The bioavailability of vitamin D from fortified cheeses and supplements is equivalent in adults.
There is a need to increase the options for vitamin D fortification. We have developed a method to fortify hard cheese with vitamin D. Our aim was to characterize the bioavailability of vitamin D from fortified cheeses. Eighty adults were randomized to weekly servings of fortified cheddar cheese (DC) (34 g; n = 20); fortified low-fat cheese (DLF) (41 g; n = 10); liquid vitamin D supplement (1 mL), taken with food (DS+) (n = 20) or without food (DS-) (n = 10); placebo cheddar cheese (n = 10); or placebo supplement (n = 10). The treatments contained 28,000 IU cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), equivalent to 4000 IU (100 microg/d). The primary outcome was the comparison of vitamin D bioavailability, as measured by the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] response, between fortified cheeses and supplement. In the placebo groups, initial 25(OH)D, 55.0 +/- 25.3 nmol/L, declined over the 8-wk winter protocol, to 50.7 +/- 24.2 nmol/L (P = 0.046). In the vitamin D-treated groups, the mean increases in 25(OH)D over 8 wk were: 65.3 +/- 24.1 (DC), 69.4 +/- 21.7 (DLF), 59.3 +/- 23.3 (DS+), and 59.3 +/- 19.6 nmol/L (DS-); these changes differed from the placebo groups (P < 0.0001) but not from one another (P = 0.62). Compared with baseline, serum parathyroid hormone decreased with both fortification (P = 0.003) and supplementation (P = 0.012). These data demonstrate that vitamin D is equally bioavailable from fortified hard cheeses and supplements, making cheese suitable for vitamin D fortification.
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, M563E2 Toronto, Canada. dennis.wagner@utoronto.ca
Dennis
D
Wagner
Gloria
G
Sidhom
Susan J
SJ
Whiting
Dérick
D
Rousseau
Reinhold
R
Vieth
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D002611:Cheese / Q000032:analysis*; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000517:prevention & control
D014807:Vitamin D; D002762:Cholecalciferol; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D