title: The effects of teat bar design and weaning method on behavior, intake, and gain of dairy calves.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of teat-feeding method and weaning method on behavior, milk and concentrate intake, and weight gain of group-housed dairy calves. Forty-eight calves were housed in groups of 4 and offered 6 L of whole milk per calf in 2 daily feedings. In 6 of the 12 group pens, the calves were offered the milk in a teat bar with a separate milk compartment for each teat, whereas in the remaining 6 pens, the calves were offered the milk in a teat bar with all teats connecting to 1 shared milk compartment. Calves were gradually weaned off milk by reducing the volume of milk over a 10-d period, starting at an average age of 47 d. In 6 pens (3 pens with each of the 2 milk-feeding treatments), calves were weaned by volume reduction, whereas in the remaining pens, the calves were weaned by diluting the milk with water (WD) and maintaining the same total volume of liquid. Daily concentrate intake per pen was recorded during weaning and 1 wk after weaning. Behavior was recorded around milk feeding, by direct observation on 1 occasion before and on 1 occasion during weaning, and by video on 1 occasion before and 2 occasions during weaning. Furthermore, the behavior was recorded during the 15 h of light on 1 occasion during weaning. Individual milk intake was measured twice by weighing the calves immediately before and after milk feeding. The calves fed via a separate teat bar switched between teats more often than calves fed with a shared teat bar. There was greater variation in the duration of ingesting milk within groups fed via a separate teat bar, but no effect of teat bar design was found on the variation in milk intake within the groups. Calves fed via a separate teat bar took longer to start eating concentrate after milk feeding than calves fed with a shared teat bar. The WD calves had a lower concentrate intake during weaning than weaned by volume reduction calves. The WD calves were lying down less during the 30 min after milk feeding and during the 15 h of light, although they had a shorter latency to lie down after milk feeding. In conclusion, a separate teat bar increased teat switching, increased variation in duration of ingesting milk, and increased the latency to eat concentrates after milk feeding. There was no effect of the teat bar design on feed intake or weight gain. However, weaning the calves by gradually diluting the milk with water reduced lying during weaning and reduced the concentrate intake during and after weaning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 234, SE-532 23 Skara, Sweden. per.peetz.nielsen@hmh.slu.se
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lidfors
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D003612:Dairying / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D011897:Random Allocation; D013391:Sucking Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014886:Weaning; D015430:Weight Gain