Simple, nitrogen-rich, energetic salts of 5-nitrotetrazole.
A new family (ammonium, 1, hydrazinium, 2, guanidinium, 3, aminoguanidinium, 4, diamino-guanidinium, 5, and triaminoguanidinium, 6) of simple, nitrogen-rich energetic salts based on 5-nitro-2 H-tetrazole (HNT) were synthesized. In addition, the hemihydrate of 1 (1a) and the hydrate of 6 (6a) were also isolated. In all cases, stable salts were obtained and fully characterized by vibrational (IR, Raman) spectroscopy, multinuclear ((1)H, (13)C and (14)N) NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and X-ray structure determination. Compounds 1and 2 crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2 1/c, 1a and 3 crystallize in C/2 c, 4 in P2 1/n, 5 in P2 1, 6 in orthorhombic P2 12 12 1, and 6a in triclinic P1. Initial safety testing (impact, friction, and electrostatic sensitivity) and thermal stability measurements (DSC) were also carried out. The NT salts all exhibit good thermal stabilities (decomposition above 150 degrees C). The constant volume energies of combustion (Delta c U(exp)) of 1-6 were experimentally determined by oxygen bomb calorimetry to be -1860(30) cal/g ( 1), -1770(30) cal/g ( 1a), -2110(150) cal/g (2), -2250(40) cal/g ( 3), -2470(30) cal/g (4), -2630(40) cal/g (5), -2690(50) cal/g (6), and -2520(50) cal/g (6a). Because of the significant experimental uncertainties obtained in these measurements, their validity was checked by way of quantum chemical calculation (MP2) of electronic energies and an approximation of lattice enthalpy. The predicted constant volume energies of combustion (Delta c U(pred)) calculated by this method were -2095.9 cal/g (1), -1975.7 cal/g ( 1a), -2362.4 cal/g (2), -2526.6 cal/g (3), -2654.6 cal/g (4), -2778.6 cal/g ( 5), -2924.0 cal/g (6), and -2741.4 cal/g ( 6a). From the experimentally determined density, chemical composition, and energies of formation (back calculated from the heats of combustion) the detonation pressures and velocities of 1 (7950 m/s, 23.9 GPa), 1a (7740 m/s, 22.5 GPa), 2(8750 m/s, 30.1 GPa), 3 (7500 m/s, 20.1 GPa) 4(8190 m/s, 24.7 GPa), 5(8230 m/s, 24.4 GPa), 6 (8480 m/s, 26.0 GPa) and 6a (7680 m/s, 20.7 GPa) were predicted using the EXPLO5 code.
Klapötke
Thomas M
TM
Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany. tmk@cup.uni-muenchen.de
Mayer
Peter
P
Miró Sabaté
Carles
C
Welch
Jan M
JM
Wiegand
Nikolai
N