Tobacco use in relation to chronic pain: results from a Swedish population survey.
OBJECTIVE
To study the relationship between tobacco use and pain intensity.


METHODS
An age-stratified cross-sectional study was carried out in southern Sweden in 2005.


METHODS
The population study consists of 384 people, aged 18-102 years, with chronic pain.


METHODS
Data collection took place by means of a postal questionnaire. Comparisons of pain intensity were made between smokers and nonsmokers, and between users and nonusers of moist snuff. A multiple linear regression analysis was carried out in order to identify the determinants of pain intensity.


RESULTS
Among respondents with chronic pain, smokers experienced a higher pain intensity than nonsmokers, although there was no evidence of such a difference among snuff users. The regression analysis revealed that gender (i.e., women) and smoking significantly increased pain intensity.


CONCLUSIONS
Pain intensity was highest among daily smokers and those who had quit. Thus, interventions to prevent smoking (to stop smoking and in particular not to start smoking) among people with chronic pain may not only be considered a method to improve health but also to reduce pain.
Jakobsson
Ulf
U
Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. ulf.jakobsson@med.lu.se
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless; D055815:Young Adult