title: Successful interventional treatment of arteriovenous fistula after kidney biopsy in pediatric patients--a report of three cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With an incidence of up to 16%, arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a frequent complication after renal biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report on three cases, where renal biopsy in pediatric and adolescent patients led to various but clinically significant complications. In each patient two cores of renal parenchyma from the upper pole of the renal transplant or the lower pole of the right native kidney, respectively, were obtained with two attempts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immediate post-bioptic ultrasound did not show any abnormalities. Setting of an AVF was suspected when complications occurred and ultrasound and Doppler studies showed AVF. The diagnosis was confirmed by angiography and occlusion of the fistulae was performed in the same session.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that persistent AVF is an uncommon but serious complication after renal biopsy. Well-timed angiography when AVF is suspected can prevent loss of function, especially in transplant recipients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital, Loschgestr. 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany. Eva-Maria.Rueth@uk-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Eva Maria
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Rüth
authors.forename: Katalin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dittrich
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jüngert
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uder
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rascher
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dötsch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000792:Angiography; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000473:pathology; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine