Cardiovascular evaluation, including resting and exercise electrocardiography, before participation in competitive sports: cross sectional study.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the clinical usefulness of complete preparticipation cardiovascular screening in a large cohort of sports participants.


METHODS
Cross sectional study of data over a five year period.


METHODS
Institute of Sports Medicine in Florence, Italy.


METHODS
30,065 (23,570 men) people seeking to obtain clinical eligibility for competitive sports.


METHODS
Results of resting and exercise 12 lead electrocardiography.


RESULTS
Resting 12 lead ECG patterns showed abnormalities in 1812 (6%) participants, with the most common abnormalities (>80%) concerning innocent ECG changes. Exercise ECG showed an abnormal pattern in 1459 (4.9%) participants. Exercise ECG showed cardiac anomalies in 1227 athletes with normal findings on resting ECG. At the end of screening, 196 (0.6%) participants were considered ineligible for competitive sports. Among the 159 participants who were disqualified at the end of the screening for cardiac reasons, a consistent proportion (n=126, 79.2%) had shown innocent or negative findings on resting 12 lead ECG but clear pathological alterations during the exercise test. After adjustment for possible confounders, logistic regression analysis showed that age >30 years was significantly associated with an increased risk of being disqualified for cardiac findings during exercise testing.


CONCLUSIONS
Among people seeking to take part in competitive sports, exercise ECG can identify those with cardiac abnormalities. Follow-up studies would show if disqualification of such people would reduce the incidence of CV events among athletes.
Sofi
Francesco
F
Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Area, Thrombosis Centre, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy. francescosofi@gmail.com
Capalbo
Andrea
A
Pucci
Nicola
N
Giuliattini
Jacopo
J
Condino
Francesca
F
Alessandri
Flavio
F
Abbate
Rosanna
R
Gensini
Gian Franco
GF
Califano
Sergio
S
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000517:prevention & control; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013177:Sports