title: RACK1 regulates directional cell migration by acting on G betagamma at the interface with its effectors PLC beta and PI3K gamma.
abstract: Migration of cells up the chemoattractant gradients is mediated by the binding of chemoattractants to G protein-coupled receptors and activation of a network of coordinated excitatory and inhibitory signals. Although the excitatory process has been well studied, the molecular nature of the inhibitory signals remains largely elusive. Here we report that the receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), a novel binding protein of heterotrimeric G protein betagamma (G betagamma) subunits, acts as a negative regulator of directed cell migration. After chemoattractant-induced polarization of Jurkat and neutrophil-like differentiated HL60 (dHL60) cells, RACK1 interacts with G betagamma and is recruited to the leading edge. Down-regulation of RACK1 dramatically enhances chemotaxis of cells, whereas overexpression of RACK1 or a fragment of RACK1 that retains G betagamma-binding capacity inhibits cell migration. Further studies reveal that RACK1 does not modulate cell migration through binding to other known interacting proteins such as PKC beta and Src. Rather, RACK1 selectively inhibits G betagamma-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma (PI3K gamma) and phospholipase C (PLC) beta activity, due to the competitive binding of RACK1, PI3K gamma, and PLC beta to G betagamma. Taken together, these findings provide a novel mechanism of regulating cell migration, i.e., RACK1-mediated interference with G betagamma-dependent activation of key effectors critical for chemotaxis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. songhai.chen@Vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Songhai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Myung Eun
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lixin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Heidi E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hamm
mesh_terms: D002465:Cell Movement; D002633:Chemotaxis; D058544:Class Ib Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D044387:GTP-Binding Protein beta Subunits / Q000378:metabolism*; D044388:GTP-Binding Protein gamma Subunits / Q000378:metabolism*; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D054799:Phospholipase C beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D000075370:Receptors for Activated C Kinase; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C118981:G-protein Beta gamma; D044387:GTP-Binding Protein beta Subunits; D044388:GTP-Binding Protein gamma Subunits; D007527:Isoenzymes; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C419368:RACK1 protein, human; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D000075370:Receptors for Activated C Kinase; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D058544:Class Ib Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; C546760:PIK3CG protein, human; D054799:Phospholipase C beta; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins