title: The incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in trauma patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We measured the incidence and risk factors for contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in trauma patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective review of a prospectively collected trauma database. We studied injured patients who received a contrast-enhanced computer tomography with an initial and repeat serum creatinine after 48 h. Exclusion criteria were patients on dialysis. CIN was defined as a 25% rise in creatinine or an increase in creatinine > or =0.5 mg/dl from baseline 48 h after contrast. Data were reported as means+/-SD. Group comparisons were made by Fisher's exact test or Student's t-test (alpha=0.05, two tails).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 235 patients were studied with an average age of 44+/-20 (13-92 years) (80% men), 79% of whom had blunt injuries. CIN incidence was 5.1% [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.9-8.8%]. No patients in the CIN or non-CIN groups died, or required in-patient/chronic dialysis. CIN patients were significantly (P=0.003) older (61 vs. 43 years). For age > or =75 years, the relative risk was 7.7 and the number needed to harm was 5. An elevated creatinine (more than 1.5 mg/dl) was significantly (P=0.007) associated with CIN. For creatinine greater than 1.5 mg/dl, the relative risk was 6.4 and the number needed to harm was 6. CIN was significantly (P=0.02) more likely in patients with glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m. We found no significant (P>0.05) difference in base-deficit, lactate, and Injury Severity Score between CIN and non-CIN patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a 5.1% incidence of CIN in trauma patients exposed to intravenous contrast. Elderly and trauma patients with low glomerular filtration rate were especially predisposed to CIN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, New York 11203, USA. antonia424@earthlink.net
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hipp
authors.forename: Shoma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Rich
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003287:Contrast Media; D003404:Creatinine