title: Differential role of reactive oxygen species in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt by key receptors on B-lymphocytes: CD40, the B cell antigen receptor, and CXCR4.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes play a key role in the host defense against infection. The development, survival, and activation of B cell is regulated by multiple receptors including the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), which detects the presence of pathogens, CD40, which binds co-stimulatory molecules on activated T cells, and chemokines such as SDF-1 (CXCL12) that play key roles in B cell development and trafficking. Signaling by many receptors results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that function as second messengers by regulating the activity of redox-sensitive kinases and phosphatases. We investigated the role of ROS in signaling by the BCR, CD40, and CXCR4, the receptor for SDF-1. We focused on activation of ERK, JNK, p38, and Akt, kinases that regulate multiple processes including cell survival, proliferation, and migration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the anti-oxidants N-acetyl L-cysteine (NAC) and ebselen to deplete intracellular ROS, we identified a differential requirement for ROS in the activation of ERK, JNK, p38, and Akt by these receptors. We found that CD40 activated JNK, p38, and Akt via redox-dependent pathways that were sensitive to ROS depletion by NAC and ebselen. In contrast, BCR-induced activation of ERK, JNK, p38, and Akt was not affected by ROS depletion. We also found that CXCR4-induced Akt activation was ROS-dependent even though activation of the ERK, JNK, and p38 MAP kinases by CXCR4 occurred via ROS-independent pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differential requirement for ROS in the activation of ERK, JNK, p38, and Akt by the BCR, CD40, and CXCR4 likely reflects the multiplicity of upstream activators for each of these kinases, only some of which may be regulated in a redox-dependent manner. These findings support the idea that ROS are important second messengers in B cells and suggest that oxidants or anti-oxidants could be used to modulate B cell activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada, rosalinelee@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rosaline L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Westendorf
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gold