title: Vascular calcification and atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients: what can we learn from the routine clinical practice?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemodialysis (HD) patients are at increased risk for arterial intimal (AIC) and medial calcification (AMC).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional study on 153 HD patients we evaluated the presence of AIC and AMC using plain radiography of the pelvis and the presence of atherosclerotic lesions using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography of the common carotid arteries (CCA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The radiography of the pelvis confirmed the frequent presence of AIC (35.3%) and AMC (35.9%) in our HD patients. Arterial calcification was absent (non calcified-NC) in a minority of patients (28.8%). Patients with AIC had significantly higher prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques on CCA (78.6%) compared with both other groups and a higher number of documented atherosclerotic complications, such as cardiovascular (85.2%), cerebrovascular (33.3%) and peripheral arterial disease (38.9%) in comparison with the NC patients. According to the 1-year calculated data from patient records, there were no significant differences in the specific HD risks, such as the dose of prescribed calcium carbonate and vitamin D3, serum levels of calcium, phosphate, calcium-phosphate product and intact parathyroid hormone. All four bone metabolism markers within the range proposed by K/DOQI guidelines were achieved in 9.3%, 14.5% and 20.4% in the AIC, AMC and NC group, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with AIC and AMC are frequently found in the HD population. Screening for arterial calcifications in chronic kidney disease patients is suggested even in the early pre-dialysis period. The highest proportion of patients within the guidelines proposed range for bone and mineral metabolism markers was observed in the NC group. A longer period of data analysis is required in order to evaluate the possible role of some traditional and HD-specific risk factors for the development of arterial calcifications. The achievement of the K/DOQI guidelines is an important issue in the prevention of those conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University Clinical Center, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
authors.forename: Saso
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gelev
authors.forename: Goce
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spasovski
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dzikova
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Trajkovski
authors.forename: Goge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Damjanovski
authors.forename: Vili
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Amitov
authors.forename: Aleksandar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sikole
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*