title: Functional brain mapping during recitation of Buddhist scriptures and repetition of the Namu Amida Butsu: a study in experienced Japanese monks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The invocation Namu Amida Butsu (Nembutsu), voices the hope of rebirth into Amida's Pure Land. In the Nembutsu, Buddhists imagine that they are absorbed into Amida's Pure Land. Shiritori, a Japanese word chain game, is a common task used to activate language related regions in Japanese. The purpose of this study was to identify the regions activated during praying of the Namo Amida Butsu (Nembutsu), and the reciting of Buddhist scriptures (Sutra).
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to identify the regions activated by the Nenbutsu, the Sutra and the Shiritori in eight highlytrained Japanese monks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The task of repeating the Nenbutsu activates the medial frontal gyrus, which is mainly related to mental concentration and visuospatial attention, similar to the areas activated by meditation. The task of reciting the Sutra activates the left lateral middle frontal gyrus, the right angular gyrus, and the right supramarginal gyrus, which are related to visuospatial attention also involved in the area activated by meditation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that different types of meditation in Japanese Buddhism showed different brain regional activation. The Nenbutsu activated the prefrontal cortex, and the Sutra activated the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right parietal cortex.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Neurosurgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan. simomura@med.oita-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimomura
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujiki
authors.forename: Jotaro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Akiyoshi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Masahisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tabata
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kabasawa
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002016:Buddhism; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation; D008875:Middle Aged; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology