Supercharging the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap: breast reconstruction for the overweight and obese population.
BACKGROUND
Autologous breast reconstruction with the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap is traditionally based on either the superior epigastric vessels (pedicled) or the deep inferior system (free). In the overweight and obese population, both techniques have been shown to have increased complications of the reconstructed breast. Another alternative is supercharging the flap by anastamosing the deep inferior epigastric vessels to either the internal mammary or thoracodorsal systems. We present a single surgeon's experience with unilateral TRAM reconstructions supercharged to either the thoracodorsal vessels, the internal mammary system, or in one case, perforator vessels in overweight and obese patients.


METHODS
Nineteen consecutive overweight or obese patients underwent delayed or immediate, unilateral autologous breast reconstruction with supercharged TRAM flaps between November 2000 and November 2004. The patients ranged in age from 28 to 66 years (average 49) and had an average body mass index (BMI) of 29.5 (24.9-38.3). Twelve patients had a BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m2; 7 patients had BMI > or =30 kg/m2. Left-sided reconstructions were 13; right-sided reconstructions were 6. Supercharging was performed by anastamosing the deep inferior epigastric artery and vein to the thoracodorsal vessels, internal mammary vessels, or perforator vessels.


RESULTS
Follow-up ranged from 6 to 54 months. There was a qualitative increase in blood flow measured by audible Doppler signals in all patients after the arterial and venous anastamoses. There were no cases of partial or complete flap loss. One patient had a hematoma and subsequently developed minor fat necrosis. One patient had an infection of the reconstructed breast. There were no donor site complications.


CONCLUSIONS
Supercharging the TRAM flap by means of microvascular augmentation of the deep inferior epigastric vessels provides a safe and effective breast reconstruction in the overweight and obese population with no additional morbidity.
Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
Liza C
LC
Wu
Lawrence
L
Iteld
David H
DH
Song
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D044584:Carcinoma, Ductal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D015897:Comorbidity; D005218:Fat Necrosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D017568:Rectus Abdominis / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology