title: The role of aldosterone in cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes and hypertension: an update.
abstract: The role of mineralocorticoids in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiometabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and hypertension is a growing field of interest. Aldosterone, mainly through nongenomic actions that result in proliferation, fibrosis, inflammation, and tissue remodeling, has been linked to CVD and CKD. Increased circulating aldosterone is also associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose homeostasis that contribute to the development of endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and kidney disease. Aldosterone-induced oxidative stress and inflammation play a key role in impairing insulin signaling. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade restores insulin sensitivity, counterbalances the deleterious cardiovascular and renal effects of aldosterone, and emerges as an alternative to improve blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which potentially could contribute to reduce the burden of CVD and CKD.
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri Columbia, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, MU Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, D109 HSC Diabetes Center, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lastra-Gonzalez
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manrique-Acevedo
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sowers
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System
chemical_list: D000450:Aldosterone