title: Cigarette smoke induced oxidative insult in local population of Pokhara.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of cigarette smoking on lipid peroxidation induced oxidative stress, antioxidants, uric acid and blood sugar in normal subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 61 normal subjects with regular smoking habit and 57 never-smokers normal subjects matched in respect to socio-economic status, age and BMI. Information regarding smoking habit and other personal details were collected by oral questionnaire. Total antioxidant activity (TAA), reduced glutathione (GSH), alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T), ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), plasma and urinary thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), fasting blood sugar (FBS) and urinary creatinine (Cr) were estimated by standard procedures in both the groups. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) procedure is used to estimate TAA which measures total dietary antioxidants. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS version 10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean pack years smoked by smokers was 14.4 +/- 15.8. The plasma TBARS level in smokers and never-smokers was 2.6 +/- 0.8 and 2.5 +/- 0.6 micromol/L respectively. The respective figure for urinary TBARS level was 4.6 +/- 2.7 and 3.7 +/- 1.4 micromol/gmCr. Smokers did not show any significant difference from never-smokers with respect to GSH, alpha-T, AA, plasma TBARS and FBS. However, the smokers had significantly lower levels of TAA (p<0.05) and raised level of urinary TBARS (p<0.05) and uric acid (p<0.01) as compared to never-smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that smoking induces mild lipid peroxidation but the body is able to compensate for it by removing its adducts. Importantly it also indicates enhanced oxidation of purines which are essential components of both DNA and RNA. Dietary antioxidants are consumed to scavenge free radicals (FR) and other reactive species (RS) in smoke. Female smokers are more prone to oxidative insult than male smokers. In summary RS present in smoke induce mild lipid peroxidation but are not the major contributors of redox imbalance in smoke induced toxicity in the selected subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal. jayjha45@hotmail.com
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jha
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Maharjan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adhikari
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vishwanath
authors.lastname: Akila
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagamma
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Azhari
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D009390:Nepal; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014527:Uric Acid; D003404:Creatinine; D005978:Glutathione; D001205:Ascorbic Acid