title: Prospective cohort study of type 2 diabetes and the risk of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between type 2 diabetes and newly reported Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study included 21,841 participants in the Physicians' Health Study, a cohort of U.S. male physicians. Diabetes and Parkinson's disease were self-reported via questionnaire. We used time-varying Cox regression to calculate adjusted relative risk (RR) for Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 23 years, 556 individuals with Parkinson's disease were identified. Subjects with diabetes had an increased Parkinson's disease risk (multivariable-adjusted RR 1.34 [95% CI 1.01-1.77]). The association remained significant after exclusion of those with known vascular disease. The diagnosis of diabetes was clustered around the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and was more apparent among men with short diabetes duration and those without complications from diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this large prospective study in men do not suggest that diabetes is a preceding risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Whether the positive association may be explained by ascertainment bias or a common underlying biological mechanism remains to be established.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Driver
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Buring
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gaziano
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurth
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Logroscino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018579:Patient Selection; D010820:Physicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019207:beta Carotene; D001241:Aspirin