title: Chronic inhibition of the Na+/H+ - exchanger causes regression of hypertrophy, heart failure, and ionic and electrophysiological remodelling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increased activity of the Na+/H+ -exchanger (NHE-1) in heart failure underlies raised [Na+]i causing disturbances of calcium handling. Inhibition of NHE-1, initiated at the onset of pressure/volume overload, prevents development of hypertrophy, heart failure and remodelling. We hypothesized that chronic inhibition of NHE-1, initiated at a later stage, would induce regression of hypertrophy, heart failure, and ionic and electrophysiological remodelling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Development of heart failure in rabbits was monitored electrocardiographically and echocardiographically, after one or three months. Cardiac myocytes were also isolated. One group of animals were treated with cariporide (inhibitor of NHE-1) in the diet after one month. Cytoplasmic calcium, sodium and action potentials were measured with fluorescent markers and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content by rapid cooling. Calcium after-transients were elicited after rapid pacing. Sodium channel current (INa) was measured using patch-clamp techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypertrophy and heart failure developed after one month and progressed during the next two months. After one month, dietary treatment with cariporide was initiated. Two months of treatment reduced hypertrophy and heart failure, duration of action potential QT-interval and QRS, and restored sodium and calcium handling and the incidence of calcium after-transients. In cardiac myocytes, parameters of INa were not changed by cariporide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In rabbit hearts with hypertrophy and signs of heart failure one month after induction of pressure/volume overload, two months of dietary treatment with the NHE-1 inhibitor cariporide caused regression of hypertrophy, heart failure and ionic and electrophysiological remodelling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Cardiology, Center for Heart Failure Research Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.baartscheer@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baartscheer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hardziyenka
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: C N W
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Belterman
authors.forename: M M G J
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: van Borren
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Verkerk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coronel
authors.forename: J W T
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Fiolet
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006146:Guanidines; D007473:Ion Channels; D015222:Sodium Channels; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D013450:Sulfones; C093373:cariporide; D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium