title: Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE-To evaluate prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia (HD) and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency (CCLD) in dogs and determine change in prevalence over time. DESIGN-Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS-1,243,681 Dogs for which information was reported to the Veterinary Medical Database between 1964 and 2003. PROCEDURES-Information on breed, sex, and age was collected, and prevalences and odds ratios were calculated. RESULTS-Castrated male dogs were significantly more likely than other dogs to have HD (odds ratio [OR], 1.21), and castrated male (OR, 1.68) and spayed female (OR, 2.35) dogs were significantly more likely to have CCLD. Dogs up to 4 years old were significantly more likely to have HD (OR for dogs 2 months to 1 year old, 1.22; OR for dogs > 1 to 4 years old, 1.48), whereas dogs > 4 years old were significantly more likely to have CCLD (OR for dogs > 4 to 7 years old, 1.82; OR for dogs > 7 years old, 1.48). In general, large- and giant-breed dogs were more likely than other dogs to have HD, CCLD, or both. Prevalences of HD and CCLD increased significantly over the 4 decades for which data were examined. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE-Results suggested that sex, age, and breed were risk factors for HD, CCLD, or both in dogs and that prevalences of HD and CCLD have increased over time.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Tige H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Witsberger
authors.forename: J Armando
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Villamil
authors.forename: Loren G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: Allen W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000002:abnormalities*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006619:Hip Dysplasia, Canine / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010375:Pedigree; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors