title: The stress and fear levels of microwave toe-treated broiler chickens grown with two photoperiod programs.
abstract: The current study was conducted to investigate the influence of microwave toe treatment and an increasing photoperiod on stress and fear levels in broiler chickens. Upon delivery from the hatchery, the toe tips of 364 male and 364 female broilers were exposed to microwave energy to restrict claw growth, whereas the same numbers of birds retained intact toes. Birds from each sex and toe treatment were grown under 23 h of light or increasing photoperiods, with 4 replicates of each treatment combination. Elevated activity of plasma creatine kinase (CK) and increased heterophil to lymphocyte (H/L) ratios were employed as indicators of stress. Tonic immobility (TI) was conducted on d 10, 22, and 36 and used as an index of fear response. Males had lower plasma CK activity and H/L ratios (P < 0.05). Birds on 23 h of light had a higher activity of plasma CK (P < 0.05) but similar H/L ratios compared with birds on the increasing photoperiod. Microwave toe treatment did not affect the activity of plasma CK or H/L ratios. Photoperiod, microwave toe treatment, or sex did not affect the number of attempts required to induce TI. The increasing lighting program decreased the duration of TI on d 10 (P < 0.05), had no effect on d 22, and increased duration of TI on d 36 (P < 0.05). There was no microwave toe treatment or sex effect on the duration of TI at any ages tested.
authors.affiliation: Plant & Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Rathgeber
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Astatkie
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: MacIsaac
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006724:Hoof and Claw; D046353:Immobility Response, Tonic; D008214:Lymphocytes; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves; D017440:Photoperiod; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism*; D014034:Toes
chemical_list: D003402:Creatine Kinase