Management of cryotherapy-ineligible women in a "screen-and-treat" cervical cancer prevention program targeting HIV-infected women in Zambia: lessons from the field.
OBJECTIVE
We demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a referral and management system for cryotherapy-ineligible women in a "screen-and-treat" cervical cancer prevention program targeting HIV-infected women in Zambia.


METHODS
We established criteria for patient referral, developed a training program for loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) providers, and adapted LEEP to a resource-constrained setting.


RESULTS
We successfully trained 15 nurses to perform visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) followed by immediate cryotherapy. Women with positive tests but ineligible for cryotherapy were referred for further evaluation. We trained four Zambian physicians to evaluate referrals, perform punch biopsy, LEEP, and manage intra-operative and post-operative complications. From January 2006 through October 2007, a total of 8823 women (41.5% HIV seropositive) were evaluated by nurses in outlying prevention clinics; of these, 1477 (16.7%) were referred for physician evaluation based on established criteria. Of the 875 (59.2% of 1147 referred) that presented for evaluation, 748 (8.4% of total screened) underwent histologic evaluation in the form of punch biopsy or LEEP. Complications associated with LEEP included anesthesia reaction (n=2) which spontaneously resolved, intra-operative (n=12) and post-operative (n=2) bleeding managed by local measures, and post-operative infection (n=12) managed with antibiotics.


CONCLUSIONS
With adaptations for a resource-constrained environment, we have demonstrated that performing LEEP is feasible and safe, with low rates of complications that can be managed locally. It is important to establish referral and management systems using LEEP-based excisional evaluation for women with cryotherapy-ineligible lesions in VIA-based "screen-and-treat" protocols nested within HIV-care programs in resource-constrained settings.
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Krista S
KS
Pfaendler
Mulindi H
MH
Mwanahamuntu
Vikrant V
VV
Sahasrabuddhe
Victor
V
Mudenda
Jeffrey S A
JS
Stringer
Groesbeck P
GP
Parham
D001706:Biopsy; D004598:Electrosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery* / Q000821:virology; D015024:Zambia; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery / Q000821:virology*