title: Finding the real case-fatality rate of H5N1 avian influenza.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate estimation of the case-fatality (CF) rate, or the proportion of cases that die, is central to pandemic planning. While estimates of CF rates for past influenza pandemics have ranged from about 0.1% (1957 and 1968 pandemics) to 2.5% (1918 pandemic), the official World Health Organization estimate for the current outbreak of H5N1 avian influenza to date is around 60%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The official estimate of the H5N1 CF rate has been described by some as an over-estimate, with little relevance to the rate that would be encountered under pandemic conditions. The reasons for such opinions are typically: (i) numerous undetected asymptomatic/mild cases, (ii) under-reporting of cases by some countries for economic or other reasons, and (iii) an expected decrease in virulence if and when the virus becomes widely transmitted in humans. Neither current data nor current literature, however, adequately supports these scenarios. While the real H5N1 CF rate could be lower than the current estimate of 60%, it is unlikely that it will be at the 0.1-0.4% level currently embraced by many pandemic plans. We suggest that, based on surveillance and seroprevalence studies conducted in several countries, the real H5N1 CF rate should be closer to 14-33%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clearly, if such a CF rate were to be sustained in a pandemic, H5N1 would present a truly dreadful scenario. A concerted and dedicated effort by the international community to avert a pandemic through combating avian influenza in animals and humans in affected countries needs to be a global priority.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, 100 Colonnade Road Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada. Felix_Li@phac-aspc.gc.ca
authors.forename: F C K
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: B C K
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sly
authors.forename: A W P
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Pak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000635:transmission; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000635:transmission; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D015047:Zoonoses