title: 45S rDNA regions are chromosome fragile sites expressed as gaps in vitro on metaphase chromosomes of root-tip meristematic cells in Lolium spp.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In humans, chromosome fragile sites are regions that are especially prone to forming non-staining gaps, constrictions or breaks in one or both of the chromatids on metaphase chromosomes either spontaneously or following partial inhibition of DNA synthesis and have been well identified. So far, no plant chromosome fragile sites similar to those in human chromosomes have been reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the course of cytological mapping of rDNA on ryegrass chromosomes, we found that the number of chromosomes plus chromosome fragments was often more than the expected 14 in most cells for Lolium perenne L. cv. Player by close cytological examination using a routine chromosome preparation procedure. Further fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using 45S rDNA as a probe indicated that the root-tip cells having more than a 14-chromosome plus chromosome fragment count were a result of chromosome breakage or gap formation in vitro (referred to as chromosome lesions) at 45S rDNA sites, and 86% of the cells exhibited chromosome breaks or gaps and all occurred at the sites of 45S rDNA in Lolium perenne L. cv. Player, as well as in L. multiflorum Lam. cv. Top One. Chromatin depletion or decondensation occurred at various locations within the 45S rDNA regions, suggesting heterogeneity of lesions of 45S rDNA sites with respect to their position within the rDNA region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The chromosome lesions observed in this study are very similar cytologically to that of fragile sites observed in human chromosomes, and thus we conclude that the high frequency of chromosome lesions in vitro in Lolium species is the result of the expression of 45S rDNA fragile sites. Possible causes for the spontaneous expression of fragile sites and their potential biological significance are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Plant Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Shui-zhang
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Fei
authors.forename: Lijia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D043283:Chromosome Fragile Sites; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008129:Lolium / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics*; D008677:Metaphase; D008938:Mitosis; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal