title: Novel pharmacological approaches for treating tobacco dependence and withdrawal: current status.
abstract: Increasing the diversity and availability of medications for the treatment of tobacco dependence and/or withdrawal, to aid in the achievement of smoking cessation, is crucial to meet the diverse needs of tobacco users. Despite a general awareness that smoking is harmful and widespread interest in smoking cessation, nearly 50 million adults in the US and 1.3 billion worldwide continue to smoke. Nicotine replacement therapies are effective in the treatment of tobacco dependence and withdrawal, but do not meet the needs of all tobacco users. Improvement of tobacco dependence and/or withdrawal treatments is likely to rely on novel pharmacological approaches that include new chemical entities and new formulations of current drugs. In addition, new indications for treating tobacco dependence and withdrawal show promise for reducing tobacco use and associated disease. This article focuses on a range of novel pharmacological approaches for the treatment of tobacco dependence and/or withdrawal, including oral and pulmonary nicotine delivery and the following non-nicotinic medications: antidepressants, an alpha4beta2 nicotine partial agonist, an alpha2-noradrenergic agonist, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6 inhibitors, opioid antagonists and GABAergic medications. In addition to existing medications, this article addresses novel medications in the clinical development stage and those that have been evaluated previously. Novel medications in the clinical development stage include at least three nicotine vaccines and the cannabinoid receptor acting drug rimonabant. Medications evaluated previously include lobeline, mecamylamine and an anticholinergic drug regimen comprising atropine, scopolamine and chlorpromazine. Having not been approved by major drug regulatory authorities for the treatment of tobacco dependence and/or withdrawal, these medications have been evaluated in an experimental capacity.
authors.affiliation: Pinney Associates, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
authors.forename: August R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Buchhalter
authors.forename: Reginald V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Fant
authors.forename: Jack E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Henningfield
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D003000:Clonidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065637:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D010880:Piperidines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077285:Rimonabant; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018757:GABA Modulators; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D010880:Piperidines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; C403531:nicotinic receptor alpha4beta2; D009538:Nicotine; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D065637:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6; D003000:Clonidine; D000077285:Rimonabant