title: Bloodstream infections among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adult patients: epidemiology and risk factors for mortality.
abstract: This study was undertaken to describe the epidemiology and sensitivity pattern of pathogens causing community-acquired (CA) and nosocomial (N) bloodstream infection (BSI) in adult HIV-infected patients and to establish risk factors for mortality. The type of study was a retrospective analysis of BSI episodes prospectively collected through a blood culture surveillance program from January 1991 to December 2006. We used non-conditional logistic regression methods with death as a dependent variable. One thousand and seventy-seven episodes of BSI (6%) occurred in HIV-infected patients out of 16,946 episodes during the period of study. CA and N BSI were 634 (59%) and 443 (41%) respectively. S. pneumoniae and S. aureus were the most frequent pathogens (n = 279, 44%) in CA BSI. Coagulase-negative staphylococci and S. aureus were the most frequent micro-organisms isolated in N cases (n = 169, 38%). Cotrimoxazole resistance was common in CA and N BSI and was caused by gram-negative bacilli (50% and 61% respectively). However, resistance rates to ceftriaxone were low (3%). Crude mortality accounted for 140 cases (13%). The independent risk factors associated with mortality were: liver cirrhosis (OR: 2.90, p = 0.001), corticosteroids treatment (OR: 3.51, p < 0.001), neutropenia (OR: 2.21, p = 0.02), inappropriate empirical therapy (OR: 2.44, p = 0.006), and isolate of C. albicans (OR: 7.58, p = 0.010). BSI in adult HIV-infected patients was often caused by gram-positive pathogens in both CA and N settings. Inappropriate empirical therapy and the presence of other immunosuppressive factors were independent risk factors for mortality. Ceftriaxone could be used as the initial empiric therapy for HIV-infected patients with suspected CA BSI.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. mortega@clinic.ub.es
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Almela
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soriano
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marco
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peñarroja
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mensa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors