title: Detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: normalization and optimization of the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score. A neuropsychological and quantified EEG study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) and EEG are used to detect minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). We aimed at standardizing PHES in Italy and comparing Italian, German and Spanish norms in EEG characterized cirrhotic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  PHES was standardized on 228 normal individuals. Repeatability was studied in 128 individuals. One hundred patients with liver cirrhosis underwent EEG and PHES which was computed on the Spanish, German and the Italian norms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age and education levels were predictors of psychometric tests; therefore, adjusted Z scores were calculated. Practice effect (p<0.01) was detected. In the patients, the Italian norms were closer to the Spanish norms (difference -0.14+/-1.32, p=0.29) than to the Germans ones (difference 1.97+/-2.07, p<0.001). The PHES calculated on the Italian norms was correlated with the EEG mean dominant frequency more closely than the ones calculated on the German and Spanish norms (r=0.38, r=0.31, r=0.33, respectively -p<0.01). The detection of MHE on the basis of PHES and EEG showed limited agreement (73%, Cohen's K=0.32).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (i) Valid norms for PHES were produced, (ii) clues for the use of common norms in Latin Countries were found, (iii) different findings between PHES and EEG possibly reflect various features of MHE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cirmanmec, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padua, Italy. piero.amodio@unipd.it
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amodio
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Campagna
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olianas
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iannizzi
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mapelli
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Penzo
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Angeli
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gatta
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology; D013030:Spain; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology