title: Breast cancer onset in twins and women with bilateral disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known of the onset of breast cancer in high-risk populations. We investigated the risk of breast cancer in twin sisters and in the contralateral breast taking family history into consideration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed a Scandinavian population-based cohort of 2,499 female twin pairs, in which at least one had a diagnosis of breast cancer and estimated the risk of breast cancer in the sister. Using a total of 11 million individuals in Sweden with complete family links, we identified 93,448 women with breast cancer and estimated the risk of a bilateral breast cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of breast cancer in twin sisters of breast cancer patients was 0.64% per year and 0.42% per year in mono- and dizygotic twin sisters, respectively. In comparison, the risk of familial (affected first-degree relative) and nonfamilial bilateral breast cancer was 1.03% per year and 0.68% per year, respectively. Contrary to the risk of unilateral disease, the risk of cancer in the nonaffected twin and the opposite breast was not affected by age or time since first event. The relative risk of familial bilateral cancer was 52% higher (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.52; 95% CI, 1.42 to 1.64) and the relative risk in the dizygotic twin sister was 25% lower (IRR = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.91) compared with the risk of nonfamilial bilateral cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The elevated risk of breast cancer in high-risk groups is little affected by age and time since diagnosis. Our findings suggest that susceptible groups of women might have already aggregated genetic prerequisites for breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Mikael.Hartman@ki.se
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Gustaf
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Edgren
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lindstrom
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaprio
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skytthe
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peto
authors.forename: Kamila
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Czene
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark; D004200:Diseases in Twins; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012306:Risk; D013548:Sweden; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome