title: Diagnostic considerations in prolymphocytes in pleural fluid: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prolymphocytes are nucleolated cells that are the defining features of the 2 chronic lymphoproliferative disorders, prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with increased prolymphocytes. Prolymphocytes appear relatively unfamiliar in cytopathology practice, and, particularly when present in body fluids, may resemble blasts or adult T-cell leukemia/ lymphoma (ATLL) cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 32-year-old man, referred to us with a diagnosis of acute leukemia, presented with shortness of breath for 2 months and loss of appetite for 3 months. He had enlarged liver and spleen, 6 and 8 cm, respectively, below the costal margin and pleural effusion. The raised total leukocyte count chiefly comprised prolymphocytes that, especially in the pleural fluid, had prominent nucleoli and significant pleomorphism, raising the possibility of blasts or ATLL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prolymphocytes in body fluids can be misinterpreted as blasts or even ATLL cells. Better awareness among cytopathologists about prolymphocytes and the disease states in which they occur, as well as insistence, in a clinical setting of leukemia, on interpreting the pleural fluid in relation to the clinical and laboratory findings, especially those of the peripheral blood and bone marrow, can prevent misdiagnosis. Equally importantly, immunophenotyping must be done in such situations.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Oncology Unit, Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: Shruti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Rajive
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Raina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000032:analysis; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016130:Immunophenotyping / Q000379:methods; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D015461:Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D015459:Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D016066:Pleural Effusion, Malignant / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D054504:Precursor Cells, T-Lymphoid / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D011241:Prednisone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014750:Vincristine / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D014750:Vincristine; D004317:Doxorubicin; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D011241:Prednisone