title: Glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter targets pancreatic stellate cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreatic fibrosis is one of the clinical manifestations of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) have been recognised as principal effector cells in the development of pancreatic fibrosis. The ability to specifically address PSCs might offer a potential for developing a targeted therapy for pancreatic fibrosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Characterisation of the 2.2kb hGFAP (human glial fibrillary acidic protein) promoter for its usefulness to express reporter genes specifically in PSCs in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  2.2kb hGFAP-LacZ reporter expressions were examined in four immortalised PSC lines and two non-PSCs, meanwhile, GFAP-LacZ transgenic mice were used to detect LacZ reporter in pancreas tissue. Several kinase inhibitors, vitamin A and its metabolites were applied to study the regulation of 2.2kb hGFAP promoter in PSCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that the 2.2kb hGFAP promoter is capable of regulating the expression of reporter genes exclusively in immortalised and primary PSCs, as well as in PSCs of transgenic GFAP-LacZ mice. When a PSC cell line transfected with the LacZ reporter (SAM-K/LacZ/C1) was treated with different anti-fibrotic agents and kinase inhibitors, the transgenic beta-galactosidase activity was found to be regulated by multiple signalling pathways known to be involved in the PSC activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides the proof of concept for using the 2.2kb hGFAP promoter to specifically manipulate PSCs for the development of targeted gene and/or drug therapy in pancreatic fibrosis, and for the screening of anti-fibrotic agents.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maubach
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masamune
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhuo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000873:Anthracenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D002070:Butadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D007763:Lac Operon / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010179:Pancreas / Q000166:cytology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D014815:Vitamins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D002070:Butadienes; D002867:Chromones; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D009025:Morpholines; D009570:Nitriles; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C113580:U 0126; D014815:Vitamins; D014801:Vitamin A; C432165:pyrazolanthrone; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one