title: Effects of silibinin on cell growth and invasive properties of a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HepG-2, through inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation.
abstract: The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the effect of silibinin on human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG-2 cells. Microculture tetrazolium test (MTT assay), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, Gelatin zymography, Griess reaction, Cell-based the extracelluar signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation assay and quantitative real-time RT-PCR were employed to appraise the effect of silibinin on cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, metastatic potential, nitric oxide (NO) production, ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and activation in HepG-2 cells. Silibinin inhibited cell proliferation, matrix metalloproteinase 2 enzymatic activity, NO production and ERK 1/2 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner without exerting any cytotoxicity effect. In addition, an expressive increase in mRNA levels of Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), sprouty-related protein 1 with EVH-1 domain (Spred-1), sprouty-related protein with EVH-1 domain 2 (Spred-2) coupled with a significant reduction in transcriptional levels of highly expressed in cancer (Hec1) and MMP-2 were observed. Altogether, these issues show for the first time that silibinin treatment could inhibit cell proliferation and invasive potential of HepG-2 cells through inhibition of ERK 1/2 cascade both directly (through suppression of ERK 1/2 phosphorylation) and indirectly (through up-regulation of RKIP, Spred-1 and Spred-2). In addition, cell growth and proliferation may be inhibited by silibinin through down-regulation of Hec1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Momeny
authors.forename: Mohammad R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Khorramizadeh
authors.forename: Seyed H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ghaffari
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yousefi
authors.forename: Mir S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Yekaninejad
authors.forename: Rezvan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Esmaeili
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jahanshiri
authors.forename: Mohammad R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nooridaloii
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D049488:Phosphatidylethanolamine Binding Protein / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000077385:Silybin; D012838:Silymarin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000975:Antioxidants; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C511482:PEBP1 protein, human; D049488:Phosphatidylethanolamine Binding Protein; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C504812:SPRED1 protein, human; C500760:SPRED2 protein, human; D012838:Silymarin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000077385:Silybin; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3