title: Shivering heat production and core cooling during head-in and head-out immersion in 17 degrees C water.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many cold-water scenarios cause the head to be partially or fully immersed (e.g., ship wreck survival, scuba diving, cold-water adventure swim racing, cold-water drowning, etc.). However, the specific effects of head cold exposure are minimally understood. This study isolated the effect of whole-head submersion in cold water on surface heat loss and body core cooling when the protective shivering mechanism was intact.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight healthy men were studied in 17 degrees C water under four conditions: the body was either insulated or exposed, with the head either out of the water or completely submersed under the water within each insulated/exposed subcondition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Submersion of the head (7% of the body surface area) in the body-exposed condition increased total heat loss by 11% (P < 0.05). After 45 min, head-submersion increased core cooling by 343% in the body-insulated subcondition (head-out: 0.13 +/- 0.2 degree C, head-in: 0.47 +/- 0.3 degree C; P < 0.05) and by 56% in the body-exposed subcondition (head-out: 0.40 +/- 0.3 degree C and head-in: 0.73 +/- 0.6 degree C; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In both body-exposed and body-insulated subconditions, head submersion increased the rate of core cooling disproportionally more than the relative increase in total heat loss. This exaggerated core-cooling effect is consistent with a head cooling induced reduction of the thermal core, which could be stimulated by cooling of thermosensitive and/or trigeminal receptors in the scalp, neck, and face. These cooling effects of head submersion are not prevented by shivering heat production.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Health, Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. theap@shaw.ca
authors.forename: Thea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pretorius
authors.forename: Farrell
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cahill
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kocay
authors.forename: Gordon G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Giesbrecht
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007101:Immersion / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012768:Shivering / Q000502:physiology*