title: A flow-through capnometer for obstructive sleep apnea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Capnogram is often distorted due to aspiration of expired gas when a sidestream capnometer is used for non-intubated, spontaneously breathing condition. The purpose of this study was to make a flow-through capnometer without aspiration and to check if this capnometer precisely detected apnea during obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) Flow-through capnometer The capnometer consisted of a flow-through etCO(2) sensor, cap-ONE, and an accompanying capnometer. The size of cap-ONE was small enough to be fitted under the nose where gas expired from the nose and the mouth passed through. Thus, the expired gas to be measured is directly blown into the cap-ONE. (2) The cap-ONE using a spontaneously breathing model Capnograms obtained by the cap-ONE and sidestream capnometers during nasal and oral breathing under normal and reduced ventilation were compared with a reference capnogram. (3) Clinical study with OSA patients With nineteen OSA patients capnograms during apnea events diagnosed as OSA by polysomnography were examined using the cap-ONE. (4) Simulation study with an OSA model Apnea in which inspiratory flow was zero and small expiratory flows repeated was produced. Capnograms and apnea detection were compared between the cap-ONE and sidestream capnometers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the spontaneouly breathing model capnograms and etCO(2) of the cap-ONE during nasal and oral breathing were almost identical with the reference capnogram but those of sidetream capnometers during oral breathing were significantly reduced. In the clinical study 41% of total OSA events showed capnograms with prolonged and elevated phase with small ripples. In a simulation study reduction of CO(2) tension during no-inspiration was small and apnea was successfully detected with the cap-ONE. However, with sidestream capnometers the reduction of CO(2) tension was large and apnea was not detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that the cap-ONE can record capnograms with minimum distortion and detect apnea reliably during OSA.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Advanced Techno-Surgery, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering & Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Shinji_Yamamori@mb2.nkc.co.jp
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamori
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takasaki
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iseki
mesh_terms: D019296:Capnography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012212:Rheology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis*