title: The interaction of DRD2 and violent victimization on depression: an analysis by gender and race.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent research has shown that a polymorphism in the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) moderates the association between stressful life events and depression. The present study builds off this literature and examines whether DRD2 moderates the effect of violent victimization on depression. Furthermore, the current analyses investigate whether the effects of DRD2 and violent victimization vary by gender and by race for females.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respondents from waves II and III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) completed questionnaires regarding their depressive symptoms and violent victimization experiences (n = 2380).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate regression results reveal that violent victimization has a strong independent effect on depressive symptoms for Caucasian females. In contrast, violent victimization is only associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms among African American females when they carry at least one A1 allele of DRD2. Results also show that DRD2 has a significant independent effect on depressive symptoms for males and African American females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that African American females who carry the A1 allele of DRD2 may be more vulnerable to the negative effects of violent victimization than African American females who do not carry at least one copy of the A1 allele.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study's findings may not generalize to clinical populations, adults, and individuals residing in other countries. In addition, the effects of DRD2 may reflect other polymorphisms that are in linkage with DRD2.
authors.affiliation: Division of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389, United States. vaskeje@email.uc.edu
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vaske
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makarios
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boisvert
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Beaver
authors.forename: John Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2