title: Association of lead exposure with survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reasons for the variability in survival among ALS cases are unknown but may include exposure to environmental neurotoxicants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine whether lead exposure, assessed by measuring blood and bone lead levels, is associated with survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the relationship of lead exposure to ALS survival in 110 cases from a case-control study conducted in New England in 1993-1996 that included measurements of blood and bone lead. We retrieved information on date and cause of death through 31 December 2003 from the National Death Index Plus and the Social Security Administration Death Index. We evaluated the relationship of survival to lead exposure using Cox proportional hazard analysis, with adjustment for age, sex, and smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found mortality data for 100 of 110 cases; 93 of 100 death certificates mentioned ALS. Median survival from diagnosis to death was 28 months. Shorter survival was associated with older age at diagnosis, female sex, bulbar onset, shorter interval between symptom onset and diagnosis, and reduced lung function. Shorter survival from diagnosis to death had a weak inverse association with blood lead (hazard ratio = 0.9; 95% confidence interval, 0.8-1.0) and a stronger inverse association with patella lead (0.5; 0.2-1.0) and tibia lead (0.3; 0.1-0.7); similar results were found for survival from symptom onset to death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that lead exposure is associated with longer survival in ALS cases and, if confirmed, may shed light on mechanisms involved in disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. kamel@niehs.nih.gov
authors.forename: Freya
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kamel
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Umbach
authors.forename: Lillian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stallone
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Dale P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sandler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D007854:Lead