Distribution of adiponectin, leptin, and metabolic correlates of insulin resistance: a longitudinal study in British children; 1: Prepuberty (EarlyBird 15).
BACKGROUND
The emergence of type 2 diabetes in young populations has mirrored a rising prevalence of obesity and insulin resistance during childhood and adolescence. At the same time, the role of adipokines as links between obesity and insulin resistance is becoming more appreciated. We sought to establish age- and sex-specific distributions of metabolic correlates of insulin resistance in healthy prepubertal children.


METHODS
We collected fasting blood samples from a contemporary cohort of 307 British children at ages 5, 6, 7, and 8 years and measured insulin, glucose, triglycerides, total and HDL cholesterol, urate, glycohemoglobin, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), leptin, and adiponectin. We used homeostasis model assessment (HOMA 2) to estimate insulin sensitivity (HOMA-%S) and beta-cell function (HOMA-%B). Anthropometric measures included body mass index.


RESULTS
Body mass index increased from age 5 to 8 years (P < 0.001). HOMA-%B decreased (P < 0.001) and HOMA-%S increased (P < 0.05), but glucose also increased (P < 0.001) whereas glycohemoglobin decreased (P < 0.001). Consistent with the rise in insulin sensitivity, HDL cholesterol increased (P < 0.001) and triglycerides decreased (NS), whereas adiponectin decreased (P = 0.02). The patterns were similar in boys and girls, although girls were less insulin sensitive throughout. Accordingly, triglycerides tended to be higher in the girls, and HDL cholesterol and SHBG lower.


CONCLUSIONS
The metabolic disturbances associated with insulin resistance appear to be more advanced in girls. Markers of metabolic health improve in both sexes from 5 to 8 years, despite rising adiposity.
Murphy
Michael J
MJ
Division of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. m.j.murphy@dundee.ac.uk
Hosking
Jo
J
Metcalf
Brad S
BS
Voss
Linda D
LD
Jeffery
Alison N
AN
Sattar
Naveed
N
Williams
Roger
R
Jeffery
Jinny
J
Wilkin
Terence J
TJ
D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011627:Puberty / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D012737:Sex Factors; D006113:United Kingdom
C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D020738:Leptin