title: Executive dysfunctions across adulthood: measurement properties and correlates of the DEX self-report questionnaire.
abstract: Difficulties in executive processes can disturb daily life functioning. Using data obtained from two independent community-dwelling samples (n(1) = 468, n(2) = 669, 18-97 years), we examined the factor structure of the Dysexecutive Functioning Questionnaire (DEX) and explored the frequencies and potential correlates of self-reported executive difficulties. Our results revealed that executive problems are parsimoniously described with one underlying factor. Everyday executive dysfunctions were moderately frequent throughout adulthood. Reports of executive problems were associated with individual difference characteristics including age, subjective health, personality, affect, and cognition. We also found that, although executive functions are known to decline with advancing adult age, younger age groups reported more problems than older groups, an effect that was partially mediated by a negative affect factor. We discuss implications for the validity of the instrument as well as directions for future research on executive functioning difficulties in everyday life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA. gerstorf@psu.edu
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gerstorf
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Siedlecki
authors.forename: Elliot M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Tucker-Drob
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Salthouse
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001288:Attention; D002605:Character; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011340:Problem Solving; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014825:Vocabulary