title: Emotional processing in male adolescents with childhood-onset conduct disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Boys with early onset of conduct disorder (CD), most of whom also meet diagnostic criteria of a comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), tend to exhibit high levels of aggression throughout development. While a number of functional neuroimaging studies on emotional processing have been performed in antisocial adults, little is known about how CD children process emotional information.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed in 22 male adolescents aged 12 to 17 years with childhood-onset CD (16 of them with comorbid ADHD) compared to 22 age-matched male healthy controls. In order to consider the likely confounding of results through ADHD comorbidity, we performed a supplementary study including 13 adolescent subjects with pure ADHD who were compared with healthy controls. To challenge emotional processing of stimuli, a passive viewing task was applied, presenting pictures of negative, positive or neutral valence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When comparing CD/combined disorder patients with healthy controls, we found enhanced left-sided amygdala activation in response to negative pictures as compared to neutral pictures in the patient group. In addition, these boys exhibited no reduced activation in the orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate and insular cortices. By contrast, children with pure ADHD did not show any abnormalities in amygdala activation but showed decreased neural activity in the insula only in response to negative pictures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased rather than reduced amygdala activation found in our study may indicate an enhanced response to environmental cues in adolescents with early-onset CD (most of whom also met the condition of ADHD), and is not consistent with the assumption of a reduced capacity to take note of affective information in the social environment. Further studies with an emphasis on developmental aspects of affect regulation are needed to clarify the relationship between CD and adult personality pathology associated with different modes of persistent antisocial behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Herpertz
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huebner
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: Timo D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Vloet
authors.forename: Gereon R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stoecker
authors.forename: N Jon
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konrad
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herpertz-Dahlmann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000374:Aggression / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012016:Reference Values; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology