The BIOSAFEPAPER project for in vitro toxicity assessments: preparation, detailed chemical characterisation and testing of extracts from paper and board samples.
Nineteen food contact papers and boards and one non-food contact board were extracted following test protocols developed within European Union funded project BIOSAFEPAPER. The extraction media were either hot or cold water, 95% ethanol or Tenax, according to the end use of the sample. The extractable dry matter content of the samples varied from 1200 to 11,800 mg/kg (0.8-35.5 mg/dm2). According to GC-MS the main substances extracted into water were pulp-derived natural products such as fatty acids, resin acids, natural wood sterols and alkanols. Substances extracted into ethanol particularly, were diisopropylnaphthalenes, alkanes and phthalic acid esters. The non-food contact board showed the greatest number and highest concentrations of GC-MS detectable compounds. The extracts were subjected to a battery of in vitro toxicity tests measuring both acute and sublethal cytotoxicity and genotoxic effects. None of the water or Tenax extracts was positive in cytotoxicity or genotoxicity assays. The ethanol extract of the non-food contact board gave a positive response in the genotoxicity assays, and all four ethanol extracts gave positive response(s) in the cytotoxicity assays to some extent. These responses could not be pinpointed to any specific compound, although there appeared a correlation between the total amount of extractables and toxicity.
Bradley
E L
EL
Central Science Laboratory, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK.
Honkalampi-Hämäläinen
U
U
Weber
A
A
Andersson
M A
MA
Bertaud
F
F
Castle
L
L
Dahlman
O
O
Hakulinen
P
P
Hoornstra
D
D
Lhuguenot
J-C
JC
Mäki-Paakkanen
J
J
Salkinoja-Salonen
M
M
Speck
D R
DR
Severin
I
I
Stammati
A
A
Turco
L
L
Zucco
F
F
von Wright
A
A
D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D018857:Food Packaging; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D010209:Paper; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012449:Safety; D013261:Sterols / Q000032:analysis; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014867:Water
D005227:Fatty Acids; D011108:Polymers; D013261:Sterols; D014867:Water; C010514:tenax; D000431:Ethanol