title: The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease: Part I.
abstract: The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of metabolic risk factors and physical conditions that are accompanied by an enhanced propensity toward the development of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. It presents a combination of atherosclerosis risk including atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, elevated plasma glucose, hypercoagulability, and a proinflammatory state. The 2 major underlying risk factors for the metabolic syndrome are obesity and insulin resistance. Exacerbating factors are physical inactivity, advancing age, and endocrine and genetic factors. Associated hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and elevated adipokine levels (adipose cytokines) lead to vascular endothelial dysfunction, an abnormal lipid profile, hypertension, and vascular inflammation, all of which promote the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this 2-part series, the authors present an up-to-date and detailed systematic review of the literature on this important topic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Arizona, 13400 East Shea Boulevard/C, Scottsdale, AZ 85260, USA.
authors.forename: Panupong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jiamsripong
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mookadam
authors.forename: Tadaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Bijoy K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Khandheria
authors.forename: Farouk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mookadam
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers