title: Highly prevalent genetic alterations in receptor tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in anaplastic and follicular thyroid cancers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic alterations in receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and MAPK pathways have not been fully defined in anaplastic and follicular thyroid cancers [anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), follicular thyroid cancer (FTC)].
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to explore a wide-range genetic basis for the involvement of these pathways in ATC.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined mutations and copy number gains of a large panel of genes in these pathways and corresponding phosphorylation of ERK (p-ERK) and Akt.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found frequent copy gains of RTK genes, including EGFR, PDGFRalpha and -beta, VEGFR1 and 2, KIT, and MET and in PIK3Ca, PIK3Cb, and PDK1 genes in the PI3K/Akt pathway. Mutations of Ras, PIK3Ca, PTEN, and BRAF genes and RET/PTC rearrangements were common, whereas mutations in PDK1, Akt1, Akt2, and RTK genes were uncommon in ATC. Overall, 46 of 48 ATC (95.8%) harbored at least one genetic alteration, and coexistence of two or more was seen in 37 of 48 ATC (77.1%). These genetic alterations were somewhat less common in FTC. Genetic alterations that could activate both the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways were found in 39 of 48 ATC (81.3%). RTK gene copy gains were preferentially associated with p-Akt, suggesting their dominant role in activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. The phosphorylation of Akt was far more common than p-ERK in FTC, and both were relatively common and often coexisted in ATC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetic alterations in the RTKs and PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways are extremely prevalent in ATC and FTC, providing a strong genetic basis for an extensive role of these signaling pathways and the development of therapies targeting these pathways for ATC and FTC, particularly the former.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pathology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Meiju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Haixia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Studeman
authors.forename: Kirk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Vasily
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vasko
authors.forename: Adel K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: El-Naggar
authors.forename: Mingzhao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xing
mesh_terms: D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics*; D058534:Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D018628:Gene Dosage; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D009154:Mutation; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000235:genetics; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000502:physiology*; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D058534:Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; C484760:PIK3CA protein, human; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C494929:PTEN protein, human