title: The validity of the lag signs in diagnosing full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff: a preliminary investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the lag signs were valid tools in diagnosing full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff.
  
  
  METHODS
  A same-subject, correlation, double-blinded design was used. The results of the external rotation lag sign, drop sign, and internal rotation lag sign were compared with the criterion standard of diagnostic ultrasound to establish their accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A regional orthopedic hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive subjects (N=37), 21 women and 16 men, with shoulder pain referred to a consultant orthopedic surgeon specializing in shoulder conditions were recruited for this investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of the lag signs when using ultrasound as the reference test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The specificities of the drop sign and internal rotation lag sign were 77% and 84%, respectively, which, together with low positive likelihood ratios 3.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-6.7) and 6.2 (95% CI, 1.9-12.0), indicate that a positive result was poor at recognizing the presence of full-thickness tears. The drop sign had a sensitivity of 73% with a negative likelihood ratio of .34 (95% CI, 0.2-0.8), suggesting that a negative test was fair at ruling out the presence of full-thickness tears. The sensitivity of the internal rotation lag sign (100%) supported by the negative likelihood ratio of 0 (95% CI, 0.0-2.5) suggests that a negative test will effectively rule out the presence of full-thickness tears of the subscapularis. A positive external rotation lag sign is the clinical test most likely to indicate that full-thickness tears of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus are present (specificity, 94%). However, the external rotation lag sign did demonstrate a low sensitivity score of 46% and negative likelihood ratio of .57 (95% CI, 0.4-0.9), which means that a negative test will not rule out the presence of full-thickness tears.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this investigation suggest that a clinical diagnosis of a full-thickness tear of the rotator cuff cannot be conclusively reached using one or more of the lag signs.
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department, University Hospital Birmingham Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom. caroline.miller@uhb.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Caroline A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Gail A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Forrester
authors.forename: Jeremy S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012399:Rotation; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography