Management of obscure occult gastrointestinal bleeding: a cost-minimization analysis.
OBJECTIVE
Capsule endoscopy (CE) and double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) allow complete small-bowel examination but consume additional health care resources. A cost-minimization analysis determined the optimal initial management strategy for obscure occult gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB).


METHODS
We compared 5 strategies: initial small-bowel follow-through, enteroclysis, push enteroscopy (PE), CE, or DBE. Incorporation of multiple tests was allowed with costs taken from a third-party payer perspective. We modeled medically refractory disease with 2 separate model end points in which treatment or definitive diagnosis was necessary and in which visual diagnosis was sufficient to suspend testing. Sensitivity analyses included variations in parameter estimates, Monte Carlo simulation, and structural variations in the model in which DBE was not available as an initial strategy.


RESULTS
When treatment or definitive diagnosis was necessary, the optimal strategy was initial DBE at a cost of $3824. An initial CE strategy costs an incremental $440. CE was preferred when DBE exceeded $1849 or when the sensitivity of DBE decreased to less than 68%. If DBE was unavailable as an initial test then CE was preferred to PE unless CE exceeded $1190, capsule retention was greater than 3%, or 64% of lesions were within reach of PE. When visual diagnosis was sufficient, initial CE was preferred.


CONCLUSIONS
For OGIB, initial DBE may be the least expensive strategy when treatment or definitive diagnosis is necessary and initial CE may be preferred when visual identification is sufficient. In settings where DBE is not available as an initial test, initial CE may be the preferred strategy.
Somsouk
Ma
M
Department of Gastrointestinal Health Outcomes, Policy and Economics Research Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0538, San Francisco, California 94143, USA. ma.somsouk@ucsf.edu
Gralnek
Ian M
IM
Inadomi
John M
JM
D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003657:Decision Making; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans