title: The bone diagnostic instrument II: indentation distance increase.
abstract: The bone diagnostic instrument (BDI) is being developed with the long-term goal of providing a way for researchers and clinicians to measure bone material properties of human bone in vivo. Such measurements could contribute to the overall assessment of bone fragility in the future. Here, we describe an improved BDI, the Osteoprobe IItrade mark. In the Osteoprobe IItrade mark, the probe assembly, which is designed to penetrate soft tissue, consists of a reference probe (a 22 gauge hypodermic needle) and a test probe (a small diameter, sharpened rod) which slides through the inside of the reference probe. The probe assembly is inserted through the skin to rest on the bone. The distance that the test probe is indented into the bone can be measured relative to the position of the reference probe. At this stage of development, the indentation distance increase (IDI) with repeated cycling to a fixed force appears to best distinguish bone that is more easily fractured from bone that is less easily fractured. Specifically, in three model systems, in which previous mechanical testing and/or tests reported here found degraded mechanical properties such as toughness and postyield strain, the BDI found increased IDI. However, it must be emphasized that, at this time, neither the IDI nor any other mechanical measurement by any technique has been shown clinically to correlate with fracture risk. Further, we do not yet understand the mechanism responsible for determining IDI beyond noting that it is a measure of the continuing damage that results from repeated loading. As such, it is more a measure of plasticity than elasticity in the bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hansma
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Barney
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yurtsev
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lulejian
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lelujian
authors.forename: Connor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jungmann
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garza-de-Leon
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fantner
authors.forename: Haykaz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mkrtchyan
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pontin
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Morton B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Nadder
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sahar
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rossello
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kohn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones; D002417:Cattle; D019719:Diagnostic Equipment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity