title: Glutamate preconditioning prevents neuronal death induced by combined oxygen-glucose deprivation in cultured cortical neurons.
abstract: The study of ischemic tolerance is critical in the development of strategies for the treatment of ischemic stroke. We used the oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) paradigm in cultured cortical neurons as an in vitro approach to elucidate the mechanism of protection conferred by glutamate preconditioning. Pretreatment of neurons with N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists prevented OGD-induced cell death whereas alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptor and voltage-dependent Ca(++) channel (VDCC) blockers were without effect. Neurons preconditioned with glutamate exhibited resistant to damage induced by OGD. The ischemic tolerance depended on the duration of preconditioning exposure and the interval between preconditioning exposure and test challenge. Protective efficacy was blocked by the NMDA or AMPA receptor antagonists but not by the VDCC blocker. Furthermore, neuroprotective effect was not seen if extracellular Ca(++) was omitted or removed with EGTA. Pretreatment with staurosporin and 2-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)]-N-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)] amino-N-(4-chlorocinnamyl)-N-methylbenzylamine (KN93) but not 2-(4-Morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1(4H)-benzopyran-4-one (LY294002) or 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1, 4-bis[2-aminophenylthio] butadiene (U0126) significantly reduced ischemic tolerance. Preconditioning increased phosphorylated levels of cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) and pretreatment with CRE-decoy oligonucleotide completely blocked preconditioning-induced increase in cell viability. Importantly, glutamate preconditioning increased Bcl-2 expression that was blocked by KN93, staurosporin and CRE-decoy oligonucleotide. These results suggest that preconditioning with glutamate conferred neuroprotection against subsequent OGD by inducing p-CREB-mediated Bcl-2 expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Center for Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction Research, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Po-See
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Po-Wu
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Gean
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005947:Glucose / Q000172:deficiency*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D015220:Calcium Channels; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D005947:Glucose; D010100:Oxygen; D002118:Calcium