title: Gram-negative bacteria in water distribution systems of hospitals.
abstract: A total of 67 samples of tap water were collected from faucets and showerheads in 6 hospitals located in the Lublin province (eastern Poland). The samples were examined for the presence and species composition of Legionella, Gram-negative bacteria belonging to family Enterobacteriaceae (GNB-E) and Gram-negative bacteria not belonging to family Enterobacteriaceae (GNB-NE), by filtering through cellulose filters and culture on respectively GVPC, EMB and tryptic soya agar media. On average, Legionella was isolated from 65.7% of the water samples taken in hospitals. Strains of the Legionella pneumophila types 2-14 predominated, forming 74.6% of total Legionella isolates. Legionella pneumophila type 1 strains constituted 13.5% of the total count, while other species of Legionella (referred to as Legionella spp.) formed 11.9% of the total. The concentrations of Legionella in positive water samples ranged from 3-350 cfu/100 ml. GNB-E were not found in the examined water samples. GNB-NE were isolated from 79.1% of the water samples taken in hospitals in the concentrations 11-300 cfu/100 ml. Species of the family Pseudomonadaceae predominated among GNB-NE strains isolated from the examined water samples, forming on average 71.5% of the total count. Altogether, 20 GNB-NE species were identified in the examined samples, out of which 12 were potentially pathogenic. In conclusion, Gram-negative flora of water samples taken in the examined hospitals complies with potable water sanitary standards by the lack of Enterobacteriaceae species, but creates a moderate health risk because of mediocre concentrations of Legionella and the presence of potentially pathogenic non-enterobacterial species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Biohazards, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland. nina@galen.imw.lublin.pl
authors.forename: Nimfa Maria
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Stojek
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szymanska
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dutkiewicz
mesh_terms: D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006761:Hospitals / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007875:Legionella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011044:Poland; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards