title: Selective recognition of alkyl pyranosides in protic and aprotic solvents.
abstract: The design and synthesis of receptors capable of selective, noncovalent recognition of carbohydrates continues to be a signature challenge in bioorganic chemistry. We report a new generation of tripodal receptors incorporating three pyridine (compound 2) or quinoline (compound 3) rings around a central cyclohexane core for use in molecular recognition of monosaccharides in apolar and polar protic solvents. These tripodal receptors were investigated using (1)H NMR, UV, and fluorescence titrations in order to determine their binding abilities toward a set of octyl glycosides. Receptor 2 displayed the highest binding affinity reported to date for noncovalent 1:1 binding of an alpha-glucopyranoside in chloroform (Ka = 212,000 +/- 27,000 M(-1)) and an approximately 8-fold selectivity for the alpha anomer over the beta anomer of the glucopyranoside. Most importantly, 2 retained its micromolar range of affinities toward monosaccharides in a polar and highly competitive solvent (methanol). The quinoline variant 3 also displayed micromolar binding affinities for selected monosaccharides in methanol (as measured by fluorescence) that were generally smaller than those of 2. Compound 3 was found to follow a selectivity pattern similar to that of 2, displaying higher affinities for glucopyranosides than for other monosaccharides. The binding stoichiometry was estimated to be 1:1 for the complexes formed by both 2 and 3 with glucopyranosides, as determined by Job plots. Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy allowed for the derivation of a binding model consistent with the observed selectivities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Prakash B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Palde
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Gareiss
authors.forename: Benjamin L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D002236:Carbohydrate Conformation; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003510:Cyclohexanes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005960:Glucosides / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011725:Pyridines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D011804:Quinolines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D003510:Cyclohexanes; D005960:Glucosides; D011725:Pyridines; D011804:Quinolines; C018619:octyl-beta-D-glucoside