title: Prostatic fluid electrolyte composition for the screening of prostate cancer: a potential solution to a major problem.
abstract: Early detection is the key to effective treatment of prostate cancer, and to the prevention of deaths due to progression to untreatable advanced stage cancer. Because of mitigating factors, especially benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), that result in a low accuracy (about 60%) of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, there is an urgent need for a more reliable biomarker for the identification of early stage through advanced stage prostate cancer and 'at-risk' individuals. To address this issue we propose that changes in prostatic fluid composition could provide accurate and reliable biomarkers for the screening of prostate cancer. Most notable is the consistent and significant decrease in citrate and zinc that is associated with the development and progression of prostate cancer. In this review we provide the clinical and physiological basis and the evidence in support of the utility of prostatic fluid analysis as an effective approach for screening/detection of prostate cancer, especially early stage and 'at-risk' subjects. The problem of BPH interference that plagues PSA testing is eliminated in the potential prostatic fluid biomarkers. The potential development of rapid, simple, direct, accurate clinical tests provides additional advantageous conditions. Further exploration and development of citrate, zinc and other electrolytes as prostatic fluid biomarkers are urgently needed to address this critical prostate cancer issue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. lcostello@umaryland.edu
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Franklin
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000032:analysis; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004573:Electrolytes; D019343:Citric Acid; D015032:Zinc