title: Treatment of ingrown toenails in the pediatric population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nail avulsion plus chemical matrixectomy (CM) using NaOH as an alternative to surgical matrixectomy (SM) has recently been used in the treatment of ingrown toenails (IGTNs) in adults. No studies exist to dictate the most effective and safe treatment method in the pediatric population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of pediatric IGTNs treated at 2 institutions for 6 years was done, looking at presentation, treatment modality, SM vs CM, and outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight hundred forty-eight IGTNs in 518 patients were reviewed with an average age of 12.5 years. Twenty-three percent were felt to be infected at the time of presentation, and 34% were being treated with antibiotics within the preceding week of surgery. Seventy-nine percent of toenails underwent surgical management with the most common procedure being avulsion plus SM (65%), followed by avulsion plus CM (17%), and avulsion alone (14%). The overall recurrence rate after initial surgery was 19.5%. After adjusting for covariates, recurrence was associated with treatment by avulsion alone (odds ratio [OR], 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-4.7), avulsion plus CM (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.7), and treatment with antibiotics within the week before surgery (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9; P = .017). The overall postoperative infection rate was 6% and was unrelated to presence of preoperative infection, use of antibiotics, or surgical treatment method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ingrown toenails present a significant problem to youth and should be addressed in a diligent fashion. Chemical matrixectomy using NaOH is a safe and effective alternative to SM and maybe associated with a lower rate of recurrence, especially when use in conjunction with preoperative antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric General Surgery, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada B3K 6R8.
authors.forename: Gaby
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Natalie L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Yanchar
authors.forename: Andrea Y S
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009263:Nails, Ingrown / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D010019:Osteomyelitis; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology