The consequences of apoptosis in autoimmunity.
The clearance of apoptotic cells is a highly regulated mechanism, normally associated with anti-inflammatory response. During early stages of apoptosis the cell is promptly recognized and engulfed by professional phagocytes or tissue cells to avoid the outflow of intracellular content and limit the immunological reaction against released antigens. However, increasing evidences suggest that impairment in the uptake of apoptotic cell debris is linked to the development of autoimmunity. In fact, autoantigens have been demonstrated to be content within apoptotic bodies and apoptotic cells seems to be critical in the presentation of antigens, activation of innate immunity and regulation of macrophage cytokine secretion. We herein review the known mechanisms for regulating the uptake of the products of apoptosis in the development of autoimmunity.
Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
Ana
A
Lleo
Carlo
C
Selmi
Pietro
P
Invernizzi
Mauro
M
Podda
M Eric
ME
Gershwin
D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000276:immunology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology*; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015551:Autoimmunity; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
D001324:Autoantigens