title: A literature review of deliberate self-harm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite agreement across disciplines regarding the significance of deliberate self-harm (DSH), there continues to be a lack of consensus regarding what DSH is and is not. The purpose of this literature review was to determine the current state of understanding of this complex phenomenon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There remains a problem of definitional ambiguity regarding DSH, and a definition derived from the literature is offered. Using Rodger's framework for the evolutionary approach to concept analysis, the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of DSH are developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapeutic approaches that are based on open-minded, non-judgmental listening and on harm minimization rather than abstinence may be more effective than current treatment approaches that forbid any form of DSH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Jamestown College, Jamestown, ND, USA. mangnall@jc.edu
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mangnall
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yurkovich
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology; D000465:Algorithms; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000150:complications; D015984:Causality; D003142:Communication; D015897:Comorbidity; D032921:Consensus; D003861:Depersonalization / Q000150:complications; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000150:complications; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009341:Negativism; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011568:Psychiatric Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology