title: [Shikonin inhibits the proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the inhibitory effect of shikonin on the proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  HASMCs from the trachea were obtained by primary culture of the tissue explants and adherent culture. The HASMCs were exposed to shikonin at 0 (control group), 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 40 micromol/L for 12, 24, and 48 h, after which the cell proliferation was assessed by 3-(4,5-carboxymethoxypheny1)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) colorimetric assay. Flow cytometry was used for cell cycle analysis of the HASMCs exposed to shikonin at 40, 20, 10, 5 micromol/L and 0 micromol/L (control group) for 24 h. Immunocytochemistry with SP method was performed to detect the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the HASMCs treated with shikonin at 20 micromol/L and 0 micromol/L (control group) for 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Shikonin at the concentrations of 20 and 40 micromol/L significantly inhibited the proliferation of the cells (P<0.05), and the effect was especially obvious after 48 h of cell exposure, with inhibition rates of 30.1% and 42.9%, respectively. No significant difference was found between the two concentrations for their cell growth inhibition effects (P>0.05). Shikonin at the concentrations of 20 and 40 micromol/L caused significant cell cycle arrest in G(0)/G(1) phase (P<0.05), the effect of which, however, was not concentration-dependent (P>0.05). Shikohin at 20 micromol/L significantly down-regulated the expression of PCNA in the cells (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shikonin can inhibit the proliferation of HASMCs in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China. ydna12345@sina.com
authors.forename: Yan-xia
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Ya-ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Wen-yan
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Dun-qiang
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Zhen-xing
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D014132:Trachea / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D009285:Naphthoquinones; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; C016101:shikonin