title: Incidence and causes of critical incidents in emergency departments: a comparison and root cause analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the incidence of critical incidents in UK emergency departments (EDs) and to compare the root causes of such incidents between different EDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study with semi-structured interviews and root cause analysis was conducted over a 12-month period. It was set in EDs in two teaching hospitals and two district general hospitals in the north-west of England. A single investigator identified critical incidents by a variety of means and conducted interviews with involved members of staff. The main outcome measures were rates of occurrence of critical incidents per 1000 new patients in each ED and root cause analysis of identified critical incidents according to a predetermined system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  443 critical incidents were identified. The rate of occurrence ranged from 11.1 to 15.9 per 1000 new patients. The most common root causes underlying these critical incidents related to organisational issues outside the EDs; internal management issues; human errors relating to knowledge or task verification and execution; and issues related to patient behaviours. By contrast, technical root causes occurred infrequently. Significant differences were shown between the EDs for three types of root cause relating to organisational issues outside the EDs and internal protocol and collective behaviour issues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Critical incidents occur frequently in EDs. There are significant differences, as well as common themes, in the causes of these critical incidents between different EDs.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Hope Hospital, Salford M6 8HD, UK. martin.thomas@srft.nhs.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mackway-Jones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015588:Observer Variation; D015279:Organizational Culture; D012307:Risk Factors; D012308:Risk Management / Q000379:methods; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis