title: Immunologic response to primary cryoablation of high-risk prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether a specific cytotoxic T-cell response can be induced in patients with prostate cancer after cryoablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty Patients with high-risk prostate cancer underwent cryoablation. Blood was sampled prior to, 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. Serum cytokine levels were analyzed by ELISA, and the Th1/Th2 ratio was estimated from the IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated with autologous prostate cancer-derived protein lysates, and frequency of tumor-specific T-cells was tested ex vivo in an IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay. To assess cytolytic activity, T-cells were co-incubated with human prostate cancer cells, LNCaP, or with renal cancer cells, GRC-1, and release of cytosolic adenylate kinase was measured by a luciferase assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  4 weeks after cryoablation significantly higher levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma were observed compared to before treatment, and to 8 weeks after treatment. No changes in IL-4 or IL-10 were observed. The Th1/Th2 ratio (10.47+/-0.80), 4 weeks after treatment, was increased compared to before treatment (3.98+/-0.45), but decreased 8 weeks later (7.65+/-0.64). Tumor-specific T-cell responses were evident after cryosurgery in PBMC. Cytolytic activity against LNCaP was increased 4 weeks after treatment compared to before treatment (594.49+/-154.84 versus 4.20+/-0.68, P<0.01), but was decreased 8 weeks later (79.70+/-18.73). No response was found in cytolytic activity against GRC-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cryoablation of prostate cancer can improve tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cell stimulation with a dramatically increased tumor specific cytolytic activity. However, the response is not sufficiently maintained to prevent cancer relapse.
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Interventional Therapy Department, Huanhuxi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Tongguo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Si
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Xishan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hao
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000379:methods; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D003602:Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines