title: Gaseous fluxes in the nitrogen and carbon budgets of subsurface flow constructed wetlands.
abstract: In 2001 and 2002, fluxes of N(2)O, CH(4), CO(2) and N(2) were measured in two constructed wetlands (CW) for domestic wastewater treatment in Estonia. The difference between the median values of N(2)O, CH(4), and N(2) fluxes in the horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) CWs was non-significant, being 1.3-1.4 and 1.4-4.1 mg m(-2) d(-1) for N(2)O-N and CH(4)-C, and 0.16-0.17 g N m(-2) d(-1) for N(2)-N respectively. The CO(2)-C flux was significantly lower (0.6 g C m(-2) d(-1)) in one of the HSSF filters of a hybrid CW, whereas the single HSSF and VSSF filters emitted 1.7 and 2.0 g C m(-2) d(-1). The median value of CH(4)-C emission in CWs varied from 1.4 to 42.6 g C m(-2) d(-1), being significantly higher in the VSSF filter beds. We also estimated C and N budgets in one of the HSSF CWs (312.5 m(2)) for 2001 and 2002. The total C input into this system was similar in 2001 and 2002, 772 and 719 kg C year(-1), but was differently distributed between constituent fluxes. In 2001, the main input flux was soil and microbial accumulation (663 kg C year(-1) or 85.8% of total C input), followed by plant net primary production (NPP) (10.2%) and wastewater inflow (3.9%). In 2002, 55.7% of annual C input was bound in plant NPP, whereas the increase in soil C formed 28.5% and wastewater inflow 15.7%. The main C output flux was soil respiration, including microbial respiration from soil and litter, and the respiration of roots and rhizomes. It formed 120 (97.5%) and 230 kg C year(-1) (98.2%) in 2001 and 2002 respectively. The measured CH(4)-C flux remained below 0.1% of total C output. The HSSF CW was generally found to be a strong C sink, and its annual C sequestration was 649 and 484 kg C year(-1) per wetland in 2001 and 2002 respectively. However, negative soil and microbial accumulation values in recent years indicate decreasing C sequestration. The average annual N removal from the system was 38-59 kg N year(-1) (46-48% of the initial total N loading). The most important flux of the N budget was N(2)-N emission (22.7 kg in 2001 and 15.2 kg in 2002), followed by plant belowground assimilation (2.3 and 11.9 kg N year(-1) in 2001 and 2002), and above-ground assimilation (1.9 and 9.2 kg N year(-1), respectively). N(2)O emission was low: 0.37-0.60 kg N year(-1)(.).
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, Estonia. ulo.mander@ut.ee
authors.forename: Ulo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mander
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lõhmus
authors.forename: Sille
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Teiter
authors.forename: Tõnu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mauring
authors.forename: Kaspar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nurk
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Augustin
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004957:Estonia; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002244:Carbon; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D009584:Nitrogen; D008697:Methane