title: Low mercury concentrations cause oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in conductance and resistance arteries.
abstract: Increased cardiovascular risk after mercury exposure has been described, but the underlying mechanisms are not well explored. We analyzed the effects of chronic exposure to low mercury concentrations on endothelium-dependent responses in aorta and mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA). Wistar rats were treated with mercury chloride (1st dose 4.6 microg/kg, subsequent dose 0.07 microg.kg(-1).day(-1) im, 30 days) or vehicle. Blood levels at the end of treatment were 7.97 +/- 0.59 ng/ml. Mercury treatment: 1) did not affect systolic blood pressure; 2) increased phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction; 3) reduced acetylcholine-induced vasodilatation; and 4) reduced in aorta and abolished in MRA the increased phenylephrine responses induced by either endothelium removal or the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 100 microM). Superoxide dismutase (SOD, 150 U/ml) and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin (0.3 mM) decreased the phenylephrine-induced contraction in aorta more in mercury-treated rats than controls. In MRA, SOD did not affect phenylephrine responses; however, when coincubated with l-NAME, the l-NAME effect on phenylephrine response was restored in mercury-treated rats. Both apocynin and SOD restored the impaired acetylcholine-induced vasodilatation in vessels from treated rats. Endothelial NOS expression did not change in aorta but was increased in MRA from mercury-treated rats. Vascular O2(-) production, plasmatic malondialdehyde levels, and total antioxidant status increased with the mercury treatment. In conclusion, chronic exposure to low concentrations of mercury promotes endothelial dysfunction as a result of the decreased NO bioavailability induced by increases in oxidative stress. These findings offer further evidence that mercury, even at low concentrations, is an environmental risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Wiggers
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Peçanha
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Briones
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Pérez-Girón
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miguel
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Vassallo
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cachofeiro
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salaices
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000187:drug effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008627:Mercuric Chloride / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects*; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D008627:Mercuric Chloride; D000109:Acetylcholine; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester