title: Prognostic significance of numeric aberrations of genes for thymidylate synthase, thymidine phosphorylase and dihydrofolate reductase in colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most human cancer cells have structural aberrations of chromosomal regions leading to loss or gain of gene specific alleles. This study aimed to assess the range of gene copies per nucleus of thymidylate synthase (TYMS), thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in colorectal cancer, and to evaluate its prognostic significance following adjuvant chemotherapy, since these enzymes are closely related to efficacy of 5-fluorouracil (5FU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients (n = 314), who were completely resected for colorectal cancer stages II-IV and adjuvantly treated with 5-FU were retrospectively evaluated. Paraffin embedded tumor specimens were assessed for gene copies per nucleus of TYMS, TP and DHFR by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) using specific peptide nucleic acid probes. Outcome according to gene copies per nucleus above and below the median were compared. Also TYMS expression, assessed by immunohistochemistry, was associated with TYMS copies per nucleus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of gene copies per nucleus were 1.7 (0.7-2.8), 1.8 (0.9-3.1) and 1.8 (1.1-2.7) median (range) for TYMS, TP and DHFR, respectively. TYMS expression was directly associated with TYMS genes per nucleus (p = 0.05). Cox multivariate analysis, adjusted for the prognostic impact of disease stage, vascular tumor invasion, and bowel obstruction at resection, revealed that high TYMS gene copy number was associated with significantly higher risk of recurrence (HR = 1.6; 95%CI 1.1-2.2; p = 0.02) and death (HR = 1.6; 95%CI 1.1-2.3; p = 0.01). No significant differences in outcome appeared according to TP and DHFR gene ratios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aberration of TYMS gene is of significance to expression of TYMS, which may influence the biology and 5-FU sensitivity of colorectal cancer. This may be utilized in the allocation of patients for treatment approaches and for decision on follow-up programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. soren.a.jensen@mail.tele.dk
authors.forename: Søren Astrup
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vainer
authors.forename: Caroline Janet
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Witton
authors.forename: Jan Trøst
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Jens Benn
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Sørensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D013939:Thymidine Phosphorylase / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; D013939:Thymidine Phosphorylase; D005472:Fluorouracil