Complications of laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in testicular cancer.
OBJECTIVE
A proposed benefit of laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (LRPLND) is more favorable morbidity in comparison to open retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND). The objective of this review is to examine and summarize the literature regarding complications in both primary and post-chemotherapy LRPLND (PC-LRPLND) and, where appropriate, we include the opinions of the senior author regarding management.


METHODS
A MEDLINE search was performed using the terms "laparoscopy" or "laparoscopic," "retroperitoneal lymph node dissection" or "RPLND," and "testicular neoplasms." Articles were included on the basis of study design and content. For series updated over time, an effort was made to include only the most recent data to avoid duplicate reporting of patients.


RESULTS
In primary LRPLND, vascular injury is the most common complication, occurring in 2.2-20% of reported cases. Bowel injury is rarely reported but potentially catastrophic. Rates of retrograde ejaculation are less than 5%. Chylous ascites and lymphocele are delayed post-operative complications. Rarely reported complications include nerve injury, retroperitoneal hematoma, and ureteral injury requiring internal stent placement. PC-LRPLND is challenging, with high rates of conversion and complications. Hemorrhage is common. Retrograde ejaculation is several-fold more common in PC-LRPLND than in primary LRPLND. No peri-operative mortality has been reported for either LRPLND or PC-LRPLND.


CONCLUSIONS
LRPLND and PC-LRPLND are technically demanding. Hemorrhage and vascular injury are the most commonly reported complications. Prospective studies will help clarify the proposed benefits of LRPLND.
Kenney
Patrick A
PA
Institute of Urology, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA 01805, USA.
Tuerk
Ingolf A
IA
D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*