title: Increased survival of immigrant compared to native dialysis patients in an urban setting in the Netherlands.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data from the United States and Canada suggest that survival rates of Caucasian dialysis patients are lower compared to those of black patients and patients from Asian regions. Information regarding the survival rate of immigrant dialysis patients in Europe is scarce.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analysed incident haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients who entered an Amsterdam renal service between January 1996 and December 2005. To explore the origin of differences in survival between natives and immigrants, we ran a series of Cox models with adjustment for demographic, clinical and laboratory variables at baseline and initial adequacy variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 303 incident dialysis patients, 58% were natives and 42% were immigrants. Fifty-nine percent of natives and 54% of immigrants had HD as initial treatment modality. At initiation of dialysis, native patients were older and had higher rates of vascular and coronary artery diseases and malignancies and a lower prevalence of hypertension. Glomerulonephritis was more common among immigrants as primary kidney disease. Mean haematocrit and calcium levels for natives were higher compared to immigrants. Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed an increased relative mortality risk (RR) of 2.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9-3.9] for natives compared to immigrants. Adjustment for age at the start of dialysis attenuated the RR to 1.9 (CI 1.3-2.7). Adjustment for the other variables did not materially influence this RR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate increased survival for immigrant compared to native dialysis patients in an urban setting in the Netherlands. This survival advantage is only partly explained by younger age of immigrants at the start of dialysis compared to native patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sint Lucas Andreas Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tessa O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: van den Beukel
authors.forename: Friedo W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: Carl E H
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Siegert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005260:Female; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D014505:Urban Population