title: Multiple layers of molecular controls modulate self-renewal and neuronal lineage specification of embryonic stem cells.
abstract: Elucidating the molecular changes that arise during neural differentiation and fate specification is crucial for building accurate in vitro models of neurodegenerative diseases using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Here we review the importance of hESCs and derived progenitors in treating and modeling neurological diseases, and summarize the current efforts for the differentiation of hESCs into neural progenitors and defined neurons. We recapitulate the recent findings and discuss open questions on aspects of molecular control of gene expression by chromatin modification and methylation, posttranscriptional regulation by alternative splicing and the action of microRNAs, and protein modification. An integrative view of the different levels will hopefully provide much needed insight into understanding stem cell biology.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Gene W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Coufal
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aigner
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winner
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Scolnick
authors.forename: Maria C N
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Marchetto
authors.forename: Alysson R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Muotri
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: Fred H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Gage
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D035683:MicroRNAs