title: Mechanisms regulating cytochrome c release in pancreatic mitochondria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mechanisms of acinar cell death in pancreatitis are poorly understood. Cytochrome c release is a central event in apoptosis in pancreatitis. Here, we assessed the regulation of pancreatic cytochrome c release by Ca(2+), mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta Psi m), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), the signals involved in acute pancreatitis. We used both isolated rat pancreatic mitochondria and intact acinar cells hyperstimulated with cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8; in vitro model of acute pancreatitis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Micromolar amounts of Ca(2+) depolarised isolated pancreatic mitochondria through a mechanism different from the "classical" (ie, liver) mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). In contrast with liver, Ca(2+)-induced mPTP opening caused a dramatic decrease in ROS and was not associated with pancreatic mitochondria swelling. Importantly, we found that Ca(2+)-induced depolarisation inhibited cytochrome c release from pancreatic mitochondria, due to blockade of ROS production. As a result, Ca(2+) exerted two opposite effects on cytochrome c release: Ca(2+) per se stimulated the release, whereas Ca(2+)-induced depolarisation inhibited it. This dual effect caused a non-monotonous dose-dependence of cytochrome c release on Ca(2+). In intact acinar cells, cytochrome c release, caspase activation and apoptosis were all stimulated by ROS and Ca(2+), and inhibited by depolarisation, corroborating the findings on isolated pancreatic mitochondria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data implicate ROS as a key mediator of CCK-induced apoptotic responses. The results indicate a major role for mitochondria in the effects of Ca(2+ )and ROS on acinar cell death. They suggest that the extent of apoptosis in pancreatitis is regulated by the interplay between ROS, Delta Psi m and Ca(2+). Stabilising mitochondria against loss of Delta Psi m may represent a strategy to mitigate the severity of pancreatitis.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
authors.forename: I V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Odinokova
authors.forename: K-F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Mareninova
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Evtodienko
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andreyev
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gukovsky
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Gukovskaya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism*; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D045304:Cytochromes c; D002118:Calcium