title: Risks associated with magnetic resonance imaging and cervical collar in comatose, blunt trauma patients with negative comprehensive cervical spine computed tomography and no apparent spinal deficit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In blunt trauma, comatose patients (Glasgow Coma Scale score 3 to 8) with a negative comprehensive cervical spine (CS) computed tomography assessment and no apparent spinal deficit, CS clearance strategies (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and prolonged cervical collar use) are controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a literature review to delineate risks for coma, CS instability, prolonged cervical collar use, and CS MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on our search of the literature, the numbers of functional survivor patients among those who had sustained blunt trauma were as follows: 350 per 1,000 comatose unstable patients (increased intracranial pressure [ICP], hypotension, hypoxia, or early ventilator-associated pneumonia); 150 per 1,000 comatose high-risk patients (age > 45 years or Glasgow Coma Scale score 3 to 5); and 600 per 1,000 comatose stable patients (not unstable or high risk). Risk probabilities for adverse events among unstable, high-risk, and stable patients were as follows: 2.5% for CS instability; 26.2% for increased intensive care unit complications with prolonged cervical collar use; 9.3% to 14.6% for secondary brain injury with MRI transportation; and 20.6% for aspiration during MRI scanning (supine position). Additional risk probabilities for adverse events among unstable patients were as follows: 35.8% for increased ICP with cervical collar; and 72.1% for increased ICP during MRI scan (supine position).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Blunt trauma coma functional survivor (independent living) rates are alarming. When a comprehensive CS computed tomography evaluation is negative and there is no apparent spinal deficit, CS instability is unlikely (2.5%). Secondary brain injury from the cervical collar or MRI is more probable than CS instability and jeopardizes cerebral recovery. Brain injury severity, probability of CS instability, cervical collar risk, and MRI risk assessments are essential when deciding whether CS MRI is appropriate and for determining the timing of cervical collar removal.
authors.affiliation: Trauma/Critical Services, St, Elizabeth Health Center, Level I Trauma Center, Belmont Avenue, Youngstown, Ohio 44501, USA. dunham.michael@sbcglobal.net
authors.forename: C Michael
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dunham
authors.forename: Brian P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Brocker
authors.forename: B David
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Collier
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gemmel
mesh_terms: D001915:Braces / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D003128:Coma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*