title: Cellular mechanisms of behavioral plasticity in simple nervous systems.
abstract: Review of our own experimental studies of the cellular mechanisms of learning in the nervous systems of gastropod mollusks, along with published results, allows identification of a number of the principles of operation of nervous systems, which are important for descriptions of learning and memory processes: 1) the main plastic changes on learning occur at the level of interneurons; 2) learning results in selective alteration of the efficiency of particular synaptic inputs of command neurons; 3) reinforcement is not linked with neuron activity in the receptor-sensory neuron-interneuron-motoneuron-effector reflex arc, but is mediated by neurons which modulate this circuit, this involving a single neuron in some simple cases; 4) modulator neuron activity is required for the acquisition of plastic modifications to defensive behavior (including associative modifications) but is not necessary for the reproduction of acquired responses to a conditioned stimulus. At the same time, modulator neurons (comprising the reinforcement neuron system) are required for reproduction of contextual associative responses; and 5) changes resulting from learning occur at at least two independent loci in the nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5A Butlerov Street, Moscow, Russia. balaban@ihna.msk.ru
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Balaban
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001245:Association Learning / Q000502:physiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D049851:Gastropoda; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*