title: Immunogenicity of advanced glycation end products in diabetic patients and in nephropathic non-diabetic patients on hemodialysis or after renal transplantation.
abstract: Advanced glycation end products (AGE) increase as a consequence of diabetic hyperglycemia and, in nephropathic patients, following renal function loss. Protein-bound AGE behave as immunogens, inducing formation of specific antibodies (Ab-AGE). In this work AGE immunogenicity was studied in 42 diabetic patients, 26 nephropathic patients on hemodialysis and 26 patients with end-stage renal disease who underwent kidney transplantation and in 20 normal subjects. Non-oxidation-derived AGE (nox-AGE), oxidation-derived AGE (ox-AGE) and Ab-AGE were measured by competitive or direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and circulating immune complexes (CIC) by C1q ELISA. Nox- AGE increased significantly in all patient groups (p < or = 0.05 to < or = 0.0001) except in patients on hemodialysis for less than 6 yr. Ox-AGE were only significantly increased in patients transplanted more than 3 yr previously (p < 0.05). Ab-AGE were significantly lower than controls in both diabetic groups and in patients on hemodialysis for more than 6 yr (p < 0.005 to < 0.0001) and not unlike controls in the other groups. These results demonstrate that hemodialysis or renal transplantation can, initially, reduce either nox- or ox-AGE levels, which however go back to being high in time. Renal transplantation fails to normalize nox-AGE. More importantly, plasma Ab-AGE levels are reduced or unchanged in all patient groups in comparison with controls, despite higher circulating AGE levels. This suggests the importance of tissue-bound AGE as Ab-AGE targets. Additional interventions are needed to control AGE levels in treated nephropathic patients. The search and quantification of specific Ab-AGE would give more meaningful results if performed over specific tissue specimens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy. angela.buongiorno@iss.it
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Buongiorno
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morelli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sagratella
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cipriani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazzaferro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sensi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D015433:Glomerulonephritis, Membranous / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced