title: Communication and academic challenges in early adolescence for children who have been adopted from the former Soviet Union.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This was a Time II survey of outcomes for children, now ages 9 to 13 years, who were almost 4 years old on average when they were adopted from the former Soviet Union.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a larger study (see T. McGuinness, R. Ryan, & C. Broadus Robinson, 2005), parents of 55 children (M age = 11 years) were surveyed regarding their children's speech-language, behavior, and eligibility for special education. The children's mean length of institutionalization was 36 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 45, or 82%, of the children had at least one special education label. The most frequent was communication disorder, which was reported for 34 children, or 62%. The frequency of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was high, 42%. The ratio of boys to girls for communication disorders and ADHD was 1.5:1. Girls who were adopted after 36 months of age were 4 times more likely than girls who were adopted before 36 months to be labeled ADHD, and children with low birth weight exhibited learning disabilities twice as often as children with normal birth weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Speech-language, learning, and attention deficits for late-adopted, early adolescent children were higher than expected. These children from the former Soviet Union experienced substantial preadoption adversity associated with lengthy orphanage stays and poor care. Gender and low birth weight were also factors.
authors.affiliation: University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, USA. bbeverly@usouthal.edu
authors.forename: Brenda L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Beverly
authors.forename: Teena M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: McGuinness
authors.forename: Debra J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Blanton
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000300:Adoption / Q000523:psychology*; D000367:Age Factors; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003147:Communication Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015897:Comorbidity; D004519:Education, Special; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D019303:Multilingualism; D019372:Orphanages; D012307:Risk Factors; D012744:Sex Ratio; D014586:USSR / Q000208:ethnology; D014481:United States