title: [Effects of methylene blue on refractory hemorrhagic shock].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of methylene blue (MB) on refractory hemorrhagic shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  Totally 24 rabbits subjected to prolonged hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation were randomly divided into hemorrhagic shock group (12 rabbits) and MB group (12 rabbits; MB was administered immediately after resuscitation was performed). The plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) , interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, nitric oxide (NO), lactic acid (LA) , and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were detected before shock, immediately after resuscitation, and 0.5, 2, and 4 hours after resuscitation. The 12-hour survival rates were observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The plasma levels of TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-8, NO and LA after shock were significantly higher than before shock (P <0.01), and maintained at high levels. Compared with the shock group, higher MAP and lower plasma levels of TNFalpha, IL-6, IL-8, NO, and LA were observed in the MB group after resuscitation (P<0.01). The 12-hour survival rates were not significantly different between shock group and MB group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although MB can not improve the prognosis of refractory hemorrhagic shock, it can increase and maintain the MAP and thus play a beneficial role in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, PUMC Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing 100730, China.
authors.forename: Hua-Dong
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Chun-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Hou-Li
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xue-Zhong
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D011817:Rabbits; D011897:Random Allocation; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D015996:Survival Rate; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008751:Methylene Blue