An overview of studies on early development, cognition, and psychosocial well-being in children born after in vitro fertilization.
OBJECTIVE
To examine whether sufficient research has been done and definite conclusions can be drawn on the psychological outcome of children born after in vitro fertilization (IVF), a review was performed of studies on early development, cognition, and psychosocial well-being in IVF children.


METHODS
PubMed and PsycINFO databases were searched. All English language studies up to 2006 addressing these topics were included.


RESULTS
After 25 years of follow-up studies on the development, school outcome, and psychosocial well-being of IVF children, it seems that mental and psychomotor development during the first year and preschool years and cognitive development at 5 years are not deviant. At 6-12 years of age, no differences were observed in cognitive and school performance compared with naturally conceived children; however, the number of studies in this age group is limited. No studies are available that evaluate cognitive aspects and school performance at secondary school age. Overall, positive parent-child relationships were reported in IVF families. In some studies, IVF mothers report more difficulties with their child's behavior only in the child's first year. With regard to the children's psychosocial well-being, no differences were found up to the age of 8 years. Although after that age, slight indications for some socioemotional and behavioral problems emerged, a large study on the onset of puberty reported that psychosocial functioning was reassuring. Data for adolescents are still lacking.


CONCLUSIONS
Psychological functioning of those born after IVF is reassuring. However, follow-up should be continued and studies should focus on specific cognitive abilities, school performance, and emotional functioning in adolescence.
Department of Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. k.wagenaar@vumc.nl
Karin
K
Wagenaar
Jaap
J
Huisman
Peggy T
PT
Cohen-Kettenis
Henriette A
HA
Delemarre-van de Waal
Henriette
H
Adelemarre-van De Waal
D000124:Achievement; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D001076:Aptitude; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000523:psychology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D010553:Personality Development; D011247:Pregnancy; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012917:Social Adjustment