title: Abnormal cytokinesis after X-irradiation in tumor cells that override the G2 DNA damage checkpoint.
abstract: X-irradiation-induced DNA damage perturbs the G(1), S, and G(2) phases of the cell cycle. The behavior of cells after they have experienced a DNA damage checkpoint delay is poorly characterized. We therefore examined the fates of irradiated tumor cells that have overcome a prolonged G(2) checkpoint delay. Most irradiated cells progressed through mitosis without significant delay, but failed to complete cytokinesis as they remained tethered to each other at the midbody. We observed that the movement of centrioles at the time of cytokinesis was impaired in the irradiated, bridged cells. We attribute the perturbation of centriole dynamics to the presence of chromatin bridges that spanned the daughter cells. The bridged cells exhibited different fates that included death, fusion that formed multinucleated cells, or another round of mitosis with no noticeable cell cycle delays. The presence of gammaH2AX foci in the bridge as well as in the separated nuclei indicated that cells were proliferating despite the presence of DNA damage. It seems that DNA damage checkpoints were not reactivated in cells that overrode a prolonged G(2) delay. Cells deficient in ATM, H2AX, XRCC3, or ligase 4 exhibited a higher frequency of radiation-induced bridges than controls, suggesting that the DNA bridges resulted from inadequate DNA repair. These data show a previously unappreciated cytologic hallmark of DNA damage in dividing cells. Chromatin bridges that interfere with cytokinesis are likely to contribute to the replication failure and clonogenic death of cells exposed to irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Fox Chase Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Haomin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Lynda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beeharry
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Tim J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Ruth J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Muschel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002843:Chromatin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D048749:Cytokinesis; D004249:DNA Damage; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D016195:G2 Phase; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008938:Mitosis; D008954:Models, Biological; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering