title: CC chemokine and CC chemokine receptor profiles in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue are altered in human obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity is associated with a low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, and macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue. The role of CC chemokines and their respective receptors in human adipose tissue inflammation remains to be determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  sc and visceral adipose tissue of obese patients (body mass index 53.1 +/- 11.3 kg/m(2)) compared with lean controls (body mass index 25.9 +/- 3.8 kg/m(2)) was analyzed for alterations in inflammatory gene expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Macrophage infiltration was increased in sc and visceral adipose tissue of obese patients as determined by increased mRNA expression of a macrophage-specific marker (CD68) and by elevated macrophage infiltration. Gene expression of CC chemokines involved in monocyte chemotaxis (CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, and CCL11) and their receptors (CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, and CCR5) was higher in sc and visceral adipose tissue of obese patients. Serum concentrations of the inflammatory marker IL-6 and C-reactive protein were elevated in obese patients compared with lean controls. Obese patients revealed increased insulin resistance as assessed by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index and reduced plasma adiponectin concentrations. Adipose tissue expression of many CC chemokines and their receptors in the obese group positively correlated with CD68 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Up-regulation of the CC chemokines and their respective receptors in adipose tissue occurs in human obesity and is associated with increased systemic inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Joakim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.forename: Florian W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Kiefer
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeyda
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ludvik
authors.forename: Gerd R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Silberhumer
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Prager
authors.forename: Gerhard J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Zlabinger
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Stulnig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000276:immunology*; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D019742:Chemokines, CC; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine