title: What the resident meant to say: use of cognitive interviewing techniques to develop questionnaires for nursing home residents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Emphasis on consumer-centered care for frail and institutionalized older adults has increased the development and adaptation of surveys for this population. Conventional methods used to pretest survey items fail to investigate underlying sources of measurement error. However, the use of the cognitive interview (CI), a method for studying how respondents answer survey items, is not well established or documented in this population. This study demonstrates how CIs can be used to improve questionnaires intended for nursing home residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  CIs were conducted with 29 nursing home residents in order to identify potential problems with prospective survey items. We used scripted probes to standardize the interviews and adapted the Question Appraisal System to enumerate and classify the problems discovered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We fielded between one and five versions of each item in an iterative process that identified 61 item-specific problems. Additionally, residents' cognitive responses suggested that some screened their answers on the basis of perceived physical and environmental limitations, and some had difficulty answering items about preferences that fluctuate day to day. These findings led us to modify the items and response set to simplify the respondents' cognitive task.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study illustrates how CI techniques can be used to understand residents' comprehension of and response to survey items.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System HSR&D Center of Excellence and Geriatrics Research and Clinical Care, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Housen
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Shannon
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Maria Orlando
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Edelen
authors.forename: Mary P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cadogan
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: Malia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Joan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saliba
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002140:California; D019336:Cognitive Science / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*