title: Dimethyl sulfoxide-induced hydroxyapatite formation: a biological model of matrix vesicle nucleation to screen inhibitors of mineralization.
abstract: To elucidate the inhibition mechanisms of hydroxyapatite (HA), a biological model mimicking the mineralization process was developed. The addition of 4% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in synthetic cartilage lymph (SCL) medium containing 2 mM calcium and 3.42 mM inorganic phosphate (P(i)) at pH 7.6 and 37 degrees C produced HA as matrix vesicles (MVs) under physiological conditions. Such a model has the advantage of monitoring the HA nucleation process without interfering with other processes at the cellular or enzymatic level. Turbidity measurements allowed us to follow the process of nucleation, whereas infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction permitted us to identify HA. Mineral formation induced by DMSO and by MVs in the SCL medium produced crystalline HA in a similar manner. The nucleation model served to evaluate the inhibition effects of ATP, GTP, UTP, ADP, ADP-ribose, AMP, and pyrophosphate (PP(i)). Here 10 microM PP(i), 100 microM nucleotide triphosphates (ATP, GTP, UTP), and 1 mM ADP inhibited HA formation directly, whereas 1 mM ADP-ribose and 1 mM AMP did not. This confirmed that the PP(i) group is a potent inhibitor of HA formation. Increasing the PP(i) concentration from 100 microM to 1 mM induced calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate. We propose that DMSO-induced HA formation could serve to screen putative inhibitors of mineral formation.
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, F-69622 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buchet
authors.forename: Yuqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000246:Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000187:drug effects*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011756:Diphosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D017886:Durapatite / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared
chemical_list: D011756:Diphosphates; D009711:Nucleotides; D000246:Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; D017886:Durapatite; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide