title: Optimal (57)Co flood source activity and acquisition time for lymphoscintigraphy localization images.
abstract: We evaluated different (57)Co flood source activities and acquisition times to obtain an optimal localization image for breast lymphoscintigraphy that would adequately outline the body and allow detection of nodes seen on the emission scan while minimizing unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  An anthropomorphic thorax breast phantom representing an average-size patient was used to simulate nodes on a breast lymphoscintigraphy scan. The activities in the nodes at the time of acquisition ranged from 37 to 185 kBq (1-5 microCi). Four experiments were performed, consisting of 10-min emission and 3-min localization images. Anterior, posterior, and right and left lateral views of the thorax phantom were acquired, using each of 5 different (57)Co flood sources with activities ranging from 37 to 269 MBq (1.0-7.26 mCi). Ten 1-min localization images for each source were acquired and compared for quality. Three-minute localization images for 2 phantom thicknesses of 10 and 20 cm were acquired to determine the contrast-to-noise ratio for each (57)Co source. The total exposure was measured using an ion chamber survey meter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All sources allowed visualization of the lymphatic nodes in acquisitions as short as 3 min. Images using the 126-MBq (3.41-mCi) source demonstrated an adequate body outline along with visualization of all nodes seen on the emission image. The 37-MBq (1.0-mCi) source did not provide sufficient definition of the body outline, whereas the hotter sources decreased node visualization by increasing the background around the nodes at the same time that they increased the patient exposure. Node activity of 37 kBq (1 microCi) became undetectable on the anterior localization images yet was still visible on the lateral image because of greater attenuation of (57)Co photons. The estimated dose rate from the (57)Co sheet sources was 0.641 microSv/MBq/h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acquiring a 3-min localization scan using a 126-MBq (3.41-mCi) source provided the best combination of clear-body outline and visualization of all nodes seen on the emission image. The estimated dose to the patient from the 126-MBq (3.41-mCi) sheet source was very low (8.7 microSv for unilateral and 13.1 microSv for bilateral). Node detectability decreased in localization images acquired using (57)Co sources of higher activity. This effect would be more pronounced in lymphoscintigrams of thin patients compared with those of patients of average thickness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-1439, USA. mmar@di.mdacc.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Martha V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Mar
authors.forename: Renee L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Erwin
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Wendt
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007267:Injections / Q000379:methods; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003037:Cobalt Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals