title: Patterns of transfer for patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome from community to tertiary care hospitals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Practice guidelines for non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE ACS) recommend early invasive management (cardiac catheterization and revascularization within 48 hours of hospital presentation) for high-risk patients, but interhospital transfer is necessary to provide rapid access to revascularization procedures for patients who present to community hospitals without revascularization capabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed patterns and factors associated with interhospital transfer among 19,238 patients with NSTE ACS (positive cardiac markers and/or ischemic ST-segment changes) from 124 community hospitals without revascularization capabilities in the Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines quality improvement initiative from January 2001 through June 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Less than half of the patients (46.3%) admitted to community hospitals were transferred to tertiary hospitals, and fewer (20%) were transferred early (within 48 hours of presentation). Early transfer rates increased by 16% over 10 quarters in patients with a predicted low or moderate risk of inhospital mortality, compared with 5% in high-risk patients. By the last quarter of the analysis, 41.4% of low-risk patients were transferred early versus 12.5% of high-risk patients. Factors significantly associated with early transfer included younger age, lack of prior heart failure, cardiology inpatient care, and ischemic ST-segment electrocardiographic changes. Among patients who were not transferred, 29% had no further risk stratification performed with stress testing, ejection fraction measurement, or diagnostic cardiac catheterization (at hospitals with catheterization laboratories).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients with NSTE ACS presenting to community hospitals without revascularization capabilities are not rapidly transferred to tertiary hospitals, and lower-risk patients appear to be preferentially transferred early. Further investigation is needed to determine if improved risk-based triage at community hospitals can optimize transfer decision making for high-risk patients with NSTE ACS.
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC 27705, USA. roe00001@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Roe
authors.forename: Anita Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Delong
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Boden
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Calvin
authors.forename: Charles B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Cairns
authors.forename: Sidney C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Charles V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.forename: Ralph G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Brindis
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Califf
authors.forename: W Brian
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Gibler
authors.forename: E Magnus
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ohman
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002300:Cardiac Care Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006764:Hospitals, Community / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D010360:Patient Transfer / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States