title: Cariogenicity of soft drinks, milk and fruit juice in low-income african-american children: a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors conducted a study to test the hypothesis that high consumption of soft drinks, relative to milk and 100 percent fruit juice, is a risk factor for dental caries in low-income African-American children in Detroit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trained dentists and interviewers examined a representative sample of 369 children, aged 3 to 5 years, in 2002-2003 and again two years later. The authors used the 2000 Block Kids Food Frequency Questionnaire (NutritionQuest, Berkeley, Calif.) to collect dietary information. They assessed caries by using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Soft drinks, 100 percent fruit juice and milk represented the sugared beverages consumed by the cohort. A cluster analysis of the relative proportion of each drink at baseline and follow-up revealed four consumption patterns. Using zero-inflated negative binomial models, the authors found that children who changed from being low consumers of soft drinks at baseline to high consumers after two years had a 1.75 times higher mean number of new decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces compared with low consumers of soft drinks at both time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children who consumed more soft drinks, relative to milk and 100 percent fruit juice, as they grew older were at a greater risk of developing dental caries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health promotion programs and health care providers should emphasize to patients and caregivers the caries risk associated with consumption of soft drinks.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. lsw1227@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sungwoo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Woosung
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Burt
authors.forename: Anita M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sandretto
authors.forename: Justine L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kolker
authors.forename: Teresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Amid I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Ismail
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002326:Cariogenic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004245:DMF Index; D003729:Dental Care; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000145:classification; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008892:Milk; D011203:Poverty; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D002326:Cariogenic Agents; D019422:Dietary Sucrose