Impacts of passive smoking on learning and memory ability of mouse offsprings and intervention by antioxidants.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the impact of passive smoking and the protective effect of antioxidants such as vitamin E and quercetin on learning and memory ability of mouse offsprings.


METHODS
A passive smoking model of pregnant mice was established. Learning and memory ability was evaluated by the water maze test and long term potentiation (LTP). Nitric oxide (NO), content, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), acetylcholinesteras (Ache) activity in brain, vitamin E concentration, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in serum were determined. The latency period (the time during which the mice swim from the starting position to the ending position) and errors (the number of mice entering the blind end) in control and antioxidant intervention groups were compared with those in the smoke exposure group after 6 days.


RESULTS
The latency period as well as errors in the air, control diet, tobacco smoke (TS), and vitamin E diet groups were decreased significantly as compared with the TS and control diet groups (P<0.05). LTP was restrained in the TS and control diet groups. LTP in all the antioxidant diet groups was significantly increased compared with the TS and control diet groups. In addition, NOS and acetylcholinesteras (Ache) activitiy was significantly higher in the TS and control diet groups than in the air and control diet group. NO content was not significantly different among the different groups, and significantly lower in the TS and vitamin E diet groups than in the TS group, control diet group, quercetin diet group, and mixture diet group (P<0.05). Vitamin E concentration and ROS activity in serum were correlated with the outcome of water maze and LTP.


CONCLUSIONS
Passive smoking reduces LTP formation by disturbing the hippocampus function of mice, by decreasing NOS and Ache activity and increasing NO content. Antioxidants (especially vitamin E) partially improve the learning and memory ability of offsprings whose mothers are exposed to tobacco smoke during pregnancy.
Yang
Jie
J
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
Jiang
Li-Na
LN
Yuan
Zhen-Li
ZL
Zheng
Yu-Fei
YF
Wang
Lu
L
Ji
Min
M
Shen
Zhi-Qiang
ZQ
Wang
Xin-Wei
XW
Ma
Qiang
Q
Xi
Zhu-Ge
ZG
Li
Jun-Wen
JW
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001835:Body Weight; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007858:Learning; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D018782:Maze Learning; D008568:Memory; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
D000975:Antioxidants; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase