title: Nasal shape and gender of the observer: implications for rhinoplasty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a previous study we focused on gender specific nasal shapes. The aim of this study was to evaluate if preferences in nasal shape are also dependent on the gender of the observer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stratified on the basis of each photographed subject's (n=311) own evaluation, female and male composite pictures of "average" (n=128, each), "optimal" (n=16, each) and "most unpleasant" (n=8, each) noses were created in a previous study. These composites were assessed by 308 independent female and male judges using a visual analogue scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, female judges were found to accord significantly higher ratings of attractiveness as compared to male judges for the composite images independent of the gender of the person shown (p=0.020). The difference was greatest when assessing most unpleasant male composites (p<0.003) but was not apparent when assessing "optimal" female and "optimal" male noses. Despite this, women displayed the same preferences for "optimal" and "average" noses as compared to the "most unpleasant" noses. In assessing their own noses, women were significantly less satisfied with their appearance in general (p=0.001) as compared to men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In comparison to men, women are more critical in assessing the appearance of their own nose as opposed to the noses of other people. The implications of this for rhinoplasty, so far as considering the degree of influence of the gender of a person assessing a prospective patient's nose remains a matter of conjecture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University of Kiel, Germany. springer@mkg.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: Ingo N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zernial
authors.forename: Patrick H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Warnke
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiltfang
authors.forename: Paul A J
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolfart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001290:Attitude; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000523:psychology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult