Perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in raw and treated tap water from Osaka, Japan.
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been recognized as emerging environmental pollutants because of their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment, biota, and humans. PFOS and PFOA have been detected in water in Japan. Nevertheless, occurrence of PFOS and PFOA in potable water from municipal water treatment plants is not clearly known. We analyzed PFOS and PFOA in raw and tap water samples collected from 14 drinking water treatment plants in winter and summer seasons in Osaka to determine the concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in raw and potable tap water samples. PFOS and PFOA were detected in all raw water samples. Concentration ranges of PFOS and PFOA in raw water were 0.26-22 ng/l and 5.2-92 ng/l, respectively. Whereas the concentrations PFOS in raw water from Osaka were similar to those in other areas in Japan, the concentrations of PFOA were higher than in other areas. Concentration ranges of PFOS and PFOA in potable tap water were 0.16-22 ng/l and 2.3-84 ng/l, respectively. There were positive correlations between PFC concentrations in raw water and tap water samples. Therefore, the removal efficiency of PFCs by the present water treatment may be low. Based on the current action value reported by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, PFOA concentrations found in tap water in Osaka is not expected to pose health risks.
Takagi
Sokichi
S
Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan. Electronic address: sktakagi@iph.pref.osaka.jp.
Adachi
Fumie
F
Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
Miyano
Keiichi
K
Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
Koizumi
Yoshihiko
Y
Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
Tanaka
Hidetsugu
H
Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
Mimura
Mayumi
M
Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
Watanabe
Isao
I
Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
Tanabe
Shinsuke
S
Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
Kannan
Kurunthachalam
K
Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, D547 Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D002210:Caprylates / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D007564:Japan; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid