Children's cognitive-behavioral functioning at age 6 and 7: prenatal drug exposure and caregiving environment.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to examine how prenatal drug exposure (PDE) and caregiving environment relate to cognitive, academic, and behavioral performance at ages 6 and 7.


METHODS
A longitudinal follow-up was conducted of 111 children with PDE and a community cohort of 62 non-drug-exposed children (N = 173). Children completed standardized tests of cognition (Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fourth Edition [SB-IV]) and academic performance (Wide Range Achievement Test 3). Caregivers completed ratings of child behavior problems (Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]). Multivariate analyses were conducted, adjusting for gender, prenatal tobacco exposure, number of caregiver placement changes, and 3 caregiver variables assessed at age 7, including depressive symptoms, employment status, and public assistance status.


RESULTS
After adjusting for perinatal and environmental variables, there were no significant exposure-group differences in cognition, academic performance, or behavior problems. In comparison with males, females had higher scores on overall IQ and 4 of 8 SB-IV subtests, fewer caregiver-reported attention and aggression problems, and higher reading achievement scores. There were no significant gender-by-group interactions.


CONCLUSIONS
When analyses were adjusted for perinatal and environmental variables, most associations between PDE and cognitive-behavioral functioning were attenuated. Regardless of drug exposure history, males performed more poorly than females on multiple cognitive-behavioral indices. Both exposed and nonexposed children were from low-income families and obtained scores substantially below normative expectations.
Nair
Prasanna
P
Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., USA. pnair@peds.umaryland.edu
Black
Maureen M
MM
Ackerman
John P
JP
Schuler
Maureen E
ME
Keane
Virginia A
VA
D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy