Artificial urinary sphincter in children--voiding or emptying? An evaluation of functional results in 44 patients.
OBJECTIVE
We evaluated functional results with an artificial urinary sphincter in children and adolescents in terms of complications, continence and voiding ability through followup.


METHODS
A total of 44 patients (39 males and 5 females, age 8.6 to 29.5 years, median 14) underwent implantation of a pericervical AMS 800trade mark artificial urinary sphincter, primarily for severe urinary incontinence of neuropathic origin, between 1986 and 2005. Of the patients 25 had undergone augmentation cystoplasty previously (8), simultaneously (7) or after implantation (10). Median followup was 5.5 years (range 1 to 18). Complications included dysuria and/or urinary retention (24 cases), worsening of bladder function (13), urethral erosion (2), scrotal erosion (5), mechanical dysfunction (7), infection of the artificial urinary sphincter (2) and accidental puncture of the tubes (2). These complications resulted in 9 removals, 5 deactivations, 6 revisions and 5 total replacements.


RESULTS
Of 44 patients 9 (20%) were incontinent after removal of the artificial urinary sphincter. Among the remaining patients 32 (73%) were dry and 3 (7%) were incontinent with a deactivated device. Of the 35 patients with an artificial urinary sphincter in place 17 (48.6%) voided to completion with spontaneous voiding, 9 (25.7%) performed post-void clean intermittent catheterization and 9 (25.7%) emptied exclusively with clean intermittent catheterization. The ability to maintain voiding to completion after implantation was significantly decreased when the artificial urinary sphincter was implanted before puberty (p = 0.0025) or in conjunction with an augmented bladder (p = 0.01).


CONCLUSIONS
The artificial urinary sphincter provides a good rate of continence. However, complications are frequent, leading to removal in 20% of the cases. In time only a limited number of patients can empty the bladder without clean intermittent catheterization.
Catti
M
M
Service de Chirurgie Infantile, Professor Yann Revillon, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France. massimocatti@libero.it
Lortat-Jacob
S
S
Morineau
M
M
Lottmann
H
H
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011336:Probability; D020127:Recovery of Function; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016741:Urinary Sphincter, Artificial; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology; D014563:Urodynamics; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*