title: Fate of chlorate present in cattle wastes and its impact on Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7.
abstract: Chlorate salts are being developed as a feed additive to reduce the numbers of pathogens in feedlot cattle. A series of studies was conducted to determine whether chlorate, at concentrations expected to be excreted in urine of dosed cattle, would also reduce the populations of pathogens in cattle wastes (a mixture of urine and feces) and to determine the fate of chlorate in cattle wastes. Chlorate salts present in a urine-manure-soil mixture at 0, 17, 33, and 67 ppm had no significant effect on the rates of Escherichia coli O157:H7 or Salmonella Typhimurium inactivation from batch cultures. Chlorate was rapidly degraded when incubated at 20 and 30 degrees C with half-lives of 0.1 to 4 days. Chlorate degradation in batch cultures was slowest at 5 degrees C with half-lives of 2.9 to 30 days. The half-life of 100 ppm chlorate in an artificial lagoon system charged with slurry from a feedlot lagoon was 88 h. From an environmental standpoint, chlorate use in feedlot cattle would likely have minimal impacts because any chlorate that escaped degradation on the feedlot floor would be degraded in lagoon systems. Collectively, these results suggest that chlorate administered to cattle and excreted in wastes would have no significant secondary effects on pathogens present in mixed wastes on pen floors. Lack of chlorate efficacy was likely due to low chlorate concentrations in mixed wastes relative to chlorate levels shown to be active in live animals, and the rapid degradation of chlorate to chloride at temperatures of 20 degrees C and above.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105-5727, USA.
authors.forename: Christy E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Barbara K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Magelky
authors.forename: Marc L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Fu-Chih
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Caton
authors.forename: Heldur
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hakk
authors.forename: Gerald L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Robin C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000382:microbiology*; D002704:Chlorates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000652:urine; D004355:Drug Stability; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000187:drug effects*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006207:Half-Life; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002704:Chlorates; D012987:Soil