title: Changes in hospital costs after introducing an intermediate care unit: a comparative observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The high cost of critical care resources has resulted in strategies to reduce the costs of ruling out low-risk patients by developing intermediate care units (IMCs). The aim of this study was to compare changes in total hospital costs for intensive care patients before and after the introduction of an IMC at the University Hospital Maastricht.
  
  
  METHODS
  The design was a comparative longitudinal study. The setting was a university hospital with a mixed intensive care unit (ICU), an IMC, and general wards. Changes in total hospital costs were measured for patients who were admitted to the ICU before and after the introduction of the IMC. The comparison of interest was the opening of a six-bed mixed IMC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean total hospital cost per patient increased significantly. Before the introduction of the IMC, the total hospital cost per patient was n12,961 (+/- n14,530) and afterwards it rose to n16,513 (+/- n17,718). Multiple regression analysis was used to determine to what extent patient characteristics explained these higher hospital costs using mortality, type of stay, diagnostic categories, length of ICU and ward stay, and the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) as predictors. More surgical patients, greater requirements of therapeutic interventions on the ICU admission day, and longer ICU stay in patients did explain the increase in hospital costs, rather than the introduction of the IMC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After the introduction of the IMC, the higher mean total hospital costs for patients with a high TISS score and longer ICU stay explained the cost increase.
authors.affiliation: Staff Department of Research, Care and Education, Maastricht University Hospital, P. Debyelaan 25 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Barbara C J
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Solberg
authors.forename: Carmen D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Dirksen
authors.forename: Fred H M
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Nieman
authors.forename: Godefridus
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Merode
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poeze
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramsay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003422:Critical Care / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D010343:Patient Admission; D012044:Regression Analysis