title: Genomic characterization of novel dolphin papillomaviruses provides indications for recombination within the Papillomaviridae.
abstract: Phylogenetic analysis of novel dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) papillomavirus sequences, TtPV1, -2, and -3, indicates that the early and late protein coding regions of their genomes differ in evolutionary history. Sliding window bootscan analysis showed a significant a change in phylogenetic clustering, in which the grouped sequences of TtPV1 and -3 move from a cluster with the Phocoena spinipinnis PsPV1 in the early region to a cluster with TtPV2 in the late region. This provides indications for a possible recombination event near the end of E2/beginning of L2. A second possible recombination site could be located near the end of L1, in the upstream regulatory region. Selection analysis by using maximum likelihood models of codon substitutions ruled out the possibility of intense selective pressure, acting asymmetrically on the viral genomes, as an alternative explanation for the observed difference in evolutionary history between the early and late genomic regions of these cetacean papillomaviruses.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. annabel.rector@uz.kuleuven.be
authors.forename: Annabel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rector
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Géraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lacave
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lemey
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mostmans
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salbany
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.forename: Koenraad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Doorslaer
authors.forename: Shin-Je
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ghim
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rehtanz
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Bossart
authors.forename: A Bennett
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Jenson
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Ranst
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003218:Condylomata Acuminata / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D004289:Dolphins / Q000821:virology*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D005836:Genitalia, Female / Q000821:virology; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000821:virology; D016679:Genome, Viral; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D050741:Phocoena / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA