title: Updates on stem cells and their applications in regenerative medicine.
abstract: Stem cells have the capacity for self-renewal and capability of differentiation to various cell lineages. Thus, they represent an important building block for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. These cells can be broadly classified into embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and non-embryonic or adult stem cells. ESCs have great potential but their use is still limited by several ethical and scientific considerations. The use of bone marrow-, umbilical cord-, adipose tissue-, skin- and amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells might be an adequate alternative for translational practice. In particular, bone marrow-derived stem cells have been used successfully in the clinic for bone, cartilage, spinal cord, cardiac and bladder regeneration. Several preclinical experimental studies are under way for the application of stem cells in other conditions where current treatment options are inadequate. Stem cells can be used to improve healthcare by either augmenting the body's own regenerative potential or developing new therapies. This review is not meant to be exhaustive but gives a brief outlook on the past, present and the future of stem cell-based therapies in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK. stefan_bajada@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bajada
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mazakova
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Nureddin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ashammakhi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells; D006801:Humans; D044968:Regenerative Medicine; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*