title: Visual sensations of roll rotation during complex vestibular stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In aviation, vestibular-induced spatial disorientation is a significant cause of accidents. Recreating flight-like vestibular stimuli in simulators might be a means for training pilots to respond adequately in disorienting situations. Due to the physical constraints of land-based simulators, the question arises whether a given illusion may be created in different ways. For instance, is it possible to induce sensations of tilt by rotary stimuli? The present study concerns the relationship between sensations of rotation and tilt during complex vestibular stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The visual sensation of roll rotation was quantified by means of a velocity-matching procedure. In a large gondola centrifuge eight subjects underwent four runs (2 G, 2 min) with different heading positions (forward, backward, centripetally, and centrifugally). The inclination of the gondola persistently corresponded with the vector sum of the Earth gravity force and the centrifugal force (60 degrees at 2 G). Thus, the semicircular canal stimulus in roll was combined in different ways with stimuli in yaw and pitch, as well as with an increasing or decreasing G vector.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The magnitude of the responses was only dependent on the roll component of the stimulus. The gain, defined as the ratio between the response and the roll stimulus, was 7-10%. The responses decayed with a time constant ranging from 4 to 5.5 s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The visual sensation of roll rotation reflects the roll plane canal velocity stimulus independently of other stimulus components. This is in contrast to earlier findings on the sensation of changes in position (roll tilt).
authors.affiliation: Swedish Defence Research Agency, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. arne.tribukait@foi.se
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tribukait
authors.forename: Eddie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bergsten
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Eiken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D002498:Centrifugation; D003654:Deceleration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009759:Nystagmus, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology; D011601:Psychophysics; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology*; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000503:physiopathology*