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010848:Picolinic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D010848:Picolinic Acids; C101656:SleB protein, Bacillus; C030069:spore-specific proteins, Bacillus; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C082565:dipicolinic acid synthetase, Bacillus subtilis; C433796:CwlJ protein, Bacillus subtilis; D006867:Hydrolases; D000581:Amidohydrolases; C004860:dipicolinic acid