A ranking of European veterinary medicines based on environmental risks.
The most likely entry pathways of veterinary pharmaceuticals to the environment are via slurry or manure from intensively reared animals to soil and via dung or urine from animals grazing on pasture. These pathways may result in contamination of surface water via runoff or leaching and drainage. Direct entry into water may occur by defecation by pasture animals or by Scompanion animals. In addition, application of medicines for aquaculture is important for a limited number of veterinary medicinal products. For a large number of veterinary medicinal products, consistent data on the environmental risk have never been generated. In this project, a simple risk-based ranking procedure was developed that should allow assessing the potential for environmental risks of active substances of veterinary medicinal products. In the European Union approximately 2000 products containing 741 active substances were identified. In the prescreening step and in agreement with the technical guidelines released by the European Medicines Agency, 294 natural substances, complex mixtures, and substances with low expected exposure were exempted from the ranking procedure. For 233 active substances, sufficient information was collated on 4 exposure scenarios: Intensively reared animals, pasture animals, companion animals, and aquaculture. The ranking approach was performed in 4 phases: (1) usage estimation; (2) characterization of exposure to soil, dung, surface water, and aquatic organisms depending on exposure scenarios; (3) characterization of effects based on therapeutical doses; and (4) risk characterization, which is the ratio of exposure to effects (risk index), and ranking. Generally, the top-ranked substances were from the antibiotic and parasiticide groups of veterinary medicines. Differences occurred in the ranking of substances in soil via application to either intensively reared or pasture animals. In intensive rearing, anticoccidia, for example, are used as feed-administered medicines (feed additives) in comparatively large doses over a long time. For pasture animals, these substances are used less, if at all, and therefore receive lower ranks. Besides that, the risk indices for the aquatic compartment are large for substances used in aquaculture or applied to companion animals. In conclusion, the ranking scheme developed for this project provided a scientifically based and pragmatic means of assessing the relative priority of veterinary medicines for further detailed risk assessment. The outcome of this project will support pharmaceutical industries and competent authorities when seeking authorization for market applications of veterinary pharmaceutical products.
Kools
Stefan A E
SA
ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Boettgerstrasse 2-74, D-65439 Floersheim a.M., Germany. stefan.kools@grontmij.nl
Boxall
Alistair
A
Moltmann
Johann F
JF
Bryning
Gareth
G
Koschorreck
Jan
J
Knacker
Thomas
T
D000818:Animals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005060:Europe; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D014730:Veterinary Medicine / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends
D019155:Veterinary Drugs