Racial disparity in bacterial vaginosis: the role of socioeconomic status, psychosocial stress, and neighborhood characteristics, and possible implications for preterm birth.
Racial disparity in preterm birth is one of the most salient, yet least well-understood health disparities in the United States. The preterm birth disparity may be due to differences in how women experience their racial identity in light of neighborhood factors, psychosocial stress, or the prevalence of or response to genital tract infections such as bacterial vaginosis (BV). The latest research emphasizes a need to explore all these factors simultaneously. This cross-sectional study of parous women in King County, Washington, USA investigated the effects of household income, psychosocial stress, and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics on risk of BV after accounting for known individual-level risk factors. Relevant demographic, socioeconomic, and medical data were linked to U.S. census socioeconomic data by geocoding subjects' residential addresses. It was found that having a low income was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of BV among African American but not White American women. A higher number of stressful life events was significantly associated with higher BV prevalence among both African American and White American women. However, perceived stress was not related to BV risk among either group of women. Among White American women, neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) was univariately associated with increased BV prevalence by principal components analysis, but was no longer significant after adjusting for individual-level risk factors. No neighborhood SES effects were observed for African American women. These results suggest that both the effects of individual- and neighborhood-level risk factors for BV may differ importantly by racial group, and stressful life events may have physiological effects independent of perceived stress.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. ktpaul@u.washington.edu
Kathleen
K
Paul
Doris
D
Boutain
Lisa
L
Manhart
Jane
J
Hitti
D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D016015:Logistic Models; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000208:ethnology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D012962:Sociology, Medical; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D016585:Vaginosis, Bacterial / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*