title: Paternal genetic affinity between Western Austronesians and Daic populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Austronesian is a linguistic family spread in most areas of the Southeast Asia, the Pacific Ocean, and the Indian Ocean. Based on their linguistic similarity, this linguistic family included Malayo-Polynesians and Taiwan aborigines. The linguistic similarity also led to the controversial hypothesis that Taiwan is the homeland of all the Malayo-Polynesians, a hypothesis that has been debated by ethnologists, linguists, archaeologists, and geneticists. It is well accepted that the Eastern Austronesians (Micronesians and Polynesians) derived from the Western Austronesians (Island Southeast Asians and Taiwanese), and that the Daic populations on the mainland are supposed to be the headstream of all the Austronesian populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this report, we studied 20 SNPs and 7 STRs in the non-recombining region of the 1,509 Y chromosomes from 30 China Daic populations, 23 Indonesian and Vietnam Malayo-Polynesian populations, and 11 Taiwan aboriginal populations. These three groups show many resemblances in paternal lineages. Admixture analyses demonstrated that the Daic populations are hardly influenced by Han Chinese genetically, and that they make up the largest proportion of Indonesians. Most of the population samples contain a high frequency of haplogroup O1a-M119, which is nearly absent in other ethnic families. The STR network of haplogroup O1a* illustrated that Indonesian lineages did not derive from Taiwan aborigines as linguistic studies suggest, but from Daic populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that, in contrast to the Taiwan homeland hypothesis, the Island Southeast Asians do not have a Taiwan origin based on their paternal lineages. Furthermore, we show that both Taiwan aborigines and Indonesians likely derived from the Daic populations based on their paternal lineages. These two populations seem to have evolved independently of each other. Our results indicate that a super-phylum, which includes Taiwan aborigines, Daic, and Malayo-Polynesians, is genetically educible.
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes for Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China. LiHui.Fudan@gmail.com
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Shu-Juo
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Patcharin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pramoonjago
authors.forename: Yangfan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shangling
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Zhendong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Wenhong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Ningning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Dinhbinh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Daru
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Mu-Tsu
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Ranjan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deka
authors.forename: Sangkot
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marzuki
authors.forename: Chia-Chen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013624:Taiwan; D014744:Vietnam