title: Using data on resistance prevalence per sample in the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In most existing antimicrobial resistance monitoring programmes, one single bacterial colony from each collected sample is susceptibility tested against a panel of antimicrobials. Detecting the proportion of colonies resistant to different antimicrobials in each sample can provide quantitative data on antimicrobial resistance (resistance prevalence per sample).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, a total of 98 faecal samples from slaughter pigs were tested for tetracycline and sulphonamide resistance in Escherichia coli using the single colony method, and these results were compared with the results obtained using the resistance prevalence per sample method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results obtained by the resistance prevalence per sample method showed a lower occurrence of resistance. Tetracycline resistance in E. coli was found in 36.7% of the samples using the single colony method, while the mean tetracycline resistance prevalence was 22.5% using the resistance prevalence per sample method. Similarly, sulphonamide resistance was 32.7% using the single colony method and 19.6% when using the resistance prevalence per sample method. Although different estimates were obtained by each method, the correlation test and the regression model demonstrated that there is a significant association between the results obtained using both methods (P value <0.01) for both antimicrobials tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To support risk assessment and analysis of the association between consumption of antimicrobials and occurrence of resistance, there is a need to move towards a more quantitative approach when dealing with antimicrobial resistance in a population, and the resistance prevalence per sample method can provide some of this additional information.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark. avixx@food.dtu.dk
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Houe
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Wegener
authors.forename: D M A
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lo Fo Wong
authors.forename: H-D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Emborg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013752:Tetracycline