title: Circulating ghrelin, leptin, and soluble leptin receptor concentrations and cardiometabolic risk factors in a community-based sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The conjoint effects and relative importance of ghrelin, leptin, and soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), adipokines involved in appetite control and energy expenditure in mediating cardiometabolic risk, is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to study the cross-sectional relations of these adipokines to cardiometabolic risk factors in a community-based sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured circulating ghrelin, leptin, and sOB-R in 362 participants (mean age 45 yr; 54% women) of the Framingham Third Generation Cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body mass index, waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, lipid measures, fasting glucose, smoking, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ghrelin and leptin concentrations were significantly higher in women (P < 0.0001). In multivariable models, ghrelin was inversely associated with age and systolic blood pressure, and leptin was positively related to body mass index and WC. sOB-R was positively associated with age, total cholesterol, and fasting glucose and inversely with WC and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Ghrelin and sOB-R concentrations were significantly lower with number of MetS components (P for trend = 0.022 and < 0.0001, respectively), whereas leptin concentrations were higher (P for trend = 0.0001). Relating all adipokines to MetS conjointly, higher ghrelin and leptin concentrations were associated with decreased and increased odds of MetS (odds ratio 0.55, P < 0.0001; odds ratio 4.44, P = 0.0002, per 1 sd increase of respective log adipokine).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our community-based sample, we observed a sexual dimorphism in circulating ghrelin and leptin concentrations. Ghrelin, leptin, and sOB-R were associated with number of MetS components cross-sectionally, consistent with the hypothesis that these adipokines may have a central role in cardiometabolic risk.
authors.affiliation: The Framingham Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5803, USA.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ingelsson
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Meigs
authors.forename: Izabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lipinska
authors.forename: Emelia J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Keaney
authors.forename: Ramachandran S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vasan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D054411:Receptors, Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D020738:Leptin; D054411:Receptors, Leptin