title: Evaluation of the antiulcerogenic and analgesic activities of Cordia verbenacea DC. (Boraginaceae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cordia verbenacea is a medicinal plant popularly used in Brazil as anti-inflammatory, antiulcer and anti-rheumatic agent without detailed pharmacological and toxicological studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study was aimed to investigate the effects of Cordia verbenacea in antiulcer, analgesic and antioxidant assays, as well as to evaluate its toxic effects and phytochemical profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antiulcer activity of plant extract was evaluated using ethanol/HCl, ethanol and piroxican-induced gastric lesions methods. The pH, volume and total acid of gastric juice were determined by pylorus-ligated assay. Analgesic activity was evaluated by writhing, tail-flick and hot-plate tests. Antioxidant activity was determined by in vitro lipoperoxidation assay. Acute toxicity and number of deaths were evaluated by Hippocratic screening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ethanol leaf extract shows a potent antiulcer activity in the ethanol/HCl and absolute ethanol-induced gastric lesions. The IC(50) value of plant extract on the lipid peroxidation was 76.11mug/ml. Preliminary phytochemical tests were positive for flavonoids, steroids, saponins, fixed acids, alkaloids and phenols. In the analgesic models the extract did not present any activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cordial verbenaceae showed a potent antiulcer activity at the dose of 125mg/kg and this effect may be associated with an improvement in stomach antioxidant mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Phytomedicines, Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Biociências, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18618-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Erika de Freitas
authors.initials: Ede F
authors.lastname: Roldão
authors.forename: Aline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Witaicenis
authors.forename: Leonardo Noboru
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Seito
authors.forename: Clélia Akiko
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hiruma-Lima
authors.forename: Luiz Claudio
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Di Stasi
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D001938:Brazil; D031213:Cordia / Q000737:chemistry*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D051379:Mice; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D018515:Plant Leaves; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000188:drug therapy; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts