title: Evaluation of two methods of interpolating quarterly trihalomethane levels between sampling dates.
abstract: Epidemiological studies of the relationship between disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and adverse birth outcomes often use a single quarterly sample result to characterize an exposure period during a pregnancy. Concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs), a frequently studied class of DBPs, can fluctuate considerably between sampling periods so that a single point measurement in time may not adequately characterize levels over an exposure period. In addition to obtaining compliance samples that are required quarterly at a limited number of sampling sites, the New York City water supply system takes monthly THM samples at a large number of sites. We used these monthly data to investigate two methods for interpolating between quarterly measurements: cubic splines and linear interpolation. We based interpolations on 1 month in each calendar quarter and checked the interpolated values against the actual data values from the other 2 months of the quarter. Both methods produced generally acceptable fits: 90% of the observed discrepancies between fitted and actual values were less than 14 microg/l and over half were less than 5 microg/l for total trihalomethanes (THM4). These numbers are about half the change in THM4 level from one quarter to the next and compare favorably with the range of 0-80 microg/l or more used in many studies. Comparable results were obtained for chloroform and bromodichloromethane, the two THMs with levels high enough to analyze. Linear interpolation generally performed better than the spline fit, producing lower average discrepancies and fewer large discrepancies. Linear interpolation can be a useful and easily applied method for developing improved exposure estimates using quarterly sampling data.
authors.affiliation: New York State Department of Health, Troy, New York 12180, USA. wxr04@health.state.ny.us
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luben
authors.forename: Salome
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Freud
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Nuckols
mesh_terms: D004781:Environmental Exposure; D006801:Humans; D009519:New York City; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D022882:Trihalomethanes