title: Experimental antimicrobial orthodontic adhesives using nanofillers and silver nanoparticles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experimental composite adhesives (ECAs) containing silica nanofillers and silver nanoparticles were compared with two conventional adhesives (composite and resin-modified glass ionomer [RMGI]) to analyze surface characteristics, physical properties and antibacterial activities against cariogenic streptococci.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surface roughness and surface free energy (SFE) characteristics were measured using confocal laser scanning microscopy and the sessile drop method. Shear bond strength and bond failure interface were analyzed to compare the physical properties. Antimicrobial activities were analyzed by a bacterial adhesion assay, a disk diffusion test, and an optical density measurement of bacterial suspension containing each adhesive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ECAs had rougher surfaces than conventional adhesives due to the addition of silver nanoparticles. ECAs had more similar SFE characteristics to composite than to RMGI. Bacterial adhesion to ECAs was less than to conventional adhesives, which was not influenced by saliva coating. Bacterial suspension containing ECAs showed slower bacterial growth than those containing conventional adhesives. There was no significant difference in shear bond strength and bond failure interface between ECAs and conventional adhesives.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that ECAs can help prevent enamel demineralization around their surfaces without compromising physical properties.
authors.affiliation: Dental Research Institute and Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28-22 Yunkeun-Dong, Chongro-Ku, Seoul 110-768, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sug-Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Shin-Jae
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Joong-Ki
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kook
authors.forename: Bum-Soon
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lim
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000382:microbiology; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D033081:Shear Strength; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D016986:Streptococcus sobrinus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013500:Surface Tension; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: C515802:1,6-bis(methacroyloxy-2-ethoxycarbonylamino)-2,4,4-trimethylhexane; C534778:2,2-bis(4-(2-hydroxy-3-acryloxypropoxy)phenyl)propane; D000179:Acrylates; D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D003188:Composite Resins; C095451:Fuji Ortho LC; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D008689:Methacrylates; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D019279:Resin Cements; C477790:Transbond XT; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; D012834:Silver; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols