The histidine kinase AHK5 integrates endogenous and environmental signals in Arabidopsis guard cells.
BACKGROUND
Stomatal guard cells monitor and respond to environmental and endogenous signals such that the stomatal aperture is continually optimised for water use efficiency. A key signalling molecule produced in guard cells in response to plant hormones, light, carbon dioxide and pathogen-derived signals is hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). The mechanisms by which H(2)O(2) integrates multiple signals via specific signalling pathways leading to stomatal closure is not known.


RESULTS
Here, we identify a pathway by which H(2)O(2), derived from endogenous and environmental stimuli, is sensed and transduced to effect stomatal closure. Histidine kinases (HK) are part of two-component signal transduction systems that act to integrate environmental stimuli into a cellular response via a phosphotransfer relay mechanism. There is little known about the function of the HK AHK5 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we report that in addition to the predicted cytoplasmic localisation of this protein, AHK5 also appears to co-localise to the plasma membrane. Although AHK5 is expressed at low levels in guard cells, we identify a unique role for AHK5 in stomatal signalling. Arabidopsis mutants lacking AHK5 show reduced stomatal closure in response to H(2)O(2), which is reversed by complementation with the wild type gene. Over-expression of AHK5 results in constitutively less stomatal closure. Abiotic stimuli that generate endogenous H(2)O(2), such as darkness, nitric oxide and the phytohormone ethylene, also show reduced stomatal closure in the ahk5 mutants. However, ABA caused closure, dark adaptation induced H(2)O(2) production and H(2)O(2) induced NO synthesis in mutants. Treatment with the bacterial pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flagellin, but not elf peptide, also exhibited reduced stomatal closure and H(2)O(2) generation in ahk5 mutants.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings identify an integral signalling function for AHK5 that acts to integrate multiple signals via H(2)O(2) homeostasis and is independent of ABA signalling in guard cells.
Division of Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. r.desikan@ic.ac.uk
Radhika
R
Desikan
Jakub
J
Horák
Christina
C
Chaban
Virtudes
V
Mira-Rodado
Janika
J
Witthöft
Kirstin
K
Elgass
Christopher
C
Grefen
Man-Kim
MK
Cheung
Alfred J
AJ
Meixner
Richard
R
Hooley
Steven John
SJ
Neill
John Travers
JT
Hancock
Klaus
K
Harter
D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D003624:Darkness; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D000071677:Histidine Kinase; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000201:enzymology
D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005030:Ethylenes; C036483:T-DNA; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000040:Abscisic Acid; C036216:ethylene; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D011494:Protein Kinases; D000071677:Histidine Kinase