title: ENT manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux.
abstract: Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) has been associated with a variety of supraesophageal symptoms or diseases, including chronic cough, laryngeal disorders, rhinosinusitis, otitis media, and oral cavity lesions. In this article, we review the relationship between GER and ear, nose, and throat (ENT) symptoms. Data in the published literature are frequently conflicting. Only a few studies are controlled, and an evidence-based approach provides weak support for a causal association between GER and ENT manifestations. The GER diagnostic method should be standardized utilizing new parameters, and the definition and diagnostic accuracy of ENT pathologies also must be better specified. A firm connection remains controversial, and further randomized trials are needed.
authors.affiliation: Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic, Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy. passali@unisi.it
authors.forename: Desiderio
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Passàli
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.forename: Francesco Maria
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Passàli
mesh_terms: D004427:Ear Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007818:Laryngeal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D009668:Nose Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000209:etiology; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000209:etiology