A systematic review of repetitive functional task practice with modelling of resource use, costs and effectiveness.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether repetitive functional task practice (RFTP) after stroke improves limb-specific or global function or activities of daily living and whether treatment effects are dependent on the amount of practice, or the type or timing of the intervention. Also to provide estimates of the cost-effectiveness of RFTP.


METHODS
The main electronic databases were searched from inception to week 4, September 2006. Searches were also carried out on non-English-language databases and for unpublished trials up to May 2006.


METHODS
Standard quantitative methods were used to conduct the systematic review. The measures of efficacy of RFTP from the data synthesis were used to inform an economic model. The model used a pre-existing data set and tested the potential impact of RFTP on cost. An incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained for RFTP was estimated from the model. Sensitivity analyses around the assumptions made for the model were used to test the robustness of the estimates.


RESULTS
Thirty-one trials with 34 intervention-control pairs and 1078 participants were included. Overall, it was found that some forms of RFTP resulted in improvement in global function, and in both arm and lower limb function. Overall standardised mean difference in data suitable for pooling was 0.38 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09 to 0.68] for global motor function, 0.24 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.42) for arm function and 0.28 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.51) for functional ambulation. Results suggest that training may be sufficient to have an impact on activities of daily living. Retention effects of training persist for up to 6 months, but whether they persist beyond this is unclear. There was little or no evidence that treatment effects overall were modified by time since stroke or dosage of task practice, but results for upper limb function were modified by type of intervention. The economic modelling suggested that RFTP was cost-effective. Given a threshold for cost-effectiveness of 20,000 pounds per QALY gained, RFTP is cost-effective so long as the net cost per patient is less than 1963 pounds. This result showed some sensitivity to the assumptions made for the model. The cost-effectiveness of RFTP tends to stem from the relatively modest cost associated with this intervention.


CONCLUSIONS
The evidence suggests that some form of RFTP can be effective in improving lower limb function at any time after stroke, but that the duration of intervention effect is unclear. There is as yet insufficient good-quality evidence to make any firm recommendations for upper limb interventions. If task-specific training is used, adverse effects should be monitored. While the effectiveness of RFTP is relatively modest, this sort of intervention appears to be cost-effective. Owing to the large number of ongoing trials, this review should be updated within 2 years and any future review should include a comparison against alternative treatments. Further research should evaluate RFTP upper limb interventions and in particular constraint-induced movement therapy, address practical ways of delivering RFTP interventions, be directed towards the evaluation of suitable methods to maintain functional gain, and be powered to detect whether RFTP interventions are cost-effective.
University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
B
B
French
M
M
Leathley
C
C
Sutton
J
J
McAdam
L
L
Thomas
A
A
Forster
P
P
Langhorne
C
C
Price
A
A
Walker
C
C
Watkins
D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D020127:Recovery of Function; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation