title: Enteric fever: diagnostic value of clinical features.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to evaluate the diagnostic value of clinical symptoms and signs in enteric fever and to propose a clinical diagnostic criterion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kathmandu Medical College, Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.
  
  
  METHODS
  febrile patients with clinical diagnosis of enteric fever were included in the study with the aim of confirming diagnosis with blood culture, or bone marrow culture and evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of various clinical signs and symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  64% of the clinically diagnosed cases had blood/ bone marrow culture positive. The diagnostic accuracy of the various symptoms and signs excluding fever was between 42%-75.5%. Majority of the symptom and sign did not have very high diagnostic accuracy. Hence a diagnostic criterion was proposed and clinical features with diagnostic accuracy more than 50% were taken into consideration. Major criteria included fever with diagnostic accuracy of 64%, headache with accuracy of 75.5% and relative bradycardia with an accuracy of 66%. Minor criteria included vomiting, diarrhoea, Splenomegaly, chills and abdominal pain /discomfort with diagnostic accuracy of 57%, 55%, 55%, 53% and 51% respectively. Finally after combination of various major and minor criteria a final diagnostic criterion was proposed having an accuracy of 66% and including both major and minor clinical symptom and sign.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  clinical diagnosis of enteric fever will be very helpful in a country like ours. Though none of the clinical symptoms and sign have very high diagnostic accuracy a diagnostic criteria may be helpful. Criteria including both major and minor signs and symptoms would be the most appropriate diagnostic tool as it includes the important abdominal symptoms and signs of enteric fever.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Kathmandu Medical College, Sinamangal, Kathmandu, Nepal. arpana.neopane@gmail.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neopane
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Poudel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dhakal
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Karki
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000382:microbiology; D000328:Adult; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology; D001856:Bone Marrow Examination; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000382:microbiology; D003906:Developing Countries; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000382:microbiology; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000382:microbiology; D006261:Headache / Q000382:microbiology; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013163:Splenomegaly / Q000382:microbiology; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology