title: Preoperative prediction of the occurrence and severity of complications after esophagectomy for cancer with use of a nomogram.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Predicting the severity of complications after esophagectomy may supply important information for both patient and surgeon. The aim of the present study was to develop a nomogram based on preoperative risk factors to predict the severity of complications in patients who undergo esophagectomy for cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive series of 663 patients who underwent esophagectomy between January 1993 and August 2005 was used to develop a prognostic model. The model was validated in a second group of patients who were operated between August 2005 and November 2006. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was performed to predict the severity of complications. Diverse simple and conventional preoperative risk factors were evaluated. A nomogram was developed to enhance clinical applicability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were divided into three complication categories: those who suffered from no complications (n = 197); minor complications (n = 354); and major complications (n = 112). The following predictors remained in the model after multivariate analysis: higher age (p = 0.014); cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack (CVA/TIA) (p = 0.009) or myocardial infarction in the medical history (p = 0.066); lower forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration (FEV(1)) (p = 0.030); presence of electrocardiogram-changes (p = 0.008); and more extensive surgery (p < 0.001). A nomogram based on these variables was constructed. Overall agreement between the predicted probabilities and the observed frequencies was good in the development and the validation set.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nomogram predicts the severity of complications for individual patients and may help in informing the patient before undergoing esophagectomy for cancer and in choosing the optimal extent of surgery. When externally validated, the nomogram may play a role in risk-adjusted audit of morbidity after esophagectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. soerdlagarde@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Sjoerd M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lagarde
authors.forename: Johannes B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Reitsma
authors.forename: Anna-Karin D
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Maris
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: van Berge Henegouwen
authors.forename: Olivier R C
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obertop
authors.forename: Aelko H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Zwinderman
authors.forename: J Jan B
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Lanschot
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009426:Netherlands; D049451:Nomograms; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D011336:Probability; D012044:Regression Analysis; D020379:Risk Adjustment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate