title: Cryosurgery: early ultrastructural changes in liver tissue in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental observations with regard to freezing in vitro cell lines and fluid systems led to the application of low temperatures to in vivo biological systems. For the first time, this report describes the cryosurgical response of liver parenchyma and the early ultrastructural cellular changes in liver tissue, i.e., cryosurgery, in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight animals were used for the experiment. The dogs were divided into four groups. In group A, the liver tissue was frozen to -80 degrees C and in group B, to -180 degrees C. Temperatures of -80 degrees C and -180 degrees C in contact with liver tissue was selected for cryosurgical exposure. For transmission electron microscopy, the specimens were taken immediately and 1 h after the finishing of the freeze-thaw cycles intraoperatively. Further, the next specimens were taken in 24 h, this time also intraoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The electronic microscopic analysis showed that, after local cryodestruction at temperatures of -80 degrees C and -180 degrees C, similar processes occurred within the liver tissue in the early postcryosurgical phase-immediately and 1 h after cryosurgical session. The hepatocytes in the center of the cryozone changed upon thawing. Ultrastructural changes in the hepatic cells, where the first signs of dystrophic processes had been noticed, were increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our new insights prove on the cell level that suddenly and progressively damaged liver cells in the postcryosurgical zone lead to aseptic cryoaponecrosis and then to aseptic cryoapoptosis of vital normal tissue. The vascular capillary changes and circulatory stagnation demonstrate together with cryoaponecrosis and cryoapoptosis the anti-angiogenesis mechanisms, which are some of the main mechanisms of biological tissue injury following the low temperature exposure.
authors.affiliation: International Institute for Cryosurgery, Department of Surgery, Rudolfinerhaus, Vienna, Austria. Nikolai.Korpan@cryosurgrey.at
authors.forename: Nikolai N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Korpan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004285:Dogs; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply / Q000293:injuries* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic