title: A cost-effectiveness analysis of folic acid fortification policy in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the health and economic outcomes associated with changes in folic acid consumption following the fortification of enriched grain products in the USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost-effectiveness analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Annual burden of disease, quality-adjusted life years (QALY) and costs were projected for four steady-state strategies: no fortification, or fortifying with 140, 350 or 700 microg folic acid per 100 g enriched grain. The analysis considered four health outcomes: neural tube defects (NTD), myocardial infarctions (MI), colon cancers and B12 deficiency maskings.
  
  
  METHODS
  The US adult population subgroups defined by age, gender and race/ethnicity, with folate intake distributions from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1988-1992 and 1999-2000), and reference sources for disease incidence, utility and economic estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The greatest benefits from fortification were predicted in MI prevention, with 16 862 and 88 172 cases averted per year in steady state for the 140 and 700 microg fortification levels, respectively. These projections were between 6261 and 38 805 for colon cancer and 182 and 1423 for NTD, while 15-820 additional B12 cases were predicted. Compared with no fortification, all post-fortification strategies provided QALY gains and cost savings for all subgroups, with predicted population benefits of 266 649 QALY gained and $3.6 billion saved in the long run by changing the fortification level from 140 microg/100 g enriched grain to 700 microg/100 g.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicates that the health and economic gains of folic acid fortification far outweigh the losses for the US population, and that increasing the level of fortification deserves further consideration to maximise net gains.
authors.affiliation: The Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University PhD Program in Health Policy, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Tanya Gk
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: Milton C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kuntz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D002523:Edible Grain; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D005494:Folic Acid Deficiency / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000191:economics*; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014806:Vitamin B 12 Deficiency / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid