title: MLL protects CpG clusters from methylation within the Hoxa9 gene, maintaining transcript expression.
abstract: Homeobox (HOX) genes play a definitive role in determination of cell fate during embryogenesis and hematopoiesis. MLL-related leukemia is coincident with increased expression of a subset of HOX genes, including HOXA9. MLL functions to maintain, rather than initiate, expression of its target genes. However, the mechanism of MLL maintenance of target gene expression is not understood. Here, we demonstrate that Mll binds to specific clusters of CpG residues within the Hoxa9 locus and regulates expression of multiple transcripts. The presence of Mll at these clusters provides protection from DNA methylation. shRNA knock-down of Mll reverses the methylation protection status at the previously protected CpG clusters; methylation at these CpG residues is similar to that observed in Mll null cells. Furthermore, reconstituting MLL expression in Mll null cells can reverse DNA methylation of the same CpG residues, demonstrating a dominant effect of MLL in protecting this specific region from DNA methylation. Intriguingly, an oncogenic MLL-AF4 fusion can also reverse DNA methylation, but only for a subset of these CpGs. This method of transcriptional regulation suggests a mechanism that explains the role of Mll in transcriptional maintenance, but it may extend to other CpG DNA binding proteins. Protection from methylation may be an important mechanism of epigenetic inheritance by regulating the function of both de novo and maintenance DNA methyltransferases.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Institute, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
authors.forename: Frank E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Erfurth
authors.forename: Relja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Popovic
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grembecka
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cierpicki
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Theisler
authors.forename: Zhen-Biao
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: Manuel O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bushweller
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Zeleznik-Le
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D051788:Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C097899:homeobox protein HOXA9; D051788:Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein