title: Can markers injected into a single-loop anterior cruciate ligament graft define the axes of the tibial and femoral tunnels? A cadaveric study using roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis.
abstract: Lengthening of a soft-tissue anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft construct over time, which leads to an increase in anterior laxity following ACL reconstruction, can result from relative motions between the graft and fixation devices and between the fixation devices and bone. To determine these relative motions using Roentgen stereophotogrammetry (RSA), it is first necessary to identify the axes of the tibial and femoral tunnels. The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the error in using markers injected into the portions of a soft-tissue tendon graft enclosed within the tibial and femoral tunnels to define the axes of these tunnels. Markers were injected into the tibia, femur, and graft in six cadaveric legs the knees of which were reconstructed with single-loop tibialis grafts. The axes of the tunnels were defined by marker pairs that were injected into the bones on lines parallel to the walls of the tibial and femoral tunnels (i.e., standard). By using marker pairs injected into the portions of the graft enclosed within the tibial and femoral tunnels and the marker pairs aligned with the tunnel axes, the directions of vectors were determined by using RSA, while a 150 N anterior force was transmitted at the knee. The average and standard deviations of the angle between the two vectors were 5.5+/-3.3 deg. This angle translates into an average error and standard deviation of the error in lengthening quantities (i.e., relative motions along the tunnel axes) at the sites of fixation of (0.6+/-0.8)%. Identifying the axes of the tunnels by using marker pairs in the graft rather than marker pairs in the walls of the tunnels will shorten the surgical procedure by eliminating the specialized tools and time required to insert marker pairs in the tunnel walls and will simplify the data analysis in in vivo studies.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Program, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Conrad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Howell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology / Q000637:transplantation; D002102:Cadaver; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000379:methods*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology