title: High prevalence of nasopharyngeal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus among children with HIV-1 infection in extreme southern Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare nasopharyngeal colonization between children with HIV-1 infection and those without HIV-1 infection, with special emphasis on nasopharyngeal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus.
  
  
  METHODS
  This hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out in the Paediatric Day Hospital of a teaching hospital. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected in 93 children aged up to 18 years old born to HIV-positive mothers (31 children with HIV-1 infection and 62 age-matched non-infected children).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of nasopharyngeal colonization by S. aureus was higher among children with HIV-1 infection compared with those without HIV-1 infection (45.16% vs. 12.9%, p = 0.001). After adjusting all potential confounders, HIV-1 infection was an independent risk factor for nasopharyngeal colonization by S. aureus, with a prevalence ratio of 4.29 (95% confidence interval: 1.72-10.70).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with HIV-1 infection had a higher prevalence of nasopharyngeal colonization by S. aureus than children without HIV-1 infection. Most of the isolated strains of S. aureus were methicillin-susceptible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal and Child Health, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nildo E M
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: D'Avila
authors.forename: Linjie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Roger G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Alan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: D'Avila
authors.forename: Ana P C
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Conceição
authors.forename: Manoela S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Boffo
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*