title: Reproductive factors associated with nocturia and urinary urgency in women: a population-based study in Finland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of nocturia and urinary urgency with reproductive factors, including parity, the postpartum period, the menopause, hormone replacement therapy, hysterectomy, and surgery for stress urinary incontinence (SUI).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2003-2004, questionnaires eliciting urinary symptoms, reproductive factors, SUI surgery, and potential confounders were mailed to 3000 randomly selected women aged 18-79 years, identified from the Finnish Population Register. Nocturia was defined as 2 or more voids/night. Sudden compelling desire to urinate often or always (scale of never, rarely, often, always) was regarded as urgency. Pregnant and puerperal (6 weeks after delivery) women and those reporting urinary tract infection were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Responses totaled 2002 (67%). Parity, postpartum (defined as six weeks to one year after delivery) and postmenopausal periods were associated with increased nocturia and SUI surgery with increased urgency (adjusted for age, comorbidity, medication, anthropometric, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors). Hormone therapy and hysterectomy were associated with neither symptom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reproductive factors associated with nocturia differed from those related to urgency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. kari.tikkinen@fimnet.fi
authors.forename: Kari A O
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Tikkinen
authors.forename: Anssi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Auvinen
authors.forename: Aila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiitinen
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valpas
authors.forename: Theodore M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Teuvo L J
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Tammela
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D015987:Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D053158:Nocturia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000601:surgery; D053202:Urinary Incontinence, Urge / Q000453:epidemiology*