Associations of bone mineral density and lead levels in blood, tibia, and patella in urban-dwelling women.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to evaluate the relations between bone mineral density (BMD) and lead in blood, tibia, and patella and to investigate how BMD modifies these lead biomarkers in older women.


METHODS
In this study, we used cross-sectional analysis.


METHODS
We studied 112 women, 50-70 years of age, including both whites and African Americans, residing in Baltimore, Maryland.


METHODS
We measured lumbar spine BMD, blood and bone lead by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, anodic stripping voltammetry, and (109)Cd-induced K-shell X-ray fluorescence, respectively. We measured vitamin D receptor and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes using standard methods.


RESULTS
Mean (+/- SD) BMD and lead levels in blood, tibia, and patella were 1.02+/-0.16 g/cm(2), 3.3+/-2.2 microg/dL, 19.7+/-13.2 microg/g, and 5.7+/-15.3 microg/g, respectively. In adjusted analysis, higher BMD was associated with higher tibia lead levels (p=0.03). BMD was not associated with lead levels in blood or patella. There was evidence of significant effect modification by BMD on relations of physical activity with blood lead levels and by APOE genotype on relations of BMD with tibia lead levels. There was no evidence that BMD modified relations between tibia lead or patella lead and blood lead levels.


CONCLUSIONS
We believe that BMD represents the capacity of bone that can store lead, by substitution for calcium, and thus the findings may have relevance for effect-size estimates in persons with higher BMD.


CONCLUSIONS
The results have implications for changes in lead kinetics with aging, and thus the related risk of health effects associated with substantial early- and midlife lead exposure in older persons.
Theppeang
Keson
K
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
Glass
Thomas A
TA
Bandeen-Roche
Karen
K
Todd
Andrew C
AC
Rohde
Charles A
CA
Links
Jonathan M
JM
Schwartz
Brian S
BS
D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D015519:Bone Density; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D010329:Patella / Q000737:chemistry*; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics; D013977:Tibia / Q000737:chemistry*; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D007854:Lead