title: Low-dose insemination in pigs: problems and possibilities.
abstract: Low-dose AI procedures are required by the pig industry to efficiently utilize emerging sperm technologies, such as cryopreservation and sex-sorting. Currently, several different procedures for inseminating with a low or very low number of spermatozoa have been described. Deep intrauterine insemination allows the deposition of the spermatozoa in the depth of the uterine horn, allowing a significant reduction in the number of spermatozoa inseminated with maintenance of optimal reproductive performance. Intra-oviductal laparoscopic insemination has been recently applied in pigs. This technique has proved to be applicable with diluted and sex-sorted spermatozoa. This review discusses several problems encountered during the development of deep intrauterine insemination and intra-oviductal laparoscopic insemination of pigs and provides potential solutions for the practical application of both the technologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vazquez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roca
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cuello
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Parrilla
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Caballero
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vazquez
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Martínez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D015907:Hysteroscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D012743:Sex Preselection / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D013076:Sperm Count / Q000662:veterinary*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology*; D014599:Uterus