title: Pharmacy refill adherence compared with CD4 count changes for monitoring HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for monitoring HIV-infected individuals taking combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in resource-limited settings recommend using CD4(+) T cell (CD4) count changes to monitor treatment effectiveness. In practice, however, falling CD4 counts are a consequence, rather than a cause, of virologic failure. Adherence lapses precede virologic failure and, unlike CD4 counts, data on adherence are immediately available to all clinics dispensing cART. However, the accuracy of adherence assessments for predicting future or detecting current virologic failure has not been determined. The goal of this study therefore was to determine the accuracy of adherence assessments for predicting and detecting virologic failure and to compare the accuracy of adherence-based monitoring approaches with approaches monitoring CD4 count changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted an observational cohort study among 1,982 of 4,984 (40%) HIV-infected adults initiating non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based cART in the Aid for AIDS Disease Management Program, which serves nine countries in southern Africa. Pharmacy refill adherence was calculated as the number of months of cART claims submitted divided by the number of complete months between cART initiation and the last refill prior to the endpoint of interest, expressed as a percentage. The main outcome measure was virologic failure defined as a viral load > 1,000 copies/ml (1) at an initial assessment either 6 or 12 mo after cART initiation and (2) after a previous undetectable (i.e., < 400 copies/ml) viral load (breakthrough viremia). Adherence levels outperformed CD4 count changes when used to detect current virologic failure in the first year after cART initiation (area under the receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curves [AUC] were 0.79 and 0.68 [difference = 0.11; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.16; chi(2) = 20.1] respectively at 6 mo, and 0.85 and 0.75 [difference = 0.10; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.14; chi(2) = 20.2] respectively at 12 mo; p < 0.001 for both comparisons). When used to detect current breakthrough viremia, adherence and CD4 counts were equally accurate (AUCs of 0.68 versus 0.67, respectively [difference = 0.01; 95% CI -0.06 to 0.07]; chi(2) = 0.1, p > 0.5). In addition, adherence levels assessed 3 mo prior to viral load assessments were as accurate for virologic failure occurring approximately 3 mo later as were CD4 count changes calculated from cART initiation to the actual time of the viral load assessments, indicating the potential utility of adherence assessments for predicting future, rather than simply detecting current, virologic failure. Moreover, combinations of CD4 count and adherence data appeared useful in identifying patients at very low risk of virologic failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacy refill adherence assessments were as accurate as CD4 counts for detecting current virologic failure in this cohort of patients on cART and have the potential to predict virologic failure before it occurs. Approaches to cART scale-up in resource-limited settings should include an adherence-based monitoring approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America. gregbisson@mac.com
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Bisson
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Scarlett
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bellamy
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chittams
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hislop
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Regensberg
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maartens
authors.forename: Jean B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Nachega
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010594:Pharmacies; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents