title: Complications of endotracheal intubation in the critically ill.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Assess the risk of complications during endotracheal intubation (ETI) and their association with the skill level of the intubating physician.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study of 136 patients intubated by the intensive care team during a 5-month period. Standardized data forms were used to collect detailed information on the intubating physicians, supervisors, techniques, medications and complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canadian academic intensive care unit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All intubations were successful and there were no deaths during intubation. Non-experts were supervised in 92% of procedures. Expert operators were successful within two attempts in 94%, compared to only 82% of non-experts (P = 0.03), with 13.2% of all intubations requiring > or =3 attempts. Furthermore, 10.3% of intubations required 10 or more minutes. Difficult intubation (3 or more attempts by an expert) occurred in 6.6%. Overall risk of complications was 39%, including: severe hypoxemia (19.1%), severe hypotension (9.6%), esophageal intubation (7.4%) and frank aspiration (5.9%). ICU and hospital mortality were 15.4 and 29.4%, respectively. Compared with non-expert intubating physicians, propensity score-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for expert physicians were 0.92 (95% CI: 0.28, 3.05, P = 0.89) for any complication, 0.45 (95% CI: 0.09, 2.20, P = 0.32) for ICU mortality and 0.47 (95% CI: 0.13, 1.70, P = 0.25) for hospital mortality. Two or more attempts at ETI was independently associated with an increased risk of severe complications (OR 3.31, 95% CI: 1.30, 8.40, P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These prospective data show a high risk of serious complications, and difficult intubations, that are associated with ETI of the critically ill.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Artificial airways and complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. dgriesdale@post.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Donald E G
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Griesdale
authors.forename: T Laine
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bosma
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurth
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Isac
authors.forename: Dean R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Chittock
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001955:British Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002983:Clinical Competence; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D020445:Hospitalists; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies