title: Haemolysis: an overview of the leading cause of unsuitable specimens in clinical laboratories.
abstract: Prevention of medical errors is a major goal of healthcare, though healthcare workers themselves have not yet fully accepted or implemented reliable models of system error, and neither has the public. While there is widespread perception that most medical errors arise from an inappropriate or delayed clinical management, the issue of laboratory errors is receiving a great deal of attention due to their impact on the quality and efficiency of laboratory performances and patient safety. Haemolytic specimens are a frequent occurrence in clinical laboratories, and prevalence can be as high as 3.3% of all of the routine samples, accounting for up to 40%-70% of all unsuitable specimens identified, nearly five times higher than other causes, such as insufficient, incorrect and clotted samples. This article focuses on this challenging issue, providing an overview on prevalence and leading causes of in vivo and in vitro haemolysis, and tentative guidelines on identification and management of haemolytic samples in clinical laboratories. This strategy includes continuous education of healthcare personnel, systematic detection/quantification of haemolysis in any sample, immediate clinicians warning on the probability of in vivo haemolysis, registration of non-conformity, completing of tests unaffected by haemolysis and request of a second specimen for those potentially affected.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. ulippi@tin.it
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lippi
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Blanckaert
authors.forename: Pierangelo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonini
authors.forename: Sol
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitchen
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Palicka
authors.forename: Anne J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Vassault
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plebani
mesh_terms: D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection; D001802:Blood Substitutes; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D007755:Laboratories, Hospital; D019300:Medical Errors; D013048:Specimen Handling
chemical_list: D001802:Blood Substitutes