title: Alcohol sales and risk of serious assault.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol is a contributing cause of unintentional injuries, such as motor vehicle crashes. Prior research on the association between alcohol use and violent injury was limited to survey-based data, and the inclusion of cases from a single trauma centre, without adequate controls. Beyond these limitations was the inability of prior researchers to comprehensively capture most alcohol sales. In Ontario, most alcohol is sold through retail outlets run by the provincial government, and hospitals are financed under a provincial health care system. We assessed the risk of being hospitalized due to assault in association with retail alcohol sales across Ontario.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We performed a population-based case-crossover analysis of all persons aged 13 years and older hospitalized for assault in Ontario from 1 April 2002 to 1 December 2004. On the day prior to each assault case's hospitalization, the volume of alcohol sold at the store in closest proximity to the victim's home was compared to the volume of alcohol sold at the same store 7 d earlier. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to determine the associated relative risk (RR) of assault per 1,000 l higher daily sales of alcohol. Of the 3,212 persons admitted to hospital for assault, nearly 25% were between the ages of 13 and 20 y, and 83% were male. A total of 1,150 assaults (36%) involved the use of a sharp or blunt weapon, and 1,532 (48%) arose during an unarmed brawl or fight. For every 1,000 l more of alcohol sold per store per day, the relative risk of being hospitalized for assault was 1.13 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.26). The risk was accentuated for males (1.18, 95% CI 1.05-1.33), youth aged 13 to 20 y (1.21, 95% CI 0.99-1.46), and those in urban areas (1.19, 95% CI 1.06-1.35).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of being a victim of serious assault increases with alcohol sales, especially among young urban men. Akin to reducing the risk of driving while impaired, consideration should be given to novel methods of preventing alcohol-related violence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. rayj@smh.toronto.on.ca
authors.forename: Joel G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Rahim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moineddin
authors.forename: Chaim M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Deva
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thiruchelvam
authors.forename: Maria Isabella
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Creatore
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gozdyra
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cusimano
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Redelmeier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000150:complications*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009864:Ontario; D012306:Risk; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol