title: Analysis of the spatial distribution of infant mortality by cause of death in Austria in 1984 to 2006.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Austria, over the last 20 years infant mortality declined from 11.2 per 1,000 life births (1985) to 4.7 per 1,000 in1997 but remained rather constant since then. In addition to this time trend we already reported a non-random spatial distribution of infant mortality rates in a recent study covering the time period 1984 to 2002. This present study includes four additional years and now covers about 1.9 million individual birth certificates. It aimes to elucidate the observed non-random spatial distribution in more detail. We split up infant mortality into six groups according to the underlying cause of death. The underlying spatial distribution of standardized mortality ratios (SMR) is estimated by univariate models as well as by two models incorporating all six groups simultaneously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observe strong correlations between the individual spatial patterns of SMR's except for "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome" and to some extent for "Peripartal Problems". The spatial distribution of SMR's is non-random with an area of decreased risk in the South-East of Austria. The group "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome" clearly and the group "Peripartal Problems" slightly show deviations from the common pattern. When comparing univariate and multivariate SMR estimates we observe that the resulting spatial distributions are very similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observe different non-random spatial distributions of infant mortality rates when grouped by cause of death. The models applied were based on individual data thereby avoiding ecological regression bias. The estimated spatial distributions do not substantially depend on the employed estimation method. The observed non-random spatial patterns of Austrian infant mortality remain to appear ambiguous.
authors.affiliation: Center of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria. thomas.waldhoer@meduniwien.ac.at
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Waldhoer
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wald
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heinzl
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002423:Cause of Death; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003710:Demography; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015233:Models, Statistical