Cerebellar development and disease.
The molecular control of cell-type specification within the developing cerebellum as well as the genetic causes of the most common human developmental cerebellar disorders have long remained mysterious. Recent genetic lineage and loss-of-function data from mice have revealed unique and nonoverlapping anatomical origins for GABAergic neurons from ventricular zone precursors and glutamatergic cell from rhombic lip precursors, mirroring distinct origins for these neurotransmitter-specific cell types in the cerebral cortex. Mouse studies elucidating the role of Ptf1a as a cerebellar ventricular zone GABerigic fate switch were actually preceded by the recognition that PTF1A mutations in humans cause cerebellar agenesis, a birth defect of the human cerebellum. Indeed, several genes for congenital human cerebellar malformations have recently been identified, including genes causing Joubert syndrome, Dandy-Walker malformation, and pontocerebellar hypoplasia. These studies have pointed to surprisingly complex roles for transcriptional regulation, mitochondrial function, and neuronal cilia in patterning, homeostasis, and cell proliferation during cerebellar development. Together, mouse and human studies are synergistically advancing our understanding of the developmental mechanisms that generate the uniquely complex mature cerebellum.
Millen
Kathleen J
KJ
Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Cummings Life Sciences Center 319, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. kmillen@genetics.uchicago.edu
Gleeson
Joseph G
JG
D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000235:genetics*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000235:genetics; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009421:Nervous System Malformations / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid