title: Assessment of regional rotation patterns improves the understanding of the systolic and diastolic left ventricular function: an echocardiographic speckle-tracking study in healthy individuals.
abstract: Aim To elucidate the complexity of left ventricular motion throughout the cardiac cycle, we studied regional rotation in detail.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regional rotation in six subdivisions of the circumference at three levels was studied by using speckle-tracking echocardiography in 40 healthy subjects. At the basal level the inferoseptal segments rotated significantly more clockwise during systole than the opposing anterolateral segments. At the papillary level the inferoseptal segments differed significantly from the anterolateral segments, where the inferoseptal segments rotated clockwise and the anterolateral segments rotated counter-clockwise. The apical level showed significant difference in regional rotation only at aortic valve opening. In early systole, untwist before the main systolic twist was seen at the basal and apical levels; however, the duration of the basal untwist was much longer than that of the apical. The diastolic phases of rotation at the basal and apical levels matched the different filling phases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large regional differences in rotation are present at the basal and papillary levels in healthy subjects. The diastolic untwist matches the phases of both the E-wave and A-wave and seems to be related with intraventricular pressure differences, indicating that untwist plays an important role in the filling of the ventricle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Heart Centre, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden. ulf.gustafsson@medicin.umu.se
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindqvist
authors.forename: Stellan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mörner
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waldenström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D015588:Observer Variation; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D012399:Rotation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D017725:Ventricular Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult