title: The lipid-lowering effects of phytosterols and (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids are synergistic and complementary in hyperlipidemic men and women.
abstract: Fish oils rich in (n-3) long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) can reduce circulating triglycerides and raise HDL-cholesterol. Phytosterols have been shown to reduce total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in normocholesterolemic and hyperlipidemic populations. We investigated the combined effects of phytosterols and (n-3) LCPUFA on plasma lipid profile in hyperlipidemic individuals. This study was a 3-wk randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 x 2 factorial trial in 4 parallel groups of 60 hyperlipidemic individuals. Subjects were randomized to receive either sunola oil or 1.4 g/d (n-3) LCPUFA capsules with or without 2 g phytosterols per day while maintaining their habitual diet. The combination of phytosterols and (n-3) LCPUFA reduced plasma total cholesterol by 13.3% (P = 0.001), which differed from (n-3) LCPUFA alone (P < 0.001). LDL-cholesterol concentrations followed the same pattern as that of plasma cholesterol with a 12.5% decrease (P = 0.002) in the combination group. The HDL-cholesterol concentration was increased by (n-3) LCPUFA (7.1%; P = 0.01) alone and in combination with phytosterols (8.6%; P = 0.04), whereas phytosterol treatment alone had no effect. Plasma triglyceride concentration was lowered by (n-3) LCPUFA (22.3%; P = 0.004) alone and in combination with phytosterols (25.9%; P = 0.005), whereas phytosterol treatment alone had no effect. In conclusion, the combined supplementation with phytosterols and (n-3) LCPUFA has both synergistic and complementary lipid-lowering effects in hyperlipidemic men and women.
authors.affiliation: Nutraceuticals Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Micallef
authors.forename: Manohar L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Garg
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004357:Drug Synergism; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D008055:Lipids; D010840:Phytosterols