title: Visualizing the dose distribution and linear energy transfer by 1D and 2D ESR imaging: a potassium dithionate dosimeter irradiated with C6+ and N7+ ions.
abstract: We report the application of one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) spectral-spatial electron spin resonance imaging (ESRI) for visualizing the dose distribution and linear energy transfer (LET) in a potassium dithionate, K2S2O6 (PDT), dosimeter irradiated with the heavy ions C(6+) and N(7+). The ESR spectrum in the irradiated PDT consists of a superposition of two isotropic signals assigned to two *SO3(-) radicals, R1 and R2, with no hyperfine splittings and slightly different g values. The 1D ESRI profiles clearly indicate the spatial penetration of the beams and the location of the sharp maximum dose, the "Bragg peak", detected for each beam. The depth penetrations are different: approximately 2.3 mm for C(6+) and approximately 1.8 mm for N(7+) beams, +/-0.1 mm; beyond these limits, no radicals were detected. 2D spectral-spatial ESRI images reflect both the dose distribution and the spatial dependence of the relative intensities of radicals R1 and R2, an effect that is assigned to the depth variation of the LET. This study has demonstrated that ESRI is a promising new method for dose and LET determination. Of particular interest are applications in the field of radiotherapy with heavy ions, because in this case the Bragg peak is pronounced and the dose can be focused at specific depths while the surrounding areas are protected.
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kruczala
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Shulamith
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schlick
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005609:Free Radicals; D020450:Heavy Ions; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D018499:Linear Energy Transfer; D009584:Nitrogen; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D013871:Thiones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D013871:Thiones; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen