title: The majority of in vitro macrophage activation exhibited by extracts of some immune enhancing botanicals is due to bacterial lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides.
abstract: We have identified potent monocyte/macrophage activating bacterial lipoproteins within commonly used immune enhancing botanicals such as Echinacea, American ginseng and alfalfa sprouts. These bacterial lipoproteins, along with lipopolysaccharides, were substantially more potent than other bacterially derived components when tested in in vitro monocyte/macrophage activation systems. In experiments using RAW 264.7 and mouse peritoneal macrophages the majority (85-98%) of the activity within extracts from eight immune enhancing botanicals was eradicated by treatment with agents (lipoprotein lipase and polymyxin B) known to target these two bacterial components. Alfalfa sprouts exhibited the highest activity of those botanicals tested but the appearance of this activity during the germination of surface sterilized seeds was abolished by the presence of antibiotics. These studies indicate that the majority of the in vitro macrophage activating properties in extracts from these botanicals can be attributed to the presence of lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides derived from bacteria and that bacterial endophytes may be a significant source of these components.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Nirmal D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Pugh
authors.forename: Hemlata
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tamta
authors.forename: Premalatha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Balachandran
authors.forename: Xiangmei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: J'Lynn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.forename: Franck E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Dayan
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pasco
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020900:Echinacea; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D000455:Medicago sativa; D008543:Melanins / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D005894:Panax; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008074:Lipoproteins; D008543:Melanins; D010936:Plant Extracts; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2