title: Treatment recommendations and practical applications of botulinum toxin treatment of cervical dystonia.
abstract: CD is a complex disorder that can have significant impact on a patient's quality of life and physical well-being. BoNTs are a very effective and well-tolerated first-line therapy in relieving CD symptoms over long-term treatment. BoNT treatment should be administered at the lowest effective dose with a minimum of 3 months between treatments. As the incidence of immunoresistance is low, a reassessment of muscle selection, dosing, and diagnosis should take place in the event of suboptimal patient response. Optimal treatment may involve a combination of oral pharmacologic treatment with BoNTs to maintain the use of lowest possible dosing and to extend effectiveness to the recommended 3-month dosing interval. Physical therapy in conjunction with BoNT treatment can also extend treatment efficacy as well. Comorbidities such as insomnia, depression, and anxiety can interfere with successful CD treatment and should be actively managed along with the symptoms of CD. Although our understanding of CD is incomplete, it is ever expanding. As a deeper understanding of disease pathophysiology and disease progression is gained, treatment efforts will be refined for optimal outcome and patient satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Loma Linda University Hospital, Loma Linda Faculty Medical Offices, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA. dmswopemd@gmail.com
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Swope
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barbano
mesh_terms: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014103:Torticollis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins