title: Prevalence of bortezomib-resistant constitutive NF-kappaB activity in mantle cell lymphoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib can inhibit activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, a mechanism implicated in its anti-neoplastic effects observed in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). However, NF-kappaB can be activated through many distinct mechanisms, including proteasome independent pathways. While MCL cells have been shown to harbor constitutive NF-kappaB activity, what fraction of this activity in primary MCL samples is sensitive or resistant to inhibition by bortezomib remains unclear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proteasome activity in the EBV-negative MCL cell lines Jeko-1 and Rec-1 is inhibited by greater than 80% after exposure to 20 nM bortezomib for 4 hours. This treatment decreased NF-kappaB activity in Jeko-1 cells, but failed to do so in Rec-1 cells when assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Concurrently, Rec-1 cells were more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of bortezomib than Jeko-1 cells. Consistent with a proteasome inhibitor resistant pathway of activation described in mouse B-lymphoma cells (WEHI231) and a breast carcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-468), the bortezomib-resistant NF-kappaB activity in Rec-1 cells is inhibited by calcium chelators, calmodulin inhibitors, and perillyl alcohol, a monoterpene capable of blocking L-type calcium channels. Importantly, the combination of perillyl alcohol and bortezomib is synergistic in eliciting Rec-1 cell cytotoxicity. The relevance of these results is illuminated by the additional finding that a considerable fraction of primary MCL samples (8 out of 10) displayed bortezomib-resistant constitutive NF-kappaB activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that bortezomib-resistant NF-kappaB activity is frequently observed in MCL samples and suggest that this activity may be relevant to MCL biology as well as serve as a potential therapeutic target.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA. dtyang@wisc.edu
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ken H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Brad S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kahl
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Markovina
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000069286:Bortezomib; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020522:Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001897:Boronic Acids; D016328:NF-kappa B; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines; D000069286:Bortezomib; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex