title: A screening test for heroin based on sequential injection analysis with dual-reagent chemiluminescence detection.
abstract: A sequential injection analysis procedure with dual-reagent chemiluminescence detection was applied to the screening of street drug seizure samples for the presence of heroin. The chemiluminescence reagents (acidic potassium permanganate and tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(III)) were aspirated from either side of a sample aliquot that was sufficiently large to prevent interdispersion of the reagent zones, and therefore two different chemical reactions could be performed simultaneously at either end of the sample zone. The presence of heroin in seizure samples was indicated by a strong response with the tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(III) reagent and confirmed by a significant increase in the response with the permanganate reagent when the sample was treated with sodium hydroxide to hydrolyse the heroin to morphine. Nicomorphine (a morphine-derived pharmaceutical) was synthesised and tested under the same conditions. The responses with the permanganate reagent were similar to those for heroin, which supports the proposed chemical basis for the test. However, the responses with tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(III) were far lower for nicomorphine than heroin (approximately 5-fold for the samples that had not been hydrolysed).
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia.
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Claire E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lenehan
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Jacqui L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Adcock
authors.forename: Michelle E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gange
authors.forename: Frederick M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
authors.forename: Neil W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Barnett
mesh_terms: D003932:Heroin / Q000032:analysis*; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D017895:Manganese Compounds; D009020:Morphine / Q000032:analysis; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D009539:Nicotinic Acids / Q000032:analysis; D010087:Oxides; D017975:Ruthenium Compounds
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D017895:Manganese Compounds; D009022:Morphine Derivatives; D009539:Nicotinic Acids; D010087:Oxides; D017975:Ruthenium Compounds; C048856:permanganic acid; D003932:Heroin; D009020:Morphine; C008549:nicomorphine