title: Severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis directly proportional to the invasiveness of endoscopic intervention: a pilot study in a canine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatitis complicates 1% - 22% of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures. The study aims were to develop a reproducible animal model of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP), and investigate the impact of endoscopic technique on severity of PEP.
  
  
  METHODS
  ERCP was carried out in six male hound dogs. Pancreatitis was induced by one of three escalating methods: 1) pancreatic acinarization with 20 - 30 mL of contrast; 2) acinarization + ductal balloon occlusion + sphincterotomy; 3) acinarization + intraductal synthetic bile injection + ductal balloon occlusion + sphincterotomy. Dogs 5 and 6 received a pancreatic stent. Necropsy was performed on postoperative day 5. All pancreatic specimens were graded by two blinded pathologists according to a validated scoring system. All dogs were compared with three control dogs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dogs 1 - 4 developed clinical pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia (11 736 vs. 722 U/L, P = 0.02). Total injury scores were significantly elevated compared with controls (6.85 vs. 1.06, P = 0.004). There was significant increase in acinar cell necrosis (0.86 vs. 0.06, P = < 0.001), and all other categories (except fibrosis) demonstrated elevated injury scores . Dogs 5 and 6 developed clinical pancreatitis without significant hyperamylasemia; total injury scores were elevated compared with controls (4.83 vs. 1.06, P = 0.01), but lower than in Dogs 1 - 4 (4.83 vs. 6.85, P = 0.25). There was escalating severity of pancreatic injury from Dogs 1 to 4 correlating with the method of endoscopic injury used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severity of PEP is directly proportional to invasiveness of endoscopic intervention. Pancreatic acinarization, even without balloon occlusion and sphincterotomy, can be used as a reliable animal model for future studies investigating therapy and prevention of disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. jbuscaglia@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Buscaglia
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Prosser
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ruben
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Giday
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Magno
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kalloo
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Kantsevoy
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Gabrielson
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Jagannath
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D010186:Pancreatic Function Tests; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D011336:Probability; D011897:Random Allocation; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index