title: Head impact severity measures for evaluating mild traumatic brain injury risk exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to quantify the sensitivity of various biomechanical measures (linear acceleration, rotational acceleration, impact duration, and impact location) of head impact to the clinical diagnosis of concussion in United States football players and to develop a novel measure of head impact severity combining these measures into a single score that better predicts the incidence of concussion.
  
  
  METHODS
  On-field head impact data were collected from 449 football players at 13 organizations (n = 289,916) using in-helmet systems of six single-axis accelerometers. Concussions were diagnosed by medical staff and later associated with impact data. Principal component analysis and a weighting coefficient based on impact location were used to transform correlated head impact measures into a new composite variable, weighted principal component score (wPCS). The predictive power of linear acceleration, rotational acceleration, head injury criterion, and wPCS was quantified using receiver operating characteristic curves. The null hypothesis, that a measure was no more predictive than guessing, was tested (alpha = 0.05). In addition, receiver operating characteristic curves for wPCS and classical measures were directly compared to test the hypothesis that wPCS was more predictive of concussion than were classic measures (alpha = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When all of the impacts were considered, every biomechanical measure evaluated was statistically more predictive of concussion than guessing (P < 0.005). However, for the top 1 and 2% of impacts based on linear acceleration, a subset that consisted of 82% of all diagnosed concussions, only wPCS was significantly more predictive of concussion than guessing (P < 0.03); when compared with each other, wPCS was more predictive of concussion than were classical measures for the top 1 and 2% of all of the data (P < 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A weighted combination of several biomechanical inputs, including impact location, is more predictive of concussion than a single biomechanical measure. This study is the first to the authors' knowledge to quantify improvements in the sensitivity of a biomechanical measure to incidence of concussion when impact location is considered.
authors.affiliation: Simbex, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Greenwald
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Gwin
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Crisco
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries*; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity