title: [Diabetic retinopathy risk factors].
abstract: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) occurs in about 95% of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and in 60% of type 2 DM patients and it is the main cause of legal blindness in adult people. The aim of this manuscript was to review the main risk factors for DR. The major environmental risk factors are hyperglycemia, high blood pressure levels, and long-term duration of DM. However, not all patients will not develop DR, suggesting the presence of a genetic predisposition to DR, especially for severe forms of DR. Special strategies has been used to evaluate the genetic role in DR. Family studies shown that there is a familial aggregation of DR. Candidates genes have been studied (RAGE; VEGF; PPAR-delta; ICAM-1; ECA; ENPP 1; eNOS) and positive or negative associations with DR were demonstrated. Some chromosomes were also associated to DR in selected populations. Finally, genetic expression studies reinforce the association of candidate genes, or participation of others genes, with the presence of DR. DR is a common complication of DM and, along with non-genetic or environmental risk factors, the identification of genes related to DR could result in more specific and efficient DR treatment.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Oftalmologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil. estevesjf@terra.com.br
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Esteves
authors.forename: Andréia F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Laranjeira
authors.forename: Murilo F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Roggia
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dalpizol
authors.forename: Caio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scocco
authors.forename: Caroline K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Mirela J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: Luís H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Canani
mesh_terms: D001766:Blindness / Q000209:etiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose