title: The association between kidney disease and cardiovascular risk in a multiethnic cohort: findings from the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD), race-ethnicity, and vascular outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, multiracial cohort of 3298 stroke-free subjects with 6.5 years of mean follow-up time for vascular outcomes (stroke, myocardial infarction, vascular death) was used. Kidney function was estimated using serum creatinine and Cockcroft-Gault formula. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to evaluate the relationship between kidney function and vascular outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariate analysis, Cockcroft-Gault formula between 15 and 59 mL/min was associated with a significant 43% increased stroke risk in the overall cohort. Blacks with Cockcroft-Gault formula between 15 and 59 mL/min had significantly increased risk of both stroke (hazard ratio, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.47 to 4.77) and combined vascular outcomes (hazard ratio, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.10-2.92).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic kidney disease is a significant risk factor for stroke and combined vascular events, especially in blacks.
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Nickolas
authors.forename: Minesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khatri
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boden-Albala
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kiryluk
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Palma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gervasi-Franklin
authors.forename: Myunghee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.forename: Ralph L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacco
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine