title: Frequency distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in different geographical regions of Pakistan and their possible routes of transmission.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information regarding hepatitis C virus genotypes and subtypes circulating in Pakistan and various risk factors for their transmission are not known well. The specific objective of this study was to find out the frequency of various HCV genotypes present in well-characterized Pakistani HCV isolates and their possible routes of transmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3351 serum samples were tested by type-specific genotyping assay. Out of 3351 HCV RNA positive patients, 2039 were males and 1312 were females. As regard as genotyped samples, 2165 belonged to Punjab region, 823 belonged to N.W.F.P., 239 to Sindh and 124 patients were from Balochistan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the total 3351 tested serum samples, type-specific PCR fragments were observed in 3150 (94.00%) serum samples. The distribution of genotypes of the typeable samples as determined by this assay, was as follows: 1664 (49.05%) genotype 3a; 592 (17.66%) genotype 3b; 280 (8.35%) genotype 1a; 252 (7.52%) genotype 2a; 101 (3.01%) genotype 1b; 50 (1.49%) with genotype 4; 25 (0.75%) with 3c; 27 (0.80%) genotype 2b; 6 (0.18%) with subtype 5a; 5 (0.15%) genotype 1c; 4 (0.12%) with subtype 6a; 3 (0.09%) genotype 2c; and 161 (4.80%) patients were infected with mixed infection. Two hundred and one (5.99%) serum samples were found untypeable by the present genotyping system. More than 86% and 72% patients with genotypes 3a and 3b respectively had received multiple injections in past. For genotypes 1a and 1b the route of transmission was major/minor surgery along with unknown reasons. Majority of the cases with type 2a, 2b and indeterminate genotypes were sporadic. Mixed infections were common in thalassaemic patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most common HCV genotype in Pakistan is type 3a. Regional difference in genotypes was observed only in Balochistan province of Pakistan. More than 70% of the cases were acquired in hospitals through reuse of needles/syringes and major/minor surgery that is very common in this country.
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Virology & Molecular Diagnostics, National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan. idreeskhan96@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Idrees
authors.forename: Sheikh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riazuddin
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000150:complications; D030561:Databases, Nucleic Acid; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005260:Female; D005814:Genes, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution