title: Five-year alterations in BMI are associated with clustering of changes in cardiovascular risk factors in a gender-dependant way: the Stanislas study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present longitudinal study was to describe the associations between the 5-year changes in body mass index (BMI) and alterations in the clusters of metabolic syndrome (MS)-related factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 1099 middle-aged adults drawn from the Stanislas study. Individuals were stratified into four groups according to the 5-year changes in BMI (weight loss (<0 kg/m(2)), and weight gain (0-1, 1-2 and >2 kg/m(2))). Changes in various MS-related variables and clusters were compared between groups: anthropometric indices, blood pressure, lipid and inflammatory markers, liver enzymes, uric acid and the five summary factors extracted by using factor analysis ('risk lipids', 'liver enzymes', 'inflammation', 'protective lipids' and 'blood pressure').
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a strong linear trend between increasing BMI and worsening of risk lipids and blood pressure factors for both men and women (P<or=0.001). In men only, liver enzymes and protective lipids factors were significantly related to the 5-year gain of BMI (P<or=0.001), whereas inflammation factor positively increased across the four BMI-change groups, in women only. Interaction terms for sex were statistically significant for inflammation and liver enzymes clusters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our population, there was a strong linear trend between increasing BMI and worsening of various MS-related variables. More interestingly, the identification of five factors associated with BMI changes dependent to gender, support the hypothesis that weight gain, and probably obesity, trigger metabolic mechanisms that differ between men and women.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, CIC 9501, Equipe Génétique Cardiovasculaire, Nancy, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Berrahmoune
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herbeth
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samara
authors.forename: J-B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Marteau
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siest
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Visvikis-Siest
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids