title: The potential impact of decision role and patient age on end-of-life treatment decision making.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent research demonstrates that people sometimes make different medical decisions for others than they would make for themselves. This finding is particularly relevant to end-of-life decisions, which are often made by surrogates and require a trade-off between prolonging life and maintaining quality of life. We examine the impact of decision role, patient age, decision maker age and multiple individual differences on these treatment decisions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants read a scenario about a terminally ill cancer patient faced with a choice between an aggressive chemotherapy regimen that will extend life by two years and palliative treatments to control discomfort for one remaining month. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three decision roles (patient, physician, or an abstract other) and the scenario randomly varied whether the patient was described as 25 or 65-years old.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When deciding for a 65-year old patient, approximately 60% of participants selected aggressive chemotherapy regardless of decision role. When deciding for a 25-year old patient, however, participants were more likely to select chemotherapy for a patient (physician role) or another person (abstract other) than for themselves (70%, 67%, and 59%, respectively). In addition, confidence that powerful others (eg, physicians) control one's health, as well as respondents' age and race, consistently predicted treatment choices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient age appears to influence medical decisions made for others but not those that we make for ourselves. These findings may help to explain the discord that often occurs when younger cancer patients refuse life-extending treatments.
authors.affiliation: Center for Behavioral and Decision Sciences in Medicine, 300 North Ingalls Building, Room 7C27, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0429, USA. bzikmund@umich.edu
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Zikmund-Fisher
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Lacey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fagerlin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003657:Decision Making / Q000941:ethics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D012381:Role Playing; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000941:ethics* / Q000523:psychology