Rheology of siloxane-stabilized water in silicone emulsions.
Using silicone copolymers in personal care products can improve the aesthetic performance of formulations. During their manufacture, distribution and topical application they are subject to various mechanical stresses. In this study rheology was used to measure their effects. A number of water in silicone (w/Si) emulsions were prepared in which the oil phase consisted of cyclomethicone. The surfactant used was a branched type silicone copolymer. Both viscoelastic and viscometry measurement were performed on model systems and on commercial products. Experimental data were obtained using a Bohlin rheometer. The measurements were taken applying shear rates in the range of 0.46-58 l s-1 and for the strain sweep frequencies of 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz and 10 Hz were applied. Oscillation tests were performed in the 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz range. All measurements were taken at 35deg;C, representing the approximate temperature encountered during topical application. The effect of surfactant concentration on viscoelastic properties was examined. It was shown that with increasing surfactant concentration the elastic moduli G' and the viscous moduli G" increased. Furthermore, the emulsions showed a transition from a predominantly elastic to a predominantly viscous response as the surfactant concentration increased. The effect of varying the water phase volume fraction on viscometry and viscoelastic measurements was also examined. With increasing water phase volume fraction the viscosity of the emulsions, as well as the yield stress, increased. The Cross and Sisko models were applied. From the Dougherty and Krieger equation phieff was calculated. It was found the the data derived from the Sisko model gave more reliable results. Results obtained from commercial samples showed a high proportion of elasticity; oscillation tests and viscometry experiments suggested that tumbling had the biggest impact on the theological profiles; viscosity, eta, shear stress, sigma, elastic module, G', and dynamic viscosity, eta', dropped to a minimum in these samples. Results from the two commercial samples were compared and it was observed that, although both were w/o emulsions, different rheological behaviour could be observed.
Forster
A H
AH
Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights Reading UK.
Herrington
T M
TM