title: Histone deacetylase inhibition and blockade of the glycolytic pathway synergistically induce glioblastoma cell death.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High-grade gliomas are difficult to treat due to their location behind the blood-brain barrier and to inherent radioresistance and chemoresistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Because tumorigenesis is considered a multistep process of accumulating mutations affecting distinct signaling pathways, combinations of compounds, which inhibit nonoverlapping pathways, are being explored to improve treatment of gliomas. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDI) have proven antitumor activity by blocking cell proliferation, promoting differentiation, and inducing tumor cell apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this report, we show that the HDIs trichostatin A, sodium butyrate, and low nanomolar doses of LAQ824 combined with the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose induce strong apoptosis in cancer cell lines of brain, breast, and cervix in a p53-independent manner. HDIs up-regulate p21, which is blocked by concomitant administration of 2-deoxy-d-glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose simultaneous blockade of histone deacetylation and glycolysis as a novel therapeutic strategy for several major cancers.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-oncology, Department of Research and Surgery, University Hospitals, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Egler
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Korur
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Failly
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Boulay
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Imber
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lino
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Merlo
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003847:Deoxyglucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002087:Butyrates; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; C477361:LAQ824; C012589:trichostatin A; D003847:Deoxyglucose; D006655:Histone Deacetylases