title: How many patients with severe sepsis are needed to confirm the efficacy of drotrecogin alfa activated? A Bayesian design.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Controversies concerning the pivotal trial and negative results from other Drotrecogin alfa activated (DAA) trials have raised questions about its efficacy in severe sepsis patients. Based on all available evidence, our study aimed to respond to: (1) What is the current probability that DAA is not better than the control? If the current probability is not small, e.g. greater than 0.05, then (2) How many patients will be needed for the DAA confirmatory trial?
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied the Bayesian methodology to all randomized trials which tested anti-thrombotic therapies for severe sepsis. Prior distributions were defined as severe skeptic (all anti-thrombotic trials or DAA trials); moderate skeptic (anti-thrombotic trials with high risk of death); mild skeptic (DAA trials only); enthusiastic (DAA trials with high risk of death).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total study sample includes 7,683 patients: DAA (N = 3,143); Anti-thrombin-III (N = 2,581); tissue factor pathway inhibitor (N = 1,959). Answer 1: All current probabilities that DAA is not better than the control (except for the enthusiastic analysis) range from 0.14 to 0.48, which strongly suggest the need for a confirmatory trial. Answer 2: The number of patients necessary for the DAA confirmatory trial ranges up to 8,350 for the severe skeptic; 730-810 for moderate skeptic; 550-685 for mild skeptic; and zero for enthusiastic analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A confirmatory trial with approximately 600 patients with severe sepsis and high risk of death can provide a convincing answer for both the mild and moderate skeptic physicians concerning the efficacy of DAA in severe sepsis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. akalil@unmc.edu
authors.forename: Andre C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kalil
authors.forename: Junfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D006801:Humans; D009102:Multiple Organ Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011486:Protein C / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D011486:Protein C; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C421124:drotrecogin alfa activated