title: Use of ketamine, xylazine, and diazepam anesthesia with retrobulbar block for phacoemulsification in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was undertaken to evaluate the use of ketamine, xylazine, and diazepam along with a local retrobulbar nerve block for routine phacoemulsification in the dog. Animals Ten clinically healthy mixed-breed dogs of either sex, weighing between 10 and 15 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten mixed-breed dogs were selected for unilateral cataract removal by phacoemulsification. Standard preoperative preparations for cataract surgery were followed. Pre-anesthetic medication consisted of atropine sulfate (0.02 mg/kg, SC). Anesthesia was induced by xylazine HCl (1.0 mg/kg, IM) followed by ketamine (5.0 mg/kg, IM). Anesthesia was maintained subsequently with IV ketamine and diazepam to effect and depth of anesthesia was assessed clinically by pedal reflex and jaw reflex. After induction of anesthesia, a retrobulbar nerve block was performed using 2 mL of 2% lignocaine. Eye position was graded after retrobulbar block and IOP was examined preoperative, post-anesthetic, 6 h postoperative and 24 h after surgery. Phacoemulsification was performed using the phaco-chop technique and an intraocular lens was placed. Anesthetic recovery and postoperative recovery following surgery was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The exposure of the globe in all the dogs was adequate; the desired central fixation of the eye was obtained and surgery could be performed uneventfully. The mean IOP recorded after induction of anesthesia was 15.75 +/- 0.82, which was not significantly (P > 0.01) different from pre-anesthetic values (14.85 +/- 0.85).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phacoemulsification was successfully performed with this anesthetic regimen without encountering major intraoperative or anesthetic complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India. shazrakon@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: Sarbani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hazra
authors.forename: Dipak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De
authors.forename: Biswarup
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Arup
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bose
authors.forename: Samit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nandi
authors.forename: Aditya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Konar
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D002386:Cataract / Q000662:veterinary; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D018918:Phacoemulsification / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014991:Xylazine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine; D003975:Diazepam