title: Comparison of a 10-breaths-per-minute versus a 2-breaths-per-minute strategy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a porcine model of cardiac arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is harmful.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested the hypotheses that, during CPR, 2 breaths/min would result in higher cerebral perfusion pressure and brain-tissue oxygen tension than 10 breaths/min, and an impedance threshold device (known to increase circulation) would further enhance cerebral perfusion and brain-tissue oxygen tension, especially with 2 breaths/min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female pigs (30.4 +/- 1.3 kg) anesthetized with propofol were subjected to 6 min of untreated ventricular fibrillation, followed by 5 min of CPR (100 compressions/min, compression depth of 25% of the anterior-posterior chest diameter), and ventilated with either 10 breaths/min or 2 breaths/min, while receiving 100% oxygen and a tidal volume of 12 mL/kg. Brain-tissue oxygen tension was measured with a probe in the parietal lobe. The impedance threshold device was then used during an 5 additional min of CPR. During CPR the mean +/- SD calculated coronary and cerebral perfusion pressures with 10 breaths/min versus 2 breaths/min, respectively, were 17.6 +/- 9.3 mm Hg versus 14.3 +/- 6.5 mm Hg (p = 0.20) and 16.0 +/- 9.5 mm Hg versus 9.3 +/- 12.5 mm Hg (p = 0.25). Carotid artery blood flow, which was prospectively designated as the primary end point, was 65.0 +/- 49.6 mL/min in the 10-breaths/min group, versus 34.0 +/- 17.1 mL/min in the 2-breaths/min group (p = 0.037). Brain-tissue oxygen tension was 3.0 +/- 3.3 mm Hg in the 10-breaths/min group, versus 0.5 +/- 0.5 mm Hg in the 2-breaths/min group (p = 0.036). After 5 min of CPR there were no significant differences in arterial pH, PO2, or PCO2 between the groups. During CPR with the impedance threshold device, the mean carotid blood flow and brain-tissue oxygen tension in the 10-breaths/min group and the 2-breaths/min group, respectively, were 102.5 +/- 67.9 mm Hg versus 38.8 +/- 23.7 mm Hg (p = 0.006) and 4.5 +/- 6.0 mm Hg versus 0.7 +/- 0.7 mm Hg (p = 0.032).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrary to our initial hypothesis, during the first 5 min of CPR, 2 breaths/min resulted in significantly lower carotid blood flow and brain-tissue oxygen tension than did 10 breaths/min. Subsequent addition of an impedance threshold device significantly enhanced carotid flow and brain-tissue oxygen tension, especially in the 10-breaths/min group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. klurie@advancedcirculatory.com
authors.forename: Keith G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Lurie
authors.forename: Demetris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yannopoulos
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: McKnite
authors.forename: Margot L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Ahamed H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Idris
authors.forename: Vinay M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Nadkarni
authors.forename: Wanchun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gabrielli
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Anja K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Metzger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006985:Hyperventilation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000592:standards*; D013552:Swine; D016896:Treatment Outcome