title: Gene expression patterns and tumor uptake of 18F-FDG, 18F-FLT, and 18F-FEC in PET/MRI of an orthotopic mouse xenotransplantation model of pancreatic cancer.
abstract: Our aim was to use PET/MRI to evaluate and compare the uptake of 18F-FDG, 3-deoxy-3-18F-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT), and 18F-fluorethylcholine (18F-FEC) in human pancreatic tumor cell lines after xenotransplantation into SCID mice and to correlate tumor uptake with gene expression of membrane transporters and rate-limiting enzymes for tracer uptake and tracer retention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four weeks after orthotopic inoculation of human pancreatic carcinoma cells (PancTuI, Colo357, and BxPC3) into SCID mice, combined imaging was performed with a small-animal PET scanner and a 3-T MRI scanner using a dedicated mouse coil. Tumor-to-liver uptake ratios (TLRs) of the tracers were compared with gene expression profiles of the tumor cell lines and both normal pancreatic tissue and pancreatic tumor tissue based on gene microarray analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  18F-FLT showed the highest tumor uptake, with a mean TLR of 2.3, allowing correct visualization of all 12 pancreatic tumors. 18F-FDG detected only 4 of 8 tumors and had low uptake in tumors, with a mean TLR of 1.1 in visible tumors. 18F-FEC did not show any tumor uptake. Gene array analysis revealed that both hexokinase 1 as the rate-limiting enzyme for 18F-FDG trapping and pancreas-specific glucose transporter 2 were significantly downregulated whereas thymidine kinase 1, responsible for 18F-FLT trapping, was significantly upregulated in the tumor cell lines, compared with normal pancreatic duct cells and pancreatic tumor tissue. Relevant genes involved in the uptake of 18F-FEC were predominantly unaffected or downregulated in the tumor cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In comparison to 18F-FDG and 18F-FEC, 18F-FLT was the PET tracer with the highest and most consistent uptake in various human pancreatic tumor cell lines in SCID mice. The imaging results could be explained by gene expression patterns of membrane transporters and enzymes for tracer uptake and retention as measured by gene array analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the respective cell lines. Thus, standard molecular techniques provided the basis to help explain model-specific tracer uptake patterns in xenotransplanted human tumor cell lines in mice as observed by PET.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Corinna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: von Forstner
authors.forename: Jan-Hendrik
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Egberts
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ammerpohl
authors.forename: Dagmara
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Niedzielska
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buchert
authors.forename: Pal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mikecz
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Kersten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Peldschus
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pilarsky
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grutzmann
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kalthoff
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Henze
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brenner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18