title: Selection bias and utilization of the dual eligibles in Medicare and Medicaid HMOs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the existence of selection bias in the first 3 years of the Minnesota Senior Health Options (MSHO) demonstration and to estimate the MSHO effects on medical services utilization after adjusting for selection bias.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monthly dual eligibility data and MSHO encounter data of March 1997-December 2000 and Medicaid encounter data of January 1995-December 2000 from the Minnesota Department of Human Services; Medicare fee-for-service claims data of January 1995-December 2000 from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quasi-experimental design comparing utilization between MSHO and control groups; multiple econometric and statistical models were estimated with time-invariant and time-varying covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Favorable MSHO selection was found in the nursing home (NH) and community populations, but selection bias did not substantially affect the findings. Enrollment in MSHO for more than 1 year reduced inpatient hospital admissions and days, emergency room and physician visits for NH residents, and lowered physician visits for community residents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was favorable selection in the first 3 years of the MSHO program. Enrollment in MSHO reduced several types of utilization for the NH group and physician visits for community enrollees.
authors.affiliation: APS Healthcare Inc., California External Quality Review Organization, 560 J Street, Suite 390, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dowd
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015982:Bias; D005260:Female; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008910:Minnesota; D018803:Models, Economic; D018579:Patient Selection; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States