Genome evolution of Wolbachia strain wPip from the Culex pipiens group.
The obligate intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis strain wPip induces cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), patterns of crossing sterility, in the Culex pipiens group of mosquitoes. The complete sequence is presented of the 1.48-Mbp genome of wPip which encodes 1386 coding sequences (CDSs), representing the first genome sequence of a B-supergroup Wolbachia. Comparisons were made with the smaller genomes of Wolbachia strains wMel of Drosophila melanogaster, an A-supergroup Wolbachia that is also a CI inducer, and wBm, a mutualist of Brugia malayi nematodes that belongs to the D-supergroup of Wolbachia. Despite extensive gene order rearrangement, a core set of Wolbachia genes shared between the 3 genomes can be identified and contrasts with a flexible gene pool where rapid evolution has taken place. There are much more extensive prophage and ankyrin repeat encoding (ANK) gene components of the wPip genome compared with wMel and wBm, and both are likely to be of considerable importance in wPip biology. Five WO-B-like prophage regions are present and contain some genes that are identical or highly similar in multiple prophage copies, whereas other genes are unique, and it is likely that extensive recombination, duplication, and insertion have occurred between copies. A much larger number of genes encode ankyrin repeat (ANK) proteins in wPip, with 60 present compared with 23 in wMel, many of which are within or close to the prophage regions. It is likely that this pattern is partly a result of expansions in the wPip lineage, due for example to gene duplication, but their presence is in some cases more ancient. The wPip genome underlines the considerable evolutionary flexibility of Wolbachia, providing clear evidence for the rapid evolution of ANK-encoding genes and of prophage regions. This host-Wolbachia system, with its complex patterns of sterility induced between populations, now provides an excellent model for unraveling the molecular systems underlying host reproductive manipulation.
Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Lisa
L
Klasson
Thomas
T
Walker
Mohammed
M
Sebaihia
Mandy J
MJ
Sanders
Michael A
MA
Quail
Angela
A
Lord
Susanne
S
Sanders
Julie
J
Earl
Scott L
SL
O'Neill
Nicholas
N
Thomson
Steven P
SP
Sinkins
Julian
J
Parkhill
D000818:Animals; D017089:Ankyrin Repeat / Q000235:genetics; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003465:Culex / Q000382:microbiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000382:microbiology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D039002:Prophages / Q000235:genetics; D013559:Symbiosis; D020577:Wolbachia / Q000235:genetics*
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial