title: Pediatric illness severity measures predict delirium in a pediatric intensive care unit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delirium in children is a serious but understudied neuropsychiatric disorder. So there is little to guide the clinician in terms of identifying those at risk.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study, in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), the predictive power of widely used generic pediatric mortality scoring systems in relation to the occurrence of pediatric delirium (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four-year prospective observational study, 2002-2005. Predictors used were the Pediatric Index of Mortality (PIM) and Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM II).
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary 8-bed PICU in The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  877 critically ill children who were acutely, nonelectively, and consecutively admitted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric delirium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 877 children with mean age 4.4 yrs, 40 were diagnosed with PD (Cumulative incidence: 4.5%), 85% of whom (versus 40% with nondelirium) were mechanically ventilated. The area under the curve was 0.74 for PRISM II and 0.71 for the PIM, with optimal cut-off points at the 60th centile (PRISM: sensitivity: 76%; specificity: 62%; PIM: sensitivity: 82%; specificity: 62%). A PRISM II or PIM score above the 60th centile was strongly associated with later PD in terms of relative risk (PRISM II: risk ratio = 4.9; 95% confidence interval: 2.3-10.1; PIM: RR = 6.7; 95% confidence interval: 3.0-15.0). Given the low incidence of PD, values for positive predictive value were lower (PRISM II: 8.3%; PIM: 8.9%, rising to, respectively, 10.1% and 10.6% in mechanically ventilated patients) and values for negative predictive value were higher (PRISM II: 98.3%; PIM: 98.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the relatively low incidence of delirium, a low detection rate biased toward the most severe cases cannot be excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the fact that PIM and PRISM II are widely used mortality scoring instruments, prospective associations with PD suggest additional value for ruling in, or out, patients at risk of PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. jan.schieveld@mumc.nl
authors.forename: Jan N M
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Schieveld
authors.forename: Richel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lousberg
authors.forename: Eline
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berghmans
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Smeets
authors.forename: Piet L J M
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Leroy
authors.forename: Gijs D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.forename: Joost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicolai
authors.forename: Albert F G
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Leentjens
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003693:Delirium / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012372:ROC Curve; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index