title: A new model of skull base reconstruction following expanded endonasal or transoral approaches--long-term results in primates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The direct endonasal or transoral transclival approaches to the skull base permit effective minimally invasive surgery along the clivus region. Developing consistently effective techniques to prevent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and their consequences (infections and healing processes with long and complicated recoveries) remains a major challenge. In this study, we tested over a long period a method of bone reconstruction newly developed by us, which makes use of a specially designed elastic silicone plug that can be employed for bone replacement after minimally invasive skull base surgery without risk of postoperative CSF leaks. After acute testing of plug efficiency in a pig model, which showed a 100% closure of the bone defect without CSF leak, we now tested the long-term accuracy of the plugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 3 primates, we used an endoscope-controlled transoral transclival approach and after opening the dura we simulated a CSF leakage. We inserted the plug into the bone defect and closed the mucosa of the oral cavity with stitches. The follow-up included blood, weight, and wound control 1, 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively. Social behavior, such as reintegration and postoperative eating abnormalities, was also studied. The aims of this study were: (1) testing the biocompatibility of the material; (2) development of infection against the foreign body; (3) effects of the plug on the surrounding bone, and (4) development of CSF leakages during the postoperative phase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinically no infection was seen. Wound healing, immediate and long-term postoperative social behavior of the animals, feeding and body weight were normal. No CSF leakages developed. The histological examination of the clivus bone showed no abnormalities. The implant was covered by fibrous layer; there was no bone atrophy but osteoid formation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This novel medical device allows easy, fast and uncomplicated, leak-proof closure of bone defects after minimally invasive craniotomies as seen in transsphenoidal or transoral skull base approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgical Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany. charalampaki@yahoo.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Charalampaki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heimann
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kockro
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kohnen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kempski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005549:Foreign-Body Reaction; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D023421:Models, Animal; D048529:Papio hamadryas; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012828:Silicones; D019291:Skull Base / Q000166:cytology / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012828:Silicones