title: Detection of temporal lobe spikes: comparing nasopharyngeal, cheek and anterior temporal electrodes to simultaneous subdural recordings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare nasopharyngeal (NP), cheek and anterior temporal (AT) electrodes for the detection yield and localization of interictal spikes in temporal lobe epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In patients evaluated for epilepsy surgery with subdural electrocorticography electrodes, we simultaneously recorded NP, cheek and AT electrodes. Two observers identified spikes in EEG traces and marked in which channels they occurred. Interobserver agreement was calculated using Cohen's kappa. For localization, data-sets with high interobserver agreement (kappa-value 0.4) were evaluated. The subdural distribution of NP and AT spikes was mapped.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients were included, six were analyzed for localization. Only 1.5% of spikes recorded by cheek electrodes were not seen on temporal leads, while 25% of NP spikes were not seen on either. Spikes only recorded by NP electrodes had mesiobasal, while AT spikes had lateral temporal distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NP electrodes can increase EEG spike detection rate in temporal lobe epilepsy and are more useful than cheek electrodes. Spikes that are seen only on NP electrodes tend to be mesiobasal temporal lobe spikes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding NP electrodes to scalp EEG can aid interictal spike detection and source localization, especially in short recordings like MEG-EEG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, F02.201, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: G.J.M.Zijlmans@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Maeike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zijlmans
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, F02.201, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Geertjan M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Huiskamp
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, F02.201, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alexander C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van Huffelen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, F02.201, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willy P J
authors.initials: WPJ
authors.lastname: Spetgens
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, F02.201, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frans S S
authors.initials: FSS
authors.lastname: Leijten
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002610:Cheek / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D004566:Electrodes; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013355:Subdural Space / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*