title: Molecular diversity of the rumen microbiome of Norwegian reindeer on natural summer pasture.
abstract: The molecular diversity of the rumen microbiome was investigated in five semi-domesticated adult female Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) grazing on natural summer pastures on the coast of northern Norway (71.00 degrees N, 25.30 degrees E). Mean population densities (numbers per gram wet weight) of methanogenic archaea, rumen bacteria and ciliate protozoa, estimated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), were 3.17x10(9), 5.17x10(11) and 4.02x10(7), respectively. Molecular diversity of rumen methanogens was revealed using a 16S rRNA gene library (54 clones) constructed using pooled PCR products from the whole rumen contents of the five individual reindeer. Based upon a similarity criterion of <97%, a total of 19 distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified, nine of which are potential new species. The 16S rRNA sequences generated from the reindeer rumen exhibited a high degree of sequence similarity to methanogens affiliated with the families Methanobacteriaceae (14 OTUs) and Methanosarcinaceae (one OTU). Four of the OTUs detected belonged to a group of uncultivated archaea previously found in domestic ruminants and thought to be dominant in the rumen together with Methanobrevibacter spp. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiling of the rumen bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the protozoal 18S rRNA gene indicated a high degree of animal variation, although some bands were common to all individuals. Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) profiling of the ruminal Neocallimastigales population indicated that the reindeer are likely to contain more than one type of anaerobic fungus. The ARISA profile from one animal was distinct from the other four. This is the first molecular investigation of the ruminal methanogenic archaea in reindeer, revealing higher numbers than expected based on methane emission data available. Also, many of the reindeer archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences were similar to those reported in domesticated ruminants in Australia, Canada, China, New Zealand and Venezuela, supporting previous findings that there seems to be no host type or geographical effect on the methanogenic archaea community structure in ruminants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Arctic Biology and Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037, Tromsø, Norway. monicas@fagmed.uit.no
authors.forename: Monica A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sundset
authors.forename: Joan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Yan Fen
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Roberto S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Senosiain
authors.forename: Maria N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Fraile
authors.forename: Korinne S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Northwood
authors.forename: Kirsti E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Praesteng
authors.forename: Trine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Glad
authors.forename: Svein D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Mathiesen
authors.forename: André-Denis G
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001105:Archaea / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D044822:Biodiversity; D019641:DNA, Archaeal / Q000235:genetics; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015723:Gene Library; D054892:Metagenome; D020085:Neocallimastigales / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D009664:Norway; D019642:RNA, Archaeal / Q000235:genetics; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D012053:Reindeer / Q000382:microbiology*; D012417:Rumen / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D019641:DNA, Archaeal; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D019642:RNA, Archaeal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S