title: Novel splice variants derived from the receptor tyrosine kinase superfamily are potential therapeutics for rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the advent of biological therapies for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, there is a compelling need to develop alternative therapeutic targets for nonresponders to existing treatments. Soluble receptors occur naturally in vivo, such as the splice variant of the cell surface receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)--a key regulator of angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Bioinformatics analyses predict that the majority of human genes undergo alternative splicing, generating proteins--many of which may have regulatory functions. The objective of the present study was to identify alternative splice variants (ASV) from cell surface receptor genes, and to determine whether the novel proteins encoded exert therapeutic activity in an in vivo model of arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  To identify novel splice variants, we performed RT-PCR using an mRNA pool representing major human tissue types and tumors. Novel ASV were identified by alignment of each cloned sequence to its respective genomic sequence in comparison with full-length transcripts. To test whether these ASV have biologic activity, we characterized a subset of them for ligand binding, and for efficacy in an animal model of arthritis. The in vivo study was accomplished using adenoviruses expressing secreted ASV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We cloned 60 novel human ASV from 21 genes, encoding cell surface receptors--many of which are known to be important in the regulation of angiogenesis. The ASV were characterized by exon extension, intron retention and alternative exon utilization. Efficient expression and secretion of selected ASV--corresponding to VEGF receptor type 1, VEGF receptor type 2, VEGF receptor type 3, angiopoietin receptor Tie1, Met (receptor for hepatocyte growth factor), colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, Kit, and RAGE--was demonstrated, together with binding to their cognate ligands. Importantly, ASV derived from VEGF receptor type 1 and Tie1, and to a lesser extent from VEGF receptor type 2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, reduced clinical signs of arthritis in vivo. The reduction was paralleled by decreased joint inflammation and destruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that unique ASV derived from receptors that play key roles in angiogenesis--namely, VEGF receptor type 1 and, for the first time, Tie1--can markedly reduce arthritis severity. More broadly, our results demonstrate that ASV are a source of novel proteins with therapeutic potential in diseases in which angiogenesis and cellular hyperplasia play a central role, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Receptor BioLogix, Inc, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA. pjin@rblx.com
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Percy F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Sumariwalla
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jorgensen
authors.forename: Damian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feldmann
authors.forename: H Michael
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Shepard
authors.forename: Ewa M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Paleolog
mesh_terms: D042683:Angiopoietin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D042810:Receptor, TIE-1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D042683:Angiopoietin-1; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D042810:Receptor, TIE-1; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1