title: Microbial community response to a release of neat ethanol onto residual hydrocarbons in a pilot-scale aquifer tank.
abstract: The microbial community response to a neat ethanol release (E100, 76 l) onto residual hydrocarbons in sandy soil was evaluated in a continuous-flow 8 m(3) pilot-scale aquifer tank, simulating a release at a bulk fuel terminal. Microbial genotypic shifts were assessed using quantitative real-time PCR analysis. High ethanol concentrations in the capillary fringe at potentially toxic levels, exceeding 100,000 mg l(-1), were tolerated by the microbial community. The high biochemical oxygen demand exerted by ethanol rapidly induced anaerobic conditions, and both methane production (up to 1.2 mg l(-1)) and growth of putative methanogenic Archaea (up to 10(6) gene copies per g of soil) were observed in shallow groundwater and soil samples 75 cm down gradient from the source. Aerobic conditions returned after ethanol was flushed out of the system, approximately 45 days after the spill (less than 7.5 pore volumes flushed). Total Bacteria growth coincided with ethanol migration and availability, which was restricted to a relatively thin layer at the capillary fringe and water table interface. The concentrations of bacteria harbouring the aerobic catabolic genes dmpN (coding for phenol hydroxylase) and to dC1 (coding for toluene dioxygenase) increased (up to 100x) down gradient from the source, likely as a result of both fortuitous growth on ethanol and on aromatic hydrocarbons mobilized by ethanol. Growth of hydrocarbon degraders was corroborated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showing proliferation of Azospirillum and Brevundimonas spp., which are bacteria commonly associated with microaerophilic hydrocarbon degradation. Nevertheless, the relative abundance of hydrocarbon-specific degraders (as a fraction of total Bacteria) decreased as other bacteria grew to a higher extent. Overall, the observed growth of hydrocarbon degraders suggests a potential enhancement in aerobic natural attenuation in shallow aquifers after ethanol and its degradation by-products are degraded or flushed from sites impacted by ethanol-blended fuels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street - MS 317, Houston, TX 77005, USA. ncapiro@alumni.rice.edu
authors.forename: Natalie L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Cápiro
authors.forename: Marcio L B
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Da Silva
authors.forename: Brent P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Rixey
authors.forename: Pedro J J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Alvarez
mesh_terms: D001105:Archaea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019755:Carbon-Carbon Lyases / Q000235:genetics; D019641:DNA, Archaeal / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005838:Genotype; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism*; D008697:Methane / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010105:Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019641:DNA, Archaeal; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D000431:Ethanol; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D010105:Oxygenases; C023172:toluene dioxygenase; C022336:phenol 2-monooxygenase; D019755:Carbon-Carbon Lyases; C114354:benzylsuccinate synthase; D008697:Methane