title: Response to emotional expressions in generalized social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder: evidence for separate disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Generalized social phobia involves fear/avoidance, specifically of social situations, whereas generalized anxiety disorder involves intrusive worry about diverse circumstances. It remains unclear the degree to which these two, often comorbid, conditions represent distinct disorders or alternative presentations of a single, core underlying pathology. Functional magnetic resonance imaging assessed the neural response to facial expressions in generalized social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals matched on age, IQ, and gender with generalized social phobia without generalized anxiety disorder (N=17), generalized anxiety disorder (N=17), or no psychopathology (N=17) viewed neutral, fearful, and angry expressions while ostensibly making a simple gender judgment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients with generalized social phobia without generalized anxiety disorder showed increased activation to fearful relative to neutral expressions in several regions, including the amygdala, compared to healthy individuals. This increased amygdala response related to self-reported anxiety in patients with generalized social phobia without generalized anxiety disorder. In contrast, patients with generalized anxiety disorder showed significantly less activation to fearful relative to neutral faces compared to the healthy individuals. They did show significantly increased response to angry expressions relative to healthy individuals in a lateral region of the middle frontal gyrus. This increased lateral frontal response related to self-reported anxiety in patients with generalized anxiety disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that neural circuitry dysfunctions differ in generalized social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder.
authors.affiliation: Mood and Anxiety Program, NIMH, NIH, 15K North Dr., MSC 2670, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shaywitz
authors.forename: Bruce W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: Marilla
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Geraci
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McCaffrey
authors.forename: Meena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vythilingam
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Finger
authors.forename: Krystal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mondillo
authors.forename: Madeline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Dennis S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Charney
authors.forename: R J R
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Wayne C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Drevets
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003710:Demography; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005149:Facial Expression; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014796:Visual Perception