title: Mangiferin inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production in activated rat microglial cells.
abstract: Mangiferin, a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone, has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as demonstrated in several reports. However, very limited information is available on the effects of this natural polyphenol on microglial activation. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine whether mangiferin is able to reduce prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (8-iso-PGF(2alpha)) production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated primary rat microglia. Microglial cells were stimulated with 10ng/ml of LPS in the presence or absence of different concentrations of mangiferin (1-50 microM). After 24h incubation, culture media were collected to measure the production of PGE(2) and 8-iso-PGF(2alpha) using enzyme immunoassays. Protein levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 were studied by immunoblotting after 24h of incubation with LPS. Mangiferin potently reduced LPS-induced PGE(2) synthesis and the formation of 8-iso-PGF(2alpha). Interestingly, mangiferin dose-dependently reduced LPS-induced COX-2 protein synthesis without modifying COX-2 transcription. This was due to a decrease in COX-2 transcript stability. However, mangiferin did not modify LPS-mediated phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), a key factor involved in enhancing COX-2 mRNA stability and COX-2 translation in primary microglia. Mangiferin had no effects on LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) or TNF-alpha production. Taken together, results from the present study indicate that mangiferin is able to limit microglial activation, in terms of attenuation of PGE(2) production, free radical formation and reduction in COX-2 synthesis induced by LPS. These data suggest that modulation of microglial activation might contribute to the mechanism of cerebral protection by mangiferin.
authors.affiliation: Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Freiburg Medical School, Hauptstrasse 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Harsharan S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Candelario-Jalil
authors.forename: Antonio C Pinheiro
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Olumayokun A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Olajide
authors.forename: Gregorio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martínez-Sánchez
authors.forename: Bernd L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Fiebich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D044004:Xanthones / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D044004:Xanthones; C013592:mangiferin; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone