Comparing the effectiveness of modified forearm and conventional minidose intravenous regional anesthesia for reduction of distal forearm fractures in children.
BACKGROUND
Minidose intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) and modified forearm IVRA have been used for closed reduction of forearm fractures and for hand surgery in children.


METHODS
Children (5-17 years old) with forearm fractures presenting to a pediatric emergency department were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial to test if modified forearm and minidose IVRA together would provide improved analgesia with reduced risk of anesthetic toxicity compared with conventional minidose IVRA. Pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (FACES) and an objective pain scale (OPS) score at baseline and at critical times. Spearman rank correlation and repeated-measures analysis of variance were used to compare interobserver pain measures and detect differences between the groups over time.


RESULTS
Among the 62 patients in the study, no significant differences were observed between groups in objective measures of blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and heart rate at baseline, 5 minutes after IVRA, during surgical reduction, and 15 minutes after reduction. Nurses reported patients experienced a reduction in pain of 2.5 (SD, 3.1) on FACES and 2.3 (SD, 3.1) on OPS at 5 minutes after sedation (P < 0.001 for both). From time of reduction to 15 minutes after the procedure, FACES score declined 1.7 (SD, 3.4) (P = 0.001), and OPS declined 2.1 (SD, 3.6) (P = 0.002). No significant differences were found between experimental arms.


CONCLUSIONS
The modified forearm minidose IVRA procedure is an acceptable alternative for the relief of pain that usually accompanies the manipulation and reduction of forearm fractures but does not appear to provide additional pain relief compared with conventional minidose IVRA.


METHODS
Level I, therapeutic study.
Nemours Foundation, Clinical Management Program, Orlando, FL 32811, USA. lwerk@nemours.org
Lloyd N
LN
Werk
Marjorie
M
Lewis
Stacey
S
Armatti-Wiltrout
Eric A
EA
Loveless
D000293:Adolescent; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000379:methods*; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011885:Radius Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014458:Ulna Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*
D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine