title: Use of postpartum vaginoscopic (visual vaginal) examination of dairy cows for the diagnosis of endometritis and the association of endrometritis with reduced reproductive performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association between the findings from vaginoscopic examination of postpartum dairy cows with peripartum reproductive disease and their subsequent reproductive performance, and to determine the factors that might be associated with a positive vaginoscopic examination (VV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cows (n=1325) from 17 seasonal calving dairy herds were enrolled if they had been calved at least 7 days and had at least one of the following conditions that placed them at risk of endometritis: retained fetal membranes (RFM), dystocia, a dead calf, hypocalcaemia, twin birth, calving induction or an observed vulval discharge (VD). Examination was undertaken 28-37 days before mating start date (MSD) within each herd. All cows were body condition scored (BCS) and were VV scored on a scale of 0 (clear) to 3 (purulent). The uterus and ovaries were assessed by rectal palpation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cows with a positive VV score (1-3) were less likely to conceive to first service and had a lower pregnancy proportion than cows that had a negative VV score (score 0). Mean MSD to conception interval was longer in VV-positive cows. A positive VV score was associated with a low BCS, primiparity, intrapelvic uterus, poor uterine tone, large uterus, RFM, VD, dystocia, dead calf and twins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study a positive VV score was associated with reduced reproductive performance and was more common in primiparous and low BCS cows. Of the at-risk cows, those with RFM, VD, dystocia, dead calf or twins were more likely to have a positive VV score.
authors.affiliation: Maffra Veterinary Centre, Maffra 3860. drunciman@maffravet.com.au
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Runciman
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malmo
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology*; D004716:Endometritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D011247:Pregnancy; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014621:Vagina / Q000473:pathology