Geometry of the carotid bifurcation predicts its exposure to disturbed flow.
OBJECTIVE
That certain vessels might be at so-called geometric risk of atherosclerosis rests on assumptions of wide interindividual variations in disturbed flow and of a direct relationship between disturbed flow and lumen geometry. In testing these often-implicit assumptions, the present study aimed to determine whether investigations of local risk factors in atherosclerosis can indeed rely on surrogate geometric markers of disturbed flow.


METHODS
Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed on carotid bifurcation geometries derived from MRI of 25 young adults. Disturbed flow was quantified as the surface area exposed to low and oscillatory shear beyond objectively-defined thresholds. Interindividual variations in disturbed flow were contextualized with respect to effects of uncertainties in imaging and geometric reconstruction. Relationships between disturbed flow and various geometric factors were tested via multiple regression.


RESULTS
Relatively wide variations in disturbed flow were observed among the 50 vessels. Multiple regression revealed a significant (P<0.002) relationship between disturbed flow and both proximal area ratio (beta approximately 0.5) and bifurcation tortuosity (beta approximately -0.4), but not bifurcation angle, planarity, or distal area ratio. These findings were shown to be insensitive to assumptions about the flow conditions and to the choice of disturbed flow indicator and threshold.


CONCLUSIONS
Certain geometric features of the young adult carotid bifurcation are robust surrogate markers of its exposure to disturbed flow. It may therefore be reasonable to consider large-scale retrospective or prospective imaging studies of local risk factors for atherosclerosis without the need for time-consuming and expensive flow imaging or CFD studies.
Biomedical Simulation Laboratory, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Sang-Wook
SW
Lee
Luca
L
Antiga
J David
JD
Spence
David A
DA
Steinman
D000328:Adult; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013314:Stress, Mechanical