title: Using umbilical cord tissue to detect fetal exposure to illicit drugs: a multicentered study in Utah and New Jersey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed umbilical cord tissue as a means of detecting fetal exposure to five classes of drugs of abuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a multicentered study in Utah and New Jersey, we collected umbilical cord tissue when high-risk criteria were met for maternal illicit drug use. The deidentified umbilical cord specimens were analyzed for five drug classes: methamphetamine, opiates, cocaine, cannabinoids and phencyclidine. For each umbilical cord specimen, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based screening test was compared with a 'gold standard' test, consisting of gas or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 498 umbilical cord samples were analyzed of which 157 (32%) were positive using mass spectrometric detection. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA-based test for each class of drugs tested were as follows: methamphetamine 97 and 97%, opiates 90 and 98%, cocaine 90 and 100%, cannabinoids 96 and 98% and phencyclidine (only 1 of the 498 umbilical cord sample was positive for phencyclidine) 100 and 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We judge that the performances of the ELISA-based tests are sufficient for clinical testing of fetal exposure to methamphetamine, opiates, cocaine and cannabinoids. Studies obtained on umbilical cord tissue can result in a more rapid return to the clinician than meconium testing, because waiting for meconium to be passed sometimes requires many days. Moreover, in some cases the meconium is passed in utero making collection impossible, whereas umbilical cord tissue should always be available for drug testing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women and Newborns, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT 84403, USA.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Plate
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schumtz
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Wiedmeier
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burnett
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ail
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brandel
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maichuck
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Durham
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Christensen
mesh_terms: D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009515:New Jersey; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012372:ROC Curve; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000737:chemistry*; D014589:Utah
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs