title: Effects of yam and diosgenin on calpain systems in skeletal muscle of ovariectomized rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Yam or diosgenin (extracted from the root of wild yam) is traditionally used for hormone replacement in menopausal women. Calpains are crucially related to the degradation of myofibrillar proteins in skeletal muscle. This study aimed to investigate the effects of yam and diosgenin on the calpain isoform expression in ovariectomized rats, a model of menopausal status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female rats were divided into: (1) controls; (2) ovariectomized rats; (3) ovariectomized rats receiving yam (250, 750, 1,500 mg/kg/day); (4) ovariectomized rats receiving diosgenin (10, 50, 100 mg/kg/day). Yam and diosgenin were administered for 8 weeks. The expression of mu- and m-calpain in skeletal muscles was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mu-calpain/beta-actin and m-calpain/beta-actin ratios in the control group (0.9 and 1.09, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the ovariectomized group (0.58 and 0.72, respectively). In the yam group, the expression of mu- and m-calpain was lowest in the ovariectomized group receiving no supplementation and lower in the 250 mg group compared with the 750 and 1,500 mg groups (for 0, 250, 750 and 1,500 mg dosage groups, mu-calpain, 0.58, 0.88, 1.24 and 1.13, respectively; m-calpain, 0.72, 1.02, 1.38 and 1.47, respectively). In contrast, there were no significant differences in the expression of mu- and m-calpain mRNAs among the different diosgenin dosage groups (for 0, 10, 50 and 100 mg of diosgenin, mu-calpain, 0.58, 0.56, 0.62 and 0.58, respectively; m-calpain, 0.72, 0.58, 0.71 and 0.54, respectively). Decreased expression of mu- or m-calpain was observed in the ovariectomized group compared with the normal controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Yam, but not its extract (diosgenin), is associated with the regulation of calpain isoforms in ovariectomized rats. Adequate yam supplements might improve the muscular calpain-related physiopathology associated with menopausal status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kung-Hao
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Chi-Chen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Horng-Der
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Fuu-Jen
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Yao-Yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Hsieh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002154:Calpain / Q000378:metabolism*; D000529:Complementary Therapies; D027742:Dioscorea; D004144:Diosgenin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D010052:Ovariectomy; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D002154:Calpain; D004144:Diosgenin