title: Increased fat:carbohydrate oxidation ratio in Il1ra (-/-) mice on a high-fat diet is associated with increased sympathetic tone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, exert pleiotropic effects on the neuro-immuno-endocrine system. Previously, we showed that mice with knockout of the gene encoding IL-1 receptor antagonist (Il1ra (-/-), also known as Il1rn (-/-)) have a lean phenotype. The present study was designed to analyse the mechanisms leading to this lean phenotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  Il1ra (-/-) mice were fed a high-fat diet following weaning. Energy expenditure, body temperature, heart rate, blood parameters, urinary catecholamines and adipose tissue were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Il1ra (-/-) mice exhibited resistance to obesity induced by a high-fat diet; this resistance was associated with increased energy expenditure and a decreased respiratory quotient, indicating that the ratio of fat:carbohydrate metabolism in Il1ra (-/-) mice is greater than in controls. Activity level in Il1ra (-/-) mice was significantly decreased and body temperature was significantly increased, compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Inguinal white adipose tissues in Il1ra (-/-) mice express increased levels of Ucp1 and mitochondrial respiratory chain genes compared with WT mice. Histological analysis of adipose tissue in Il1ra (-/-) mice revealed that brown adipose tissue is hyperactive and inguinal white adipose tissue contains smaller cells, which exhibit the distinctive multilocular appearance of brown adipocytes. Urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion in Il1ra (-/-) mice was significantly increased compared with WT mice, suggesting that Il1ra (-/-) mice have increased sympathetic tone. Consistent with this, heart rate in Il1ra (-/-) mice was also significantly increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that Il1ra (-/-) mice have increased energy expenditure, fat:carbohydrate oxidation ratio, body temperature, heart rate and catecholamine production. All of these observations are consistent with an enhanced sympathetic tone.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cell Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chida
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuwahara
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sagara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osaka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsubone
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwakura
mesh_terms: D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000378:metabolism*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000652:urine; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000652:urine; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; C507764:Il1rn protein, mouse; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine