title: Transcatheter arterial embolization with only particles for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with a standardized method of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with small embolic particles intended to impart terminal vessel blockade, and to evaluate prognostic factors that impact overall survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 322 patients with HCC who underwent 766 embolizations from January 1997 to December 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Selective embolization of vessels feeding individual tumors was performed with small (50 microm) polyvinyl alcohol or spherical embolic particles (40-120 microm) intended to cause terminal vessel blockade. Repeat embolization was performed in cases of evidence of persistent viable tumor or development of new lesions. Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were prospectively recorded and tested for prognostic significance by univariate and multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median survival time was 21 months, with 1-, 2-, and 3-year overall survival rates of 66%, 46%, and 33%, respectively. In patients without extrahepatic disease or portal vein involvement by tumor, the overall 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates increased to 84%, 66%, and 51%, respectively. Okuda stage, extrahepatic disease, diffuse disease (> or =5 tumors), and tumor size were independent predictors of survival on multivariate analysis. There were 90 complications (11.9%) in 75 patients, including eight deaths (2.5%), within 30 days of embolization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatic arterial embolization with small particles to cause terminal vessel blockade is an effective treatment method for patients with unresectable HCC. These data support our hypothesis that particles alone may be the critical component of catheter-directed embolotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Maluccio
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Covey
authors.forename: Leah Ben
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Porat
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: Lynn A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brody
authors.forename: Constantinos T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Sofocleous
authors.forename: George I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Getrajdman
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jarnagin
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dematteo
authors.forename: Leslie H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Blumgart
authors.forename: Yuman
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: Karen T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000792:Angiography; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000628:therapy*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008863:Microspheres; D008875:Middle Aged; D010316:Particle Size; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol