title: Female genital mutilation among antenatal care and contraceptive advice attendees in Sweden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore knowledge of, attitudes toward and practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) among women originally from countries where FGM is customary attending antenatal care and contraceptive advice in Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women in reproductive age living in Sweden who originate from countries where FGM is practiced coming for antenatal care or contraceptive advice at two maternity welfare centers in Stockholm were asked to participate. Interview administered questionnaires and gynecological examination were used for data collection. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 49 women asked, 40 women agreed to participate, of whom 37 had undergone FGM. Most FGM operations had been performed by doctors or midwives. Half of the Muslim women said FGM was allowed by their religion. All women reporting to have undergone 'sunna', an allegedly mild form, had extensive damage to their genitals. At gynecological examination three cases of reinfibulation were detected, of which two had been performed after delivery in Sweden. Twenty-nine women had daughters and three had let their daughters undergo FGM, all of them before settling in Sweden. Problems related to delivery and sexual intercourse were the most commonly mentioned complications of FGM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reliability of the self-reported form of FGM is low, which may have implications for research, interventions and health care. Although many women express negative attitudes toward FGM and know about serious complications, the religious justifications, the practice of FGM on daughters, reinfibulation on adults and medicalization of the practice indicate attitudes that favor of the continued practice of FGM.
authors.affiliation: Division of International Health/IHCAR, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. helena.litorp@vgregion.se
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Litorp
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franck
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Almroth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019093:Circumcision, Female / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005193:Family Planning Services; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000209:etiology; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000209:etiology; D010808:Physical Examination; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000209:etiology