title: Using mental practice in stroke rehabilitation: a framework.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Motor imagery and mental practice are getting increased attention in neurological rehabilitation. Several different mental practice intervention protocols have been used in studies on its effect on recovery in stroke rehabilitation. The content of the intervention protocols itself is rarely discussed or questioned.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To give a practical framework of how mental practice could be integrated into therapy, drawing on available evidence and theory. The aim of the treatment programme described is to enhance both the patient's physical performance and their empowerment and self-determination.
  Based on evidence from sports rehabilitation and our own experiences the framework will eventually be evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. Five steps are described to teach and upgrade the patient's imagery technique: (1) assess mental capacity to learn imagery technique; (2) establish the nature of mental practice; (3) teach imagery technique; (4) embed and monitor imagery technique; (5) develop self-generated treatments. The description is not, however, a recipe that should be followed precisely. It leaves enough room to tailor the mental practice intervention to the specific individual possibilities, skills and needs of the patient in accordance with evidence-based practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different aspects of the described protocol are discussed and compared with experiences from sports and evidence available in rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Technique, Zuyd University, The Netherlands. s.braun@hszuyd.nl
authors.forename: Susy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleynen
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schols
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schack
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beurskens
authors.forename: Derick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wade
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D011214:Practice, Psychological; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation