title: Interruption of antiretroviral therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease in persons with HIV-1 infection: exploratory analyses from the SMART trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The SMART trial found a raised risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in patients undergoing CD4+ T cell-count guided intermittent antiretroviral therapy (ART) compared with patients on continuous ART. Exploratory analyses were performed to better understand the reasons for this observation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 5,472 patients with CD4+ T-cell counts >350 cells/mm3 were recruited and randomized to either continuous ART (the viral suppression arm; VS) or CD4+ T-cell count-guided use of ART (the drug conservation arm; DC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major CVD events developed in 79 patients. The hazard ratio (HR) for risk of CVD events for DC versus VS was 1.57 (95% confidence interval 1.00-2.46; P=0.05). There was no evidence that being off ART or a higher current HIV viral load were associated with increased CVD risk. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were reduced as a result of ART interruption in DC patients but so was high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, leading to a net unfavourable change in the total/HDL cholesterol ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reasons for the higher risk of CVD for DC compared with VS patients remain unclear. There was no clear evidence to suggest that ART interruption per se or a higher HIV viral load were associated with an increased CVD risk in the DC group. Lipid changes were less favourable among DC compared with VS patients, which could offer a partial explanation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Royal Free University College Medical School, London, UK. a.phillips@pcps.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Jacquie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: Fehmida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Visnegarwala
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prineas
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Burman
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Fraser
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Drummond
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duprez
authors.forename: Waldo H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Belloso
authors.forename: Frank-Detlef
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Goebel
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grund
authors.forename: Angelos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hatzakis
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vera
authors.forename: Jens D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lundgren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors