title: Arcuate glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors regulate glucose homeostasis but not food intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) promotes glucose homeostasis through regulation of islet hormone secretion, as well as hepatic and gastric function. Because GLP-1 is also synthesized in the brain, where it regulates food intake, we hypothesized that the central GLP-1 system regulates glucose tolerance as well.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used glucose tolerance tests and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps to assess the role of the central GLP-1 system on glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Finally, in situ hybridization was used to examine colocalization of GLP-1 receptors with neuropeptide tyrosine and pro-opiomelanocortin neurons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that central, but not peripheral, administration of low doses of a GLP-1 receptor antagonist caused relative hyperglycemia during a glucose tolerance test, suggesting that activation of central GLP-1 receptors regulates key processes involved in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Central administration of GLP-1 augmented glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and direct administration of GLP-1 into the arcuate, but not the paraventricular, nucleus of the hypothalamus reduced hepatic glucose production. Consistent with a role for GLP-1 receptors in the arcuate, GLP-1 receptor mRNA was found to be expressed in 68.1% of arcuate neurons that expressed pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA but was not significantly coexpressed with neuropeptide tyrosine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the arcuate GLP-1 receptors are a key component of the GLP-1 system for improving glucose homeostasis by regulating both insulin secretion and glucose production.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. darleen.sandoval@uc.edu
authors.forename: Darleen A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bagnol
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: D'Alessio
authors.forename: Randy J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Seeley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; C000593835:Glp1r protein, rat; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005947:Glucose