title: Sitting spinal posture in adolescents differs between genders, but is not clearly related to neck/shoulder pain: an observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Is neck/shoulder pain in adolescents related to their sitting spinal posture, taking account of gender?
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey and direct observation.
  
  
  METHODS
  1597 adolescents from the 'Raine' birth cohort study (781 females, 816 males) with a mean age of 14.1 years (SD 0.2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Neck/shoulder pain prevalence and gender was measured by survey. Spinal posture (7 angles) during sitting was measured from photographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Life, month, and point prevalence for neck/shoulder pain among adolescents were 47%, 29%, and 5% respectively. Life prevalence was 10% higher in females than in males and month prevalence was 12% higher. When looking straight ahead, females sat with 2 degrees (95% CI 1 to 3) less neck flexion, 2 degrees (95% CI 0 to 3) less craniocervical angle, 7 degrees (95% CI 6 to 8) less cervicothoracic angle, 13 degrees (95% CI 12 to 14) less trunk angle, 10 degrees (95% CI 8 to 12) less lumbar angle, and 9 degrees (95% CI 7 to 11) more anterior pelvic tilt than males. Adolescents with neck/shoulder pain sat with 2 degrees (95% CI 1 to 3) less trunk angle, and 1 degree (95% CI 0 to 2) less cervicothoracic angle than those without pain. After controlling for gender, OR for neck/shoulder pain ever predicted by any angle ranged from 0.99 to 1.00 (range of 95% CI 0.98 to 1.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neck/shoulder pain is highly prevalent in Australian adolescents. Sitting spinal posture differs between males and females and differs slightly between those with and without neck/shoulder pain. However, posture was not predictive of neck/shoulder pain ever after controlling for gender.
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. L.Straker@curtin.edu.au
authors.forename: Leon M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Straker
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: Anne J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Jemma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coleman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011187:Posture; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013131:Spine / Q000503:physiopathology*