Microsurgical correction of facial contour deformities in patients with craniofacial malformations: a 15-year experience.
BACKGROUND
Since their first review of microsurgical correction of facial contour deformities in 19 patients with craniofacial malformations, the authors have treated an additional 74 patients (n = 93). The authors review indications, choices, safety, efficacy, complications, and technical refinements. A treatment algorithm is presented.


METHODS
A retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent microvascular reconstruction of the face and all patients with craniofacial dysmorphology was performed. Between 1989 and 2004, a total of 93 patients with the following diagnoses were identified: craniofacial microsomia (n = 73), Treacher Collins syndrome (n = 8), and severe orbitofacial cleft (n = 12). All patients underwent microsurgical facial reconstruction with a superficial inferior epigastric, groin, or circumflex scapular flap. Flap revisions, complications, and non-free flap related surgery were reviewed.


RESULTS
The mean age at microvascular reconstruction was 11 years (range, 4 to 27 years). Flap choices included the following: superficial inferior epigastric (n = 4), groin (n = 3), and circumflex scapular (n = 105). Seventy-six patients underwent unilateral and 17 patients underwent bilateral (one of 17 simultaneous) reconstructions. Postoperative complications included partial flap loss (n = 1), reexploration (n = 1), hematoma (n = 5), and cellulitis (n = 5). All patients had subjective improvement in facial contour, symmetry, skin tone, and color. Most patients underwent additional non-free flap procedures including mandibular distraction and ear reconstruction.


CONCLUSIONS
Microsurgical flaps have markedly improved the authors' ability to restore craniofacial contour in patients with craniofacial malformations. In selected patients, the authors choose primary midface augmentation with free vascularized tissue to restore form and function. Microsurgical flaps in patients with craniofacial malformations are safe, effective, and reliable.
Saadeh
Pierre B
PB
New York, N.Y. From the Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine.
Chang
Christopher C
CC
Warren
Stephen M
SM
Reavey
Patrick
P
McCarthy
Joseph G
JG
Siebert
John W
JW
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D004954:Esthetics; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing