title: Carbon monoxide ameliorates renal cold ischemia-reperfusion injury with an upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by activation of hypoxia-inducible factor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously shown that carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation at a low concentration provides protection against cold ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury after kidney transplantation. As vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may promote the recovery process of impaired vascular endothelial cells during I/R injury, we examined whether protective effects of CO involved VEGF induction and its upstream hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lewis rat kidney graft, preserved in University of Wisconsin at 4 degrees C for 24 hr, was orthotopically transplanted into syngeneic recipient. Recipients were continuously maintained in air or exposed to CO (250 ppm) for 1 hr before and 24 hr after transplant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prolonged cold preservation resulted in progressive impairment of kidney graft function with early inflammatory responses. Carbon monoxide significantly protected kidney grafts from cold I/R injury, improved renal function and enhanced recipient survival. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed upregulation of HIF-1alpha and VEGF in the CO-treated kidney grafts as early as 1 hr after reperfusion. Western blot showed CO significantly upregulated VEGF expression 1 to 3 hr after kidney transplantation. Considerably more VEGF-positive cells were observed mainly in tubular epithelial cells in CO-treated, but not air-exposed, kidney grafts at 3 hr after reperfusion. YC-1, HIF-1alpha inhibitor, completely abrogated the actions of CO on VEGF induction and reversed the protective effects afforded by CO. Nitric oxide production in the grafts was increased by CO, however, abolished by YC-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that the protective effect of CO against renal cold I/R injury may involve VEGF upregulation through its upstream signal, HIF-1 activation.
authors.affiliation: Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Faleo
authors.forename: Joao Seda
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Neto
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kohmoto
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tomiyama
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Yinna
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ryujiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Augustine M K
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Donna B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Stolz
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carrieri
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: McCurry
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Murase
authors.forename: Atsunori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakao
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050377:Cold Ischemia; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000379:methods* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D017466:Receptors, Endothelin / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; C497444:Hif1a protein, rat; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017466:Receptors, Endothelin; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide