Antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms and their management.
BACKGROUND
Antipsychotic drugs have revolutionized the management of psychosis. Unfortunately, these drugs may cause a variety of distressing acute and delayed movement disorders, collectively known as 'extrapyramidal symptoms' (EPS).


OBJECTIVE
This review summarizes the current knowledge of the phenomenology, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of EPS, while highlighting their prevention and management.


METHODS
The review is limited to movement disorders resulting from typical and atypical antipsychotics. Recent and higher-quality evidence is emphasized.


CONCLUSIONS
The pathophysiology of these disorders is still unclear. The use of atypical antipsychotics may have reduced EPS but has far from eliminated them. Available treatment options are often disappointing, especially for akathisia and the tardive syndromes. Future work will identify better treatments for these symptoms, as well as new antipsychotic agents that do not cause EPS.
University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Neurology, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, 1914 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5316, USA. pravd@med.umich.edu
Praveen
P
Dayalu
Kelvin L
KL
Chou
D000208:Acute Disease; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents