title: Inhibitory effects of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) on the IGF-1 receptor and androgen dependent growth of LAPC-4 prostate cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is an inhibitor of the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in breast and other cancers, and concomitantly inhibits tumor growth both in cultured cells and animals. The current study evaluates the effect of NDGA on the androgen-stimulated growth of human prostate cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  LAPC-4 prostate cancer cells in tissue culture were androgen starved for 3 days, 1 nM dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and other androgens were then added for up to 7 days, and cell proliferation measured. IGF-1R protein expression was measured by Western blot, and IGF-1R mRNA expression by quantitative PCR. IGF-1R receptor kinase activation was measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 7 days, LAPC-4 growth was doubled by 1 nM DHT. NDGA had a rapid effect to inhibit IGF-1R autophosphorylation induced by IGF-1. DHT increased the expression of IGF-1R protein and mRNA levels. Maximal IGF-1R protein levels were observed 3 days after the addition of androgen. In addition, NDGA, at 10 microM or less, inhibited DHT-induced proliferation in both cells grown in plates and cells grown in soft agar. Androgen receptor (AR) studies by FRET revealed that NDGA had no conformational effects on the AR in response to ligand.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NDGA blocks the DHT-induced growth of LAPC-4 prostate cancer cells by several mechanisms including rapid inhibition of the IGF-1R kinase, and a dose-dependent inhibition of androgen stimulation of IGF-1R expression. Clinical studies of this agent will determine its efficacy in the setting of androgen-dependent prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA. ryanc@medicine.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zavodovskaya
authors.forename: Jack F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Youngren
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shiry
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: Betty A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Maddux
authors.forename: Ira D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Goldfine
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009637:Masoprocol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011487:Protein Conformation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; D009637:Masoprocol; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1