title: Renal function in community-dwelling frail elderly. Comparison between measured and predicted glomerular filtration rate in the elderly and proposal for a new cystatin C-based prediction equation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a great need to evaluate renal function regularly in elderly people. This study aimed at analyzing renal function in stable, community-dwelling elderly people of 75 years and over, to compare measured and predicted glomerular filtration rates (GFR) and to develop an accurate prediction equation for this age group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five ambulatory elderly people in stable health in ordinary living were randomly selected into four age-classes, aged 75-95. Demographic data, personal activities of daily living, continuous drug prescriptions, body composition, blood pressure and blood chemistry were analysed. GFR was measured as Iohexol clearance based on three time-points 3, 4 and 7 hours after Iohexol injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean GFR was well preserved in all four age-classes. The GFR range was 18-83 mL/min and declined with age. The Cockcroft-Gault prediction equation systematically underestimated measured GFR. A new 'GFRA' prediction equation is presented, based on the inverse of serum cystatin C and independent of gender, body surface area, body weight, lean body mass or serum creatinine. The proposed equation underestimated measured GFR with a mean of only 0.1 mL/min, had better precision compared with the Cockcroft-Gault equation, and was evaluated by the method of cross-validation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GFR exhibits extensive heterogeneity in frail, community-dwelling elderly people. The proposed GFRA was clearly more precise than the Cockcroft-Gault prediction equation in the study group. However, it needs to be validated in a larger population of elderly subjects, including more individuals in stable health with substantially reduced renal function in whom GFR is measured by a reference method with adequate sampling time.
authors.affiliation: Swedish Institute of Infectious Disease Control, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Törner
authors.forename: Ingegerd
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Odar-Cederlöf
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kallner
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Akner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003153:Community Health Services; D055316:Cystatin C; D015891:Cystatins / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male
chemical_list: C525030:CST3 protein, human; D055316:Cystatin C; D015891:Cystatins