From acute musculoskeletal pain to chronic widespread pain and fibromyalgia: application of pain neurophysiology in manual therapy practice.
During the past decade, scientific research has provided new insight into the development from an acute, localised musculoskeletal disorder towards chronic widespread pain/fibromyalgia (FM). Chronic widespread pain/FM is characterised by sensitisation of central pain pathways. An in-depth review of basic and clinical research was performed to design a theoretical framework for manual therapy in these patients. It is explained that manual therapy might be able to influence the process of chronicity in three different ways. (I) In order to prevent chronicity in (sub)acute musculoskeletal disorders, it seems crucial to limit the time course of afferent stimulation of peripheral nociceptors. (II) In the case of chronic widespread pain and established sensitisation of central pain pathways, relatively minor injuries/trauma at any locations are likely to sustain the process of central sensitisation and should be treated appropriately with manual therapy accounting for the decreased sensory threshold. Inappropriate pain beliefs should be addressed and exercise interventions should account for the process of central sensitisation. (III) However, manual therapists ignoring the processes involved in the development and maintenance of chronic widespread pain/FM may cause more harm then benefit to the patient by triggering or sustaining central sensitisation.
Nijs
Jo
J
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Belgium. j.nijs@ha.be
Van Houdenhove
Boudewijn
B
D000208:Acute Disease; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D026201:Musculoskeletal Manipulations / Q000379:methods*; D009482:Neurophysiology; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000502:physiology; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome