title: Rare causes of hematuria associated with various vascular diseases involving the upper urinary tract.
abstract: Hematuria is a commonly encountered symptom of a wide spectrum of diseases, including calculi, tumors, and vascular abnormalities. In rare cases, hematuria is caused by life-threatening vascular diseases. When hematuria is encountered, physicians sometimes fail to include vascular diseases in the differential diagnosis because of their rare association with hematuria. Likewise, radiologists often fail to do so because of the low frequency of occurrence of these diseases. Multidetector computed tomography performed with the bolus injection technique should be the first-line diagnostic test when vascular disease is suspected. Radiologists should be familiar with the various imaging findings of hematuria caused by vascular disease. They should also be familiar with the management options (including endovascular techniques) for hematuria caused by vascular disease, since in some cases affected patients can be treated with interventional procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Fukui, 23 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan. nmuraoka@u-fukui.ac.jp
authors.forename: Noriaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muraoka
authors.forename: Toyohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.forename: Hirohiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Hidemasa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uematsu
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanase
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Harumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Itoh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D035583:Rare Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*