New horizons for imaging lymphatic function.
In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of noninvasive imaging modalities used clinically for the diagnosis of lymphatic diseases, new imaging agents for assessing lymphatic architecture and cancer status of lymph nodes, and emerging near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent optical imaging technologies and agents for functional lymphatic imaging. Given the promise of NIR optical imaging, we provide example results of functional lymphatic imaging in mice, swine, and humans, showing the ability of this technology to quantify lymph velocity and frequencies of propulsion resulting from the contractility of lymphatic structures.
Sharma
Ruchi
R
Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM 360, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Wendt
Juliet A
JA
Rasmussen
John C
JC
Adams
Kristen E
KE
Marshall
Milton V
MV
Sevick-Muraca
Eva M
EM
D000818:Animals; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D008220:Lymphography / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008954:Models, Biological; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013552:Swine; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007208:Indocyanine Green