title: Levator trauma is associated with pelvic organ prolapse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the risk of prolapse associated with levator avulsion injury among a urogynaecological clinic population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary urogynaecological unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 934 women seen for interview, examination using the pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) staging system and imaging of the levator ani muscle by four-dimensional translabial ultrasound.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of charts and stored imaging data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pelvic organ prolapse stage II and higher and presence of defects of the levator ani muscle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After exclusion of 137 women with a history of anti-incontinence or prolapse surgery, and a further exclusion of 16 women in whom either examination or imaging was impossible, we compared prolapse and imaging data in 781 women. Mean age was 53 years (range 15-89 years), and median parity was 2 (range 0-12). Women reported stress incontinence (76%), urge incontinence (69%), frequency (47%), nocturia (49%) and symptoms of prolapse (38%). Significant prolapse (stage II or higher) was diagnosed in 415 (53%) women, and 181 (23%) women were found to have levator avulsion defects. Prolapse was seen in 150/181 (83%) women with avulsion and in 265/600 (44%) women without avulsion, giving a relative risk (RR) of 1.9 (95% CI 1.7-2.1). The association was strongest for cystocele (RR 2.3, 95% CI 2.0-2.7) and uterine prolapse (RR 4.0, 95% CI 2.5-6.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with levator avulsion defects were about twice as likely to show pelvic organ prolapse of stage II or higher than those without. This effect is mainly due to an increased risk of cystocele and uterine prolapse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nepean Clinical School, University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia. hpdietz@bigpond.com
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Simpson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D052858:Cystocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D010173:Palpation; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000293:injuries*; D011247:Pregnancy; D020047:Rectocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology; D014596:Uterine Prolapse / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*