title: Suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides inhibit atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) mice through modulation of Th1/Th2 balance.
abstract: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, which is positively and negatively regulated by T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 lymphocytes, respectively. Recent findings indicate that suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) expressing TTAGGG motifs selectively reduce Th1 cytokine production and have been proven effective at blocking the development of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. In the current research, we hypothesized that suppressive ODNs may alter the development of atherosclerosis. Eight-week-old homozygous ApoE(-/-) male mice were injected with 300 mug ODNs A151 (TTAGGG) or nonspecific ODNs 1612. Atherosclerotic lesion sizes were dramatically reduced by ODNs A151, but not by nonspecific ODNs. MCP-1 and VCAM-1, which are the key inflammatory factors in atherogenesis, were significantly attenuated by the suppressive ODNs A151. In the splenic lymphocytes, FACS analysis showed ODNs A151 reduced the percentage of IFN-gamma-producing Th1 cells and slightly increased the percentage of IL-4-producing Th2 cells, indicating that suppressive ODNs skewed the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2 inflammation in vivo. Furthermore, ODNs A151 down-regulated the phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT4 and suppressed up-regulation of T-bet, a signal modulator for Th1, and didn't impact GATA-3 and STAT6, which are associated with a Th2 phenotype. Consistent with this in vivo observation, ELISA analysis demonstrated that ODNs A151 suppressed Th1 cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, and augmented Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 in vitro. This study provides the first experimental evidence that suppressive ODNs inhibit the development of atherosclerosis through inhibition of the STAT1/4 and T-bet pathways, which further modulate the Th1/Th2 balance in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jiang-Jiao
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Meng-Yang
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Ying-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Ting-Ting
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Yu-Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000276:immunology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides