title: Parity in relation to survival following breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study examines the association between parity and survival following breast cancer diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of 4453 women diagnosed with breast cancer in Malmö, Sweden, between 1961 and 1991 were analysed. All women were followed until 31 December 2003, using the Swedish Cause-of-Death Registry. Breast cancer specific mortality rate was calculated in different levels of parity. Corresponding relative risks, with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were obtained using Cox's proportional hazards analysis. All analyses were adjusted for potential prognostic factors and stratified for age, menopausal status and diagnostic period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As compared to women with one child, nulliparity (RR 1.27: 95% CI 1.09-1.47), and high parity (four or more children) (1.49: 1.20-1.85) were positively associated with a high mortality from breast cancer. When adjusted for potential confounders, the association was only statistically significant for high parity (1.33: 1.07-1.66). In the analyses stratified on age and menopausal status, there was a similar positive association between high parity and breast cancer death in all strata, although only statistically significant among women older than 45 years of age or postmenopausal. Nulliparity was associated with breast cancer death in women that were younger than 45 years of age (1.28: 0.79-2.09) or premenopausal (1.30: 0.95-1.80), but these associations did not reach statistical significance. There was no association between nulliparity and breast cancer death in women older than 45 years of age or postmenopausal. All associations were similar in analyses stratified for diagnostic period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with four or more children have a poor breast cancer survival as compared to women with one child.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden. salma.butt@med.lu.se
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Butt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borgquist
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Garne
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Landberg
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tengrup
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manjer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012042:Registries; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology