Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in water environments.
Antibiotic-resistant organisms enter into water environments from human and animal sources. These bacteria are able to spread their genes into water-indigenous microbes, which also contain resistance genes. On the contrary, many antibiotics from industrial origin circulate in water environments, potentially altering microbial ecosystems. Risk assessment protocols for antibiotics and resistant bacteria in water, based on better systems for antibiotics detection and antibiotic-resistance microbial source tracking, are starting to be discussed. Methods to reduce resistant bacterial load in wastewaters, and the amount of antimicrobial agents, in most cases originated in hospitals and farms, include optimization of disinfection procedures and management of wastewater and manure. A policy for preventing mixing human-originated and animal-originated bacteria with environmental organisms seems advisable.
Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, CIBER-ESP, Spain. baquero@bitmailer.net
Fernando
F
Baquero
José-Luis
JL
Martínez
Rafael
R
Cantón
D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D001709:Biotechnology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D017753:Ecosystem; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D018505:Waste Management; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007220:Industrial Waste; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical