title: Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion induces microglial priming in the lumbar spinal cord: a novel model of neuroinflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in mice results in a brain infarct, the volume of which depends on the length of occlusion. Following permanent occlusion, neuropathological changes - including a robust glial inflammatory response - also occur downstream of the infarct in the spinal cord.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have performed short, transient MCAo in mice to induce penumbral damage spanning the motor cortex. A 30 minute MCAo using a poly-L-lysine-coated intraluminal suture introduced through a common carotid artery incision was performed in 17 female C57BL/6 mice. Five sham-operated mice received common carotid artery ligation without insertion of the suture. Neurobehavioural assessments were performed during occlusion, immediately following reperfusion, and at 24 and 72 hours post-reperfusion. Routine histological and immunohistochemical studies were performed at 24 and 72 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 11 of the surviving 16 mice subjected to MCAo, we observed a focal, subcortical necrotic lesion and a reproducible, diffuse cortical lesion with accompanying upper motor neuron involvement. This was associated with contralateral ventral spinal cord microglial priming without significant reactive astrocytosis or lower motor neuron degeneration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The advantages to this method are that it yields a reproducible cortical lesion, the extent of which is predictable using behavioural testing during the period of ischemia, with upper motor neuron involvement and downstream priming, but not full activation, of microglia in the lumbar spinal cord. In addition, survival is excellent following the 30 minutes of occlusion, rendering this a novel and useful model for examining the effects of microglial priming in the spinal motor neuron pool.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada. kmoisse@uwo.ca
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moisse
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Volkening
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Strong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D002539:Cerebral Arterial Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017628:Microglia / Q000502:physiology*; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009043:Motor Activity; D016472:Motor Neuron Disease / Q000503:physiopathology; D011187:Posture; D015424:Reperfusion; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology*