title: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: bioreductive nitro-containing sulfonamides with selectivity for targeting the tumor associated isoforms IX and XII.
abstract: 2-Substituted-5-nitro-benzenesulfonamides incorporating a large variety of secondary/tertiary amines were explored as inhibitors of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1), with the aim of designing bioreductive inhibitors targeting the hypoxia overexpressed, tumor-associated isozymes. The compounds were ineffective inhibitors of the cytosolic isoform I, showed a better inhibition of the physiologically relevant CA II (KIs of 8.8-4975 nM), and strongly inhibited the tumor-associated CA IX and XII (KIs of 5.4-653 nM). Some of these compounds showed excellent selectivity ratios for the inhibition of the tumor-associated isozymes over the cytosolic ones (in the range of 10-1395). The X-ray crystal structure of the adduct of hCA II with the lead molecule 2-chloro-5-nitro-benzenesulfonamide as well as molecular modeling studies for interaction with hCA IX afforded a better understanding of factors governing the discrimination of the two isoforms for this type of bioreductive compound targeting specifically hypoxic tumors.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Katia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: D'Ambrosio
authors.forename: Rosa-Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dogné
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Masereel
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Innocenti
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scozzafava
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Simone
authors.forename: Claudiu T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Supuran
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000737:chemistry*; D024401:Carbonic Anhydrase I / Q000737:chemistry; D024402:Carbonic Anhydrase II / Q000737:chemistry; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000737:chemistry*; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology*; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D013449:Sulfonamides; D024401:Carbonic Anhydrase I; D024402:Carbonic Anhydrase II; C089226:CA9 protein, human; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; C477378:carbonic anhydrase XII