title: Effects of primers containing sulfur and phosphate monomers on bonding type IV gold alloy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of five primers (two sulfur, one phosphate, and two sulfur-phosphate dual-function primers) on the bond strength between a self-curing luting agent and gold-copper-silver (Au-Cu-Ag) alloy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primers used were two sulfur primers (V-Primer and Metaltite), one phosphate primer (Epricord), and two primers which contained a sulfur monomer and a phosphate monomer (Alloy Primer and Metaltite/Epricord). The surface of Au-Cu-Ag specimens were blasted with alumina, and then bonded with acrylic rods using a tri-n-butylborane-initiated self-curing luting agent. Shear bond strengths were determined after 5000 thermocycles. An additional alumina-blasted Au-Cu-Ag alloy specimen was subjected to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum shear bond strengths were obtained with Metaltite/Epricord (29.6+/-2.3 MPa) and Alloy Primer (23.0+/-1.6 MPa), followed by Metaltite (10.3+/-4.2 MPa), V-Primer (8.9+/-0.6 MPa), Epricord (6.4+/-1.5 MPa), and No primer control (2.0+/-0.5 MPa). The XPS analysis detected six chemical elements (Au, Cu, Ag, Al, O, and C) on the Au-Cu-Ag alloy. In addition to pure Au element, the metal oxide-states of Ag2O, AgO, Cu2O, and CuO were suggested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined use of a sulfur monomer and a phosphate monomer significantly improved the bond strength of resin to Au-Cu-Ag alloy which should be especially significant to clinicians.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan. yohsuke@nagasaki-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yohsuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Taira
authors.forename: Kohji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamada
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D001896:Boron Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D045662:Dental Etching; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D006047:Gold Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D033081:Shear Strength; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry; D013455:Sulfur / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D013871:Thiones / Q000737:chemistry; D013889:Thiouracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: C521707:Alloy Primer; D001896:Boron Compounds; D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; D006047:Gold Alloys; C509517:Metaltite; D008689:Methacrylates; D010087:Oxides; D010710:Phosphates; D019279:Resin Cements; D013871:Thiones; D014227:Triazines; C107059:V-Primer; C498352:epricord; C009523:tri-n-butylborane; D012834:Silver; D013889:Thiouracil; D013455:Sulfur; D002244:Carbon; D003300:Copper; C076160:6-(4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol; D000535:Aluminum; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D010100:Oxygen