title: Ethnic differences in diffuse noxious inhibitory controls.
abstract: Substantial evidence indicates that the experience of both clinical and experimental pain differs among ethnic groups. Specifically, African Americans generally report higher levels of clinical pain and greater sensitivity to experimentally induced pain; however, little research has examined the origins of these differences. Differences in central pain-inhibitory mechanisms may contribute to this disparity. Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC), or counterirritation, is a phenomenon thought to reflect descending inhibition of pain signals. The current study assessed DNIC in 57 healthy young adults from 2 different ethnic groups: African Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Repeated assessments of the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) as well as ratings of electrical pain were obtained before, during, and after an ischemic arm pain procedure (as well as a sham procedure). The DNIC condition (ie, ischemic arm pain) produced substantial reductions in pain ratings as well as electrophysiologic measures of the NFR for all participants when compared with the sham condition (P < .001). The DNIC condition produced significantly greater reductions in verbal pain ratings among non-Hispanic whites when compared with African Americans (P = .02), whereas ethnic groups showed comparable reductions in NFR. The findings of this study suggest differences in endogenous pain inhibition between African Americans and non-Hispanic whites and that additional research to determine the mechanisms underlying these effects is warranted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study adds to the growing literature examining ethnic differences in experimental pain perception. Our data suggest that these variations may be influenced by differences in descending inhibition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-7101, USA. ccampb41@son.jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Claudia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: France
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Henrietta L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Logan
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Geffken
authors.forename: Roger B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Fillingim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000503:physiopathology; D010146:Pain / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D015144:Southeastern United States; D044465:White People