title: Protecting privacy using k-anonymity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is increasing pressure to share health information and even make it publicly available. However, such disclosures of personal health information raise serious privacy concerns. To alleviate such concerns, it is possible to anonymize the data before disclosure. One popular anonymization approach is k-anonymity. There have been no evaluations of the actual re-identification probability of k-anonymized data sets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Through a simulation, we evaluated the re-identification risk of k-anonymization and three different improvements on three large data sets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Re-identification probability is measured under two different re-identification scenarios. Information loss is measured by the commonly used discernability metric.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For one of the re-identification scenarios, k-Anonymity consistently over-anonymizes data sets, with this over-anonymization being most pronounced with small sampling fractions. Over-anonymization results in excessive distortions to the data (i.e., high information loss), making the data less useful for subsequent analysis. We found that a hypothesis testing approach provided the best control over re-identification risk and reduces the extent of information loss compared to baseline k-anonymity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Guidelines are provided on when to use the hypothesis testing approach instead of baseline k-anonymity.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1J 8L1, Canada. kelemam@uottawa.ca
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: El Emam
authors.forename: Fida Kamal
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Dankar
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016494:Computer Security; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003219:Confidentiality; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D009864:Ontario; D012306:Risk; D012308:Risk Management / Q000379:methods*