An activated sulfonylating agent that undergoes general base-catalyzed hydrolysis by amines in preference to aminolysis.
Activated sulfonyl derivatives, similar to acyl ones, usually undergo aminolysis with amines in water as nucleophilic attack by the amine is preferred to hydrolysis. However, despite being active sulfonyl derivatives, four-membered heterocyclic sulfonamides, beta-sultams, do not undergo aminolysis in aqueous solution but preferentially react to give hydrolysis products only. The rate of the reaction of beta-sultams in buffered solutions of simple primary amines shows a first-order dependence on amine concentrations attributed to general base-catalyzed hydrolysis by the amine. Even N-benzyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-oxo-beta-sultam, which is both a beta-sultam and a beta-lactam, undergoes hydrolysis at the sulfonyl center rather than aminolysis at either the sulfonyl or acyl center. The solvent kinetic isotope effects (SKIE, k(H(2)O)/k(D(2)O)) for the amine-catalyzed hydrolyses are 1.4 and 1.9 for the hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-beta-sultam and N-benzyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-oxo-beta-sultam, respectively, compatible with a general base-catalyzed mechanism. The amine-catalyzed hydrolysis gives a Bronsted beta value of +0.9 for both N-benzoyl beta-sultam and N-benzyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-oxo-beta-sultam, indicating that the general base amine is almost fully protonated in the transition state. A general base-catalyzed mechanism for hydrolysis rather than nucleophilic attack was also deduced for the reaction of N-benzyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-oxo-beta-sultam with carboxylate anions based on a SKIE of 1.7-1.9 and rate constants which fit the Bronsted plot for amines. In contrast to acyl transfer reactions, those for sulfonyl transfer appear to show an inverse reactivity-selectivity relationshipthe most active compounds being the most selective. The lack of reactivity of beta-sultams toward amine nucleophiles appears to be related to the mechanism of ring opening of beta-sultams with a decreased reactivity toward amines relative to hydroxide ion, probably related to the expulsion of the relatively poor leaving group amide anion.
Tsang
Wing Y
WY
Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK.
Ahmed
Naveed
N
Hemming
Karl
K
Page
Michael I
MI