title: Modern psychosurgery before Egas Moniz: a tribute to Gottlieb Burckhardt.
abstract: The history of modern psychosurgery has been written in several ways, weaving around many pioneers in the field during the 19th century. Often neglected in this history is Gottlieb Burckhardt (1836-1907), who performed the first psychosurgical procedures as early as 1888, several decades before the work of Egas Moniz (1874-1955). The unconventional and original case series of Burckhardt, who claimed success in 50% of patients (3 of 6), had met with overt criticism from his contemporary medical colleagues. The authors describe 2 illustrative cases of cortical extirpation performed by Burckhardt and review his pioneering case series for surgical outcome, despite the ambiguity in postoperative evaluation criteria. Although Burckhardt discontinued the project after publication of his surgical results in 1891, neurosurgeons around the world continued to investigate psychosurgery and revitalized his ideas in 1910; psychosurgery subsequently developed into a full-fledged neurosurgical specialty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manjila
authors.forename: Setti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rengachary
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Murali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guthikonda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000266:history*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000266:history; D010380:Peer Review; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011612:Psychosurgery / Q000266:history*; D011859:Radiography; D016896:Treatment Outcome