title: Activity of sunitinib in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Standard cytotoxic chemotherapy has limited efficacy in metastatic neuroendocrine tumor patients. Neuroendocrine tumors express vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGFR). Sunitinib malate, an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has activity against VEGFRs as well as platelet-derived growth factor receptors, stem-cell factor receptor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3. We evaluated the efficacy of sunitinib in a two-cohort, phase II study of advanced carcinoid and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were treated with repeated 6-week cycles of oral sunitinib (50 mg/d for 4 weeks, followed by 2 weeks off treatment). Patients were observed for response, survival, and adverse events. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 109 enrolled patients, 107 received sunitinib (carcinoid, n = 41; pancreatic endocrine tumor, n = 66). Overall objective response rate (ORR) in pancreatic endocrine tumor patients was 16.7% (11 of 66 patients), and 68% (45 of 66 patients) had stable disease (SD). Among carcinoid patients, ORR was 2.4% (one of 41 patients), and 83% (34 of 41 patients) had SD. Median time to tumor progression was 7.7 months in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor patients and 10.2 months in carcinoid patients. One-year survival rate was 81.1% in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor patients and 83.4% in carcinoid patients. No significant differences from baseline in patient-reported quality of life or fatigue were observed during treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sunitinib has antitumor activity in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors; its activity against carcinoid tumors could not be definitively determined in this nonrandomized study. Randomized trials of sunitinib in patients with neuroendocrine tumors are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Matthew_Kulke@dfci.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Matthew H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kulke
authors.forename: Heinz-Josef
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.forename: Neal J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Meropol
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Posey
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Picus
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bergsland
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stuart
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tye
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jim Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Baum
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fuchs
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011788:Quality of Life; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D000077210:Sunitinib; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007211:Indoles; D011758:Pyrroles; D000077210:Sunitinib