title: Identification of novel porcine and bovine parvoviruses closely related to human parvovirus 4.
abstract: Human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), a recently discovered parvovirus found exclusively in human plasma and liver tissue, was considered phylogenetically distinct from other parvoviruses. Here, we report the discovery of two novel parvoviruses closely related to PARV4, porcine hokovirus (PHoV) and bovine hokovirus (BHoV), from porcine and bovine samples in Hong Kong. Their nearly full-length sequences were also analysed. PARV4-like viruses were detected by PCR among 44.4 % (148/333) of porcine samples (including lymph nodes, liver, serum, nasopharyngeal and faecal samples), 13 % (4/32) of bovine spleen samples and 2 % (7/362) of human serum samples that were sent for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus antibody tests. Three distinct parvoviruses were identified, including two novel parvoviruses, PHoV and BHoV, from porcine and bovine samples and PARV4 from humans, respectively. Analysis of genome sequences from seven PHoV strains, from three BHoV strains and from one PARV4 strain showed that the two animal parvoviruses were most similar to PARV4 with 61.5-63 % nt identities and, together with PARV4 (HHoV), formed a distinct cluster within the family Parvoviridae. The three parvoviruses also differed from other parvoviruses by their relatively large predicted VP1 protein and the presence of a small unique conserved putative protein. Based on these results, we propose a separate genus, Hokovirus, to describe these three parvoviruses. The co-detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, the agent associated with the recent 'high fever' disease outbreaks in pigs in China, from our porcine samples warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.|State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, Hong Kong SAR.|Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Susanna K P
authors.initials: SKP
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.|State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, Hong Kong SAR.|Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Patrick C Y
authors.initials: PCY
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.|State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, Hong Kong SAR.|Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Clara T Y
authors.initials: CTY
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Wing-Ka
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Au
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen East Lake Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China.
authors.forename: Xin-Chun
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Hoi-Wah
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Tsoi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Thomas H F
authors.initials: THF
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Joanna S Y
authors.initials: JSY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Dominic N C
authors.initials: DNC
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Kenneth S M
authors.initials: KSM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Cindy W S
authors.initials: CWS
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Tak-Keung
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Owen T Y
authors.initials: OTY
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.|Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.|State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Bo-Jian
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.|Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.|State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Kwok-Hung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen East Lake Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China.
authors.forename: Boping
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.|Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.|State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Kwok-Yung
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Yuen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052660:Bocavirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010322:Parvoviridae Infections / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology*; D019219:Parvovirinae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017992:Parvovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D013552:Swine / Q000821:virology*; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D004279:DNA, Viral