title: Health-related quality of life of children and adolescents with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus: SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations between demographic and diabetes management variables and the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of youths with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selected populations in Ohio, Washington, South Carolina, Colorado, Hawaii, and California; health service beneficiaries in 3 American Indian populations; and participants in the Pima Indian Study in Arizona.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two thousand four hundred forty-five participants aged 8 to 22 years in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among youths with type 2 DM, HRQOL was lower compared with those with type 1. Among those with type 1 DM, worse HRQOL was associated with a primary insurance source of Medicaid or another government-funded insurance, use of insulin injections vs an insulin pump, a hemoglobin A(1c) value of at least 9%, and more comorbidities and diabetes complications. There was a significant age x sex interaction, such that, in older groups, HRQOL was lower for girls but higher for boys. For youths with type 2 DM, injecting insulin at least 3 times a day compared with using an oral or no diabetes medication was associated with better HRQOL, and having 2 or more emergency department visits in the past 6 months was associated with worse HRQOL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Youths with types 1 and 2 DM reported HRQOL differences by type of treatment and complications. The significant age x sex interaction suggests that interventions to improve HRQOL should consider gender differences in diabetes adjustment and management in different age groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 2000 W First St, Winston-Salem, NC 27104, USA. naughton@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Michelle J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Naughton
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ruggiero
authors.forename: Jean M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Imperatore
authors.forename: Georgeanna J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Klingensmith
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Waitzfelder
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: McKeown
authors.forename: Debra A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Standiford
authors.forename: Angela D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Liese
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Loots
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin