title: Selective effects of CPAP on sleep apnoea-associated manifestations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Visceral adiposity and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) may be independently associated with daytime sleepiness/low performance, insulin resistance, hypercytokinaemia, and/or hypertension. The objectives of this study are to simultaneously test these associations at baseline and after 3 months of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen obese men with OSA; 13 non-apnoeic, obese controls, and 15 non-obese controls were monitored in the sleep laboratory for four consecutive nights. Objective measures of daytime sleepiness and performance, serial 24 h plasma measures of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), TNF receptor 1 (TNF-r1) and adiponectin, fasting blood glucose and insulin, visceral adiposity and blood pressure were obtained. Sleep apnoeics were re-assessed using the same protocol after 3 months of CPAP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, IL-6, TNF-r1, and insulin resistance were highest in OSA patients, intermediate in obese controls, and lowest in non-obese controls (P < 0.05). Visceral fat was significantly greater in sleep apnoeics than obese controls and predicted insulin resistance and IL-6 levels, whereas OSA predicted TNF-r1 levels (P < 0.05). CPAP decreased daytime sleepiness and blood pressure (P < 0.05), but did not affect fasting glucose or insulin or around the clock adiponectin, IL-6, TNF-alpha, or TNF-r1 levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In obese sleep apnoeics, visceral fat is strongly associated with insulin resistance and inflammation. CPAP decreases sleepiness and moderates hypertension but does not affect visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, hypoadiponectinaemia or hypercytokinaemia, all of which are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Penn State University College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry , Hershey, PA 17033, USA. avgontzas@psu.edu
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Vgontzas
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zoumakis
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Bixler
authors.forename: H-M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pejovic
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Chrousos
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure / Q000379:methods*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D005221:Fatigue / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha