title: Characterization of global transcription profile of normal and HPV-immortalized keratinocytes and their response to TNF treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persistent infection by high risk HPV types (e.g. HPV-16, -18, -31, and -45) is the main risk factor for development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key mediator of epithelial cell inflammatory response and exerts a potent cytostatic effect on normal or HPV16, but not on HPV18 immortalized keratinocytes. Moreover, several cervical carcinoma-derived cell lines are resistant to TNF anti-proliferative effect suggesting that the acquisition of TNF-resistance may constitute an important step in HPV-mediated carcinogenesis. In the present study, we compared the gene expression profiles of normal and HPV16 or 18 immortalized human keratinocytes before and after treatment with TNF for 3 or 60 hours.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we determined the transcriptional changes 3 and 60 hours after TNF treatment of normal, HPV16 and HPV18 immortalized keratinocytes by microarray analysis. The expression pattern of two genes observed by microarray was confirmed by Northern Blot. NF-kappaB activation was also determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) using specific oligonucleotides and nuclear protein extracts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed the differential expression of a common set of genes in two TNF-sensitive cell lines that differs from those modulated in TNF-resistant ones. This information was used to define genes whose differential expression could be associated with the differential response to TNF, such as: KLK7 (kallikrein 7), SOD2 (superoxide dismutase 2), 100P (S100 calcium binding protein P), PI3 (protease inhibitor 3, skin-derived), CSTA (cystatin A), RARRES1 (retinoic acid receptor responder 1), and LXN (latexin). The differential expression of the KLK7 and SOD2 transcripts was confirmed by Northern blot. Moreover, we observed that SOD2 expression correlates with the differential NF-kappaB activation exhibited by TNF-sensitive and TNF-resistant cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first in depth analysis of the differential effect of TNF on normal and HPV16 or HPV18 immortalized keratinocytes. Our findings may be useful for the identification of genes involved in TNF resistance acquisition and candidate genes which deregulated expression may be associated with cervical disease establishment and/or progression.
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo, Brazil. ltermini@ludwig.org.br
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Termini
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boccardo
authors.forename: Gustavo H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Esteves
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Waleska K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Anna Estela L
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Colo
authors.forename: E Jordão
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.forename: Luisa Lina
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.forename: Luiz Fl
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Reis