Environmental health effects of brick kilns in Kathmandu valley.
BACKGROUND
Brick kilns operating in Kathmandu valley are known to be a leading cause of air pollution. The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of brick kilns on environment and human health. This study has been done at Duwakot VDC in Bhaktapur.


METHODS
This study was conducted during brick kilns operating and not operating periods. Different methods were used for data collection, such as household environmental health survey, school health examination, and air quality measurement for total suspend particles, particulate matter of size less than 10 microns, Sulphur Dioxide, Oxides of Nitrogen, and Carbon Monoxide.


RESULTS
A total of 330 individuals were interviewed during household environmental survey and majority of them expressed about smoke related respiratory discomfort at home and surrounding. Out of 141 school children who underwent thorough physical health examination, 79 students were from Ganesh Public School (located near to brick kilns) and 62 were from Nabin English School (far away from brick kilns). Statistically significant high odds ratios for respiratory problems like tonsillitis (4.17 95% CI 2.05, 8.45) and acute pharyngitis (4.08 95% CI 2.01, 8.33) were observed among the students from Ganesh Public School. Average value of particulate matter of size less than 10 microns and total suspend particles for the pre operation time was 0.029 mg/m3 and 0.033 mg/m3 respectively whereas, it reached 0.050 mg/m3 and 0.056 mg/m3 respectively during the brick kiln operation time.


CONCLUSIONS
The concentration of various air pollutants was higher during the operation of brick kilns at Duwakot. Similarly, the health status of the school children attending the school close to the vicinity of the brick kilns was worse compared to the students attending the school away from the brick kilns.
Joshi
S K
SK
Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu Medical College, Sinamangal. drsunilkj@gmail.com
Dudani
I
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D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003252:Construction Materials; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects; D012907:Smoking; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D012906:Smoke; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide