title: Muscle strength and flexibility characteristics of people displaying excessive medial knee displacement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine differences in strength and range of motion (ROM) between participants who exhibit medial knee displacement (MKD) during a squat that is corrected by a heel lift and those who do not.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sports medicine research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven healthy subjects (control, 19; MKD, 18) with no lower-extremity injury in the past 6 months volunteered to participate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peak force was measured in newtons using a hand-held dynamometer and passive ROM was measured in degrees with a goniometer. Separate multivariate analyses of variance were used to determine differences in strength and ROM between groups. Post hoc testing was used to elucidate differences between groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MKD group had the following: greater hip external rotation strength (P=.03), increased hip extension strength (P=.01), less plantarflexion strength (P=.007), and increased hip external rotation ROM (P=.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MKD group exhibited tight and weak ankle musculature. Interventions focusing on improving strength and ROM of the ankle may improve kinematics during a squat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8700, USA. bell@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Darin A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Padua
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D053580:Muscle Strength; D053581:Muscle Strength Dynamometer; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012399:Rotation