title: Deposition of nickel, chromium, and cobalt on the skin in some occupations - assessment by acid wipe sampling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nickel, chromium, and cobalt are important skin sensitizers. Better knowledge about skin exposure is needed for more efficient prevention. We have previously developed acid wipe sampling for assessment of skin exposure to metals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To apply the acid wipe sampling technique in some occupations where intense contact with metallic items occurs and to gather experience for the design of future workplace studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 volunteers (carpenters, locksmiths, cashiers, and secretaries as controls) participated. They performed their normal tasks during a job session for exposure. Samples were taken from fingers and palms by acid wipe sampling, and analysis of metals was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The metals were detected in all samples, and the amount of nickel was larger than that of chromium and cobalt. Fingers were more exposed than palms. 8-h exposure to nickel was calculated and was highest in locksmiths (mean 3.784 mug/cm(2), range 1.846-5.028 mug/cm(2)) followed by carpenters, cashiers, and secretaries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The acid wipe sampling technique is suitable for studies of skin exposure to nickel, chromium, and cobalt in the workplace. The sampling efficiency of acid wipe sampling is high. The amounts of nickel deposited on skin in carpenters, locksmiths, and cashiers are judged capable of eliciting allergic contact dermatitis.
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Department of Medicine in Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. carola.liden@sll.se
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lidén
authors.forename: Lizbet
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Skare
authors.forename: Gun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nise
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vahter
mesh_terms: D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis*; D003035:Cobalt / Q000032:analysis*; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000175:diagnosis; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008420:Manufactured Materials; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis*; D017942:Nitric Acid; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D009787:Occupational Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D009790:Occupations; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002857:Chromium; D003035:Cobalt; D017942:Nitric Acid; D009532:Nickel