title: Sodium arsenite induces orphan nuclear receptor SHP gene expression via AMP-activated protein kinase to inhibit gluconeogenic enzyme gene expression.
abstract: Sodium arsenite has been demonstrated to alter the expression of genes associated with glucose homeostasis in tissues involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes; however, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, we report that the sodium arsenite-induced gene expression of the small heterodimer partner (SHP; NR0B2), an atypical orphan nuclear receptor, regulates the expression of hepatic gluconeogenic genes. Sodium arsenite augments hepatic SHP mRNA levels in an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent manner. Sodium arsenite activated AMPK and was shown to perturb cellular ATP levels. The arsenite-induced SHP mRNA level was blocked by adenoviral overexpression of dominant negative AMPK (Ad-dnAMPKalpha) or by the AMPK inhibitor compound C in hepatic cell lines. We demonstrated the dose-dependent induction of SHP mRNA levels by sodium arsenite and repressed the forskolin/dexamethasone-induced gene expression of the key hepatic gluconeogenic genes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). Ad-dnAMPKalpha blocked the repressive effects of arsenite-induced SHP on PEPCK and G6Pase. Sodium arsenite inhibited the promoter activity of PEPCK and G6Pase, and this repression was abolished by small interfering (si)RNA SHP treatments. The knockdown of SHP expression by oligonucleotide siRNA SHP or adenoviral siRNA SHP released the sodium arsenite-mediated repression of forskolin/dexamethasone-stimulated PEPCK and G6Pase gene expression in a variety of hepatic cell lines. Results from our study suggest that sodium arsenite induces SHP via AMPK to inhibit the expression of hepatic gluconeogenic genes and also provide us with a novel molecular mechanism of arsenite-mediated regulation of hepatic glucose homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dipanjan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chanda
authors.forename: Sung-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: In-Kyu
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Minho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shong
authors.forename: Hueng-Sik
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D018053:Arsenites / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D005943:Gluconeogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D019764:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018053:Arsenites; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D017670:Sodium Compounds; C099713:nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 2; C017947:sodium arsenite; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase; D019764:Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP)