title: An examination of cancer epidemiology studies among populations living close to toxic waste sites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toxic waste sites contain a broad range of suspected or confirmed human carcinogens, and remain a source of concern to many people, particularly those living in the vicinity of a site. Despite years of study, a consensus has not emerged regarding the cancer risk associated with such sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the published, peer-reviewed literature addressing cancer incidence or mortality in the vicinity of toxic waste sites between 1980 and 2006, and catalogued the methods employed by such studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen studies are described with respect to eight methodological criteria. Most were ecological, with minimal utilization of hydrogeological or air pathway modeling. Many did not catalogue whether a potable water supply was contaminated, and very few included contaminant measurements at waste sites or in subjects' homes. Most studies did not appear to be responses to a recognized cancer mortality cluster. Studies were highly variable with respect to handling of competing risk factors and multiple comparisons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that studies to date have generated hypotheses, but have been of limited utility in determining whether populations living near toxic waste sites are at increased cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 135 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. mark.russi@ynhh.org
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Russi
authors.forename: Jonathan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Borak
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cullen
mesh_terms: D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D006256:Hazardous Waste / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006256:Hazardous Waste