title: Synergistic action of dietary phyto-antioxidants on survival and proliferation of ovarian cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A number of herbal dietary antioxidant supplements containing Indole-3 Carbinol (I3C) and Resveratrol (RE) have been established as anti-proliferative agents in cancer. These compounds have both similar as well as unique molecular targeting profiles. The purpose of this study is to analyze their mechanism of action when used individually and in combination in ovarian cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells were treated with various doses of I3C, RE or I3C+RE. AlamarBlue dye assay was used to examine cell growth and proliferation. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blot was performed to determine the expression of the genes associated with cell cycle and apoptosis. CA-125, a functional marker of ovarian cancer, and nitric oxide, were analyzed by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  I3C or RE inhibited cell proliferation, and caused cell contraction and apoptosis. Analysis of apoptosis-associated genes revealed an inhibition of Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and Survivin (SVV) gene expression. This was accompanied by elevation of p21, a tumor suppressor. Cell cycle was inhibited at both G1 and G2/M by individual treatments, and accentuated by a combination. AlamarBlue assay revealed a clear synergistic action of I3C+RE. CA125 was inhibited by either I3C or RE treatments. In contrast, basal nitric oxide production was inhibited by I3C and I3C+RE but not RE alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first evidence demonstrating the effects of I3C on ovarian cancer cells and its synergism with RE. Based on this model, our data indicate that combinations of compounds with different targeting properties will be more effective in chemoprevention and/or chemotherapy of ovarian and possibly other cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ob-Gyn, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA. mraj@lsuhsc.edu
authors.forename: Madhwa H G
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.forename: Zakaria Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Abd Elmageed
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Gaur
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Ghazala A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Azam
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Braley
authors.forename: Prakash N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Ismail M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Fathi
authors.forename: Allal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ouhtit
mesh_terms: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010078:Oxazines / Q000737:chemistry; D000077185:Resveratrol; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014966:Xanthenes / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D007211:Indoles; D010078:Oxazines; D013267:Stilbenes; D014966:Xanthenes; C005843:resazurin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C016517:indole-3-carbinol; D000077185:Resveratrol