title: Digital macro-photogrammetry in orthodontic tooth movement: case report.
abstract: Digital macro-photogrammetry (DMP) method was used to assess the 3-dimensional (3D) movement of the canine during retraction with a Hybrid Retractor (HR) spring (Forestadent, Pforzheim, Germany) following extraction of first premolars. Computer images of the canine were generated from multiple synchronous digital photos of a patient taken during clinical follow-ups. Time intervals were recorded from the begining of the treatment before the insertion of the spring (T0), to the last follow-up session of canine retraction (T8). All movements of the canine were calculated from the generated three dimensional co-ordinates (X,Y, & Z). The results indicated that the canine was distalized about 6,78 mm over a period of 258 days. The maximum velocity of the canine movement was found to be approximately 1 mm/month. In conclusion, it was found that DMP can be applied in clinical orthodontics to monitor orthodontic tooth movement. This technique is cost-effective and measurements can be made on site as the use of computers and digital photographs have been incorporated in the majority of orthodontic practices.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Orthodontics, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, South Africa. phlongwa@ul.ac.za
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hlongwa
authors.forename: F G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Geiger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003481:Cuspid / Q000502:physiology; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000379:methods*; D023861:Photography, Dental; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques; D019415:Torque