title: Thyroid and the environment: exposure to excessive nutritional iodine increases the prevalence of thyroid disorders in Sao Paulo, Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the prevalence of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT) and iodine-induced hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism (overt and subclinical), and goiter in a population exposed to excessive iodine intake for 5 years (table salt iodine concentrations: 40-100 mg/kg salt). Design This was a population-based, cross-sectional study with 1085 participants randomly selected from a metropolitan area in São Paulo, Brazil, and conducted during the first semester of 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thyroid ultrasound examination was performed in all participants and samples of urine and blood were collected from each subject. Serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, and anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies, urinary iodine concentration, thyroid volume, and thyroid echogenicity were evaluated. We also analyzed table salt iodine concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the time the study was conducted, table salt iodine concentrations were within the new official limits (20-60 mg/kg salt). Nevertheless, in 45.6% of the participants, urinary iodine excretion was excessive (above 300 microg/l) and, in 14.1%, it was higher than 400 microg/l. The prevalence of CAT (including atrophic thyroiditis) was 16.9% (183/1085), women were more affected than men (21.5 vs 9.1% respectively, P=0.02). Hypothyroidism was detected in 8.0% (87/1085) of the population with CAT. Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 3.3% of the individuals (36/1085) and goiter was identified in 3.1% (34/1085).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Five years of excessive iodine intake by the Brazilian population may have increased the prevalence of CAT and hypothyroidism in subjects genetically predisposed to thyroid autoimmune diseases. Appropriate screening for early detection of thyroid dysfunction may be considered during excessive nutritional iodine intake.
authors.affiliation: Thyroid Unit (LIM-25), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, Avenue Dr Arnaldo, 455 - 4A, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosalinda Y A
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: Eduardo K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Tomimori
authors.forename: Solange C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.forename: Ileana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: G S Rubio
authors.forename: Ana Luiza
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Galrão
authors.forename: Meyer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knobel
authors.forename: Geraldo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Medeiros-Neto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009748:Nutrition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007455:Iodine