title: Prognostic implications of negative dobutamine stress echocardiography in African Americans compared to Caucasians.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  African Americans (AA) have higher rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than Caucasians (CA). Despite its excellent negative predictive value, the influence of race on the prognostic implications of negative dobutamine echocardiography in predicting major cardiac problems is largely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 387 AA and 340 CA patients with negative dobutamine stress echocardiography (NDSE). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to create freedom-from-event curves for major adverse cardiac events over a 36-month period, and a Cox proportional-hazards multivariable model to examine the influence of race on cardiac outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AA patients were younger (69.4 +/- 12.6 vs. 74.2 +/- 10.7, p < .001), had higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (37% vs. 29%, p = .01), hypertension (91% vs. 85%, p = .006), left ventricular hypertrophy (70% vs. 49%, p < .001) and lower incidence of prior coronary artery disease (27% vs. 34%, p = .05) compared to CA patients. Ejection fraction > or = 50% was comparable (81% vs. 82%, p = .8). At 3-years, AA patients had a lower freedom from nonfatal myocardial infarction (92% vs. 96%, p = .006) and any cardiac event (cardiac death, myocardial infarction) (91% vs. 95%, p = .005) compared to CA patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to demonstrate that AA patients have higher rates of nonfatal MI and MACE compared to CA patients with a NDSE. These patients require closer follow-up and aggressive preventive and treatment strategies should be employed to help reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality despite negative ischemic workup.
authors.affiliation: Heart and Vascular Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA. asrivas1@hfhs.org
authors.forename: Ajay V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Karthik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ananthasubramaniam
authors.forename: Salil J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Natesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lingam
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality; D004280:Dobutamine; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D004280:Dobutamine