title: Discriminative stimulus properties of naloxone in Long-Evans rats: assessment with the conditioned taste aversion baseline of drug discrimination learning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The characterization of the discriminative stimulus properties of naloxone has focused primarily on its actions at the mu opioid receptor, although naloxone also displays an affinity for delta and kappa receptor subtypes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study extends this characterization of the naloxone cue by investigating if relatively specific antagonists for the mu (naltrexone: 0.10-0.56 mg/kg), delta (naltrindole: 1-18 mg/kg), and kappa (MR2266: 1.8-10 mg/kg) opioid receptor subtypes will substitute for naloxone in animals trained to discriminate naloxone from its vehicle. The temporal nature of the naloxone cue was examined by varying pretreatment time points (15, 30, 45, 60 min). Finally, various doses of naltrexone methobromide (1-18 mg/kg) were assessed to determine peripheral mediation of the cue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female Long-Evans rats (N = 30) received an injection of naloxone (1 mg/kg; i.p.) 15 min prior to a pairing of saccharin (20-min access) and the emetic LiCl (1.8 mEq; i.p.; n = 16, group NL) or vehicle (n = 14, group NW); on other days, they were injected with saline prior to saccharin alone. Substitution tests with compounds with various receptor affinities and selective CNS and PNS actions were then assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only naloxone and naltrexone produced dose-dependent decreases in saccharin consumption. Naloxone administered at 15 and 30 min before saccharin produced decreases in consumption similar to that displayed on training days. Naltrexone methobromide substituted only at the highest dose tested (18 mg/kg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Naloxone's stimulus effects appear to be mediated centrally via activity at the mu opioid receptor.
authors.affiliation: Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA. cd2994a@american.edu
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Glenn W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cañadas
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ullrich
authors.forename: Kenner C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Anthony L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Riley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012439:Saccharin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013649:Taste / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017473:Receptors, Opioid, kappa; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D009270:Naloxone; D012439:Saccharin