title: 2-Chlorohexadecanal and 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid induce COX-2 expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells.
abstract: 2-Chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), a 16-carbon chain chlorinated fatty aldehyde that is produced by reactive chlorinating species attack of plasmalogens, is elevated in atherosclerotic plaques, infarcted myocardium, and activated leukocytes. We tested the hypothesis that 2-ClHDA and its metabolites, 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid (2-ClHA) and 2-chlorohexadecanol (2-ClHOH), induce COX-2 expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC). COX-2 protein expression increased in response to 2-ClHDA treatments at 8 and 20 h. 2-ClHA also increased COX-2 expression following an 8 h treatment. Quantitative PCR showed that 2-ClHDA treatment increased COX-2 mRNA over 8 h, while 2-ClHA treatment led to a modest increase by 1 h and those levels remained constant over 8 h. 2-ClHDA led to a significant increase in 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) release (a measure of PGI(2) release) by HCAEC. These data suggest that 2-ClHDA and its metabolite 2-ClHA, which are produced during leukocyte activation, may alter vascular endothelial cell function by upregulation of COX-2 expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Messner
authors.forename: Carolyn J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ford
mesh_terms: D015121:6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010169:Palmitic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C432398:2-chlorohexadecanal; C532464:2-chlorohexadecanoic acid; D000447:Aldehydes; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D010169:Palmitic Acids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D015121:6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2