title: Influence of inflammation as measured by alpha-1-acid glycoprotein on iron status indicators among HIV-positive postpartum Zimbabwean women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The acute phase response (APR) influences indicators of iron status. A recent WHO/CDC consultation recommended concurrent measurement of alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein (AGP) in surveys to control for the APR, and aid in interpreting iron status. They proposed further exploratory analyses using AGP. We examined whether the APR (measured by AGP) influences the expected relationships between iron status indicators in an HIV-infected population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF), transferrin receptor (TfR), erythropoietin (EPO) and AGP in a cross-sectional survey of 643 HIV-positive Zimbabwean women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SF was significantly higher in APR-positive (AGP>1 g/l) women (P<0.001), in whom there was no association between SF and Hb. TfR was inversely associated with Hb, in both APR-positive and APR-negative women (P<0.001). However, among anemic women (Hb<110 g/l), APR-positive women had marginally lower TfR concentrations (P=0.053). There was no difference in EPO response to decreasing Hb among APR-positive and APR-negative women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AGP captured the influence of the APR on iron indicators and their relationships with each other. The APR influenced SF and its relationship with Hb as expected. TfR behaved unexpectedly. Although TfR has been promoted as an iron indicator that is uninfluenced by the APR, TfR concentrations were depressed among anemic APR-positive women. Because TfR reflects iron deficiency and erythropoietic activity, pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with the APR may be inhibiting erythropoiesis, which is reflected by lower TfR concentrations. We support the WHO/CDC recommendation that AGP is a useful indicator to assess the influence of the APR on iron status indicators.
authors.affiliation: International Food Policy Research Institute, Food Consumption and Nutrition Division, Washington, DC 20006, USA. r.rawat@cgiar.org
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rawat
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stoltzfus
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ntozini
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mutasa
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Iliff
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Humphrey
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000150:complications*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications*; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin / Q000097:blood*; D015030:Zimbabwe
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D009961:Orosomucoid; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin; D005293:Ferritins