title: Effects of early and recent adverse experiences on adrenal response to psychosocial stress in depressed adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As observed in depressed adults, there is considerable variability in the degree and direction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) dysfunction in depressed adolescents. The variability in HPA findings may be attributed to experiential factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A modified version of a standard psychosocial stressor used in adults, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), was administered to 30 adolescents with major depressive disorder and 25 healthy adolescent volunteers. Cortisol concentrations were measured in saliva samples collected before and after the stressor. Information was also gathered on early and recent adverse experiences with standard interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants from both groups had increased cortisol secretion in response to TSST. Compared with control subjects, depressed subjects showed more elevated and prolonged cortisol secretion in response to TSST. The combination of early-life adversity and high levels of chronic stress during adolescence was the most powerful predictor of enhanced adrenal response to the TSST.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support previous findings on the role of experiential factors on HPA response to stress and in the development of mood disorders. Dissection of the heterogeneous pathophysiology of adolescent depression will assist in developing more specific interventions for different subgroups of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9101, USA. uma.rao@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Constance
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hammen
authors.forename: Luis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Li-Ann
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Russell E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Poland
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003710:Demography; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000502:physiology; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011584:Psychology; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D012931:Social Environment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone