Tourette's syndrome and role of tetrabenazine: review and personal experience.
Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (Tourette's syndrome; TS) is an inherited tic disorder commonly associated with other neurobehavioural conditions such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). While the clinical presentation of TS and other features of this disorder have been well characterized, the genetic and neurobiological basis of the disease remains incompletely elucidated. The suggestion of a central role of dopamine in the aetiology of TS has been made on the basis of experimental studies, evidence from neuroimaging studies and the therapeutic response patients with TS have to agents that antagonize or interfere with putative dopaminergic pathways. Tetrabenazine is such an agent; it depletes presynaptic dopamine and serotonin stores and blocks postsynaptic dopamine receptors. In clinical studies, tetrabenazine has been found to be effective in a wide range of hyperkinetic movement disorders, including small numbers (<50) of patients with TS in some studies. Results of a retrospective chart review enrolling only patients with TS (n = 77; mean age approximately 15 years) showed that 2 years' treatment with tetrabenazine resulted in an improvement in functioning and TS-related symptoms in over 80% of patients, findings that suggest that treatment with tetrabenazine may have long-term benefits. The authors' experience with 120 heavily co-medicated patients with TS confirms these findings. Long-term (mean 19 months) tetrabenazine treatment resulted in a Clinical Global Impressions of Change scale rating of 'improved' in 76% of patients. Such findings are promising and suggest that tetrabenazine may be suitable as add-on therapy in patients for whom additional suppression of tics is required.
Porta
Mauro
M
Tourette Clinic and Functional Neurosurgery, IRCCS Galaezzi Hospital, Milan, Italy. portamilano@libero.it
Sassi
Marco
M
Cavallazzi
Mario
M
Fornari
Maurizio
M
Brambilla
Arianna
A
Servello
Domenico
D
D000293:Adolescent; D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000328:Adult; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013747:Tetrabenazine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D013747:Tetrabenazine