title: Chrysotile effects on human lung cell carcinoma in culture: 3-D reconstruction and DNA quantification by image analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chrysotile is considered less harmful to human health than other types of asbestos fibers. Its clearance from the lung is faster and, in comparison to amphibole forms of asbestos, chrysotile asbestos fail to accumulate in the lung tissue due to a mechanism involving fibers fragmentation in short pieces. Short exposure to chrysotile has not been associated with any histopathological alteration of lung tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present work focuses on the association of small chrysotile fibers with interphasic and mitotic human lung cancer cells in culture, using for analyses confocal laser scanning microscopy and 3D reconstructions. The main goal was to perform the analysis of abnormalities in mitosis of fibers-containing cells as well as to quantify nuclear DNA content of treated cells during their recovery in fiber-free culture medium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HK2 cells treated with chrysotile for 48 h and recovered in additional periods of 24, 48 and 72 h in normal medium showed increased frequency of multinucleated and apoptotic cells. DNA ploidy of the cells submitted to the same chrysotile treatment schedules showed enhanced aneuploidy values. The results were consistent with the high frequency of multipolar spindles observed and with the presence of fibers in the intercellular bridge during cytokinesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data show that 48 h chrysotile exposure can cause centrosome amplification, apoptosis and aneuploid cell formation even when long periods of recovery were provided. Internalized fibers seem to interact with the chromatin during mitosis, and they could also interfere in cytokinesis, leading to cytokinesis failure which forms aneuploid or multinucleated cells with centrosome amplification.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 1524, 05508-000, Sao Paulo, Brazil. cortez.bia@gmail.com
authors.forename: Beatriz A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cortez
authors.forename: Glaucia M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Machado-Santelli
mesh_terms: D000782:Aneuploidy; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D017632:Asbestos, Serpentine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007399:Interphase / Q000187:drug effects; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008938:Mitosis / Q000187:drug effects; D010587:Phagocytosis
chemical_list: D017632:Asbestos, Serpentine; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm