title: Chronic treatment with electroconvulsive shock may modulate the immune function of macrophages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of single and chronic electroconvulsive shock (ECS) administration on the immunoregulatory functions of macrophages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats received single or chronic treatment with ECS (150 mA, 50 Hz, 0.5 seconds) delivered through ear clips, once a day for 10 consecutive days, or sham ECS administered likewise. The rats were killed 24 hours after the last treatment, and peritoneal macrophages were cultured in vitro for 3 or 36 hours for a subsequent determination of their metabolic activity. The ability of macrophages to reduce Alamar Blue, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and nitrotetrazolium blue chloride and pinocytosis, adherence, and vitality, as well as synthesis of nitric oxide and arginase activity, was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found statistically significant changes in the biological properties of macrophages which occurred after 36 hours of incubation, especially in cultures stimulated with lipopolysaccharide; in contrast, no differences were observed between groups assessed after 3 hours of incubation. Rats receiving chronic 10-fold ECS showed a substantial increase in the metabolic activity of macrophages, reflected as their ability to reduce Alamar Blue and MTT and to increase arginase activity, accompanied with a marked but statistically insignificant decrease in nitric oxide synthesis compared with respective controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that chronic treatment with ECS may induce long-lasting changes in the activity of peritoneal macrophages. Attenuation of their proinflammatory properties indicates that ECS can change the primarily immunoregulatory functions of macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland. roman@if-pan.krakow.pl
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nawrat
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nalepa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001119:Arginase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004597:Electroshock / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium; D010078:Oxazines; D010873:Pinocytosis; D051381:Rats; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D014966:Xanthenes
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010078:Oxazines; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D014966:Xanthenes; C005843:resazurin; D009580:Nitroblue Tetrazolium; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001119:Arginase; C022616:thiazolyl blue