Reproductive tract complications associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection in US Air Force males within 4 years of testing.
BACKGROUND
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a common sexually transmitted infection for which young, sexually active persons are at highest risk. Health consequences such as orchitis/epididymitis, prostatitis, infertility, and urethral stricture have been described among CT-infected males, although not all of these are indisputably linked to CT. Current literature lacks population-based studies needed to examine these associations on a larger scale, to evaluate the true risk of developing complications after a CT infection. The US Air Force contains a large population of young, sexually active males, making it suitable for conducting such a study.


METHODS
We conducted a retrospective cohort study between 2001 and 2005 comparing the incidence of orchitis/epididymitis, prostatitis, infertility, and urethral stricture among male Air Force members with and without prior CT infections. Cumulative incidence rates were calculated and Cox proportional hazard models were generated to evaluate the risk of developing complications and to adjust for potential confounders.


RESULTS
Among 17,764 men enrolled in the study, 913 (5.14%) experienced a reproductive tract outcome. Among CT-positive men, cumulative incidences of orchitis/epididymitis, prostatitis, infertility, and urethral stricture were 4.28%, 1.41%, 1.27%, and 0.13%, respectively. Orchitis/epididymitis [Hazard ratio (HR) = 1.38 (1.13-1.70)] and "any" outcome [HR = 1.37 (1.16-1.61)] were positively associated with CT; infertility was marginally associated [HR = 1.36 (0.93-2.00)].


CONCLUSIONS
Overall, the burden of reproductive health outcomes among Air Force males is small. Significant associations were observed between CT and both orchitis/epididymitis and any outcome; a larger cohort or longer follow-up may have detected a significant association between CT and infertility.
Air Force Institute for Operational Health, Brooks City-Base, Texas 78235, USA. jill.trei.ctr@brooks.af.mil
Jill S
JS
Trei
Linda C
LC
Canas
Philip L
PL
Gould
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000150:complications*; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008889:Military Personnel; D009920:Orchitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011472:Prostatitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014525:Urethral Stricture / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology