Regulation of ON bipolar cell activity.
Synaptic transmission from photoreceptors to all types of ON bipolar cells is primarily mediated by the mGluR6 receptor. This receptor, which is apparently expressed uniquely in the nervous system by ON bipolar cells, couples negatively to a nonselective cation channel. This arrangement results in a sign reversal at photoreceptor/ON bipolar cell synapse, which is necessary in order to establish parallel ON and OFF pathways in the retina. The synapse is an important target for second messenger molecules that are known to modulate synaptic transmission elsewhere in the nervous system, second messengers that act on a time scale ranging from milliseconds to minutes. This review focuses on two of these molecules, Ca2+ and cGMP, summarizing our current knowledge of how they modulate gain at the photoreceptor/ON bipolar cell synapse, as well as their proposed sites of action within the mGluR6 cascade. The implications of plasticity at this synapse for retinal function will also be examined.
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM-B103, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
Josefin
J
Snellman
Tejinder
T
Kaur
Yin
Y
Shen
Scott
S
Nawy
D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000502:physiology; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000378:metabolism; D051245:Retinal Bipolar Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology
D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; C113897:metabotropic glutamate receptor 6; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D002118:Calcium