title: Does the number of system paramedics affect clinical benchmark thresholds?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Competency is affected by skill exposure, skill complexity, and training program quality. The purpose of this study was to reevaluate the biennial (24-month) critical care skill and experience benchmark thresholds established by the Milwaukee County Emergency Medical Services (MCEMS) system in 1997.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective review of annual experience profiles for paramedics working during 2001-2005 using the MCEMS patient care record (PCR) database. The number of patient contacts, role as team leader/report writer, adult and pediatric endotracheal intubations, adult and pediatric intravenous (IV) access initiations, medication administration, and 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisitions were analyzed. t-tests and descriptive statistics were performed for comparison with the 1997 study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the five-year study period, 1,215 paramedic profiles gleaned from 107,524 PCRs documented a total of 297,900 patient contacts. Annual means+/-standard deviations [ranges] were as follows: patient contacts 245+/-133 [12-788]; team leader: 106+/-119 [0-739]; intubations: adult 2.57+/-2.54 [0-20], pediatric 0.1+/-0.3 [0-3]; IV starts: adult 44+/-37 [0-267], pediatric 0.34+/-0.77 [0-5]; treated cardiac arrests: adult 8+/-6 [0-34], pediatric 0.26+/-0.61 [0-4]; treated hypotensive trauma: 5+/-6 [0-42]; and ECGs acquired: 31+/-19 [0-144]. The 1997 analysis (1987-1996 data) included 1,450 paramedic profiles representing 467,559 patient contacts generated from 172,131 filed PCRs. All comparable experiences decreased significantly between the 1997 analysis and the current study, except medication administration, which increased 25%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show a decreased opportunity and a wide variability in the frequency of successfully completed paramedic technical skills and experiences in this EMS system. Limited exposure to critically ill adult and pediatric patients reaffirms that high-risk skills are performed infrequently. A multifaceted approach should be considered for maintaining provider competency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medcine, Injury Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Vrotsos
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Pirrallo
authors.forename: Clare E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Guse
authors.forename: Tom P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Aufderheide
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019985:Benchmarking; D002568:Certification / Q000592:standards*; D002648:Child; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000592:standards*; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000193:education / Q000592:standards* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D006801:Humans; D008910:Minnesota; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D000078329:Workforce