title: Treatment of Citrobacter koseri infection with ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime in a preterm infant.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a case of successful treatment of Citrobacter koseri infection in a preterm infant as a means of challenging the current treatment recommendations on the basis of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic considerations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A premature infant was diagnosed with C. koseri sepsis after 3 weeks in intensive care. Concern for meningitis was based on the propensity for central nervous system (CNS) involvement with Citrobacter infection along with new findings of ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus shown on cranial ultrasound (CUS). The infant was treated with ciprofloxacin 10-20 mg/day and cefotaxime 100 mg/day for 21 days. After treatment, lumbar puncture was normal, follow-up CUS returned to baseline, and the infant passed a hearing screen after discharge. A favorable outcome was achieved in this case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Approximately 76% of neonatal patients infected with C. koseri develop brain abscesses. The mortality rate for meningitis due to Citrobacter spp. is approximately 30%, and of the infants who survive, more than 80% have some degree of mental retardation. Third-generation cephalosporins and aminoglycosides are traditional therapies against this infection. The current antibiotic strategies have failed to prevent the high rates of morbidity and mortality associated with Citrobacter infections. A possible basis for these poor outcomes is failure to apply appropriate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles in selecting antibiotics that will achieve adequate concentrations to kill the bacteria in granulocytes within the CNS. Based on favorable sensitivity data, penetration into neutrophils and the CNS, and favorable toxicity profiles, ciprofloxacin and meropenem would appear to be the most appropriate antibiotic treatment options for systemic infection or meningitis caused by C. koseri.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ciprofloxacin and meropenem should be considered antibiotic treatment options for systemic infection or meningitis caused by C. koseri.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neonatal Medicine and Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Greensboro, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gal
authors.forename: J Laurence
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ransom
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002439:Cefotaxime / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D041041:Citrobacter koseri / Q000187:drug effects*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D002439:Cefotaxime