title: The perception of stress alters adaptive behaviours in Lymnaea stagnalis.
abstract: Stress can alter adaptive behaviours, and as well either enhance or diminish learning, memory formation and/or memory recall. We show here that two different stressors have the ability to alter such behaviours in our model system, Lymnaea stagnalis. One, a naturally occurring stressor - the scent of a predator (crayfish) - and the other an artificially controlled one - 25 mmol l(-1) KCl - significantly alter adaptive behaviours. Both the KCl stressor and predator detection enhance long-term memory (LTM) formation; additionally predator detection alters vigilance behaviours. The predator-induced changes in behaviour are also accompanied by specific and significant alterations in the electrophysiological properties of RPeD1 - a key neuron in mediating both vigilance behaviours and memory formation. Naive lab-bred snails exposed to crayfish effluent (CE; i.e. the scent of the predator) prior to recording from RPeD1 demonstrated both a significantly reduced spontaneous firing rate and fewer bouts of bursting activity compared with non-exposed snails. Importantly, in the CE experiments we used laboratory-reared snails that have not been exposed to a naturally occurring predator for over 250 generations. These data open a new avenue of research, which may allow a direct investigation from the behavioral to the neuronal level as to how relevant stressful stimuli alter adaptive behaviours, including memory formation and recall.
authors.affiliation: Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. lukowiak@ucalgary.ca
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lukowiak
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosenegger
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Browning
authors.forename: Pascaline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Caigny
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orr
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D003400:Astacoidea / Q000737:chemistry; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D004594:Electrophysiology; D008195:Lymnaea / Q000502:physiology*; D009812:Odorants; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology*; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical
chemical_list: D011189:Potassium Chloride