title: Economic evaluation of uterine artery embolization versus hysterectomy in the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids: results from the randomized EMMY trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether uterine artery embolization (UAE) is a cost-effective alternative to hysterectomy for patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids, the authors performed an economic evaluation alongside the multicenter randomized EMMY (EMbolization versus hysterectoMY) trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between February 2002 and February 2004, 177 patients were randomized to undergo UAE (n = 88) or hysterectomy (n = 89) and followed up until 24 months after initial treatment allocation. Conditional on the equivalence of clinical outcome, a cost minimization analysis was performed according to the intention to treat principle. Costs included health care costs inside and outside the hospital as well as costs related to absence from work (societal perspective). Cumulative standardized costs were estimated as volumes multiplied with prices. The nonparametric bootstrap method was used to quantify differences in mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) costs between the strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 81 patients underwent UAE and 75 underwent hysterectomy. In the UAE group, 19 patients (23%) underwent secondary hysterectomies. The mean total costs per patient in the UAE group were significantly lower than those in the hysterectomy group ($11,626 vs $18,563; mean difference, -$6,936 [-37%], 95% CI: -$9,548, $4,281). The direct medical in-hospital costs were significantly lower in the UAE group: $6,688 vs $8,313 (mean difference, -$1,624 [-20%], 95% CI: -$2,605, -$586). Direct medical out-of-hospital and direct nonmedical costs were low in both groups (mean cost difference, $156 in favor of hysterectomy). The costs related to absence from work differed significantly between the treatment strategies in favor of UAE (mean difference, -$5,453; 95% CI: -$7,718, -$3,107). The costs of absence from work accounted for 79% of the difference in total costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 24-month cumulative cost of UAE is lower than that of hysterectomy. From a societal economic perspective, UAE is the superior treatment strategy in women with symptomatic uterine fibroids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre G1-235, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. n.a.volkers@amu.uva.nl
authors.forename: Nicole A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Volkers
authors.forename: Wouter J K
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Hehenkamp
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Willem M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Ankum
authors.forename: Jim A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Reekers
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Birnie
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D011788:Quality of Life; D012086:Reoperation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*