title: Activin/TGFbeta and BMP crosstalk determines digit chondrogenesis.
abstract: The progress zone (PZ) is a specialized area at the distal margin of the developing limb where mesodermal cells are kept in proliferation and undifferentiated, allowing limb outgrowth. At stages of digit morphogenesis the PZ cells can undergo two possible fates, either aggregate initiating chondrogenic differentiation to configure the digit blastemas, or to die by apoptosis if they are incorporated in the interdigital mesenchyme. While both processes are controlled by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) the molecular basis for such contrasting differential behavior of the autopodial mesoderm remains unknown. Here we show that a well-defined crescent domain of high BMP activity located at the tip of the forming digits, which we termed the digit crescent (DC), directs incorporation and differentiation of the PZ mesenchymal cells into the digit aggregates. The presence of this domain does not correlate with an exclusive expression domain of BMP receptors and its abrogation by surgical approaches or by local application of BMP antagonists is followed by digit truncation and cell death. We further show that establishment of the DC is directed by Activin/TGFbeta signaling, which inhibits Smad 6 and Bambi, two specific BMP antagonists expressed in the interdigits and progress zone mesoderm. The interaction between Activin/TGFbeta and BMP pathways at the level of DC promotes the expression of the chondrogenic factor SOX9 accompanied by a local decrease in cell proliferation. Characteristically, the DC domain is asymmetric, it being extended towards the posterior interdigit. The presence of the DC is transitorily dependent of the adjacent posterior interdigit and its maintenance requires also the integrity of the AER.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Montero
authors.forename: Carlos I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Lorda-Diez
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gañan
authors.forename: Domingo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Macias
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hurle
mesh_terms: D028341:Activins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002642:Chick Embryo; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D005121:Extremities / Q000196:embryology*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D028341:Activins; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine