title: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in solid organ transplant recipients: experience from a single center in China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to explore the prevalence, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) after solid organ transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we retrospectively analyzed data of 1947 renal transplant recipients and 85 liver transplant recipients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TB developed in 28 organ transplant recipients with a prevalence of 1.38% (28/2032). The median interval between transplantation and development of TB was 32 months (range, 1-142 months). Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolation, histologic signs of caseating granulomas, and TB-DNA detection directly supported the diagnosis in 10 (35.71%), 7 (25.00%), and 5 (17.86%) patients, respectively. In addition, 6 patients (21.43%) highly suspected of TB infection received tentative antituberculosis treatment with favorable responses. Most renal transplant recipients (22/25; 78.57%) received isoniazid, rifampicin (or rifabutin), and ethambutal (or pyrazinamide) for a mean duration of 10 months (range, 6-14 months). Three liver transplant recipients received a different protocol: isoniazid, rifabutin, ethambutal, and ofloxacin for 3 months; then isoniazid and rifabutin for 6 months. Upon follow-up, 8 subjects (28.57%) died; 5 of the deaths were related to TB. During the antituberculosis therapy, toxic hepatitis was seen in 12 patients (42.86%); cyclosporine levels decreased in 15 patients (53.57%); and allograft rejection developed in 6 of them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The peak incidences of TB in liver and kidney transplantations are in the first year and after the first year posttransplantation, respectively. Response to antituberculosis treatment should be considered to make a diagnosis among patients highly suspected of TB infections. Except in special circumstances, antituberculosis treatment protocols including isoniazid and rifampicin for about 10 months seem significantly effective and tolerable for non-liver transplant patients. Fluoroquinolones should be emphasized in posttransplantation TB treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: X F
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: P X
authors.initials: PX
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: X Y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: X M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial