title: Failure of ivermectin and eprinomectin to control Amblyomma parvum in goats: characterization of acaricidal activity and drug pharmacokinetic disposition.
abstract: The therapeutic efficacies of ivermectin (subcutaneous injection) and eprinomectin (topical treatment) given at two different dosage levels to goats naturally infested with Amblyomma parvum were assessed. Treatments included subcutaneous injection of ivermectin at 0.2 and 0.4mg/kg and extra-label pour-on administration of eprinomectin at 0.5 and 1mg/kgb.w. Ivermectin and eprinomectin failed to control Amblyomma parvum on goats. Treatment with ivermectin resulted in a low number of engorged female ticks in relation to untreated control goats and, at the highest dose rate (0.4mg/kg), the female engorgement weights were significantly lower and the pre-oviposition period significantly longer than those observed in ticks recovered from untreated control goats. The tick efficacy assessment was complemented in a separate group of tick-free goats with a pharmacokinetic characterization of eprinomectin (topically administered at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg) and ivermectin (subcutaneous treatment given at (0.2 and 0.4mg/kg) in goats. Heparinized blood samples were taken between 0 and 21 days post-treatment. Higher and more persistent drug plasma concentrations were recovered after the subcutaneous treatment with ivermectin compared to those obtained for eprinomectin topically administered. The understanding of the relationship among the pattern of drug absorption, the kinetic disposition and the resultant clinical efficacy is relevant to improve the poor performance observed for ivermectin and eprinomectin against A. parvum on goats.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Farmacología Veterinaria Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina. adrianL@vet.unicen.edu.ar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lifschitz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nava
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Guglielmone
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Imperiale
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Farias
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mangold
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lanusse
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006041:Goats; D006207:Half-Life; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D026863:Ixodidae / Q000187:drug effects; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D007559:Ivermectin; C101434:eprinomectin