Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular vs infraclavicular brachial plexus blocks in children.
BACKGROUND
Supraclavicular brachial plexus blocks are not common in children because of risk of pneumothorax. However, infraclavicular brachial plexus blocks have been described in paediatric patients both with nerve stimulation and ultrasound (US)-guidance. US-guidance reduces the risk of complications in supraclavicular brachial plexus blocks in adults.


OBJECTIVE
To compare the success rate, complications and time of performance of US-guided supraclavicular vs infraclavicular brachial plexus blocks in children.


METHODS
Eighty children, 5-15 years old, scheduled for upper limb surgery were divided into two randomized groups: group S (supraclavicular), n = 40, and group I (infraclavicular), n = 40. All blocks performed were exclusively US-guided, by a senior anaesthesiologist with at least 6 months of experience in US-guided blocks. For supraclavicular blocks the probe was placed in coronal-oblique-plane in the supraclavicular fossa and the puncture was in-plane (IP) from lateral to medial. For infraclavicular blocks the probe was placed parallel and below the clavicle and the puncture was out-of-plane. Ropivacaine 0.5% was administered up to a maximum of 0.5 ml x kg(-1) until appropriate US-guided-spread was achieved. Block duration and volumes of ropivacaine used (mean+/-1SD) in the supraclavicular approach were recorded. Success rate (mean +/- 1 SD, 95%confidence interval), complications rate and time to perform the block (two-tailed Student's test) were recorded both for supraclavicular and infraclavicular approaches.


RESULTS
In the US-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus blocks, the duration of the sensory block was 6.5 +/- 2 h and of the motor block was 4 +/- 1 h. The volume of ropivacaine used in this group was 6 +/- 2 ml. In group I, 88% of blocks achieved surgical anaesthesia without any supplemental analgesia compared with 95% in group S (P = 0.39; difference=7%; 95% CI: -10% to 24%). Failures in group I were because of arterial puncture and insufficient ulnar or radial sensory block. Failures in group S were because of insufficient ulnar sensory block. No pneumothorax or Horner's syndrome was recorded in either group. The mean time (SD) to perform the block was in group I: 13 min (range 5-16) and in group S: 9 min (range 7-12); the 95% CI for this difference was 2-6 min and was statistically significant (P < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
(i) Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular and infraclavicular brachial plexus blocks are effective in children. (ii) There has been no pneumothorax in 40 US-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus blocks performed by anaesthesiologists already trained in US-guided regional anaesthesia using an IP technique in children > or =5 years old. (iii) In this study, the supraclavicular approach of the brachial plexus was faster to perform than the infraclavicular one.
Department of Paediatric Anaesthesiology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. bdejosemaria@hsjdbcn.org
Belén
B
De José María
Ester
E
Banús
Montse
M
Navarro Egea
Silvia
S
Serrano
Marina
M
Perelló
Maged
M
Mabrok
D000293:Adolescent; D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002968:Clavicle; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery*; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine