title: Detection of catalase as a major protein target of the lipid peroxidation product 4-HNE and the lack of its genetic association as a risk factor in SLE.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by the presence of autoantibodies. We and others have implicated free radical mediated peroxidative damage in the pathogenesis of SLE. Since harmful free radical products are formed during this oxidative process, including 4-hydroxy 2-nonenol (4-HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA), we hypothesized that specific HNE-protein adducts would be present in SLE red blood cell (RBC) membranes. Catalase is located on chromosome 11p13 where linkage analysis has revealed a marker in the same region of the genome among families with thrombocytopenia, a clinical manifestation associated with severe lupus in SLE affected pedigrees. Moreover, SLE afflicts African-Americans three times more frequently than their European-American counterparts. Hence we investigated the effects of a genetic polymorphism of catalase on risk and severity of SLE in 48 pedigrees with African American ancestry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tryptic digestion followed by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) analysis was used to identify the protein modified by HNE, following Coomassie staining to visualize the bands on the acrylamide gels. Genotyping analysis for the C --> T, -262 bp polymorphism in the promoter region of catalase was performed by PCR-RFLP and direct PCR-sequencing. We used a "pedigree disequilibrium test" for the family based association analysis, implemented in the PDT program to analyze the genotyping results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found two proteins to be HNE-modified, migrating around 80 and 50 kD respectively. Tryptic digestion followed by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) analysis of the Coomassie stained 80 kD band revealed that the target of HNE modification was catalase, a protein shown to associate with RBC membrane proteins. All the test statistics carried out on the genotyping analysis for the C --> T, -262 bp polymorphism in the promoter region of catalase were non-significant (p > 0.05) in our data, which suggested that this SNP is not associated with SLE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that catalase is one of the proteins modified due to oxidative stress. However, catalase may not be a susceptibility gene for SLE. Nonetheless, catalase is oxidatively modified among SLE patients. This suggests a possible role between oxidative modification of catalase and its affects on enzymatic activity in SLE. An oxidatively modified catalase could be one of the reasons for lower enzymatic activity among SLE subjects, which in turn could favor the accumulation of deleterious hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, HNE-products are potential neoantigens and could be involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. Decrease in catalase activity could affect the oxidant-antioxidant balance. Chronic disturbance of this balance in patients with SLE may work favorably for the premature onset of atherogenesis with severe vascular effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Arthritis and Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. DSouzaa@omrf.org
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'souza
authors.forename: Biji T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Kurien
authors.forename: Rosalie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: Jaideep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shenoi
authors.forename: Sadamu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kurono
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hensley
authors.forename: Swapan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.forename: R Hal
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Scofield
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000097:blood*; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000235:genetics*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D002374:Catalase; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal