title: Type 1 diabetes, hyperglycaemia, and the heart.
abstract: Type 1 diabetes is associated with a substantially increased risk of cardiovascular disease that might not always be appreciated in view of the fairly young age of patients with this condition. In fact, in type 1 diabetes, the heart is subject to a variety of pathological insults, including accelerated atherosclerosis, cardiac autonomic neuropathy, and possibly intrinsic cardiomyopathy. Although the relation between hyperglycaemia and microvascular complications has been well established, a direct effect of hyperglycaemia on cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes has long been debated. More recently, several studies, most notably the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications, have clarified this issue and provided conclusive evidence that hyperglycaemia is indeed a mediator of cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes and that intensive diabetes therapy can reduce cardiovascular disease outcomes. We review current concepts in type 1 diabetes and the heart, focusing on recent insights into the central role of hyperglycaemia.
authors.affiliation: Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Retnakaran
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zinman
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors