title: Universal newborn hearing screening: systematic review to update the 2001 US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review is an update for the US Preventive Services Task Force on universal newborn hearing screening to detect moderate-to-severe permanent, bilateral congenital hearing loss. We focus on 3 key questions: (1) Among infants identified by universal screening who would not be identified by targeted screening, does initiating treatment before 6 months of age improve language and communication outcomes? (2) Compared with targeted screening, does universal screening increase the chance that treatment will be initiated by 6 months of age for infants at average risk or for those at high risk? (3) What are the adverse effects of screening and early treatment?
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline and Cochrane databases were searched to identify articles published since the 2002 recommendation. Data from studies that met inclusion criteria were abstracted, and studies were rated for quality with predetermined criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A good-quality retrospective study of children with hearing loss indicates that those who had early versus late confirmation and those who had undergone universal newborn screening versus none had better receptive language at 8 years of age but not better expressive language or speech. A good-quality nonrandomized trial of a large birth cohort indicates that infants identified with hearing loss through universal newborn screening have earlier referral, diagnosis, and treatment than those not screened. These findings are corroborated by multiple descriptive studies of ages of referral, diagnosis, and treatment. Usual parental reactions to an initial nonpass on a hearing screen include worry, questioning, and distress that resolve for most parents. Cochlear implants have been associated with higher risks for bacterial meningitis in young children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with hearing loss who had universal newborn hearing screening have better language outcomes at school age than those not screened. Infants identified with hearing loss through universal screening have significantly earlier referral, diagnosis, and treatment than those identified in other ways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA. nelsonh@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Heidi D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bougatsos
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nygren
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D006312:Hearing Loss, Bilateral / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D015997:Neonatal Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome