title: Trauma-related predictors of deontic reasoning: a pilot study in a community sample of children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Deontic reasoning (i.e., reasoning about duties and obligations) is essential to navigating interpersonal relationships. Though previous research demonstrates links between deontic reasoning abilities and trauma-related factors (i.e., dissociation, exposure to multiple victimizations) in adults, studies have yet to examine deontic reasoning abilities in children exposed to trauma. Given that social and safety rules (exemplars of deontic reasoning rules) may appear arbitrary for children in the face of trauma exposure, particularly interpersonal violence perpetrated by adults (i.e., caregivers, close relatives), we predicted that the ability to detect violations of these rules would vary as a function of trauma exposure type (no, non-interpersonal, and interpersonal). Additionally, given previous research linking dissociation and deontic reasoning in adults, we predicted that higher levels of dissociation would be associated with more errors in deontic problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children exposed to interpersonal violence (e.g., sexual abuse by an adult family member, witnessing domestic violence, or physical abuse in the home) were compared to children exposed to non-interpersonal trauma (e.g., motor vehicle accident, natural disaster) or no trauma on their ability to detect violations of deontic and descriptive rules in a Wason Selection Task and assessed for their level of dissociative symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dissociation (but not trauma exposure type) predicted errors in deontic (but not descriptive) reasoning problems after controlling for estimated IQ, socio-economic status, and children's ages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study provides preliminary evidence that deontic reasoning is associated with dissociation in children. This pilot study points to the need for future research on trauma-related predictors of deontic reasoning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deontic rules are essential to navigating interpersonal relationships; errors detecting violations of deontic rules have been associated with multiple victimizations in adulthood. Future research on violence exposure, dissociation, and deontic reasoning in children may have important implications for intervention and prevention around interpersonal functioning and later interpersonal risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 S. Race Street, Denver, CO 80208, USA.
authors.forename: Anne P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: DePrince
authors.forename: Ann T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Melody D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Combs
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003210:Concept Formation; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D028663:Ethical Theory; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012951:Socialization; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*