title: SALL4 is a key regulator of survival and apoptosis in human leukemic cells.
abstract: Increasing studies suggest that SALL4 may play vital roles in leukemogenesis and stem cell phenotypes. We have mapped the global gene targets of SALL4 using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by microarray hybridization and identified more than 2000 high-confidence, SALL4-binding genes in the human acute promyelocytic leukemic cell line, NB4. Analysis of SALL4-binding sites reveals that genes involved in cell death, cancer, DNA replication/repair, and cell cycle were highly enriched (P < .05). These genes include 38 important apoptosis-inducing genes (TNF, TP53, PTEN, CARD9, CARD11, CYCS, LTA) and apoptosis-inhibiting genes (Bmi-1, BCL2, XIAP, DAD1, TEGT). Real-time polymerase chain reaction has shown that expression levels of these genes changed significantly after SALL4 knockdown, which ubiquitously led to cell apoptosis. Flow cytometry revealed that reduction of SALL4 expression in NB4 and other leukemia cell lines dramatically increased caspase-3, annexin V, and DNA fragmentation activity. Bromodeoxyuridine-incorporation assays showed decreased numbers of S-phase cells and increased numbers of G1- and G2-phase cells indicating reduced DNA synthesis, consistent with results from cell proliferation assays. In addition, NB4 cells that express low levels of SALL4 have significantly decreased tumorigenecity in immunodeficient mice. Our studies provide a foundation in the development of leukemia stem cell-specific therapy by targeting SALL4.
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Medicine, Nevada Cancer Institute, Las Vegas, Nevada 89135, USA.
authors.forename: Jianchang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Taylor C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Fowles
authors.forename: Zaida
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Alipio
authors.forename: Hien
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Louis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Yupo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics*; D001665:Binding Sites; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: C472575:SALL4 protein, human; D014157:Transcription Factors