title: Postoperative ketamine administration decreases morphine consumption in major abdominal surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ketamine decreases postoperative morphine consumption, but its optimal dosing and duration of administration remain unclear. In this study, we compared the effects of ketamine administration on morphine consumption limited to the intraoperative period, or continued for 48 h postoperatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-one patients scheduled for abdominal surgery were prospectively randomized under double-blind conditions to three groups: (1) PERI group receiving intraoperative and postoperative ketamine for the first 48 h after surgery (2 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) after a 0.5 mg/kg bolus); (2) INTRA group receiving intraoperative ketamine administration only (2 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) after a 0.5 mg/kg bolus); and (3) CTRL group receiving placebo. Morphine consumption, visual analog scale scores and side effects (sedation score, nausea-vomiting score, nightmares, psychiatric disorders, or delusions) were recorded for the first 48 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cumulative morphine consumption 24 h after surgery was significantly lower in the PERI group (median = 27 mg, interquartile range = [19]) than in the INTRA group (48 mg [41.5]) and CTRL group (50 mg [21]) (P < 0.005). Postoperative visual analog scale scores were significantly lower in the PERI group and INTRA group than in the CTRL group (P < 0.001). A higher rate of nausea was observed in the CTRL group compared with the PERI group (27% vs 4%, P = 0.005). No difference in sedation scores or psychiatric disorders was observed among groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose ketamine improved postoperative analgesia with a significant decrease of morphine consumption when its administration was continued for 48 h postoperatively, with a lower incidence of nausea and with no side effects of ketamine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University Hospital of Amiens, Amiens, France.
authors.forename: Jérome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zakine
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Samarcq
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lorne
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moubarak
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montravers
authors.forename: Sadek
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beloucif
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dupont
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery*; D000368:Aged; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009392:Nephrectomy; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011468:Prostatectomy; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D007649:Ketamine; D009020:Morphine