Multi-targeted therapy of cancer by omega-3 fatty acids.
Omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential fatty acids necessary for human health. Currently, the Western diet contains a disproportionally high amount of n-6 PUFAs and low amount of n-3 PUFAs, and the resulting high n-6/n-3 ratio is thought to contribute to cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and cancer. Studies in human populations have linked high consumption of fish or fish oil to reduced risk of colon, prostate, and breast cancer, although other studies failed to find a significant association. Nonetheless, the available epidemiological evidence, combined with the demonstrated effects of n-3 PUFAs on cancer in animal and cell culture models, has motivated the development of clinical interventions using n-3 PUFAs in the prevention and treatment of cancer, as well as for nutritional support of cancer patients to reduce weight loss and modulate the immune system. In this review, we discuss the rationale for using long-chain n-3 PUFAs in cancer prevention and treatment and the challenges that such approaches pose in the design of clinical trials.
Berquin
Isabelle M
IM
Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States.
Edwards
Iris J
IJ
Chen
Yong Q
YQ
D000818:Animals; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018529:Nutritional Support; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000378:metabolism
D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D019787:Linoleic Acid; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid