title: Incorporation of large amounts of gentamicin sulphate into acrylic bone cement: effect on handling and mechanical properties, antibiotic release, and biofilm formation.
abstract: Bacterial infection remains a significant complication following total joint replacement. If infection is suspected when revision surgery is being performed, a large dose of antibiotic, usually gentamicin sulphate, is often blended with the acrylic bone cement powder in an attempt to reduce the risk of recurrent infection. In this in-vitro study the effect of small and large doses of gentamicin sulphate on the handling and mechanical properties of the cement, gentamicin release from the cement, and in-vitro biofilm formation by clinical Staphylococcus spp. isolates on the cement was determined. An increase in gentamicin loading of 1, 2, 3, or 4 g, in a cement powder mass of 40 g, resulted in a significant decrease in the compressive and four-point bending strength, but a significant increase in the amount of gentamicin released over a 72h period. When overt infection was modelled, using Staphylococcus spp. clinical isolates at an inoculum of 1 x 10(7) colony-forming units/ml, an increase in the amount of gentamicin (1, 2, 3, or 4 g) added to 40 g of poly(methyl methacrylate) cement resulted in an initial decrease in bacterial colonization but this beneficial effect was no longer apparent by 72 h, with the bacterial strains forming biofilms on the cements despite the release of high levels of gentamicin. The findings suggest that orthopaedic surgeons should carefully consider the clinical consequences of blending large doses (1 g or more per 40 g of poly(methyl methacrylate)) of gentamicin into Palacos R bone cement for use in revision surgery as the increased gentamicin loading does not prevent bacterial biofilm formation and the effect on the mechanical properties could be important to the longevity of the prosthetic joint.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK. n.dunne@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Dunne
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McAfee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patrick
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tunney
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019245:Compressive Strength; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004548:Elasticity; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006622:Hip Prosthesis / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry*; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013718:Tensile Strength; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001843:Bone Cements; D005839:Gentamicins; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate