title: Restoration of MRI data for intensity non-uniformities using local high order intensity statistics.
abstract: MRI at high magnetic fields (>3.0 T) is complicated by strong inhomogeneous radio-frequency fields, sometimes termed the "bias field". These lead to non-biological intensity non-uniformities across the image. They can complicate further image analysis such as registration and tissue segmentation. Existing methods for intensity uniformity restoration have been optimized for 1.5 T, but they are less effective for 3.0 T MRI, and not at all satisfactory for higher fields. Also, many of the existing restoration algorithms require a brain template or use a prior atlas, which can restrict their practicalities. In this study an effective intensity uniformity restoration algorithm has been developed based on non-parametric statistics of high order local intensity co-occurrences. These statistics are restored with a non-stationary Wiener filter. The algorithm also assumes a smooth non-uniformity and is stable. It does not require a prior atlas and is robust to variations in anatomy. In geriatric brain imaging it is robust to variations such as enlarged ventricles and low contrast to noise ratio. The co-occurrence statistics improve robustness to whole head images with pronounced non-uniformities present in high field acquisitions. Its significantly improved performance and lower time requirements have been demonstrated by comparing it to the very commonly used N3 algorithm on BrainWeb MR simulator images as well as on real 4 T human head images.
authors.affiliation: NCIRE/VA UCSF, Department of Radiology, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. stathis11@gmail.com
authors.forename: Stathis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hadjidemetriou
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Studholme
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schuff
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016880:Anisotropy; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008959:Models, Neurological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity