title: Urology resident training with an unexpected patient death scenario: experiential learning with high fidelity simulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Communicating unexpected news of a patient death is rarely encountered in urology. We evaluated resident performance during an unexpected patient death scenario involving high fidelity simulation. We also studied simulation as a tool to teach and assess nontechnical skills in urology.
  
  
  METHODS
  An unexpected patient death scenario was developed at a simulation center using high fidelity mannequins, urology residents, critical care fellows, nurses, hospital chaplains and actors. Scenario objectives addressed Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education core competencies. The 19 urology residents in training years 2 to 6 participated in the scenario. Performance was evaluated using 5-point Likert scale questionnaires and checklists completed by residents, faculty and actors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall resident performance was satisfactory in the simulation scenario. Verification of code status was identified as an area requiring improvement. Euphemisms for death were more commonly used in the initial delivery (16 residents or 84.2%) than the preferred words died or death (3 or 15.8%). After completing the scenario the perceived competency of residents increased from 73.7% before to 94.7% after the scenario. In addition, all residents agreed that the simulation experience was useful and overall realistic, and it should be part of the training curriculum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evaluation of urology resident performance was possible during an unexpected patient death scenario. Upon completion of the scenario perceived competency of the simulation task was increased. High fidelity simulation was found to be an effective method for teaching and assessing the acquisition of nontechnical skills. All residents agreed that the simulation was useful and should be included in urological training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chaplain Services, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Gettman
authors.forename: R Jeffrey
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Karnes
authors.forename: Jacqueline J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Janee M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Klipfel
authors.forename: Helen T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Vierstraete
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Bradley C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Leibovich
mesh_terms: D003643:Death; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008348:Manikins; D016544:Patient Simulation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D014572:Urology / Q000193:education*