Medical countermeasures for radiation combined injury: radiation with burn, blast, trauma and/or sepsis. report of an NIAID Workshop, March 26-27, 2007.
Non-clinical human radiation exposure events such as the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings or the Chernobyl accident are often coupled with other forms of injury, such as wounds, burns, blunt trauma, and infection. Radiation combined injury would also be expected after a radiological or nuclear attack. Few animal models of radiation combined injury exist, and mechanisms underlying the high mortality associated with complex radiation injuries are poorly understood. Medical countermeasures are currently available for management of the non-radiation components of radiation combined injury, but it is not known whether treatments for other insults will be effective when the injury is combined with radiation exposure. Further research is needed to elucidate mechanisms behind the synergistic lethality of radiation combined injury and to identify targets for medical countermeasures. To address these issues, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases convened a workshop to make recommendations on the development of animal models of radiation combined injury, possible mechanisms of radiation combined injury, and future directions for countermeasure research, including target identification and end points to evaluate treatment efficacy.
DiCarlo
Andrea L
AL
Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. cohena@niaid.nih.gov
Hatchett
Richard J
RJ
Kaminski
Joseph M
JM
Ledney
G David
GD
Pellmar
Terry C
TC
Okunieff
Paul
P
Ramakrishnan
Narayani
N
D000818:Animals; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D002056:Burns / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005107:Explosions; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009104:Multiple Trauma; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D011835:Radiation Protection; D018788:Radioactive Hazard Release; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects