title: Atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to review recent studies that address the increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. We examine the strength of this association, how inflammation mediates this increased risk and what impact therapies may have.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atherosclerosis is more prevalent and accelerated in both conditions. Indeed the process may actually precede the onset of clinical inflammatory disease. Metabolic alterations include insulin resistance and the generation of proinflammatory HDL. In addition, inflammatory mechanisms central to both rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus such as macrophage activation, interferon-1 and complement deficiency may contribute to atherogenesis. There is still no consensus as to the value of primary preventive strategies in these conditions. However, drugs such as hydroxychloroquine seem to modify coronary heart disease risk and may improve survival. The recently developed antitumour necrosis factor drugs may also reduce coronary heart disease risk but biomarker studies to date have been inconclusive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an urgent need for clinical trials to examine both the lipid-lowering and inflammatory hypotheses of atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Novel targeted therapies in development may also have a major impact on future coronary heart disease risk in these conditions.
authors.affiliation: arc Epidemiology Unit, School of Translational Medicine, The University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Sahena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.forename: Hoda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mirjafari
authors.forename: Ian N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Bruce
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D012306:Risk; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha