title: Insulin binding to antibodies is a risk factor for inexplicable severe hypoglycaemia in children with type-1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type-1 diabetic individuals differ with regard to both, the formation of circulating insulin antibodies, and the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association of insulin binding to antibodies with the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross sectional study, 73 children with type-1 diabetes mellitus (median age 14 years, duration of diabetes 6 years) were investigated, 22 of whom had experienced severe hypoglycaemia during the past 18 months, and 51 had never experienced severe hypoglycaemia. Of the patients with severe hypoglycaemia 16 had experienced severe unexplained hypoglycaemias, and 6 had experienced severe hypoglycaemias which were explicable (by missed meals, unplanned physical exercise etc.). Insulin binding was measured in a blinded central laboratory by radioimmunoassay, and expressed as ratio bound/unbound insulin; a binding >15% was considered relevant insulin binding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 38 patients displayed relevant insulin binding (17 of whom had experienced severe hypoglycaemia), and 35 patients did not (5 of whom had experienced severe hypoglycaemia; p=0.0055, Fisher's exact test). Patients with relevant insulin binding were younger (12.2 vs 14.5 years, p=0.006) than patients without relevant insulin binding. From the 16 patients with inexplicable severe hypoglycaemia, 15 displayed relevant insulin binding, compared to 2 of the 6 patients with explicable severe hypoglycaemia (p=0.009). The association of any severe hypoglycaemia, and of inexplicable severe hypoglycaemia, with relevant insulin binding was significant (odds ratio 4.8 (95%CI 1.5-15.2), and 22.1(95%CI 2.7-179.6), p<0.006). Patients with/without relevant insulin binding, or with/without severe hypoglycaemia, did not differ significantly regarding sex, duration of diabetes, number of insulin injections per day, HbA1c and C-peptide levels (ANOVA).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Insulin binding to antibodies >15% appears to be a strong risk factor for inexplicable severe hypoglycaemias in type-1 diabetic children.
authors.affiliation: Childrens Hospital of the University of Cologne, Germany. ora.seewi@uk-koeln.de
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Seewi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jaeger
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Bretzel
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schönau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000906:Antibodies / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000209:etiology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D011485:Protein Binding; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D007328:Insulin