title: Orthoptic findings and asthenopia in a population of Swedish schoolchildren aged 6 to 16 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of refractive errors and binocular disorders in relation to asthenopia in a representative population of Swedish schoolchildren.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included 216 schoolchildren, 60 in grade 1 (age 6-7 years), 96 in grade 4 (10-12 years) and 60 in grade 8 (14-16 years). Asthenopia was evaluated by questionnaire. Visual acuity was tested for distance and near, uncorrected and with the best subjective refraction. Refraction in cycloplegia and an orthoptic assessment was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Asthenopia was reported in 23.1% of schoolchildren; all but two of these schoolchildren had an abnormal eye examination. Asthenopia was related to uncorrected visual acuity < or = 0.65 (13.9%*) and myopia (8.8%*). No significant correlation could be found to accommodative or convergence insufficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asthenopia was significantly associated with uncorrected visual acuity < or = 0.65 and with myopia (spherical equivalent -0.50 D or less) among Swedish schoolchildren.
authors.affiliation: The Bernadotte Laboratories, St Erik's Eye Hospital, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. saber.abdi@ste.ki.se
authors.forename: Saber
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdi
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lennerstrand
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pansell
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rydberg
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D001248:Asthenopia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014787:Vision Tests; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology