Evaluation of internet-based technology for supporting self-care: problems encountered by patients and caregivers when using self-care applications.
BACKGROUND
Prior studies have shown that many patients are interested in Internet-based technology that enables them to control their own care. As a result, innovative eHealth services are evolving rapidly, including self-assessment tools and secure patient-caregiver email communication. It is interesting to explore how these technologies can be used for supporting self-care.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to determine user-centered criteria for successful application of Internet-based technology used in primary care for supporting self-care.


METHODS
We conducted scenario-based tests combined with in-depth interviews among 14 caregivers and 14 patients/consumers to describe the use of various self-care applications and the accompanying user problems. We focused on the user-friendliness of the applications, the quality of care provided by the applications, and the implementation of the applications in practice.


RESULTS
Problems with the user-friendliness of the self-care applications concerned inadequate navigation structures and search options and lack of feedback features. Patients want to retrieve health information with as little effort as possible; however, the navigation and search functionalities of the applications appeared incapable of handling patients' health complaints efficiently. Among caregivers, the lack of feedback and documentation possibilities caused inconvenience. Caregivers wanted to know how patients acted on their advice, but the applications did not offer an adequate feedback feature. Quality of care problems were mainly related to insufficient tailoring of information to patients' needs and to efficiency problems. Patients expected personalized advice to control their state of health, but the applications failed to deliver this. Language (semantics) also appeared as an obstacle to providing appropriate and useful self-care advice. Caregivers doubted the reliability of the computer-generated information and the efficiency and effectiveness of secure email consultation. Legal or ethical issues with respect to possible misuse of email consultation also caused concerns. Implementation problems were mainly experienced by caregivers due to unclear policy on email consultation and the lack of training for email consultations.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients' and caregivers' expectations did not correspond with their experiences of the use of the Internet-based applications for self-care. Patients thought that the applications would support them in solving their health problems. Caregivers were more reserved about the applications because of medico-legal concerns about misuse. However, the applications failed to support self-care because eHealth is more than just a technological intervention. The design of the applications should include a way of thinking about how to deliver health care with the aid of technology. The most powerful application for self-care was secure email consultation, combined with a suitable triage mechanism to empower patients' self-awareness. Future research should focus on the effectiveness of such Web-based triage mechanisms for medical complaints and on the development of interactive features to enhance patients' self-care.
Nijland
Nicol
N
Department of Psychology and Communication of Health and Risk, University of Twente, Faculty of Behavioural Sciences, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. n.nijland@utwente.nl
van Gemert-Pijnen
Julia
J
Boer
Henk
H
Steehouder
Michaël F
MF
Seydel
Erwin R
ER
D022126:Access to Information; D017028:Caregivers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054626:Consumer Health Information / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004282:Documentation; D034742:Electronic Mail / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D020407:Internet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D009426:Netherlands; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D012648:Self Care / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014218:Triage / Q000379:methods; D014584:User-Computer Interface