title: Combined videofluoroscopy and manometry in the diagnosis of oropharyngeal dysphagia: examination technique and preliminary experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dysphagia is a symptom of different pathological conditions characterised by alteration of the swallowing mechanism, which may manifest at different levels. We report our experience in the evaluation of the swallowing mechanism with combined videofluoroscopy and manometric recordings.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the combined study, we used a Dyno Compact computerised system (Menfis Biomedical s.r.l., Bologna, Italy) equipped with: (1) graphics card for the management of ultrasonographic or radiological images; (2) A.VI.U.S. dedicated software package, which enables digital-quality recording (PAL/NTSC, composite video or S-Video) of the videofluoroscopy study in AVI format with 320 x 240 resolution and 25 Hz acquisition frequency. The delay introduced by the process of image digitalisation is in the order of 200 ms, so for analysis purposes, the images can be considered synchronised with the manometric recordings. The videomanometry study was performed with the administration of contrast material either in bolus form or diluted. Data were collected on a specifically designed grid for the evaluation of 46 videofluoroscopic items, of which 34 are derived from the laterolateral view (seven in the oral preparatory phase, 15 in the oral transport phase and 12 in the pharyngeal phase) and 12 in the anteroposterior view (six in the oral preparatory phase and six in the oropharyngeal phase). A positive finding for the individual parameters is expressed in a binary fashion. Manometric evaluation was based on 11 items divided into four major and seven minor criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dynamic videofluoroscopy swallow study combined with concurrent manometry enabled the simultaneous recording of anatomical alterations and the functional data of oropharyngeal pressure, thus providing a picture of the anatomical, biomechanical and physiological conditions of swallowing and the manner of bolus propulsion and transit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An early and effective diagnosis of oropharyngeal dysphagia means being able to effectively implement appropriate rehabilitation techniques, improve the patient's quality of life, and minimise the complications associated with swallowing disorders (choking, aspiration pneumonia, malnourishment). Distinction of the anatomical level of dysphagia is not a matter of simple classification; rather, it is essential in that different clinical presentations require different diagnostic strategies, and a precise definition of the anatomical-functional substrate is required to implement the correct therapeutic approach. This study presents the authors' experience with the use of combined videofluoroscopy and manometry with particular emphasis on the examination technique.
authors.affiliation: Section of Radiology, Department Magrassi-Lanzara, Second University of Naples, Via Amendola 8, 81055, Santa Maria Capua Vetere, Caserta, Italy. salvatore.cappabianca@unina2.it
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cappabianca
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reginelli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Monaco
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Del Vecchio
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Di Martino
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grassi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003287:Contrast Media; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012984:Software; D013997:Time Factors; D014741:Video Recording
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media