The pro-apoptotic K-Ras 4A proto-oncoprotein does not affect tumorigenesis in the ApcMin/+ mouse small intestine.
BACKGROUND
Alterations in gene splicing occur in human sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) and may contribute to tumour progression. The K-ras proto-oncogene encodes two splice variants, K-ras 4A and 4B, and K-ras activating mutations which jointly affect both isoforms are prevalent in CRC. Past studies have established that splicing of both the K-ras oncogene and proto-oncogene is altered in CRC in favour of K-ras 4B. The present study addressed whether the K-Ras 4A proto-oncoprotein can suppress tumour development in the absence of its oncogenic allele, utilising the ApcMin/+ (Min) mouse that spontaneously develops intestinal tumours that do not harbour K-ras activating mutations, and the K-rastmDelta4A/tmDelta4A mouse that can express the K-ras 4B splice variant only. By this means tumorigenesis in the small intestine was compared between ApcMin/+, K-ras+/+ and ApcMin/+, K-rastmDelta4A/tmDelta4A mice that can, and cannot, express the K-ras 4A proto-oncoprotein respectively.


METHODS
The relative levels of expression of the K-ras splice variants in normal small intestine and small intestinal tumours were quantified by real-time RT-qPCR analysis. Inbred (C57BL/6) ApcMin/+, K-ras+/+ and ApcMin/+, K-rastmDelta4A/tmDelta4A mice were generated and the genotypes confirmed by PCR analysis. Survival of stocks was compared by the Mantel-Haenszel test, and tumour number and area compared by Student's t-test in outwardly healthy mice at approximately 106 and 152 days of age. DNA sequencing of codons 12, 13 and 61 was performed to confirm the intestinal tumours did not harbour a K-ras activating mutation.


RESULTS
The K-ras 4A transcript accounted for about 50% of K-ras expressed in the small intestine of both wild-type and Min mice. Tumours in the small intestine of Min mice showed increased levels of K-ras 4B transcript expression, but no appreciable change in K-ras 4A transcript levels. No K-ras activating mutations were detected in 27 intestinal tumours derived from Min and compound mutant Min mice. K-Ras 4A deficiency did not affect mouse survival, or tumour number, size or histopathology.


CONCLUSIONS
The K-Ras 4A proto-oncoprotein does not exhibit tumour suppressor activity in the small intestine, even though the K-ras 4A/4B ratio is reduced in adenomas lacking K-ras activating mutations.
Patek
Charles E
CE
Sir Alastair Currie Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Molecular Medicine Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK. charles.patek@hotmail.com
Arends
Mark J
MJ
Rose
Lorraine
L
Luo
Feijun
F
Walker
Marion
M
Devenney
Paul S
PS
Berry
Rachel L
RL
Lawrence
Nicola J
NJ
Ridgway
Rachel A
RA
Sansom
Owen J
OJ
Hooper
Martin L
ML
D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics*; D017491:Genes, APC / Q000502:physiology; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics*; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
C000715470:MAS1 protein, human; D000090063:Proto-Oncogene Mas; C495971:Hras protein, mouse; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)