title: Sutureless nerve repair with laser-activated chitosan adhesive: a pilot in vivo study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The anastomosis of peripheral nerves is a demanding procedure that has potential complications due to foreign body reactions elicited by sutures. In this study, the sutureless in vivo anastomosis of rat tibial nerves was successfully performed, using for the first time a chitosan-based laser-activated adhesive. The nerve thermal damage caused by the laser irradiation was quantitatively assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A novel adhesive composed of chitosan, indocyanine green, acetic acid, and water, was fabricated in thin sheets. Its adhesive strength was tested in vitro by bonding strips (surface area approximately 20 mm2, thickness approximately 20 microm) onto rat sciatic nerves and sheep intestine by laser activation with low fluence ( approximately 50 J/cm2), using a fiber-coupled diode laser (n = 13). The tensile strength of the adhesive/tissue bonds was measured after tissue repair. The chitosan adhesive was then used to perform sutureless anastomosis of tibial nerves in vivo (n = 6). Adhesive strips were also bonded in vivo onto intact rat sciatic nerves (n = 6) in order to quantitatively assess, by counting myelinated axons, the thermal damage induced by the laser.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adhesive bonded well to tissue with a tensile strength of 12.5 +/- 2.6 KPa (mean +/- SD; n = 13). The in vivo anastomosed nerves were in continuity 3 d after surgery. Axon counting showed the number and morphology of myelinated axons were normal proximally ( approximately 96%) compared with intact nerves (100%). Axon demyelination was observed at the operation site ( approximately 49%) and distally ( approximately 27%), and was attributed to laser-induced thermal damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nerve anastomosis, performed by the laser-adhesive procedure, was successful 3 d postoperatively. Proximal myelinated axons were not significantly damaged by the low laser fluence.
authors.affiliation: Bio/polymer Research Group, School of Biotechnology and Bimolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales. a.lauto@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lauto
authors.forename: Leslie J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avolio
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sampson
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Raston
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarris
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stoodley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D048271:Chitosan / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007834:Lasers; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000601:surgery*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D051381:Rats; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D012756:Sheep; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014014:Tissue Adhesives / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D048271:Chitosan