Up-regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor induced by endotoxin in experimental otitis media with effusion in mice.
CONCLUSIONS
Injection of endotoxin into the middle ear causes production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in an experimental mouse model of otitis media with effusion (OME). Down-regulation of MIF may become a new approach for the management of OME.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the role of MIF in OME.


METHODS
Mice were divided into two groups and their middle ears were injected with either endotoxin or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Mice were sacrificed at 6 h, 12 h, or 1, 3, 7, or 14 days after injection and concentrations of MIF, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in middle ear effusions were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.


RESULTS
Concentrations of MIF in the endotoxin group at 1 day and 3 days were significantly higher than in the PBS control group. Concentrations of IL-1beta in the endotoxin group at 6 h, 12 h, 1 day, and 3 days were significantly higher than in controls. Concentrations of TNF-alpha in the endotoxin group at 1 day and 3 days were significantly higher than in controls. Concentration of MIF in the endotoxin group was positively correlated with that of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha.
Kariya
Shin
S
Otitis Media Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Schachern
Patricia A
PA
Cureoglu
Sebahattin
S
Tsuprun
Vladimir
V
Okano
Mitsuhiro
M
Nishizaki
Kazunori
K
Juhn
Steven K
SK
D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
D015415:Biomarkers; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; C076231:Mif protein, mouse