title: Detection of left ventricular thrombus by delayed-enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance prevalence and markers in patients with systolic dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to assess the prevalence and markers of left ventricular (LV) thrombus among patients with systolic dysfunction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Prior studies have yielded discordant findings regarding prevalence and markers of LV thrombus. Delayed-enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance (DE-CMR) identifies thrombus on the basis of tissue characteristics rather than just anatomical appearance and is potentially highly accurate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of thrombus by DE-CMR was determined in 784 consecutive patients with systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] <50%) imaged between July 2002 and July 2004. Patients were recruited from 2 separate institutions: a tertiary-care referral center and an outpatient clinic. Comparison to cine-cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) was performed. Follow-up was undertaken for thrombus verification via pathology evaluation or documented embolic event within 6 months after CMR. Clinical and imaging parameters were assessed to determine risk factors for thrombus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among this at-risk population (age 60 +/- 14 years; LVEF 32 +/- 11%), DE-CMR detected thrombus in 7% (55 patients) and cine-CMR in 4.7% (37 patients, p < 0.005). Follow-up was consistent with DE-CMR as a better reference standard than cine-CMR, including 100% detection among 5 patients with thrombus verified by pathology (cine-CMR, 40% detection), and logistic regression analysis testing the contributions of DE-CMR and cine-CMR simultaneously, which showed that only the presence of thrombus by DE-CMR was associated with follow-up end points (p < 0.005). Cine-CMR generally missed small intracavitary and small or large mural thrombus. In addition to traditional indices such as low LVEF and ischemic cardiomyopathy, multivariable analysis showed that increased myocardial scarring, an additional parameter available from DE-CMR, was an independent risk factor for thrombus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a broad cross section of patients with systolic dysfunction, thrombus prevalence was 7% by DE-CMR and included small intracavitary and small or large mural thrombus missed by cine-CMR. Prevalence increased with worse LVEF, ischemic etiology, and increased myocardial scarring.
authors.affiliation: Duke Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Weinsaft
authors.forename: Han W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dipan J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Klem
authors.forename: Anna Lisa
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.forename: Rhoda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brosnan
authors.forename: Olga G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Manesh R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heitner
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Velazquez
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steenbergen
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Judd
authors.forename: Raymond J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D013714:Tennessee / Q000453:epidemiology; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology*