title: Comparative 28-day repeated oral toxicity of Longdan Xieganwan, Akebia trifoliate (Thunb.) koidz., Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne. and Caulis aristolochiae manshuriensis in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Longdan Xieganwan, which contains Aristolochia species, is a traditional Chinese prescription. It has been used for thousands of years to "enhance liver". However, many cases of Longdan Xieganwan induced nephropathy were reported recently.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to compare the possible toxic effects of Longdan Xieganwan and three different Aristolochia species, i.e. Akebia trifoliate (Thunb.) koid (Akebia trifoliate), Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne. (Akebia quinata) and Caulis aristolochiae manshuriensis (Aristolochia manshuriensis).
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were orally administered these drugs for 28 days. Clinical signs, body weights, serum biochemistry, organ weights and histopathology were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly decreased body weights and obvious nephropathy were noticed in the Aristolochia manshuriensis groups at doses higher than 0.24 g/kg/d. A few endothelial cell degenerations in renal glomerulus were observed in the Akebia trifoliate group at a high-dose of 2.00 g/kg/d. No significant changes were observed in the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) for Aristolochia manshuriensis, Akebia trifoliate, Akebia quinata and Longdan Xieganwan in this study for mice were 0.06 g/kg/d, 0.40 g/kg/d, higher than 3.00 g/kg/d and higher than 10.00 g/kg/d, which were equivalent to 0.25 times, 5 times, 25 times and 10 times of normal human dose in clinical prescription, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Drug Safety and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Likun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: Shuhong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Yongzhen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Henglei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xinming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Yunhai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiongfei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ren
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D030022:Aristolochia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level
chemical_list: D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal