title: Avoidance learning facilitates temporal processing in the primary auditory cortex.
abstract: The primary auditory cortex is now known to be involved in learning and memory, as well as auditory perception. For example, spectral tuning often shifts toward or to the frequency of the conditioned stimulus during associative learning. As previous research has focused on tonal frequency, less is known about how learning might alter temporal parameters of response in the auditory cortex. This study addressed the effects of learning on the fidelity of temporal processing. Adult male rats were trained to avoid shock that was signaled by an 8.0 kHz tone. A novel control group received non-contingent tone and shock with shock probability decreasing over days to match the reduced number of shocks received by the avoidance group as they mastered the task. An untrained (nai ve) group served as a baseline. Following training, neuronal responses to white noise and a broad spectrum of tones were determined across the primary auditory cortex in a terminal experiment with subjects under general anesthesia. Avoidance conditioning significantly improved the precision of spike-timing: the coefficient of variation of 1st spike latency was significantly reduced in avoidance animals compared to controls and nai ves, both for tones and for noise. Additionally, avoidance learning was accompanied by a reduction of the latency of peak response, by 2.0-2.5 ms relative to nai ves and approximately 1.0 ms relative to controls. The shock-matched controls also exhibited significantly shorter peak latency of response than nai ves, demonstrating the importance of this non-avoidance control. Plasticity of temporal processing showed no evidence of frequency specificity and developed independently of the non-temporal parameters magnitude of response, frequency tuning and neural threshold, none of which were facilitated. The facilitation of temporal processing suggests that avoidance learning may increase synaptic strength either within the auditory cortex, in the subcortical auditory system, or both.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, 309 Qureshey Research Laboratory, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3800, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: Bonnie S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Poytress
authors.forename: Norman M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Weinberger
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000818:Animals; D001245:Association Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology; D008144:Loudness Perception / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D010898:Pitch Perception / Q000502:physiology; D011337:Probability Learning; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*