title: A cluster analysis of drug use and sexual HIV risks and their correlates in a sample of African-American crack cocaine smokers with HIV infection.
abstract: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to classify a sample of HIV-seropositive African-American crack cocaine smokers into homogenous HIV drug use and sexual risk groups using a two step multivariate cluster analysis. Two hundred and fifty-eight crack cocaine smokers participated in the study. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct HIV risk groups. The highest risk group, the largest one, was characterized by frequent, daily crack use, multiple sex partners, trading sex, and inconsistent condom use. The consistent condom use group, the smallest group, was characterized by consistent condom use. The inconsistent condom use group, the second largest group, was distinguished by inconsistent condom use. Comparisons of the three HIV risk groups revealed that the highest risk group had a higher proportion of illegal sources of income, higher proportion of binged crack use, frequent, daily, alcohol use, same gender sex partners, and scored higher on depressive symptoms. Members of the consistent condom use group were more likely to have been HIV diagnosed for a shorter time, to have HIV serodiscordant casual sex partners, higher psychological motivation for condom use, and a lower frequency of vaginal sex. Members of the inconsistent condom use group were more likely to have a main sex partner, to be married, to be on public assistance, to know the HIV serostatus of their casual partner, and less likely to conceal their HIV serostatus. An alarming finding was that a large number of participants inconsistently used condoms with HIV serodiscordant sex partners. Interventions aiming to prevent the secondary spread of HIV infection in African-American crack cocaine smokers should take this variability in account and focus on the differences.
authors.affiliation: Venhälsan (Gay Men's Health Clinic), Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institute, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Stockholm, Sweden. lena.nilsson-schonnesson@sodersjukhuset.se <lena.nilsson-schonnesson@sodersjukhuset.se>
authors.forename: Lena Nilsson
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Schönnesson
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Sandra C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Timpson
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D017280:Condoms; D016578:Crack Cocaine; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology; D047568:Unsafe Sex / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine