title: The analgesic effect of 8 and 16 mg lornoxicam administered before shock wave lithotripsy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of 2 different doses of intravenous lornoxicam for pain relief during shock wave lithotripsy (SWL).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this randomized, controlled, double-blind study, 60 ASA I-II patients undergoing SWL were randomly divided into 3 groups. Fifteen minutes before SWL, 4 mL of saline solution was given to the patients in group I, 8 mg lornoxicam in group II, and 16 mg lornoxicam in group III. All groups received 1 mcg/kg fentanyl intravenously 3 minutes before SWL. Pain scores, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation were noted before SWL, at 1 minute and every 5 minutes during the procedure. Also, additional fentanyl consumption, oxygen support requirements, time for recovery room discharge, adverse effects, and patient satisfaction were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean blood pressure, heart rate, and SpO(2) values were significantly lower in group I at 5 and 10 minutes (P < .01). The mean visual analogue scale scores and fentanyl consumption were higher in group I (P < .001). The additional meperidine requirement was higher in group I (P = .014). In group I, oxygen requirement was higher and recovery room period was longer than in the other 2 groups (P < .001), and 2 patients from group I had respiratory depression develop. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was higher in group I (P < .05). The patients' satisfaction scores were higher in groups II and III than in group I (P = .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eight milligrams of intravenously administered lornoxicam 15 minutes before SWL provides pain relief and patient satisfaction during the procedure, reducing opioid requirements as well as decreasing the incidence of side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ministry of Health, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Suna Akin
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Takmaz
authors.forename: Nurten
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inan
authors.forename: Asutay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goktug
authors.forename: Ipek
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Erdogan
authors.forename: Melih
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sunay
authors.forename: Aysegul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceyhan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D010894:Piroxicam; C059451:lornoxicam