title: Expulsion of symbiotic algae during feeding by the green hydra--a mechanism for regulating symbiont density?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Algal-cnidarian symbiosis is one of the main factors contributing to the success of cnidarians, and is crucial for the maintenance of coral reefs. While loss of the symbionts (such as in coral bleaching) may cause the death of the cnidarian host, over-proliferation of the algae may also harm the host. Thus, there is a need for the host to regulate the population density of its symbionts. In the green hydra, Chlorohydra viridissima, the density of symbiotic algae may be controlled through host modulation of the algal cell cycle. Alternatively, Chlorohydra may actively expel their endosymbionts, although this phenomenon has only been observed under experimentally contrived stress conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show, using light and electron microscopy, that Chlorohydra actively expel endosymbiotic algal cells during predatory feeding on Artemia. This expulsion occurs as part of the apocrine mode of secretion from the endodermal digestive cells, but may also occur via an independent exocytotic mechanism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate, for the first time, active expulsion of endosymbiotic algae from cnidarians under natural conditions. We suggest this phenomenon may represent a mechanism whereby cnidarians can expel excess symbiotic algae when an alternative form of nutrition is available in the form of prey.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Animal Biology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Yelena
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: Eliahu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zlotkin
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006829:Hydra / Q000502:physiology*; D013559:Symbiosis