title: Prospects for use of interleukin-12 as a mucosal adjuvant for vaccination of humans to protect against respiratory pneumococcal infection.
abstract: Mucosal vaccination against pneumococcal disease offers potential protection against otitis media, pneumonia and invasive disease, including providing herd benefit by reducing pathogen carriage. The major obstacle, however, remains the lack of a suitable adjuvant for use in humans. Animal models have demonstrated success of interleukin-12 (IL-12) as an adjuvant for mucosal vaccines using recombinant pneumococcal protein antigens. This review examines the biology of the IL-12 cytokine family, the toxicity of IL-12 in human studies and suggests approaches by which IL-12 could be developed as a mucosal adjuvant with pneumococcal protein based vaccines, for use in humans.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. adam.wright@liverpool
authors.forename: A K A
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Briles
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D018664:Interleukin-12