title: Contrast-enhanced three-dimensional dobutamine stress echocardiography: between Scylla and Charybdis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) allows quick volumetric scanning of the left ventricle (LV). We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced stress RT3DE for the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) in comparison with coronary arteriography as the reference technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five consecutive patients (age 59 +/- 10, 31 males) referred for coronary angiography were examined by contrast-enhanced RT3DE. Wall motion analysis was performed off-line by dedicated software. New or worsening wall motion abnormalities were detected in 17 of 28 patients with significant CAD (sensitivity 61%), and in two of 17 patients without significant CAD (specificity 88%). The sensitivity for detection of single-vessel CAD was 8/15 patients (53%), for two-vessel CAD 4/6 (67%), and for three-vessel CAD 5/7 (71%). In 35 patients, comparison with conventional RT3DE was available. The image quality index at rest improved from 2.5 +/- 1.2 to 3.2 +/- 1.0 (P < 0.001) with contrast and at peak stress from 2.3 +/- 1.2 to 3.1 +/- 1.0 (P < 0.001). Interobserver agreement on the diagnosis of myocardial ischaemia improved from 26 of 35 studies (74%, kappa = 0.44) with conventional stress RT3DE to 30 of 35 studies (86%, kappa = 0.69) with contrast-enhanced stress RT3DE. Sensitivity increased from 50 to 55% and specificity from 69 to 85% with contrast-enhanced stress RT3DE in this subset of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite some important practical and theoretical benefits, contrast-enhanced stress RT3DE currently has only moderate diagnostic sensitivity due to several technical limitations as temporal and spatial resolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Thoraxcenter, Room Ba 316, Dr Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands. b.krenning@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Boudewijn J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Krenning
authors.forename: Attila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nemes
authors.forename: Osama I I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Soliman
authors.forename: Wim B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Vletter
authors.forename: Marco M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Voormolen
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: Folkert J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ten Cate
authors.forename: Jos R T C
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Roelandt
authors.forename: Marcel L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Geleijnse
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D025401:Echocardiography, Stress / Q000379:methods; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media