title: Ezrin is a key element in the human vagina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The vagina is a complex tubular structure that has reproductive, support and barrier functions. These depend on the cytoarchitecture of the vaginal cells, which is controlled by key proteins. Cytoskeletal proteins determine cell polarity and membrane specializations by integrating the actin cytoskeleton with cell membranes. This integration is the domain of cytoskeletal proteins including the MERM protein family (moesin-ezrin-radixin-Merlin). Nothing is known about the cyto-localization of the MERM's in the vaginal epithelium or how it influences the cytoarchitecture of the vaginal epithelium and stroma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Full-thickness human vaginal fornix samples were obtained from 20 normal human specimens obtained at surgery for pelvic relaxation. Light- and electron microscopical immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to identify and study activation and cellular localization of immuno-reactive-ezrin (ir-ezrin), a prototypical MERM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ir-ezrin was identified in the stratified squamous vaginal epithelium and connective tissue (fibroblasts, blood vessels and leucocytes). "H" scoring indicated that ir-ezrin staining is denser in the vaginal epithelium than in other layers, that the ir-ezrin staining was associated with increased keratinization and with the size of the tight junctions (p<0.01). Both the amounts and localization of ir-ezrin were associated with high levels of estrogen, identified by the menstrual history and keratinization of the superficial vaginal epithelium. The density of stromal ir-ezrin was increased in the presence of dense epithelial keratinization. Immuno-reactive-ezrin staining was most pronounced near the cell membranes of both keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium, indicating that ezrin activation (unfolding and movement to the membrane) had occurred. Ultra-structural examination of the epithelium showed intra-cellular ir-ezrin to be localized to junctional complexes that have been associated with decreased mucosal penetration by microorganisms. Ir-ezrin was widely distributed throughout stromal fibro-muscular cell, vessels and immunocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MERM's, represented by ezrin, are widely present in the vaginal wall. This has implications for the strength and resilience of this tubular structure and may be the case in other internal genital tissues. Ezrin's localization and association with cell specializations indicate that in the vagina, as in other tissues, ezrin likely modulates vaginal cell-cell interactions including the changing vaginal cellular interface with the external environment, the regulation of the elasticity of the vagina, and the regulation of microbial and chemical traffic that determine the pH and microbial environment of the vagina. In other work we have shown that ezrin expression is induced by estradiol. The increase of ir-ezrin staining during the appearance of keratinization and maturation of the vaginal cytology indicates that estrogen may regulate vaginal ezrin and thereby the properties of the vaginal wall and epithelium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University, 550 First Avenue, TH528, New York, NY 10016, United States.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fadiel
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Connell
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Naftolin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000502:physiology; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004548:Elasticity; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004967:Estrogens / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D014621:Vagina / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000099149:Ezrin
chemical_list: D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D004967:Estrogens; D000099149:Ezrin