Children's direct fright and worry reactions to violence in fiction and news television programs.
OBJECTIVE
To examine whether violence in fictional and news television content frightens and worries children.


METHODS
Mixed factorial. Type of reaction (fright, worry) and television programming (violent news, violent fiction) were within-subjects factors, whereas age, sex, and television viewing frequency were between-subjects factors. Participants included 572 children (47% boys), aged 8 to 12 years, from 9 urban and rural primary schools in the Netherlands. The main exposure was to descriptions of 8 threats frequently depicted in fictional and news programs (eg, murder, war, house fires). Children reported whether they were frightened or worried by these threats.


RESULTS
Violent threats increased both fright and worry. These 2 reactions could be distinguished from one another in a factor analysis. When violent content was described as news, it produced more fear reactions than when it was described as fiction. Fright and worry were greater in girls than in boys, in younger children than in older children, and in light television viewers than in heavy television viewers.


CONCLUSIONS
Pediatricians should inform parents, educators, policy makers, and broadcasters about the potentially harmful effect of violent programming on children's emotions, especially in the case of news programming.
Department of Communication, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Juliette H Walma
JH
van der Molen
Brad J
BJ
Bushman
D000329:Advertising / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D001364:Awareness; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012309:Risk-Taking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013690:Television / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*