Inspiratory resistance, cerebral blood flow velocity, and symptoms of acute hypotension.
BACKGROUND
Symptoms of orthostatic intolerance, e.g., following prolonged bed rest and microgravity exposure, are associated with reductions in cerebral blood flow. We tested the hypothesis that spontaneously breathing through an impedance threshold device (ITD) would attenuate the fall in cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) during a hypotensive orthostatic challenge and reduce the severity of reported symptoms.


METHODS
While breathing through either an active ITD (-7 cm H2O inspiratory impedance) or a sham ITD (no impedance), 19 subjects performed a squat stand test (SST). Symptoms upon stand were recorded on a 5-point scale (1 = normal; 5 = faint) of subject-perceived rating (SPR). To address our hypothesis, only data from symptomatic subjects (SPR > 1 during the sham trial) were analyzed (N = 9). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and mean CBFV were measured continuously throughout the SST and analyzed in time and frequency domains.


RESULTS
Breathing with the active ITD during the SST reduced the severity of orthostatic symptoms in eight of the nine symptomatic subjects (sham ITD SPR, 1.9 +/- 0.1; active ITD SPR, 1.1 +/- 0.1), but there was no statistically distinguishable difference in the reduction of mean CBFV between the two trials (sham ITD, -39 +/- 3% vs. active ITD, -44 +/- 3%). High frequency oscillations in mean CBFV, however, were greater during the active ITD trial (7.8 +/- 2.6 cm x s(-2)) compared with the sham ITD trial (2.5 +/- 0.9 cm x s(-2)).


CONCLUSIONS
Higher oscillations in CBFV while breathing with the active ITD may account for the reduction in symptom severity during orthostatic hypotension despite the same fall in absolute CBFV.
Rickards
Caroline A
CA
U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA. caroline.rickards@us.army.mil
Cohen
Kenneth D
KD
Bergeron
Lindsey L
LL
Burton
Lubrina
L
Khatri
Prateek J
PJ
Lee
Christopher T
CT
Ryan
Kathy L
KL
Cooke
William H
WH
Doerr
Don F
DF
Lurie
Keith G
KG
Convertino
Victor A
VA
D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007024:Hypotension, Orthostatic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration; D012138:Respiratory Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013575:Syncope; D014893:Weightlessness / Q000009:adverse effects; D018544:Weightlessness Countermeasures