title: Diagnostic prevalence rates from early to mid-adolescence among indigenous adolescents: first results from a longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Investigate change in prevalence rates for mental and substance abuse disorders between early and mid-adolescence among a cohort of indigenous adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data are from a lagged, sequential study of 651 indigenous adolescents from a single culture in the northern Midwest United States and Canada. At waves 1 (ages 10-12 years) and 4 (ages 13-15 years), one adult caretaker and one tribally enrolled adolescent completed a computer-assisted personal interview that included Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Revised assessment for 11 diagnoses. Multivariate analyses investigate effects of wave 1 adolescent diagnosis and wave 1 biological mother diagnosis (University of Michigan Composite International Diagnostic Interview) on wave 4 diagnostic outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings show a increase in prevalence rates for substance abuse disorders and conduct disorders between ages 10 and 12 years and 13 and 15 years among indigenous adolescents, with these disorders affecting more than one fourth of the children. The rate of lifetime conduct disorder is about twice that expected in general population studies (23.4% versus 5%-10%), and the rate of lifetime substance abuse disorder (27.2%) is three times that reported in the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (9.4%) for individuals 12 years or older. Prevalence rates for any single mental or substance use disorder (44.8 lifetime) for the 13- to 15-year-olds are similar to the lifetime prevalence rates reported in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (46.4%) for individuals 18 years and older.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A mental health crisis exists on the indigenous reservations and reserves that participated in this study. Current service systems are overwhelmed and unable to meet the demands placed upon them.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Nebraska, 739 Oldfather Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0324, USA. lwhitbeck2@unlnotes.unl.edu.
authors.forename: Les B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Whitbeck
authors.forename: Mansoo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Kurt D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Dan R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hoyt
authors.forename: Melissa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Walls
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires