Modelling the anxiety-depression continuum in chicks.
The clinical syndromes of anxiety and depression are now thought to exist along a temporal continuum and this construct has been modelled in a preclinical setting in chicks separated from conspecifics. This research sought to further the validity of the chick anxiety-depression continuum model. Dose-response studies using two classes of anxiolytics (chlordiazepoxide: 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 mg/kg, and clonidine: 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 mg/kg) and three classes of antidepressants (imipramine: 1.0, 3.0, 10.0, 15.0 mg/kg, maprotoline: 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 mg/kg and fluoxetine: 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 mg/kg) showed an ability to detect anxiolytic activity of chlordiazepoxide, clonidine, imipramine and maprotoline in the anxiety-like phase of the model and to detect antidepressant effects of imipramine, maprotoline and fluoxetine in the depression-like phase of the model. In addition, blood plasma interleukin-6, a biomarker of stress, was found to be elevated in response to social-separation stress. Collectively, these findings further characterize the model as a simulation of the anxiety-depression continuum and begin to establish the paradigm as a high-utility adjuvant to rodent screening assays for putative anxiolytic and antidepressant compounds.
Warnick
J E
JE
Department of Behavioral Sciences, Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, AR, USA.
Huang
C J
CJ
Acevedo
E O
EO
Sufka
K J
KJ
D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D002645:Chickens; D002707:Chlordiazepoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000494:pharmacology; D007099:Imipramine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008376:Maprotiline / Q000494:pharmacology; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology
D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D015850:Interleukin-6; D005473:Fluoxetine; D008376:Maprotiline; D002707:Chlordiazepoxide; D003000:Clonidine; D007099:Imipramine