Distressed mothers and their infants use a less efficient timing mechanism in creating expectancies of each other's looking patterns.
The prediction of events and the creation of expectancies about their time course is a crucial aspect of an infant's mental life, but temporal mechanisms underlying these predictions are obscure. Scalar timing, in which the ratio of mean durations to their standard deviations is held constant, enables a person to use an estimate of the mean for its standard deviation. It is one efficient mechanism that may facilitate predictability and the creation of expectancies in mother-infant interaction. We illustrate this mechanism with the dyadic gaze rhythm of mother and infant looking at and looking away from each other's faces. Two groups of Hi- and Lo-Distress mothers were created using self-reported depression, anxiety, self-criticism and childhood experiences. Lo-Distress infants (controls) used scalar timing 100% of the time, about double that of Hi-Distress infants. Lo-Distress mothers used scalar timing about nine times as much as Hi-Distress mothers. The diminished use of scalar timing patterns in Hi-Distress mothers and infants may make the anticipation of each other's gaze patterns more difficult for both partners.
Beebe
Beatrice
B
NYS Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, 108, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, USA. beebebe@pi.cpmc.columbia.edu
Badalamenti
Anthony
A
Jaffe
Joseph
J
Feldstein
Stanley
S
Marquette
Lisa
L
Helbraun
Elizabeth
E
Demetri-Friedman
Donna
D
Flaster
Caroline
C
Goodman
Patricia
P
Kaminer
Tammy
T
Kaufman-Balamuth
Limor
L
Putterman
Jill
J
Stepakoff
Shanee
S
Ellman
Lauren
L
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D003858:Dependency, Psychological; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D009769:Object Attachment; D010552:Personality Assessment; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012718:Set, Psychology; D014743:Videotape Recording