title: Socioeconomic status and chronic kidney disease at presentation to a renal service in the United Kingdom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with both development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The impact of SES on severity of CKD at presentation to a renal service is less well known. This study investigated the relationship between SES and severity of CKD in a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis involving 1657 patients at the Sheffield Kidney Institute (Sheffield, UK).
  
  
  METHODS
  SES was assigned to each patient according to electoral ward of residence by postcode and ranked according to the corresponding British Index of Multiple Deprivation score, which comprises five deprivation quintiles (Q1, least deprived; Q5, most deprived). National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative classification of CKD was used for stratification and analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied for the association of variables/risk factors with CKD (lower GFR) at presentation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age-adjusted prevalence of diagnosed CKD at presentation by area of residence, across the five deprivation quintiles, per million population was Q1 = 1495, Q2 = 3530, Q3 = 3398, Q4 = 3989, and Q5 = 19,599. Logistic regression models showed that living in the lowest SES quintile area (Q5) as compared with the highest SES (Q1) was associated with a greater risk for presenting with a lower estimated GFR, after adjustment for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low SES is related to severity of CKD at presentation. Further studies are needed to examine this issue across the various SES categories in the United Kingdom.
authors.affiliation: Sheffield Kidney Institute, UK.
authors.forename: Aminu K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bello
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rigby
authors.forename: Alhussein A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Meguid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El Nahas
mesh_terms: D000047:Academies and Institutes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012923:Social Class; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology