title: Skin dose from neutron-activated soil for early entrants following the A-bomb detonation in Hiroshima: contribution from beta and gamma rays.
abstract: Epilation was reported among atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, including "early entrance survivors" who entered the cities after the bombings. The absorbed dose to the skin by neutron-activated soil via beta and gamma rays has been estimated in a preliminary fashion, for these survivors in Hiroshima. Estimation was done for external exposures from activated soil on the ground as well as skin and hair contamination from activated soil particles, using the Monte Carlo radiation transport code MCNP-4C. Assuming 26 mum thickness of activated soil on the skin as an example, the skin dose was estimated to be about 0.8 Gy, for an exposure scenario that includes the first 7 days after the bombing at 1 m above the ground at the hypocenter. In this case, 99% of the total skin dose came from activated radionuclides in the soil, i.e., 0.19 and 0.63 Gy due to beta and gamma rays, respectively. In contrast, contribution to skin dose due to skin contamination with soil particles was found to be about 1%. To make it comparable to the exposure by neutron-activated soil on the ground, a soil thickness on the skin of about 1 mm would be required, which seems to be difficult to keep for a long time. Fifty-five percent of the 7-day skin dose was delivered during the first hour after the bombing. Our estimates of the skin dose are lower than the conventionally reported threshold of 2 Gy for epilation. It should be noted, however, that the possibility of more extreme exposure scenarios for example for entrants who received much heavier soil contamination on their skin cannot be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan. tanakake@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imanaka
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shizuma
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hasai
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoshi
mesh_terms: D001610:Beta Particles; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D009502:Neutrons; D009689:Nuclear Warfare; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive