The causal influence of neighborhood design on physical activity within the neighborhood: evidence from Northern California.
OBJECTIVE
Test for a causal relationship between neighborhood design and physical activity within the neighborhood by controlling for self-selection.


METHODS
Cross-sectional and quasi-longitudinal analyses of residents of selected neighborhoods.


METHODS
Eight Northern California neighborhoods.


METHODS
Random sample of 1682 adults stratified by movers (moved within 1 year) and nonmovers (moved > 1 year ago) responding to self-administered mail surveys (24.7% response rate).


METHODS
Self-reported number of days in last 7 days of moderate to vigorous physical activity somewhere in the neighborhood and self-reported change in physical activity in the neighborhood from prior to moving (for movers) or from 1 year ago (for nonmovers).


METHODS
Zero-inflated Poisson regression for cross-sectional analysis (n = 1497); ordered probit model for quasi-longitudinal analysis (n = 1352).


RESULTS
After we controlled for physical activity attitudes and neighborhood preferences, selected neighborhood design characteristics were associated with physical activity within the neighborhood and changes in selected neighborhood design characteristics were associated with changes in physical activity within the neighborhood.


CONCLUSIONS
Both cross-sectional and quasi-longitudinal analyses provided evidence of a causal impact of neighborhood design. Improving physical activity options, aesthetic qualities, and social environment may increase physical activity. Critical limitations included self-report measures of physical activity, lack of measures of duration and intensity of neighborhood physical activity, lack of measures of total physical activity, and limited measures of preferences related to physical activity.
Handy
Susan L
SL
Department of Environmental Science and Policy and Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. slhandy@ucdavis.edu
Cao
Xinyu
X
Mokhtarian
Patricia L
PL
D000328:Adult; D002140:California; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004779:Environment Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012449:Safety; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors