Effect of aciclovir on HIV-1 acquisition in herpes simplex virus 2 seropositive women and men who have sex with men: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
Across many observational studies, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is associated with two-fold to three-fold increased risk for HIV-1 infection. We investigated whether HSV-2 suppression with aciclovir would reduce the risk of HIV-1 acquisition.


METHODS
We undertook a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III trial in HIV-negative, HSV-2 seropositive women in Africa and men who have sex with men (MSM) from sites in Peru and the USA. Participants were randomly assigned by block randomisation to twice daily aciclovir 400 mg (n=1637) or matching placebo (n=1640) for 12-18 months, and were seen monthly for dispensation of study drug, adherence counselling and measurement by pill count and self-reporting, and risk reduction counselling, and every 3 months for genital examination and HIV testing. The primary outcome was HIV-1 acquisition and secondary was incidence of genital ulcers. Analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00076232.


RESULTS
3172 participants (1358 women, 1814 MSM) were included in the primary dataset (1581 in aciclovir group, 1591 in control group). The incidence of HIV-1 was 3.9 per 100 person-years in the aciclovir group (75 events in 1935 person-years of follow-up) and 3.3 per 100 person-years in the placebo group (64 events in 1969 person-years of follow-up; hazard ratio 1.16 [95% CI 0.83-1.62]). Incidence of genital ulcers on examination was reduced by 47% (relative risk 0.53 [0.46-0.62]) and HSV-2 positive genital ulcers by 63% (0.37 [0.31-0.45]) in the aciclovir group. Adherence to dispensed study drug was 94% in the aciclovir group and 94% in the placebo group, and 85% of expected doses in the aciclovir group and 86% in the placebo group. Retention was 85% at 18 months in both groups (1028 of 1212 in aciclovir group, 1030 of 1208 in placebo group). We recorded no serious events related to the study drug.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results show that suppressive therapy with standard doses of aciclovir is not effective in reduction of HIV-1 acquisition in HSV-2 seropositive women and MSM. Novel strategies are needed to interrupt interactions between HSV-2 and HIV-1.
Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. ccelum@u.washington.edu
Connie
C
Celum
Anna
A
Wald
James
J
Hughes
Jorge
J
Sanchez
Stewart
S
Reid
Sinead
S
Delany-Moretlwe
Frances
F
Cowan
Martin
M
Casapia
Abner
A
Ortiz
Jonathan
J
Fuchs
Susan
S
Buchbinder
Beryl
B
Koblin
Sheryl
S
Zwerski
Scott
S
Rose
Jing
J
Wang
Lawrence
L
Corey
D000212:Acyclovir / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000150:complications
D000998:Antiviral Agents; D000212:Acyclovir