title: Economic evaluation of sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is an established treatment for faecal incontinence in patients who have failed conservative management. This study established the cost-effectiveness of treating patients with SNS compared with non-surgical treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision analysis model was performed. Data from 70 patients were obtained from medical records, bowel habit diaries and Short Form 36 quality of life questionnaires. Direct medical and non-medical costs were ascertained using the 2005/2006 national tariff, national statistics, and medication, pad and device costs. Indirect non-medical costs were also estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incontinence episodes were reduced from a median of 12 per fortnight at baseline to one per fortnight with SNS. Based on direct medical and non-medical costs, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for SNS was pound25 070 per QALY gained. It cost pound1038 more per year to treat patients with SNS for a median reduction of 286 incontinence episodes, equating to pound3.63 per episode reduced. When indirect non-medical costs were included the ICER was reduced to pound12 959 per QALY gained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ICER of pound25 070 is within the pound30 000 per QALY threshold recommended by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence as an effective use of National Health Service resources with proper justification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, UK.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Dudding
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meng Lee
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Faiz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parés
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Vaizey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kamm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012447:Sacrum / Q000294:innervation*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000191:economics*; D016896:Treatment Outcome