title: Impact of different tongue cleaning methods on the bacterial load of the tongue dorsum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the extent and duration of the effect of tongue cleaning procedures on bacterial load on the dorsal surface of the tongue.
  
  
  METHODS
  19 subjects participated in this blinded crossover study. Subjects abstained from oral hygiene, eating and drinking from 22:00 h the previous evening. Tongue samples were collected at baseline and within 15 minutes of one of three procedures: teeth brushing alone; teeth brushing plus tongue scraping; teeth brushing plus tongue cleaning using a high speed vacuum ejector and irrigation with 20 ml antibacterial mouthwash. Subjects then brushed twice daily for 3 days apart from the second group who additionally scraped their tongue twice daily. On day 4, baseline and post-treatment samples were collected as per day 1. Bacteria (total anaerobes, Gram-negative anaerobes, VSC-producing bacteria and Streptococcus saliuarius) were enumerated using appropriate selective media.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tongue dorsum was colonized by all 4 bacterial categories (log(10) 6-8 cfu/sample). For subjects who brushed their teeth only, there was a significant reduction from baseline for S. saliuarius only. In contrast, tooth brushing plus tongue scraping resulted in statistically significant reductions from baseline for all bacterial categories (range log(10) 0.11-0.40 cfu/sample). Highly statistically significant reductions (log(10) 1.11-1.96 cfu/sample) were observed for subjects who underwent thorough tongue cleaning with the saliva ejector/mouthwash. To determine longevity of treatment effects, baseline bacterial loads for days 1 and 4 were compared. Only daily tongue scraping resulted in statistical significant reduction in baseline microbial loads on day 4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While mechanical tongue cleaning with or without chemical intervention can reduce bacterial load on the tongue, this effect is transient, and regular tongue cleaning is required to provide a long lasting (overnight) reduction in bacterial numbers. Nevertheless, tongue cleaning is an oral hygiene procedure that is little practiced due to discomfort and/or lack of awareness on the part of dental professionals and their patients.
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Weybridge, UK.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bordas
authors.forename: Rod
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McNab
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Staples
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kanapka
authors.forename: Marylynn P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bosma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care; D005260:Female; D006209:Halitosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors; D014059:Tongue / Q000382:microbiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome