title: Apatite induced renal epithelial injury: insight into the pathogenesis of kidney stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Kidney stone formation is associated with the deposition of hydroxyapatite as subepithelial plaques or tubular deposits in the renal papillae. We investigated the effect of renal epithelial exposure to hydroxyapatite crystals in vitro to develop an insight into the pathogenesis of kidney stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  NRK52E cells (No. CRL-1571, ATCC) were exposed to 67 or 133 microg/cm(2) hydroxyapatite (No. 21223, Sigma-Aldrich) or calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals (No. 27609, BDH Industries, Poole, United Kingdom). In some studies cells were also exposed to crystals from the basal side. After 3 or 6 hours of exposure medium was analyzed for lactate dehydrogenase, 8-isoprostane and H(2)O(2). Medium collected after cell exposure on the apical side was also analyzed for the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and prostaglandin E2. Cells were stained with DAPI to determine apoptotic activity and examined by scanning electron microscopy to observe crystal-cell interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell exposure to hydroxyapatite resulted in H(2)O(2) and 8-isoprostane production as well as in lactate dehydrogenase release. Apical exposure appeared more provocative and injurious than basal exposure. Exposure to hydroxyapatite for 6 hours resulted in increased apoptotic activity. Apical exposure also resulted in increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and prostaglandin E2 production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cell exposure to hydroxyapatite crystals induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. It caused up-regulation of the inflammation mediators that may be responsible for the kidney inflammation in patients with stones that is associated with tubular hydroxyapatite deposition. It may also have a role in the eruption of subepithelial Randall's plaques to the papillary surface.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Byer
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khaskheli
authors.forename: Saeed R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D006882:Hydroxyapatites / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019459:Urothelium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006882:Hydroxyapatites; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species