title: Species-specific differences in coumarin-induced hepatotoxicity as an example toxicogenomics-based approach to assessing risk of toxicity to humans.
abstract: One expected result from toxicogenomics technology is to overcome the barrier because of species-specific differences in prediction of clinical toxicity using animals. The present study serves as a model case to test if the well-known species-specific difference in the toxicity of coumarin could be elucidated using comprehensive gene expression data from rat in-vivo, rat in-vitro, and human in-vitro systems. Coumarin 150 mg/kg produced obvious pathological changes in the liver of rats after repeated administration for 7 days or more. Moreover, 24 h after a single dose, we observed minor and transient morphological changes, suggesting that some early events leading to hepatic injury occur soon after coumarin is administered to rats. Comprehensive gene expression changes were analyzed using an Affymetrix GeneChip approach, and differentially expressed probe sets were statistically extracted. The changes in expression of the selected probe sets were further examined in primary cultured rat hepatocytes exposed to coumarin, and differentially expressed probe sets common to the in-vivo and in-vitro datasets were selected for further study. These contained many genes related to glutathione metabolism and the oxidative stress response. To incorporate human data, human hepatocyte cultured cells were exposed to coumarin and changes in expression of the bridging gene set were examined. In total, we identified 14 up-regulated and 11 down-regulated probe sets representing rat-human bridging genes. The overall responsiveness of these genes to coumarin was much higher in rats than humans, consistent with the reported species difference in coumarin toxicity. Next, we examined changes in expression of the rat-human bridging genes in cultured rat and human hepatocytes treated with another hepatotoxicant, diclofenac sodium, for which hepatotoxicity does not differ between the species. Both rat and human hepatocytes responded to the marker genes to the same extent when the same concentrations of diclofenac sodium were exposed. We conclude that toxicogenomics-based approaches show promise for overcoming species-specific differences that create a bottleneck in analysis of the toxicity of potential therapeutic treatments.
authors.affiliation: Toxicogenomics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uehara
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kiyosawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Omura
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirode
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imazawa
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mizukawa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyagishima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagao
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Urushidani
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000633:toxicity*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D003374:Coumarins / Q000633:toxicity*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000633:toxicity; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013045:Species Specificity; D043922:Toxicogenetics
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000925:Anticoagulants; D003374:Coumarins; D004008:Diclofenac; C030123:coumarin