title: Maternal and birth attendant hand washing and neonatal mortality in southern Nepal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than 95% of neonatal deaths occur in developing countries, approximately 50% at home. Few data are available on the impact of hand-washing practices by birth attendants or caretakers on neonatal mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between birth attendant and maternal hand-washing practices and neonatal mortality in rural Nepal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sarlahi District in rural southern Nepal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Newborn infants were originally enrolled in a community-based trial assessing the effect of skin and/or umbilical cord cleansing with chlorhexidine on neonatal mortality in southern Nepal. A total of 23,662 newborns were enrolled and observed through 28 days of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires were administered to mothers on days 1 and 14 after delivery to identify care practices and risk factors for mortality and infection. Three hand-washing categories were defined: (1) birth attendant hand washing with soap and water before assisting with delivery, (2) maternal hand washing with soap and water or antiseptic before handling the baby, and (3) combined birth attendant and maternal hand washing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mortality within the neonatal period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Birth attendant hand washing was related to a statistically significant lower mortality rate among neonates (adjusted relative risk [RR] = 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66-0.99), as was maternal hand washing (adjusted RR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.38-0.82). There was a 41% lower mortality rate among neonates exposed to both hand-washing practices (adjusted RR = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.37-0.94).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Birth attendant and maternal hand washing with soap and water were associated with significantly lower rates of neonatal mortality. Measures to improve or promote birth attendant and maternal hand washing could improve neonatal survival rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205-2103, USA.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: Luke C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Mullany
authors.forename: Subarna K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Khatry
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: LeClerq
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Darmstadt
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tielsch
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000985:Antisepsis; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008880:Midwifery; D009035:Mothers; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin; D014472:Umbilicus
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D002710:Chlorhexidine