title: Dynamics of pigmentation induction by repeated ultraviolet exposures: dose, dose interval and ultraviolet spectrum dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The dynamics of ultraviolet (UV)-induced melanogenesis have been well characterized for single UV exposures. However, our knowledge of the effects of repeated UV exposures on the development of new pigmentation is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the dynamics and dose dependence of pigmentation induction by repeated UV exposures using two different UV sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 healthy subjects participated in the study: 21 were exposed to a 5% UVB/95% UVA source and 19 were exposed to a 2% UVB/98% UVA source. Skin phototypes 2-3 were represented. Subjects were exposed one to three times per week. The minimal erythemal dose and minimal melanogenic dose of all subjects were determined, and both visual and instrumental observations of the development of pigmentation and erythema were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dark-brown pigmentation could be produced by a cumulative UV dose of 4200 J m(-2) given as 10 exposures over 5 weeks. However, comparable pigmentation could also be induced by a cumulative dose of 2900 J m(-2) given as eight exposures over 4 weeks. The lowest cumulative dose of 1900 J m(-2) given over 4 weeks produced moderate pigmentation. The 2% UVB source led to earlier and darker pigmentation than the 5% UVB source did for equally erythemogenic doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations show that the dynamics of melanogenesis induced by repeated exposures depends on UV dose, dose interval and emission spectrum. They also indicate that increasing the UV dose above a certain level of cumulative exposure does not significantly increase the level of UV-induced pigmentation.
authors.affiliation: Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA. sharona.miller@fda.hhs.gov
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.forename: B Z
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Zmudzka
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Bushar
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Hearing
authors.forename: J Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Beer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004890:Erythema / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects; D012880:Skin Pigmentation / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins