title: Prevalence of cholecystolithiasis and its management among kidney/pancreas-transplanted type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplantation (SPK) should be the procedure of choice for (pre)uremic patients with type 1 diabetes. All standard immunosuppressive protocols for SPK include a calcineurin-inhibitor. Both calcineurin inhibitors, cyclosporine (CyA) and probably tacrolimus (FK506) too, are associated with the occurrence of cholelithiasis due to their metabolic side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the prevalence of cholelithiasis in 83 kidney/pancreas transplanted type I-diabetic patients (46 males, 37 females, mean age 42.8 +/- 7.5 years) by conventional B-mode ultrasound 5 years after transplantation. 56 patients received CyA (group 1) and 27 received tacrolimus (group 2) as first-line-immunosuppressive drug. Additional immunosuppression consisted of steroids, azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil. Additionally, laboratory analyses of cholestasis parameters (gamma-GT and alcalic phosphatasis) were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 23 patients (28%) revealed gallstones and 52 patients (62%) revealed a completely normal gallbladder. In eight patients (10%) a cholecystectomy was performed before or during transplantation because of already known gallstones. No concrements in the biliary ducts (choledocholithiasis) could be detected. In group 2 the number of patients with gallstones was slightly lower (22%) compared with group 1 patients (30%), but without statistical significance. - Cholestasis parameters were not increased and HbA1c values were normal in both groups of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of biliary disease in kidney/pancreas transplanted type I-diabetic patients with 28% is increased in comparison to the general population (10-15%). Lithogenicity under tacrolimus seems to be lower as under cyclosporine based immunosuppressive drug treatment. We recommend regular sonographical examinations to detect an acute or chronic cholecystis as early as possible, which may develop occultly in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Germany. uwe.schiemann@insel.ch
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schiemann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferhat
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Götzberger
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stief
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landgraf
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dieterle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D041761:Cholecystolithiasis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016035:Pancreas Transplantation; D015995:Prevalence; D014463:Ultrasonography