Quantification of gadolinium in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: re-examination of a reported cohort with analysis of clinical factors.
BACKGROUND
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) has been associated with exposure to gadolinium-based contrast agent (GdCA) used in medical imaging.


OBJECTIVE
We sought to quantify levels of gadolinium in affected skin of patients with NSF and correlate the levels to clinical and laboratory parameters.


METHODS
Skin biopsy specimens were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and the micrograms of gadolinium per gram (microg/g) of dry tissue were determined. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained through retrospective chart review. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to correlate tissue gadolinium levels with various parameters.


RESULTS
Six patients from a prior cohort were analyzed for gadolinium in affected skin. The mean amount of gadolinium in affected skin of NSF patients was 320.1 microg/g. No gadolinium was found in limited control tissue from patients unexposed to GdCA or in patients exposed to such agents, but without disease. Higher levels of gadolinium in skin correlated with younger age, lower body weight, lower corrected serum calcium levels, and lower erythropoietin dosing.


CONCLUSIONS
The study was limited by the small number of cases and by the retrospective nature of the data and skin samples.


CONCLUSIONS
Gadolinium is present in substantial amounts within the skin of patients with NSF. Quantification of gadolinium in tissue using ICP-MS may facilitate our understanding of the disease.
Khurana
Anand
A
Department of Nephrology, Scott & White Clinic, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
Greene
John F
JF
High
Whitney A
WA
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism
D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA