title: Cardiovascular mortality and exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields: a cohort study of Swiss railway workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to intermittent magnetic fields of 16 Hz has been shown to reduce heart rate variability, and decreased heart rate variability predicts cardiovascular mortality. We examined mortality from cardiovascular causes in railway workers exposed to varying degrees to intermittent 16.7 Hz magnetic fields.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied a cohort of 20,141 Swiss railway employees between 1972 and 2002, including highly exposed train drivers (median lifetime exposure 120.5 muT-years), and less or little exposed shunting yard engineers (42.1 muT-years), train attendants (13.3 muT-years) and station masters (5.7 muT-years). During 464,129 person-years of follow up, 5,413 deaths were recorded and 3,594 deaths were attributed to cardio-vascular diseases. We analyzed data using Cox proportional hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all cardiovascular mortality the hazard ratio compared to station masters was 0.99 (95%CI: 0.91, 1.08) in train drivers, 1.13 (95%CI: 0.98, 1.30) in shunting yard engineers, and 1.09 (95%CI: 1.00, 1.19) in train attendants. Corresponding hazard ratios for arrhythmia related deaths were 1.04 (95%CI: 0.68, 1.59), 0.58 (95%CI: 0.24, 1.37) and 10 (95%CI: 0.87, 1.93) and for acute myocardial infarction 1.00 (95%CI: 0.73, 1.36), 1.56 (95%CI: 1.04, 2.32), and 1.14 (95%CI: 0.85, 1.53). The hazard ratio for arrhythmia related deaths per 100 muT-years of cumulative exposure was 0.94 (95%CI: 0.71, 1.24) and 0.91 (95%CI: 0.75, 1.11) for acute myocardial infarction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence against an association between long-term occupational exposure to intermittent 16.7 Hz magnetic fields and cardiovascular mortality.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. Roeoesli@ispm.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Röösli
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egger
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pfluger
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Minder
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D009790:Occupations; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014186:Transportation