title: Long-term safety and impact on infection rates of postnatal probiotic and prebiotic (synbiotic) treatment: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Live probiotic bacteria and dietary prebiotic oligosaccharides (together termed synbiotics) increasingly are being used in infancy, but evidence of long-term safety is lacking. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, we studied the safety and long-term effects of feeding synbiotics to newborn infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 2000 and March 2003, pregnant mothers carrying infants at high risk for allergy were randomly assigned to receive a mixture of 4 probiotic species (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and LC705, Bifidobacterium breve Bb99, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp shermanii) or a placebo for 4 weeks before delivery. Their infants received the same probiotics with 0.8 g of galactooligosaccharides, or a placebo, daily for 6 months after birth. Safety data were obtained from clinical examinations and interviews at follow-up visits at ages 3, 6, and 24 months and from questionnaires at ages 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Growth data were collected at each time point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1018 eligible infants, 925 completed the 2-year follow-up assessment. Infants in both groups grew normally. We observed no difference in neonatal morbidity, feeding-related behaviors (such as infantile colic), or serious adverse events between the study groups. During the 6-month intervention, antibiotics were prescribed less often in the synbiotic group than in the placebo group (23% vs 28%). Throughout the follow-up period, respiratory infections occurred less frequently in the synbiotic group (geometric mean: 3.7 vs 4.2 infections).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Feeding synbiotics to newborn infants was safe and seemed to increase resistance to respiratory infections during the first 2 years of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Meilahdentie 2, PO Box 160, 00029 HUCH Helsinki, Finland. kaarina.kukkonen@hus.fi
authors.forename: Kaarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kukkonen
authors.forename: Erkki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Savilahti
authors.forename: Tari
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haahtela
authors.forename: Kaisu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Juntunen-Backman
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Korpela
authors.forename: Tuija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Poussa
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuure
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuitunen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001644:Bifidobacterium; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004427:Ear Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D052201:Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D019936:Probiotics; D011424:Propionibacterium; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control