title: Preschoolers' sleep behaviour: associations with parental hardiness, sleep-related cognitions and bedtime interactions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Childhood sleep problems which are prevalent in Western societies are associated with a wide range of emotional, cognitive and behavioural disturbances. Growing evidence suggests that parents play a pivotal role in children's sleep behaviour and that a parenting style which promotes self-regulation is beneficial. This study tested a unique model that included parental hardiness, sleep-related cognitions, bedtime interactions and child sleep behaviour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents (N = 110) with a child attending preschool (mean age = 3.81 years, SD = .84) responded to a survey assessing their level of hardiness, sleep-related cognitions, bedtime interactions and their child's sleep behaviour and temperament. Secondary caregivers completed a survey assessing child sleep and temperament, and teachers/childcare workers also reported on child temperament.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In line with previous research, 37% of children in this community sample met criteria for a sleep problem. Regression analyses and structural equation modelling confirmed that low parental hardiness, problematic sleep-related cognitions and a greater number of parental interactions at bedtime significantly predicted child sleep problems, after considering child temperament.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study's theoretically driven model not only offers an explanation for what contributes to and maintains sleep problems in childhood but also suggests new areas for research. Importantly, the model can also be readily translated into clinical interventions to develop and enhance effective authoritative parenting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Australia.
authors.forename: Nikki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McMahon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012890:Sleep; D013694:Temperament