title: Ionizing radiation of mesenchymal stem cells results in diminution of the precursor pool and limits potential for multilineage differentiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although ionizing radiation is an important treatment modality for a number of malignancies, it can be associated with significant morbidity. The exact mechanisms by which ionizing radiation results in cellular injury remain unknown. Mesenchymal stem cells give rise to a number of tissues including bone, fat, and cartilage and provide an excellent cellular model with which to evaluate the effects of ionizing radiation on cellular survival and function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat mesenchymal stem cells were irradiated with 0, 7, and 12 Gy of ionizing radiation and assessed for changes in growth, apoptosis, cell-cycle profile, senescence, differentiation, and gene expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ionizing radiation resulted in a significant decrease in cellular proliferation because of increased apoptosis, G2 cell-cycle arrest, and premature senescence. In addition, ionizing radiation caused low-level spontaneous osteoblastic differentiation. Conversely, cellular differentiation in response to lineage-specific culture conditions for bone, fat, and cartilage was markedly decreased in irradiated cells, thereby demonstrating a deficit in the ability of irradiated mesenchymal stem cells to respond to environmental stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the majority of mesenchymal stem cells survive injury from ionizing radiation, this injury results in a significant decrease in cellular proliferation. Furthermore, the differentiation potential of irradiated mesenchymal stem cells in response to environmental stimuli is markedly diminished. Thus, the negative effects of ionizing radiation may result from a decreased pool of progenitor cells with limited differentiation potential. Proposed radioprotection strategies aiming to reduce tissue injury should therefore evaluate not only cellular survival but also cellular function.
authors.affiliation: New York, N.Y. From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and the Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
authors.forename: Björn H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Schönmeyr
authors.forename: Alex K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Clavin
authors.forename: Babak J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Mehrara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000528:radiation effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000528:radiation effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000528:radiation effects; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D051381:Rats