title: Age-related changes to speech breathing with increased vocal loudness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study examines the effect of normal aging on respiratory support for speech when utterance length is controlled.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen women (M = 71 years of age) and 10 men (M = 73 years of age) produced 2 sentences of different lengths in 4 loudness conditions while respiratory kinematics were measured. Measures included those related to lung volume and chest wall movements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from the older adults were compared with previously published data from 30 young adults. A significant Age x Sex effect was demonstrated. Older men produced speech at higher lung volumes than younger men. No significant differences existed between older and younger women. Older adults tended to use more abdominal movement in loud speech than younger adults, especially when talking in noise. Some of the mechanisms used by the older adults to support increased loudness in response to the cues differed from those used by the younger adults. Age-related differences were larger when participants produced the longer utterance as compared with the shorter one.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced chest wall compliance, pulmonary elastic recoil, and laryngeal closure may explain the findings. These data can be used to help distinguish normal age-related changes from disease-related changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, 1353 Heavilon Hall, 500 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2038, USA. jhuber@purdue.edu
authors.forename: Jessica E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spruill
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D014833:Voice Quality