title: Invasion front-specific overexpression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in liver metastases from colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), have been implicated in invasion and metastasis. The distribution of MMPs and TIMPs in the invasion front of liver metastases from colorectal cancer were investigated in order to understand their potential role in invasiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Freshly frozen material of colorectal metastases of the liver was microdissected into four separate compartments, namely pure liver, liver invasion, tumour invasion and pure tumour. RNA was isolated and analyzed on Affymetrix microarrays. Expression of TIMP-1 was confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 10 colorectal liver metastases. Cellular localisation of TIMP-1 was examined by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Affymetrix microarray data revealed that several MMP and TIMP genes including MMP-2, -3, -7, -9, -11, -12, -14, -15, -16, -19 and -24, and TIMP-1, -2 and -3 were generally up-regulated in both invasion front compartments. Among these genes, TIMP-1 showed the highest expression. The qPCR results indicated an average 15-fold upregulation of TIMP-1 in the liver invasive front and an average 13-fold up-regulation in the tumor invasive front, each compared to normal liver tissue. Immunohistochemistry revealed expression of TIMP-1 in tumour epithelia as well as in host tissue cells, including fibroblastic cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicate that tumour invasion in colorectal liver metastasis is associated with increased TIMP-1 RNA and protein levels in both tumour and host cells.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kahlert
authors.forename: O R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Bandapalli
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schirmacher
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weitz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brand
mesh_terms: D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000556:secondary*; D008297:Male; D045726:Metalloproteases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D045726:Metalloproteases