title: Sanitary procedures for the production of extended semen.
abstract: Semen is collected and processed from a variety of animal species for use in artificial insemination breeding programmes. Because of the inherent nature of the semen collection process, bacterial contamination of the ejaculate is a common occurrence. Additionally, manipulation of the ejaculate during processing in the laboratory can expose the sample to possible introduction of bacterial contamination. If preventative measures at the stud fail to adequately control these risks, decreases in semen quality, dose longevity and fertility may occur. Multiple mammalian and non-mammalian sources have been identified as origins of contamination in the stud. Knowledge of these sources has aided the industries in developing strategies that help in controlling the introduction of contaminant bacteria in extended semen. A primary step in minimizing contamination is in the practice of good hygiene by stud personnel. Prudent general sanitation protocols should also be followed in the laboratory, animal housing and semen collection areas. Cleanliness and attention to the actual semen collection process can also aid in reducing bacterial load originating from the stud semen donor. Attentiveness to all of these steps significantly contributes to an overall reduction in the type and amount of bacterial contamination. However, their complete elimination still remains unavoidable. To address residual bacteria load in the sample, antimicrobials are commonly used in semen extenders intended to promote in vitro sperm longevity beyond that of a few hours. Current research by the animal industries continues in the selection and prudent use of antimicrobials that will lead to the success and sustainability of this modality in controlling bacterial contamination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348-1692, USA. gca@vet.upenn.edu
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Althouse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development; D001947:Breeding / Q000379:methods*; D006920:Hygiene; D008297:Male; D011786:Quality Control; D012661:Semen / Q000382:microbiology*; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents