A cross-national study on the multidimensional characteristics of the five-item psychological demands scale of the Job Content Questionnaire.
BACKGROUND
The five-item psychological demands scale of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) has been assumed to be one-dimensional in practice.


OBJECTIVE
To examine whether the scale has sufficient internal consistency and external validity to be treated as a single scale, using the cross-national JCQ datasets from the United States, Korea, and Japan.


METHODS
Exploratory factor analyses with 22 JCQ items, confirmatory factor analyses with the five psychological demands items, and correlations analyses with mental health indexes.


RESULTS
Generally, exploratory factor analyses displayed the predicted demand/control/support structure with three and four factors extracted. However, at more detailed levels of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, the demands scale showed clear evidence of multi-factor structure. The correlations of items and subscales of the demands scale with mental health indexes were similar to those of the full scale in the Korean and Japanese datasets, but not in the U.S. data. In 4 out of 16 sub-samples of the U.S. data, several significant correlations of the components of the demands scale with job dissatisfaction and life dissatisfaction were obscured by the full scale.


CONCLUSIONS
The multidimensionality of the psychological demands scale should be considered in psychometric analysis and interpretation, occupational epidemiologic studies, and future scale extension.
Choi
BongKyoo
B
Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA. bongkyoo@hotmail.com
Kawakami
Norito
N
Chang
SeiJin
S
Koh
SangBaek
S
Bjorner
Jakob
J
Punnett
Laura
L
Karasek
Robert
R
D000328:Adult; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D007723:Korea; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology