title: Physiological integration of roots and shoots in plant defense strategies links above- and belowground herbivory.
abstract: Roots play a critical, but largely unappreciated, role in aboveground anti-herbivore plant defense (e.g. resistance and tolerance) and root-leaf connections may therefore result in unexpected coupling between above- and belowground consumers. Using the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) system we highlight two examples of this phenomenon. First, the secondary metabolite nicotine is produced in roots, yet translocated aboveground for use as a foliar resistance trait. We demonstrate that nematode root herbivory interferes with foliar nicotine dynamics, resulting in positive effects on aboveground phytophagous insects. Notably, nematode-induced facilitation only occurred on nicotine-producing plants, and not on nicotine-deficient mutants. In the second case, we use stable isotope and invertase enzyme analyses to demonstrate that foliar herbivory elicits a putative tolerance response whereby aboveground nutritional reserves are allocated to roots, resulting in facilitation of phytoparasitic nematodes. Thus, plants integrate roots in resistance and tolerance mechanisms for leaf defense, and such root-leaf connections inherently link the dynamics of above- and belowground consumers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. ik223@cornell.edu
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Rayko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Halitschke
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Rehill
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sardanelli
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Denno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D009036:Moths / Q000502:physiology; D009348:Nematoda / Q000502:physiology*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000502:physiology*; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000502:physiology*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D002244:Carbon