Identification of nanobacteria in human arthritic synovial fluid by method validated in human blood and urine using 200 nm model nanoparticles.
Earlier we introduced a biosensor for the identification of nanobacteria in water drops. Here, we generalize its principle and apply it to identify nanobacteria in synovial fluid from a patient with osteoarthritis. Results indicate the prevalence of nanobacteria in the synovial fluid. The identification method is applicable to body fluids such as unfiltered human blood and urine, is independent of culturing procedures, and permits for a rapid detection of nanoparticles in liquid drops. In view of increasing clinical evidence on a contribution of nanobacteria in disease, their reported detection in HIV-infected people in South Africa, laboratory experiments indicating the excretion of viable (i.e., propagating) nanobacteria from humans via urine, the use of human excreta in agricultural irrigation, models predicting an injection of nanoaerosols contained in irrigation water enriched with human excreta into the atmosphere, and the identification of nanobacteria in the terrestrial atmosphere, promote the identification method described in this work to an important tool to monitor nanobacteria in body fluids and environmental samples.
Tsurumoto
Toshiyuki
T
Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan.
Zhu
Dan
D
Sommer
Andrei P
AP
D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008828:Microbiological Techniques; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008954:Models, Biological; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry; D011137:Polystyrenes; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000382:microbiology*; D014556:Urine / Q000382:microbiology*
D011137:Polystyrenes; D010758:Phosphorus; D002118:Calcium