title: Toilet training in Turkey: the factors that affect timing and duration in different sociocultural groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to determine the patterns of toilet training and the factors that may be related to its timing and duration and the approaches of different sociocultural groups within a developing country.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional survey was performed on 745 children who live in three different sociocultural settlements. The factors that might have affected initiation and completion age and duration of toilet training were assessed with t-test, ANOVA and logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean initiation and completion ages were 22.05 +/- 6.73, 28.05 +/- 8.40 months respectively. The families living in rural and semi-urban settlements, mothers educated for less than 5 years, unoccupied mothers, children living in houses which do not have a toilet inside, families who use washable diapers, who use Turkish style toilets and who use punishment methods started training earlier. In the infants whose mothers had an education over 12 years, completion age was later than others and the earliest completion age was seen in families who used punishment method. Mean duration needed to complete toilet training was 6.84 +/- 7.16 months. The duration of training was longer in families living in rural and semi-urban settlements, mothers educated for less than 5 years, unoccupied mothers, children living in houses which do not have a toilet inside, families who use washable diapers and when the initiation was before the child was 18 months old.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Toilet training shows differences among cultures. The age of initiation may be increased as the parents are educated better and a child-orientated approach becomes more popular than the parent-orientated approach.
authors.affiliation: Ankara Numune Research and Education Hospital, Department of Family Practice, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Koc
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Camurdan
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Beyazova
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ilhan
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sahin
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002652:Child Behavior; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D041381:Diapers, Infant / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D012423:Rural Health; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014039:Toilet Training; D014421:Turkey; D014504:Urban Health