title: Formation and biological characterization of three new types of improved crucian carp.
abstract: The improved tetraploids (G(1)xAT) were obtained by distant crossing and gynogenesis and the high-body individuals accounted for 2% among G(1)xAT. After mating with each other, the high-body individuals produced three kinds of bisexual fertile diploid fishes: high-body red crucian carp, high-body fork-like-tails goldfish and gray common carp. The high-body red crucian carp mating with each other formed three types of improved crucian carp (ICC) including improved red crucian carp (IRCC), improved color crucian carp (ICCC) and improved gray crucian carp (IGCC). The phenotypes, chromosome numbers, gonadal structure and fertility of the three kinds of ICC and their offspring were observed. All the three kinds of ICC possessed some improved phenotypes such as higher body, smaller head and shorter tail. The ratios of the body height to body length of IRCC, ICCC and IGCC were 0.54, 0.51 and 0.54, respectively. All of them were obviously higher than that of red crucian carp 0.41 (P<0.01). Three kinds of ICC had the same chromosome number as red crucian carp with 100 chromosomes. All the ICC possessed normal gonads producing mature eggs or sperm, which was important for the production of an improved diploid population. Compared with red crucian carp, all the ICC had stronger fertility such as higher gametes production, higher fertilization rate and higher hatchery rate. Three types of improved diploid fish population were generated from the three kinds of ICC by self-crossing, respectively. The ICC can serve as ornamental fish and edible fish. They are also ideal parents to produce triploids by mating with tetraploids. The new ICC plays an important role in biological evolution and fish genetic breeding.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: QinBo
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: ShaoJun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: JinHui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: KaiKun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002347:Carps / Q000235:genetics*; D006066:Gonads / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron