Pediatric movement disorders: an update.
OBJECTIVE
Pediatric movement disorders the represent a broad range of disorders, the majority of which are intermittent and hyperkinetic. The goal of this review is to discuss recent findings in several under-recognized conditions (motor stereotypy disorder, restless legs syndrome, and infantile masturbation) as well as the area of autoimmune movement disorders [Sydenham's chorea and PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection)].


RESULTS
Advances to be discussed include clarification of symptoms, diagnostic clues, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
Significant progress has been made in the study of several paroxysmal movement disorders. Motor stereotypies can occur in typical children and persist over time. Infantile masturbation is often misdiagnosed for seizures or dystonia. Restless leg syndrome is a relatively common problem in children and established criteria are available. Advances have been made in the hallmark autoimmune disorder Sydenham's chorea, but PANDAS remains controversial.
Wolf
David S
DS
Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-1000, USA.
Singer
Harvey S
HS
D000293:Adolescent; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002819:Chorea / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D009462:Neurology; D010372:Pediatrics; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012653:Self Stimulation; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000150:complications