title: Increased pathogenicity against coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by Metarhizium anisopliae expressing the scorpion toxin (AaIT) gene.
abstract: Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the Worlds most devastating coffee pest causing an estimated US$500 million worth of losses annually through damage and control costs. Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae have been employed to control this pest but their low virulence (slow kill and large inoculums) is an important factor constraining their use. M. anisopliae (AaIT-Ma549) has been modified to express the scorpion toxin (AaIT) in insect hemolymph and this greatly increased pathogenicity against Manduca sexta and Aedes aegypti. Here, we demonstrate that AaIT-Ma549 was also dramatically more virulent against CBB, and we provide a much more comprehensive analysis of infection processes and post-mortality development than in the previous research. We evaluated several spore concentrations (10(1) through 10(7)spores/ml) of both the wild type and recombinant strain. At concentrations of 10(1), 10(2) and 10(3)spores/ml, the recombinant strain significantly increased mortality of CBB by 32.2%, 56.6% and 24.6%, respectively. The medial lethal concentration (LC(50)) was reduced 15.7-fold and the average survival time (AST) was reduced by 20.1% to 2.98+/-0.1 days with 10(7)spores/ml. This is the first occasion that an entomopathogenic fungus has been found to kill CBB in less than 3 days. However, AaIT-Ma549 produces significantly fewer spores on cadavers than the parental strain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. mpavarip@umd.edu
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pava-Ripoll
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Posada
authors.forename: Bahram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Momen
authors.forename: Chengshu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: St Leger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000382:microbiology*; D052981:Metarhizium / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D012604:Scorpion Venoms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012604:Scorpion Venoms; C065634:AaIT neurotoxin, Androctonus australis