title: 500 Consecutive patients with free TRAM flap breast reconstruction: a single surgeon's experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study reports on the longitudinal experience and outcomes of one surgeon performing free transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flaps on 500 consecutive patients between 1992 and 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of hospital and outpatient records was performed. Specific risk factors for successful reconstruction were reviewed, including American Society of Anesthesiologists class, obesity, smoking, medical comorbidities, and irradiation and chemotherapy history. Outcomes measured included the length of hospital stay and the incidence of complications including both thrombotic and nonthrombotic complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred sixty-nine free TRAM breast reconstructions were performed in a total of 500 patients. Preoperative patient risk factors included obesity, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiac disease, with three-fourths of the patients being American Society of Anesthesiologists class II or III. Intraoperative or postoperative thrombosis occurred in 35 reconstructions (6.2 percent). Only one patient had a total flap loss, for a flap success rate of 99.7 percent. Significant nonthrombotic complications occurred in 67 patients (13.4 percent). The most common nonthrombotic complications included wound infection (3 percent), fat necrosis (3 percent), and delayed healing (3 percent). Revision procedures after free TRAM reconstruction were performed in 14.4 percent of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The free TRAM flap is a highly reliable method of autogenous breast reconstruction in a broad spectrum of patients. This free flap has a very low thrombotic complication rate, and abdominal donor defect problems have been limited. Finally, this method of reconstruction can be reliably offered to a wide group of patients, including those considered at high risk for a pedicled TRAM flap reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Philadelphia, Pa.; and Rochester, N.Y. From the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Smartt
authors.forename: Shao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Jesse C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Selber
authors.forename: Christopher J M
authors.initials: CJM
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: H Raul
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Herrera
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Serletti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler