title: Violence in nursing homes: perceptions of female caregivers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study illuminates how female caregivers in nursing home perceive violence.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have focused on prevalence and types of violence and injuries in various settings and among various professionals. There are, however, few studies that examine how caregivers perceive violence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one female caregivers at nursing homes were asked to reflect on a vignette containing a situation where a female caregiver is exposed to violence from a male resident. The reflections were analysed by qualitative content analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main finding indicates that perceiving an action as violent is in the eye of the beholder. Caregivers perceive violence to be challenging, intentional, excusable, ordinary and contextual relative to their own experience and attitudes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the perception of violence is subjective, there is a risk that violent incidents will be under-reported as well as over-reported. To avoid this, it is important to construct a well-defined operationalised definition of violence for research purposes. Our findings also indicate the need for individually structured and adjusted support for caregivers. To explore the complexity of violence, further research should focus on how caregivers and residents experience violence in a nursing home.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. ulf.isaksson@nurs.umu.se
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Isaksson
authors.forename: Sture
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aström
authors.forename: Ulla Hällgren
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Graneheim
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000523:psychology; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D009728:Nursing Assistants / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology*; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000458:organization & administration; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology*; D016272:Occupational Health; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012307:Risk Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*