title: Personality predictors of longevity: activity, emotional stability, and conscientiousness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between personality traits and longevity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey, personality traits were assessed in 2359 participants (38% women; age = 17 to 98 years, mean = 50 years) from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, starting in 1958. Over the duration of the study, 943 (40%) participants died, on average 18 years after their personality assessment. The association of each trait with longevity was examined by Cox regression controlling for demographic variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In preliminary analyses among the deceased, those who scored 1 standard deviation (SD) above the mean on General Activity (a facet of Extraversion), Emotional Stability (low Neuroticism), or Conscientiousness lived on average 2 to 3 years longer than those scoring 1 SD below the mean. Survival analyses on the full sample confirmed the association of General Activity, Emotional Stability, and Conscientiousness with lower risk of death, such that every 1-SD increase was related to about 13%, 15%, and 27% risk reduction, respectively. The association of personality traits with longevity was largely independent from the influence of smoking and obesity. Personality predictors of longevity did not differ by sex, except for Ascendance (a facet of Extraversion). Emotional Stability was a significant predictor when the analyses were limited to deaths due to cardiovascular disease, with comparable effect sizes for General Activity and Conscientiousness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a large sample of generally healthy individuals followed for almost five decades, longevity was associated with being conscientious, emotionally stable, and active.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Personality and Cognition, National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. TerraccianoA@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terracciano
authors.forename: Corinna E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Löckenhoff
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Zonderman
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology; D015142:Baltimore; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008136:Longevity / Q000502:physiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D010551:Personality / Q000502:physiology*; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013694:Temperament / Q000502:physiology