title: Type C bovine botulism outbreak due to carcass contaminated non-acidified silage.
abstract: The first reported bovine botulism outbreak in Finland is described. Nine out of 90 cattle on a dairy farm died after being fed non-acidified silage contaminated by animal carcasses. Type C botulinum neurotoxin gene was detected in one heifer by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the neurotoxin was detected by the mouse bioassay. Clostridium botulinum type C was isolated from liver samples. The isolated strain was identified with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis as group III C. botulinum. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a type C bovine botulism outbreak has been diagnosed by PCR and confirmed by subsequent isolation and AFLP identification of the disease strain. The importance of the acidification process in silage production to inhibit C. botulinum toxin production in silage and thus to prevent further botulism outbreaks is emphasized. Nevertheless, preformed toxin in the carcass is not destroyed by acid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland. jan.myllykoski@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Myllykoski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindström
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Keto-Timonen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Söderholm
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jakala
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kallio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sukura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Korkeala
mesh_terms: D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D000818:Animals; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000633:toxicity; D001906:Botulism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005387:Finland; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012820:Silage / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; C096324:botulinum toxin type C