title: Vulvar vestibulitis-a complex clinical entity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to determine the pathophysiology of vulvar vestibulitis and to evaluate currently used treatment options.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred twenty women with vulvar vestibulitis were seen between October 1987 and March 1995. Every patient had vulvar pain when they attempted intercourse, 75% had excessive vaginal discharge, 36.4% had constant or recurring vulvar burning, and 10.9% had symptoms suggestive of cystitis. All were cultured for the presence of Candida albicans. One hundred sixty-one (73.2%) were also tested for vaginal IgE and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)); 72 (32.7%) had a vulvar biopsy performed as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A wide range of variants were noted: 53 (24.1%) had a human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, 25 (11.4%) had a Candida vulvovaginitis, 43 (19.5%) had a vaginal allergy, 15 (6.8%) had vaginal PGE(2) present, 14 (6.4%) had elevated urinary oxalate excretion, and 29 (13.2%) had a variety of diagnosed variants. In 81 (36.8%) no underlying diagnosis was made. This understates the numbers and varieties of vulvar vaginal diagnoses, for not all patients received a vaginal fluid analysis, a vulvar biopsy, or a 24 h urine screen for oxalates. A variety of medical and operative interventions was used. Symptoms were relieved in 65.9% of patients. The degree of sueeess varied. Successful outcomes were achieved in 14.3% of patients using a low oxalate diet and calcium citrate supplementation, 16% with anti-Candida treatment, 48.1% with antihistamines, 77% with vulvar injection of interferon, 83% with operative removal of inflamed vulvar tissue, and a posterior colporrhaphy used to cover the cutaneous defect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis of vulvar vestibulitis is easy to make. An etiology for this chronic condition will not be achieved in every patient. A majority of patients can get relief by a variety of medical and operative interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Infection and Immunology, New York Hosptial-Cornell University Medical Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Ledger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Witkin