title: Radiographic evaluation of the shoulder.
abstract: Imaging evaluation of shoulder disorders should begin with radiographs. Several radiographic projections have been developed to best show areas affected by particular clinical disorders. This paper reviews the radiographic examinations that are used at our hospital for evaluating arthritis, impingement, trauma and instability. The techniques used to obtain each of these radiographs are briefly described to better understand the resulting images. An organized approach to assessment of these radiographs is delineated including evaluation of the ABCs (alignment, bone density, cartilage spaces and soft tissues). The expected radiographic findings in normal individuals and in patients with common abnormal conditions are reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. mskrads@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goud
authors.forename: Dmitri
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.forename: Pejman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hedayati
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Barbara N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Weissman
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011859:Radiography; D012782:Shoulder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012784:Shoulder Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*