title: Nicotine in breast milk influences heart rate variability in the infant.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of postnatal exposure to nicotine on the regulation of heart rate and blood pressure in infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight mother-infant pairs were studied. Twenty nonsmoking and 18 smoking (2-20 cigarettes per day) mothers were included. All infants were healthy, exclusively breastfed and their postnatal age was 6 weeks. During a home visit infant's urine and mothers' milk were sampled and concentrations of nicotine and cotinine were analyzed. Infants' electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded, sleep state documented and blood pressure during sleep was measured. Heart rate variability (HRV) was calculated with spectral analysis of R-R intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The smoking mothers exposed their infants to nicotine in milk with a median nicotine concentration of 47 (8-192) mug/L. Analysis of infants' urine showed that the nonsmoking group had 0.8 (0-5.2) and the smoke group 60 (17-139) mug cotinine/L (p < 0.01). The frequency domain low-to-high frequency (LF/HF) ratio, was correlated to milk nicotine concentrations in the milk sample, from smoking mothers. HRV decreased, with increasing milk nicotine, ingested by the boys (r =-0.74, p = 0.02) but not the girls (r =-0.13, p = 0.76). The differences of mean arterial pressure between sleep states in the infants, were significantly lower in the smoke group 5.8(6.8) compared to the nonsmoke group 11.5(7.2) mmHg (p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postnatal exposure to nicotine influences autonomic cardiovascular control in infants.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Section of Pediatrics, Stockholm, Sweden. anders.dahlstrom@sodersjukhuset.se
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dahlström
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ebersjö
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lundell
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D003367:Cotinine / Q000378:metabolism; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009035:Mothers; D009538:Nicotine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine