title: Proton pump inhibitors reduce the long-term risk of recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding: an observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Between 3% and 40% of patients surviving an episode of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) experience a recurrence within 1 year. Aim To characterize further the recurrence rate of UGIB and to investigate the role of long-term acid suppressive therapy in its secondary prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recurrent cases of UGIB were identified among patients registered in The Health Improvement Network in the UK. A nested case-control analysis provided relative risk (RR) estimates of factors associated with recurrence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1287 patients included, 67 (5.2%) were identified with a recurrent UGIB episode, corresponding to a recurrence rate of 17.5 per 1000 person-years during a mean follow-up of 3 years. The greatest risk of recurrence was in patients prescribed the oral anticoagulant warfarin (RR: 5.38; 95% confidence interval: 2.02-14.36). Use of a single proton pump inhibitor (PPIs) was associated with a reduced risk of recurrence (RR: 0.51; 95% confidence interval: 0.26-0.99), even in patients taking warfarin, while current use of H(2)-receptor antagonists was not. After the first episode of UGIB, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin was greatly reduced, preventing estimation of the risk associated with these drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term PPI therapy reduces the risk of UGIB recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Spanish Centre for Pharmacoepidemiological Research (CEIFE), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Massó González
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: García Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors; D014859:Warfarin; D001241:Aspirin