title: Soil chamber method for determination of drip-applied fumigant behavior in bed-furrow agriculture: application to chloropicrin.
abstract: To overcome the environmental impacts of soil fumigant use, emission reduction strategies such as tarping can be adopted. There is a need to experimentally quantify the effectiveness of such strategies, preferably in a low-cost manner. We report the design and initial testing of a laboratory soil chamber approach for quantifying the soil distribution and emissions of fumigants from bed-furrow agricultural systems. As far as possible, field conditions (e.g., soil type, bulk density, moisture content temperature) were maintained in the experiments. In studying the drip application of chloropicrin using this system, very good data reproducibility was observed between replicates, allowing confidence in the experimental design. For control chambers, high emissions, around 60% (of the total added), were observed due to the near-surface (5 cm depth) application. When the soil beds were tarped using high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or semi-impermeable film (SIF), emissions were reduced to around 40% due to an accumulation of chloropicrin below the tarp. The approach offers an inexpensive potential alternative to studying fumigant emissions from bed-furrow systems in the field and suggests that less permeable tarps would be required to drastically reduce chloropicrin emissions.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS United States Salinity Laboratory, 450 West Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92507, USA. Daniel.Ashworth@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ashworth
authors.forename: Fred F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Yates
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; C100187:chloropicrin