title: Mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular stress progression after ultraviolet B irradiation in human keratinocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the major environmental harmful factor that affects human skin. UVB radiation is known to be a potent inducer of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and has also been associated with the generation of nitric oxide (NO), all of which have been implicated in various skin disorders. It is well known that mitochondria can also be affected by UVB, leading to alterations in their membrane structure and permeabilization with cytochrome c release, which consequently affects the cell function. However, the loss of keratinocyte mitochondrial function generated by UVB, as well as its kinetics, has not been characterized completely.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the effect of UVB irradiation on HaCat cells' mitochondrial function, assessed by membrane potential loss and superoxide anion (O(2)(*-)) production, correlating with apoptosis, p53 expression, ROS levels and NO production, 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h post-irradiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HaCat cells progressed toward apoptotic cell death as the time post-irradiation increased, with the highest levels found 48 h after irradiation. Increased levels of ROS were observed 6 h after irradiation while high O(2)(*-) levels and mitochondrial membrane depolarization were detected 12 h post-UVB. Nevertheless, NO production was not significantly increased at any of the evaluated times.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The kinetics of mitochondrial dysfunction after UVB irradiation in human keratinocytes progressed in a time post-irradiation-dependent manner, and they are closely related to cell death. However, there are certain levels of apoptosis, although low, in the absence of mitochondrial alterations. In addition, our data suggest that ROS play a greater role in keratinocyte UVB damage than reactive nitrogen species.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. mlpaz@ffyb.uba.ar
authors.forename: Mariela L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: González Maglio
authors.forename: Federico S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Weill
authors.forename: Juanita
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leoni
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D002460:Cell Line; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D004171:Diploidy; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000528:radiation effects; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000378:metabolism; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D013481:Superoxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D004247:DNA