title: Mechanism of oxidative DNA damage in diabetes: tuberin inactivation and downregulation of DNA repair enzyme 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine-DNA glycosylase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate potential mechanisms of oxidative DNA damage in a rat model of type 1 diabetes and in murine proximal tubular epithelial cells and primary culture of rat proximal tubular epithelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phosphorylation of Akt and tuberin, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levels, and 8-oxoG-DNA glycosylase (OGG1) expression were measured in kidney cortical tissue of control and type 1 diabetic animals and in proximal tubular cells incubated with normal or high glucose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the renal cortex of diabetic rats, the increase in Akt phosphorylation is associated with enhanced phosphorylation of tuberin, decreased OGG1 protein expression, and 8-oxodG accumulation. Exposure of proximal tubular epithelial cells to high glucose causes a rapid increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that correlates with the increase in Akt and tuberin phosphorylation. High glucose also resulted in downregulation of OGG1 protein expression, paralleling its effect on Akt and tuberin. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt significantly reduced high glucose-induced tuberin phosphorylation and restored OGG1 expression. Hydrogen peroxide stimulates Akt and tuberin phosphorylation and decreases OGG1 protein expression. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine significantly inhibited ROS generation, Akt/protein kinase B, and tuberin phosphorylation and resulted in deceased 8-oxodG accumulation and upregulation of OGG1 protein expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes and treatment of proximal tubular epithelial cells with high glucose leads to phosphorylation/inactivation of tuberin and downregulation of OGG1 via a redox-dependent activation of Akt in renal tubular epithelial cells. This signaling cascade provides a mechanism of oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: George O'Brien Kidney Research Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simone
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gorin
authors.forename: Chakradhar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Velagapudi
authors.forename: Hanna E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Abboud
authors.forename: Samy L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Habib
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004249:DNA Damage; D045647:DNA Glycosylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt; D045647:DNA Glycosylases; C483741:OGG1 protein, rat; D003849:Deoxyguanosine; D005947:Glucose; D000111:Acetylcysteine