title: Global occurrence of infant botulism, 1976-2006.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the worldwide occurrence of reported infant (intestinal toxemia) botulism cases since first recognition of the disease in 1976.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected information on infant botulism cases by active and passive surveillance, by provision of therapeutic Human Botulism Immune Globulin to suspected cases, and by searching the medical literature. We defined a case as laboratory-confirmed botulism that occurred in an infant <or=12 months of age that was not caused by the ingestion of botulinum toxin in food.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six countries representing 5 continents reported the occurrence of at least 1 case of infant botulism among their residents. The United States, Argentina, Australia, Canada, Italy, and Japan, in this order, reported the largest number of cases. A history of honey exposure was significantly more common among case subjects hospitalized outside of the United States than among those who were recently hospitalized in California.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most countries have not yet reported cases of infant botulism. This limited reporting of the disease to date contrasts with the known global occurrence of Clostridium botulinum spores in soils and dust and suggests that infant botulism may be under-recognized, underreported, or both. When bulbar palsies, hypotonia, and weakness are present, physicians should consider the possibility of infant botulism even if the patient has not been fed honey. Publication of additional case reports and surveillance summaries will enhance understanding of the occurrence and extent of this under-recognized disease.
authors.affiliation: California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Pkwy, Room E-361, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koepke
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sobel
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Arnon
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D001906:Botulism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male