title: Autophagy induction and autophagosome clearance in neurons: relationship to autophagic pathology in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Macroautophagy, a major pathway for organelle and protein turnover, has been implicated in the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The basis for the profuse accumulation of autophagic vacuoles (AVs) in affected neurons of the AD brain, however, is unknown. In this study, we show that constitutive macroautophagy in primary cortical neurons is highly efficient, because newly formed autophagosomes are rapidly cleared by fusion with lysosomes, accounting for their scarcity in the healthy brain. Even after macroautophagy is strongly induced by suppressing mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) kinase activity with rapamycin or nutrient deprivation, active cathepsin-positive autolysosomes rather than LC3-II-positive autophagosomes predominate, implying efficient autophagosome clearance in healthy neurons. In contrast, selectively impeding late steps in macroautophagy by inhibiting cathepsin-mediated proteolysis within autolysosomes with cysteine- and aspartyl-protease inhibitors caused a marked accumulation of electron-dense double-membrane-limited AVs, containing cathepsin D and incompletely degraded LC3-II in perikarya and neurites. Similar structures accumulated in large numbers when fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes was slowed by disrupting their transport on microtubules with vinblastine. Finally, we find that the autophagic vacuoles accumulating after protease inhibition or prolonged vinblastine treatment strongly resembled AVs that collect in dystrophic neurites in the AD brain and in an AD mouse model. We conclude that macroautophagy is constitutively active and highly efficient in healthy neurons and that the autophagic pathology observed in AD most likely arises from impaired clearance of AVs rather than strong autophagy induction alone. Therapeutic modulation of autophagy in AD may, therefore, require targeting late steps in the autophagic pathway.
authors.affiliation: Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA. barry.boland@ucd.ie
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boland
authors.forename: Asok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Sooyeon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Frances M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Platt
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wegiel
authors.forename: W Haung
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Ralph A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Nixon
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001343:Autophagy / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016501:Neurites / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010588:Phagosomes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D050257:Tubulin Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C480860:Map1lc3b protein, mouse; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D050257:Tubulin Modulators; D014747:Vinblastine; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D002403:Cathepsins; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases