title: Partial and severe factor XI deficiency in South Australia and the usefulness of factor XI mutation analysis for diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To correlate the presence or absence of a factor XI gene mutation with factor XI activity in patients with severe or partial reduction in factor XI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients previously found to have reduced factor XI levels were recalled for repeat testing and factor XI genetic analysis. Also, during the 18 month study period, any routine patient found to have an isolated reduced or low normal factor XI level had factor XI genetic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two cases were studied and 11 with factor XI from <2 to 57 U/dL (reference 55-130 U/dL), were found to have a factor XI gene mutation. Gene sequencing identified 15 different mutations, with four patients found to be compound heterozygotes. One patient with no bleeding history had a novel polymorphism which family studies showed was not associated with his low factor XI. No factor XI gene abnormality was detected in 10 patients and they have either acquired causes of deficiency or factor XI levels in the lower portion of the normal range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic analysis of the factor XI gene is important to confirm or exclude inherited causes of factor XI deficiency, especially when the reduction is mild.
authors.affiliation: Haematology Division, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia. elizabeth.duncan@imvs.sa.gov.au
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Graeme J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Fenech
authors.forename: Nancy V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Lerda
authors.forename: Cheryl R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: Szu-Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chunilal
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: John V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Lloyd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D002648:Child; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D005172:Factor XI / Q000235:genetics*; D005173:Factor XI Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D012016:Reference Values; D013021:South Australia
chemical_list: D005172:Factor XI