title: Association of the shrinking lung syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus with pleurisy: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report 2 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and typical shrinking lung syndrome (SLS) in which pleuritic chest pain was the predominant symptom. In addition, to record the prevalence of pleuritic chest pain in all reported cases of patients with SLS and diaphragmatic dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a comprehensive search of the English literature to record the association of pleurisy and SLS in all reported cases using the MEDLINE database from 1965 to present.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 77 patients with SLS reported in the literature, 50 (65%) patients had pleuritic chest pain at the time of evaluation. Treatment with anti-inflammatory agents improved symptoms in the majority of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pleuritic inflammation and pain may have an important role in the pathogenesis of SLS. A possible mechanism linking pleural inflammation and diaphragm dysfunction may be via a reflex inhibition of diaphragmatic activation.
authors.affiliation: University of Athens Medical School and Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Sophie P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Toya
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Tzelepis
mesh_terms: D003964:Diaphragm / Q000503:physiopathology; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D010998:Pleurisy / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D013577:Syndrome