title: Leukocyte numbers and function in subjects eating n-3 enriched foods: selective depression of natural killer cell levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While consumption of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) has been recommended for those at risk of inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, the mechanism of their anti-inflammatory effect remains to be clearly defined, particularly in relation to the dose and type of n-3 LCPUFA. The objective of this study was to determine whether varying the levels of n-3 LCPUFA in erythrocyte membrane lipids, following dietary supplementation, is associated with altered numbers and function of circulating leukocytes conducive to protection against inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind and placebo-controlled study, 44 healthy subjects aged 23 to 63 years consumed either standard or n-3 LCPUFA-enriched versions of typical processed foods, the latter allowing a target daily consumption of 1 gram n-3 LCPUFA. After six months, peripheral blood leukocyte and subpopulation proportions and numbers were assessed by flow cytometry. Leukocytes were also examined for lymphoproliferation and cytokine production, neutrophil chemotaxis, chemokinesis, bactericidal, adherence and iodination activity. Erythrocytes were analyzed for fatty-acid content.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Erythrocyte n-3 LCPUFA levels were higher and absolute leukocyte and lymphocyte numbers were lower in subjects consuming n-3 enriched foods than in controls. There were no changes in the number of neutrophils, monocytes, T cells (CD3+), T-cell subsets (CD4+, CD8+) and B cells (CD19+). However, natural killer (NK) (CD3-CD16+CD56+) cell numbers were lower in n-3 supplemented subjects than in controls and were inversely related to the amount of eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid in erythrocytes. No significant correlations were found with respect to lymphocyte lymphoproliferation and production of IFN-gamma and IL-2, but lymphotoxin production was higher with greater n-3 LCPUFA membrane content. Similarly, neutrophil chemotaxis, chemokinesis, bactericidal activity and adherence did not vary with changes in erythrocyte n-3 LCPUFA levels, but the iodination reaction was reduced with higher n-3 LCPUFA content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data show that regular long-term consumption of n-3 enriched foods leads to lower numbers of NK cells and neutrophil iodination activity but higher lymphotoxin production by lymphocytes. These changes are consistent with decreased inflammatory reaction and tissue damage seen in patients with inflammatory disorders receiving n-3 LCPUFA supplementation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunopathology, Children, Youth and Women's Health Service, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide SA 5006, Australia.
authors.forename: Violet R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Mukaro
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costabile
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hii
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrante
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004435:Eating / Q000276:immunology*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018655:Lymphocyte Count / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3