title: SH-5, an AKT inhibitor potentiates apoptosis and inhibits invasion through the suppression of anti-apoptotic, proliferative and metastatic gene products regulated by IkappaBalpha kinase activation.
abstract: Because the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-AKT pathway is emerging as an important regulator of tumor cell survival, inhibitors of this pathway have enormous potential in cancer treatment. A specific inhibitor of AKT, [d-3-deoxy-2-O-methyl-myo-inositol-1-[(R)-2-methoxy-3-(octadecyloxy)propyl hydrogen phosphate]] (SH-5) has been recently synthesized, but little is known about its effects on cytokine signaling. We found that SH-5 potentiated the apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF), as indicated by intracellular esterase staining, annexin V staining, and caspase-3 activation. This effect of SH-5 correlated with downregulation of various gene products that mediate cell survival, proliferation, metastasis, and invasion, all known to be regulated by NF-kappaB. SH-5 also blocked NF-kappaB activation induced by TNF-alpha, lipopolysaccharide, phorbol ester, and cigarette smoke but not that activated by hydrogen peroxide and RANK ligand, indicating differential requirement of AKT. Inhibition of NF-kappaB correlated with abrogation of phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha through the inhibition of activation of IkappaBalpha kinase (IKK). This led to suppression of the phosphorylation and translocation of p65 and also of NF-kappaB reporter activity induced by TNFR1, TRADD, TRAF2, NIK, and IKKbeta but not that induced by p65 transfection. Thus, our results clearly demonstrate that inhibition of AKT leads to potentiation of apoptosis through modulation of NF-kappaB signaling.
authors.affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Departments of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Gautam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.forename: Kwang Seok
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Bokyung
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Ajaikumar B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kunnumakkara
authors.forename: Madan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.forename: Bharat B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007295:Inositol Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: C435044:1-((1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methylglycero)phospho)-3-deoxy-myo-inositol; D007295:Inositol Phosphates; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase