title: ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation using antigen-specific immunoadsorption and rituximab: a 3-year follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2001 a protocol for ABO-incompatible (ABOi) kidney transplantation based on antigen-specific immunoadsorption and rituximab was introduced at our center, short-term results being comparable with those of ABO-compatible (ABOc) living donor kidney transplantation. Of greater importance, however, is long-term graft function, thus far not evaluated. The aim of this study was therefore to assess long-term results of this protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty ABOi kidney recipients with more than 12-month follow-up were included in the study: all adult crossmatch negative ABOi kidney recipients (n=15) were compared with an adult ABOc living donor recipient control group (n=30), and all pediatric ABOi kidney recipients (<16 years of age) (n=5) were compared with a group of pediatric ABOc kidney recipients (n=18).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean follow-up was three years. There was no significant difference in patient survival, nor in graft survival or in the incidence of acute rejection in any of the groups. In the adult kidney recipients mean glomerular filtration rate was equivalent at all time points (79-83 mL/min), as was Deltas-creatinine. In the pediatric groups, Deltas-creatinine was similar but glomerular filtration rate lower among the ABOi kidney recipients. There was a significant reduction (P<0.0001) without rebound in A/B antibody titers after transplantation (median IgG 1:2 and median IgM 1:1>1 year posttransplant) compared with pretransplant levels (median IgG 1:32 and IgM 1:16).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that ABOi kidney transplantation using antigen-specific immunoadsorption and rituximab is equivalent to ABOc living donor kidney transplantation. ABOi transplantation after this protocol does not have a negative impact on long-term graft function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden. helena.genberg@karolinska.se
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Genberg
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kumlien
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wennberg
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tydén
mesh_terms: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System / Q000276:immunology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007164:Immunosorbents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007223:Infant; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000069283:Rituximab; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000017:ABO Blood-Group System; D000906:Antibodies; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007164:Immunosorbents; D000069283:Rituximab