Malnutrition kills directly, not indirectly.
Habicht
Jean-Pierre
JP
D002675:Child, Preschool; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D012306:Risk