title: Ex vivo dynamic imaging of retinal microglia using time-lapse confocal microscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retinal microglia have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various retinal diseases, but their basic function and cellular phenotype remain incompletely understood. Here, the authors used a novel ex vivo retinal imaging preparation to examine the behavioral phenotype of living retinal microglia in intact tissue and in response to injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fluorescence-labeled microglia in retinal explants from CX3CR1(+/GFP) transgenic mice were observed using time-lapse confocal imaging. High spatial and temporal resolution imaging parameters were used to follow dynamic microglial behavior in real time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under normal conditions, resting retinal microglia are not static in structure but instead exhibit extensive structural dynamism in their cellular processes. Process movements are highly random in direction but are balanced to maintain overall cellular symmetry and arbor size. At rest, however, these exuberant process movements do not result in overt cellular migration. After focal laser injury, microglial processes increase significantly in their motility and direct themselves toward the injury site. Microglia rapidly transition their morphologies from symmetric to polarized toward the laser lesion. Microglia also transition from a fixed to a migratory phenotype, translocating through tissue while retaining their ramified morphology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retinal microglia normally occupying uninjured tissue display a continuous, dynamic behavior that suggests functions of tissue surveillance and intercellular communication. Microglial behavior is highly regulated by, and immediately responsive to, focal tissue injury and may constitute a therapeutic cellular response to focal laser photocoagulation. Ex vivo live imaging in the retina is an experimental approach well suited to the study of dynamic aspects of microglial physiology.
authors.affiliation: Office of the Scientific Director, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Jung Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Katharine J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Fariss
authors.forename: Wai T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001128:Argon / Q000633:toxicity; D000073883:CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers / Q000009:adverse effects; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000235:genetics; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000073883:CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1; C095235:CX3CR1 protein, human; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D001128:Argon