title: Median knock-down time as a new method for evaluating insecticide-treated textiles for mosquito control.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insecticide treated bed nets are major tools for the Roll Back Malaria campaign. There are two types of Long-Lasting Insecticide-treated Nets (LNs) on the market: coated nets and insecticide-incorporated nets. Nets provided to this market need a recommendation from the World Health Organization to be purchased by donors and NGOs. During laboratory study (phase I), the first step consists in evaluating the wash resistance of a new LN product. When insecticide-incorporated nets are washed, it takes time to regenerate the insecticidal activity, i.e. insecticide must migrate to the net surface to be accessible to mosquitoes. The interval of time required for regeneration must be carefully determined to ensure the accuracy of further results. WHOPES procedures currently recommend the determination of the regeneration time by using mortality data. However, as mortality cannot exceed 100%, a LN that regenerates a surface concentration exceeding the dosage for 100% mortality, will have its regeneration time underestimated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Median Knock Down Time (MKDT) was determined as function of insecticide dosage on an inert surface, glass, and on polyester nettings using an acetone solution or a simple emulsion. Dosage response was also established for mortality data. The same method was then applied to a commercially polyethylene netting, currently under WHOPES evaluation, to determine the dynamics of regeneration as function of repeated washings. The deltamethrin content of these nets was estimated by Capillary Gas Chromatography (GC-ECD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  MKDT was a linear function of log insecticide dosage on glass as on nettings. Mortality data were either 0 or 100% for most concentrations except for a narrow range. MKDT was log linear function of total deltamethrin content in a commercial polyethylene net exposed to washings. The regeneration time of this net increased with the number of washes and MKDT became higher. A new, easy and rapid method to determine MKDT is suggested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The MKDT is linearly correlated to log dosage on a given substrate and shows no saturation as mortality data do. It is suited to determine regeneration time of a product that is exposed to a stress, like washing or heating, where the process impacts on the bio-availability of the insecticide. Mortality data are useful for measuring product efficacy, whereas MKDT are better to measure dynamics of surface concentration like regeneration after a stressing process. Change in MKDT can be used to illustrate the loss of insecticide due to washing, but the slope of the curve is product and surface-dependent.
authors.affiliation: Intelligent Insect Control, 118 Chemin des Alouettes, 34170 Castelnau, France. ole.skovmand@insectcontrol.net
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Skovmand
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bonnet
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pigeon
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Corbel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects*; D001512:Bedding and Linens; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D005260:Female; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007846:Laundering / Q000379:methods; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin