title: Intra-operative natural sound decreases salivary amylase activity of patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair under epidural anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The perioperative period is psychologically as well as physically stressful for patients. Although music and sound are known to reduce patients' psychological stress, a few previous studies showed an objective outcome of music. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relaxing effect of music during epidural anesthesia, using patients' salivary amylase activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I or II patients presenting for inguinal hernia repair under epidural anesthesia were randomly assigned to listen to sounds of a soft wind and a twitter (S group) or to have no sounds (N group). Patients' salivary amylase activity was evaluated on arrival to the operating room and at wound closure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intra-operative music significantly decreased salivary amylase activity at wound closure in the S group and the activity at wound closure of the S group was significantly smaller than that of the N group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intra-operative natural sound significantly decreased salivary amylase activity of patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair under epidural anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan. arainon@aichi-med-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y-C P
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakakibara
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohshima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakakibara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hibino
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niwa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuniyoshi
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000368:Aged; D000681:Amylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D013016:Sound; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D014919:Wind
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D000681:Amylases; D003975:Diazepam