title: Characterization of two heparan sulphate-binding sites in the mycobacterial adhesin Hlp.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The histone-like Hlp protein is emerging as a key component in mycobacterial pathogenesis, being involved in the initial events of host colonization by interacting with laminin and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). In the present study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to map the binding site(s) of Hlp to heparan sulfate and identify the nature of the amino acid residues directly involved in this interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The capacity of a panel of 30 mer synthetic peptides covering the full length of Hlp to bind to heparin/heparan sulfate was analyzed by solid phase assays, NMR, and affinity chromatography. An additional active region between the residues Gly46 and Ala60 was defined at the N-terminal domain of Hlp, expanding the previously defined heparin-binding site between Thr31 and Phe50. Additionally, the C-terminus, rich in Lys residues, was confirmed as another heparan sulfate binding region. The amino acids in Hlp identified as mediators in the interaction with heparan sulfate were Arg, Val, Ile, Lys, Phe, and Thr.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that Hlp interacts with heparan sulfate through two distinct regions of the protein. Both heparan sulfate-binding regions here defined are preserved in all mycobacterial Hlp homologues that have been sequenced, suggesting important but possibly divergent roles for this surface-exposed protein in both pathogenic and saprophic species.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av, Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil. michelleip@ig.com.br
authors.forename: Michelle I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Portugal
authors.forename: Adriane R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Todeschini
authors.forename: Cristiana S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: de Lima
authors.forename: Carlos A M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Ronaldo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohana-Borges
authors.forename: Tom H M
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Ottenhoff
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mendonça-Previato
authors.forename: Jose O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Previato
authors.forename: Maria C V
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pessolani
mesh_terms: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002846:Chromatography, Affinity; D006493:Heparin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006497:Heparan Sulfate / Q000378:metabolism*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009166:Mycobacterium leprae / Q000737:chemistry*; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D012685:Sepharose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D006493:Heparin; D006497:Heparan Sulfate; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012685:Sepharose; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C037405:heparin-sepharose