title: Using the ICF in economic analyses of Assistive Technology systems: methodological implications of a user standpoint.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper identifies key methodological issues for economic analyses of costs and effectiveness of Assistive Technology (AT) systems based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Following the biopsychosocial model of the ICF, the paper explores the consequences for cost-effectiveness analyses of AT systems when a user centred approach is taken. In so doing, the paper questions the fiction of neutrality in economic analyses and discusses the distinction between weak and strong objectivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Costs are measured as all resources used when providing a particular level of environmental facilitators and reducing environmental barriers for an AT user, while effectiveness is measured in terms of the resulting increase in activities and participation of the AT user. The ICF's fourth qualifier for activities and participation, which denotes performance without assistance is used to identify the additional performance achieved due to the particular environmental factors in the current situation (first qualifier). A fifth qualifier for activities and participation is introduced to denote performance with optimal assistance, and the fourth qualifier is then again used to identify the increase in activities and participation due to the environmental factors in the situation with optimal assistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effectiveness that an AT user achieves in his or her current situation can be compared with the effectiveness he or she could achieve when provided with what is considered an optimal AT system based on current technologies and user priorities. This comparison throws into sharp relief the role of AT systems as well as of universal design (UD) in reducing environmental barriers for AT users in a way that is cost-effective for society as a whole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cost-effectiveness analysis based on the ICF can provide powerful economic evidence for how best to allocate existing funding for AT systems. We can identify three particular scenarios in which clear recommendations can be made. In addition, cost-effectiveness analysis provides a means to identify how society can comply with its obligation towards all its members in the most cost-effective way, using a combination of AT and UD.
authors.affiliation: School of Economics and Finance and Social Justice Social Change Research Centre, University of Western Sydney, Australia. i.schraner@uws.edu.au
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schraner
authors.forename: Desleigh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Jonge
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Layton
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bringolf
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molenda
mesh_terms: D003256:Community Participation; D003363:Cost Control; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000145:classification* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D017059:Models, Econometric; D040841:Resource Allocation; D012656:Self-Help Devices / Q000191:economics*; D012931:Social Environment