title: Two structurally distinct inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase 3 induced centromere positive micronuclei in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells.
abstract: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is an attractive novel pharmacological target. Inhibition of GSK3 is recently regarded as one of the viable approaches to therapy for Alzheimer's disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and bipolar mood disorder. Here, we have investigated the aneugenic potential of two potent and highly specific inhibitors of GSK3 by using an in vitro micronucleus test with human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. One inhibitor was a newly synthesized maleimide derivative and the other was a previously known aminopyrimidine derivative. Both compounds elicited statistically significant and concentration-dependent increases in micronucleated cells. One hundred micronuclei (MN) of each were analyzed using centromeric DNA staining with fluorescence in situ hybridization. Both the two structurally distinct compounds induced centromere-positive micronuclei (CMN). Calculated from the frequency of MN cells and the percentage of CMN, CMN cell incidence after treatment with the maleimide compound at 1.2 microM, 2.4 microM, and 4.8 microM was 11.6, 27.7, and 56.3 per 1000 cells, respectively; the negative control was 4.5. CMN cell incidence after the treatment with the aminopyrimidine compound at 1.8 microM, 3.6 microM, and 5.4 microM was 6.7, 9.8 and 17.2 per 1000 cells, respectively. Both compounds exhibited concentration-dependent increase in the number of mitotic cells. The frequency of CMN cells correlated well with mitotic cell incidence after treatment with either compound. Furthermore, both inhibitors induced abnormal mitotic cells with asymmetric mitotic spindles and lagging anaphase chromosomes. These results lend further support to the hypothesis that the inhibition of GSK3 activity affects microtubule function and exhibits an aneugenic mode of action.
authors.affiliation: Fuji Gotemba Research Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan. mishimamsy@chugai-pharm.co.jp
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mishima
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeiri
authors.forename: Asako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Chiyomi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sone
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Yukako
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tachibana
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okazaki
mesh_terms: D024422:Aneugens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D002503:Centromere / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008301:Maleimides / Q000494:pharmacology; D015162:Micronucleus Tests / Q000379:methods; D008870:Microtubules / Q000502:physiology; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008941:Spindle Apparatus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D024422:Aneugens; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008301:Maleimides; D011743:Pyrimidines; C043592:maleimide; C034821:4-aminopyrimidine; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3