title: Antibiotic resistance--what's dosing got to do with it?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review seeks to identify original research articles that link antibiotic dosing and the development of antibiotic resistance for different antibiotic classes. Using this data, we seek to apply pharmacodynamic principles to assist clinical practice for suppressing the emergence of resistance. Concepts such as mutant selection window and mutant prevention concentration will be discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register.
  
  
  METHODS
  All articles that related antibiotic doses and exposure to the formation of antibiotic resistance were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The escalation of antibiotic resistance continues worldwide, most prominently in patients in intensive care units. Data are emerging from in vitro and in vivo studies that suggest that inappropriately low antibiotic dosing may be contributing to the increasing rate of antibiotic resistance. Fluoroquinolones have widely been researched and publications on other antibiotic classes are emerging. Developing dosing regimens that adhere to pharmacodynamic principles and maximize antibiotic exposure is essential to reduce the increasing rate of antibiotic resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antibiotic dosing must aim to address not only the bacteria isolated, but also the most resistant subpopulation in the colony, to prevent the advent of further resistant infections because of the inadvertent selection pressure of current dosing regimens. This may be achieved by maximizing antibiotic exposure by administering the highest recommended dose to the patient.
authors.affiliation: Burns Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia. j.roberts2@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lipman
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000145:classification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D019540:Area Under Curve; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents