title: Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks: what are the benefits?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Use of ultrasound by anaesthesiologists performing regional blocks is rapidly gaining popularity. The aims of this review were to summarize and update accumulating evidence on ultrasound-guided nerve blocks, with an emphasis on the clinical relevance of the results and to critically appraise changing standards in regional anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of MEDLINE and EMBASE (1966 to 31 December 2007) was conducted using the following free terms: 'ultrasound and regional anesthesia', 'ultrasound and peripheral block' and 'ultrasound and nerve and block'. These were combined with the MESH terms 'nerve block' and 'ultrasonography'. The following limits were applied: studies with abstracts, only in humans, published in core clinical journals. Trial type: meta-analysis, randomized-controlled trial and clinical trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When peripheral nerves are adequately imaged by ultrasound, the concomitant use of nerve stimulation offers no further advantage. However, several studies reported problems with obtaining satisfactory images in some patients. Ultrasound guidance significantly shortened the block performance time and/or reduced the number of needle passes to reach the target in all comparative studies. The occurrence of paraesthesia during block performance was also reduced, but not the incidence of short-lasting post-operative neuropraxia. The frequency of accidental vascular punctures may be lower, but the data are contradictory. Block onset time was significantly shortened. Block duration was longer in children, but not in adults. Ultrasound also allowed dose reduction of the local anaesthetic (LA).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ultrasound guidance shortens the block performance time, reduces the number of needle passes and shortens the block onset time. Blocks may be performed using lower LA doses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia 4231, HOC, Rigshospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. zjkn@rh.dk
authors.forename: Z J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Koscielniak-Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local