title: Optimization of headspace solid-phase microextraction for the analysis of specific flavors in enzyme modified and natural Cheddar cheese using factorial design and response surface methodology.
abstract: A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was developed using experimental designs to quantify the flavor of commercial Cheddar cheese and enzyme-modified Cheddar cheese (EMCC). Seven target compounds (dimethyl disulfide, hexanal, hexanol, 2-heptanone, ethyl hexanoate, heptanoic acid, delta-decalactone) representative of different chemical families frequently present in Cheddar cheese were selected for this study. Three types of SPME fibres were tested: Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS), polyacrylate (PA) and Carbowax/divinylbenzene (CW/DVB). NaCl concentration and temperature, as well as extraction time were tested for their effect on the HS-SPME process. Two series of two-level full factorial designs were carried out for each fibre to determine the factors which best support the extraction of target flavors. Therefore, central composite designs (CCDs) were performed and response surface models were derived. Optimal extraction conditions for all selected compounds, including internal standards, were: 50 min at 55 degrees C in 3M NaCl for CAR/PDMS, 64 min at 62 degrees C in 6M NaCl for PA, and 37 min at 67 degrees C in 6M NaCl for CW/DVB. Given its superior sensitivity, CAR/PDMS fibre was selected to evaluate the target analytes in commercial Cheddar cheese and EMCC. With this fibre, calibration curves were linear for all targeted compounds (from 0.5 to 6 microg g(-1)), except for heptanoic acid which only showed a linear response with PA fibres. Detection limits ranged from 0.3 to 1.6 microg g(-1) and quantification limits from 0.8 to 3.6 microg g(-1). The mean repeatability value for all flavor compounds was 8.8%. The method accuracy is satisfactory with recoveries ranging from 97 to 109%. Six of the targeted flavors were detected in commercial Cheddar cheese and EMCC.
authors.affiliation: Food Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 8E3, Canada.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Januszkiewicz
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sabik
authors.forename: Sorayya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Azarnia
authors.forename: Byong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000737:chemistry; D002208:Caproates / Q000737:chemistry; D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis*; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes / Q000737:chemistry; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D000441:Hexanols / Q000737:chemistry; D007659:Ketones / Q000737:chemistry; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D002208:Caproates; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D004220:Disulfides; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D000441:Hexanols; D007659:Ketones; C021181:dimethyl disulfide; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C013830:baysilon; C011917:2-heptanone; C010463:n-hexanal; C079237:ethyl hexanoate