title: Irregular absorption profiles observed from diclofenac extended release tablets can be predicted using a dissolution test apparatus that mimics in vivo physical stresses.
abstract: The prediction of the in vivo drug release characteristics of modified release oral dosage forms by in vitro dissolution tests is a prerequisite for successful product development. A novel dissolution test apparatus that mimics the physical conditions experienced by an oral formulation during gastrointestinal transit was developed. This included the simulation of pressure forces exerted by gut wall motility, shear forces generated during propagation, and loss of water contact when the dosage form is located in an intestinal air pocket. The new apparatus was evaluated using a diclofenac extended release (ER) tablet. The in vitro dissolution profiles were compared between the novel test apparatus and a conventional dissolution apparatus (USP II). These data were compared with the profiles of plasma concentration versus time that were obtained after the administration of an ER tablet to 24 healthy volunteers under fasting conditions. Multiple peaks were observed in individual plasma concentration-time profiles after the intake of the reference ER tablet. Standard dissolution testing showed typical characteristics of an almost continuous release for this formulation; however, dissolution testing with the novel apparatus suggested that the diclofenac release from the ER tablets would be extremely variable and dependent on the applied stress. The data suggest that the observed multiple peaks of plasma concentration after dosing of the ER diclofenac tablets are most probably caused by sensitivity to physical stress events during gastrointestinal transit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garbacz
authors.forename: Ralph-Steven
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wedemeyer
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Giessmann
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mönnikes
authors.forename: Clive G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Siegmund
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weitschies
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012995:Solubility; D013607:Tablets
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D013607:Tablets; D004008:Diclofenac