Chlorine disinfection of produce to inactivate hepatitis A virus and coliphage MS2.
Disinfection of produce is principally used to inactivate spoilage microbes and may also reduce the risk of consumer exposure to enteric pathogens. However, the rate and extent of enteric virus inactivation by free chlorine on produce has not been adequately characterized. Experiments were performed to determine the kinetics of free chlorine inactivation of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and the indicator virus coliphage MS2 on strawberries (SBs), cherry tomatoes (CTs), and head lettuce (HL). The oxidant demand of these produce items also was determined. When produce items were exposed to approximately 20 parts per million (ppm) solution of free chlorine for 5-10 min, HAV and MS2 were inactivated by 90-99% and in some cases virus inactivation was > or =99%. Exposure of strawberries to approximately 200 ppm free chlorine resulted in more rapid and extensive inactivation of both viruses. The produce items tested in this study exhibited a demand for chlorine which varied by produce type, and chlorine residuals declined over time. These results demonstrate the potential for chlorine to reduce the levels of infectious viruses on different produce types, but adequate contact time and chlorine residual are required to achieve maximum virus inactivation. The difference in chlorine demand between SBs, CTs, and HL suggests that varying disinfection practices are needed for the wide variety of processed fruits and vegetables. The inactivation kinetics of MS2 and HAV were similar, suggesting that MS2 and perhaps other similar bacterial viruses may be used as process indicators and surrogates for determining the disinfection efficacy of produce in the laboratory or in actual practice.
Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA. mike.casteel@microbial-intelligence-group.us
Michael J
MJ
Casteel
Charles E
CE
Schmidt
Mark D
MD
Sobsey
D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005638:Fruit / Q000821:virology; D030041:Hepatitis A virus / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D018545:Lactuca / Q000821:virology; D017909:Levivirus / Q000187:drug effects*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000821:virology; D013997:Time Factors; D038301:Virus Inactivation / Q000187:drug effects*
D002713:Chlorine