Facial features in children with the 22q11 deletion syndrome.
OBJECTIVE
To find a pattern of the most typical facial features in children with the 22q11 deletion syndrome, which could serve as an aid in identifying patients with the syndrome.


METHODS
In 80 children and adolescents with the 22q11 deletion syndrome, three investigators evaluated the facial features separately using frontal and profile photographs. A patient was considered to have a given feature if at least two of the evaluators agreed.


RESULTS
The most common facial features found in at least 50% of the patients were malar flatness, fullness of eyelids (hooded eyelids), broad nasal bridge/tubular nose, broad/round nasal tip, round ears, thick/overfolded helix and slightly low-set ears. These were also the most common features when all agreed, although a considerable variation in the assessment by the three evaluators was observed.


CONCLUSIONS
The 22q11 deletion syndrome is a differential diagnosis in children with a variety of symptoms and signs including congenital malformations, developmental delay and speech abnormalities. Almost all children with the syndrome show a characteristic pattern of minor facial variants, which can be difficult to recognise, unless specifically looked for. A systematic evaluation of facial features might help in identifying children with the syndrome.
Oskarsdóttir
S
S
Department of Paediatrics, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden. solveig.oskarsdottir@vgregion.se
Holmberg
E
E
Fasth
A
A
Strömland
K
K
D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D002892:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22 / Q000235:genetics*; D004431:Ear, External / Q000002:abnormalities; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005145:Face; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010641:Phenotype