title: A moderate excess of dietary lysine lowers plasma and tissue carnitine concentrations in pigs.
abstract: This study was performed to investigate whether dietary lysine concentration influences the carnitine status of pigs. Therefore, an experiment with twenty young pigs with an average body weight of 21 kg was performed which were fed either a control diet (9.7 g lysine/kg) or a diet with a moderate excess of lysine (16.8 g lysine/kg). Concentrations of all the other amino acids did not differ between the diets. Pigs fed the high-lysine diet had lower concentrations of free and total carnitine in plasma, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle than control pigs (P<0.05). Pigs fed the high-lysine diet moreover had an increased concentration of trimethyllysine (TML), a reduced mRNA abundance of TML dioxygenase and reduced concentrations of gamma-butyrobetaine (BB) in muscle, indicating that the conversion of TML into BB in muscle was impaired. Concentrations of BB, the metabolic precursor of carnitine, in plasma, liver and kidney were also reduced in pigs fed the high-lysine diet while the activity of BB dioxygenase in kidney was not different and that in liver was even increased compared to control pigs (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study shows that a moderate dietary excess of lysine lowers plasma and tissue carnitine concentrations in pigs. Reduced concentrations of BB in liver and kidney suggest that the depressed carnitine status was likely caused by a decreased rate of carnitine synthesis due to a diminished availability of carnitine precursor, probably mainly as a result of an impaired BB formation in muscle.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Emil-Abderhalden-Strasse 26, D-06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Maren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hirche
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kluge
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eder
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001622:Betaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D002331:Carnitine / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008239:Lysine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D009752:Nutritional Status; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D050563:gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins; D001622:Betaine; C003712:trimethyllysine; C002889:gamma-butyrobetaine; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D050563:gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; C436318:epsilon-N-trimethyllysine hydroxylase; D008239:Lysine; D002331:Carnitine