title: Environmental protection: applying the precautionary principle and proactive regulation to biotechnology.
abstract: Biotechnology is a broad field encompassing diverse disciplines from agriculture to zoology. Advances in research are occurring at a rapid pace, and applications that have broad implications socially, economically, ecologically and politically are emerging. Along with notable benefits, environmental consequences that affect core quality-of-life issues for present and future generations are materializing. The precautionary principle should be applied to biotechnology research, activities and products, and a strengthened, enforceable and proactive regulatory framework is needed. The environmental impacts of agriculture, aquaculture, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and even pharmaceuticals are raising public concerns and demonstrate the need for guidance from a variety of social, economic and scientific disciplines to insure the benefits of biotechnology are enjoyed without unacceptable and irreversible environmental costs.
authors.affiliation: Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA. richmond@hawaii.edu
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Richmond
mesh_terms: D001709:Biotechnology / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000639:trends; D004777:Environment