Addressing the challenges of a cross-national investigation: lessons from the Pittsburgh-Pisa study of treatment-relevant phenotypes of unipolar depression.
BACKGROUND
To date, no cross-national RCT has addressed the mechanisms underlying the relative success of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions for depression. A multi-site clinical trial that includes psychotherapy as one of the treatments presents numerous challenges related to cross-site consistency and communication.


OBJECTIVE
This report describes how those challenges were met in the study "Depression: The Search for Treatment Relevant Phenotypes'', being carried out at the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pisa, Italy.


METHODS
Implementing the study required the investigators to address methodological and practical challenges related to the different requirements of the two Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), psychotherapy training, independent evaluator training, patient recruitment, development of common tools for data entry, quality control and generation of weekly reports of patient progress as well as establishing a similar clinical and research framework in two countries with substantially different health care systems.


RESULTS
By having bilingual investigators and staff members who spent time at one another's sites, making use of frequent conference-call staff meetings and being flexible within the bounds of the sometimes contradictory requirements of the IRBs, the investigators were able to meet the human subjects protection requirements of both institutions, surmount language barriers to consistent therapist and evaluator training and develop common tools for study management. As a result, recruitment goals were met at both sites and retention rates were high. One instance of inconsistent implementation of the protocol was corrected within the first year.


CONCLUSIONS
This study was conducted in two Western cultures by researchers with long-standing collaboration. Our findings may not be generalizable to other countries or research settings.


CONCLUSIONS
The implementation of a cross-national protocol and the adoption and maintenance of common procedures is possible when investigators are aware of the challenges this may present and are proactive in trying to address them.
Frank
Ellen
E
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. franke@upmc.edu
Cassano
Giovanni B
GB
Rucci
Paola
P
Fagiolini
Andrea
A
Maggi
Luca
L
Kraemer
Helena C
HC
Kupfer
David J
DJ
Pollock
Bruce
B
Bies
Robert
R
Nimgaonkar
Vishwajit
V
Pilkonis
Paul
P
Shear
M Katherine
MK
Thompson
Wesley K
WK
Grochocinski
Victoria J
VJ
Scocco
Paolo
P
Buttenfield
Joan
J
Forgione
Rocco Nicola
RN
D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D007558:Italy; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010414:Pennsylvania; D010641:Phenotype; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012107:Research Design
D000928:Antidepressive Agents