title: Neural mechanisms supporting flexible performance adjustment during development.
abstract: Feedback processing is crucial for successful performance adjustment following changing task demands. The present event-related fMRI study was aimed at investigating the developmental differences in brain regions associated with different aspects of feedback processing. Children age 8-11, adolescents age 14-15, and adults age 18-24 performed a rule switch task resembling the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, and analyses focused on different types of negative and positive feedback. All age groups showed more activation in lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and superior parietal cortex following negative relative to positive performance feedback, but the regions contributed to different aspects of feedback processing and had separable developmental trajectories. OFC was adultlike by age 8-11, whereas parietal cortex was adultlike by age 14-15. DLPFC and ACC, in contrast, were still developing after age 14-15. These findings demonstrate that changes in separable neural systems underlie developmental differences in flexible performance adjustment. Supplementary data from this study are available online at the Psychonomic Society Archive of Norms, Stimuli, and Data, at www.psychonomic.org/archive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. ecrone@fsw.leidenuniv.nl
authors.forename: Eveline A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Crone
authors.forename: Kiki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zanolie
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Leijenhorst
authors.forename: P Michiel
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Westenberg
authors.forename: Serge A R B
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rombouts
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000098:blood supply / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D006803:Human Development; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen