title: In vitro and clinical evaluation of specific dentifrices for complete denture hygiene.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the physical properties of two experimental dentifrices for complete denture hygiene, their effect on denture biofilm removal and antimicrobial properties by means of a clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experimental dentifrices comprised two compositions. One was based on the addition of 1% chloramine T (D1) and the other on the presence of 0.01% fluorosurfactant (D2). Measurements of density, pH, consistency, rheological features and abrasiveness were conducted. Sixty complete denture wearers were randomly assigned to three groups and were instructed to brush their dentures with a specific toothbrush: (1) Water (control); (2) D1; or (3) D2. Each method was used for 21 days. Denture biofilm was disclosed by a 1% neutral red solution and quantified by means of digital photos taken from the internal surface. Microbiological assessment was conducted to quantify Candida sp. and mutans streptococci. Data were evaluated by one-way anova and Tukey HSD, or Kruskal-Wallis (alpha = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both dentifrices decreased biofilm coverage when compared with the control group. D1 was the most efficacious treatment to reduce mutans streptococci, whereas D2 showed an intermediate outcome (ANOVA, p < 0.040). No treatment influenced Candida albicans or non-albicans species (Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0.163 and 0.746, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It can be concluded that brushing complete dentures with the experimental dentifrices tested could be effective for the removal of denture biofilm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Heitor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Panzeri
authors.forename: Elza Helena Guimarães
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.forename: Helena de Freitas Oliveira
authors.initials: Hde F
authors.lastname: Paranhos
authors.forename: Claudia Helena
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lovato da Silva
authors.forename: Raphael Freitas
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Maria Cristina Monteiro
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: de Souza Gugelmin
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tirapelli
authors.forename: Patrícia Costa
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Ingrid Machado
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: de Andrade
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002700:Chloramines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003802:Dentifrices / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003820:Denture Cleansers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003824:Denture, Complete / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005459:Fluorides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D009499:Neutral Red; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012212:Rheology; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation; D014105:Tosyl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D002700:Chloramines; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003802:Dentifrices; D003820:Denture Cleansers; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014105:Tosyl Compounds; C016300:chloramine-T; D009499:Neutral Red; C038646:Zonyl; D005459:Fluorides