title: Profuse epistaxis following sphenoid surgery: a ruptured carotid artery pseudoaneurysm and its management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report a rare case of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm of the internal carotid artery secondary to endoscopic sphenoid surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The management of this unusual complication and a review of the literature are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 65-year-old woman presented with intractable epistaxis four days following endoscopic sphenoid sinus surgery. Initial, conservative measures were unsuccessful in controlling bleeding. The clinical picture of delayed, severe epistaxis after a sphenoid sinus exploration raised the possibility of injury to the internal carotid artery and subsequent formation of a false aneurysm. The patient's pseudoaneurysm was managed, without visualising it, by packing the sphenoid sinus (achieved by palpating 1 cm above the shoulder of the posterior choana) in order to gain control of the haemorrhage, followed by endovascular occlusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An awareness of this rare complication is essential in order to manage this life-threatening condition efficiently.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, UK. drdbiswas@hotmail.com
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daudia
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: McConachie
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal; D004724:Endoscopy; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology*; D013101:Sphenoid Sinus / Q000601:surgery*