Ischemic preconditioning of skeletal muscle mitigates remote injury and mortality.
BACKGROUND
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) mitigates ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in experimental models. However, the clinical significance of this protection has been unclear and a mortality reduction has not been previously reported in noncardiac models. This study examined the local and remote protection afforded by skeletal muscle IPC and sought to determine the significance of this protection on mortality.


METHODS
Mice subjected to 2 h hindlimb ischemia/24 h reperfusion (standard I/R injury) were compared with those undergoing a regimen of two 20-min cycles of IPC followed by standard I/R injury. Local injury was assessed via gastrocnemius histology, and remote injury was evaluated via intestinal histology and pulmonary neutrophil infiltration (n = 7). Mortality was compared in parallel groups for 1 week (n = 6). Groups were analyzed using an unpaired Student's t-test for gastrocnemius and pulmonary injury, and a Mann-Whitney rank sum test for intestinal injury. Mortality differences were interpreted through a hazard ratio.


RESULTS
Significant protection was observed in preconditioned animals. There was a 35% local injury reduction in skeletal muscle (71.2% versus 46.0%, P < 0.01), a 50% reduction in remote intestinal injury (2.3 versus 1.1, P < 0.01), and a 43% reduction in remote pulmonary injury (14.9 versus 8.5, P < 0.01) compared with standard injury controls. Preconditioned animals were also significantly protected from mortality, demonstrating a 66.7% survival at 1 wk compared with 0% survival after standard injury alone (hazard ratio 0.20, 95% CI: 0.02-0.59).


CONCLUSIONS
We have developed a murine model of IPC that demonstrates local and remote protection against I/R injury, and exhibits significant mortality reduction. This model demonstrates the powerful effect of IPC on local and remote tissues and will facilitate further study of potential mechanisms and therapies.
Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Division of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
Kyle R
KR
Eberlin
Michael C
MC
McCormack
John T
JT
Nguyen
H Soner
HS
Tatlidede
Mark A
MA
Randolph
William G
WG
Austen
D000818:Animals; D006614:Hindlimb; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*