title: Vascular growth in ischemic limbs: a review of mechanisms and possible therapeutic stimulation.
abstract: Stimulation of vascular growth to treat limb ischemia is promising, and early results obtained from uncontrolled clinical trials using angiogenic agents, e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor, led to high expectations. However, negative results from recent placebo-controlled trials warrant further research. Here, current insights into mechanisms of vascular growth in the adult, in particular the role of angiogenic factors, the immune system, and bone marrow, were reviewed, together with modes of its therapeutic stimulation and results from recent clinical trials. Three concepts of vascular growth have been described to date-angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and arteriogenesis (collateral artery growth)-which represent different aspects of an integrated process. Stimulation of arteriogenesis seems clinically most relevant and has most recently been attempted using autologous bone marrow transplantation with some beneficial results, although the mechanism of action is not completely understood. Better understanding of the highly complex molecular and cellular mechanisms of vascular growth may yet lead to meaningful clinical applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: van Weel
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: van Tongeren
authors.forename: V W M
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: van Hinsbergh
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van Bockel
authors.forename: P H A
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Quax
mesh_terms: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A