title: Dispatched Homolog 2 is targeted by miR-214 through a combination of three weak microRNA recognition sites.
abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression by inhibiting translation of target mRNAs through pairing with miRNA recognition elements (MREs), usually in 3' UTRs. Because pairing is imperfect, identification of bona fide mRNA targets presents a challenge. Most target recognition algorithms strongly emphasize pairing between nucleotides 2-8 of the miRNA (the 'seed' sequence) and the mRNA but adjacent sequences and the local context of the 3' UTR also affect targeting. Here, we show that dispatched 2 is a target of miR-214. In zebrafish, dispatched 2 is expressed in the telencephalon and ventral hindbrain and is essential for normal zebrafish development. Regulation of dispatched 2 by miR-214 is via pairing with three, noncanonical, weak MREs. By comparing the repression capacity of GFP reporters containing different dispatched 2 sequences, we found that a combination of weak sites, which lack canonical seed pairing, can effectively target an mRNA for silencing. This finding underscores the challenge that prediction algorithms face and emphasizes the need to experimentally validate predicted MREs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Alex S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Flynt
authors.forename: H Rosemary
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Lilianna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Solnica-Krezel
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Patton
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D020029:Base Pairing; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; C530594:Disp2 protein, zebrafish; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D035683:MicroRNAs; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins