title: Magnetic resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain in the diagnostic evaluation of developmental delay.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the contribution of MRI and proton spectroscopy (1HMRS) in establishing an etiological diagnosis in children with developmental delay (DD) and to assess whether the chance of finding specific abnormalities correlates with the presence of neurological signs and/or abnormal head circumference (HC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were derived from a cohort of 325 consecutive patients with DD receiving structured multidisciplinary evaluation in our centre. Patients had MRI/1HMRS if a diagnosis could not be made clinically and if additional neurological signs and/or abnormal HC and/or an IQ below 50 were present. The MRI protocol consisted of axial IR, T2, FLAIR, sagittal T1 and coronal T2 sequences. Multivoxel 1HMRS was located in a plane superior to the lateral ventricles with voxels in both grey matter and white matter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and nine children were scanned, 80 of them because of neurological signs and/or abnormal HC. Although minor abnormalities were noted in the vast majority of patients, MRI and/or 1HMRS really contributed to an etiological diagnosis in only 10 (9%) patients, all of whom were scanned because of neurological signs. In these 10 patients, 1HMRS was diagnostic in one patient and of additional value to MRI findings in 3 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI and 1HMRS may contribute to the diagnostic evaluation of DD, especially if applied specifically to patients with neurological signs, whereas its role is very limited in children without these signs.
authors.affiliation: Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. k.t.verbruggen@bkk.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Krijn T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Verbruggen
authors.forename: Linda C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Meiners
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Sijens
authors.forename: Roelineke J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lunsing
authors.forename: Francjan J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Spronsen
authors.forename: Oebele F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Brouwer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male