Medial tibial stress syndrome: evidence-based prevention.
Thacker SB, Gilchrist J, Stroup DF, Kimsey CD. The prevention of shin splints in sports: a systematic review of literature. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(1):32-40.


OBJECTIVE
Among physically active individuals, which medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) prevention methods are most effective to decrease injury rates?


METHODS
Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE (1966-2000), Current Contents (1996-2000), Biomedical Collection (1993-1999), and Dissertation Abstracts. Reference lists of identified studies were searched manually until no further studies were identified. Experts in the field were contacted, including first authors of randomized controlled trials addressing prevention of MTSS. The Cochrane Collaboration (early stage of Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) was contacted.


METHODS
Inclusion criteria included randomized controlled trials or clinical trials comparing different MTSS prevention methods with control groups. Excluded were studies that did not provide primary research data or that addressed treatment and rehabilitation rather than prevention of incident MTSS.


METHODS
A total of 199 citations were identified. Of these, 4 studies compared prevention methods for MTSS. Three reviewers independently scored the 4 studies. Reviewers were blinded to the authors' names and affiliations but not the results. Each study was evaluated independently for methodologic quality using a 100-point checklist. Final scores were averages of the 3 reviewers' scores.


RESULTS
Prevention methods studied were shock-absorbent insoles, foam heel pads, Achilles tendon stretching, footwear, and graduated running programs. No statistically significant results were noted for any of the prevention methods. Median quality scores ranged from 29 to 47, revealing flaws in design, control for bias, and statistical methods.


CONCLUSIONS
No current evidence supports any single prevention method for MTSS. The most promising outcomes support the use of shock-absorbing insoles. Well-designed and controlled trials are critically needed to decrease the incidence of this common injury.
Department of Physical Thereapy and Athletic Training, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5094, USA. Debbie.Craig@nau.edu
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D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D012420:Running / Q000293:injuries*; D013977:Tibia / Q000293:injuries*; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*