Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and efficacy profiles of alogliptin, a novel inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, in rats, dogs, and monkeys.
The aim of the present research was to characterize the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and efficacy profiles of alogliptin, a novel quinazolinone-based dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor. Alogliptin potently inhibited human DPP-4 in vitro (mean IC(50), ~ 6.9 nM) and exhibited > 10,000-fold selectivity for DPP-4 over the closely related serine proteases DPP-2, DPP-8, DPP-9, fibroblast activation protein/seprase, prolyl endopeptidase, and tryptase (IC(50) > 100,000 nM). Absolute oral bioavailability of alogliptin in rats, dogs, and monkeys was 45%, 86%, and 72% to 88%, respectively. After a single oral dose of alogliptin, plasma DPP-4 inhibition was observed within 15 min and maximum inhibition was > 90% in rats, dogs, and monkeys; inhibition was sustained for 12 h in rats (43%) and dogs (65%) and 24 h in monkeys (> 80%). From E(max) modeling, 50% inhibition of DPP-4 activity was observed at a mean alogliptin plasma concentration (EC(50)) of 3.4 to 5.6 ng/ml (10.0 to 16.5 nM) in rats, dogs, and monkeys. In Zucker fa/fa rats, a single dose of alogliptin (0.3, 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) inhibited plasma DPP-4 (91% to 100% at 2 h and 20% to 66% at 24 h), increased plasma GLP-1 (2- to 3-fold increase in AUC(0-20 min)) and increased early-phase insulin secretion (1.5- to 2.6-fold increase in AUC(0-20 min)) and reduced blood glucose excursion (31%-67% decrease in AUC(0-90 min)) after oral glucose challenge. Alogliptin (30 and 100 mg/kg) had no effect on fasting plasma glucose in normoglycemic rats. In summary, these data suggest that alogliptin is a potent and highly selective DPP-4 inhibitor with demonstrated efficacy in Zucker fa/fa rats and potential for once-daily dosing in humans.
Lee
Bumsup
B
Takeda San Diego Inc, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
Shi
Lihong
L
Kassel
Daniel B
DB
Asakawa
Tomoko
T
Takeuchi
Koji
K
Christopher
Ronald J
RJ
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D018819:Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D044882:Glucose Metabolism Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D014498:Uracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology
D001786:Blood Glucose; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D010880:Piperidines; D014498:Uracil; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; C042807:DPP4 protein, human; D018819:Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4; C520853:alogliptin