title: Selective muscarinic receptor agonist xanomeline as a novel treatment approach for schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are significant unmet needs in the treatment of schizophrenia, especially for the treatment of cognitive impairment, negative syndrome, and cognitive function. Preclinical data suggest that agonists with selective affinity for acetylcholine muscarinic receptors provide a potentially new mechanism to treat schizophrenia. The authors studied xanomeline, a relatively selective muscarinic type 1 and type 4 (M(1) and M(4)) receptor agonist, to determine if this agent is effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this pilot study, the authors examined the efficacy of xanomeline on clinical outcomes in subjects with schizophrenia (N=20) utilizing a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-week treatment design. Outcome measures included the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale, and a test battery designed to measure cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects treated with xanomeline did significantly better than subjects in the placebo group on total BPRS scores and total PANSS scores. In the cognitive test battery, subjects in the xanomeline group showed improvements most robustly in measures of verbal learning and short-term memory function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support further investigation of xanomeline as a novel approach to treating schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1111 West 10th St., Suite 313, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. ashekhar@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Anantha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shekhar
authors.forename: William Z
authors.initials: WZ
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lightfoot
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lienemann
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dubé
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mallinckrodt
authors.forename: Frank P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Bymaster
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: McKinzie
authors.forename: Christian C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Felder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003710:Demography; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011725:Pyridines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000187:drug effects; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000187:drug effects*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013830:Thiadiazoles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D011725:Pyridines; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D013830:Thiadiazoles; C075257:xanomeline