title: Cone-beam computed tomography on a mobile C-arm: novel intraoperative imaging technology for guidance of head and neck surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A conventional approach to image-guided surgery relies on positional tracking relative to preoperative images. We investigated the performance of intraoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) on a mobile C-arm for real-time guidance of head and neck surgery. Objectives were as follows: (1) to quantify improvements in surgical performance achieved with intraoperative CBCT and (2) to investigate specific, challenging surgical tasks for which CBCT is essential for total target ablation and critical structure avoidance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical performance was evaluated using a phantom model in which a simulated skull base lesion was excised with and without intraoperative CBCT guidance. Performance was quantified by means of statistical decision theory analysis for conservative and radical excision tasks, yielding measures of sensitivity and specificity for each surgical task. Cadaveric specimens were employed to demonstrate the efficacy of CBCT guidance in sinus and skull base surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance under CBCT guidance was significantly increased in all cases, particularly for radical excision tasks in proximity to critical normal structures. Cadaver studies demonstrated that CBCT-guided procedures yielded higher-quality surgical product and higher conformity to surgical margins with dramatically increased surgical confidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative CBCT quantifiably improved surgical performance in all excision tasks and significantly increased surgical confidence. CBCT offers an intraoperative three-dimensional imaging technology that provides exquisite, real-time visualization of sinus and skull base anatomy. Such intraoperative imaging in combination with real-time tracking and navigation should be of great benefit in delicate procedures in which excision must be executed in close proximity to critical structures.
authors.affiliation: Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Jeffrey H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Siewerdsen
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rafferty
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Moseley
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Jaffray
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Irish
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008954:Models, Biological; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D019291:Skull Base / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*