title: Variation in rubber chemistry and dynamic mechanical properties of the milking liner barrel with age.
abstract: The milking liner is the interface between the milking machine and the cow. Liner properties important to milking performance were investigated for liners of different ages using discriminating tests rather than the normal, rubber-industry quality control-based tests. Large variations in the liner mechanical properties occurred depending on where the sample was taken; stiffness increased 4-fold 40 to 50 mm below the top of the liner. This was related to changes in the chemistry of the rubber created by absorption of milk-derived products (MDP) into the rubber and losses of formulation components, particularly 50% of the plasticizer and all of the antidegradent 40 to 50 mm below the top of the liner, with age and use. The presence of MDP leads to calcium and phosphate deposits on the inner surface of the liner barrel where the MDP was absorbed. The detailed liner properties can be used to explain the forces on the cow's teat and its reactions and effects on milk flow behavior, and to guide future liner development.
authors.affiliation: Avon Rubber, Materials Development Centre, Brook Lane Industrial Estate, Westbury, BA13 4EP, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boast
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hillerton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D003612:Dairying / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D008893:Milk Ejection; D008961:Models, Structural; D013314:Stress, Mechanical