title: A novel tumor-promoting function residing in the 5' non-coding region of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) is one of the key regulators of tumor development, hence it is considered to be an important therapeutic target for cancer treatment. However, clinical trials have suggested that anti-VEGF monotherapy was less effective than standard chemotherapy. On the basis of the evidence, we hypothesized that vegf mRNA may have unrecognized function(s) in cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Knockdown of VEGF with vegf-targeting small-interfering (si) RNAs increased susceptibility of human colon cancer cell line (HCT116) to apoptosis caused with 5-fluorouracil, etoposide, or doxorubicin. Recombinant human VEGF165 did not completely inhibit this apoptosis. Conversely, overexpression of VEGF165 increased resistance to anti-cancer drug-induced apoptosis, while an anti-VEGF165-neutralizing antibody did not completely block the resistance. We prepared plasmids encoding full-length vegf mRNA with mutation of signal sequence, vegf mRNAs lacking untranslated regions (UTRs), or mutated 5'UTRs. Using these plasmids, we revealed that the 5'UTR of vegf mRNA possessed anti-apoptotic activity. The 5'UTR-mediated activity was not affected by a protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. We established HCT116 clones stably expressing either the vegf 5'UTR or the mutated 5'UTR. The clones expressing the 5'UTR, but not the mutated one, showed increased anchorage-independent growth in vitro and formed progressive tumors when implanted in athymic nude mice. Microarray and quantitative real-time PCR analyses indicated that the vegf 5'UTR-expressing tumors had up-regulated anti-apoptotic genes, multidrug-resistant genes, and growth-promoting genes, while pro-apoptotic genes were down-regulated. Notably, expression of signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) was markedly repressed in the 5'UTR-expressing tumors, resulting in down-regulation of a STAT1-responsive cluster of genes (43 genes). As a result, the tumors did not respond to interferon (IFN)alpha therapy at all. We showed that stable silencing of endogenous vegf mRNA in HCT116 cells enhanced both STAT1 expression and IFNalpha responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that cancer cells have a survival system that is regulated by vegf mRNA and imply that both vegf mRNA and its protein may synergistically promote the malignancy of tumor cells. Therefore, combination of anti-vegf transcript strategies, such as siRNA-based gene silencing, with anti-VEGF antibody treatment may improve anti-cancer therapies that target VEGF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stress Science, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Shigetada
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Teshima-Kondo
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mukaijo
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: Kensei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: Kazuhito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rokutan
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D050794:STAT1 Transcription Factor; C494079:STAT1 protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A