title: A cross-sectional evaluation of perimenopausal depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Overall, the clinical spectrum of depression during the perimenopause is not well characterized. This cross-sectional study examined the following: (1) clinical characteristics of women who presented to the National Institute of Mental Health midlife mood disorders clinic (between March 1990 and January 2004) with peri-menopausal major and minor depressions and (2) the impact on these characteristics of either a prior episode of depression or the presence of hot flushes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historical variables, reproductive status, symptom ratings, and plasma hormone measures were examined in 116 women between the ages of 40 and 55 years who met research criteria for perimenopause-related depression (a current episode of major or minor depression according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV or Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders supplemented with a past history form).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical characteristics did not differ in those women with first-onset (39%) versus recurrent depressions or in those with (57%) and without hot flushes. Depressive episodes clustered in the later stages of the menopause transition and the first year postmenopause. Seven women (6%) reported a past postpartum major depression, and 55% of women reported a history of premenstrual dysphoria (PMD).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no evidence that either hot flushes or a previous episode of depression conveys a distinct clinical profile in these women. The clustering of onsets of depression suggests the hormone events that characterize the late menopause transition may be relevant to the onset of this form of depression. Finally, although we observed a high rate of PMD, neither postpartum depression nor PMD are consistent accompaniments of perimenopausal depression.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1276, USA.
authors.forename: Emma M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Rubinow
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bartko
authors.forename: Paige M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Fortinsky
authors.forename: Nazli
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haq
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D047648:Perimenopause / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology