title: Decreased FGF8 signaling causes deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in humans and mice.
abstract: Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) with anosmia (Kallmann syndrome; KS) or with a normal sense of smell (normosmic IHH; nIHH) are heterogeneous genetic disorders associated with deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). While loss-of-function mutations in FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) cause human GnRH deficiency, to date no specific ligand for FGFR1 has been identified in GnRH neuron ontogeny. Using a candidate gene approach, we identified 6 missense mutations in FGF8 in IHH probands with variable olfactory phenotypes. These patients exhibited varied degrees of GnRH deficiency, including the rare adult-onset form of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Four mutations affected all 4 FGF8 splice isoforms (FGF8a, FGF8b, FGF8e, and FGF8f), while 2 mutations affected FGF8e and FGF8f isoforms only. The mutant FGF8b and FGF8f ligands exhibited decreased biological activity in vitro. Furthermore, mice homozygous for a hypomorphic Fgf8 allele lacked GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus, while heterozygous mice showed substantial decreases in the number of GnRH neurons and hypothalamic GnRH peptide concentration. In conclusion, we identified FGF8 as a gene implicated in GnRH deficiency in both humans and mice and demonstrated an exquisite sensitivity of GnRH neuron development to reductions in FGF8 signaling.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Center for Reproductive Endocrine Sciences and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Falardeau
authors.forename: Wilson C J
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beenken
authors.forename: Taneli
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Raivio
authors.forename: Lacey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Plummer
authors.forename: Yisrael
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sidis
authors.forename: Elka E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Jacobson-Dickman
authors.forename: Anna V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Eliseenkova
authors.forename: Jinghong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dwyer
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Quinton
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Na
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Celine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huot
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alois
authors.forename: Simon H S
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: Lindsay W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Moosa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pitteloud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D051524:Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D017436:Kallmann Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009154:Mutation; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000235:genetics; D010375:Pedigree; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: C496456:FGF8 protein, human; C496457:Fgf8 protein, mouse; D051524:Fibroblast Growth Factor 8; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone