title: The effect of doxorubicin on MEK-ERK signaling predicts its efficacy in HCC.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Historically, doxorubicin (DOX) has been widely used against unresectable HCC with variable response rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  We hypothesized that DOX combined with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK-ERK) targeted therapy may provide enhanced anti-cancer effects. Human HCC cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B) were treated with DOX and MEK enzyme inhibitors, U0126 or PD184161, alone or in combination. Growth, apoptosis, and ERK expression/MEK activity were respectively determined by proliferation assay, DNA fragmentation enzyme-linked immunoassay or fluorochrome inhibitor of caspases, and Western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DOX (0.01-1 microM) decreased cell proliferation in Hep3B cells (IC(50) approximately 0.12 microM) at 48 to 72 h; DOX was less effective in HepG2 cells (IC(50) approximately 0.25 microM). At early time points (30 min) after DOX treatment of Hep3B cells, MEK activity was unchanged at low doses and decreased at higher doses; after 24 h, phospho-ERK levels increased at higher doses. Contrarily, in HepG2 cells, DOX caused a sustained, dose-dependent increase in phospho-ERK levels at early and late time points. The MEK inhibitor U0126 decreased phospho-ERK in both HCC lines. In contrast to DOX, HepG2 cells were more sensitive than Hep3B cells to U0126. The combination of DOX with U0126 (or PD184161) resulted in greater inhibition of proliferation in HepG2 but not in Hep3B cells. This effect may be mediated in part by enhanced apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of DOX on early and late induction of MEK activity predicts its chemotherapeutic response in HCC. Furthermore, this effect may also determine the utility of MEK inhibitor combination treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yip-Schneider
authors.forename: Faith
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Albertin
authors.forename: Chad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wiesenauer
authors.forename: Yufang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C Max
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D002070:Butadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C488185:2-(2-chloro-4-iodophenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluoro-5-bromobenzamide; D000814:Aniline Compounds; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D001549:Benzamides; D002070:Butadienes; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009570:Nitriles; C113580:U 0126; D004317:Doxorubicin; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases