title: Safety assessment of new antithrombotic agents: lessons from the EXTEND study on ximelagatran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ximelagatran, the first oral direct thrombin inhibitor, was shown to be an effective antithrombotic agent but was associated with potential liver toxicity after prolonged administration.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the EXTEND study was to assess safety and efficacy of extended administration (35 days) of ximelagatran or enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective hip replacement and hip fracture surgery. A follow-up period, including assessment of liver enzymes (in particular alanine aminotransferase; ALAT), until post-operative day 180 was planned, with visits at days 56 and 180.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Randomization and administration of study drugs were stopped following a report of serious liver injury occurring 3 weeks after completion of ximelagatran treatment. At the time of study termination, 1158 patients had been randomized and 641 had completed the 35-day treatment; with 303 ximelagatran and 265 enoxaparin patients remaining in the study through to the day 56 follow-up visit. Overall, 58 patients showed an ALAT increase to >2x upper limit of normal: 31 treated with enoxaparin, 27 with ximelagatran. Three ximelagatran patients also showed symptoms potentially related to liver toxicity. Eleven ximelagatran patients showed an ALAT increase after study treatment ended. The clinical development of ximelagatran was terminated and the drug withdrawn from the market. Evaluation of the relative efficacy of the two treatments as specified in the protocol was impossible due to the premature termination of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prolonged administration of ximelagatran was associated with an increased risk of liver toxicity. In a substantial proportion of patients, ALAT increase occurred after treatment withdrawal. The findings seen with ximelagatran should be considered when designing studies with new antithrombotic agents.
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal and Vascular Medicine - Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Agnelli
authors.forename: B I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bergqvist
authors.forename: O E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lassen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mouret
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rosencher
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bylock
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects; D001384:Azetidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001596:Benzylamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D017984:Enoxaparin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001384:Azetidines; D001596:Benzylamines; D017984:Enoxaparin; C426686:ximelagatran; D000410:Alanine Transaminase