title: Improvements in small bowel carcinoid diagnosis and staging: 18F-DOPA PET, capsule endoscopy and double balloon enteroscopy.
abstract: Carcinoid tumours are rare, slow growing tumours, originating from cells of the neuroendocrine system. Staging of the disease is of paramount importance to determine the optimal treatment strategy but is notoriously difficult. A case of a 45-year-old male who presented with abdominal pain and flushes is presented. An abdominal computerised tomography-scan was performed which showed a solitary liver lesion, consisting of neuroendocrine tumour cells. Further staging with (18)F-DOPA PET, capsule endoscopy and double balloon enteroscopy revealed the localisation of the primary tumours in the small bowel, and the patient subsequently underwent surgery. The recent introduction of (18)F-DOPA PET, capsule endoscopy and double balloon enteroscopy in the diagnosis and staging of carcinoid tumours has made significant contributions to the management of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. j.j.koornstra@int.umcg.nl
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Koornstra
authors.forename: E G E
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Porte
mesh_terms: D053704:Capsule Endoscopy; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D007580:Jejunal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D007813:Laparotomy; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000556:secondary*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography
chemical_list: D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; C043437:fluorodopa F 18; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine