title: Critical tissue copper residues for marine bivalve (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and echinoderm (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) embryonic development: conceptual, regulatory and environmental implications.
abstract: Critical tissue copper (Cu) residues associated with adverse effects on embryo-larval development were determined for the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) following laboratory exposure to Cu-spiked seawater collected from San Diego Bay, California, USA. Whole body no-observed-effect-residues (NOER) were similar, with means of 21 and 23 microg g(-1) dw, for M. galloprovincialis and S. purpuratus, respectively. Mean whole body median effect residues (ER50) were 49 and 142 microg g(-1) dw for M. galloprovincialis and S. purpuratus, respectively. The difference in ER50s between species was reduced to a factor of <2 when expressed as soft tissue residues. Coefficients of variation among whole body-ER50s were 3-fold lower than median waterborne effect concentrations (EC50) for both species exposed to samples varying in water quality characteristics. This suggests that tissue concentrations were a better predictor of toxicity than water concentrations. The CBRs described herein do not differentiate between the internal Cu concentrations that are metabolically available and those that are accumulated and then detoxified. They do appear, however, to be well enough related to the level of accumulation at the site of action of toxicity that they serve as useful surrogates for the copper concentration that affects embryonic development of the species tested. Results presented have potentially important implications for a variety of monitoring and assessment strategies. These include regulatory approaches for deriving saltwater ambient water quality criteria for Cu, contributions towards the development of a saltwater biotic ligand model, the conceptual approach of using CBRs, and ecological risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, Environmental Sciences and Applied Systems Branch, Code 71750, 53475 Strothe Road, San Diego, CA 92152, USA. gunther.rosen@navy.mil
authors.forename: Gunther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rivera-Duarte
authors.forename: D Bart
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Chadwick
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Santore
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Paquin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D007814:Larva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D049878:Mytilus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology*; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D047270:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003300:Copper