title: The prevalence of increased proximal junctional flexion following posterior instrumentation and arthrodesis for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of proximal junctional sagittal plane flexion increase after posterior instrumentation and arthrodesis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Increased flexion proximal to the junction of the instrumented and fused spinal region with the adjacent mobile spine seems to be a relatively recent observation, may be increasing, and is occasionally problematic.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proximal junctional sagittal angulation 2 motion segments above the upper end instrumentation levels was measured on lateral standing preoperative and follow-up radiographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred seventy-four of 208 consecutive patients (84%) at an average radiograph follow-up of 4.9 +/- 2.73 years had increased proximal junctional flexion in 9.2%. The preoperative junctional measurements were normal for both normal and increased flexion groups. At follow-up, proximal junctional flexion had increased significantly more in the increased flexion group (2.1 degrees vs. 14.1 degrees , P < 0.0001). None of the possible risk factors studied, including demographic comparisons, Lenke classification (including lumbar and sagittal modifiers), end-instrumented vertebrae, end vertebra anchor configurations, surgical sequence, additional anterior surgery, rib osteotomies, and instrumentation length, were significantly associated with increased proximal junctional flexion at follow-up. Lenke 6 curves were at marginal risk of increased proximal junctional flexion (P = 0.0108). There were no differences between the groups in total Scoliosis Research Society-22r scores at an average follow-up of 8.0 +/- 3.74 years. No patient had additional surgery related to increased proximal junctional flexion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of increased proximal junctional flexion was 9.2%. No significant risk factors were identified. Total Scoliosis Research Society-22r scores were similar for groups with normal and increased proximal junctional flexion at follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
authors.forename: S Matt
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hollenbeck
authors.forename: R Christopher
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Glattes
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Asher
authors.forename: Sue Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Burton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires