Preclinical evaluation of 1H-benzylindole derivatives as novel human immunodeficiency virus integrase strand transfer inhibitors.
We have identified 1H-benzylindole analogues as a novel series of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase inhibitors with antiretroviral activities against different strains of HIV type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus strain MAC(251) [SIV(MAC(251))]. Molecular modeling and structure-activity relationship-based optimization resulted in the identification of CHI/1043 as the most potent congener. CHI/1043 inhibited the replication of HIV-1(III(B)) in MT-4 cells at a 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) of 0.60 microM, 70-fold below its cytotoxic concentration. Equal activities against HIV-1(NL4.3), HIV-2(ROD), HIV-2(EHO), and SIV(MAC(251)) were observed. CHI/1043 was equally active against virus strains resistant against inhibitors of reverse transcriptase or protease. Replication of both X4 and R5 strains in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was sensitive to the inhibitory effect of CHI/1043 (EC(50), 0.30 to 0.38 microM). CHI/1043 inhibited integrase strand transfer activity in oligonucleotide-based enzymatic assays at low micromolar concentrations. Time-of-addition experiments confirmed CHI/1043 to interfere with the viral replication cycle at the time of retroviral integration. Quantitative Alu PCR corroborated that the anti-HIV activity is based upon the inhibition of proviral DNA integration. An HIV-1 strain selected for 70 passages in the presence of CHI/1043 was evaluated genotypically and phenotypically. The mutations T66I and Q146K were present in integrase. Cross-resistance to other integrase strand transfer inhibitors, such as L-708,906, the naphthyridine analogue L-870,810, and the clinical drugs GS/9137 and MK-0518, was observed. In adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity studies, antiviral activity was strongly reduced by protein binding, and metabolization in human liver microsomes was observed. Transport studies with Caco cells suggest a low oral bioavailability.
Division of Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
Anneleen
A
Hombrouck
Barbara
B
Van Remoortel
Martine
M
Michiels
Wim
W
Noppe
Frauke
F
Christ
Anders
A
Eneroth
Britt Louise
BL
Sahlberg
Kurt
K
Benkestock
Lotta
L
Vrang
Nils Gunnar
NG
Johansson
Maria Letizia
ML
Barreca
Laura
L
De Luca
Stefania
S
Ferro
Alba
A
Chimirri
Zeger
Z
Debyser
Myriam
M
Witvrouw
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006678:HIV / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D019428:HIV Integrase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019426:Integrases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D019428:HIV Integrase Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D014764:Viral Proteins; D019426:Integrases