title: Care coordination for children and youth with special health care needs: a descriptive, multisite study of activities, personnel costs, and outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Objectives included testing use of the care-coordination measurement tool in pediatric primary care practices; describing care-coordination activities for children and youth that occur in primary care practices; assessing the relationship of care-coordination activities in the medical home with outcomes related to resource use; and measuring the direct personnel costs of care-coordination activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six general pediatric practices were selected, representing a diverse range of sizes, locations, patient demographics, and care-coordination activity model types. The care-coordination measurement tool was used over a period of 8 months in 2003 to record all of the nonreimbursable care-coordination activity encounters performed by any office-based personnel. The tool enabled recording of activities, resources-use outcomes, and time. Cost of personnel performing care-coordination activities was derived by extrapolation from the time spent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Care-coordination activity services were used by patients of all complexity levels. Children and youth with special health care needs with acute-onset, family-based psychosocial problems experienced 14% of the care-coordination activity encounters and used 21% of the care-coordination activities minutes. Children and youth without special health care needs, without complicating family psychosocial problems, received 50% of the encounters and used 36% of the care-coordination activity minutes. The average cost per care-coordination activity encounter varied from $4.39 to $12.86, with an overall mean of $7.78. A principal cost driver seemed to be the percentage of care-coordination activities performed by physicians. Office-based nurses prevented a large majority of emergency department visits and episodic office visits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Care-coordination activity was assessed at the practice level, and the care-coordination measurement tool was used successfully during the operations of typical, pediatric, primary care settings. The presence of acute, family-based social stressors was a significant driver of need for care-coordination activities. A high proportion of dependence on care-coordination performed by physicians led to increased costs. Office-based nurses providing care coordination were responsible for a significant number of episodes of avoidance of higher cost use outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA. rantonelli@ccmckids.org
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Stille
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Antonelli
mesh_terms: D000488:Allied Health Personnel / Q000191:economics; D002648:Child; D002671:Child, Exceptional; D019988:Children with Disabilities; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D010347:Patient Care Planning / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration; D014481:United States