title: Aqueous humor concentration of voriconazole after topical administration in rabbits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Voriconazol is a triazole antifungal drug with in vitro fungicidal activity against all Candida spp., Fusarium spp. and Aspergillus spp. which are frequent causes of fungal keratitis depending on geographic location. We investigated the penetration of voriconazole through the cornea into the aqueous humor (AH) after topical administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 1% voriconazole solution was applied onto each rabbit's cornea. Topical drug application was processed at different time intervals: single drug application with AH sampling after 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h and 6 h. In addition, we evaluated AH samples after repeated topical application of voriconazole every 30 min after 1, 2, 4 and 6 h. Furthermore, after repeated drug application every hour, we analyzed voriconazole concentration after 2, 3, 4 and 6 h. All samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single application showed a maximum peak in AH of 3.58 microg/ml (N = 9) after 30 min. Within 3 h the concentration decreased to 0.04 microg/ml (N = 11). Application of voriconazole every half an hour revealed a peak value of 6.73 microg/ml (N = 10) after 2 h; after 4 h the value decreased to 6.19 microg/ml (N = 10) and was constant after 6 h (6.12 microg/ml, N = 6). When administrated every hour, only lower AH concentrations of voriconazole were reached with a maximum level of 2,06 microg/ml (N = 8) after four hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In AH, therapeutic drug levels that cover the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of most fungi can be reached. To achieve a sustained high level of voriconazole as an effective antifungal therapy for corneal keratitis, voriconazole should be topically administered every 30 min.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Vorwerk
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Streit
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tuchen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knop
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Behrens-Baumann
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011817:Rabbits; D014230:Triazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D065819:Voriconazole
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011743:Pyrimidines; D014230:Triazoles; D065819:Voriconazole