title: Medical causes and consequences of hyperprolactinaemia. A context for psychiatrists.
abstract: Hyperprolactinaemia is the commonest endocrine disorder of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and can lead to both short-term sexual dysfunction and galactorrhoea, and long-term loss of bone mineral density. Prolactin is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland under the influence of dopamine, which exerts a tonic inhibitory effect on prolactin secretion. Physiological regulators of prolactin secretion include many different types of 'stress' and sleep. Disruption of the normal control of prolactin secretion results in hyperprolactinaemia from pathological and pharmacological causes. The administration of antipsychotic medication is responsible for the high prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia in people with severe mental illness. Physiological hyperprolactinaemia, such as pregnancy and lactation, should be distinguished from pathological causes to prevent unnecessary investigation and treatment. The causes, consequences and management of hyperprolactinaemia are discussed in this article.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Subdivision, Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. righ@soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Richard I G
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Holt
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011388:Prolactin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D011388:Prolactin