title: Ventricular-arterial coupling in patients with heart failure treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy: may we predict the long-term clinical response?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) on ventricular-arterial coupling (VAC) in patients with refractory congestive heart failure (HF), left bundle brunch block, and sinus rhythm.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The ratio between arterial elastance (Ea) and left ventricular end-systolic elastance (Ees), the so-called VAC, defines the efficiency of the myocardium in pumping blood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-eight patients were studied with echocardiography before CRT, and 1 year later. End-systolic elastance was calculated according to the method of Chen. Arterial elastance (ratio of the systolic pressure to the stroke volume), end-systolic volume (ESV), and quality of life (QoL) (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire) were assessed at the baseline and after 1 year. Patients with a reduction>15% of ESV or a decrease>33% in QoL score were considered responders to CRT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  QRS duration and interventricular delay were significantly reduced with CRT compared with baseline (156+/-2 vs. 195+/-3 ms, P<0.001; and 25+/-2 vs. 55+/-3 ms, P<0.001, respectively). Arterial elastance/Ees decreased significantly on CRT (2.47+/-1.48 vs. 1.41+/-0.87, P<0.0001). The lowering of Ea/Ees was congruent to a decrease in intraventricular delay (83.1+/-55.7 vs. 28.4+/-49.5 ms, P<0.0001) and an increase in ejection fraction (26+/-6.3 vs. 36.9+/-8.0%, P<0.0001). Responders to CRT were 74 and 71% of the overall patient population, considering as endpoint QoL or ESV, respectively. The analysis of VAC showed a baseline cut-off value of 2, above which 88% and 69% of patients responded to CRT, considering as endpoint QoL or ESV, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The non-invasive assessment of VAC may be proposed as an immediate, easy, and optimal tool for quantifying the effect of CRT in patients with HF.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, General Hospital, Rovigo, Italy. franc.zanon@iol.it
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zanon
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aggio
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baracca
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pastore
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Corbucci
authors.forename: Graziano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boaretto
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Braggion
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piergentili
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rigatelli
authors.forename: Loris
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Roncon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling