title: Genetic variants in the USF1 gene are associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in women: results from the MONICA/KORA Augsburg case-cohort study, 1984-2002.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) regulates genes of glucose and lipid metabolism. Polymorphisms in the USF1 gene showed association with familial combined hyperlipidemia and lipid parameters. The aim of our study was to examine the associations between USF1 polymorphisms and lipid parameters as well as incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in German Caucasians.
  
  
  METHODS
  We genotyped eight polymorphisms in the USF1 gene in 2067 middle-aged (35-74 years) individuals including 498 incident T2DM cases and 1569 non-cases of the population-based case-cohort study from the MONICA/KORA Augsburg project.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six polymorphisms and their haplotypes were analyzed using multivariable linear regression and Cox proportional hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polymorphism rs3737787 was inversely associated with incident T2DM in women with decreased risk for female heterozygotes compared with women homozygous for the major allele (Hazard ratio=0.57; 95% confidence intervals: 0.38-0.87; P=0.008). After correction for multiple testing, significance remained. Polymorphisms rs3813609 and rs1556259 were significantly associated with reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p(NOM)=0.001; p(NOM)=0.00002) in women. Analyses also indicated associations of haplotypes with LDL cholesterol in women, but the association lost statistical significance after correction for multiple testing. Total serum cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were weakly associated (P<0.05) with USF1 polymorphisms in women. No significant associations were found in men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this large population-based study, statistically significant associations of USF1 polymorphisms with incident T2DM and LDL cholesterol were found in women, but not in men. Genetic variants in the USF1 gene showed weak or no associations with TC and HDL cholesterol.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holzapfel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baumert
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grallert
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thorand
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khuseyinova
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herder
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meisinger
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hauner
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Illig
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Klopp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C497181:USF1 protein, human; D051720:Upstream Stimulatory Factors