title: Communicating side effect risks in a tamoxifen prophylaxis decision aid: the debiasing influence of pictographs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To experimentally test whether using pictographs (image matrices), incremental risk formats, and varied risk denominators would influence perceptions and comprehension of side effect risks in an online decision aid about prophylactic use of tamoxifen to prevent primary breast cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 631 women with elevated breast cancer risk from two healthcare organizations. Participants saw tailored estimates of the risks of 5 side effects: endometrial cancer, blood clotting, cataracts, hormonal symptoms, and sexual problems. Presentation format was randomly varied in a three factor design: (A) risk information was displayed either in pictographs or numeric text; (B) presentations either reported total risks with and without tamoxifen or highlighted the incremental risk most relevant for decision making; and (C) risk estimates used 100 or 1000 person denominators. Primary outcome measures included risk perceptions and gist knowledge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incremental risk formats consistently lowered perceived risk of side effects but resulted in low knowledge when displayed by numeric text only. Adding pictographs, however, produced significantly higher comprehension levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pictographs make risk statistics easier to interpret, reducing biases associated with incremental risk presentations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Including graphs in risk communications is essential to support an informed treatment decision-making process.
authors.affiliation: VA Health Services Research & Development Center of Excellence, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. bzikmund@umich.edu
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Zikmund-Fisher
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Ubel
authors.forename: Dylan M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Holly A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Derry
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: Azadeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.forename: Rosemarie K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Pitsch
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fagerlin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001296:Audiovisual Aids; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008824:Michigan; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014861:Washington
chemical_list: D013629:Tamoxifen