title: Efficacy and safety of extended-release dexmethylphenidate compared with d,l-methylphenidate and placebo in the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 12-hour laboratory classroom study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the efficacy and safety of extended-release dexmethylphenidate (d-MPH-ER) 20 mg/day and 30 mg/day with extended-release racemic methylphenidate hydrochloride (d,l-MPH-ER) 36 mg/day and 54 mg/day, and placebo in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a laboratory classroom setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  This multicenter, double-blind, crossover study included children (N = 84) 6-12 years of age, stabilized on total daily doses of 40 mg to 60 mg d,l-MPH or 20 mg/day or 30 mg/day d-MPH who were randomized to different treatment sequences. Primary efficacy was measured by the change from pre-dose in Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham (SKAMP) Rating Scale-Combined scores at 2 hours post-dose (d-MPH-ER 20 mg/day versus d,l-MPH- ER 36 mg/day). Adverse events were monitored throughout the study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean change in SKAMP-Combined score at 2 hours post-dose was significantly larger for d-MPH-ER 20 mg/day versus d,l-MPH-ER 36 mg/day (p < 0.001). Both doses of d-MPH-ER had a more rapid onset and greater morning effect relative to d,l-MPH-ER while d,l-MPH-ER had a greater effect at the end of the 12-hour day. All active treatments provided a significant benefit over placebo at most time points to 12 hours post-dosing. Both treatments were well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  d-MPH-ER and d,l-MPH-ER improved ADHD symptoms and were well tolerated. While d-MPH-ER had a faster onset of action, d,l-MPH-ER retained greater effect at the end of the 12- hour classroom day.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936-1080, USA. rafael.muniz@novartis.com
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muniz
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brams
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McCague
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pestreich
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D064699:Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D010919:Placebos; D012574:Schools; D012931:Social Environment; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D010919:Placebos; D064699:Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride; D008774:Methylphenidate