title: Unobserved heterogeneity in trauma patients' desire for autonomy in medical decision making in an emergency department.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate unobserved heterogeneity in trauma patients' desire for autonomy in medical decision making (DAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study at an inner-city emergency department screened 1009 patients for DAD (using the Decision Making Preference Scale of the Autonomy Preference Index), education level, and substance use. To investigate unobserved heterogeneity, a covariate adjusted finite mixture model was established. Model fit was evaluated with the Bayesian Information Criterion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of participants was 32 years (range, 18-84 years) and 62% were male. Unobserved heterogeneity explained more variance in DAD than did sex, age, or substance use, but less variance than level of education. The best overall model fit was found with 3 latent subpopulations: 53.3% of patients with low DAD, 35.6% of patients with medium DAD, and 11.1% of patients with high DAD. Female sex and level of education showed a positive association; higher age and substance use showed a negative association with patients' DAD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apart from a negative association with substance use and the known associations with sex and level of education, trauma patients' DAD showed substantial variability between individuals, and this variability could not be explained by these factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Neuner
authors.forename: Claudia D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Spies
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiss-Gerlach
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schoenfeld
authors.forename: Dorothea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eisenmann
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maulhardt
authors.forename: Elmar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Braehler
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schlattmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D003657:Decision Making; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000523:psychology*