Quantitative micro-computed tomography: a non-invasive method to assess equivalent bone mineral density.
One of the many applications of micro computed tomography (microCT) is to accurately visualize and quantify cancellous bone microstructure. However, microCT based assessment of bone mineral density has yet to be thoroughly investigated. Specifically, the effects of varying imaging parameters, such as tube voltage (kVp), current (microA), integration time (ms), object to X-ray source distance (mm), projection number, detector array size and imaging media (surrounding the specimen), on the relationship between equivalent tissue density (rhoEQ) and its linear attenuation coefficient (micro) have received little attention. In this study, in house manufactured, hydrogen dipotassium phosphate liquid calibration phantoms (K2HPO4) were employed in addition to a resin embedded hydroxyapatite solid calibration phantoms supplied by Scanco Medical AG Company. Variations in current, integration time and projection number had no effect on the conversion relationship between micro and rhoEQ for the K2HPO4 and Scanco calibration phantoms [p>0.05 for all cases]. However, as expected, variations in scanning tube voltage, object to X-ray source distance, detector array size and imaging media (referring to the solution that surrounds the specimen in the imaging vial) significantly affected the conversion relationship between mu and rhoEQ for K2HPO4 and Scanco calibration phantoms [p<0.05 for all cases]. A multivariate linear regression approach was used to estimate rhoEQ based on attenuation coefficient, tube voltage, object to X-ray source distance, detector array size and imaging media for K2HPO4 liquid calibration phantoms, explaining 90% of the variation in rhoEQ. Furthermore, equivalent density values of bovine cortical bone (converted from attenuation coefficient to equivalent density using the K2HPO4 liquid calibration phantoms) samples highly correlated [R2=0.92] with the ash densities of the samples. In conclusion, Scanco calibration phantoms can be used to assess equivalent bone mineral density; however, they cannot be scanned with a specimen or submerged in a different imaging media. The K2HPO4 liquid calibration phantoms provide a cost effective, easy to prepare and convenient means to perform quantitative microCT analysis using any microCT system, with the ability to choose different imaging media according to study needs. However, as with any liquid calibration phantom, they are susceptible to degradation over time.
Nazarian
Ara
A
Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zürich, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland.
Snyder
Brian D
BD
Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Zurakowski
David
D
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Müller
Ralph
R
Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zürich, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland. Electronic address: ram@ethz.ch.
D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002138:Calibration; D002417:Cattle; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014965:X-Rays
D008903:Minerals; C028705:bone ash