title: Global regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic genes by c-Myc.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The c-Myc transcription factor is a master regulator and integrates cell proliferation, cell growth and metabolism through activating thousands of target genes. Our identification of direct c-Myc target genes by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with pair-end ditag sequencing analysis (ChIP-PET) revealed that nucleotide metabolic genes are enriched among c-Myc targets, but the role of Myc in regulating nucleotide metabolic genes has not been comprehensively delineated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we report that the majority of genes in human purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway were induced and directly bound by c-Myc in the P493-6 human Burkitt's lymphoma model cell line. The majority of these genes were also responsive to the ligand-activated Myc-estrogen receptor fusion protein, Myc-ER, in a Myc null rat fibroblast cell line, HO.15 MYC-ER. Furthermore, these targets are also responsive to Myc activation in transgenic mouse livers in vivo. To determine the functional significance of c-Myc regulation of nucleotide metabolism, we sought to determine the effect of loss of function of direct Myc targets inosine monophosphate dehydrogenases (IMPDH1 and IMPDH2) on c-Myc-induced cell growth and proliferation. In this regard, we used a specific IMPDH inhibitor mycophenolic acid (MPA) and found that MPA dramatically inhibits c-Myc-induced P493-6 cell proliferation through S-phase arrest and apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these results demonstrate the direct induction of nucleotide metabolic genes by c-Myc in multiple systems. Our finding of an S-phase arrest in cells with diminished IMPDH activity suggests that nucleotide pool balance is essential for c-Myc's orchestration of DNA replication, such that uncoupling of these two processes create DNA replication stress and apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Program in Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yen-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Handler
authors.forename: Cheng Ran Lisa
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neretti
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sedivy
authors.forename: Karen I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Zeller
authors.forename: Chi V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Dang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D019281:Dimerization; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007168:IMP Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism*; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D009711:Nucleotides; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D007168:IMP Dehydrogenase