title: Percutaneous renal intervention: comparison of 2-D and time-resolved 3-D (4-D) ultrasound for minimal calyceal dilation using an ultrasound phantom and fluoroscopic control.
abstract: The rapid advances made by ultrasound in recent years have increasingly taken 3-D ultrasound (3DUS) and 4-D ultrasound (4DUS) from the research setting to the patient's bedside. There are still unexplored areas like renal percutaneous intervention, where 4DUS has yet to be proven an effective tool. Ultrasound-only guidance in renal percutaneous access is used in selected well-dilated pelvi-calyceal systems (PCS), and fluoroscopy is often utilized as an adjunct. Our aim was to compare 2-D and 4-D guidance for punctures, with fluoroscopy as control, using an in vitro ultrasound phantom. Agar and latex were the tissue-mimicking materials used for the construction of the phantom. The latex targets were designed to simulate multidirection-facing minimally dilated renal calyces. Two interventional fellows punctured the "calyces" using first 2DUS and then 4DUS guidance, making use of a different set of targets each time. The time to puncture, time to introduction of wire, quality of puncture (judged on fluoroscopy) and global rating of both modalities were documented. There was no significant difference between the times to puncture using 2DUS (1.8 min) and 4DUS (2 min). Nor was there a significant difference in the quality of puncture. 4DUS had a higher median difficulty rating. The multiplanar reformatted (MPR) longitudinal and transverse images were found to be the most useful for needle guidance. Cross hairs in all MPR images were not just useful in aligning the images on target but also as surrogate targets. The phantom was found to be robust, with only one instance of air introduction after 30 punctures. We have found that 4DUS is at least as good as 2DUS in terms of quality of punctures in vitro. The technology still has some way to go as frame rates, transducer size and resolution improve.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, St. George's Hospital, London, UK. babbinj@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Babbin S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.forename: Lakshmi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ratnam
authors.forename: Miles
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walkden
authors.forename: Siew
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.forename: Uday
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anson
authors.forename: Dariush
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nassiri
mesh_terms: D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007670:Kidney Calices / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009339:Needles; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011677:Punctures / Q000379:methods; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*