title: [Epigenetic regulation of expression of retinoic acid receptor beta gene in leukemia cell].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the reactivation of retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta) expression in myeloid leukemia cells by a combination of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) with a DNA demethylating agent, decitabine (DAC), and valproic acid (VPA, a histone deacetylase inhibitor),and their effects on cell differentiation and proliferation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human myeloid leukemia cells of the line U937 were cultured and treated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), DAC, and VPA. 72 h later cell differentiation test, cloning formation test, and chromatin immunoprecipitation test were performed. Bone marrow specimens were collected from 56 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) were cultured and treated with and 10 bone marrow specimens were used as controls. Methylation of RARbeta promoter was detected with methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) after bisulfite treatment. Relative levels of RARbeta mRNA were assessed with real time quantitative PCR assay. Flow cytometry assay was used to detect the myeloid differentiation marker CD11b in U937 cells. Chromatin immuno-precipitation assay (ChIP) was used to analyze the acetylated histone 3 bound to the retinoic acid response element (RARE) at the promoter region of RARbeta.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Methylation of RARbeta was positive in 36 of the 56 (64.3%) AML patients and the U937 myeloid leukemia cells, however, was negative in the marrow mononuclear cells from the 10 healthy donors. The expression of RARbeta in U937 cells was up-regulated after treatment with ATRA (1 micromol/L) plus DAC (1 micromol/L) or VPA (0.5 mmol/L) for 72 hours, especially when the three drugs were used together. ChIP assay showed that the acetylated histone 3 bound to the RARE promoter region was increased after the cells were exposed to ATRA plus DAC/VPA. The data indicated that the reactivated expression of RARbeta might be secondary to the drug-induced histone acetylation as well as DNA demethylation. Treatment of U937 cells with ATRA and DAC/VPA also resulted in increased myeloid differentiation (CD11b expression) and decreased plating efficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The repressed expression of RARbeta in myeloid leukemia cells is closely related to both DNA hypermethylation and histone deacetylation, and a combination of ATRA with epigenetic modulators can be beneficial in the treatment of myeloid malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Shanghai Tenth Peoples Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China. mengysm@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Yue-sheng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Xiao-xia
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Xiu-qin
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Gong-wen
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Ai
authors.forename: Yan-xiang
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D000077209:Decitabine; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015973:Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic / Q000187:drug effects; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020298:U937 Cells; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; C082925:retinoic acid receptor beta; D014212:Tretinoin; D014635:Valproic Acid; D000077209:Decitabine; D001374:Azacitidine