title: Synergistic effect of chondroitin sulfate and cyclic pressure on biochemical and morphological properties of chondrocytes from articular cartilage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the synergistic effect of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and cyclic pressure on the biochemical and morphological properties of chondrocytes isolated from articular cartilage and cultured in alginate matrix.
  
  
  METHODS
  The chondrocytes obtained from articular cartilage of goat femoropatellar joint were isolated and cultured in alginate matrix. The cells were exposed to CS (100 microg/ml) along with cyclic pressure of 1.2 MPa and 2.4 MPa and biochemical analysis of DNA, proteoglycan, collagen and protease activity was carried out in different matrix fractions, i.e., cellular matrix (CM) and further removed matrix (FRM) and in culture medium. The morphological studies of chondrocytes were carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The treatment of chondrocytes with CS along with cyclic pressure increased the rate of cell proliferation relative to control (without load and in the absence of CS) and CS alone (P<0.001). The proteoglycan content in CM increased in the presence of CS alone (P<0.05) as well as CS with cyclic pressure (P<0.001). The specific activity of protease in CM and FRM decreased in the presence of CS with cyclic pressure relative to control (P<0.001). The TEM images showed abundant CM, improved cell morphology and matrix organization in the presence of CS and cyclic load treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggested that in the presence of CS along with cyclic loading, the cellular ability to utilize and incorporate exogenous CS as extracellular matrix improved, as compared to CS alone.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mishra
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006041:Goats; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D008954:Models, Biological; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013264:Stifle; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates