Effects of neurotoxic insecticides on heat-shock proteins and cytokine transcription in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).
This study investigated sublethal, molecular effects of two current-use insecticides, chlorpyrifos (CP) and esfenvalerate (EV) in juvenile Chinook salmon. Heat-shock protein (hsp60, hsp70, hsp90) expression was quantified by Western blotting in muscle, liver and gill, and transcription of four cytokines (TGF-beta, IL-1beta, IGF-1, Mx-protein) was measured by real-time TaqMan PCR in anterior kidney and spleen. Expression of hsp was increased in muscle and liver at 1.2 and 7.2 microg/L CP, and at 0.01 and 0.1 microg/L EV, respectively. Transcription of IL-1beta and TGF-beta was elevated in kidney at 1.2 microg/L CP, while EV had no effect. No changes in cytokine transcription were observed in the spleen. Our results show that these insecticides cause cellular effects at environmental concentrations, and that hsps are sensitive indicators of sublethal exposure to CP and EV. In addition, CP may exert immunotoxic effects by altering the transcription of important mediators of the fish immune system.
Aquatic Toxicology Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Animal Physiological Ecology, Zoological Institute, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Street 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany. Electronic address: kjeder@ucdavis.edu.
Kai J
KJ
Eder
Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Lucy Whittier Molecular and Diagnostic Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Christian M
CM
Leutenegger
Animal Physiological Ecology, Zoological Institute, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Street 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany.
Heinz-R
HR
Köhler
Aquatic Toxicology Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Electronic address: iwerner@ucdavis.edu.
Ingeborg
I
Werner
D000818:Animals; D002140:California; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012474:Salmon / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
D016207:Cytokines; D017931:DNA Primers; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D009498:Neurotoxins