title: Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals from leather industry effluents on male reproductive system.
abstract: The leather tanning industry is characterized by the production of different kinds of effluents, generated in each step of leather processing. These effluents have various chemical compounds which may cause toxicity and endocrine disruption and are thus known as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). This study was aimed to examine the androgenic potential of leather industry effluents collected from northern region of India. Hershberger assay data showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the weight and structure of sex accessory tissues of castrated rats. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis demonstrated a significant change (p<0.05) in the expression patterns of the major steroidogenic enzymes in adrenal and testes namely, cytochrome P450scc, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydorgenase in castrated and intact rats. This was further supported by increased enzymatic activities measured in vitro spectrophotometrically. Serum hormone profile demonstrated a dose dependent increase in testicular and adrenal testosterone productions in intact and castrated rats, respectively. This was further supported by decreased level of gonadotrophic hormones (LH and FSH) in treated groups of animals. Further, the effluent treatment resulted in the development of hyperplasia in seminiferous tubules of testes in treated rats as evident from histopathological studies and about two-fold increases in daily sperm production. On analysis of water samples using GC-MS, it was found to contain various aromatic compounds (nonylphenol, hexaclrobenzene and several azo dyes) some of which independently demonstrated similar effects as shown by water samples. Our data suggests that the effluents from leather industry have potential EDC demonstrating androgenic activities.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Chandrajeetbalo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.forename: Partha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D015067:17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000611:Aminobiphenyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001560:Benzidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D001835:Body Weight; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D002369:Castration; D002786:Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006581:Hexachlorobenzene / Q000494:pharmacology; D007194:India; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000611:Aminobiphenyl Compounds; D001560:Benzidines; D002273:Carcinogens; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007220:Industrial Waste; D010636:Phenols; C006757:4-biphenylamine; C029876:benzidine; D006581:Hexachlorobenzene; D015067:17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; C044256:3 (or 17)-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; D002786:Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme; C041594:4-nonylphenol