title: Muscle strength and range of motion in adolescent pitchers with throwing-related pain: implications for injury prevention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A high prevalence of throwing-related shoulder and elbow pain has been documented in adolescent baseball pitchers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Pitchers with a history of throwing-related pain will have weakened dominant-arm posterior shoulder musculature and greater dominant-arm glenohumeral total range of motion (ROM) loss compared with pitchers without throwing-related pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three adolescent pitchers (age 15.7 +/- 1.4 years) were tested. Twelve pitchers had throwing-related pain in the prior season and were currently symptom-free, while the remaining 11 pitchers had no such history of pain. Internal and external rotation ROM and muscle strength (lower trapezius, middle trapezius, rhomboids, latissimus dorsi, supraspinatus, internal rotators, external rotators) were measured bilaterally. Dominant versus nondominant differences in ROM and strength were compared between pitchers with and without throwing-related pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a whole, the group of 23 pitchers had a loss of internal rotation ROM (13 degrees +/- 10 degrees , P < .001) and gain in external rotation ROM (11 degrees +/- 10 degrees , P < .001) on the dominant versus nondominant arm, with no effect on total ROM (2 degrees +/- 7 degrees loss, P = .14). There was no difference in bilateral comparison of total ROM between pitchers with and without throwing-related pain. Dominant versus nondominant muscle strength was lower (P < .05) for the pain group versus nonpain group for the middle trapezius (7% +/- 19% vs 22% +/- 12%) and supraspinatus (-4% +/- 27% vs 14% +/- 14%) and higher (P < .05) for the internal rotators (19% +/- 14% vs 6% +/- 12%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Throwing-related pain in this population may be due to the inability of weakened posterior shoulder musculature to tolerate stress imparted on it by adaptively strengthened propulsive muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selective posterior shoulder strengthening may be indicated in rehabilitative and injury prevention programs for adolescent pitchers.
authors.affiliation: Fortius Physical Therapy, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Trakis
authors.forename: Malachy P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: McHugh
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Caracciolo
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Busciacco
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mullaney
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nicholas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000150:complications; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology