title: In vitro percutaneous absorption of chromium powder and the effect of skin cleanser.
abstract: The present study tried to investigate, using a synthetic sweat at pH 4.5, whether metallic chromium can pass through the skin (in vitro) and the effect of rapid skin decontamination with a common detergent. A suspension of chromium powder in synthetic sweat at pH 4.5 was prepared and shaken with a stirring plate at room temperature for 30 min. Human skin membranes were set up in Franz-diffusion cells and 1 ml of the freshly made suspension was applied to the outer surface of the skin for 24h. The tests were performed without and with decontamination using the cleanser 30 min after the start of exposure. The appearance of metal ions in the aqueous receptor phase was quantified by Electro Thermal Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (ETAAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Speciation analysis and measurements of chromium skin content were also performed. Chromium skin permeation was demonstrated in in vitro experiments using the Franz cell system, giving a permeation flux of 0.84+/-0.25 ng cm(-2)h(-1) and a lag time of 1.1+/-0.7h. The cleaning procedure stop Cr permeation but its concentration into the skin significantly increased (Mann-Whitney U test P<0.03). The results revealed that chromium applied as powder can pass through the skin and that decontamination, done after 30 min of exposure, prevent Cr skin permeation but increase Cr content into the skin.
authors.affiliation: UCO Medicina del Lavoro, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Unità Clinico Operativa di Medicina del Lavoro, Dipartimento di Scienze di Medicina Pubblica, Via della Pietà 19, Trieste, Italy. larese@units.it
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Larese Filon
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Agostin
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crosera
authors.forename: Gianpiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bovenzi
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maina
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002857:Chromium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010539:Permeability; D011208:Powders; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012915:Soaps / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods; D013542:Sweat / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D011208:Powders; D012915:Soaps; D002857:Chromium