title: HDL2 of heavy alcohol drinkers enhances cholesterol efflux from raw macrophages via phospholipid-rich HDL 2b particles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol consumption is associated with increased serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and a decreased risk for the development of atherosclerosis. However, the effects of heavy alcohol intake on reverse cholesterol transport, one of the key anti-atherogenic processes related to HDL, are poorly known.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ability of total HDL as well as HDL(2) and HDL(3) subclasses to promote cholesterol efflux from (3)H-cholesterol-labeled RAW 264.7 macrophages was studied among 6 heavy alcohol drinkers and 6 controls. Distribution of HDL subclasses was analyzed by 4 to 30% native gradient gels. Serum phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activities were analyzed among several other biochemical measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cholesterol efflux to HDL(2) of heavy drinkers was 22% (p = 0.025) higher relative to controls. The increase in HDL(2) phospholipids, with a concomitant 2-fold (p = 0.055) increase in large HDL(2b) particles, was associated with enhanced cholesterol efflux to HDL(2). Interestingly, the cholesterol efflux to HDL(3) did not differ between the 2 study groups. These findings may be partially explained by a decreased CETP activity (-26%, p = 0.037) and an increased PLTP activity (39%, p = 0.045) in heavy drinkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased cholesterol efflux potential of HDL(2) is most likely an anti-atherogenic feature linked to heavy alcohol consumption. The cholesterol efflux and HDL phospholipids also associated strongly within the whole study group (r(s) = 0.910, p <or= 0.01) suggesting a common pathway of enhanced cholesterol efflux via enlarged phospholipid-rich HDL particles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Sanna M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jauhiainen
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ala-Korpela
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Metso
authors.forename: Tiina M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Lehto
authors.forename: Markku J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Savolainen
authors.forename: Minna L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hannuksela
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D053442:High-Density Lipoproteins, Pre-beta / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D053439:Lipoproteins, HDL2 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D053440:Lipoproteins, HDL3 / Q000097:blood; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D007862:Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase / Q000097:blood; D049294:Phospholipid Transfer Proteins / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: C506642:CETP protein, human; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D053442:High-Density Lipoproteins, Pre-beta; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D053439:Lipoproteins, HDL2; D053440:Lipoproteins, HDL3; D049294:Phospholipid Transfer Proteins; D002784:Cholesterol; D007862:Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase