title: Improving clinical decisions for women at risk of osteoporosis: dual-femur bone mineral density testing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In bone mineral density (BMD) testing, unilateral hip analysis and lumbar spine measurement have been the clinical standard for diagnosis and treatment classification for postmenopausal women at risk of osteoporosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if analysis of the bilateral hip in BMD testing has a clinical effect on diagnosis of osteoporosis and treatment classification of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dual-femur BMD test results from 313 postmenopausal women (mean age 61.2 years, range 32-90 years) were evaluated using standard BMD reference values for diagnosis and treatment classification. The author compared T scores for right and left femurs at three sites: femoral neck, trochanter, and total femur.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When the bilateral hip was considered in BMD testing and compared with unilateral hip results, a clinical change in diagnosis from normal to osteopenia occurred in 5.7% of subjects. In addition, a clinical change in diagnosis from osteopenia to osteoporosis occurred in 3.3% of subjects. A clinical change in treatment classification from "no treatment required" to "treatment required if one or more risk factors are present" occurred in 3% of subjects. A change in treatment classification from "treatment required if one or more risk factors are present" to "treatment required independent of risk factors" happened in 2.4% of subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When compared with BMD testing of the unilateral hip, inclusion of the bilateral hip in BMD testing resulted in a change in classification to a more severe diagnosis in a total of 9% of subjects, and to a more aggressive treatment category in a total of 5.4% of subjects. Dual-femur BMD testing may improve diagnosis and treatment classification for postmenopausal women at risk of osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: CCD, Director, Osteoporosis Testing Center of Michigan, 107 Chicago St, Brooklyn, MI 49230-9703, USA. RECFCC@aol.com
authors.forename: Raymond E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Cole
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000503:physiopathology; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment