title: Early listening and speaking skills predict later reading proficiency in pediatric cochlear implant users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have reported that children who use cochlear implants (CIs) tend to achieve higher reading levels than their peers with profound hearing loss who use hearing aids. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of auditory information provided by the CI on the later reading skills of children born with profound deafness. The hypothesis was that there would be a positive and predictive relationship between earlier speech perception, production, and subsequent reading comprehension.
  
  
  METHODS
  The speech perception and production skills at the vowel, consonant, phoneme, and word level of 72 children with prelingual, profound hearing loss were assessed after 48 mos of CI use. The children's reading skills were subsequently assessed using word and passage comprehension measures after an average of 89.5 mos of CI use. A regression analysis determined the amount of variance in reading that could be explained by the variables of perception, production, and socioeconomic status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analysis revealed that it was possible to explain 59% of the variance of later reading skills by assessing the early speech perception and production performance. The results indicated that early speech perception and production skills of children with profound hearing loss who receive CIs predict future reading achievement skills. Furthermore, the study implies that better early speech perception and production skills result in higher reading achievement. It is speculated that the early access to sound helps to build better phonological processing skills, which is one of the likely contributors to eventual reading success.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa 52242, USA. linda-spencer@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Jacob J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Oleson
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003071:Cognition; D003638:Deafness / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011932:Reading; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012660:Semantics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013067:Speech Perception; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014705:Verbal Behavior