title: Osmolarity influences chondrocyte death in wounded articular cartilage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mechanical injury results in chondrocyte death in articular cartilage. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether medium osmolarity affects chondrocyte death in injured articular cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Osteochondral explants (n = 48) that had been harvested from the metacarpophalangeal joints of three-year-old cows were exposed to media with varying osmolarity (0 to 480 mOsm) for ninety seconds to allow in situ chondrocytes to respond to the altered osmotic environment. Explants were then wounded with a scalpel through the full thickness of articular cartilage, incubated in the same media for 2.5 hours, and transferred to 340-mOsm Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (control medium) with further incubation for seven days. The spatial distribution of in situ chondrocyte death, percentage cell death, and marginal cell death at the wounded cartilage edge were compared as a function of osmolarity and time (2.5 hours compared with seven days) with use of confocal laser scanning microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In situ chondrocyte death was mainly localized to the superficial tangential zone of injured articular cartilage for the range of medium osmolarities (0 to 480 mOsm) at 2.5 hours and seven days. Therefore, a sample of articular cartilage from the superficial region (which included the scalpel-wounded cartilage edge) was studied with use of confocal laser scanning microscopy to compare the effects of osmolarity on percentage and marginal cell death in the superficial tangential zone. Compared with the control explants exposed to 340-mOsm Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, percentage cell death in the superficial tangential zone was greatest for explants exposed to 0-mOsm (distilled water) and least for explants exposed to 480-mOsm Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium at 2.5 hours (13.0% at 340 mOsm [control], 35.5% at 0 mOsm, and 4.3% at 480 mOsm; p <or= 0.02 for paired comparisons) and seven days (9.9% at 340 mOsm [control], 37.7% at 0 mOsm, and 3.5% at 480 mOsm; p <or= 0.01 for paired comparisons). Marginal cell death in the superficial tangential zone decreased with increasing medium osmolarity at 2.5 hours (p = 0.001) and seven days (p = 0.002). There was no significant change in percentage cell death from 2.5 hours to seven days for explants initially exposed to any of the medium osmolarities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medium osmolarity significantly affects chondrocyte death in wounded articular cartilage. The greatest chondrocyte death occurs at 0 mOsm. Conversely, increased medium osmolarity (480 mOsm) is chondroprotective. The majority of cell death occurs within 2.5 hours, with no significant increase over seven days.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SU, Scotland, UK. Anish_Amin@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Anish K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Huntley
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: A Hamish R W
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D002417:Cattle; D016923:Cell Death; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions / Q000737:chemistry*; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation
chemical_list: D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions