Effective elimination of fludarabine-resistant CLL cells by PEITC through a redox-mediated mechanism.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia, and resistance to fludarabine-based therapies is a major challenge in CLL treatment. Because CLL cells are known to have elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we aimed to test a novel ROS-mediated strategy to eliminate fludarabine-resistant CLL cells based on this redox alteration. Using primary CLL cells and normal lymphocytes from patients (n = 58) and healthy subjects (n = 12), we showed that both fludarabine-resistant and -sensitive CLL cells were highly sensitive to beta-phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) with mean IC(50) values of 5.4 microM and 5.1 microM, respectively. Normal lymphocytes were significantly less sensitive to PEITC (IC(50) = 27 microM, P < .001). CLL cells exhibited intrinsically higher ROS level and lower cellular glutathione, which were shown to be the critical determinants of CLL sensitivity to PEITC. Exposure of CLL cells to PEITC induced severe glutathione depletion, ROS accumulation, and oxidation of mitochondrial cardiolipin leading to massive cell death. Such ROS stress also caused deglutathionylation of MCL1, followed by a rapid degradation of this cell survival molecule. Our study demonstrated that the natural compound PEITC is effective in eliminating fludarabine-resistant CLL cells through a redox-mediated mechanism with low toxicity to normal lymphocytes, and warrants further clinical evaluation.
Trachootham
Dunyaporn
D
Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Zhang
Hui
H
Zhang
Wan
W
Feng
Li
L
Du
Min
M
Zhou
Yan
Y
Chen
Zhao
Z
Pelicano
Helene
H
Plunkett
William
W
Wierda
William G
WG
Keating
Michael J
MJ
Huang
Peng
P
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014740:Vidarabine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C058305:phenethyl isothiocyanate; D045304:Cytochromes c; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D014740:Vidarabine; D005978:Glutathione; C024352:fludarabine