title: Effect of nationwide tobacco control policies on smoking cessation in high and low educated groups in 18 European countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently a scale was introduced to quantify the implementation of tobacco control policies at country level. Our study used this scale to examine the potential impact of these policies on quit ratios in European countries. Special attention was given to smoking cessation among lower educational groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data were derived from national health surveys from 18 European countries. In the analyses we distinguished between country, sex, two age groups (25-39 and 40-59 years) and educational level. Age-standardised quit ratios were calculated as total former-smokers divided by total ever-smokers. In regression analyses we explored the correlation between national quit ratios and the national score on the Tobacco Control Scale (TCS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quit ratios were especially high (>45%) in Sweden, England, The Netherlands, Belgium and France and relatively low (<30%) in Lithuania and Latvia. Higher educated smokers were more likely to have quit smoking than lower educated smokers in all age-sex groups in all countries. National score on the tobacco control scale was positively associated with quit ratios in all age-sex groups. The association of quit ratios with score on TCS did not show consistent differences between high and low education. Of all tobacco control policies of which the TCS is constructed, price policies showed the strongest association with quit ratios, followed by an advertising ban.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Countries with more developed tobacco control policies have higher quit ratios than countries with less developed tobacco control policies. High and low educated smokers benefit about equally from the nationwide tobacco control policies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. m.m.schaap@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Schaap
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kunst
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leinsalu
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Regidor
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ekholm
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dzurova
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Helmert
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klumbiene
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Santana
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mackenbach
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004522:Educational Status; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000074606:Smoking Prevention