title: Quantitation of CXCR4 expression in myocardial infarction using 99mTc-labeled SDF-1alpha.
abstract: The chemokine stromal-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha, CXCL12) and its receptor CXCR4 are implicated as key mediators of hematopoietic stem cell retention, cancer metastasis, and HIV infection. Their role in myocardial infarction (MI) is not as well defined. The noninvasive in vivo quantitation of CXCR4 expression is central to understanding its importance in these diverse processes as well in the cardiac response to injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recombinant SDF-1alpha was radiolabeled under aprotic conditions and purified by gel-filtration chromatography (GFC) using high-specific-activity 99mTc-S-acetylmercaptoacetyltriserine-N-hydroxysuccinimide ([99mTc-MAS3]-NHS) prepared by solid-phase preloading. Radiotracer stability and transmetallation under harsh conditions were quantified by GFC. Affinity, specificity, and maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) were quantified, with adenoviral-expressed CXCR4 on nonexpressing cells and endogenous receptor on rat neonatal cardiomyocytes, using a high-throughput live-cell-binding assay. Blood half-life, biodistribution, and clearance of intravenously injected [99mTc-MAS3]-SDF-1alpha were quantified in Sprague-Dawley rats before and after experimentally induced MI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  [99mTc-MAS3]-SDF-1alpha could be prepared in 2 h total with a specific activity of 8.0 x 10(7) MBq/mmol (2,166 Ci/mmol) and a radiochemical purity greater than 98%. Degradation of the radiotracer after boiling for 5 min, with and without 1 mM dithiothreitol, and transmetallation in 100% serum at 37 degrees C for 4 h were negligible. [99mTc-MAS3]-SDF-1alpha exhibits high specificity for CXCR4 on the surface of living rat neonatal cardiomyocytes, with an affinity of 2.7 +/- 0.9 nM and a Bmax of 4.8 x 10(4) binding sites per cell. After intravenous injection, 99mTc-labeled SDF-1alpha displays a blood half-life of 25.8 +/- 4.6 min, rapid renal clearance with only 26.2 +/- 6.1 percentage injected dose remaining in the carcass at 2 h, consistently low uptake in most organs (<0.1 percentage injected dose per gram), and no evidence of blood-brain barrier penetration. After MI was induced, CXCR4 expression levels in the myocardium increased more than 5-fold, as quantified using [99mTc-MAS3]-SDF-1alpha and confirmed using confocal immunofluorescence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We describe a 99mTc-labeled SDF-1alpha radiotracer that can be used as a sensitive and specific probe for CXCR4 expression in vivo and demonstrate that this radiotracer is able to quantify changes in CXCR4 expression under different physiologic and pathologic states. Taken together, CXCR4 levels should now be quantifiable in vivo in a variety of animal model systems of human diseases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Preeti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.forename: Djamel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lebeche
authors.forename: Hung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ly
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwarzkopf
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hajjar
authors.forename: Alison D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Schecter
authors.forename: John V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Frangioni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; C486264:Cxcr4 protein, rat; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; C530282:technetium 99m MAS3-SDF-1alpha