title: Stuttering priapism--a review of the therapeutic options.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Priapism is a urological emergency which is commonly classified into low-flow and high-flow priapism. Immediate intervention is required for low-flow cases as the development of ischaemia ultimately leads to long-term erectile dysfunction. Stuttering or recurrent priapism is less well understood. This subtype is characterised by short-lived painful erections and is commonly encountered in patients with sickle cell disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the treatment options available for stuttering priapism is presented combined with our own experience in managing this condition over a period of 25 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although numerous medical treatment options have been reported, the majority are through small trials or anecdotal reports.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stuttering priapism is a condition which is still not well understood and there is no standardised algorithm for the management of this condition. A multicentre randomised trial is required to evaluate the treatment options.
authors.affiliation: University College London Hospitals, London, UK. asif@amuneer.co.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muneer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minhas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arya
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ralph
mesh_terms: D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications; D004077:Digoxin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D005039:Etilefrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006728:Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000379:methods*; D015917:Penile Prosthesis; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011317:Priapism / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011352:Procyclidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D054199:Pseudoephedrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013726:Terbutaline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D004077:Digoxin; D054199:Pseudoephedrine; D011352:Procyclidine; D013726:Terbutaline; D005039:Etilefrine