title: Negative impact and positive value in caregiving: validation of the COPE index in a six-country sample of carers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study attempts to further validate the COPE Index on a large sample of carers drawn from six European countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a cross-sectional survey, with approximately 1,000 carers recruited in each of six countries by means of a common standard evaluation protocol. Our saturation recruitment of a designated quota of carers occurred by means of several channels, in identified geographical zones within countries. Interviews were carried out with primary informal carers by use of a common assessment tool. We subjected items of the COPE Index to principal component analysis and we assessed emergent components through the use of Cronbach's alpha reliability procedures. We examined factor components as summative scales for confirmatory correlations with caregiving and psychological variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three components emerged, which we identified as the negative impact of caregiving, the positive value of caregiving, and the quality of support for caregiving. Internal consistency was good for negative impact and satisfactory for positive value and quality of support. Negative value was most consistently and strongly correlated with caregiving and psychological variables, although we did find diverse associations between these variables and the COPE Index subscales.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The COPE Index is a brief, first-stage assessment of some sophistication that can enable health and social care professionals to develop appropriately targeted interventions to enhance the positive aspects of the caregiving experience and quality of support, as well as reduce the negative impacts of caregiving.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Science and Education, University of Trenton, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balducci
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mnich
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lamura
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beckmann
authors.forename: Barbro
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krevers
authors.forename: Z Beata
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Wojszel
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Constantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prouskas
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bien
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oberg
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life; D012380:Role; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires