title: Toward a policy ecology of implementation of evidence-based practices in public mental health settings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mental health policymaking to support the implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) largely has been directed toward clinicians. However, implementation is known to be dependent upon a broader ecology of service delivery. Hence, focusing exclusively on individual clinicians as targets of implementation is unlikely to result in sustainable and widespread implementation of EBPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Policymaking that is informed by the implementation literature requires that policymakers deploy strategies across multiple levels of the ecology of implementation. At the organizational level, policies are needed to resource the added marginal costs of EBPs, and to assist organizational learning by re-engineering continuing education units. At the payor and regulatory levels, policies are needed to creatively utilize contractual mechanisms, develop disease management programs and similar comprehensive care management approaches, carefully utilize provider and organizational profiling, and develop outcomes assessment. At the political level, legislation is required to promote mental health parity, reduce discrimination, and support loan forgiveness programs. Regulations are also needed to enhance consumer and family engagement in an EBP agenda. And at the social level, approaches to combat stigma are needed to ensure that individuals with mental health need access services.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The implementation literature suggests that a single policy decision, such as mandating a specific EBP, is unlikely to result in sustainable implementation. Policymaking that addresses in an integrated way the ecology of implementation at the levels of provider organizations, governmental regulatory agencies, and their surrounding political and societal milieu is required to successfully and sustainably implement EBPs over the long term.
authors.affiliation: George Warren Brown School of Social Work, and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. raghavan@wustl.edu
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raghavan
authors.forename: Charlotte Lyn
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bright
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shadoin