title: Prenatal psychosocial stress exposure is associated with insulin resistance in young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to examine the association in humans between maternal psychosocial stress exposure during pregnancy and measures of glucose-insulin metabolism in the adult offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy young adults whose mothers experienced major stressful life events during their pregnancy (n = 36, prenatal stress, PS group, mean age 25 +/- 5.14 [SD] years) and a comparison group (n = 22, CG, mean age 24 +/- 3.7 [SD] years) underwent an oral glucose tolerance test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glucose levels were not significantly different across the groups; however, prenatally stressed subjects showed significantly elevated 2-hour insulin (P = .01) and C-peptide levels (P = .03). These differences were independent of other major risk factors for insulin resistance, including birth phenotype (birthweight, length of gestation), a family history of diabetes, gestational diabetes, body mass index, proinflammatory state, and smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher insulin responses reflect relative insulin resistance in these prenatally stressed young adults. This study is the first to provide evidence for a link in humans between prenatal psychosocial stress exposure and alterations in glucose-insulin metabolic function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Germany.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Entringer
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wüst
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumsta
authors.forename: Irmgard M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Layes
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Dirk H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Hellhammer
authors.forename: Pathik D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Wadhwa
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin