title: A computer-aided diagnosis system to screen for osteoporosis using dental panoramic radiographs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An eroded inferior cortex of the mandible detected on dental panoramic radiographs is useful for identifying post-menopausal women with low skeletal bone mineral density (BMD) or osteoporosis. The purposes of this study were to develop a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system that automatically determines cortical erosion of the mandible on dental panoramic radiographs and to assess the validation of this CAD system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A CAD system was developed based on mathematical morphology for identifying post-menopausal women with low skeletal BMD or osteoporosis, based on World Health Organization criteria, by identifying whether the endosteal margin of mandibular cortical bone was eroded. The sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, accuracy and likelihood for a positive risk result were calculated using dichotomous 2 x 2 tables using 100 panoramic radiographs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For identifying women with low skeletal BMD, the sensitivity and specificity were 76.8% and 61.1%, respectively, the positive and negative predictive values were 90.0% and 36.7%, accuracy was 74.0% and the likelihood for positive risk was 1.96. The respective values for identifying women with osteoporosis were 94.4% and 43.8%, the positive and negative predictive values were 48.6% and 93.3%, respectively, the accuracy was 62.0% and the likelihood for positive risk was 1.68.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that a CAD system applied to dental panoramic radiographs may be useful for identifying post-menopausal women with low skeletal BMD or osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Division of Medical Intelligence and Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan. tnk@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohtsuka
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suei
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanada
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanimoto
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D015519:Bone Density; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity