title: Long-term viability and proliferation of alginate-encapsulated 3-D HepG2 aggregates formed in an ultrasound trap.
abstract: We report proof of principle here of a gel encapsulation technique that departs from the minimum surface area to volume restriction of spherical microcapsules and allows gelation of preformed high-density (>or=2x10(4) cells/aggregate) 3-D HepG2 cell aggregates. The process involves forming a discoid 3-D cell aggregate in an ultrasound standing wave trap (USWT), which is subsequently recovered and encapsulated in alginate/CaCl2 hydrogel. The size of the ultrasound-formed aggregates was dependent upon the initial cell concentration, and was in the range of 0.4-2.6 mm in diameter (for cell concentrations ranging between 10(4) and 5x10(6)/ml). At low cell concentrations (<or=5x10(5)/ml), aggregates were 2-D, while at concentrations of >or=10(6)/ml, 3-D aggregates were generated. Cells in non- and encapsulated 3-D HepG2 aggregates remained 70-80% viable over 10 days in culture. The proliferative activity of the aggregates resulted in the doubling of the aggregate cell number and a subsequent increase in the aggregate thickness, while albumin secretion levels in encapsulated aggregates was 4.5 times higher compared to non-encapsulated, control aggregates. The results reported here suggest that the ultrasound trap can provide an alternative, novel approach of hydrogel cell encapsulation and thus rapidly (within 5 min) produce in vitro models for hepatocyte functional studies (for example, toxicity studies particularly if primary hepatocytes are used) in a tissue-mimetic manner.
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Place, Cardiff CF10 3TL, Wales, UK. Bazoud@cf.ac.uk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bazou
authors.forename: W T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Coakley
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000418:Albumins / Q000378:metabolism; D000464:Alginates; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology*; D002449:Cell Aggregation / Q000502:physiology; D016923:Cell Death; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D000418:Albumins; D000464:Alginates; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D002122:Calcium Chloride