title: Toll-like receptor-4 mediates neuronal apoptosis induced by amyloid beta-peptide and the membrane lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal.
abstract: The innate immune system senses the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms and tissue injury through Toll-like receptors (TLR), a mechanism thought to be limited to immune cells. We recently found that neurons express several TLRs, and that the levels of TLR2 and TLR4 are increased in neurons in response to energy deprivation. Here we report that TLR4 expression increases in neurons when exposed to amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta1-42) or the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). Neuronal apoptosis triggered by Abeta and HNE was mediated by jun N-terminal kinase (JNK); neurons from TLR4 mutant mice exhibited reduced JNK and caspase-3 activation and were protected against apoptosis induced by Abeta and HNE. Levels of TLR4 were decreased in inferior parietal cortex tissue specimens from end-stage AD patients compared to aged-matched control subjects, possibly as the result of loss of neurons expressing TLR4. Our findings suggest that TLR4 signaling increases the vulnerability of neurons to Abeta and oxidative stress in AD, and identify TLR4 as a potential therapeutic target for AD.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Sung-Chun
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Justin D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lathia
authors.forename: Pradeep K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Selvaraj
authors.forename: Dong-Gyu
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.forename: Mohamed R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mughal
authors.forename: Aiwu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Dominic A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Siler
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Markesbery
authors.forename: Thiruma V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Arumugam
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mattson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42); D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D053148:Caspase 3; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal