title: Diffuse sleep spindles show similar frequency in central and frontopolar positions.
abstract: The objective of the present work was to examine fronto-central spindle frequency. A previously validated spindle detector, providing an electroencephalographic (EEG) amplitude independent spindle detection, was used to detect bilateral sleep spindles from sleep EEG recordings of ten healthy subjects with a time resolution of 0.33-s. A bilateral spindle detected centrally and frontopolarly simultaneously is called here a diffuse spindle. A bilateral spindle detected only frontopolarly or centrally at a given time is called a pure frontopolar and a pure central spindle, respectively. Spindle frequency was obtained with zero-padded discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Waveform phase angle of diffuse spindles was also examined. A total of 1230 diffuse spindles and 5316 pure central and 2595 pure frontopolar spindles were detected. The difference of median spindle frequency between central and frontopolar brain positions was clearly smaller in diffuse spindles than in pure spindles. Moreover, 34% of the diffuse spindles showed a similar frequency in central and frontopolar locations. This figure was up to 50.9% when including the 700 diffuse spindles fulfilling a strict anteroposterior (AP) timing criteria. The timing criteria selection in diffuse spindle analysis is a new functionality, enabled by the present spindle analysis method. Diffuse spindles showed coherent spindle oscillation in a large fronto-central area. Pure frontopolar spindles might be special cases of diffuse spindles, both of them seem to be generated in the nucleus medialis dorsalis (NMD) of the thalamus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Imaging Centre, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland. eero.huupponen@pshhp.fi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Huupponen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kulkas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tenhunen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saastamoinen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: S-L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Himanen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric