title: Localization of hRad9 in breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  hRad9 is a cell cycle checkpoint gene that is up-regulated in breast cancer. We have previously shown that the mRNA up-regulation correlated with tumor size and local recurrence. Immunohistochemical studies were made to better define the role of hRad9 in breast carcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Localisation of hRad9 protein were performed on paired tumor and normal breast tissues. Immunoblotting with and without dephosphorylation was used to define the protein isolated from breast cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased hRad9 protein was observed in breast cancer cells nucleus compared to non-tumor epithelium. This nuclear protein existed in hyperphosphorylated forms which may be those of the hRad9-hRad1-hHus1 complex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Finding of hyperphosphorylated forms of hRad9 in the nucleus of cancer cells is in keeping with its function in ameliorating DNA instability, whereby it inadvertently assists tumor growth.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China. vnychana@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: U S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Dacita
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Suen
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ava
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kwong
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010770:Phosphotransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000096:biosynthesis; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D014157:Transcription Factors; C069930:rad9 protein; D010770:Phosphotransferases