title: Tai Chi exercise in improving cardiorespiratory capacity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate evidence relating to effects of Tai Chi on cardiovascular outcomes, with emphasis on randomised control designs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies reviewed in 2004 were re-examined, together with more recent controlled trials of Tai Chi relating to cardiovascular outcome. The analysis provided comment on problems associated with randomised control design, including sources of bias in such trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With a single exception, data support reduction of baseline systolic/diastolic blood pressure (BP). While there may be positive bias in these studies, data are from diverse ethnic groups, different gender, age, and level of functional ability. There are no data relating to BP reactive change to subsequent stressors. Few studies consider potential mediating mechanisms through which Tai Chi may provide these benefits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caution is advocated in using randomised controlled trials as the only effective type of study. Such designs are difficult to conduct and effective trials are more likely given a better understanding of the mediating mechanism(s) through which benefits may be derived. It is currently unclear how changes in BP are derived. Some data indicate a shift to increased vagal relative to sympathetic dominance and there may be other potential physiological mediators. No study has examined relationships between potential psychological gains such as self-efficacy and BP change, or individual differences in outcomes.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Everard W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Thornton
mesh_terms: D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D026302:Tai Ji