title: The efficacy of levobupivacaine, ropivacaine, and bupivacaine for combined psoas compartment-sciatic nerve block in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to compare postoperative analgesic efficacy, and the extent of sensory and motor blockade of levobupivacaine, ropivacaine, and bupivacaine administered in a combined psoas compartment-sciatic nerve block (PCSNB) for total hip arthroplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty under general anesthesia combined with PCSNB, were randomly assigned to receive either 50 mL levobupivacaine 3 mg/mL, 50 mL ropivacaine 4.5 mg/mL or 50 mL bupivacaine 3 mg/mL with epinephrine. Postoperative, the pain intensity at rest, the degree of motor block (Modified Bromage Scale) and the extent of sensory block (pin prick test) were recorded at 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours following initial injection in a double blind fashion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The postoperative pain intensity was low and did not differ between groups, except for a significantly lower pain intensity in group ropivacaine compared with group levobupivacaine at 4 hours. Five patients (11%), equally divided over three groups, needed parenteral rescue opiates postoperatively. The extent of sensory block was not different between the three groups. In each group the majority of patients showed no sensory block in dermatome L1. Group levobupivacaine initially showed the least motor impairment. Motor impairment was found to be significantly higher in bupivacaine group compared with both ropivacaine and levobupivacaine groups at 12 (P = 0.012) and 48 hours (P = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levobupivacaine, bupivacaine and ropivacaine are equally effective for PCSNB in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Residual pain may be due to the lack of sensory block in dermatome L1, suggesting that modification of this technique should be considered for this type of surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. ma.deleeuw@planet.nl
authors.forename: Marcel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: de Leeuw
authors.forename: Jürgen A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dertinger
authors.forename: Lenie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hulshoff
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoeksema
authors.forename: Roberto S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: Wouter W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Zuurmond
authors.forename: Jaap J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de Lange
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016658:Psoas Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine; D004837:Epinephrine