title: Small dense LDL-cholesterol relative to LDL-cholesterol is a strong independent determinant of hypoadiponectinemia in metabolic syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Small dense low-density lipoprotein (sd-LDL) is an atherogenic lipoprotein closely associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, a precise analysis of the actual amount of sd-LDL-cholesterol (sd-LDL-C) in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) has not been performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 214 patients enrolled in the present study, 101 patients (47%) met the Japanese MS criteria. The serum levels of sd-LDL-C determined with a dual detection HPLC system were higher in MS than non-MS patients, while total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were similar between MS and non-MS patients. Compared with the sd-LDL-C and LDL-C level, the ratio sd-LDL-C/LDL-C was more closely correlated with various parameters associated with MS. A multivariate regression analysis revealed that the ratio sd-LDL-C/LDL-C is the strongest independent determinant of hypoadiponectinemia. Furthermore, weight reduction therapy through diet and exercise rapidly decreased LDL-C but slowly decreased sd-LDL-C. At 12 months after the therapy, weight reduction led to a significant decrease in the ratio sd-LDL-C/LDL-C in tandem with increasing adiponectin levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that the ratio sd-LDL-C/LDL-C is tightly connected with hypoadiponectinemia and provides a useful clinical indicator for MS. The results also suggest that the elevation of this ratio can be modulated by long-term lifestyle changes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Metabolic Research, Clinical Research Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Fukakusa, Mukaihata-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan. nsato@kyotolan.hosp.go.jp
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Hiromichi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Koh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamakage
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Tameo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimatsu
authors.forename: Hideshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuzuya
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL