title: Do patients with schizophrenia exhibit aberrant salience?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that some psychotic symptoms reflect 'aberrant salience', related to dysfunctional reward learning. To test this hypothesis we investigated whether patients with schizophrenia showed impaired learning of task-relevant stimulus-reinforcement associations in the presence of distracting task-irrelevant cues.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested 20 medicated patients with schizophrenia and 17 controls on a reaction time game, the Salience Attribution Test. In this game, participants made a speeded response to earn money in the presence of conditioned stimuli (CSs). Each CS comprised two visual dimensions, colour and form. Probability of reinforcement varied over one of these dimensions (task-relevant), but not the other (task-irrelevant). Measures of adaptive and aberrant motivational salience were calculated on the basis of latency and subjective reinforcement probability rating differences over the task-relevant and task-irrelevant dimensions respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants rated reinforcement significantly more likely and responded significantly faster on high-probability-reinforced relative to low-probability-reinforced trials, representing adaptive motivational salience. Patients exhibited reduced adaptive salience relative to controls, but the two groups did not differ in terms of aberrant salience. Patients with delusions exhibited significantly greater aberrant salience than those without delusions, and aberrant salience also correlated with negative symptoms. In the controls, aberrant salience correlated significantly with 'introvertive anhedonia' schizotypy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support the hypothesis that aberrant salience is related to the presence of delusions in medicated patients with schizophrenia, but are also suggestive of a link with negative symptoms. The relationship between aberrant salience and psychotic symptoms warrants further investigation in unmedicated patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK. j.roiser@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Roiser
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.forename: H E M
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: den Ouden
authors.forename: T R E
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Friston
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Joyce
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D011930:Reaction Time; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012201:Reward; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine