title: Excessive islet NO generation in type 2 diabetic GK rats coincides with abnormal hormone secretion and is counteracted by GLP-1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A distinctive feature of type 2 diabetes is inability of insulin-secreting beta-cells to properly respond to elevated glucose eventually leading to beta-cell failure. We have hypothesized that an abnormally increased NO production in the pancreatic islets might be an important factor in the pathogenesis of beta-cell dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show now that islets of type 2 spontaneous diabetes in GK rats display excessive NO generation associated with abnormal iNOS expression in insulin and glucagon cells, increased ncNOS activity, impaired glucose-stimulated insulin release, glucagon hypersecretion, and impaired glucose-induced glucagon suppression. Pharmacological blockade of islet NO production by the NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) greatly improved hormone secretion from GK islets suggesting islet NOS activity being an important target to inactivate for amelioration of islet cell function. The incretin hormone GLP-1, which is used in clinical practice suppressed iNOS and ncNOS expression and activity with almost full restoration of insulin release and partial restoration of glucagon release. GLP-1 suppression of iNOS expression was reversed by PKA inhibition but unaffected by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Injection of glucose plus GLP-1 in the diabetic rats showed that GLP-1 amplified the insulin response but induced a transient increase and then a poor depression of glucagon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that abnormally increased NO production within islet cells is a significant player in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes being counteracted by GLP-1 through PKA-dependent, nonproteasomal mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, Universitetssjukhuset Malmö Allmäna Sjukhus, Division of Endocrine Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. S_Albert.Salehi@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salehi
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meidute Abaraviciene
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jimenez-Feltstrom
authors.forename: Claes-Göran
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Ostenson
authors.forename: Suad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Efendic
authors.forename: Ingmar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lundquist
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007328:Insulin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D005947:Glucose; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester