title: Stent graft treatment of cerebrovascular wall defects: intermediate-term clinical and angiographic results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endovascular stent graft (SG) deployment offers a useful vessel-preserving strategy for vascular wall lesions such as pseudoaneurysms and fistulae. Although deployment of expanded polytetrafluoro-ethylene-covered SGs within the carotid and vertebral arteries is technically feasible, data on long-term efficacy, safety, and patency rate remain sparse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients with traumatic (n = 4), iatrogenic (n = 1), or spontaneous (n = 1) internal carotid and vertebral artery injuries (direct carotid-cavernous fistula, n = 2; pseudoaneurysms, n = 4) were treated with nine balloon-mounted coronary expanded polytetrafluoro-ethylene SGs. Angiographic (mean, 2.3 yr; range, 1.7-4.2 yr) and neurological follow-up (mean, 2.7 yr) was performed for all patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete angiographic exclusion of the lesion was achieved by the initial procedure in five of the six patients; one ruptured cavernous carotid aneurysm leading to a direct carotid-cavernous fistula showed persistent slow shunting despite tandem deployment of two SGs. All six patients revealed complete and persistent angiographic obliteration at delayed follow-up, with minimal in-stent stenosis (<20%) seen in two instances. Difficulty with SG navigation was encountered in five patients, resulting in one instance of guide catheter-induced intimal dissection. Type I endoleak was observed in five patients, requiring secondary angioplasty in four patients and deployment of an additional tandem SG in three.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Technical challenges in current-generation SG deployment include sizing, navigation, positioning, and propensity for endoleak. When managed successfully, stent grafting provides a valuable approach for the treatment of vascular wall defects for which vessel preservation is preferred. Intermediate-term safety is satisfactory, with no delayed complications and minimal in-stent stenosis in follow-up periods of more than 2 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Division, Tufts-New England Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hoit
authors.forename: Clemens M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schirmer
authors.forename: Adel M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Malek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*