title: Increasing perfluoroalkyl contaminants in east greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus): a new toxic threat to the Arctic bears.
abstract: A well-defined subsample of 128 subadult (3-5 years) polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from 19 sampling years within the period 1984-2006 was investigated for perfluoroalkyl contaminants (PFCs). Linear regression analysis of logarithmic-transformed median concentrations showed significant annual increases for PFOS (4.7%), PFNA (6.1%), PFUnA (5.9%), PFDA (4.3%), PFTrA (8.5%), PFOA (2.3%), and PFDoA (5.2%). For four of the PFCs, a LOESS smoother model provided significantly better descriptions, revealing steeper linear annual increases for PFOSA of 9.2% after 1990 and between 18.6 and 27.4% for PFOS, PFDA, and PFTrA after 2000. Concentrations of SigmaPFCs, by 2006, exceeded the concentrations of all conventional OHCs (organohalogen compounds), of which several have been documented to correlate with a number of negative health effects. If the PFC concentrations in polar bears continue to increase with the steepest observed trends, then the lowest no-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and lowest-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) detected for rats and monkeys will be exceeded in 2014-2024. In addition, the rapidly increasing concentrations of PFCs are likely to cause cumulative and combined effects on the polar bear, compounding the already detected threats from OHCs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Arctic Environment, National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Frederiksborgvej 399, P. O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. rdi@dmu.dk
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bossi
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Rigét
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sonne
authors.forename: E W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Born
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D006116:Greenland; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D001503:Ursidae
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons