title: Evaluation of baroreceptor reflex function in the chronic mild stress rodent model of depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a bidirectional relationship between mood disorders (e.g., depression) and altered cardiovascular regulation (e.g., heart disease); however, the precise causal and/or common mechanisms underlying this association are unclear. In previous studies, we have noted indications of altered sympathetic drive to the heart in rats that exhibit anhedonia, an operational sign of depression induced by subjecting the animals to a series of mild and unpredictable stressors (chronic mild stress (CMS) rodent model of depression). The purpose of the present study was to more fully characterize baroreceptor reflex function in rats with experimentally induced depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to either 4 weeks of mild, unpredictable stressors (CMS group) or standard housing conditions (control group). Depression-like behavior, resting hemodynamic and cardiac parameters, and baroreceptor reflex function were investigated in all animals after the CMS period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CMS produced anhedonia, evidenced by reduced sucrose intake and sucrose preference, as well as elevated resting heart rate (HR), slightly elevated blood pressure, and reduced HR variability. These animals also exhibited significantly attenuated sympathoexcitatory responses to hypotension, and an elevation of basal sympathetic nerve activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that CMS is associated with altered sympathoexcitatory responses after baroreceptor unloading and provide further insights into potential common mechanisms underlying the association of depression and altered cardiovascular control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1407, USA.
authors.forename: Angela J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Grippo
authors.forename: Julia A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Moffitt
authors.forename: Alan Kim
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology