title: Sequence polymorphism can produce serious artefacts in real-time PCR assays: hard lessons from Pacific oysters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since it was first described in the mid-1990s, quantitative real time PCR (Q-PCR) has been widely used in many fields of biomedical research and molecular diagnostics. This method is routinely used to validate whole transcriptome analyses such as DNA microarrays, suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) or differential display techniques such as cDNA-AFLP (Amplification Fragment Length Polymorphism). Despite efforts to optimize the methodology, misleading results are still possible, even when standard optimization approaches are followed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As part of a larger project aimed at elucidating transcriptome-level responses of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) to various environmental stressors, we used microarrays and cDNA-AFLP to identify Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) fragments that are differentially expressed in response to bacterial challenge in two heat shock tolerant and two heat shock sensitive full-sib oyster families. We then designed primers for these differentially expressed ESTs in order to validate the results using Q-PCR. For two of these ESTs we tested fourteen primer pairs each and using standard optimization methods (i.e. melt-curve analysis to ensure amplification of a single product), determined that of the fourteen primer pairs tested, six and nine pairs respectively amplified a single product and were thus acceptable for further testing. However, when we used these primers, we obtained different statistical outcomes among primer pairs, raising unexpected but serious questions about their reliability. We hypothesize that as a consequence of high levels of sequence polymorphism in Pacific oysters, Q-PCR amplification is sub-optimal in some individuals because sequence variants in priming sites results in poor primer binding and amplification in some individuals. This issue is similar to the high frequency of null alleles observed for microsatellite markers in Pacific oysters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights potential difficulties for using Q-PCR as a validation tool for transcriptome analysis in the presence of sequence polymorphism and emphasizes the need for extreme caution and thorough primer testing when assaying genetically diverse biological materials such as Pacific oysters. Our findings suggest that melt-curve analysis alone may not be sufficient as a mean of identifying acceptable Q-PCR primers. Minimally, testing numerous primer pairs seems to be necessary to avoid false conclusions from flawed Q-PCR assays for which sequence variation among individuals produces artifactual and unreliable quantitative results.
authors.affiliation: USDA- Agricultural Research Service, Hatfield Marine Science Center 2030 SE Marine Science Dr. Newport, OR 97365, USA. nicolas.taris@oregonstate.edu
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Taris
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Camara
mesh_terms: D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D001483:Base Sequence; D049896:Crassostrea / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D015723:Gene Library; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009691:Nucleic Acid Denaturation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D044366:Transition Temperature
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D012333:RNA, Messenger