Photoreceptor oxidative damage in sympathetic ophthalmia.
OBJECTIVE
To determine photoreceptor oxidative stress and damage in sympathetic ophthalmia (SO).


METHODS
Immunohistologic study.


METHODS
Eight formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human globes with typical histologic features of SO and five age-matched globes without intraocular inflammation (controls) were retrieved from the Doheny Eye Institute ophthalmic pathology files. Deparaffinized sections of the globes were processed to localize tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNF-R1), acrolein, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nitrotyrosine by immunolocalization method. The latter two were localized to photoreceptor mitochondria using anti-cytochrome C antibody. Apoptotic cells were detected by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assay and were localized to the site of oxidative stress using antinitrotyrosine antibody.


RESULTS
Increased expression of TNF-alpha can be seen in the photoreceptor nuclear layer in all SO globes, whereas no such expression was observed in control globes. TNF-R1, iNOS, acrolein, and nitrotyrosine were immunolocalized to the inner segments of the photoreceptors in all SO globes, but only mild focal staining was observed in the control retinas. Both nitrotyrosine and iNOS immunolocalization revealed positive staining restricted primarily to mitochondria at the inner segments of the photoreceptors. Most of the TUNEL-positive cells were detected in the photoreceptors at the site of nitrotyrosine staining. In contrast, the age-matched control globes showed negative results.


CONCLUSIONS
In SO, photoreceptor mitochondrial oxidative stress occurs in the absence of leukocytic infiltration of the retina and may lead to photoreceptor apoptosis and subsequent vision loss. The oxidative stress seems to be mediated by iNOS and TNF-alpha. The current anti-inflammatory therapy combined with agents that could prevent oxidative stress may prevent photoreceptor damage in SO and may preserve vision.
A. Ray Irvine Ocular Pathology Laboratory, the Doheny Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
Jignesh G
JG
Parikh
Sindhu
S
Saraswathy
Narsing A
NA
Rao
D000171:Acrolein / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008875:Middle Aged; D028361:Mitochondrial Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D009879:Ophthalmia, Sympathetic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000473:pathology*; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
D015415:Biomarkers; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D000171:Acrolein; D045304:Cytochromes c; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II