title: Characterization of Aspergillus flavus strains from Brazilian Brazil nuts and cashew by RAPD and ribosomal DNA analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the genetic variability in Aspergillus flavus populations from Brazil nut and cashew and develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chomatography analysis of 48 isolates identified 36 as aflatoxigenic (75%). One hundred and forty-one DNA bands were generated with 11 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers and analysed via unweighted pair group analysis, using arithmetic means (UPGMA). Isolates grouped according to host, with differentiation of those from A. occidentale also according to geographical origin. Aspergillus flavus-specific PCR primers ASPITSF2 and ASPITSR3 were designed from ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS 1 and 2), and an internal amplification control was developed, to prevent false negative results. Specificity to only A. flavus was confirmed against DNA from additional aspergilli and other fungi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RAPD-based characterization differentiated isolates according to plant host. The PCR primer pair developed showed specificity to A. flavus, with a detection limit of 10 fg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic variability observed in A. flavus isolates from two Brazilian agroecosystems suggested reproductive isolation. The PCR detection method developed for A. flavus represents progress towards multiplex PCR detection of aflatoxigenic and nonaflatoxigenic strains in Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point systems.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: G E O
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Midorikawa
authors.forename: M R R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Vidigal
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Arruda
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Freire
authors.forename: R N G
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D031021:Anacardium / Q000382:microbiology; D001231:Aspergillus flavus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D031383:Bertholletia / Q000382:microbiology; D001938:Brazil; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D016533:Mycological Typing Techniques; D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal