title: Carbothermal synthesis of carbon-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron particles for the remediation of hexavalent chromium.
abstract: Nanoscale, zero-valent iron is a promising reagent for in situ reduction of a variety of subsurface contaminants, but its utility in full-scale remediation projects is limited by material costs. Iron nanoparticles (20-100 nm diameter) supported on carbon (C-Fe0) were synthesized by reacting iron salts, adsorbed or impregnated from aqueous solutions onto 80 m2/g carbon black, at 600-800 degrees C under Ar. Similar products were obtained by heating the reactants under air in a covered alumina crucible. X-ray powder diffraction patterns show that Fe3O4 particles are formed at 300-500 degrees C in the initial stage of the reaction and that these particles are reduced to a mixture of alpha- and gamma-Fe nanoparticles above 600 degrees C. When C-Fe0 was combined with carboxymethylcellulose in a 5:1 weight ratio in water, the resulting material had similar transport properties to previously optimized nanoiron/polyanion suspensions in water-saturated sand columns. At a 10:3 Fe/Cr mole ratio, C-Fe0 reduced a 10 ppm Cr(VI) solution to approximately 1 ppm within three days. The surface area normalized first-order Cr removal rate was 1.2 h(-1) m(-2) under these conditions. These results demonstrate that reactive nanoiron with good transport properties in water-saturated porous media can be made in a scalable process from inexpensive starting materials by carbothermal reduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Laura B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Hoch
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: Bianca W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Hydutsky
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hershman
authors.forename: Joanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Skluzacek
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Mallouk
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D002857:Chromium / Q000737:chemistry*; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D002857:Chromium; D002244:Carbon; D007501:Iron