title: Stretching to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reviewed the literature to clarify the physiological effects and benefits of, and misconceptions about, stretches used to reduce musculoskeletal disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine databases were reviewed to identify studies exploring the effectiveness of stretching to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Included studies were reviewed and their methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The physiological effects of stretches may contribute to reducing discomfort and pain. However, if other measures are not in place to remediate their causes, stretches may suppress awareness of risks, resulting in more debilitating injuries. If inadequately performed, stretches may also cause or aggravate injuries. Careful analysis and stretching program design are required before implementing stretches. Seven studies evaluating the effectiveness of stretching to prevent musculoskeletal disorders in different occupations were identified and reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The studies provided mixed findings, but demonstrated some beneficial effect of stretching in preventing work-related musculoskeletal disorders. However, due to the relatively low methodological quality of the studies available in the literature, future studies are necessary for a definite response. Future studies should minimize threats to internal and external validity, have control groups, use appropriate follow-up periods, and present a more detailed description of the interventions and worker population.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Bruno R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.forename: Edgar Ramos
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Vieira
mesh_terms: D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D052580:Muscle Stretching Exercises / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000534:rehabilitation; D059408:Pain Management; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D017010:Reminder Systems; D012984:Software; D016896:Treatment Outcome