title: Cross-validation of the Children's and Infants' Postoperative Pain Scale in Brazilian Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate CHIPPS (Children's and Infants' Postoperative Pain Scale) in Brazilian children.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cross-validation is needed in order to apply this scale in a different language and culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied a Portuguese version of CHIPPS to 100 children aged 0 to 5 years. The scale was translated and tested for inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, and construct, content, and concurrent validity. The children's behavior was videotaped before, during and after a procedure in a primary care unit. Three observers then rated pain behavior from videotapes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The scale showed excellent inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.89) and a very good internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.86. The positive correlation between CHIPPS and Modified Behavior Pain Scale supports concurrent (criterion) validity (Spearman coefficient 0.70 before and 0.81 after vaccinations). Construct validity was determined by comparing the scores of each child before vaccination (without pain) and during the procedure (experiencing pain), and the difference in pain scores was statistically significant (Wilcoxon signed rank test; P < 0.001). Content validity (by expert review) was very good.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the results obtained, we can infer that CHIPPS is a valid and reliable tool for Brazilian children aged 0 to 5 years old.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. osoriodor@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Marta M O
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: Paulo R A
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Mario B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castoldi
authors.forename: Michele M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Cláudia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D000776:Anesthesiology; D001938:Brazil; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D009462:Neurology; D015588:Observer Variation; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010371:Pediatric Nursing; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects; D014741:Video Recording