title: Functional anatomy of normal bile ducts.
abstract: The biliary tree is a complex network of conduits that begins with the canals of Hering and progressively merges into a system of interlobular, septal, and major ducts which then coalesce to form the extrahepatic bile ducts, which finally deliver bile to the gallbladder and to the intestine. The biliary epithelium shows a morphological heterogeneity that is strictly associated with a variety of functions performed at the different levels of the biliary tree. In addition to funneling bile into the intestine, cholangiocytes (the epithelial cells lining the bile ducts) are actively involved in bile production by performing both absorbitive and secretory functions. More recently, other important biological properties restricted to cholangiocytes lining the smaller bile ducts have been outlined, with regard to their plasticity (i.e., the ability to undergo limited phenotypic changes), reactivity (i.e., the ability to participate in the inflammatory reaction to liver damage), and ability to behave as liver progenitor cells. Functional interactions with other branching systems, such as nerve and vascular structures, are crucial in the modulation of the different cholangiocyte functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven 06504, Connecticut, USA. mario.strazzabosco@yale.edu
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strazzabosco
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fabris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000502:physiology; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D001659:Biliary Tract / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D002196:Capillaries / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D004848:Epithelium / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D006499:Hepatic Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2