Oppositional defiant disorder.
BACKGROUND
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is defined as a repetitive and persistent pattern of opposition, defiant, disobedient and disruptive behaviours toward authority figures persisting for at least 6 months.


OBJECTIVE
This article reviews the nature of ODD, its relationship to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder, and considers the management options available to general practitioners.


CONCLUSIONS
Many of the behaviours required to meet this diagnosis are not uncommon in the preschool child or adolescent. However, in children with ODD the behaviours are persistent, cause significant distress to the family system, and impact on the child's social and educational functioning. Oppositional defiant disorder usually presents in the preschool years, although it may become evident during adolescence. There is strong evidence that early intervention to increase positive factors in family relationships and to increase both the parents' and child's skill levels can assist in the prevention of more serious disorders and mental health issues.
Fraser
Anne
A
State Child Development Centre, Western Australia. anne.fraser@health.wa.gov.au
Wray
John
J
D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D003376:Counseling; D018479:Early Intervention, Educational; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010819:Physician's Role; D015995:Prevalence; D012574:Schools; D012944:Social Support