Low birth weight, prematurity, and paternal social status: impact on the basic competence test in Taiwanese adolescents.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether birth weight and paternal education may have independent and interactive effects on the learning achievement of adolescents.


METHODS
We linked birth weights, gestational ages (term or preterm) and paternal education of a 4-year birth cohort to the Basic Competence Test (BCT) scores in Mandarin, mathematics and science for junior high school students age 15 to 16 years. The study groups comprised infants with term low birth weight (TLBW; n = 33 507), preterm normal birth weight (PNBW; n =19 905), and preterm low birth weight (PLBW; n = 25 840), as well as randomly selected term infants with normal birth weight (TNBW; n = 83 756). Paternal education levels were categorized.


RESULTS
Compared with the TNBW adolescents, the TLBW adolescents consistently showed larger deficits in mean scores for Mandarin (beta = -2.36), mathematics (beta = -2.89), and science (beta = -2.11). The corresponding significant deficit scores for the PLBW adolescents were -1.93, -2.80, and -1.92. The deficit scores were very small for the PNBW adolescents. Paternal education was inversely associated with scores of all 3 groups. Lower paternal education level tended to worsen the negative impact of low birth weight on BCT scores.


CONCLUSIONS
Both lower birth weight and lower paternal education exert an independent and interactive effect on adolescent learning achievement.
Research Center for Psychological and Educational Testing, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Wen-Li
WL
Wang
Yao-Ting
YT
Sung
Fung-Chang
FC
Sung
Tsung-Hsueh
TH
Lu
Su-Chen
SC
Kuo
Chung-Yi
CY
Li
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001288:Attention; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004522:Educational Status; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D012920:Social Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors