title: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha released by testicular macrophages induces apoptosis of germ cells in autoimmune orchitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) is a model of chronic inflammation and infertility useful for studying testicular immune and germ cell (GC) interactions. In this model, EAO was induced in rats by immunization with testicular homogenate and adjuvants; Control (C) rats were injected with adjuvants. EAO was characterized by an interstitial infiltrate of lymphomonocytes and seminiferous tubule damage, moderate 50 days (focal orchitis) and severe 80 days after the first immunization (severe orchitis). Based on the previous results showing that the number of macrophages and apoptotic GC expressing tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1 increased in EAO, we studied the role of macrophages and TNF-alpha in GC apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conditioned media of testicular macrophages (CMTM) obtained from rats killed on Days 50 and 80 decreased the viability (MTS, P < 0.01) and induced apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labelling, TUNEL) of GC obtained from EAO but not from non-immunized, N rats (P < 0.001). TNF-alpha content (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was significantly higher in the CMTM from EAO versus C rats on Day 80 (P < 0.05). The apoptotic effect of CMTM from Day 80 rats was abrogated by a selective TNF-alpha blocker (Etanercept). Moreover, TNF-alpha in vitro induced GC apoptosis. TNF-alpha expression (by immunofluorescence) was observed in testicular (ED2(+)) and non-resident (ED1(+)) macrophages, the percentage of TNF-alpha(+) macrophages being similar in focal and severe orchitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results demonstrated that soluble factors released from testicular EAO macrophages induce apoptosis of GC, biased by the local inflammatory environment, and that TNF-alpha is a relevant cytokine involved in testicular damage during severe orchitis.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones en Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Piso 10, C1121 ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina. ciruba14@yahoo.com.ar
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Theas
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rival
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jarazo-Dietrich
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jacobo
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Guazzone
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lustig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009920:Orchitis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha