title: Is antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux effective in preventing pyelonephritis and renal scars? A randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There has been intense discussion on the effectiveness of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis for children with vesicoureteral reflux, and randomized, controlled trials are still needed to determine the effectiveness of long-term antibiotics for the prevention of acute pyelonephritis. In this multicenter, open-label, randomized, controlled trial, we tested the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing recurrence of pyelonephritis and avoiding new scars in a sample of children who were younger than 30 months and vesicoureteral reflux.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred patients with vesicoureteral reflux (grade II, III, or IV) diagnosed with cystourethrography after a first episode of acute pyelonephritis were randomly assigned to receive antibiotic prophylaxis with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim or not for 2 years. The main outcome of the study was the recurrence of pyelonephritis during a follow-up period of 4 years. During follow-up, the patients were evaluated through repeated cystourethrographies, renal ultrasounds, and dimercaptosuccinic acid scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The baseline characteristics in the 2 study groups were similar. There were no differences in the risk for having at least 1 pyelonephritis episode between the intervention and control groups. At the end of follow-up, the presence of renal scars was the same in children with and without antibiotic prophylaxis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis was ineffective in reducing the rate of pyelonephritis recurrence and the incidence of renal damage in children who were younger than 30 months and had vesicoureteral reflux grades II through IV.
authors.affiliation: Clinica Pediatrica, Istituto per l'Infanzia IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34100 Trieste, Italy. pennesi@burlo.trieste.it
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pennesi
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Travan
authors.forename: Leopoldo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peratoner
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bordugo
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cattaneo
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ronfani
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minisini
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ventura
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination