Quantal mEPSCs and residual glutamate: how horizontal cell responses are shaped at the photoreceptor ribbon synapse.
At the photoreceptor ribbon synapse, glutamate released from vesicles at different positions along the ribbon reaches the same postsynaptic receptors. Thus, vesicles may not exert entirely independent effects. We examined whether responses of salamander retinal horizontal cells evoked by light or direct depolarization during paired recordings could be predicted by summation of individual miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). For EPSCs evoked by depolarization of rods or cones, linear convolution of mEPSCs with photoreceptor release functions predicted EPSC waveforms and changes caused by inhibiting glutamate receptor desensitization. A low-affinity glutamate antagonist, kynurenic acid (KynA), preferentially reduced later components of rod-driven EPSCs, suggesting lower levels of glutamate are present during the later sustained component of the EPSC. A glutamate-scavenging enzyme, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, did not inhibit mEPSCs or the initial component of rod-driven EPSCs, but reduced later components of the EPSC. Inhibiting glutamate uptake with a low concentration of DL-threo-beta-benzoyloxyaspartate (TBOA) also did not alter mEPSCs or the initial component of rod-driven EPSCs, but enhanced later components of the EPSC. Low concentrations of TBOA and KynA did not affect the kinetics of fast cone-driven EPSCs. Under both rod- and cone-dominated conditions, light-evoked currents (LECs) were enhanced considerably by TBOA. LECs were more strongly inhibited than EPSCs by KynA, suggesting the presence of lower glutamate levels. Collectively, these results indicate that the initial EPSC component can be largely predicted from a linear sum of individual mEPSCs, but with sustained release, residual amounts of glutamate from multiple vesicles pool together, influencing LECs and later components of EPSCs.
Cadetti
Lucia
L
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Durham Research Center Room 4050, Omaha, NE 68198-5840, USA.
Bartoletti
Theodore M
TM
Thoreson
Wallace B
WB
D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D000557:Ambystoma; D000818:Animals; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008027:Light; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051248:Retinal Horizontal Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013572:Synaptic Vesicles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; C120673:benzyloxyaspartate; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D000410:Alanine Transaminase