title: Exercise fails to improve neurocognition in depressed middle-aged and older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although cross-sectional studies have demonstrated an association between higher levels of aerobic fitness and improved neurocognitive function, there have been relatively few interventional studies investigating this relationship, and results have been inconsistent. We assessed the effects of aerobic exercise on neurocognitive function in a randomized controlled trial of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-hundred and two sedentary men (n = 49) and women (n = 153), aged 40 yr and over and who met diagnostic criteria for MDD, were randomly assigned to the following: a) supervised exercise, b) home-based exercise, c) sertraline, or d) placebo pill. Before and after 4 months of treatment, participants completed measures of: Executive Function (Trail Making Test B-A difference score, Stroop Color-Word, Ruff 2 & 7 Test, Digit Symbol), Verbal Memory (Logical Memory, Verbal Paired Associates), and Verbal Fluency/Working Memory (Animal Naming, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Digit Span). Multivariate analyses of covariance were performed to test the effects of treatment on posttreatment neuropsychological test scores, with baseline neuropsychological test scores, age, education, and change in depression scores entered as covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The performance of exercise participants was no better than participants receiving placebo across all neuropsychological tests. Exercise participants performed better than participants receiving sertraline on tests of executive function but not on tests of verbal memory or verbal fluency/working memory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found little evidence to support the benefits of an aerobic exercise intervention on neurocognitive performance in patients with MDD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Benson.Hoffman@duke.edu
authors.forename: Benson M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Babyak
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Sharon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: P Murali
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Doraiswamy
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sherwood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015444:Exercise; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011594:Psychometrics; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D020280:Sertraline / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D020280:Sertraline