Association of radiographic emphysema and airflow obstruction with lung cancer.
BACKGROUND
To study the relationship between emphysema and/or airflow obstruction and lung cancer in a high-risk population.


OBJECTIVE
We studied lung cancer related to radiographic emphysema and spirometric airflow obstruction in tobacco-exposed persons who were screened for lung cancer using chest computed tomography (CT).


METHODS
Subjects completed questionnaires, spirometry, and low-dose helical chest CT. CT scans were scored for emphysema based on National Emphysema Treatment Trial criteria. Multiple logistic regressions estimated the independent associations between various factors, including radiographic emphysema and airflow obstruction, and subsequent lung cancer diagnosis.


RESULTS
Among 3,638 subjects, 57.5, 18.8, 14.6, and 9.1% had no, trace, mild, and moderate-severe emphysema, and 57.3, 13.6, 22.8, and 6.4% had no, mild (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD] I), moderate (GOLD II), and severe (GOLD III-IV) airflow obstruction. Of 3,638 subjects, 99 (2.7%) received a lung cancer diagnosis. Adjusting for sex, age, years of cigarette smoking, and number of cigarettes smoked daily, logistic regression showed the expected lung cancer association with the presence of airflow obstruction (GOLD I-IV, odds ratio [OR], 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-3.27). A second logistic regression showed lung cancer related to emphysema (OR, 3.56; 95% CI, 2.21-5.73). After additional adjustments for GOLD class, emphysema remained a strong and statistically significant factor related to lung cancer (OR, 3.14; 95% CI, 1.91-5.15).


CONCLUSIONS
Emphysema on CT scan and airflow obstruction on spirometry are related to lung cancer in a high-risk population. Emphysema is independently related to lung cancer. Both radiographic emphysema and airflow obstruction should be considered when assessing lung cancer risk.
Wilson
David O
DO
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. wilsondo@upmc.edu
Weissfeld
Joel L
JL
Balkan
Arzu
A
Schragin
Jeffrey G
JG
Fuhrman
Carl R
CR
Fisher
Stephen N
SN
Wilson
Jonathan
J
Leader
Joseph K
JK
Siegfried
Jill M
JM
Shapiro
Steven D
SD
Sciurba
Frank C
FC
D000368:Aged; D004646:Emphysema / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed