One-year delayed effect of fog on malaria transmission: a time-series analysis in the rain forest area of Mengla County, south-west China.
BACKGROUND
Malaria is a major public health burden in the tropics with the potential to significantly increase in response to climate change. Analyses of data from the recent past can elucidate how short-term variations in weather factors affect malaria transmission. This study explored the impact of climate variability on the transmission of malaria in the tropical rain forest area of Mengla County, south-west China.


METHODS
Ecological time-series analysis was performed on data collected between 1971 and 1999. Auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were used to evaluate the relationship between weather factors and malaria incidence.


RESULTS
At the time scale of months, the predictors for malaria incidence included: minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and fog day frequency. The effect of minimum temperature on malaria incidence was greater in the cool months than in the hot months. The fog day frequency in October had a positive effect on malaria incidence in May of the following year. At the time scale of years, the annual fog day frequency was the only weather predictor of the annual incidence of malaria.


CONCLUSIONS
Fog day frequency was for the first time found to be a predictor of malaria incidence in a rain forest area. The one-year delayed effect of fog on malaria transmission may involve providing water input and maintaining aquatic breeding sites for mosquitoes in vulnerable times when there is little rainfall in the 6-month dry seasons. These findings should be considered in the prediction of future patterns of malaria for similar tropical rain forest areas worldwide.
Tian
Linwei
L
Stanley Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China. linweit@cuhk.edu.hk.
Bi
Yan
Y
Ho
Suzanne C
SC
Liu
Wenjie
W
Liang
Song
S
Goggins
William B
WB
Chan
Emily Y Y
EY
Zhou
Shuisen
S
Sung
Joseph J Y
JJ
D000818:Animals; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D009033:Culicidae; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014197:Trees; D014329:Tropical Climate; D014887:Weather