The menstrual cycle: a biological marker of general health in adolescents.
Menstruation is the cyclic, orderly sloughing of the uterine lining on account of the interactions of hormones produced by the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries. There is a tendency among parents and clinicians to view oligo-amenorrhea as a normal variant in the teen years. In fact, the 95th percentile for the time interval between cycles is 90 days. Thus, it is abnormal for an adolescent to be amenorrheic for greater than 3 months, even in the early gynecologic years. Identification of abnormal menstrual patterns throughout adolescence may permit early identification of potential health concerns for adulthood. Few problems in gynecologic endocrinology are as complex or challenging to the clinician as amenorrhea. However, thorough evaluation of menstrual cycle disorders in adolescence provides a window of opportunity for early diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis. Here we discuss a systematic approach to the evaluation and treatment of amenorrhea in adolescents who do not have androgen excess. There is strong evidence that estrogen deficiency is a risk factor for later development of osteoporosis and hip fracture. Delay in the evaluation and treatment of disordered menses in some cases may contribute to reduced bone density. Both patients and clinicians need to view the ovary as an important endocrine organ that helps maintain health, especially bone health.
Popat
Vaishali B
VB
Integrative Reproductive Medicine Unit, Intramural Research Program on Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Prodanov
Tamara
T
Calis
Karim A
KA
Nelson
Lawrence M
LM
D000293:Adolescent; D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers; D015519:Bone Density; D004967:Estrogens / Q000172:deficiency; D005260:Female; D006262:Health; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D010053:Ovary / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors
D015415:Biomarkers; D004967:Estrogens