title: Hypermethylation of hepatic Gck promoter in ageing rats contributes to diabetogenic potential.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatic glucokinase (GCK) is a key enzyme in glucose utilisation. Downregulation of its activity is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, it is unknown whether hepatic Gck expression is influenced by age and is involved in ageing-mediated diabetes, and whether the degree of methylation of the hepatic Gck promoter is correlated with the transcription of Gck. To address the question, we evaluated hepatic Gck transcription and promoter methylation in young (14 weeks), adult (40 weeks) and aged (80 weeks) rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hepatic glycogen, Gck expression and the kinase activity of GCK were measured in three age groups. The CpG methylation status was determined by both bisulphite direct sequencing and clone sequencing of the PCR amplificates of Gck promoter. The causal relationship between Gck methylation and mRNA expression was confirmed by treating rat primary hepatocytes with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have shown an age-associated decline in hepatic glycogen, Gck expression levels and the kinase activity of hepatic GCK. The eleven CpG sites studied displayed age-related progressive methylation changes in hepatic Gck promoter, which were confirmed by two methods: direct and clone sequencing. After 5-Aza-CdR treatment of rat primary hepatocytes, there was a fourfold increase in Gck expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that an age-related increase in methylation is negatively associated with hepatic Gck expression, suggesting that DNA methylation could be involved in increasing age-dependent susceptibility to hepatic insulin resistance and diabetes. Thus, the epigenetic modification of the hepatic Gck promoter may represent an important marker for diabetogenic potential during the ageing process.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, China, 200433.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fei
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: Z P
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: W W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D019175:DNA Methylation; D017931:DNA Primers; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000235:genetics*; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005941:Glucokinase / Q000235:genetics*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development; D008112:Liver Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates; D005941:Glucokinase; D008112:Liver Glycogen; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C015772:CpG dinucleotide