A review of the clinical relevance of mismatch-repair deficiency in ovarian cancer.
Ovarian cancer ranks fifth in both cancer incidence and mortality among women in the United States. Defects in the mismatch-repair (MMR) pathway that arise through genetic and/or epigenetic mechanisms may be important etiologically in a reasonable proportion of ovarian cancers. Genetic mechanisms of MMR dysfunction include germline and somatic mutations in the MMR proteins. Germline mutations cause hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), which is the third most common cause of inherited ovarian cancer after BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. An epigenetic mechanism known to cause inactivation of the MMR system is promoter hypermethylation of 1 of the MMR genes, mutL homolog 1 (MLH1). Various laboratory methods, in addition to clinical and histopathologic criteria, can be used to identify MMR-deficient ovarian cancers. Such methods include microsatellite instability analysis, immunohistochemistry, MLH1 promoter hypermethylation testing, and germline mutation analysis. In this review, the authors describe the existing literature regarding the molecular, clinical, and histologic characteristics of MMR-deficient ovarian cancers along with the possible effect on survival and treatment response. By further defining the profile of MMR-deficient ovarian cancers and their associated etiologic mechanisms, there may be a greater potential to distinguish between those of hereditary and sporadic etiology. The ability to make such distinctions may be of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic utility.
Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. tuya.pal@moffitt.org
Tuya
T
Pal
Jenny
J
Permuth-Wey
Thomas A
TA
Sellers
D003123:Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis / Q000235:genetics; D053843:DNA Mismatch Repair; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes / Q000172:deficiency*; D049914:DNA Repair-Deficiency Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein / Q000172:deficiency; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology
D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes