title: Twelve tips for teaching avoidance of diagnostic errors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite an increasing emphasis on patient safety on the part of healthcare systems worldwide, diagnostic error remains common. Errors frequently result in significant clinical consequences and persist despite remarkable advances in diagnostic technology. Most medical students and physician trainees receive little instruction regarding both the root causes of diagnostic errors and how to avoid such errors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This installment of the '12 tips' series discusses how to familiarize the learner with the cognitive underpinnings of diagnostic error. It also describes how to teach several approaches to the diagnostic process that may lessen the likelihood of error.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specific educational practices are discussed in detail. Emphasis is placed on describing meta-cognitive techniques, promoting the value of the clinical examination, and employing simple diagnostic strategies, including 'diagnostic time-outs' and the practice of 'worst-case scenario' medicine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical educators may help learners avoid diagnostic errors by employing several of the educational techniques described herein.
authors.affiliation: Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine 04102, USA. ME 04102 USA. trowbr@mmc.org
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Trowbridge
mesh_terms: D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004501:Education, Medical; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D013663:Teaching