title: Interactively variable isotropic resolution in computed tomography.
abstract: An individual balancing between spatial resolution and image noise is necessary to fulfil the diagnostic requirements in medical CT imaging. In order to change influencing parameters, such as reconstruction kernel or effective slice thickness, additional raw-data-dependent image reconstructions have to be performed. Therefore, the noise versus resolution trade-off is time consuming and not interactively applicable. Furthermore, isotropic resolution, expressed by an equivalent point spread function (PSF) in every spatial direction, is important for the undistorted visualization and quantitative evaluation of small structures independent of the viewing plane. Theoretically, isotropic resolution can be obtained by matching the in-plane and through-plane resolution with the aforementioned parameters. Practically, however, the user is not assisted in doing so by current reconstruction systems and therefore isotropic resolution is not commonly achieved, in particular not at the desired resolution level. In this paper, an integrated approach is presented for equalizing the in-plane and through-plane spatial resolution by image filtering. The required filter kernels are calculated from previously measured PSFs in x/y- and z-direction. The concepts derived are combined with a variable resolution filtering technique. Both approaches are independent of CT raw data and operate only on reconstructed images which allows for their application in real time. Thereby, the aim of interactively variable, isotropic resolution is achieved. Results were evaluated quantitatively by measuring PSFs and image noise, and qualitatively by comparing the images to direct reconstructions regarded as the gold standard. Filtered images matched direct reconstructions with arbitrary reconstruction kernels with standard deviations in difference images of typically between 1 and 17 HU. Isotropic resolution was achieved within 5% of the selected resolution level. Processing times of 20-100 ms per frame allow for interactive use.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lapp
authors.forename: Yiannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kyriakou
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kachelriess
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilharm
authors.forename: Willi A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Kalender
mesh_terms: D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012015:Reference Standards; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*