title: Biomechanical comparison of ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Incompetence of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the elbow is career-threatening for high-performance throwing athletes. Although multiple reconstructions have been described, a procedure that combines a larger graft with improved fixation may demonstrate more favorable loading characteristics than current techniques.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Ulnar collateral ligament reconstructions utilizing a semitendinosus graft and interference knot fixation will be biomechanically superior to previously reported techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty cadaveric elbows were stripped of all medial soft tissue superficial to the UCL. The proximal humeri were mounted on a materials testing system with the elbows flexed 90 degrees . The intact UCL was loaded to failure at 4.5 deg/s. The torsional failure moment, torsional stiffness, and mode of failure were recorded. Three groups of 10 specimens were created. Group 1 underwent reconstruction using a palmaris tendon graft secured with interference knot fixation. Group 2 reconstructions utilized a palmaris graft and the docking technique. Group 3 specimens were reconstructed using a semitendinosus graft and interference knot fixation. All specimens were loaded to failure and the same parameters recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The torsional failure moments for group 1 (13.28 N x m) and group 2 (12.81 N x m) reconstructions were significantly (P < .05) inferior to that of their respective native values (21.3 N x m and 23.5 N x m). Semitendinosus reconstructions (20.5 N.m) were not significantly different (P = .24) from their native UCLs (23.0 N.m). All reconstructions were torsionally less stiff (P < .001) than the native UCL. There were no statistically significant differences in stiffness between the groups (P = .4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction utilizing semitendinosus graft and interference knot fixation restores the torsional strength of the intact UCL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reconstructions using semitendinosus grafts may allow for accelerated rehabilitation and earlier return to competition.
authors.affiliation: Bone and Joint/Sports Medicine Institute, 620 John Paul Jones Circle, Portsmouth, VA 23708, USA.
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ruland
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: Craig J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Belkoff
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D017885:Collateral Ligaments / Q000601:surgery*; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019415:Torque; D019737:Transplants