De facto long-term opioid therapy for noncancer pain.
OBJECTIVE
This paper describes characteristics of opioid use episodes for noncancer pain and defines thresholds for de facto long-term opioid therapy.


METHODS
CONSORT (CONsortium to Study Opioid Risks and Trends) includes adult members of 2 health plans serving over 1% of the US population. Opioid use episodes beginning in the years 1997 to 2005 were classified as acute, episodic, long-term/lower dose, or long-term/higher dose.


RESULTS
On the basis of evaluation of the likelihood of opioid use continuing, long-term opioid therapy was defined by episodes lasting longer than 90 days with 10+ opioid prescriptions or 120+ days supply of opioids dispensed. Long-term/higher dose episodes (<1.5% of all opioid use episodes) were characterized by daily or near daily use, a mean duration of about 1000 days, and an average daily dose of about 55 mg. They accounted for more than half the total morphine equivalents dispensed from the years 1997 to 2006. Short-acting, non-Schedule II opioids (eg, hydrocodone with acetaminophen) were, by far, the most commonly prescribed medications for acute, episodic, and long-term episodes. Long-acting (sustained-release) opioids were the predominately prescribed medication in a minority of long-term episodes (6% to 12%).


CONCLUSIONS
Long-term opioid therapy was characterized by the diversity in medications prescribed, dosage levels, and frequency of use. The proposed threshold for long-term opioid therapy provides a checkpoint for physicians to review whether an explicit decision to sustain opioid therapy has been reached, and to ensure that a documented treatment plan and provisions for monitoring medication use and patient outcomes are in place.
Michael
M
Von Korff
Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative , Seattle, WA 98101, USA. Vonkorff.m@ghc.org
Michael Von
MV
Korff
Kathleen
K
Saunders
Gary
G
Thomas Ray
Denise
D
Boudreau
Cynthia
C
Campbell
Joseph
J
Merrill
Mark D
MD
Sullivan
Carolyn M
CM
Rutter
Michael J
MJ
Silverberg
Caleb
C
Banta-Green
Constance
C
Weisner
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid