title: Walking the talk--speech activates the leg motor cortex.
abstract: Speech may have evolved from earlier modes of communication based on gestures. Consistent with such a motor theory of speech, cortical orofacial and hand motor areas are activated by both speech production and speech perception. However, the extent of speech-related activation of the motor cortex remains unclear. Therefore, we examined if reading and listening to continuous prose also activates non-brachiofacial motor representations like the leg motor cortex. We found corticospinal excitability of bilateral leg muscle representations to be enhanced by speech production and silent reading. Control experiments showed that speech production yielded stronger facilitation of the leg motor system than non-verbal tongue-mouth mobilization and silent reading more than a visuo-attentional task thus indicating speech-specificity of the effect. In the frame of the motor theory of speech this finding suggests that the system of gestural communication, from which speech may have evolved, is not confined to the hand but includes gestural movements of other body parts as well.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany. g.liuzzi@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Gianpiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liuzzi
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ellger
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flöel
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Breitenstein
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knecht
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D011932:Reading; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology; D013068:Speech Production Measurement / Q000379:methods; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*