title: Hyperparathyroid crisis: use of bisphosphonates as a bridge to parathyroidectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperparathyroid crisis is an uncommon, potentially lethal condition for which emergent parathyroidectomy has been advocated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The manifestations of hyperparathyroid crisis and outcomes of bisphosphonate-based therapy and delayed parathyroidectomy were determined and compared with cases from a review of the literature. Laboratory indices and gland weights were compared with those from patients with primary hyperparathyroidism without crisis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 292 patients operated on for hyperparathyroidism, 8 (2.8%) had hyperparathyroid crisis, consistent with rates of 1.6% to 6% reported in the literature. Hyperparathyroid crisis was manifested by vomiting, nausea, or both (n=6); abdominal pain (n=3); mental status changes (n=3); pancreatitis (n=2); bone pain, osteolytic lesions, or both (n=2); electrocardiogram changes (n=1); and an acute conversion disorder (n=1). Isotonic sodium chloride and furosemide, in combination with a bisphosphonate drug in 7 of 8 patients, resulted in a calcium decline from 16.2+/-1.6 mg/dL to 11.8+/-1.6 mg/dL, with resolution of electrocardiogram and mental status changes, and pancreatitis before resection of an adenoma (n=7) or carcinoma (n=1). Patients with hyperparathyroid crisis had higher parathyroid hormone levels (691.7 +/-662.4 pg/mL versus 172.6 +/-147.5 pg/mL; p=0.062), larger tumor weights (7.5 +/-8.4 g versus 1.6 +/-2.1 g; p=0.085), and lower postoperative calcium levels (7.3 +/-1.6 mg/dL versus 8.7+/-0.9 mg/dL; p=0.035) than patients without crisis. Four (50%) of the 8 tumors were found in ectopic locations. There was no mortality from hyperparathyroid crisis, compared with a 7% mortality rate for cases reported in the literature since 1978.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rehydration, calciuresis, and bisphosphonate therapy are effective in correcting life-threatening manifestations of hyperparathyroid crisis, providing an effective bridge to parathyroidectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA.
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Phitayakorn
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: McHenry
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006961:Hyperparathyroidism / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016105:Parathyroidectomy; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004164:Diphosphonates