title: Prolactin-related and metabolic adverse effects of atypical antipsychotic agents.
abstract: While there are many effective antipsychotics available to clinicians for treating schizophrenia or bipolar mania, the onset of antipsychotic-associated prolactin-related and metabolic adverse effects can diminish the effectiveness of treatment. Increased levels of prolactin (hyperprolactinemia) associated with some antipsychotics raises the risk of sexual side effects. The increased appetite and/or sedation (reduced activity levels) induced by other antipsychotics can lead to weight gain, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure and, if unchecked, ultimately to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Clinicians should take steps to help their patients avoid unnecessary risks associated with antipsychotic use. These steps include monitoring risk factors for developing these illnesses by taking careful patient histories and baseline measurements of patients' weight and blood chemistry. Patients should be made aware of potential metabolic and prolactin-related side effects, and periodic checks should also be made to watch for changes in weight, body mass index, waist size, blood pressure, fasting glucose, or lipid levels that could be harmful and may increase risk for cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, and Schizophrenia, Diabetes, and Weight Reduction Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA. dchenderson@partners.org
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: P Murali
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Doraiswamy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008403:Mass Screening; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D011388:Prolactin