title: Measuring post-traumatic growth in people diagnosed with hepatobiliary cancer: directions for future research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To highlight and provide preliminary data regarding issues in the measurement of post-traumatic growth in people diagnosed with primary or metastatic hepatobiliary cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large medical center in Pittsburgh, PA.
  
  
  METHODS
  120 patients with hepatobiliary cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were administered a battery of questionnaires, including the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale, and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary module. Family caregivers also rated patients' post-traumatic growth. Qualitative data collected from patients included positive and negative changes associated with their cancer diagnoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Post-traumatic growth, depression, quality of life, and caregiver ratings of patients' post-traumatic growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results revealed that the PTGI is a reliable instrument in people diagnosed with cancer. The level of post-traumatic growth varies depending on hepatobiliary cancer type. The onset and process of post-traumatic growth differed based on the method of measurement employed (qualitative versus quantitative). Agreement on the PTGI was high between patients and caregivers, suggesting that the patients' growth was observable to others. Post-traumatic growth was not found to be associated with depressive symptoms, quality of life, or survival in patients diagnosed with hepatobiliary cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study underscore the need to understand differences in the measurement and the process of post-traumatic growth in people with cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For some patients, post-traumatic growth as a result of a cancer diagnosis may be associated with positive cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes that influence mental and physical health. For patients who experience post-traumatic growth, healthcare providers may be able to facilitate behavior changes to enhance health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania, USA. steeljl@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Steel
authors.forename: T Clark
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Gamblin
authors.forename: Brian I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Carr
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001661:Biliary Tract Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006803:Human Development; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011446:Prospective Studies; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*