title: Soleus T reflex modulation in response to spinal and tendinous adaptations to unilateral lower limb suspension in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of tendinous and synaptic changes induced by unilateral lower limb suspension (ULLS) on the tendon tap reflex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight young men underwent a 23-day period of ULLS. Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), torque and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the plantar flexor muscles (normalized to the M wave), Achilles tendon-aponeurosis mechanical properties, soleus (SOL) H and T reflexes and associated peak twitch torques were measured at baseline, after 14 and 23 days of ULLS, and 1 week after resuming ambulatory activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant decreases in muscle CSA (-9%), in maximal voluntary torque (-10%) and in the associated SOL EMG activity (-16%) were found after ULLS (P < 0.05). In addition to a 36% (P < 0.01) decrease in tendon-aponeurosis stiffness, normalized H reflex increased by 35% (P < 0.05). An increase in the slope (28%, P < 0.05) and intercept (85%, P < 0.05) of the T reflex recruitment curve pointed to an increase in the gain and to a decrease in the sensitivity of this reflex, possibly resulting from the decrease in the tendon-aponeurosis stiffness at low forces. Following ULLS, changes in tendinous stiffness correlated with changes in neuromuscular efficiency (peak twitch torque to reflex ratio) at higher tendon tap forces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings point out the dual and antagonistic influences of spinal and tendinous adaptations upon the tendon tap reflex in humans under conditions of chronic unloading. These observations have potential implications for the sensitivity of the short-latency Ia stretch response involved in rapid compensatory contractions to unexpected postural perturbations.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement & Health, Manchester Metropolitan University, Alsager, UK. o.seynnes@mmu.ac.uk
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Seynnes
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Maffiuletti
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Maganaris
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pensini
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: di Prampero
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Narici
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000502:physiology; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D006181:H-Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000502:physiology*; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D012026:Reflex, Stretch / Q000502:physiology*; D013569:Synapses / Q000502:physiology; D019415:Torque; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology; D018474:Weightlessness Simulation; D055815:Young Adult