title: Single-stranded oligonucleotides can inhibit cytokine production induced by human toll-like receptor 3.
abstract: Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) can signal the production of a suite of cytokines and chemokines in response to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) ligands or the dsRNA mimic poly(I-C). Using a human embryonic kidney 293T cell line to express human TLR3, we determined that poly(I-C)-induced signal could be significantly inhibited by single-stranded DNAs (ssDNAs), but not ssRNA or dsDNA. The ssDNA molecules that down-modulated TLR3 signaling did not affect TLR4 and do not require the hypomethylated CpG motif found in TLR9 ligands. The degree of modulation can be altered by the length, base sequence, and modification state of the ssDNAs. An inhibitory ssDNA was found to colocalize with TLR3 in transfected cells and in a cell line that naturally expresses TLR3. The inhibitory ssDNAs can compete efficiently with dsRNA for binding purified TLR3 ectodomains in vitro, while noninhibitory nucleic acids do not. The ssDNAs also decrease the levels of several cytokines produced by the human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B and by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to poly(I-C) stimulation of native TLR3. These activities indicate that ssDNAs could be used to regulate the inflammatory response through TLR3.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ranjith-Kumar
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eaton-Bassiri
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hoose
authors.forename: Roberta J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Sarisky
authors.forename: C Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kao
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D011992:Endosomes / Q000737:chemistry; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000276:immunology; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000276:immunology; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3 / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009841:Oligonucleotides; C495344:TLR3 protein, human; D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3; D011070:Poly I-C