title: The spinal antinociceptive effects of endomorphins in rats: behavioral and G protein functional studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 are endogenous peptides that are highly selective for mu-opioid receptors. However, studies of their functional efficacy and selectivity are controversial. In this study, we systematically compared the effects of intrathecal (i.t.) administration of endomorphin-1 and -2 on nociception assays and G protein activation with those of [d-Ala(2),N-Me-Phe(4),Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO), a highly effective peptidic mu-opioid receptor agonist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Acute and inflammatory pain models were used to compare the duration and magnitude of antinociception. Agonist-stimulated [(35)S]GTP gamma S binding was used to observe the functional activity at the level of the receptor-G protein in both spinal cord and thalamic membranes. In addition, antagonists selective for each receptor type were used to verify the functional selectivity of endomorphins in the rat spinal cord.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After i.t. administration, endomorphin-1 and -2 produced less antinociceptive effects than DAMGO in the model of acute pain. Concentration-response curves for DAMGO-, endomorphin-1-, and endomorphin-2-stimulated [(35)S]GTP gamma S binding revealed that both endomorphin-1 and -2 produced less G protein activation (i.e., approximately 50%-60%) than DAMGO did in the membranes of spinal cord and thalamus. In addition, i.t. endomorphin-induced antinociception was blocked by mu-opioid receptor selective dose of naltrexone (P < 0.05), but not by delta- and kappa-opioid receptor antagonists, naltrindole and nor-binaltorphimine (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endomorphins are partial agonists for G protein activation at spinal and thalamic mu-opioid receptors. Both in vivo and in vitro measurements together suggest that DAMGO is more effective than endomorphins. Spinal endomorphins' antinociceptive efficacy may range between 53% and 84% depending on the intensity and modality of the nociceptive stimulus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0632, USA.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Traynor
authors.forename: Mei-Chuan
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ko
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D054333:Drug Partial Agonism; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)- / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate) / Q000378:metabolism; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D010146:Pain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013462:Sulfur Radioisotopes; D013788:Thalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009842:Oligopeptides; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D013462:Sulfur Radioisotopes; C105293:endomorphin 1; D020875:Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-; C051844:norbinaltorphimine; D016244:Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate); C105294:endomorphin 2; D009271:Naltrexone; C055382:naltrindole