title: Parenteral anticoagulation may prolong the survival of patients with limited small cell lung cancer: a Cochrane systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine the efficacy and safety of heparin (unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low-molecular-weight-heparin (LMWH)) and fondaparinux in improving the survival of patients with cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted in January 2007 a comprehensive search for relevant randomized clinical trials (RCTs). We used a standardized form to extract in duplicate data on methodological quality, participants, interventions and outcomes of interest including all cause mortality, thromboembolic events, and bleeding events. We assessed the methodological quality for each outcome by grading the quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 3986 identified citations, we included 5 RCTs, none of which evaluated fondaparinux. The quality of evidence was moderate for survival, low for major and minor bleeding, and very low for DVT. Heparin therapy was associated with a statistically and clinically significant survival benefit (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.77; 95%CI = 0.65-0.91). In subgroup analyses, patients with limited small cell lung cancer experienced a clear survival benefit (HR = 0.56; 95%CI = 0.38-0.83). The survival benefit was not statistically significant for either patients with extensive small cell lung cancer (HR = 0.80; 95%CI = 0.60-1.06) or patients with advanced cancer (HR = 0.84; 95%CI = 0.68-1.03). The increased risk of bleeding with heparin was not statistically significant (relative risk (RR) = 1.78; 95%CI = 0.73-4.38).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review suggests a survival benefit of heparin in cancer patients in general, and in patients with limited small cell lung cancer in particular.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY, USA. elieakl@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: Elie A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Akl
authors.forename: Frederiek F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: van Doormaal
authors.forename: Maddalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barba
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kamath
authors.forename: Seo Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Middeldorp
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yosuico
authors.forename: Heather O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: Holger J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schünemann
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D000077425:Fondaparinux; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D011134:Polysaccharides; D000077425:Fondaparinux