Association of the fourth heart sound with increased left ventricular end-diastolic stiffness.
BACKGROUND
Although the fourth heart sound (S4) is thought to be associated with a stiff left ventricle, this association has never been proven. Recently, single-beat estimation of the end-diastolic pressure volume relationship (EDPVR) has been characterized (P = alphaV(beta)), allowing the estimation of EDPVR in larger groups of patients. We hypothesized that the S(4) is associated with an upward- and leftward-shifted EDPVR, indicative of elevated end-diastolic stiffness.


RESULTS
Ninety study participants underwent acoustic cardiographic analysis, echocardiography, and left heart catheterization. We calculated alpha and beta coefficients to define the nonlinear slope of the EDPVR using the single-beat method for measuring left ventricular end-diastolic elastance. In the P = alphaV(beta) EDPVR estimation, alpha was similar (P = .31), but beta was significantly higher in the S(4) group (5.96 versus 6.51, P = .002), signifying a steeper, upward- and leftward-shifted EDPVR curve in subjects with an S(4). The intensity of the S(4) was associated with both beta (r = 0.42, P < .0001) and E/E' / stroke volume index, another index of diastolic stiffness (r = 0.39, P = .0008). On multivariable analysis, beta remained associated with the presence (P = .008) and intensity (P < .0001) of S(4) after controlling for age, sex, and ejection fraction.


CONCLUSIONS
The S(4) is most likely generated from an abnormally stiff left ventricle, supporting the concept that the S(4) is a pathologic finding in older patients.
Shah
Sanjiv J
SJ
Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
Nakamura
Kenta
K
Marcus
Gregory M
GM
Gerber
Ivor L
IL
McKeown
Barry H
BH
Jordan
Mark V
MV
Huddleston
Michele
M
Foster
Elyse
E
Michaels
Andrew D
AD
D000162:Acoustics; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003971:Diastole; D005260:Female; D006347:Heart Sounds; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010701:Phonocardiography; D013318:Stroke Volume; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*