title: Environmental attributes related to walking and bicycling at the individual and contextual level.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present paper was to give insight into the practical consequences of using either single-level or multilevel regression analyses on data from research on environmental determinants of physical activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  For this purpose, results from single-level and multilevel regression analyses on comparable attributes of the environment were compared using a combination of individual and aggregated data, merged at the neighbourhood level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using only individual level data, applying multilevel instead of single-level analyses did not substantially influence the results. However, ignoring the multilevel structure of our data by applying single-level in stead of multilevel analyses resulted in statistically significant associations for all the environmental attributes under study. Moreover, using information on environmental attributes at both the individual and the contextual level to adjust associations at one level for the other level showed that associated environmental attributes tend to be associated either at the individual or at the contextual level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results stress the importance for reviews and meta-analyses of recording type of measurement and type of analytical strategy used and incorporating them in the review process. Using advanced multilevel designs will still only partly solve the methodological issues involved in studying environmental attributes associated with physical activity, but it will help in disentangling this complex relationship. Therefore, it is recommended that, whenever there is a presumably relevant grouping (context; eg neighbourhoods) in a study, a multilevel approach should at least be considered.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Prevention and Health Services Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, The Netherlands. wanda.vos@rivm.nl
authors.forename: G C W
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Wendel-Vos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Hooijdonk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Uitenbroek
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agyemang
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lindeman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Droomers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001642:Bicycling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004522:Educational Status; D004779:Environment Design; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016138:Walking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*