title: Budgeting and performance management in the Italian National Health System (INHS): assessment and constructive criticism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the paper is to trace the history and development of performance measurement and management systems in the Italian National Health System (INHS), to identify their key characteristics, and to provide a critical assessment of their implementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A combination of literature review, action-research and fieldwork conducted over a ten-year period in several Italian health care organizations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance management has grown considerably in the INHS over the last 15 years. Explanations for this growth include normative, coercive and mimetic isomorphism, the introduction of quasi-markets, the adoption of DRGs, an increased focus on clinical governance and innovative practices in human resource management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The paper shows how performance management has been implemented in the INHS and why it can still be considered a "work in progress".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The introduction of performance management systems has stimulated greater accountability and promoted a more cost conscious culture in healthcare organizations. Nevertheless, there are many problems that remain to be solved if performance management arrangements are to deliver the desired improvements in performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The paper advocates the need for reduced isolationism and increased international comparison with concomitant evaluative effort.
authors.affiliation: Bocconi University, Milano, Italy. federico.lega@unibocconi
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lega
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vendramini
mesh_terms: D002017:Budgets / Q000379:methods; D006284:Health Plan Implementation; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D009313:National Health Programs / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000639:trends; D010559:Personnel Management; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods*