title: Drainage characteristics and differential function of the horseshoe kidney: what is typical?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the drainage and differential function of the horseshoe kidney.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) nuclear renograms from 1991 to 2007 was performed. Nineteen patients with horseshoe kidney who had not undergone previous renal surgery were identified. All studies were reviewed, and patient information was gathered. Drainage characteristics and differential function were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen primary MAG3 studies were found, representing 38 evaluable renal units. For these units altogether, the median t1/2 was 11 minutes. A t1/2 of 10 minutes or less was found in 18 units (47%), while 12 units (32%) showed a t1/2 longer than 20 minutes. The relative function difference mean was 24.6%. The number of patients with a relative function difference greater than 10% was 11 (57%), and those with a relative function difference greater than 20% was 7 (37%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Horseshoe kidney is associated with fairly high rates of poor renal drainage and elevated differential function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Stockton
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Pryma
authors.forename: Marc C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Smaldone
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corcoran
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Averch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017263:Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide
chemical_list: D017263:Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide