title: Interventional procedures for biliary drainage with bilioplasty in pediatric patients: dosimetric aspects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to evaluate patient dose in paediatric liver transplant recipients treated by percutaneous biliary drainage and bilioplasty procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effective dose rates and entrance skin-dose (ESD) rates per minute of fluoroscopy were measured by using a plexiglas phantom (thickness 10 cm) simulating the patient and by varying the exposure parameters (type of pulsed fluoroscopy, image intensifier diameter, presence of diaphragms) to identify the technique delivering the lowest patient dose. In vivo measurements were performed during three interventional procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effective dose rate proved to be lowest for a particular type of pulsed fluoroscopy, with maximum magnification and with field-limiting diaphragms. The in vivo measurements showed a maximum ESD value of around 50 MGY (the threshold for transient erythema is 2,000 MGY, ICRP 60). The effective dose values were in the range of 0.9-1.5 MSV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We established exposure parameters providing the desired image quality with the lowest dose for the equipment used and for a specific type of interventional procedure. The measured ESD values allow us to exclude the risk of deterministic effects on the skin. The effective dose values and considerations regarding the likelihood of radiation-induced cancer led to the conclusion that the radiological risk for the patient is largely justified by the benefits of these kinds of procedure.
authors.affiliation: Radiologia Diagnostica Universitaria, Ospedale San Giovanni Battista, Via Genova 3, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Righi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doriguzzi
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rampado
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Savio
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Faletti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caggiula
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ropolo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gandini
mesh_terms: D001649:Bile Duct Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000601:surgery*; D001662:Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D002404:Catheterization; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002758:Cholangiography; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012189:Retrospective Studies