title: A pixel detector-based single photon-counting system as fast spectrometer for diagnostic X-ray beams.
abstract: Recent advances in semiconductor pixel detectors and read-out electronics allowed to build the first prototypes of single photon-counting imaging systems that represent the last frontier of digital radiography. Among the advantages with respect to commercially available digital imaging systems, there are direct conversion of photon energy into electrical charge and the effective rejection of electronic noise by means of a thresholding process. These features allow the photon-counting systems to achieve high imaging performances in terms of spatial and contrast resolution. Moreover, the now available deep integration techniques allow the reduction of the pixel size and the improvement of the functionality of the single cell and the read-out speed so as to cope with the high fluxes found in diagnostic radiology. In particular, the single photon-counting system presented in this paper is based on a 300-microm thick silicon pixel detector bump-bonded to the Medipix2 read-out chip to form an assembly of 256 x 256 square pixels at a pitch of 55 microm. Each cell comprises a low-noise preamplifier, two pulse height discriminators and a 14-bit counter. The maximum counting rate per pixel is 1 MHz. The chip can operate in two modalities: it records the events with energy above a threshold (single mode) or between two energy thresholds (window mode). Exploiting this latter feature, a possible application of such a system as a fast spectrometer is presented to study the energy spectrum of diagnostic beams produced by X-ray tubes.
authors.affiliation: Physics Department, University of Pisa and INFN Sezione di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy. carmen.carpentieri@pi.infn.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carpentieri
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bisogni
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Guerra
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delogu
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fantacci
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fogli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marchi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marzulli
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rosso
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stefanini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tofani
mesh_terms: D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D017785:Photons; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011874:Radiometry; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*