title: A standardized protocol for needle placement in suboccipital muscles.
abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the safety and accuracy of using common anatomic landmarks to guide the placement of needle electrodes into suboccipital muscles. Atrophic changes in suboccipital muscles have been reported in some patients who have tension-type headaches, and in some patients who have headaches resulting from whiplash-type injuries. These atrophic changes most likely result from disuse or denervation. Needle electromyography is a definitive technique for determining the cause of muscle atrophy, but requires that needle electrodes be inserted into the muscle. Suboccipital muscles present a challenge to the electromyographer in that they are physically small and are located in close proximity to one another. Atrophied muscles with fatty replacement and the presence of critical structures such as the vertebral artery further complicate the procedure. Using a standardized protocol, three investigators attempted blind needle insertions into each of the suboccipital muscles of eight embalmed cadavers. A dissector then assessed targeted muscle penetrations, final resting positions of the wires, and their proximity to critical structures. Eighty-one percent of 181 attempted insertions penetrated the targeted muscles: 83% for the rectus capitis posterior minor, 83% for the rectus capitis posterior major, 94% for the obliquus capitis superior, and 63% for the obliquus capitis inferior muscles, respectively. It was concluded that readily palpable external landmarks can be used to safely and reliably guide the insertion of needle electrodes into three of the four pairs of suboccipital muscles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. hallgren@msu.edu
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hallgren
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Andary
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wyman
authors.forename: Jacob J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rowan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004566:Electrodes; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009339:Needles