title: Phase II trial of curcumin in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatic cancer is almost always lethal, and the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies for it, gemcitabine and erlotinib, produce objective responses in <10% of patients. We evaluated the clinical biological effects of curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a plant-derived dietary ingredient with potent nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and tumor inhibitory properties, against advanced pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received 8 g curcumin by mouth daily until disease progression, with restaging every 2 months. Serum cytokine levels for interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonists and peripheral blood mononuclear cell expression of NF-kappaB and cyclooxygenase-2 were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five patients were enrolled, with 21 evaluable for response. Circulating curcumin was detectable as drug in glucuronide and sulfate conjugate forms, albeit at low steady-state levels, suggesting poor oral bioavailability. Two patients showed clinical biological activity. One had ongoing stable disease for >18 months; interestingly, one additional patient had a brief, but marked, tumor regression (73%) accompanied by significant increases (4- to 35-fold) in serum cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonists). No toxicities were observed. Curcumin down-regulated expression of NF-kappaB, cyclooxygenase-2, and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients (most of whom had baseline levels considerably higher than those found in healthy volunteers). Whereas there was considerable interpatient variation in plasma curcumin levels, drug levels peaked at 22 to 41 ng/mL and remained relatively constant over the first 4 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral curcumin is well tolerated and, despite its limited absorption, has biological activity in some patients with pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Navneet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dhillon
authors.forename: Bharat B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Ajaikumar B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kunnumakkara
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Abbruzzese
authors.forename: Chaan S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Badmaev
authors.forename: Razelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kurzrock
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003474:Curcumin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D016328:NF-kappa B; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D003474:Curcumin