title: The relationship between lifestyle, working environment, socio-demographic factors and expulsion from the labour market due to disability pension among nurses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Denmark is facing a shortage of nurses and this trend is anticipated to worsen within the next decades. The major reason for this shortage is that only very few nurses remain employed until the general retirement age. Every year several nurses are expelled from the labour market prematurely which causes a problem not only for the disabled nurses but also because it can affect the morale and productivity among the remaining personnel while new staff members are hired and trained.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between lifestyle, working environment, socio-demographic factors and disability pension (DP) among nurses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was based on 12,028 nurses above the age of 44 who in 1993 completed a questionnaire. The survey information was combined with longitudinal data from a register compiled by Statistics Denmark. The follow-up period was from 1993 to 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nurses with relatively low gross incomes were more likely to become disability pensioners compared to nurses with high incomes (hazard ratio, HR 1.33 and HR 2.17). Also, nurses who were singles had a higher probability of entering DP (HR 1.63). Nurses who worked fixed evening or night shifts had higher risks of DP than nurses who worked daytime exclusively (HR 1.51 and HR 1.45). Smoking, obesity and having a sedentary lifestyle were also risk indicators for DP (HR 1.42, HR 1.63 and HR 1.50). Furthermore, low influence and high physical demands at work increased the probability of entering DP (HR 1.39 and HR 1.22).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DP among nurses is influenced by a number of factors. Nurses who have poor working environments and/or unhealthy lifestyles have higher risks of becoming disability pensioners. Also, nurses who are singles and/or have low gross incomes have higher probability of entering DP.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Comparative Welfare Studies, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark. kf@socsci.aau.dk
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Friis
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ekholm
authors.forename: Yrsa Andersen
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Hundrup
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003718:Denmark; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D018868:Insurance, Disability / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses / Q000600:supply & distribution; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014478:Unemployment; D017132:Workplace