title: A fundamental role for interleukin-21 in the generation of T follicular helper cells.
abstract: T cell help to B cells is a fundamental property of adaptive immunity, yet only recently have many of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of T cell help emerged. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are the CD4(+) T helper cells that provide cognate help to B cells for high-affinity antibody production in germinal centers (GC). Tfh cells produce interleukin-21 (IL-21), and we show that IL-21 was necessary for GC formation. However, the central role of IL-21 in GC formation reflected its effects on Tfh cell generation rather than on B cells. Expression of the inducible costimulator (ICOS) was necessary for optimal production of IL-21, indicative of interplay between these two Tfh cell-expressed molecules. Finally, we demonstrate that IL-21's costimulatory capacity for T helper cell differentiation operated at the level of the T cell receptor signalosome through Vav1, a signaling molecule that controls T cell helper function. This study reveals a previously unappreciated role for Tfh cells in the formation of the GC and isotype switching through a CD4(+) T cell-intrinsic requirement for IL-21.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vogelzang
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sprent
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Mackay
authors.forename: Cecile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D018858:Germinal Center / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D017578:Immunoglobulin Class Switching / Q000276:immunology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D060889:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein; D007378:Interleukins / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008211:Lymphocyte Cooperation / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D051567:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D014162:Transfection; D000098546:Interleukin-21
chemical_list: D000945:Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; C556694:Icos protein, mouse; D060889:Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein; D007378:Interleukins; D051567:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav; C496619:Vav1 protein, mouse; D000098546:Interleukin-21