Protein profiling of the dimorphic, pathogenic fungus, Penicillium marneffei.
BACKGROUND
Penicillium marneffei is a pathogenic fungus that afflicts immunocompromised individuals having lived or traveled in Southeast Asia. This species is unique in that it is the only dimorphic member of the genus. Dimorphism results from a process, termed phase transition, which is regulated by temperature of incubation. At room temperature, the fungus grows filamentously (mould phase), but at body temperature (37 degrees C), a uninucleate yeast form develops that reproduces by fission. Formation of the yeast phase appears to be a requisite for pathogenicity. To date, no genes have been identified in P. marneffei that strictly induce mould-to-yeast phase conversion. In an effort to help identify potential gene products associated with morphogenesis, protein profiles were generated from the yeast and mould phases of P. marneffei.


RESULTS
Whole cell proteins from the early stages of mould and yeast development in P. marneffei were resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Selected proteins were recovered and sequenced by capillary-liquid chromatography-nanospray tandem mass spectrometry. Putative identifications were derived by searching available databases for homologous fungal sequences. Proteins found common to both mould and yeast phases included the signal transduction proteins cyclophilin and a RACK1-like ortholog, as well as those related to general metabolism, energy production, and protection from oxygen radicals. Many of the mould-specific proteins identified possessed similar functions. By comparison, proteins exhibiting increased expression during development of the parasitic yeast phase comprised those involved in heat-shock responses, general metabolism, and cell-wall biosynthesis, as well as a small GTPase that regulates nuclear membrane transport and mitotic processes in fungi. The cognate gene encoding the latter protein, designated RanA, was subsequently cloned and characterized. The P. marneffei RanA protein sequence, which contained the signature motif of Ran-GTPases, exhibited 90% homology to homologous Aspergillus proteins.


CONCLUSIONS
This study clearly demonstrates the utility of proteomic approaches to studying dimorphism in P. marneffei. Moreover, this strategy complements and extends current genetic methodologies directed towards understanding the molecular mechanisms of phase transition. Finally, the documented increased levels of RanA expression suggest that cellular development in this fungus involves additional signaling mechanisms than have been previously described in P. marneffei.
Chandler
Julie M
JM
Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA.
Treece
Erin R
ER
Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3663, USA.|Department of Chemistry, Rochester Institute of Technology, One Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623-5603, USA.
Trenary
Heather R
HR
Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3663, USA.|Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
Brenneman
Jessica L
JL
Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA.
Flickner
Tressa J
TJ
Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA.
Frommelt
Jonathan L
JL
Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA.
Oo
Zaw M
ZM
Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA.
Patterson
Megan M
MM
Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA.
Rundle
William T
WT
Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA.
Valle
Olga V
OV
Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA.
Kim
Thomas D
TD
Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3663, USA.|Department of Chemistry, Rochester Institute of Technology, One Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623-5603, USA.
Walker
Gary R
GR
Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA.
Cooper
Chester R
CR
Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555-3601, USA.