Patch test results with metals and meteorological conditions.
BACKGROUND
Nickel, cobalt and chromium are some of the most common causes of type IV sensitizations and subsequent allergic contact dermatitis. Accurate diagnosis of contact sensitization to these metal salts is made possible through standardized patch testing; however, patch tests with metal allergens may be influenced by meteorological conditions at the time of testing. We aimed to investigate how patch test reactions to these metals relate to outdoor temperature and humidity at the time of testing.


METHODS
Clinical patch test results from 61,435 patients tested at Austrian and German dermatology departments participating in a contact sensitization surveillance network (www.ivdk.org) from 1993 through 2001 were evaluated with weather data measured near the testing location and at the time of testing. Test reactions and ambient temperature and humidity were examined with multinomial logistic regression models.


RESULTS
The odds of irritant and doubtful reactions to all 3 ionized metals increased during cold/arid conditions, and the odds of weak allergic (positive) reactions to nickel and cobalt also increased during cold/dry weather. Strong allergic reactions were essentially independent of weather conditions.


CONCLUSIONS
The increase in irritant and doubtful reactions coinciding with decreasing temperature and humidity may be the result of an overall increase in skin irritation brought about by these ambient conditions. The observed increases in erythematous and infiltrated ('weak allergic') reactions may be due to doubtful reactions increasing in intensity and being (falsely) classified as positive during colder and drier conditions.
Hegewald
Janice
J
Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
Uter
Wolfgang
W
Kranke
Birger
B
Schnuch
Axel
A
Gefeller
Olaf
O
Pfahlberg
Annette
A
D000328:Adult; D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D002857:Chromium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D003035:Cobalt / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009532:Nickel / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D010328:Patch Tests / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature
D000485:Allergens; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D002857:Chromium; D003035:Cobalt; D009532:Nickel