Quadriceps angle and risk of injury among high school cross-country runners.
METHODS
Prospective cohort study.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the relationship between quadriceps angle (Q-angle) and risk of lower extremity injury among adolescent cross-country runners.


BACKGROUND
No consensus exists on the role of the Q-angle as a risk factor for lower-extremity overuse injury, especially the effect of large Q-angle or right-left Q-angle difference.


METHODS
The Q-angles of 393 high school cross-country runners, 13 to 19 years of age, were goniometrically measured in a static, standing position with quadriceps relaxed. The runners were followed during a cross-country season to assess lower extremity injuries resulting from running in practices or competitions.


RESULTS
Runners with a Q-angle >20 degrees were at 1.7 times greater risk of injury (relative risk [RR], 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2, 2.4) compared with runners whose Q-angle was 10 degrees to <15 degrees . The RR estimates were similar among girls and boys. Runners with >4 degrees absolute right-left Q-angle difference were at 1.8 times greater risk (RR, 1.8; 95% CI: 1.4, 2.5) compared to runners with a smaller difference. Runners with a Q-angle >20 degrees were more likely to injure their knee, while runners with >4 degrees Q-angle difference were more likely to injure their shin. Runners with a Q-angle >20 degrees had greater time lost due to injury.


CONCLUSIONS
High school cross-country runners with large or asymmetric Q-angles may be at greater risk for running injury. Our study suggests that Q-angle measurement be included in preseason screening exams.
Graduate Program in Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT 84601, USA. mrauh@rmuohp.edu
Mitchell J
MJ
Rauh
Thomas D
TD
Koepsell
Frederick P
FP
Rivara
Stephen G
SG
Rice
Anthony J
AJ
Margherita
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D007869:Leg Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012306:Risk; D012420:Running / Q000293:injuries* / Q000502:physiology; D013334:Students