title: Risk prediction of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a risk equation from the Swedish National Diabetes Register.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Risk prediction models obtained in samples from the general population do not perform well in type 2 diabetic patients. Recently, 5-year risk estimates were proposed as being more accurate than 10-year risk estimates. This study presents a diabetes-specific equation for estimation of the absolute 5-year risk of first incident fatal/nonfatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetic patients with use of A1C and clinical characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was based on 11,646 female and male patients, aged 18-70 years, from the Swedish National Diabetes Register with 1,482 first incident CVD events based on 58,342 person-years with mean follow-up of 5.64 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This risk equation incorporates A1C, as in the UK Prospective Diabetes Study risk engine, and several clinical characteristics: onset age of diabetes, diabetes duration, sex, BMI, smoking, systolic blood pressure, and antihypertensive and lipid-reducing drugs. All predictors included were associated with the outcome (P < 0.0001, except for BMI P = 0.0016) with Cox regression analysis. Calibration was excellent when assessed by comparing observed and predicted risk. Discrimination was sufficient, with a receiver operator curve statistic of 0.70. Mean 5-year risk of CVD in all patients was 12.0 +/- 7.5%, whereas 54% of the patients had a 5-year risk >or=10%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This more simplified risk equation enables 5-year risk prediction of CVD based on easily available nonlaboratory predictors in clinical practice and A1C and was elaborated in a large observational study obtained from the normal patient population aged up to 70 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. jan.cederholm@pubcare.uu.se
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cederholm
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eeg-Olofsson
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eliasson
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zethelius
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Soffia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gudbjörnsdottir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011336:Probability; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors