title: Caloric restriction alone and with exercise improves CVD risk in healthy non-obese individuals.
abstract: Calorie restriction (CR) delays the development of age-associated disease and increases lifespan in rodents, but the effects in humans remain uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine the effect of 6 months of CR with or without exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and estimated 10-year CVD risk in healthy non-obese men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six individuals were randomized to one of three groups for 6 months: Control, 100% of energy requirements; CR, 25% calorie restriction; CR+EX, 12.5% CR+12.5% increase in energy expenditure via aerobic exercise. CVD risk factors were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 6 months, CR and CR+EX lost approximately 10% of body weight. CR significantly reduced triacylglycerol (-31+/-15mg/dL) and factor VIIc (-10.7+/-2.3%). Similarly CR+EX reduced triacylglycerol (-22+/-8mg/dL) and additionally reduced LDL-C (-16.0+/-5.1mg/dL) and DBP (-4.0+/-2.1mmHg). In contrast, both triacylglycerol (24+/-14mg/dL) and factor VIIc (7.9+/-2.3%) were increased in the Control group. HDL-cholesterol was increased in all groups while hsCRP was lower in the Controls versus CR+EX. Estimated 10-year CVD risk significantly declined from baseline by 29% in CR (P<0.001) and 38% in the CR+EX (P<0.001) while remaining unchanged in the Control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on combined favorable changes in lipid and blood pressure, caloric restriction with or without exercise that induces weight loss favorably reduces risk for CVD even in already healthy non-obese individuals.
authors.affiliation: Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lefevre
authors.forename: Leanne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Redman
authors.forename: Leonie K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Heilbronn
authors.forename: Julie V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Corby K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rood
authors.forename: Frank L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Greenway
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ravussin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging; D001835:Body Weight; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052756:Nutritional Sciences; D009765:Obesity; D050177:Overweight; D012307:Risk Factors