title: Cardiac cycle-dependent left atrial dynamics: implications for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Left atrial (LA) volume determines prognosis and response to therapy for atrial fibrillation. Integration of electroanatomic maps with three-dimensional images rendered from computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to facilitate atrial fibrillation ablation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to measure LA volume changes and regional motion during the cardiac cycle that might affect the accuracy of image integration and to determine their relationship to standard LA volume measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  MRI was performed in 30 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. LA time-volume curves were generated and used to divide LA ejection fraction into pumping ejection fraction and conduit ejection fraction and to determine maximum LA volume (LA(max)) and preatrial contraction volume. LA volume was measured using an MRI angiogram and traditional geometric models from echocardiography (area-length model and ellipsoid model). In-plane displacement of the pulmonary veins, anterior left atrium, mitral annulus, and LA appendage was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LA(max) was 107 +/- 36 mL and occurred at 42% +/- 5% of the R-R interval. Preatrial contraction volume was 86 +/- 34 mL and occurred at 81% +/- 4% of the R-R interval. LA ejection fraction was 45% +/- 10%, and pumping ejection fraction was 31% +/- 10%. LA volume measurements made from MRI angiogram, area-length model, and ellipsoid model underestimated LA(max) by 21 +/- 25 mL, 16 +/- 26 mL, and 35 +/- 22 mL, respectively. Anterior LA, mitral annulus, and LA appendage were significantly displaced during the cardiac cycle (8.8 +/- 2.0 mm, 13.2 +/- 3.8 mm, and 10.2 +/- 3.4 mm, respectively); the pulmonary veins were not displaced.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LA volume changes significantly during the cardiac cycle, and substantial regional variation in LA motion exists. Standard measurements of LA volume significantly underestimate LA(max) compared to the gold standard measure of three-dimensional volumetrics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors.forename: Amit R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fatemi
authors.forename: Patrick T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: J Jason
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Adam S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Helms
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ferguson
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016279:Atrial Function, Left; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013318:Stroke Volume; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography