title: Risk factors for Chagas' disease reactivation after heart transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chagas' disease is the illness caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and it is still endemic in Latin America. Heart transplantation is a therapeutic option for patients with end-stage Chagas' cardiomyopathy. Nevertheless, reactivation may occur after transplantation, leading to higher morbidity and graft dysfunction. This study aimed to identify risk factors for Chagas' disease reactivation episodes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This investigation is a retrospective cohort study of all Chagas' disease heart transplant recipients from September 1985 through September 2004. Clinical, microbiologic and histopathologic data were reviewed. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS (version 13) software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-four (21.9%) patients with chronic Chagas' disease underwent heart transplantation during the study period. Seventeen patients (26.5%) had at least one episode of Chagas' disease reactivation, and univariate analysis identified number of rejection episodes (p = 0.013) and development of neoplasms (p = 0.040) as factors associated with Chagas' disease reactivation episodes. Multivariate analysis showed that number of rejection episodes (hazard ratio = 1.31; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06 to 1.62; p = 0.011), neoplasms (hazard ratio = 5.07; 95% CI: 1.49 to 17.20; p = 0.009) and use of mycophenolate mofetil (hazard ratio = 3.14; 95% CI: 1.00 to 9.84; p = 0.049) are independent determinants for reactivation after transplantation. Age (p = 0.88), male gender (p = 0.15), presence of rejection (p = 0.17), cytomegalovirus infection (p = 0.79) and mortality after hospital discharge (p = 0.15) showed no statistically significant difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that events resulting in greater immunosuppression status contribute to Chagas' disease reactivation episodes after heart transplantation and should alert physicians to make an early diagnosis and perform pre-emptive therapy. Although reactivation led to a high rate of morbidity, a low mortality risk was observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil. silviavcampos@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Sílvia V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Tânia Mara V
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Strabelli
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Amato Neto
authors.forename: Christiano P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bacal
authors.forename: Edimar A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bocchi
authors.forename: Noedir Antônio G
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Stolf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002598:Chagas Cardiomyopathy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents