title: Venous gas bubble formation and decompression risk after scuba diving in persons with chronic spinal cord injury and able-bodied controls.
abstract: METHODS
  Prospective study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the formation of venous gas bubbles following open-sea scuba dives in persons with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) and in able-bodied diving instructors (C) and to assess the risk for decompression sickness (DCS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Field study at the Island of Krk, Croatia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gas bubbles were monitored with an ultrasound scanner 40 min after surfacing. The probability of DCS (P((DCS))) was estimated from the recorded depth-time profile using a decompression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Divers completed six dives in 3 days using a modified Bühlmann decompression model, and none developed signs of DCS. Mean P((DCS)) was similar in both groups, SCI (0.51+/-0.2%) and C (0.64+/-0.27%), and was seen to increase with subsequent dives. Number of bubbles (bubbles per cm(2)) was low in both groups on all 3 days of diving.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have used the P((DCS)) as a severity index of diving exposure. Overall, the severity of exposure in SCI subjects was consistent with the range of typical recreational dives, suggesting that the diving profile used is very safe.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Breskovic
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Denoble
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Palada
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Obad
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Valic
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Glavas
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bakovic
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dujic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000379:methods; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017523:Croatia; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D004242:Diving / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging