Geographical information system and predictive risk maps of urinary schistosomiasis in Ogun State, Nigeria.
BACKGROUND
The control of urinary schistosomiasis in Ogun State, Nigeria remains inert due to lack of reliable data on the geographical distribution of the disease and the population at risk. To help in developing a control programme, delineating areas of risk, geographical information system and remotely sensed environmental images were used to developed predictive risk maps of the probability of occurrence of the disease and quantify the risk for infection in Ogun State, Nigeria.


METHODS
Infection data used were derived from carefully validated morbidity questionnaires among primary school children in 2001-2002, in which school children were asked among other questions if they have experienced "blood in urine" or urinary schistosomiasis. The infection data from 1,092 schools together with remotely sensed environmental data such as rainfall, vegetation, temperature, soil-types, altitude and land cover were analysis using binary logistic regression models to identify environmental features that influence the spatial distribution of the disease. The final regression equations were then used in Arc View 3.2a GIS software to generate predictive risk maps of the distribution of the disease and population at risk in the state.


RESULTS
Logistic regression analysis shows that the only significant environmental variable in predicting the presence and absence of urinary schistosomiasis in any area of the State was Land Surface Temperature (LST) (B = 0.308, p = 0.013). While LST (B = -0.478, p = 0.035), rainfall (B = -0.006, p = 0.0005), ferric luvisols (B = 0.539, p = 0.274), dystric nitosols (B = 0.133, p = 0.769) and pellic vertisols (B = 1.386, p = 0.008) soils types were the final variables in the model for predicting the probability of an area having an infection prevalence equivalent to or more than 50%. The two predictive risk maps suggest that urinary schistosomiasis is widely distributed and occurring in all the Local Government Areas (LGAs) in State. The high-risk areas (>/= 50% prevalence) however, are confined to scatter foci in the north western part of the State. The model also estimated that 98.99% of schools aged children (5-14 years) are living in areas suitable for urinary schistosomiasis transmission and are at risk of infection.


CONCLUSIONS
The risk maps developed will hopefully be useful to the state health officials, by providing them with detailed distribution of urinary schistosomiasis, help to delineate areas for intervention, assesses population at risk thereby helping in optimizing scarce resources.
Ekpo
Uwem F
UF
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, 110001, Abeokuta, Nigeria. ufekpo@hotmail.com
Mafiana
Chiedu F
CF
Adeofun
Clement O
CO
Solarin
Adewale Rt
AR
Idowu
Adewumi B
AB
D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004199:Disease Vectors; D004777:Environment; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012553:Schistosomiasis haematobia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires