Increase in endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins and genes in adipose tissue of obese, insulin-resistant individuals.
OBJECTIVE
To examine fat biopsy samples from lean insulin-sensitive and obese insulin-resistant nondiabetic individuals for evidence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.


METHODS
Subcutaneous fat biopsies were obtained from the upper thighs of six lean and six obese nondiabetic subjects. Fat homogenates were used for proteomic (two-dimensional gel and MALDI-TOF/TOF), Western blot, and RT-PCR analysis.


RESULTS
Proteomic analysis revealed 19 differentially upregulated proteins in fat of obese subjects. Three of these proteins were the ER stress-related unfolded protein response (UPR) proteins calreticulin, protein disulfide-isomerase A3, and glutathione-S-transferase P. Western blotting revealed upregulation of several other UPR stress-related proteins, including calnexin, a membrane-bound chaperone, and phospho c-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK)-1, a downstream effector protein of ER stress. RT-PCR analysis revealed upregulation of the spliced form of X-box binding protein-1s, a potent transcription factor and part of the proximal ER stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme-1 pathway.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings represent the first demonstration of UPR activation in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese human subjects. As JNK can inhibit insulin action and activate proinflammatory pathways, ER stress activation of JNK may be a link between obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation.
Boden
Guenther
G
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism and the Clinical Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. bodengh@tuhs.temple.edu
Duan
Xunbao
X
Homko
Carol
C
Molina
Ezequiel J
EJ
Song
WeiWei
W
Perez
Oscar
O
Cheung
Peter
P
Merali
Salim
S
D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D001835:Body Weight; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D040901:Proteomics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*
D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; C068570:welan