Human health risks of petroleum-contaminated groundwater.
OBJECTIVE
The volatile organic compounds Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX) are commonly found in petroleum derivatives and, at relatively high levels, can be associated with human health risks. Due to industrial activities, accidental petroleum spills are the main route of soil and groundwater contamination. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the indoor health risks due to tap water consumption contaminated by BTEX.


METHODS
BTEX indoor exposure can occur through three principal pathways: inhalation, ingestion and dermal absorption. A multiphase and multicomponent model was used to simulate BTEX transport in groundwater. For evaluation of human risks due to the use of contaminated tap water, a mathematical model was elaborated.


RESULTS
BTEX concentrations in a drinking well were obtained as a function over time. These concentrations were used to obtain the exposure due to the use of water from the contaminated drinking well. In addition to showing the highest concentration in water, benzene was the compound that remained for a longer period before being completely degraded. For all the evaluated BTEX, oral ingestion was also the main pathway of exposure for adults, whereas the contribution of inhalation and oral exposition in children were seen to be of the same magnitude. The sensitivity analysis of BTEX total dose for adults showed that direct ingestion was the most significant factor, followed by shower time, volume of the shower room, inhalation rate, and shower flow rate. For children, the most significant variable was also direct ingestion, followed by shower time, volume of the shower room, and body weight.


CONCLUSIONS
In the current design situation, there would not be any health risks by the use of BTEX-contaminated water to the general population living in the neighborhood of the petroleum spill. Therefore, no remediation measures in the area of the spill would be necessary.


CONCLUSIONS
The present results indicate that the design of a good scenario can perform an accuracy risk assessment. This model can serve as a useful tool for predicting indoor exposure to substances for which no direct data are available, reducing monitoring efforts and observing how different processes affect outcomes.


CONCLUSIONS
These preliminary data allow the establishment of a basis for further investigations focusing on efficiently recovering petroleum from contaminated sites.
López
Eva
E
Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Rovira i Virgili University, San Lorenzo 21, 43201 Reus, Spain.
Schuhmacher
Marta
M
Domingo
José L
JL
D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001554:Benzene / Q000633:toxicity*; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000633:toxicity*; D002648:Child; D004435:Eating; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D001239:Inhalation; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010578:Petroleum; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013030:Spain; D014835:Volatilization; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014881:Water Supply
D000393:Air Pollutants; D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D010578:Petroleum; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001554:Benzene