title: Pharmacodynamic analysis of recombinant human erythropoietin effect on reticulocyte production rate and age distribution in healthy subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) on the reticulocyte production rate and age distribution in healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extensive pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data collected from 88 subjects who received a single subcutaneous dose of rHuEPO (dose range 20-160 kIU) were analysed. Four nonlinear mixed-effects models were evaluated to describe the time course of the percentage of reticulocytes and their age distribution in relation to rHuEPO pharmacokinetics. Model A accounted for stimulation of the production of progenitor cells in bone marrow, and model B implemented shortening of differentiation and maturation times of early progenitors in bone marrow. Model C was the combination of models A and B, and model D was the combination of model A with an increase in the maturation times of the circulating reticulocytes. Model evaluation was performed using goodness-of-fit plots, a nonparametric bootstrap and a posterior predictive check.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Model D was selected as the best model, and evidenced accurate and precise estimation of model parameters and prediction of the time course of the percentage of reticulocytes. At baseline, the estimated circulating reticulocyte maturation time was 2.6 days, whereas the lifespan of the precursors in the bone marrow was about 5 days. The rHuEPO potency for the stimulatory effect (7.61 IU/L) was higher than that for the increase in reticulocyte maturation times (56.3 IU/L). There was a significant 1- to 2-day lag time in the reticulocyte response. The effect of rHuEPO on the reticulocyte age distribution consisted of a transient increase in the reticulocyte maturation time from baseline up to 6-7 days, occurring 1 day after administration. The dose-dependent amplitude of the changes in the age distribution lasted for 12-14 days. The model-predicted peak increase in the reticulocyte release rate ranged from 140% to 160% of the baseline value and was maximal on days 7-8 following rHuEPO administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A semiphysiological model quantifying the effect of rHuEPO on the reticulocyte production rate and age distribution was developed. The validated model predicts that rHuEPO increases the reticulocyte production rate and modifies the reticulocyte age distribution in a dose-dependent manner.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium. jjperez@umh.es
authors.forename: Juan José
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pérez-Ruixo
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Krzyzanski
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hing
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006397:Hematinics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D017701:Reticulocyte Count; D012156:Reticulocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D006397:Hematinics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin