title: Depression in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of omega-3 fatty-acid supplementation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effect of fish oil supplementation in parkinsonian patients with depression measured by Montgomery-Asberg Rating Scale (MADRS), the Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BECK).
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind, placebo-controlled study analyzed depression in 31 patients with Parkinson's Disease and Major Depression (DSM-IV). The patients were double-blind separated in 2 groups that received fish oil (containing omega-3 fatty acids) or mineral oil capsules for 3 months; each group was separated in 2 new groups: one taking antidepressant medication and another one not taking it.
  
  
  RESULTS
  29 patients completed the 12-week trial, 58% were female and the mean age was 64.4 years old. Patients supplemented with fish oil showed a significant decrease in MADRS and CGI-Depression scores, and there was no difference among groups in BDI. 14 patients (42%) met criteria for > or = 50% reduction in MADRS score, 7 patients (22%) met criteria for remission (final MADRS total score < or = 12), and 2 patients (6%) discontinued supplementation of fish oil. HPLC analysis of fatty-acid profile showed increase of omega-3 fatty acid in the erythrocyte membrane of patients taking fish oil.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results reveal that PD patients taking fish oil, with or without antidepressants, presented improvement in depressive symptoms and indicate that the intake of omega-3 can be used with an antidepressant effect or as adjuvant therapy with some other medication. This is a first pilot study with parkinsonian patients and omega-3 supplementation and requires replication in a larger sample.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, C.P. 19.031, 81.531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ticyana Moralez
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Renato Puppi
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Munhoz
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Katya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Naliwaiko
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andreatini
authors.forename: Anete Curte
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ferraz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008899:Mineral Oil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D010919:Placebos; D007980:Levodopa; D008899:Mineral Oil