Evaluation of the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of hydroxychavicol for its potential use as an oral care agent.
Hydroxychavicol isolated from the chloroform extraction of aqueous extract of Piper betle leaves showed inhibitory activity against oral cavity pathogens. It exhibited an inhibitory effect on all of the oral cavity pathogens tested (MICs of 62.5 to 500 microg/ml) with a minimal bactericidal concentration that was twofold greater than the inhibitory concentration. Hydroxychavicol exhibited concentration-dependent killing of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 up to 4x MIC and also prevented the formation of water-insoluble glucan. Interestingly, hydroxychavicol exhibited an extended postantibiotic effect of 6 to 7 h and prevented the emergence of mutants of S. mutans ATCC 25175 and Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 15987 at 2x MIC. Furthermore, it also inhibited the growth of biofilms generated by S. mutans and A. viscosus and reduced the preformed biofilms by these bacteria. Increased uptake of propidium iodide by hydroxychavicol-treated cells of S. mutans and A. viscosus indicated that hydroxychavicol probably works through the disruption of the permeability barrier of microbial membrane structures. Hydroxychavicol also exhibited potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This was evident from its concentration-dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation and significant suppression of tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in human neutrophils. Its efficacy against adherent cells of S. mutans in water-insoluble glucan in the presence of sucrose suggests that hydroxychavicol would be a useful compound for the development of antibacterial agents against oral pathogens and that it has great potential for use in mouthwash for preventing and treating oral infections.
Sharma
Sandeep
S
Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu Tawi, India.
Khan
Inshad Ali
IA
Ali
Intzar
I
Ali
Furqan
F
Kumar
Manoj
M
Kumar
Ashwani
A
Johri
Rakesh Kamal
RK
Abdullah
Sheikh Tasduq
ST
Bani
Sarang
S
Pandey
Anjali
A
Suri
Krishan Avtar
KA
Gupta
Bishan Datt
BD
Satti
Naresh Kumar
NK
Dutt
Prabhu
P
Qazi
Ghulam Nabi
GN
D016924:Actinomyces viscosus / Q000187:drug effects; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005054:Eugenol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009055:Mouth / Q000187:drug effects*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C051268:2-hydroxychavicol; D005054:Eugenol