Gender and outcome in adult congenital heart disease.
BACKGROUND
Gender differences in prognosis have frequently been reported in cardiovascular disease but less so in congenital heart disease. We investigated whether gender is associated with outcome in adult patients with congenital heart disease.


RESULTS
From the CONgenital CORvitia (CONCOR) national registry for adults with congenital heart disease, 7414 patients were identified. All outcomes before entry into the registry and during subsequent follow-up were recorded, and differences between men and women were analyzed with the underlying congenital heart defect taken into account. Median age at the end of follow-up was 35 years (range, 17 to 91 years); 49.8% were female. No gender difference in mortality was found. Women had a 33% higher risk of pulmonary hypertension (odds ratio [OR]=1.33; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.65; P=0.01), a 33% lower risk of aortic outcomes (OR=0.67; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.90; P=0.007), a 47% lower risk of endocarditis (OR=0.53; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.70; P<0.001), and a 55% lower risk of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (OR=0.45; 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.80; P=0.006). Furthermore, the risk of arrhythmias appeared to be lower in women (OR=0.88; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.02; P=0.08).


CONCLUSIONS
The risk of several major cardiac outcomes in adult patients with congenital heart disease appears to vary by gender.
Verheugt
Carianne L
CL
Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Uiterwaal
Cuno S P M
CS
van der Velde
Enno T
ET
Meijboom
Folkert J
FJ
Pieper
Petronella G
PG
Vliegen
Hubert W
HW
van Dijk
Arie P J
AP
Bouma
Berto J
BJ
Grobbee
Diederick E
DE
Mulder
Barbara J M
BJ
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001011:Aorta / Q000601:surgery; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome