Involvement of the hippocampus and neuronal nitric oxide synthase [correction of synapse] in the gastric electrical stimulation therapy for obesity.
BACKGROUND
Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) has been introduced for treating obesity. However, possible central mechanisms remain to be revealed. Hippocampus has been shown to be involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal functions. Changes in hypothalamic neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) have been observed in genetically obese rodents. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of nNOS with GES in the rodent hippocampus.


METHODS
The effect of GES on gastric distension (GD) neurons was investigated using four different sets of parameters (GES-A, pulse train of standard parameters; GES-B, reduced on time; GES-C, increased pulse width, and GES-D: reduced pulse frequency), and the expression of nNOS in hippocampus was observed by fluoimmunohistochemistry staining.


RESULTS
CA1 region neurons (90.8%) responded to GD, 50.6% of which showed excitation (GD-E neurons) and 49.4% showed inhibition (GD-I neurons). Most of GD-responsive neurons (63.3%) were excited with GES. The response to GES was associated with stimulation strength, pulse width and frequency. GD-E neurons (62.5%, 76.9%, 100%, and 62.3%) and GD-I (63.6%, 47.1%, 85.7% and 50.0%) showed excitatory responses to GES-A, GES-B, GES-C, and GES-D, respectively (P < 0.05, GES-C vs. others). nNOS immunoreactive (nNOS-IR) positive neurons were observed in hippocampus CA1, CA2-3 regions and the dentate gyrus. The expression of nNOS-IR positive neurons was significantly decreased in CA1 and CA2-3 region (P < 0.05) after GES (para-C) for 2 h.


CONCLUSIONS
Excitation of GD-responsive neurons and reduced expression of nNOS in the hippocampus are indicative of the central effect of GES.
Xu
Luo
L
Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, People's Republic of China. xu.luo@163.com
Sun
Xiangrong
X
Tang
Ming
M
Chen
J D Z
JD
D000818:Animals; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D013271:Gastric Dilatation; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013270:Stomach / Q000294:innervation
D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I