title: Hypercoagulability in chronic kidney disease is associated with coagulation activation but not endothelial function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with chronic kidney disease exhibit features of a hypercoagulable state and have endothelial dysfunction, which may contribute to their increased cardiovascular risk. We examined the relationship between coagulation activation and vascular function in patients with chronic kidney disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured parameters of the tissue factor pathway of blood coagulation (tissue factor, factor VIIc and factor X); natural inhibitors (tissue factor pathway inhibitor, protein C, free and total protein S, antithrombin III) and markers of coagulation activation (thrombin-antithrombin complexes, prothrombin fragment 1+2) in 66 stage 4&5 chronic kidney disease patients and 36 healthy controls. Their relationship with markers of vascular function (flow mediated dilatation, soluble E-selectin and thrombomodulin) and a mediator of inflammation (interleukin-6) was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Up-regulation of the tissue factor pathway (increased tissue factor and factor VIIc), increased prothrombin fragment 1+2 and significant reductions in antithrombin III and the ratio of free protein S: total protein S were found in patients compared to healthy controls. Increased tissue factor antigen was significantly and independently correlated with creatinine and interleukin-6 (P<0.001). Factor X and antithrombin III were both reduced in chronic kidney disease and correlated (r=0.58; P<0.001). Changes in coagulation and anti-coagulation were independent of all measures of endothelial function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant activation of the TF pathway of coagulation and depletion or reduction of some natural anticoagulants in chronic kidney disease was correlated with the degree of renal dysfunction, but not correlated with the abnormalities of vascular function. These data are consistent with a hypercoagulable state in chronic kidney disease that may be independent of endothelial based regulation but associated with an inflammatory state.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Life Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia. Murray.Adams@utas.edu.au
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Irish
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oostryck
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Dogra
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000941:Antigens / Q000502:physiology; D000990:Antithrombin III / Q000502:physiology; D001686:Biological Phenomena; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D005167:Factor VII / Q000502:physiology; D005170:Factor X / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000502:physiology; D017293:Protein S / Q000378:metabolism; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000502:physiology; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D012995:Solubility; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000097:blood; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D015415:Biomarkers; D019040:E-Selectin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D017293:Protein S; D018180:Thrombomodulin; C042580:factor VII clotting antigen; C045879:prothrombin fragment 1.2; D000990:Antithrombin III; D005167:Factor VII; D011516:Prothrombin; D005170:Factor X; D013925:Thromboplastin; D003404:Creatinine