Whey protein concentrate and gum tragacanth as fat replacers in nonfat yogurt: chemical, physical, and microstructural properties.
The effect of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and gum tragacanth (GT) as fat replacers on the chemical, physical, and microstructural properties of nonfat yogurt was investigated. The WPC (7.5, 15, and 20 g/L) and GT (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 g/L) were incorporated into the skim milk slowly at 40 to 45 degrees C with agitation. The yogurt mixes were pasteurized at 90 degrees C for 10 min, inoculated with 0.1% starter culture, and incubated at 42 degrees C to pH 4.6, then refrigerated overnight at 5 degrees C. A control nonfat yogurt and control full fat yogurt were prepared as described, but without addition of WPC and GT. Increasing amount of WPC led to the increase in total solids, total protein, acidity, and ash content, whereas GT did not affect chemical parameters. Increasing WPC caused a more compact structure consisting of robust casein particles and large aggregates. Firmness was increased and susceptibility to syneresis was decreased as WPC increased. No significant difference was observed for firmness and syneresis of yogurt fortified with GT up to 0.5 g/L compared with control nonfat yogurt. Increasing the amount of gum above 0.5 g/L produced softer gels with a greater tendency for syneresis than the ones prepared without it. Addition of GT led to the coarser and more open structure compared with control yogurt.
Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. aziznia.somayeh@gmail.com
S
S
Aziznia
A
A
Khosrowshahi
A
A
Madadlou
J
J
Rahimi
D000818:Animals; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005079:Excipients; D019358:Fat Substitutes / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005285:Fermentation; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders; D012212:Rheology; D013649:Taste; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014144:Tragacanth / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014783:Viscosity; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D015014:Yogurt / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000592:standards
D005079:Excipients; D019358:Fat Substitutes; D005782:Gels; D008894:Milk Proteins; D011208:Powders; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D014144:Tragacanth