title: Ocular novel drug delivery: impacts of membranes and barriers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ocular drug delivery is an extremely challenging area due to its restrictive barrier functionalities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Drug transport via corneal/non-corneal routes involves several intricate biological processes such as drug penetration across the ocular barriers and transfer to the anterior or posterior chambers, thus the influence of these processes on the pharmacotherapy of the eye should be fully addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  To pursue the impacts of such impediments in novel drug therapy, recent publications were reviewed regarding advanced strategies such as nanomedicines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ocular barriers are highly specialized and selectively control the inward/outward traverse of compounds, hence a better understanding of these biological obstacles would provide a platform to advance ophthalmic drug therapy towards specified delivery/targeting with minimal adverse consequences.
authors.affiliation: Cellular & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Jaleh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barar
authors.forename: Ali Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Javadzadeh
authors.forename: Yadollah
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Omidi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D001813:Blood-Retinal Barrier; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005123:Eye / Q000378:metabolism*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008566:Membranes / Q000502:physiology; D053758:Nanoparticles