title: An investigation of the action of the hamstring muscles during standing in crouch using functional electrical stimulation (FES).
abstract: The hamstring muscle moment arms indicate that they act as hip extensors and knee flexors. Previous work using induced acceleration (IA) analysis and functional electrical stimulation (FES) has, however, revealed counter-intuitive muscle actions, particularly for biarticular muscles during the stance phase of normal gait. In conditions such as cerebral palsy the hamstrings have been associated with the development of pathological gait patterns, particularly crouch gait. This study examines the role of these muscles in the control of crouched standing postures. Five unimpaired adult subjects had their muscles stimulated during quiet standing in different degrees of crouch. Kinematic and kinetic changes were observed and measured using a 3D motion analysis system. The hamstring muscles were shown to act strongly to retrovert the pelvis and extend the hip. The action at the knee changes as crouch increases, moving from flexing to extending.
authors.affiliation: ORLAU, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, UK. Caroline.Stewart@rjah.nhs.uk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Postans
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rozumalski
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D013848:Thigh / Q000503:physiopathology