title: Implication of the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway in conditioning the amino acid metabolism in bundle sheath and mesophyll cells of maize leaves.
abstract: We investigated the role of glutamine synthetases (cytosolic GS1 and chloroplast GS2) and glutamate synthases (ferredoxin-GOGAT and NADH-GOGAT) in the inorganic nitrogen assimilation and reassimilation into amino acids between bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cells for the remobilization of amino acids during the early phase of grain filling in Zea mays L. The plants responded to a light/dark cycle at the level of nitrate, ammonium and amino acids in the second leaf, upward from the primary ear, which acted as the source organ. The assimilation of ammonium issued from distinct pathways and amino acid synthesis were evaluated from the diurnal rhythms of the transcripts and the encoded enzyme activities of nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, GS1, GS2, ferredoxin-GOGAT, NADH-GOGAT, NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase and asparagine synthetase. We discerned the specific role of the isoproteins of ferredoxin and ferredoxin:NADP(+) oxidoreductase in providing ferredoxin-GOGAT with photoreduced or enzymatically reduced ferredoxin as the electron donor. The spatial distribution of ferredoxin-GOGAT supported its role in the nitrogen (re)assimilation and reallocation in bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cells of the source leaf. The diurnal nitrogen recycling within the plants took place via the specific amino acids in the phloem and xylem exudates. Taken together, we conclude that the GS1/ferredoxin-GOGAT cycle is the main pathway of inorganic nitrogen assimilation and recycling into glutamine and glutamate, and preconditions amino acid interconversion and remobilization.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Nutrition Azotée des Plantes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Route de St-Cyr, Versailles, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Hélène
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Valadier
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Grandjean
authors.forename: Halima
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: Jocelyne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kronenberger
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boutet
authors.forename: Adeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raballand
authors.forename: Toshiharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hase
authors.forename: Tadakatsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoneyama
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases / Q000032:analysis; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000378:metabolism; D004579:Electron Transport; D015870:Gene Expression; D005970:Glutamate Synthase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D003313:Zea mays / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D000594:Amino Acid Oxidoreductases; D005970:Glutamate Synthase; C042233:glutamate synthase (ferredoxin); D005974:Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; D009584:Nitrogen