title: The interplay of prolactin and the glucocorticoids in the regulation of beta-cell gene expression, fatty acid oxidation, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion: implications for carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy.
abstract: Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy reflects the balance between counterregulatory hormones, which induce insulin resistance, and lactogenic hormones, which stimulate beta-cell proliferation and insulin production. Here we explored the interactions of prolactin (PRL) and glucocorticoids in the regulation of beta-cell gene expression, fatty acid oxidation, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). In rat insulinoma cells, rat PRL caused 30-50% (P < 0.001) reductions in Forkhead box O (FoxO)-1, peroxisome proliferator activator receptor (PPAR)-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha), PPARalpha, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1) mRNAs and increased Glut-2 mRNA and GSIS; conversely, dexamethasone (DEX) up-regulated FoxO1, PGC1alpha, PPARalpha, CPT-1, and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2) mRNAs in insulinoma cells and inhibited GSIS. Hydrocortisone had similar effects. The effects of DEX were attenuated by coincubation of cells with PRL. In primary rat islets, PRL reduced FoxO1, PPARalpha, and CPT-1 mRNAs, whereas DEX increased FoxO1, PGC1alpha, and UCP-2 mRNAs. The effects of PRL on gene expression were mimicked by constitutive overexpression of signal transducer and activator of transcription-5b. PRL induced signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 binding to a consensus sequence in the rat FoxO1 promoter, reduced nuclear FoxO1 protein levels, and induced its phosphorylation and cytoplasmic redistribution. DEX increased beta-cell fatty acid oxidation and reduced fatty acid esterification; these effects were attenuated by PRL. Thus, lactogens and glucocorticoids have opposing effects on a number of beta-cell genes including FoxO1, PGC1alpha, PPARalpha, CPT-1, and UCP-2 and differentially regulate beta-cell Glut-2 expression, fatty acid oxidation, and GSIS. These observations suggest new mechanisms by which lactogens may preserve beta-cell mass and function and maternal glucose tolerance despite the doubling of maternal cortisol concentrations in late gestation.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Ramamani
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arumugam
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Horowitz
authors.forename: Danhong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: J Jason
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Collier
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ronnebaum
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fleenor
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freemark
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free / Q000494:pharmacology; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000378:metabolism*; D011388:Prolactin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007328:Insulin; D050799:STAT5 Transcription Factor; D003907:Dexamethasone; D011388:Prolactin; D005947:Glucose