title: Clinical features and associated syndromes of mal de debarquement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical features and natural history of mal de debarquement (MdD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case review with follow-up questionnaire and telephone interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  University Neurotology Clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients seen between 1980 and 2006 who developed a persistent sensation of rocking or swaying for at least 3 days after exposure to passive motion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical features,diagnostic testing, and questionnaire responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 64 patients(75% women) identified with MdD, 34 completed follow-up questionnaires and interviews in 2006. Most patients had normal neurological exams, ENGs and brain MRIs. The average age of the first MdD episode was 39+/-13 years. A total of 206 episodes were experienced by 64 patients. Of these, 104 episodes (51%) lasted>1 month; 18%, >1 year; 15%, >2 years; 12%, >4 years, and 11%, >5 years. Eighteen patients (28%) subsequently developed spontaneous episodes of MdD-like symptoms after the initial MdD episode.There was a much higher rate of migraine in patients who went onto develop spontaneous episodes(73%) than in those who did not(22%). Subsequent episodes were longer than earlier ones in most patients who had multiple episodes.Re-exposure to passive motion temporarily decreased symptoms in most patients (66%).Subjective intolerance to visual motion increased (10% to 66%)but self-motion sensitivity did not(37% to 50%) with onset of MdD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of MdD episodes lasting longer than 3 days resolve in less than one year but the probability of resolution declines each year. Many patients experience multiple MdD episodes. Some patients develop spontaneous episodes after the initial motion-triggered episode with migraine being a risk factor.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Neurology, University of California, 710 Westwood Plaza, 951769, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. yhcha@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Yoon-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Jae
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brodsky
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ishiyama
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sabatti
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Baloh
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D004856:Postural Balance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015837:Vestibular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000932:Antiemetics