title: Thalamic cavernous angioma: paraculminar supracerebellar infratentorial transtentorial approach for the safe and complete surgical removal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The thalamic cavernous angioma (CA) represents a neurosurgical challenge because of the critical neurologic functions of the thalamus and its surrounding structures and of their deep location inside the brain. Although the natural history of the thalamic CA remains undefined, several studies suggest the poor outcome of those patients especially if the symptomatic thalamic CA is treated conservatively. We describe the advantage of the paraculminar supracerebellar approach to the lesions in the brainstem.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied the usefulness and the safety of the paraculminar supracerebellar infratentorial transtentorial approach for the patients with thalamic CA.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ninety two consecutive patients with CA were treated at the Department of Neurosurgery in the Zurich University Hospital between 1993 and 2003. Among these patients, we analyzed six patients (four female, mean age 43) with thalamic CA who underwent surgical removal with the paraculminar supracerebellar transtentorial approach. We retrospectively reviewed their medical charts, the neuroradiological images, and the operative notes/video records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients of the six presented with thalamic hemorrhage. CA existed in the left thalamus in four patients and in the right in two. Preoperative symptoms included sensorimotor disturbance (three cases), double vision (three cases), Parinaud syndrome (one case), and thalamic pain (one case). All patients had the thalamic CA completely removed without any postoperative deterioration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that for the removal of thalamic cavernous angioma the paraculminar supracerebellar infratentorial transtentorial approach provides the spacious surgical field with reduced risks of damaging and sacrificing surrounding vascular and neuronal system. This approach could proffer one of the best and safest surgical routes for the radical removal of thalamic cavernous angioma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Otani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujioka
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oracioglu
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muroi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yonekawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006392:Hemangioma, Cavernous / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013788:Thalamus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome