Assessment of clinical pharmacists' interventions in French hospitals: results of a multicenter study.
BACKGROUND
The development of clinical pharmacy activities in most European countries is underway; however, data on these activities are still poorly reported. Multicenter studies are necessary to standardize and demonstrate the value of clinical pharmacy activities in these countries.


OBJECTIVE
To document clinical pharmacists' daily routine interventions (PIs) to identify trends of intervention, drugs, and situations most frequently associated with drug-related problems (DRPs) and to estimate physicians' acceptance of PI.


METHODS
A prospective study of PIs was conducted in 6 French hospitals. The sample consisted of 300 randomized PIs per hospital, recorded during the medication order validation process when a DRP was identified. We recorded patients' demographic characteristics, drugs involved, wards, DRP description, pharmacists' recommendations, and whether or not the recommendations were accepted by the physicians.


RESULTS
A total of 38,626 medication orders were analyzed by 28 clinical pharmacists, leading to 1800 PIs (4.66 PIs per 100 medication orders). Of the 1800 PIs, 25.9% targeted psychotropic drugs, 15.9% targeted antithrombotic drugs, 15.5% targeted digestive and metabolic drugs, and 15.0% targeted cardiovascular drugs. The most commonly identified DRPs were nonconformity to guidelines or contraindication (21.3%), followed by improper administration (20.6%), supratherapeutic dose (19.2%), and drug interaction (12.6%). Nearly half (42.2%) of the pharmacists' recommendations were related to drug choice (drug switch 22.2%, drug discontinuation 16.3%, addition of a new drug 3.7%) followed by dose adjustment (23.8%), optimization of administration (21.9%; change of administration route 10.3%, administration modalities 11.6%), and need for drug monitoring (12.2%). The rate of physicians' acceptance was 73.4% (15.3% refusals, 11.3% not assessable).


CONCLUSIONS
In French hospitals, pharmacists contribute to preventing DRPs during medication order validation. This study suggests that a few types of drugs and errors constitute a substantial proportion of PIs. Knowledge of the most frequent DRPs could significantly increase the efficiency of clinical PIs.
Bedouch
Pierrick
P
Pôle Pharmacie, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire de Grenoble & Laboratoire ThEMAS TIMC UMR CNRS 5525, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France. PBedouch@chu-grenoble.fr
Charpiat
Bruno
B
Conort
Ornella
O
Rose
François-Xavier
FX
Escofier
Laurence
L
Juste
Michel
M
Roubille
Renaud
R
Allenet
Benoît
B
D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010595:Pharmacists; D017891:Pharmacoepidemiology; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology; D024382:Professional Role; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care