title: Minocycline protects Schwann cells from ischemia-like injury and promotes axonal outgrowth in bioartificial nerve grafts lacking Wallerian degeneration.
abstract: Minocycline, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial tetracycline, acts neuroprotectively in ischemia. Recently, however, minocycline has been revealed to have ambiguous effects on nerve regeneration. Thus its effects in a rat sciatic nerve transplantation model and on cultivated Schwann cells stressed by oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) were studied. The negative effect of minocycline on Wallerian degeneration, the essential initial phase of degeneration/regeneration after nerve injury, that was recently demonstrated, was excluded by using predegenerated nerve and Schwann cell-enriched muscle grafts, both free of Wallerian degeneration. They were compared with common nerve grafts. The principle findings were that in vitro minocycline provided protective effects against OGD-induced death of Schwann cells by preventing permeability of the mitochondrial membrane. It suppressed the OGD-mediated induction of HIF-1alpha and BAX, and stabilized/induced BCL-2. Cytochrome c release and cleavage of procaspase-3 were diminished; release and translocation of AIF and cytotoxic cleavage of actin into fractin were stopped. In common nerve grafts, minocycline, besides its direct anti-ischemic effect, hampered revascularization by down-regulation of MMP9 and VEGF prolonging ischemia and impeding macrophage recruitment. In bioartificial nerve grafts that were free of Wallerian degeneration and revealed lower immunogenicity, minocycline aided the regeneration process. Here, the direct anti-ischemic effect of minocycline on Schwann cells, which are mandatory for successful peripheral nerve regeneration, dominated the systemic anti-angiogenic/pro-ischemic effects. In common nerve grafts, however, where Wallerian degeneration is a prerequisite, the anti-angiogenic and macrophage-depressing effect is an obstacle for regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Neurobiology, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany. gerburg.keilhoff@med.ovgu.de
authors.forename: Gerburg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Keilhoff
authors.forename: Lorenz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schild
authors.forename: Hisham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fansa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D021522:Bioartificial Organs; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020439:Growth Cones / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007511:Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008911:Minocycline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012583:Schwann Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020426:Sciatic Neuropathy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014855:Wallerian Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D008911:Minocycline