title: Reduced susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticide treated nets by the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. in western Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pyrethroid insecticide-treated mosquito nets are massively being scaled-up for malaria prevention particularly in children under five years of age and pregnant mothers in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is serious concern of the likely evolution of widespread pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. due to the extensive use of pyrethroid insecticide-treated mosquito nets. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the status of pyrethroid resistance in An. gambiae s.l. in western Uganda.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wild mosquitoes (1-2 days old) were exposed in 10 replicates to new nets impregnated with K-othrine (Deltamethrin 25 mg/m2), Solfac EW50 (Cyfluthrin 50 mg/m2) and Fendona 6SC (Cypermethrin 50 mg/m2) and observed under normal room temperature and humidity (Temperature 24.8 degrees C-27.4 degrees C, Humidity 65.9-45.7). A similar set of mosquitoes collected from the control area 80 km away were exposed to a deltamethrin 25 mg/m2 impregnated net at the same time and under the same conditions. The 10-year mean KDT50 and mortality rates for each of the three pyrethroid insecticides were compared using the Student t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant increase in the mean knockdown time (KDT50) and mean mortality rate were observed in almost all cases an indication of reduced susceptibility. The overall results showed a four-fold increase in the mean knockdown time (KDT50) and 1.5-fold decrease in mortality rate across the three pyrethroid insecticides. There was a significant difference in the 10-year mean KDT50 between deltamethrin and cyfluthrin; deltamethrin and cypermethrin, but no significant difference between cyfluthrin and cypermethrin. The 10-year mean difference in KDT50 for mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin from the control site was significantly different from that of mosquitoes from the intervention site (p<0.05, t=3.979, 9df). The 10-year mean difference in mortality rate between deltamethrin (84.64%); cyfluthrin (74.18%); cypermethrin (72.19%) and the control (90.45%) showed a significant decline in mortality across all the three insecticides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Generally the results showed a trend of increase in mosquito resistance status with cross-resistance against all the three pyrethroid insecticides. This study reveals for the first time the development of pyrethroid resistance in An. gambiae s.l. in Western Uganda. It is therefore strongly recommended that the impact of this development on malaria control efforts be closely monitored and alternative fabric treatments be considered before this problem curtails community wide implementation of this malaria control strategy in Uganda.
authors.affiliation: Public Health Department, Mountains of the Moon University, POBox 837, Fort-Portal, Uganda. rubaihayoj@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Rubaihayo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: Tukesiga
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ephraim
authors.forename: Abaasa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andrew
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D011482:Protective Devices; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014454:Uganda
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins