title: Ginsenoside Rb1 reduces neurodegeneration in the peri-infarct area of a thromboembolic stroke model in non-human primates.
abstract: Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1), a major component of the traditional herb ginseng, has been reported to show a neuroprotective effect in a rodent ischemic model. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of GRb1 on early and delayed brain injuries in a non-human primate thromboembolic stroke model. Thromboembolic stroke was induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery by injection of an autologous blood clot into the left internal carotid artery. GRb1 (300 microg/kg per day, i.v.) and vehicle were administered from 7 days before embolization to the day following embolization (total: 8 times). Neurological deficits were observed at 1, 6, and 24 h and at 2, 4, and 7 days after embolization. At 7 days after embolization, neuron damage in the peri-infarct area and core region were assessed by NeuN, TUNEL, and GFAP staining. GRb1 improved the skeletal muscle coordination score of the neurologic deficits (median: GRb1 vs vehicle = 10 vs 12, P<0.05). In the GRb1 group, positive neurons expressed by NeuN staining were noted in the ischemic peri-infarct area, and TUNEL- and GFAP-positive cells significantly decreased, when compared with vehicle. These results demonstrated that GRb1 ameliorated both early and delayed injuries in the thromboembolic stroke model in non-human primates.
authors.affiliation: Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories (SNBL), Ltd., Japan. yoshikawa-tetsuya@snbl.co.jp
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akiyoshi
authors.forename: Teruo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Susumu
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tokado
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuzaki
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Samukawa
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwao
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D001259:Ataxia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C442759:ginsenoside Rb1