A questionnaire-based (UM-PDHQ) study of hallucinations in Parkinson's disease.
BACKGROUND
Hallucinations occur in 20-40% of PD patients and have been associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes (i.e., nursing home placement, increased mortality). Hallucinations, like other non-motor features of PD, are not well recognized in routine primary/secondary clinical practice. So far, there has been no instrument for uniform characterization of hallucinations in PD. To this end, we developed the University of Miami Parkinson's disease Hallucinations Questionnaire (UM-PDHQ) that allows comprehensive assessment of hallucinations in clinical or research settings.


METHODS
The UM-PDHQ is composed of 6 quantitative and 14 qualitative items. For our study PD patients of all ages and in all stages of the disease were recruited over an 18-month period. The UPDRS, MMSE, and Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories were used for comparisons.


CONCLUSIONS
Seventy consecutive PD patients were included in the analyses. Thirty-one (44.3%) were classified as hallucinators and 39 as non-hallucinators. No significant group differences were observed in terms of demographics, disease characteristics, stage, education, depressive/anxiety scores or cognitive functioning (MMSE) between hallucinators and non-hallucinators. Single mode hallucinations were reported in 20/31 (visual/14, auditory/4, olfactory/2) whereas multiple modalities were reported in 11/31 patients. The most common hallucinatory experience was a whole person followed by small animals, insects and reptiles.


CONCLUSIONS
Using the UM-PDHQ, we were able to define the key characteristics of hallucinations in PD in our cohort. Future directions include the validation of the quantitative part of the questionnaire than will serve as a rating scale for severity of hallucinations.
Papapetropoulos
Spiridon
S
Divisions of Movement Disorders Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA. spapapetropoulos@med.miami.edu
Katzen
Heather
H
Schrag
Anette
A
Singer
Carlos
C
Scanlon
Blake K
BK
Nation
Daniel
D
Guevara
Alexandra
A
Levin
Bonnie
B
D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents