title: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid exerts anticholestatic effects by a cooperative cPKC alpha-/PKA-dependent mechanism in rat liver.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) exerts anticholestatic effects in part by protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent mechanisms. Its taurine conjugate, TUDCA, is a cPKC alpha agonist. We tested whether protein kinase A (PKA) might contribute to the anticholestatic action of TUDCA via cooperative cPKC alpha-/PKA-dependent mechanisms in taurolithocholic acid (TLCA)-induced cholestasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In perfused rat liver, bile flow was determined gravimetrically, organic anion secretion spectrophotometrically, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release enzymatically, cAMP response-element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation by immunoblotting, and cAMP by immunoassay. PKC/PKA inhibitors were tested radiochemically. In vitro phosphorylation of the conjugate export pump, Mrp2/Abcc2, was studied in rat hepatocytes and human Hep-G2 hepatoma cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In livers treated with TLCA (10 micromol/l)+TUDCA (25 micromol/l), combined inhibition of cPKC by the cPKC-selective inhibitor Gö6976 (100 nmol/l) or the non-selective PKC inhibitor staurosporine (10 nmol/l) and of PKA by H89 (100 nmol/l) reduced bile flow by 36% (p<0.05) and 48% (p<0.01), and secretion of the Mrp2/Abcc2 substrate, 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione, by 31% (p<0.05) and 41% (p<0.01), respectively; bile flow was unaffected in control livers or livers treated with TUDCA only or TLCA+taurocholic acid. Inhibition of cPKC or PKA alone did not affect the anticholestatic action of TUDCA. Hepatic cAMP levels and CREB phosphorylation as readout of PKA activity were unaffected by the bile acids tested, suggesting a permissive effect of PKA for the anticholestatic action of TUDCA. Rat and human hepatocellular Mrp2 were phosphorylated by phorbol ester pretreatment and recombinant cPKC alpha, nPKC epsilon, and PKA, respectively, in a staurosporine-sensitive manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UDCA conjugates exert their anticholestatic action in bile acid-induced cholestasis in part via cooperative post-translational cPKC alpha-/PKA-dependent mechanisms. Hepatocellular Mrp2 may be one target of bile acid-induced kinase activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wimmer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hohenester
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pusl
authors.forename: G U
authors.initials: GU
authors.lastname: Denk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rust
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Beuers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D013655:Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C000715087:ABCC2 protein, human; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D013655:Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid; C031655:ursodoxicoltaurine; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha