title: An exploratory study of neurohormonal responses of healthy men to massage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This research examined the relationship between plasma oxytocin (OT), arginine vasopressin (AVP), cortisol, and anxiety before, during, and after a massage in healthy adult men.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, controlled, crossover, repeated-measures, prospective experimental design with subjects acting as their own controls was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research was conducted at a Midwestern University.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen (14) healthy men between the ages of 19 and 45 years of age were randomly assigned to the order of two conditions: a 20-minute massage (experimental condition) or a 20-minute reading period (control condition).
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected at time intervals during each data collection session. Plasma OT, AVP, and cortisol levels were evaluated by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) and autonomic measures were recorded pre- and postcondition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both experimental (massage) and control (reading) conditions elicited a significant increase in plasma OT levels (p < 0.05) and a decrease in SAI score (p < 0.05) from pre- to postintervention. A significant positive correlation was detected between plasma AVP and plasma cortisol (r = 0.63, n = 24, p = 0.001) in the massage group, whereas a significant positive correlation between plasma AVP and the SAI (r = 0.47, n = 25, p = 0.016) was observed in the reading group. No significant differences were observed for the autonomic measures between conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding that plasma OT levels increased in both the massage and reading groups, suggests that tactile stimulus is not necessary for OT release. The results suggest that another unknown factor associated with reduction of anxiety may be involved.
authors.affiliation: Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA. debra_bello@baxter.com
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bello
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: White-Traut
authors.forename: Dorie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schwertz
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pournajafi-Nazarloo
authors.forename: C Sue
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000378:metabolism*; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000097:blood*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D010121:Oxytocin; D006854:Hydrocortisone