Attenuation of lower-thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal cord motion: implications for imaging human spinal cord structure and function.
OBJECTIVE
Recent literature indicates that cervical and upper-thoracic spinal cord motion adversely affect both structural and functional MR imaging (fMRI; particularly diffusion tensor imaging [DTI] and spinal fMRI), ultimately reducing the reliability of these methods for both research and clinical applications. In the present study, we investigated motion of the lower-thoracic, lumbar, and sacral cord segments to evaluate the incidence of similar motion-related confounds in these regions.


METHODS
Recently developed methods, used previously for measuring cervical and upper-thoracic spinal cord motion, were employed in the present study to examine anteroposterior (A/P) and left-right (L/R) spinal cord motion in caudal regions. Segmented cinematic imaging was applied with a gradient-echo, turbo fast low-angle shot (turbo-FLASH) pulse sequence to acquire midline images of the cord at 24 cardiac phases throughout the lower-thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal cord regions.


RESULTS
The magnitude of A/P motion was found to be largest in rostral cord regions, whereas in caudal regions (at the level of the T4/T5 vertebrae and below), peak cord motion was uniformly small (routinely < or =0.10 mm). L/R motion, however, was found to be minimal throughout the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.


CONCLUSIONS
Motion-related errors in spinal fMRI and DTI are expected to be significantly reduced throughout caudal regions of the spinal cord, thus yielding higher sensitivity and specificity compared with rostral regions. The paucity of such errors is expected to provide a means of observing the specific impact of motion (in rostral regions) and to enable the acquisition of uncorrupted DTI and fMRI data for studies of structure and function throughout lumbar and sacral regions.
Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012447:Sacrum / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*