Long-chain fatty alcohols from pomace olive oil modulate the release of proinflammatory mediators.
Pomace olive oil is a by-product of olive oil extraction that is traditionally produced and consumed in Spain. The nonglyceride matter of this oil is a good source of interesting minor compounds, like long-chain fatty alcohols, which are present free or as part of waxes. In the present study, long-chain fatty alcohols were isolated from the nonglyceride fraction of pomace olive oil, and the composition was identified and quantified. The major components of long-chain fatty alcohols were tetracosanol, hexacosanol and octacosanol. We investigated the ability of long-chain fatty alcohols from pomace olive oil to inhibit the release of different proinflammatory mediators in vitro by cells involved in inflammatory processes. Long-chain fatty alcohols significantly and dose-dependently decreased nitric oxide production by RAW 264.7 murine macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Western blot analysis showed that nitric oxide reduction was a consequence of the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthetase expression. Long-chain fatty alcohols also reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and prostaglandin E(2) production, although the potency of inhibition for the latter was lower. On the other hand, long-chain fatty alcohols significantly reduced thromboxane A(2) production in rat peritoneal neutrophils stimulated with the calcium ionophore A-23187. The reduction of eicosanoid release was related to the inhibition of phospholipase A(2) enzyme activity by long-chain fatty alcohols, reaching an inhibitory concentration 50% value of 6.2 microg/ml. These results showed that long-chain fatty alcohols may have a protective effect on some mediators involved in the inflammatory damage development, suggesting its potential value as a putative functional component of pomace olive oil.
Fernández-Arche
Angeles
A
Department of Pharmacology, University of Seville, Spain.
Marquez-Martín
Ana
A
de la Puerta Vazquez
Rocío
R
Perona
Javier S
JS
Terencio
Carmen
C
Perez-Camino
Carmen
C
Ruiz-Gutierrez
Valentina
V
D000818:Animals; D000001:Calcimycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000069463:Olive Oil; D054497:Phospholipases A2, Secretory / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000378:metabolism
D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D000001:Calcimycin; D013929:Thromboxane B2; C044309:1-octacosanol; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D054497:Phospholipases A2, Secretory