Mechanisms of copper toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae determined by microarray analysis.
The effect of the heavy metal copper on the expression of a wide spectrum of genes was analyzed by using a DNA microarray. The gene expression profile of baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in a medium containing a sublethal concentration of cupric sulfate was compared with that of yeast grown in a normal medium. Among approximately 6000 yeast ORFs, 143 ORFs were induced more than twofold to resist copper toxicity after exposure to copper. Copper metallothionein CUP1-1 and CUP1-2 were induced more than 20-fold. Some genes related to sulfur metabolism and oxidative stress response were also up-regulated. This DNA microarray analysis identified several molecular targets of copper toxicity.
Yasokawa
Daisuke
D
Hokkaido Food Processing Research Center, 589-4 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 0690836, Japan. duke@foodhokkaido.gr.jp
Murata
Satomi
S
Kitagawa
Emiko
E
Iwahashi
Yumiko
Y
Nakagawa
Ryoji
R
Hashido
Tazusa
T
Iwahashi
Hitoshi
H
D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D019327:Copper Sulfate / Q000633:toxicity*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects*; D008668:Metallothionein; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D013455:Sulfur / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
C500769:CUP1-1 protein, S cerevisiae; C060256:CUP2 protein, S cerevisiae; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D013455:Sulfur; D003300:Copper; D008668:Metallothionein; D019327:Copper Sulfate