title: Cytogenetic status and oxidative DNA-damage induced by atorvastatin in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: standard and Fpg-modified comet assay.
abstract: To investigate the genotoxic potential of atorvastatin on human lymphocytes in vitro standard comet assay was used in the evaluation of basal DNA damage and to investigate possible oxidative DNA damage produced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) Fpg-modified version of comet assay was also conducted. In addition to these techniques the new criteria for scoring micronucleus test were applied for more complete detection of baseline damage in binuclear lymphocytes exposed to atorvastatin 80 mg/day in different time periods by virtue of measuring the frequency of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds. All parameters obtained with the standard comet assay and Fpg-modified comet assay were significantly higher in the treated than in control lymphocytes. The Fpg-modified comet assay showed a significantly greater tail length, tail intensity, and tail moment in all treated lymphocytes than did the standard comet assay, which suggests that oxidative stress is likely to be responsible for DNA damage. DNA damage detected by the standard comet assay indicates that some other mechanism is also involved. In addition to the comet assay, a total number of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds were significantly higher in the exposed than in controlled lymphocytes. Regression analyses showed a positive correlation between the results obtained by the comet (Fpg-modified and standard) and micronucleus assay. Overall, the study demonstrated that atorvastatin in its highest dose is capable of producing damage on the level of DNA molecule and cell.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. ggajski@imi.hr
authors.forename: Goran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gajski
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Garaj-Vrhovac
authors.forename: Visnja
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Orescanin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D002470:Cell Survival; D020552:Comet Assay; D003582:Cytogenetics; D004249:DNA Damage; D043382:DNA-Formamidopyrimidine Glycosylase / Q000235:genetics*; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D011758:Pyrroles; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D043382:DNA-Formamidopyrimidine Glycosylase