title: Low HDL cholesterol associates with major depression in a sample with a 7-year history of depressive symptoms.
abstract: Long-term depression may increase the risk for adverse coronary events. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) have in particular been suggested to underlie this connection. A total of 124 participants with a recorded seven-year history of depressive symptoms (depressed, n=63) or euthymic state (controls, n=61) underwent a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV to confirm their psychiatric diagnosis. Total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, triglycerides, non-HDL-C and atherogenic indices (LDL-C/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C) were assessed. The HDL-C levels were lower and atherogenic indices higher in the depressed group compared with the controls. Furthermore, those with HDL-C level below the gender-adjusted median (<1.54 mmol/l in women, <1.16 mmol/l in men) were 2.4-fold more likely to be depressed in a model adjusting for age and non-HDL-C (p=0.019). After further adjustment for educational level, marital status, alcohol use, daily smoking and overweight this association remained significant (p=0.049). These findings suggest that compared with the healthy controls, those with long-term depression may have lower HDL-C values and higher atherogenic indices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Kuopio, 70210 Kuopio, Finland. Soili.Lehto@kuh.fi
authors.forename: Soili M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lehto
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hintikka
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niskanen
authors.forename: Tommi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tolmunen
authors.forename: Heli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koivumaa-Honkanen
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Honkalampi
authors.forename: Heimo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Viinamäki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D008055:Lipids; D014280:Triglycerides