title: An in vitro and in vivo evaluation of bioactive titanium implants following sodium removal treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dilute HCl as a sodium removal treatment of grit blasted/NaOH/heat treated cp titanium implants on the in vitro bioactivity and the in vivo interface shear resistance at different healing periods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cylindrical implants were machined from cp titanium bars. Half of the implants were blasted by AL(2)O(3) particles followed NaOH/heat treatment. The other half received similar treatment except, dilute HCl was additionally used as a sodium removal treatment. Implants surfaces topography was characterized by AFM before and after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 3 and 7 days. The implants resistance to interfacial shear force was evaluated at 2, 4, and 8 weeks implantation periods in experimental rabbits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sodium removal treatment significantly increased surface roughness (Sa parameter), valley fluid retention index and surface area before and after immersion in SBF, however, it significantly decreased core fluid retention index. Calcium and phosphorus containing surface deposits, of larger surface area, were precipitated on implants received the sodium removal treatment after 3 and 7 days in SBF. The implant-bone interface resistance to shear force was significantly increased at 2 weeks healing period after the use of the sodium removal treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sodium removal treatment showed to be effective in improving the early bone-implant interface resistance to shear force. Topographical changes, after dilute HCl etching, seem to contribute to the different in vitro and/or in vivo responses observed.
authors.affiliation: Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt. amrshf@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Amr S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fawzy
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Amer
mesh_terms: D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods*; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D007101:Immersion; D008422:Materials Testing; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry; D011817:Rabbits; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; D010758:Phosphorus; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D014025:Titanium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; D002118:Calcium