title: A step-by-step diagnosis of exclusion in a twin pregnancy with acute respiratory failure due to non-fatal amniotic fluid embolism: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Respiratory failure may develop during the later stages of pregnancy and is usually associated with tocolysis or other co-existing conditions such as pneumonia, sepsis, pre-eclampsia or amniotic fluid embolism syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present the case of a 34-year-old healthy woman with a twin pregnancy at 31 weeks and 6 days who experienced acute respiratory failure, a few hours after administration of tocolysis (ritodrine), due to preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Her chest discomfort was significantly ameliorated after the ritodrine infusion was stopped and a Cesarean section was performed 48 hours later under spinal anesthesia; however, 2 hours after surgery she developed severe hypoxemia, hypotension, fever and mild coagulopathy. The patient was intubated and transferred to the intensive care unit where she made a quick and uneventful recovery within 3 days. As there was no evidence for drug- or infection-related thromboembolic or myocardial causes of respiratory failure, we conclude that our patient experienced a rare type of non-fatal amniotic fluid embolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In spite of the lack of solid scientific support for our diagnosis, we conclude that our patient suffered an uncommon type of amniotic fluid embolism syndrome and we believe that this report highlights the need for extreme vigilance and a high index of suspicion for such a diagnosis in any pregnant individual.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, Democritus University of Thrace, Medical School, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece. papabil69@vodafone.net.gr
authors.forename: Vasilios E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Papaioannou
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dragoumanis
authors.forename: Vassiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Theodorou
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Konstantonis
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pneumatikos