title: Simple ultrasound-based rules for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To derive simple and clinically useful ultrasound-based rules for discriminating between benign and malignant adnexal masses.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a multicenter study involving nine centers consecutive patients with persistent adnexal tumors underwent transvaginal gray-scale and Doppler ultrasound examination using a standardized examination technique and standardized terms and definitions. Information on 42 gray-scale ultrasound variables and six Doppler variables was collected and entered into a research protocol. When developing simple ultrasound-based rules to predict malignancy (M-rules) we chose the ultrasound variable or the combination of ultrasound variables that had the highest positive predictive value (PPV) with regard to malignancy; when developing simple rules to predict a benign tumor (B-rules) we chose the ultrasound variable or the combination of ultrasound variables that had the lowest PPV with regard to malignancy. We selected ten rules that were in agreement with our clinical experience and were applicable to at least 30 tumors and then tested them prospectively on 507 tumors examined in three of the nine centers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1066 patients with 1233 adnexal tumors were included. There were 903 benign tumors (73%) and 330 malignant tumors (27%). In 167 patients the tumors were bilateral. We selected five simple rules to predict malignancy (M-rules): (1) irregular solid tumor; (2) ascites; (3) at least four papillary structures; (4) irregular multilocular-solid tumor with a largest diameter of at least 100 mm; and (5) very high color content on color Doppler examination. We chose five simple rules to suggest a benign tumor (B-rules): (1) unilocular cyst; (2) presence of solid components where the largest solid component is < 7 mm in largest diameter; (3) acoustic shadows; (4) smooth multilocular tumor less than 100 mm in largest diameter; and (5) no detectable blood flow on Doppler examination. These ten rules were applicable to 76% of all tumors, where they resulted in a sensitivity of 93%, specificity of 90%, positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of 9.45 and negative likelihood ratio (LR-) of 0.08. When prospectively tested the rules were applicable in 76% (386/507) of the tumors, where they had a sensitivity of 95% (106/112), a specificity of 91% (249/274), LR+ of 10.37, and LR- of 0.06.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most adnexal tumors in an ordinary tumor population can be correctly classified as benign or malignant using simple ultrasound-based rules. For tumors that cannot be classified using simple rules, ultrasound examination by an expert examiner might be useful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. dirk.timmerman@uzleuven.be
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Timmerman
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bourne
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ameye
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jurkovic
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Holsbeke
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paladini
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Calster
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vergote
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Huffel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valentin
mesh_terms: D000290:Adnexa Uteri / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000291:Adnexal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods*