title: The effects of estrogen therapy and estrogen combined with different androgenic progestins on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in overweight-obese younger postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of three different progestins with differing androgenicity on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in overweight-obese younger postmenopausal women. Additionally, the relationship between testosterone and insulin resistance was assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 125 postmenopausal women. Estradiol (E(2)) 2 mg/day was given to 20 hysterectomized women and the remaining 105 women were randomized into three treatment groups: E(2) 2 mg/day plus dienogest 2 mg/day (n=35); E(2) 2 mg/day plus norethisterone acetate (NETA) 1 mg/day (n=35); E(2) 2 mg/day plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) 2.5 mg/day (n=35). A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was performed at the initial and 3-month visit. Serum glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides were measured before and after treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant treatment-related increase was observed only in the E(2)/MPA group for insulin resistance (p=0.031). When the change in the insulin/glucose ratio was compared, the E(2) group was significantly different from the E(2)/MPA and E(2)/NETA groups (p=0.008 and 0.02, respectively). Only the E(2)/dienogest group showed a treatment-related increase in fasting glucose level (p=0.037). A decrease in total cholesterol and LDL-C levels was observed in all groups (p=0.004 and 0.012, respectively). The only significant decrease in HDL-C level was observed in the E(2)/NETA group (p=0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estrogen therapy had a positive effect on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in overweight-obese postmenopausal women. The addition of progestin to estrogen therapy attenuated estrogen's positive effects slightly; however, the biological actions of the three different androgenic progestins used did not result in any variation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ministry of Health Ankara Etlik Maternity and Women's Health Teaching Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. demirs@isbank.net.tr
authors.forename: Berfu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.forename: Esmen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ozturkoglu
authors.forename: Ayse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solaroglu
authors.forename: Bahar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baskan
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kandemir
authors.forename: Erdem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karabulut
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haberal
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009277:Nandrolone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D000077563:Norethindrone Acetate; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D045167:Progesterone Congeners / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D045167:Progesterone Congeners; C023635:dienogest; D004958:Estradiol; D009277:Nandrolone; D000077563:Norethindrone Acetate; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate; D009640:Norethindrone