title: Optical coherence tomography as an adjunct to white light cystoscopy for intravesical real-time imaging and staging of bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel, real-time endoscopic imaging modality that permits delineation of microarchitectural features of bladder lesions. It may provide an extension of conventional cystoscopy by allowing noninvasive examination of bladder tissue at microscopic resolution (10 to 20 microm). The purpose of this study was to examine the application of OCT in augmenting the diagnosis and staging of bladder lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective institutional review board-approved, single-institution, single-user review on the use of OCT as an adjunct to conventional cystoscopy in 32 patients with a history of bladder cancer (24), primary tumor (6), prostate cancer (1), or hematuria (1). We obtained OCT images of suspicious areas before biopsy or resection, interpreted them in real time, and subsequently compared them with pathology results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We obtained 94 images in 32 patients undergoing bladder biopsy or transurethral resection of bladder tumor. Age of the patients ranged from 49 to 84 years (mean, 59 years), with 25 men (78%) and 7 women (22%). We correlated 38 suspicious areas with biopsy findings. OCT imaging correctly identified tumors confined to the mucosa with a sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 89%, respectively. Muscle-invasive tumors were detected in 7 of 7 lesions with 100% sensitivity, 90% specificity, and 92% accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Optical coherence tomography is a rapid, easy-to-use tool that can help differentiate Ta and T1 tumors and identify muscle-invasive bladder tumors. It provides real-time microarchitectural information that can aid in the evaluation of bladder tumors and adjacent and remote urothelium.
authors.affiliation: Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030-2706, USA. slerner@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Alvin C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Tresser
authors.forename: Steven S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Seth P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Lerner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003558:Cystoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*