title: Better understanding of dissolution behaviour of amorphous drugs by in situ solid-state analysis using Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: Amorphous drugs have a higher kinetic solubility and dissolution rate than their crystalline counterparts. However, this advantage is lost if the amorphous form converts to the stable crystalline form during the dissolution as the dissolution rate will gradually change to that of the crystalline form. The purpose of this study was to use in situ Raman spectroscopy in combination with either partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) or partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis to monitor as well as quantify the solid-phase transitions that take place during the dissolution of two amorphous drugs, indomethacin (IMC) and carbamazepine (CBZ). The dissolution rate was higher from amorphous IMC compared to the crystalline alpha- and gamma-forms. However, the dissolution rate started to slow down during the experiment. In situ Raman analysis verified that at that time point the sample started to crystallize to the alpha-form. Amorphous CBZ instantly started to crystallize upon contact with the dissolution medium. The transition from the amorphous form to CBZ dihydrate appears to go through the anhydrate form I. Based on the PLS analysis the amount of form I formed in the sample during the dissolution affected the dissolution rate. Raman spectroscopy combined with PLS-DA was also more sensitive to the solid-state changes than X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and was able to detect changes in the solid-state that could not be detected with XRPD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. marja.savolainen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Savolainen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kogermann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heinz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aaltonen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peltonen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yliruusi
mesh_terms: D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000737:chemistry*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D003460:Crystallization; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000737:chemistry*; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D044367:Phase Transition; D012995:Solubility; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002220:Carbamazepine; D007213:Indomethacin