title: The effect of comorbid illness and functional status on the expected benefits of intensive glucose control in older patients with type 2 diabetes: a decision analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physicians are uncertain about when to pursue intensive glucose control among older patients with diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of comorbid illnesses and functional status, mediated through background mortality, on the expected benefits of intensive glucose control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Decision analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Major clinical studies in diabetes and geriatrics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients 60 to 80 years of age who have type 2 diabetes and varied life expectancies estimated from a mortality index that was validated at the population level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient lifetime.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health care system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intensive glucose control (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] level of 7.0) versus moderate glucose control (HbA1c level of 7.9).
  
  
  METHODS
  Lifetime differences in incidence of complications and average quality-adjusted days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Healthy older patients of different age groups had expected benefits of intensive glucose control ranging from 51 to 116 quality-adjusted days. Within each age group, the expected benefits of intensive control steadily declined as the level of comorbid illness and functional impairment increased (mortality index score, 1 to 26 points). For patients 60 to 64 years of age with new-onset diabetes, the benefits declined from 106 days at baseline good health (life expectancy, 14.6 years) to 44 days with 3 additional index points (life expectancy, 9.7 years) and 8 days with 7 additional index points (life expectancy, 4.8 years). A similar decline in benefits occurred among patients with prolonged duration of diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With alternative model assumptions (such as Framingham models), expected benefits of intensive control declined as mortality index scores increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes clinical trial data were lacking for frail, older patients. The mortality index was not validated for use in predicting individual-level life expectancies. Adverse effects of intensive control were not taken into account.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among older diabetic patients, the presence of multiple comorbid illnesses or functional impairments is a more important predictor of limited life expectancy and diminishing expected benefits of intensive glucose control than is age alone.
authors.affiliation: University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. ehuang@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: Elbert S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Niren
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gandra
authors.forename: Marshall H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: David O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Meltzer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000401:mortality; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin