Optimizing results in endoscopic forehead rejuvenation.
Endoscopic forehead rejuvenation has several advantages over traditional open techniques. First, large incisional scars are avoided. Second, the chances of forehead elongation are less. However, the technique requires a significant learning curve for best results. Suboptimal results may occur and are typically due to underresection or uneven resection of the glabellar musculature, overdissection of the medial periosteum, and under or overcorrection when repositioning of the lateral brow. This article reviews the pertinent anatomy and techniques for endoscopic forehead rejuvenation, and describes the authors' technique for more consistent, predictable results.
Rowe
David J
DJ
Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
Guyuron
Bahman
B
D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005138:Eyebrows / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D005546:Forehead / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010808:Physical Examination; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods*