title: Step-up and step-down approaches to treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children.
abstract: The single biggest change in the approach to treating pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in recent years has been the empiric use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for symptoms suspected to be those of GERD. In other words, PPIs have been used increasingly as a first-line concurrent diagnostic test and treatment before any investigation. Although this approach is useful for some patients, there are a number of caveats about its application to children. In general, these caveats are related to age per se (eg, infancy) and to age-related symptoms and severity of GERD itself. The most important caveats relate to the prescription of empiric PPI therapy in infants--which generally is to be avoided--and to how PPIs are used in older children--specifically, the advisability of empiric trials being of limited duration. Even in children with proven reflux esophagitis, GERD is not chronic and relapsing in all; thus, trials of therapy withdrawal are warranted. In light of many factors, including the burgeoning literature on potential risks of infections in acid-suppressed children and adults, caution with dose and duration of acid-suppressive drugs in children is urged. The role of antireflux surgery is also mentioned.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, British Columbia Children's Hospital, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H3V4, Canada. ehassall@cw.bc.ca
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hassall
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors