title: Host defense proteins on the surface of neonatal skin: implications for innate immunity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the spectrum, concentration, and activity of host defense proteins (HDPs) on the skin surface of newborns and adults, to assess variation in HDP concentrations in different anatomic regions in newborns, and to examine alteration in HDP concentrations with care practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proteins recovered from tape discs applied to stratum corneum of 25 term newborns (forehead and posterior trunk) and 20 adults (forehead) were analyzed by Western analysis for 5 HDPs and for muramidase activity. Protein concentrations were compared in samples obtained after delivery, after the first bath, and at 24 hours of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total protein was 2.8-fold higher in adults compared with newborns. Lysozyme and lactoferrin were detected in all samples. In contrast to total protein, lysozyme concentrations and muramidase activity were 5-fold higher in newborns relative to adults and were not altered after bathing. Lysozyme concentrations were significantly higher over the trunk compared with the forehead in newborns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The newborn skin surface is replete with prototypical HDPs, lysozyme, and lactoferrin. Bathing does not significantly diminish concentrations. These factors are likely to contribute importantly to the newborn infants' defense against invasive bacterial infections.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. vpwalker@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Valencia P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Henry T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Akinbi
authors.forename: Jareen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meinzen-Derr
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Narendran
authors.forename: Marty
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Visscher
authors.forename: Steven B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hoath
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007781:Lactoferrin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D009113:Muramidase / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology*; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D009113:Muramidase; D007781:Lactoferrin