Immunophenotyping of the human bulge region: the quest to define useful in situ markers for human epithelial hair follicle stem cells and their niche.
Since the discovery of epithelial hair follicle stem cells (eHFSCs) in the bulge of human hair follicles (HFs) an important quest has started: to define useful markers. In the current study, we contribute to this by critically evaluating corresponding published immunoreactivity (IR) patterns, and by attempting to identify markers for the in situ identification of human eHFSCs and their niche. For this, human scalp skin cryosections of at least five different individuals were examined, employing standard immunohistology as well as increased sensitivity methods. Defined reference areas were compared by quantitative immunohistochemistry for the relative intensity of their specific IR. According to our experience, the most useful positive markers for human bulge cells turned out to be cytokeratin 15, cytokeratin 19 and CD200, but were not exclusive, while beta1 integrin and Lhx2 IR were not upregulated by human bulge keratinocytes. Absent IR for CD34, connexin43 and nestin on human bulge cells may be exploited as negative markers. alpha6 integrin, fibronectin, nidogen, fibrillin-1 and latent transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-binding protein-1 were expressed throughout the connective tissue sheath of human HFs. On the other hand, tenascin-C was upregulated in the bulge and may thus constitute a component of the bulge stem cell niche of human HFs. These immunophenotyping results shed further light on the in situ expression patterns of claimed follicular 'stem cell markers' and suggest that not a single marker alone but only the use of a limited corresponding panel of positive and negative markers may offer a reasonable and pragmatic compromise for identifying human bulge stem cells in situ.
Department of Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
Jennifer Elisabeth
JE
Kloepper
Stephan
S
Tiede
Jürgen
J
Brinckmann
Dieter Peter
DP
Reinhardt
Wilfried
W
Meyer
Reinhard
R
Faessler
Ralf
R
Paus
D053687:Adult Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000378:metabolism; D000071838:Fibrillin-1; D000071837:Fibrillins; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique / Q000379:methods; D018859:Hair Follicle / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D053569:Keratin-15 / Q000378:metabolism; D053539:Keratin-19 / Q000378:metabolism; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D064231:Nestin; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D019063:Tenascin / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D054392:Adipokines
D015703:Antigens, CD; D018952:Antigens, CD34; D015415:Biomarkers; D018031:Connexin 43; D000071838:Fibrillin-1; D000071837:Fibrillins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins; D053569:Keratin-15; D053539:Keratin-19; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D064231:Nestin; D019063:Tenascin; D014157:Transcription Factors; C000605722:FBN1 protein, human; D054392:Adipokines; C489783:LHX2 protein, human; C577484:NES protein, human; C042739:antigens, CD200