title: Bipolar disorder as maladaptive arousal: a behavioral model and evidence.
abstract: Bipolar disorder can be understood as a disorder of behavioral regulation. Manic and depressed individuals are impaired in the titration of appetitive arousal, possibly at the level of neuronal plasticity. An experiment in which fixed 5% CO2 stimulates respiration and blocks satiety tests the regulation of appetitive arousal. In preliminary analysis of data from 35 individuals (24 with bipolar disorder) individuals with bipolar disorder were more likely to fail to find a stable state of respiratory adjustment to CO2. If confirmed, the unstable respiratory response to CO2 may prove useful as a bipolar-disorder endophenotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 3-181, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. dmackin@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Dean F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: MacKinnon
mesh_terms: D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001519:Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide