Erythropoietin enhancement of rat pancreatic tumor cell proliferation requires the activation of ERK and JNK signals.
Erythropoietin (EPO) regulates the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid cells by binding to its specific transmembrane receptor EPOR. Recent studies, however, have shown that the EPOR is additionally present in various cancer cells and EPO induces the proliferation of these cells, suggesting a different function for EPO other than erythropoiesis. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine EPOR expression and the role of EPO in the proliferation and signaling cascades involved in this process, using the rat pancreatic tumor cell line AR42J. Our results showed that AR42J cells expressed EPOR, and EPO significantly enhanced their proliferation. Cell cycle analysis of EPO-treated cells indicated an increased percentage of cells in the S phase, whereas cell numbers in G0/G1 phase were significantly reduced. Phosphorylation of extracellular regulatory kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun NH(2) terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) was rapidly stimulated and sustained after EPO addition. Treatment of cells with mitogen-activated protein/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059 or JNK inhibitor SP600125 significantly inhibited EPO-enhanced proliferation and also increased the fraction of cells in G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, the inhibition of JNK using small interference RNA (siRNA) suppressed EPO-enhanced proliferation of AR42J cells. Taken together, our results indicate that AR42J cells express EPOR and that the activation of both ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 by EPO is essential in regulating proliferation and the cell cycle. Thus both appear to play a key role in EPO-enhanced proliferation and suggest that the presence of both is required for EPO-mediated proliferation of AR42J cells.
Bose
Chhanda
C
Medical Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 4300 West Seventh St., Little Rock, AR 72205-5446, USA.
Udupa
Kodetthoor B
KB
D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017467:Receptors, Erythropoietin / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014162:Transfection; D050807:ets-Domain Protein Elk-1 / Q000378:metabolism
D000906:Antibodies; C494114:Elk1 protein, rat; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D017467:Receptors, Erythropoietin; D050807:ets-Domain Protein Elk-1; D004921:Erythropoietin; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8