A novel biological role of tachykinins as an up-regulator of oocyte growth: identification of an evolutionary origin of tachykininergic functions in the ovary of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis.
Tachykinins (TKs) and their receptors have been shown to be expressed in the mammalian ovary. However, the biological roles of ovarian TKs have yet to be verified. Ci-TK-I and Ci-TK-R, characterized from the protochordate (ascidian), Ciona intestinalis, are prototypes of vertebrate TKs and their receptors. In the present study, we show a novel biological function of TKs as an inducible factor for oocyte growth using C. intestinalis as a model organism. Immunostaining demonstrated the specific expression of Ci-TK-R in test cells residing in oocytes at the vitellogenic stage. DNA microarray and real-time PCR revealed that Ci-TK-I induced gene expression of several proteases, including cathepsin D, chymotrypsin, and carboxy-peptidase B1, in the ovary. The enzymatic activities of these proteases in the ovary were also shown to be enhanced by Ci-TK-I. Of particular significance is that the treatment of Ciona oocytes with Ci-TK-I resulted in progression of growth from the vitellogenic stage to the post-vitellogenic stage. The Ci-TK-I-induced oocyte growth was blocked by a TK antagonist or by protease inhibitors. These results led to the conclusion that Ci-TK-I enhances growth of the vitellogenic oocytes via up-regulation of gene expression and enzymatic activities of the proteases. This is the first clarification of the biological roles of TKs in the ovary and the underlying essential molecular mechanism. Furthermore, considering the phylogenetic position of ascidians as basal chordates, we suggest that the novel TK-regulated oocyte growth is an "evolutionary origin" of the tachykininergic functions in the ovary.
Aoyama
Masato
M
Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Wakayamadai 1-1-1, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8503, Japan.
Kawada
Tsuyoshi
T
Fujie
Manabu
M
Hotta
Kohji
K
Sakai
Tsubasa
T
Sekiguchi
Toshio
T
Oka
Kotaro
K
Satoh
Nori
N
Satake
Honoo
H
D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002938:Ciona intestinalis / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D008954:Models, Biological; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D009866:Oogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018039:Receptors, Tachykinin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015320:Tachykinins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015854:Up-Regulation
D018039:Receptors, Tachykinin; D015320:Tachykinins; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases