title: Unidentified Plasmodium species in Australian black swans (Cygnus atratus) hatched and raised in North America.
abstract: A pair of Australian black swans (Cygnus atratus) with origins in Wakefield, Virginia, USA, was admitted to the quarantine area at the Baltimore Zoo for general health assessments before housing in the collections. During the quarantine period, no clinical signs of disease were manifest; however, upon examination of a blood smear, intraerythrocytic parasites were detected and initially determined to be Haemoproteus species. Diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing results, however, indicated that the parasites were within the genus Plasmodium. Subclinical infections with Plasmodium species in birds may affect collection management, and transmission from refractory hosts to susceptible hosts should be considered when multispecies exhibits are used. In addition, changes in the dynamics of host-vector-parasite interactions might have significant impacts on wild or domesticated populations of birds.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Twinbrook III 3e28, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20822, USA. grim.christiana@epa.gov
authors.forename: K Christiana
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Grim
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McCutchan
authors.forename: Margery
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cranfield
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D046090:Anseriformes / Q000469:parasitology; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000635:transmission*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000662:veterinary; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011790:Quarantine; D013045:Species Specificity