title: Exploration of different methods to assess dietary acrylamide exposure in pregnant women participating in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa).
abstract: We assessed dietary exposure to acrylamide in 119 pregnant Norwegian women. The aim of the study was to explore three different methods for estimation of long-term intake of acrylamide and whether it is possible by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to identify pregnant women with high exposure to acrylamide. Acrylamide excreted as mercapturic acid metabolites in 24-h urine was used as an evaluation tool. Food consumption was assessed by an FFQ and by a 4-day weighed food diary (FD). Acrylamide intake was also estimated by a probabilistic approach based on 2 days from the FD. Primarily, acrylamide concentrations reported from analyses of Norwegian foods were used. The dietary exposure to acrylamide estimated as mug/kg bw/day (median and 95 percentile) was 0.48 (0.92) by the FFQ, 0.41 (0.82) by the FD and 0.42 (0.70) by the probabilistic approach. The amount of acrylamide excreted as urinary metabolites (median and 95 percentile) was 0.16 microg/kg bw/24-h (0.50) in non-smokers, corresponding to a dietary exposure of approximately 0.30 microg/kg bw/day (0.91). Linear regression of acrylamide excreted as urinary metabolites identified crisp bread and potato crisps as significant independent predictors, along with cooking oil and onion/garlic. Dietary exposure to acrylamide calculated by FFQ, FD and probabilistic modelling were comparable. The comparison of FFQ acrylamide estimates with levels of urinary acrylamide metabolites showed that the MoBa FFQ was able to identify participants with high dietary acrylamide exposure. Our findings facilitate future studies on acrylamide exposure and health outcomes in the MoBa study.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Nutrition, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway. anne.lise.brantsaeter@fhi.no
authors.forename: Anne Lise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Brantsaeter
authors.forename: Margaretha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haugen
authors.forename: Anika de
authors.initials: Ad
authors.lastname: Mul
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bjellaas
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Becher
authors.forename: Jacob Van
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Klaveren
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Helle Margrete
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Meltzer
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000652:urine; D020106:Acrylamide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine; D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D020106:Acrylamide; D000111:Acetylcysteine