title: BIS does not predict dreams reported after anaesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In earlier studies, between 1% and 57% of patients have been reported to dream during anaesthesia. Thus, dreaming is much more common than definite memories of real events. We wanted to examine whether dreaming during anaesthesia is related to insufficient hypnotic action, as indicated by BIS levels and, thus, may constitute a risk for awareness.
  
  
  METHODS
  After IRB approval, 2653 consecutive surgical patients were included. BIS registrations were recorded continuously during the anaesthetic procedure. The patients were interviewed on three occasions after anaesthesia. Standard questions, according to Brice, to evaluate awareness and dreaming during anaesthesia were asked. The dreams were categorized as either pleasant/neutral or unpleasant without any further evaluation of the dream content. Episodes with a mean BIS below 40, above 60 and above 70 were identified and subdivided according to duration (1, 2, 4 and 6 min, respectively). The total time as well as number and duration of episodes for the three BIS-levels were used to analyze any relation to reported dreaming. The mean BIS was also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dreaming during anaesthesia was reported by 211 of patients (8.0%) on at least one of the post-operative interviews. BIS data did not show any significant correlation with dreaming, and neither did any of the tested case-specific parameters (gender, age, ASA group, BMI, use of relaxants, induction agent, maintenance agent, length of procedure, omitting N(2)O and concomitant regional anaesthesia).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dreaming during anaesthesia seems to be a separate phenomenon, not in general related to insufficient anaesthesia as indicated by high BIS levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden. petersa@ltkalmar.se
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Samuelsson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brudin
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Sandin
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018681:Anesthetics, General; D001364:Awareness / Q000187:drug effects; D004325:Dreams / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018681:Anesthetics, General