Nitroalkenes: synthesis, characterization, and effects on macrophage activation.
Nitroalkenes derivatives of free as well as esterified unsaturated fatty acids are present in human plasma and tissue, representing novel pluripotent cell signaling mediators. Lipid nitration occurs in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli as an adaptative mechanism to downregulate inflammatory responses. This chapter first discusses the generation of nitroalkenes during macrophage activation following chemical and biological characterization. In particular, it describes procedures for (a) synthesizing and characterizing esterified (cholesteryl-nitrolinoleate, CLNO2) as well as free (nitroarachidonate, AANO2) nitroalkenes, (b) determining nitration of cholesteryl linoleic acid during macrophage activation by inflammatory stimuli, (c) examining the modulatory effects of nitroalkenes on the expression of inducible enzymes by activated macrophages, and (d) discussing the signaling pathways involved in nitroalkene-mediated anti-inflammatory actions.
Department of Immunology, Facultadas de Ciencias y Química, Universidad de la República, Uruguay.
Ana María
AM
Ferreira
Andrés
A
Trostchansky
Mariana
M
Ferrari
José M
JM
Souza
Homero
H
Rubbo
D000475:Alkenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
D000475:Alkenes; D009574:Nitro Compounds