title: Expression of hypoxia-inducible angiogenic proteins (hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor, and E26 transformation-specific-1) and plaque hemorrhage in human carotid atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plaque hemorrhage in carotid atherosclerosis promotes plaque progression, resulting in cerebrovascular disease. Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) induces angiogenesis via the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and E26 transformation-specific-1 (Ets-1). The authors investigated human carotid plaques to determine whether these hypoxia-inducible angiogenic proteins play a major role in intraplaque angiogenesis and hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of HIF-1alpha, VEGF, and Ets-1 was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting in 29 human carotid plaques obtained at carotid endarterectomy. The authors investigated the relationship between plaque characteristics and clinical symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher incidence of plaque hemorrhage was observed in plaques associated with symptoms than in those without symptoms (p = 0.03). Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, VEGF, and Ets-1 coexisted in the deep layer of plaque, where angiogenesis was remarkably developed; the expression levels of HIF-1alpha, VEGF, and Ets-1 were significantly enhanced in the main lesion of the plaque (p < 0.01). Symptomatic plaques showed higher expression of VEGF (p = 0.04) than asymptomatic plaques. Plaques with hemorrhage showed a higher incidence of plaque ulcer (p = 0.001) and higher expression of Ets-1 (p = 0.03) than those without hemorrhage. Moreover, significantly increased expressions of VEGF (p = 0.01) and Ets-1 (p = 0.006) were observed in plaques with not only hemorrhages but also ulcers and severe stenosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings in this study suggest that hypoxia-inducible angiogenic proteins in human carotid atherosclerosis promote intraplaque angiogenesis, which can induce plaque hemorrhage and progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan. t056042a@yokohama-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tetsuhiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higashida
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanno
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Kengo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Funakoshi
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C494041:ETS1 protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D050784:Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A