title: The skin reservoir of sulphur mustard.
abstract: Studies of the percutaneous reservoir of sulphur mustard (HD) formed during absorption carried out during WWI and WWII are inconclusive. More recent studies have indicated that a significant amount of unreacted HD remains in human epidermal membranes during percutaneous penetration studies in vitro. The present study investigated the nature and persistence of the HD reservoir formed during in vitro penetration studies using dermatomed slices of human and pig skin (0.5mm thick). Amounts of (14)C-HD that (a) penetrated, (b) remained on the surface, (c) were extractable from and (d) remained in the skin after extraction were estimated by liquid scintillation counting (confirmed using GC-MS analysis). The results demonstrated that there is a reservoir of HD in human and pig skin for up to 24 h after contamination of the skin surface in vitro with liquid agent. At least some of this reservoir could be extracted with acetonitrile, and the amounts of extracted and unextracted HD exceed the amount required to produce injury in vivo by at least 20 fold. The study demonstrated the presence of a reservoir whether the skin was covered (occluded) or left open to the air (unoccluded). The study concluded that the extractable reservoir was significant in terms of the amount of HD required to induce a vesicant response in human skin. The extractable reservoir was at least 20 times the amount required per cm(2) estimated to cause a response in all of the human population, as defined by studies carried out in human volunteers during the 1940s.
authors.affiliation: Dstl Biomedical Sciences Department, Biomedical Systems, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK. ijhattersley@dstl.gov.uk
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Hattersley
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jenner
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Chilcott
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009151:Mustard Gas / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012588:Scintillation Counting / Q000379:methods; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D009151:Mustard Gas