title: Frequent intravenous pulses of growth hormone together with glutamine supplementation in prolonged critical illness after multiple trauma: effects on nitrogen balance, insulin resistance, and substrate oxidation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the efficacy and metabolic effects of growth hormone substitution as intravenous pulses together with alanyl-glutamine supplementation and tight blood glucose control in prolonged critical illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective double-blind, randomized trial with open-label control arm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intensive care unit of tertiary level hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty multiple trauma patients (median Injury Severity Score 34).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized, at day 4 after trauma, to receive intravenous alanyl-glutamine supplementation (0.3 g/kg x day(-1) from day 4 until day 17) and intravenous growth hormone (administered days 7-17, full dose 50 microg/kg x day(-1) from day 10 onward) (group 1, n = 10) or alanyl-glutamine and placebo (group 2, n = 10). Group 3 (n = 10) received isocaloric isonitrogenous nutrition (proteins 1.5 g/kg x day(-1)) without alanyl-glutamine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cumulative nitrogen balance for the whole study period was -97 +/- 38 g of nitrogen for group 1, -193 +/- 50 g of nitrogen for group 2, and -198 +/- 77 g of nitrogen for group 3 (p < .001). This represents a daily saving of 300 g of lean body mass in group 1. Insulin-mediated glucose disposal, during euglycemic clamp, as a measure of insulin sensitivity, significantly worsened between days 4 and 17 in group 1 but improved in groups 2 and 3. Group 1 required significantly more insulin to control blood glucose, resulting in higher insulinemia (approximately 70 mIU in group 1 vs. approximately 25 mIU in groups 2 and 3). Despite this, growth hormone treatment caused an increase in plasma nonesterified fatty acid (approximately 0.5-0.6 mM in group 1 in comparison with approximately 0.2-0.3 mM in groups 2 and 3) but did not influence lipid oxidation. There were no differences in morbidity, mortality, or 6-month outcome among the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with frequent intravenous pulses of low-dose growth hormone together with alanyl-glutamine supplementation improves nitrogen economy in patients with prolonged critical illness after multiple trauma but worsens insulin sensitivity. Tight blood glucose control is possible but requires higher doses of insulin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, EU. fduska@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Frantisek
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Duska
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fric
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Waldauf
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pazout
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andel
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mokrejs
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tůma
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pachl
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000328:Adult; D000641:Ammonia / Q000652:urine*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000652:urine*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020551:Pulse Therapy, Drug; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004151:Dipeptides; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D000641:Ammonia; D003404:Creatinine; D009584:Nitrogen; C054122:alanylglutamine