title: The association between cannabis abuse and dependence and childhood physical and sexual abuse: evidence from an offspring of twins design.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines the association between childhood physical abuse (CPA) and sexual abuse (CSA) and the development of cannabis abuse and dependence among adolescents and young adults while controlling for genetic and environmental risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  To control for familial risk differences related to paternal drug dependence that might confound the relationship between CSA and CPA and cannabis abuse/dependence, we created four groups based on father's and uncle's substance use dependence (SUD) status reflecting different degrees of genetic and environmental risks to offspring: (i) high genetic, high environmental risk; (ii) high genetic, low environmental risk; (iii) medium genetic, low environmental risk; and (iv) low genetic, low environmental risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescent and young adult offspring of monozygotic and dizygotic US military veteran twin fathers (n = 819).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on CPA and CSA, DSM-IV offspring cannabis abuse/dependence, other SUD and psychopathology and maternal and paternal SUD and psychopathology were collected via semi-structured telephone interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three per cent of the offspring sample met life-time criteria for cannabis abuse/dependence and 8.55% and 12.82% reported CSA and CPA, respectively. Offspring exposed to CSA, but not CPA, were at significantly greater risk of developing cannabis abuse/dependence compared to those who had not experienced CSA (hazard ratio = 2.16; 95% confidence interval = 1.48-3.16) after controlling for genetic and familial environmental risk and offspring gender, alcohol abuse and dependence and conduct disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that there are effects of CSA on development of cannabis abuse/dependence in addition to the genetic and familial environmental risk imparted by having a drug-dependent father.
authors.affiliation: Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. duncana@psychiatry.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Alexis E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Carolyn E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Sartor
authors.forename: Jeffrey F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Scherrer
authors.forename: Julia D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: Elliot C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Kathleen Keenan
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Bucholz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires