title: Antiarrhythmic effects of ranolazine in canine pulmonary vein sleeve preparations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ectopic activity arising from the pulmonary veins (PV) plays a prominent role in the development of atrial fibrillation (AF).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to determine the electrophysiological effects of ranolazine in canine PV sleeve preparations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transmembrane action potentials were recorded from canine superfused left superior or inferior PV sleeves using standard microelectrode techniques. Acetylcholine (ACh, 1 microM), isoproterenol (1 microM), high calcium ([Ca(2+)](o) = 5.4 mM) or a combination was used to induce early or delayed afterdepolarizations (EADs or DADs) and triggered activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ranolazine (10 microM) significantly accentuated use-dependent depression of maximal rate of increase of action potential upstroke (V(max)). Reducing basic cycle length (BCL) from 2000 to 200 ms resulted in a decrease of V(max) from 279 +/- 58 to 146 +/- 23 V/s (47.7%) in control subjects and from 241 +/- 71 to 72 +/- 63 V/s (70.2%) after 10 microM ranolazine (n = 4, P <.05). Ranolazine slightly abbreviated action potential duration, but induced significant rate-dependent prolongation of effective refractory period due to development of postrepolarization refractoriness (n = 6, P <.05). Ranolazine (10 microM) caused loss of excitability resulting in 2:1 activation failure at BCLs <or= 200 ms (n = 3) and suppressed late phase 3 EADs, DADs, and triggered activity elicited by exposure of the PV sleeves to Ach + isoproterenol, or high [Ca(2+)](o) + rapid pacing (n = 11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ranolazine causes marked use-dependent inhibition of sodium channel activity leading to prolongation of effective refractory period, conduction slowing, and block as well as suppression of late phase 3 EAD and DAD-mediated triggered activity in canine PV sleeves. Our data suggest that ranolazine may be useful in suppressing AF triggers arising from the PV sleeves.
authors.affiliation: Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, New York 13501, USA.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sicouri
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Luiz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belardinelli
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antzelevitch
mesh_terms: D000083:Acetanilides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004285:Dogs; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000187:drug effects*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000601:surgery; D000069458:Ranolazine
chemical_list: D000083:Acetanilides; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D010879:Piperazines; D000069458:Ranolazine