Isotopic ratios to detect infringements of patents or proprietary processes of pharmaceuticals: two case studies.
Because of the increasing problem of drug counterfeiting and the potential danger related as well as the economic losses involved, the pharmaceutical industry and the regulatory instances are interested in the development of anti-counterfeiting and patent protection methodologies. In this paper, the evaluation of measured isotopic ratios by means of explorative chemometric techniques was performed to distinguish groups in two data sets containing samples of acetyl salicylic acid and ibuprofen, respectively. The samples in the data sets originated from different countries and manufacturers. For both compounds a clear distinction of groups of samples could be obtained. These groups could be explained based on the origin of the samples, both geographically as well as based on the manufacturer. Hypotheses were formulated concerning the synthetic pathways of the molecules and they were linked to the groups obtained with the chemometric tools.
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
E
E
Deconinck
A M
AM
van Nederkassel
I
I
Stanimirova
M
M
Daszykowski
F
F
Bensaid
M
M
Lees
G J
GJ
Martin
J R
JR
Desmurs
J
J
Smeyers-Verbeke
Y
Y
Vander Heyden
D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000032:analysis* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics*; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000032:analysis* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000191:economics*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000302:isolation & purification
D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D020156:Salicylic Acid; D007052:Ibuprofen