Effect of intrapulmonary tetrahydrocannabinol administration in humans.
This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study was designed to identify which pharmacodynamic parameters most accurately quantify the effects of delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the predominantly psychoactive component of cannabis. In addition, we investigated the acceptability and usefulness of a novel mode of intrapulmonary THC administration using a Volcano vaporizer and pure THC instead of cannabis. Rising doses of THC (2, 4, 6 and 8 mg) or vehicle were administered with 90 minutes intervals to twelve healthy males using a Volcano vaporizer. Very low between-subject variability was observed in THC plasma concentrations, characterising the Volcano vaporizer as a suitable method for the administration of THC. Heart rate showed a sharp increase and rapid decline after each THC administration (8 mg: 19.4 bpm: 95% CI 13.2, 25.5). By contrast, dose dependent effects of body sway (8 mg: 108.5%: 95% CI 72.2%, 152.4%) and different subjective parameters did not return to baseline between doses (Visual Analogue Scales of 'alertness' (8 mg: -33.6 mm: 95% CI -41.6, -25.7), 'feeling high' (8 mg: 1.09 U: 95% CI 0.85, 1.33), 'external perception' (8 mg: 0.62 U: 95% CI 0.37, 0.86)). PK/PD-modeling of heart rate displayed a relatively short equilibration half-life of 7.68 min. CNS parameters showed equilibration half-lives ranging between 39.4 - 84.2 min. Some EEG-frequency bands, and pupil size showed small changes following the highest dose of THC. No changes were seen in saccadic eye movements, smooth pursuit and adaptive tracking performance. These results may be applicable in the development of novel cannabinoid agonists and antagonists, and in studies of the pharmacology and physiology of cannabinoid systems in humans.
Zuurman
L
L
Centre for Human Drug Research, Pharmacology CNS, Leiden, The Netherlands. linekezuurman@gmail.com
Roy
C
C
Schoemaker
R C
RC
Hazekamp
A
A
den Hartigh
J
J
Bender
J C M E
JC
Verpoorte
R
R
Pinquier
J L
JL
Cohen
A F
AF
van Gerven
J M A
JM
D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception / Q000187:drug effects; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000187:drug effects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects; D011698:Pursuit, Smooth / Q000187:drug effects; D012438:Saccades / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult
D000336:Aerosols; D006213:Hallucinogens; D013759:Dronabinol