title: Parental feeding practices predict authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our goal was to identify how parental feeding practices from the nutrition literature link to general parenting styles from the child development literature to understand how to target parenting practices to increase effectiveness of interventions. Stand-alone parental feeding practices could be targeted independently. However, parental feeding practices linked to parenting styles require interventions treating underlying family dynamics as a whole.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To predict parenting styles from feeding practices and to test three hypotheses: restriction and pressure to eat are positively related whereas responsibility, monitoring, modeling, and encouraging are negatively related to an authoritarian parenting style; responsibility, monitoring, modeling, and encouraging are positively related whereas restriction and pressure to eat are negatively related to an authoritative parenting style; a permissive parenting style is negatively linked with all six feeding practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data of a randomized-controlled intervention study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred thirty-nine parents (93.5% mothers) of first-grade children (134 boys, 105 girls) enrolled in rural public schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parental responses to encouraging and modeling questionnaires and the Child Feeding Questionnaire, as well as parenting styles measured by the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Correlation and regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Feeding practices explained 21%, 15%, and 8% of the variance in authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting, respectively. Restriction, pressure to eat, and monitoring (negative) significantly predicted an authoritarian style (Hypothesis 1); responsibility, restriction (negative), monitoring, and modeling predicted an authoritative style (Hypothesis 2); and modeling (negative) and restriction significantly predicted a permissive style (Hypothesis 3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parental feeding practices with young children predict general parenting styles. Interventions that fail to address underlying parenting styles are not likely to be successful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-6122, USA. laura.hubbs@okstate.edu <laura.hubbs@okstate.edu>
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hubbs-Tait
authors.forename: Tay Seacord
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Melanie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Page
authors.forename: Glade L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Topham
authors.forename: Amanda W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Harrist
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001318:Authoritarianism; D002648:Child; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires