title: The lymphovascular embolus of inflammatory breast cancer expresses a stem cell-like phenotype.
abstract: Inflammatory breast carcinoma (IBC) is a particularly lethal form of breast cancer characterized by exaggerated lymphovascular invasion, which is a phenotype recapitulated in our human xenograft MARY-X. MARY-X generated spheroids in vitro that resemble the embryonal blastocyst. Because of the resemblance of the spheroids to the embryonal blastocyst and their resistance to traditional chemotherapy/radiotherapy, we hypothesized that the spheroids expressed a stem cell-like phenotype. MARY-X spheroids expressed embryonal stem cell markers including stellar, rex-1, nestin, H19, and potent transcriptional factors, oct-4, nanog, and sox-2, which are associated with stem cell self-renewal and developmental potential. Most importantly, MARY-X spheroids expressed a cancer stem cell profile characterized by CD44(+)/CD24(-/low), ALDH1, and most uniquely, CD133. A significant percentage of single cells of MARY-X exhibited distinct proliferative and morphogenic potencies in vitro. As few as 100 cells derived from single-cell clonogenic expansion were tumorigenic with recapitulation of the IBC phenotype. Prototype stem cell signaling pathways such as notch3 were active in MARY-X. The stem cell phenotype exhibited by MARY-X also was exhibited by the lymphovascular emboli of human IBC cases independent of their molecular subtype. This stem cell-like phenotype may contribute to the aggressive nature of IBC but also may lend itself to selective targeting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 129 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210-1218, USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Kurtis
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yearsley
authors.forename: Susie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Sanford H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Barsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016764:Cell Polarity; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor