title: Estrogen receptor and HER2/neu status affect epigenetic differences of tumor-related genes in primary breast tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers are considered prognostically more favorable than ER-negative tumors, whereas human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2/neu-positive breast cancers are associated with worse prognosis. The objective of the present study was to determine whether ER-positive and ER-negative status relates to epigenetic changes in breast cancer-related genes. To evaluate epigenetic differences in tumor-related genes relating to ER and HER2/neu status of primary tumors, we examined the promoter methylation status of the promoter region CpG islands of eight major breast tumor-related genes (RASSF1A, CCND2, GSPT1, TWIST, APC, NES1, RARbeta2, and CDH1).
  
  
  METHODS
  Paired ER-positive (n = 65) and ER-negative (n = 65) primary breast tumors (n = 130) matched for prognostic factors were assessed. DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tumor tissue after microdissection, and methylation-specific PCR and capillary-array electrophoresis analysis were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In early stages of tumor progression (T1 and N0), RASSF1A and CCND2 were significantly (P < 0.05) more methylated in ER-positive than in ER-negative tumors. GSTP1 hypermethylation was more frequent in the lymph node metastasis positive group than in the negative group. Double negative (ER-negative, HER2/neu-negative) breast cancers had significantly lesser frequencies of RASSF1A, GSTP1, and APC methylation (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, and P = 0.0035, respectively). Both ER and HER2/neu status correlated independently with these epigenetic alterations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated significant differences in tumor-related gene methylation patterns relevant to ER and HER2/neu status of breast tumors. This may be of significance in the assessment of targeted therapy resistance related to ER and HER2/neu status in breast cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Oncology, The John Wayne Cancer Institute, Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica Blvd, Santa Monica, California 90404, USA.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sunami
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinozaki
authors.forename: Myung-Shin
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.forename: Sandy L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Anh-Thu
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.forename: Armando E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Giuliano
authors.forename: Dave S B
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hoon
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D018450:Disease Progression; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause; D011379:Prognosis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen