title: The effect of vapocoolant spray on pain due to intravenous cannulation in children: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Established noninvasive pharmacologic means of alleviating pain and anxiety in children undergoing intravenous cannulation are time-consuming, and thus impractical for routine use in the emergency department. Vapocoolant sprays provide transient skin anesthesia within seconds of application. We compared the effect of a new vapocoolant spray to placebo on pain due to intravenous cannulation in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this double-blind randomized controlled trial, which we conducted between June 1 and Sept. 12, 2006, 80 children aged 6-12 years received either vapocoolant spray or placebo before cannulation. Children rated their pain using a 100-mm colour visual analogue scale. Secondary outcomes included success rate on first attempt at cannulation and pain ratings by the children's parents, nurses and child life specialists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a modest but significant reduction in pain with the use of vapocoolant spray (mean difference 19 mm, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6-32 mm; p < 0.01). Cannulation on first attempt was more often successful with the use of vapocoolant spray (85.0%) than with placebo (62.5%) (mean difference 22.5%, 95% CI 3.2%-39.9%; p = 0.03). The number needed to treat to prevent 1 cannulation failure was 5 (95% CI 3-32). Parents (p = 0.04), nurses (p = 0.01) and child life specialists (p < 0.01) considered the children's pain to be reduced with the use of vapocoolant spray.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vapocoolant spray in our study quickly and effectively reduced pain due to intravenous cannulation in children and improved the success rate of cannulation. It is an important option to reduce childhood procedural pain in emergency situations, especially when time precludes traditional interventions. (http://ClinicalTrials.gov trial register no. NCT00130650.).
authors.affiliation: The Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ken J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Farion
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Splinter
authors.forename: Kym
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Newhook
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gaboury
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Splinter
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D002404:Catheterization; D002648:Child; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D050785:Cryoanesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010290:Parents
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols