title: Are neuropsychological deficits trait markers in OCD?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuropsychological deficits are potential endophenotype markers. In obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), there is impairment in executive functions and nonverbal memory. However, studies have largely examined neuropsychological functioning in patients during the symptomatic phase. The state independent nature of neuropsychological deficits in OCD is not established. For neuropsychological deficits to be endophenotype markers, they have to be state-independent. We compared neuropsychological functions in recovered OCD patients with matched healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed 30 recovered DSM-IV OCD patients without any concurrent comorbidity or lifetime history of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, tics and alcohol/substance abuse and 30 healthy controls individually matched for age, sex and education. They were assessed on different neuropsychological dimensions: attention, executive function, memory and intelligence. For between-group comparisons, we employed univariate analyses, and to identify neuropsychological variables that differentiate cases and controls, we used backward conditional logistic regression for matched case-control design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in the recovered phase of the illness had significant deficits in tests of set-shifting ability, alternation, response inhibition and nonverbal memory but had intact performance in other tests. In the logistic regression, scores on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 'categories completed' and the Rey's Complex Fig. Test 'delayed recall' were significant after controlling for the possible confounding effects of age and education. There was no correlation between illness-related variables and neuropsychological deficits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deficits in certain executive functions and nonverbal memory are possibly state independent. Neuropsychological deficits are possibly candidate endophenotype markers for OCD and may help clarify genetic contributions. Future studies should evaluate unaffected siblings to establish deficits are endophenotype markers. Prospective studies with serial measurements of cognitive deficits are also needed to assess whether these deficits are cumulative with the progression of illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore-560029, India.
authors.forename: Naren P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Y C Janardhan
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Keshav J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Thennarasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kandavel
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Chandrashekar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D014888:Wechsler Scales