title: Ketamine spares morphine consumption after transthoracic lung and heart surgery without adverse hemodynamic effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thoracotomy is associated with severe pain. Large doses of morphine can depress respiratory drive and compromise hemodynamic stability. Ketamine reduces hyperalgesia, prevents opioid tolerance and resistance and lowers morphine consumption. At sub-anesthetic (< or = 500 microg/kg) doses, ketamine rarely produces undesirable hemodynamic alterations. We hypothesized that by combining a sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine with morphine, we could effectively control pain with less morphine and minimize drowsiness, while maintaining safe hemodynamic and respiratory parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sequential patients undergoing anterolateral thoracotomy for MIDCAB, lung tumor resection, or median sternotomy for OPCAB were randomized to one of the two intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) protocols. MO-only patients received 1.5 mg MO bolus, and MK patients received 1.0 mg MO+5 mg ketamine/bolus, both with a 7 min lockout time. IV-PCA was initiated when the patient was sufficiently awake (> or = 5/10 VAS) and rated pain > or = 5/10 on a 0-10 VAS. Rescue intramuscular diclofenac 75 mg was available. Follow-up of respiratory, hemodynamic and pain statuses lasted 72 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-eight patients completed the 6-month study. Heart rate and blood pressures were identically stable in both groups. Respiratory rate and pulse oximetry were higher (P < 0.05) in the MK than in the MO group. MO patients (n = 28) used twice (2.0 +/-2.3 mg/patient/h) the amount of morphine compared to MK patients (n = 30, 1.0 +/- 1.4 mg/patient/h, P < 0.05). Thirty-six hours after starting PCA, 10 MO patients still required IV-PCA compared to 5 MK patients (P < 0.05). Diclofenac was used 70% more in MO than in MK patients. MO patients suffered more postoperative nausea and vomiting. No patients had hallucinations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concomitant use of sub-anesthetic ketamine plus two-thirds the standard MO dose following thoracotomy, MIDCAB or OPCAB resulted in lower pain scores, reduced MO consumption and shorter postoperative IV-PCA dependence. These advantages were associated with cardiovascular stability and even better respiratory parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tel Aviv Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Nahum
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nesher
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Serovian
authors.forename: Nissim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marouani
authors.forename: Shoshana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chazan
authors.forename: Avi A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Weinbroum
mesh_terms: D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013908:Thoracotomy
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D007649:Ketamine; D009020:Morphine