title: [Clinical application of robotic tele-manipulation system in stereotactic surgery].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the clinical usefulness, accuracy, and safety of tele-manipulation for frameless stereotactic surgery using the CAS-R-5 robot system.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively evaluated 32 patients underwent tele-manipulation of frameless stereotactic operations from Sep. 2005 to Sep. 2006. Tele-manipulations were performed via a digital data network by a neurosurgeon in Beijing while the patients were located in Yan'an. The distance is 1300 kilometers away. The accuracy of location and improvement of symptom were observed after operation. The period of follow-up was from 3 to 14 months (the average was 12 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The surgical operations in 32 cases were successful. Remote fiducial registration was performed with a mean accuracy of 1. 50 mm and the standard difference were 0.32 mm between the planned and actual target. There were no complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnosis and treatment for intracranial disease by tele-manipulation frameless stereotactic surgeries are reliable and safe.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Navy General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100037, China. tianzengmin@vip.sina.com
authors.forename: Zeng-Min
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Wang-Sheng
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Tian-Miao
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Du
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Guo-Lai
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Quan-Jun
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Mang-Mang
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D016896:Treatment Outcome