title: Potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium levels in biological samples of hypertensive and nonhypertensive diabetes mellitus patients.
abstract: There is accumulating evidence that the metabolism of several essential elements is altered in diabetes mellitus and that these nutrients might have specific roles in the pathogenesis and progress of this disease. The aim of the present study was to compare the level of essential elements, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na), in biological samples (whole blood, urine, and scalp hair) of patients who have hypertensive diabetes mellitus type 2 (n = 254) and nonhypertensive diabetes mellitus type 2 (n = 228) with those of nondiabetic as control subjects (n = 182; age range of both genders 45-75). The element concentrations were measured by means of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer after microwave-induced acid digestion. The validity and accuracy was checked by conventional wet acid digestion method and using certified reference materials. The overall recoveries of all elements were found in the range of 99.1-99.9% of certified values. The results of this study showed that the mean values of K, Mg, and Ca were significantly reduced, while Na level were higher in blood and scalp hair samples of hypertensive diabetic (HD) patients and nonhypertensive diabetic (NHD) patients as compared to control subjects of both genders (p < 0.05), but level of K in the biological samples of nonhypertensive diabetic patient was found to be higher, but it was not significant (p = 0.05).The urinary levels of these elements were found to be higher in both HD and NHD patients than in the age-matched healthy controls. These results are consistent with those obtained in other studies, confirming that deficiency and efficiency of some essential trace metals may play a role in the development of diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Sindh University, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan. hassanimranafridi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Hassan Imran
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.forename: Tasneem Gul
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: Naveed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: Mohammad Khan
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Jamali
authors.forename: Mohammad Bilal
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Arain
authors.forename: Nusrst
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jalbani
authors.forename: Raja Adil
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sarfaraz
authors.forename: Afzal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Ghulam Abbas
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kandhro
authors.forename: Abdul Qadir
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Jameel Ahmed
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baig
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium