title: Meta-analysis of normal canine echocardiographic dimensional data using ratio indices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the dependence of echocardiographic ratio indices (ERIs) on age, body weight (BW) and breed/study group using individually contributed and published summarized data in dogs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ERIs allow for narrow prediction intervals of M-mode echocardiographic measurements in generic adult dogs. Breed and age-specific differences have not been examined systematically using ERI methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual M-mode measurements were contributed by 15 published investigators from 661 dogs, allowing direct calculation of ERIs and summary statistics for each of these breed/study groups. M-mode ERI summary statistics were estimated from published summaries of 22 additional groups that included 527 adult and 36 growing dogs. Individual two-dimensional (2DE) left atrial (LA) and aortic root (Ao) measurements were contributed from 36 dogs. ERIs were analyzed for dependence on BW, breed/study group and age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of variation among ERIs was due to differences in the breed or study technique with comparatively little dependence on BW. Age dependence of ERIs was seen in the early growth phases of young dogs, but expected values for each ERI became static long before maturity, roughly at 10-12 weeks of age. ERIs derived from individual 2DE LA and Ao measurements showed no significant dependence on BW.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ERIs are well normalized for body size and may be useful for clinical evaluation of individuals, prediction of expected M-mode and 2DE cardiac dimensions, and investigation of age or breed-specific cardiac shape changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA. hallvmd@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Craig C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Cornell
authors.forename: Sybil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D001947:Breeding; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity