title: Diabetes-specific or generic measures for health-related quality of life? Evidence from psychometric validation of the D-39 and SF-36.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a debate regarding the use of disease-specific versus generic instruments for health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures. We tested the psychometric properties of HRQOL measures using the Diabetes-39 (D-39) and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study collecting data from 280 patients in Taiwan. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to evaluate construct validity of the two instruments. Known-groups validity was examined using laboratory indicators (fasting, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose, and hemoglobin A1c), presence of diabetic complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, diabetic foot disorder, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders), and psychosocial variables (sense of well-being and self-reported diabetes severity). Overall discriminative power of the two instruments was evaluated using the C-statistic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three distinct factors were extracted through factor analysis. These factors tapped all subscales of the D-39, fourphysical subscales of the SF-36, and four mental subscales of the SF-36, respectively. Compared with the SF-36, the D-39 demonstrated superior known-groups validity for 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose groups but was inferior for complication groups. Compared with the SF-36, the D-39 discriminated better between self-reported severity known groups, but was inferior between well-being groups. In overall discriminative power, the D-39 discriminated better between laboratory known groups. The SF-36, however, was superior in discriminating between complication known groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For psychometric properties, the D-39 and the SF-36 were superior to each other in different regards. The combined use of a disease-specific instrument and a generic instrument may be a useful strategy for diabetes HRQOL assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: I-Chan
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Chyng-Chuang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Ming-Yen
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Wender
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.forename: Albert W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan