title: The hypotensive effects of isometric handgrip training using an inexpensive spring handgrip training device.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research has demonstrated the efficacy of isometric handgrip (IHG) training to attenuate resting blood pressure. These studies have relied on the use of programmable digital handgrips for training. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of simple, inexpensive spring-loaded handgrip devices in producing hypotensive effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a randomized controlled trial of 49 normotensive participants (66.4 +/- 0.9 years; 57% women). Participants in the exercise group (n = 25) trained and had blood pressure measured twice weekly for 8 weeks. Control participants (n = 24) completed weekly blood pressure measurements. Pre- and posttraining measurements were each assessed over 3 visits. Statistical analysis of the pre-post data involved analyses of variance and hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine changes over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following 8 weeks, IHG participants demonstrated significant reductions in resting blood pressure. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were reduced from 122 +/- 3 mm Hg to 112 +/- 3 mm Hg (P < .001) and from 70 +/- 1 mm Hg to 67 +/- 1 mm Hg (P < .05), respectively. Hierarchical linear modeling analysis also revealed a significant cross-level (ie, group / time) interaction, with an estimated reduction in systolic blood pressure of 5.4 mm Hg (P < .001) over the training period in the IHG group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In agreement with previous studies, IHG training reduced resting arterial pressure following 8 weeks of training. Hypotensive effects linked to IHG training may be achieved using simple, inexpensive spring handgrip training devices and may provide a convenient and affordable therapeutic alternative or adjunctive therapy for lowering blood pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. millarpj@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Millar
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.forename: Maureen J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McCartney
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003971:Diastole; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D012146:Rest; D013599:Systole; D013997:Time Factors