title: Long-term stroke prognosis in relation to medical prevention and lifestyle factors. A prospective population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have focused on the quality of secondary prevention among long-term stroke survivors. This study explores the intensity of medical intervention and the impact of lifestyle and other risk factors on the long-term stroke prognosis in a population-based setting of Swedish individuals with a history of stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based cohort (n = 28,449) in Malmo, Sweden, was recruited during 1991-1996. Of them, 394 had a history of stroke, according to self-reported physician diagnosis and record linkage with the Stroke Register in Malmo. Information on medical intervention and lifestyle factors was collected from the questionnaire. The incidence of a cardiac event (CE) or recurrent stroke was followed for 7.5 years after the baseline examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of hypertension was 79.4% in patients with a history of stroke. Only half of them received blood-pressure (BP)-lowering medication, and 11.5% of them achieved a BP <140/90 mm Hg. Most patients with hypercholesterolemia did not receive lipid-lowering medication. Antithrombotic agents were used by 38%. Nearly one third were still smoking, and two thirds were overweight or obese. Compared to subjects without a history of stroke, the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD, i.e. CE or recurrent stroke) was significantly higher in stroke survivors. The increased CVD risk was significantly associated with elevated BP levels. No significant relationship was found between CVD risk and lifestyle risk factors reported at the time of baseline examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a large gap between recommended secondary preventive measures and their implementation in subjects with a history of stroke. Achieving recommended hypertension control may prevent a substantial proportion of the CE and recurrent strokes in this group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmo, Epidemiological Research Group, University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden. cairu.li@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Cairu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Engstrom
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Janzon
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hedblad
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology