Air pollution: costs and paths to a solution in Hong Kong--understanding the connections among visibility, air pollution, and health costs in pursuit of accountability, environmental justice, and health protection.
Air quality has deteriorated in Hong Kong over more than 15 yr. As part of a program of public accountability, photographs on Poor and Better visibility days were used as representations of the relationships among visibility, air pollution, adverse health effects, and community costs for health care and lost productivity. Coefficients from time-series models and gazetted costs were used to estimate the health and economic impacts of different levels of pollution. In this population of 6.9 million, air quality improvement from the annual average to the lowest pollutant levels of Better visibility days, comparable to the World Health Organization air quality guidelines, would avoid 1335 deaths, 60,587 hospital bed days, and 6.7 million doctor visits for respiratory complaints each year. Direct costs and productivity losses avoided would be over US$240 million a year. The dissemination of these findings led to increased demands for pollution controls from the public and legislators, but denials of the need for urgent action arose from the government. The outcome demonstrates the need for more effective translation of the scientific evidence base into risk communication and public policy.
Department of Community Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Anthony J
AJ
Hedley
Sarah M
SM
McGhee
Bill
B
Barron
Patsy
P
Chau
June
J
Chau
Thuan Q
TQ
Thach
Tze-Wai
TW
Wong
Christine
C
Loh
Chit-Ming
CM
Wong
D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000191:economics; D017281:Cost of Illness; D006723:Hong Kong; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D010126:Ozone / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012941:Social Responsibility; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000032:analysis
D052638:Particulate Matter; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D010126:Ozone; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide