title: Adsorption of (99m)Tc-radiopharmaceuticals onto injection vials and syringes.
abstract: Many groups have reported the adsorption or retention of (99m)Tc-radiopharmaceuticals on injection vials and disposable plastic syringes. Such an enormously high loss of radioactivity would result in poor images, radiation exposure, waste, and economic burdens. We therefore decided to investigate the extent of adsorption or retention of several (99m)Tc-radiopharmaceuticals on injection vials, rubber stoppers, and plastic syringes. These radiopharmaceuticals are produced as lyophilized kits in our department and supplied to various hospitals practicing nuclear medicine in Pakistan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A vial containing lyophilized material was reconstituted with 3 mL of freshly eluted Na(99m)TcO(4). A 1-mL aliquot of the resulting solution was withdrawn into a syringe at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 h after preparation. All preparations were stored at room temperature ( approximately 22 degrees C). After each withdrawal, the vial was reweighed and the activity remaining in the vial was measured using a radioisotope calibrator. The sample was reinjected into the vial. From the original weight and activity of solution in the vial, the initial activity per gram was calculated. From the weight and activity remaining in the vial after withdrawal of the sample, the activity per gram of the sample was calculated. From the difference between the initial activity per gram and the activity per gram of the sample, the percentage of (99m)Tc adsorbed on the vial was calculated. All preparations were kept in the syringe for 15 min, and the activity was measured before and after the syringe was emptied. The needle and plunger of the syringe were separated, and activity in the needle and plunger was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The labeling efficiency of all radiopharmaceuticals used during these studies was more than 95%. In most cases, the activity of (99m)Tc found on the rubber stopper was less than 1%. Adsorption of (99m)Tc onto vials increased gradually with storage time. Adsorption was minimal at the initial stages, whereas maximum retention was noted after 5 h. Nearly 5% adsorption of activity was observed after 5 h of storage time on vials of sestamibi, mercaptoacetyltriglycine, dextran, ciprofloxacin, and dimercaptosuccinic acid (III and V). Retention of activity on needles ranged from 1% to 2% for all preparations studied. Plungers did not show any significant retention of radioactivity; in most cases, retention was less than 0.5%. The maximum retention of radioactivity on plastic syringe bodies was more than 3% for sestamibi, dimercaptosuccinic acid, dextran, pyrophosphate, and phytate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results revealed that losses of radioactivity from (99m)Tc-radiopharmaceuticals in these objects (glass vial, rubber stopper, plastic syringes, plungers, and needles) are not alarming in our setup.
authors.affiliation: Isotope Production Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. mushtaqa@pinstech.org.pk
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mushtaq
authors.forename: Taj
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ur Rehman
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Safdar Mansur
authors.forename: Mustanser
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jehangir
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D004349:Drug Packaging; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007267:Injections / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013670:Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013594:Syringes
chemical_list: D013670:Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m