title: Heart-specific isoform of tropomyosin4 is essential for heartbeat in zebrafish embryos.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tropomyosin (Tpm) proteins, encoded by four Tpm genes (Tpm1-4), are associated with the stabilization of the F-actin filaments and play important roles in modulating muscle contraction. So far, little is known about Tpm4 function in embryonic heart development and its involvement in the cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we investigated functions of different isoforms of tpm4 in embryonic heartbeat in zebrafish.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The transgenic zebrafish line, T2EGEZ8, was generated by insertion of a Tol2 transposon gene trap vector, and homozygous mutants (T2EGEZ8(m/m)) of this line showed failure of embryonic heartbeat without other detectable phenotypes. Observation by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the ventricular myocytes of mutant fish contained fewer, disorganized myofibrillar filaments. The transposon genome in T2EGEZ8 fish was found by thermal asymmetric interlaced-polymerase chain reaction (TAIL-PCR) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to have inserted into the ninth intron of the tpm4 locus, which resulted in production of Tpm4-GFP fusion proteins and loss of normal transcripts tpm4-tv1 and tpm4-tv2. Whole-mount in situ hybridization indicated that tpm4-tv1, encoding a peptide of 284 residues, is specifically expressed in the heart of zebrafish embryos, while tpm4-tv2, encoding a peptide of 248 residues, is mainly present in the vasculature but absent in the heart. Knockdown of tpm4-tv1 and tpm4-tv2 within wild-type embryos led to the failure of heartbeat, which could be rescued by coinjection with tpm4-tv1 mRNA but not with tpm4-tv2 mRNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tpm4-tv1 is a heart-specific isoform of Tpm4 and is essential for heartbeat in zebrafish embryos.
authors.affiliation: Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xinyi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Quanlong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Nirma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Skrbo-Larssen
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Yanchao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Shuyan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Chuanmao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Anming
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000235:genetics; D006720:Homozygote; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D009154:Mutation; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010641:Phenotype; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000378:metabolism; D014335:Tropomyosin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D014335:Tropomyosin; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C533646:tpm4a protein, zebrafish