Nutritional supplements cross-contaminated and faked with doping substances.
Since 1999 several groups have analyzed nutritional supplements with mass spectrometric methods (GC/MS, LC/MS/MS) for contaminations and adulterations with doping substances. These investigations showed that nutritional supplements contained prohibited stimulants as ephedrines, caffeine, methylenedioxymetamphetamie and sibutramine, which were not declared on the labels. An international study performed in 2001 and 2002 on 634 nutritional supplements that were purchased in 13 different countries showed that about 15% of the nonhormonal nutritional supplements were contaminated with anabolic-androgenic steroids (mainly prohormones). Since 2002, also products intentionally faked with high amounts of 'classic' anabolic steroids such as metandienone, stanozolol, boldenone, dehydrochloromethyl-testosterone, oxandrolone etc. have been detected on the nutritional supplement market. These anabolic steroids were not declared on the labels either. The sources of these anabolic steroids are probably Chinese pharmaceutical companies, which sell bulk material of anabolic steroids. In 2005 vitamin C, multivitamin and magnesium tablets were confiscated, which contained cross-contaminations of stanozolol and metandienone. Since 2002 new 'designer' steroids such as prostanozol, methasterone, androstatrienedione etc. have been offered on the nutritional supplement market. In the near future also cross-contaminations with these steroids are expected. Recently a nutritional supplement for weight loss was found to contain the beta2-agonist clenbuterol. The application of such nutritional supplements is connected with a high risk of inadvertent doping cases and a health risk. For the detection of new 'designer' steroids in nutritional supplements, mass spectrometric strategies (GC/MS, LC/MS/MS) are presented.
Geyer
Hans
H
Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany. h.geyer@biochem.dshs-koeln.de
Parr
Maria Kristina
MK
Koehler
Karsten
K
Mareck
Ute
U
Schänzer
Wilhelm
W
Thevis
Mario
M
D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D016477:Artifacts; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis*; D004300:Doping in Sports; D004340:Drug Contamination; D005506:Food Contamination; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
D045930:Anabolic Agents