Parental symptoms of common mental disorders and children's social, motor, and language development in sub-Saharan Africa.
BACKGROUND
There is increasing interest in the social determinants of children's developmental outcomes in developing countries because of the links with schooling, behavioral, and employment outcomes. Yet, little is known about the impact of household and caretaker variables in influencing developmental outcomes in rural, developing country settings.


OBJECTIVE
The study examined the relative impact of individual and household variables and caretaker symptoms of common mental disorders on children's personal-social, fine and gross motor, and language development.


METHODS
A total of 431 children aged 3-24 months in a rural Ethiopian setting were studied. Children underwent a developmental assessment and parents independently provided information on household characteristics and were administered anxiety and depression symptom inventories.


RESULTS
In adjusted multivariable models, maternal symptoms of mental disorders were associated with both global development and most developmental sub-scales (p < 0.01) except language developmental; there was no consistent relation between paternal symptoms of mental disorders and child development. Nutritional stunting was generally a risk factor for lower developmental scores but few household-level variables were associated with child development.


CONCLUSIONS
Child development in this setting is strongly associated with child age and maternal depression. If these findings are replicated elsewhere, they may suggest that interventions aimed at improving maternal depression may have an important role to play in efforts to improve child development and to mitigate the intergenerational transmission of poor health in sub-Saharan Africa.
Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta 30322M, USA. chadley@emory.edu
Craig
C
Hadley
Ayalew
A
Tegegn
Fasil
F
Tessema
Makonnen
M
Asefa
Sandro
S
Galea
D000367:Age Factors; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002668:Child Rearing / Q000523:psychology; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005219:Father-Child Relations; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007804:Language Development; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D009048:Motor Skills; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population