Reliability assessment of a cooled intraesophageal balloon to prevent thermal injury during RF cardiac ablation: an agar phantom study.
Cooled Balloon Prevents Thermal Injury During RF Ablation.


BACKGROUND
The use of a cooled intraesophageal balloon has recently been proposed to minimize the risk of thermal injury in the esophagus during radiofrequency (RF) ablation of the left atrium. However, the capacity of this device to adequately protect the esophagus under different procedural and anatomical conditions remains unknown.


RESULTS
An agar phantom-based model was built that provided temperature readings not only on the cooled balloon (T(b)) but also at a hypothetical point between the esophageal lumen and myocardium at a distance of 2 mm (T(2-mm)). The RF ablations were conducted considering two anatomical factors (total distance between the electrode and balloon and flow rate around the electrode) and two procedural factors (angle and pressure between the electrode and agar surface). The results show that most of the parameters studied have no significant influence on the temperature measured on the cooled balloon (T(b)), the exception being a variation in the flow rate, which was found to influence the temperature. On the other hand, T(2-mm) was affected to a great extent by all the factors considered, the smallest influence being that of the contact pressure. The results also suggest that when an intraesophageal balloon is employed, the applied power is not a good predictor either of the temperature on the balloon or of the temperature measured at a distance 2 mm away.


CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that a cooled intraesophageal balloon provides effective thermal protection of the esophageal lumen. However, under certain circumstances, the temperature reached at a distance 2 mm away could possibly put at risk the integrity of the inner layers of the esophagus.
Lequerica
Juan L
JL
Cardiac Research Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, CSIC, Valencia, Spain.
Berjano
Enrique J
EJ
Herrero
Maria
M
Hornero
Fernando
F
D000362:Agar; D002056:Burns / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
D000362:Agar