title: Direct visual inspection of the cervix with Lugol iodine for the detection of premalignant lesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of direct visual inspection after Lugol iodine painting in detecting cervical premalignant and malignant lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 1,012 women recruited from gynecology outpatient clinic screened for premalignant or malignant lesions of the cervix. All women underwent cervical smear test, direct visual inspection of the cervix after painting with acetic acid (DVI-A) and after painting with Lugol iodine (DVI-LI). Abnormal test results were referred for colposcopy and biopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cervical smears were abnormal in 24 women (2.4%). Direct visual inspection of the cervix after painting with acetic acid test was abnormal in 92 women (9.1%). Direct visual inspection after Lugol iodine painting test was abnormal in 93 women (9.2%). There were 106 women (10.5%) referred for colposcopy, with 88 women (8.8%) having biopsies taken. Biopsies showed premalignant and malignant lesions in 44 cases only. There were 35 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 5 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and 4 cervical cancers. Test efficiency parameters particularly sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of DVI-LI were 97.7%, 94.8%, 46.2%, and 99.9%, respectively; those of cytology were 22.7%, 97.6%, 41.7%, and 96.6%, respectively, and those of DVI-A were 90.9%, 94.6%, 43.5%, and 99.6%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct visual inspection after Lugol iodine painting is feasible and easy to perform with superior sensitivity to cervical cytology and DVI-A in detecting cervical premalignant and malignant lesions. Direct visual inspection after Lugol iodine painting can be used as an efficient primary screening tool with a satisfactory low biopsy rate in low resources settings.
authors.affiliation: Early Cancer Detection Unit, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt. amrhassn@tedata.net.eg
authors.forename: Amr H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: El-Shalakany
authors.forename: Mohammed M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: Mohammed Reda
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Abdel-Aal
authors.forename: Atef Hamed
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: El-Nakeeb
authors.forename: Nael
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Noseirat
authors.forename: Sohair B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Ayyad
authors.forename: Zeinab Sehab
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: El Din
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003127:Colposcopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007454:Iodides; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014626:Vaginal Smears
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007454:Iodides; D019342:Acetic Acid; C010389:Lugol's solution