Impact of critical care outreach services on the delivery and organization of hospital care.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the impact of critical care outreach services on the delivery and organization of hospital care from the perspective of staff working in acute hospitals.


METHODS
One hundred semi-structured interviews were undertaken with hospital staff who were either members of, or who came into contact with, the outreach service in eight hospitals in England.


RESULTS
Outreach services had two main impacts on the delivery and organization of hospital care, reflecting the organizational and educational aims of the policy. First, on the organization of patient care: it was suggested that care was more timely, there were fewer referrals to the intensive care unit (ICU) and ICUs felt more able to discharge patients to hospital wards. There were also perceived to be improved links between ward nurses and medical teams and improved morale among ICU nurses. Second, on the confidence and skills of ward staff (nurses and junior doctors): increased contact on the wards resulted in more opportunities to share critical care skills. However, there remained concerns about the sustainability of improved skills and some respondents felt that junior doctors were becoming de-skilled.


CONCLUSIONS
Critical care outreach services have had a positive impact on the delivery and organization of hospital care. In attempting to share critical care skills, however, these services can experience a tension between the aims of service delivery and education - a tension which is partly resolved by sharing skills in the clinical and organizational context of direct patient care.
Baker-McClearn
Denise
D
Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, UK.
Carmel
Simon
S
D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003422:Critical Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004739:England; D006302:Health Services Research; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015274:Interdepartmental Relations; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods*