title: Development of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay to target a novel group of ammonia-producing bacteria found in poultry litter.
abstract: Ammonia production in poultry houses has serious implications for flock health and performance, nutrient value of poultry litter, and energy costs for running poultry operations. In poultry litter, the conversion of organic N (uric acid and urea) to NH(4)-N is a microbially mediated process. The urease enzyme is responsible for the final step in the conversion of urea to NH(4)-N. Cloning and analysis of 168 urease sequences from extracted genomic DNA from poultry litter samples revealed the presence of a novel, dominant group of ureolytic microbes (representing 90% of the urease clone library). Specific primers and a probe were designed to target this novel poultry litter urease producer (PLUP) group, and a new quantitative real-time PCR assay was developed. The assay allowed for the detection of 10(2) copies of target urease sequences per PCR reaction (approximately 1 x 10(4) cells per gram of poultry litter), and the reaction was linear over 8 orders of magnitude. Our PLUP group was present only in poultry litter and was not present in environmental samples from diverse agricultural settings. This novel PLUP group represented between 0.1 to 3.1% of the total microbial populations (6.0 x 10(6) to 2.4 x 10(8) PLUP cells per gram of litter) from diverse poultry litter types. The PLUP cell concentrations were directly correlated to the total cell concentrations in the poultry litter and were found to be influenced by the physical parameters of the litters (bedding material, moisture content, pH), as well as the NH(4)-N content of the litters, based on principal component analysis. Chemical parameters (organic N, total N, total C) were not found to be influential in the concentrations of our PLUP group in the diverse poultry litters Future applications of this assay could include determining the efficacy of current NH(4)-N-reducing litter amendments or in designing more efficient treatment protocols.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Animal Waste Management Research Unit, Bowling Green, KY 42104, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rothrock
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lovanh
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sistani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification