title: Critical role of notch signaling in osteosarcoma invasion and metastasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Notch signaling is an important mediator of growth and survival in several cancer types, with Notch pathway genes functioning as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in different cancers. However, the role of Notch in osteosarcoma is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the expression of Notch pathway genes in human osteosarcoma cell lines and patient samples. We then used pharmacologic and retroviral manipulation of the Notch pathway and studied the effect on osteosarcoma cell proliferation, survival, anchorage-independent growth, invasion, and metastasis in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Notch pathway genes, including Notch ligand DLL1, Notch1 and Notch2, and the Notch target gene HES1, were expressed in osteosarcoma cells, and expression of HES1 was associated with invasive and metastatic potential. Blockade of Notch pathway signaling with a small molecule inhibitor of gamma secretase eliminated invasion in Matrigel without affecting cell proliferation, survival, or anchorage-independent growth. Manipulation of Notch and HES1 signaling showed a crucial role for HES1 in osteosarcoma invasiveness and metastasis in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies identify a new invasion and metastasis-regulating pathway in osteosarcoma and define a novel function for the Notch pathway: regulation of metastasis. Because the Notch pathway can be inhibited pharmacologically, these findings point toward possible new treatments to reduce invasion and metastasis in osteosarcoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics Research, Children's Cancer Hospital, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Pingyu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yanwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Patrick A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Zweidler-McKay
authors.forename: Dennis P M
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D015870:Gene Expression; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000473:pathology; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D051880:Receptors, Notch / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D000072056:Transcription Factor HES-1
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D051880:Receptors, Notch; D000072056:Transcription Factor HES-1; C078493:HES1 protein, human