title: The potential of proteasome inhibitors in cancer therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ubiquitin-proteasome system has become a promising novel molecular target in cancer due to its critical role in cellular protein degradation, its interaction with cell cycle and apoptosis regulation and its unique mechanism of action.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review focuses both on preclinical results and on data from clinical trials with proteasome inhibitors in cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Results in hematological malignancies and solid tumors were included, and important data presented in abstract form were considered in this review.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bortezomib as first-in-class proteasome inhibitor has proven to be highly effective in some hematological malignancies, overcomes conventional chemoresistance, directly induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and also targets the tumor microenvironment. It has been granted approval by the FDA for relapsed multiple myeloma, and recently for relapsed mantle cell lymphoma. Combination chemotherapy regimens have been developed providing high remission rates and remission quality in frontline treatment or in the relapsed setting in multiple myeloma. The combination of proteasome inhibition with novel targeted therapies is an emerging field in oncology. Moreover, novel proteasome inhibitors, such as NPI-0052 and carfilzomib, have been developed. This review summarizes our knowledge of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and recent data from cancer clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité-Platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sterz
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: von Metzler
authors.forename: Jens-Claus
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hahne
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lamottke
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rademacher
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Heider
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Terpos
authors.forename: Orhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sezer
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069286:Bortezomib; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor / Q000187:drug effects; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015195:Drug Design; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000502:physiology; D054875:Ubiquitination
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001897:Boronic Acids; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines; D025801:Ubiquitin; D000069286:Bortezomib