title: Visfatin/Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in amniotic fluid in normal pregnancy, spontaneous labor at term, preterm labor and prelabor rupture of membranes: an association with subclinical intrauterine infection in preterm parturition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Visfatin, a novel adipokine originally discovered as a pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor, is expressed by amniotic epithelium, cytotrophoblast, and decidua and is over-expressed when fetal membranes are exposed to mechanical stress and/or pro-inflammatory stimuli. Visfatin expression by fetal membranes is dramatically up-regulated after normal spontaneous labor. The aims of this study were to determine if visfatin is detectable in amniotic fluid (AF) and whether its concentration changes with gestational age, spontaneous labor, preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (preterm PROM) and in the presence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, visfatin concentration in AF was determined in patients in the following groups: 1) mid-trimester (n=75); 2) term not in labor (n=27); 3) term in spontaneous labor (n=51); 4) patients with preterm labor with intact membranes (PTL) without MIAC who delivered at term (n=35); 5) patients with PTL without MIAC who delivered preterm (n=52); 6) patients with PTL with MIAC (n=25); 7) women with preterm PROM without MIAC (n=26); and 8) women with preterm PROM with MIAC (n=26). Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1) The median AF concentration of visfatin was significantly higher in patients at term than in mid-trimester; 2) Among women with PTL who delivered preterm, the median visfatin concentration was significantly higher in patients with MIAC than those without MIAC; 3) Similarly, patients with PTL and MIAC had a higher median AF visfatin concentration than those with PTL who delivered at term; 4) Among women with preterm PROM, the median AF visfatin concentration was significantly higher in patients with MIAC than those without MIAC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1) Visfatin is a physiologic constituent of AF; 2) The concentration of AF visfatin increases with advancing gestational age; 3) AF visfatin concentration is elevated in patients with MIAC, regardless of the membrane status, suggesting that visfatin participates in the host response against infection.
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, Intramural Division, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Shali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazaki-Tovi
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Juan Pedro
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kusanovic
authors.forename: Offer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Erez
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gotsch
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: Nandor Gabor
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Than
authors.forename: Chia-Lang
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Nhan-Chang
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamill
authors.forename: Edi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vaisbuch
authors.forename: Tinnakorn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chaiworapongsa
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Edwin
authors.forename: Jyh Kae
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nien
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kendal-Wright
authors.forename: Sonia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bryant-Greenwood
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000382:microbiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes / Q000201:enzymology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007743:Labor, Obstetric / Q000378:metabolism*; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000201:enzymology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000201:enzymology*; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second / Q000378:metabolism; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase