Cracking the junction: update on the progress of gastrointestinal absorption enhancement in the delivery of poorly absorbed drugs.
There are many challenges to the oral delivery of peptide-based drugs. In addition to overcoming issues relating to the metabolic stability of peptides and maximizing adherence and penetration through the mucus layer, new formulations to enhance absorption across the intestinal epithelium are required for effective delivery. The tight junctions between epithelial cells usually permit the flux of small hydrophilic drugs, while restricting the movement of larger hydrophilic drugs. Efforts to reversibly open tight junctions with paracellular permeability enhancers (PPE) have been shown to promote the absorption of larger molecules, including protein therapeutics. This review describes the proteins that comprise the tight junction and outlines various methods that have been explored to enhance class III solute absorption across this barrier, with particular attention to efforts to enhance oral peptide delivery. In particular, peptide-based PPEs are highlighted. Being proteins themselves, they potentially share physicochemical properties, diffusional characteristics, and stability issues with the therapeutic proteins being delivered. By understanding the mechanisms by which these PPEs act, analogues and peptidomimetics can be designed in order to safely enhance the delivery of biotech cargoes via the oral route.
UCD Conway Institute and UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, UCD, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
Sam
S
Maher
David J
DJ
Brayden
Linda
L
Feighery
Siobhan
S
McClean
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010539:Permeability; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000378:metabolism*
D005079:Excipients; D010455:Peptides; D011506:Proteins