title: Air pollution and lung function in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association of long-term air pollution and lung function has not been studied across adult European multi-national populations before. The aim of this study was to determine the association between long-term urban background air pollution and lung function levels, as well as change in lung function among European adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and the ratio thereof (FEV1/FVC) were assessed at baseline and after 9 years of follow-up in adults from 21 European centres (followed-up sample 5610). Fine particles (PM(2.5)) were measured in 2000/2001 using central monitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite sufficient statistical power no significant associations were found between city-specific annual mean PM(2.5) and average lung function levels. The findings also do not support an effect on change in lung function, albeit statistical power was insufficient to significantly detect such an association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inability to refuse the null hypothesis may reflect (i) no effect of urban air pollution on lung function or (ii) inherent biases due to the study design. Examples of the latter are lack of individual-level air quality assignment, not quantified within-city contrasts in traffic-related pollution, or the heterogeneity of the studied populations and their urban environments. Future studies on long-term effects of air pollution on lung function could increase statistical power and reduce potential misclassification and confounding by characterizing exposure on the level of individuals, capturing contrasts due to local sources, in particular traffic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Götschi
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunyer
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chinn
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Marco
authors.forename: Bertil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gauderman
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garcia-Esteban
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: Bénédicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jacquemin
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ponzio
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Villani
authors.forename: Nino
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Künzli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012907:Smoking; D014505:Urban Population; D014797:Vital Capacity
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter