title: Maternal depression and infant cortisol: influences of timing, comorbidity and treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The current study examines the relationship between maternal depression and infant cortisol concentrations. The potential roles of comorbid maternal anxiety disorders, timing of maternal depression, and maternal treatment with psychotropic medications during pregnancy are addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with 6-month-old infants (105 boys and 84 girls) participated in a laboratory paradigm that included infant saliva collection at six points, noise burst and arm restraint stressor tasks, and a diagnostic interview of the mother.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifetime history of maternal depression was associated with increased baseline and mean (average) infant cortisol levels. Comorbidity with anxiety disorder was related to infant cortisol reactivity. Peripartum (prepartum and/or postpartum) maternal depression, rather than a pre-pregnancy history of disorder, was associated with higher infant cortisol reactivity. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to maternal disorder had similar effects, but prenatal maternal psychotropic medication treatment appeared to attenuate infant cortisol increases associated with prenatal maternal disorder exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that exposure to maternal depression and anxiety during pregnancy and the postpartum period may increase infant salivary cortisol. This maternal depression-infant cortisol association is independent of the effects of delivery complications, and appears to be modulated by prenatal maternal psychotropic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. pbren01@emory.edu
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pargas
authors.forename: Elaine F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: D Jeffrey
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Newport
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Stowe
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D007223:Infant; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012463:Saliva; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D006854:Hydrocortisone