title: Microsatellite analysis of voided-urine samples for surveillance of low-grade non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma: feasibility and clinical utility in a prospective multicenter study (Cost-Effectiveness of Follow-Up of Urinary Bladder Cancer trial [CEFUB]).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microsatellite analysis (MA) of voided-urine samples has been promoted as an alternative for cystoscopy surveillance (UCS) of patients with low-grade non-muscle-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma (UC).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility and clinical utility of MA on voided-urine samples in a routine setting to detect or predict bladder cancer recurrences.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 228 patients monitored by MA of voided-urine samples and synchronous UCS who participated in a longitudinal prospective study in 10 hospitals. Follow-up started after diagnosis of a primary or recurrent pTa, pT1, grade 1 or grade 2 papillary UC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinico-pathological parameters and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene mutation status of the inclusion tumour were determined. MA outcome was analysed in 1012 urine samples during a mean follow-up of 41 mo. Poor DNA quality prevented MA in 19% (197/1012) of the samples, leaving 815 visits for a cross-sectional analysis of sensitivity and specificity. We determined the predictive value (PPV) in a longitudinal analysis for 458 series with persistent MA results. Factors influencing diagnostic quality of MA were investigated. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to relate MA results to recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cross-sectional sensitivity and specificity of MA for detection of a recurrence were 58% (49/84) and 73% (531/731), respectively. One pT1 grade 3 UC was missed. In a longitudinal analysis, the 2-yr risk to develop a recurrence reached 83% if MA outcome was persistently positive and 22% when MA was persistently negative. PPV of MA was higher with wild-type FGFR3 gene status and smoking habits. All four upper urinary tract tumours detected were preceded by a positive MA test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consecutive positive MA results are a strong predictor for future recurrences, but sensitivity needs to be improved, for example, by patient selection and testing of additional genetic markers in urine samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Madelon N M
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: van der Aa
authors.forename: Ellen C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Zwarthoff
authors.forename: Ewout W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Steyerberg
authors.forename: Merel W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Boogaard
authors.forename: Yvette
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nijsen
authors.forename: Kirstin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: van der Keur
authors.forename: Antonius J A
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Exsel
authors.forename: Wim J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kirkels
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bangma
authors.forename: Theo H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: van der Kwast
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000652:urine*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004247:DNA / Q000652:urine*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D004247:DNA