title: Comparative transcriptomics of human multipotent stem cells during adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A reciprocal relationship between bone and fat development in osteoporosis is clinically well established. Some of the key molecular regulators involved in this tissue replacement process have been identified. The detailed mechanisms governing the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) - the key cells involved - are however only now beginning to emerge. In an attempt to address the regulation of the adipocyte/osteoblast balance at the level of gene transcription in a comprehensive and unbiased manner, we performed a large-scale gene expression profiling study using a unique cellular model, human multipotent adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hMADS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis of 1606 genes that were found to be differentially expressed between adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis revealed gene repression to be most prevalent prior to commitment in both lineages. Computational analyses suggested that this gene repression is mediated by miRNAs. The transcriptional activation of lineage-specific molecular processes in both cases occurred predominantly after commitment. Analyses of the gene expression data and promoter sequences produced a set of 65 genes that are candidates for genes involved in the process of adipocyte/osteoblast commitment. Four of these genes were studied in more detail: LXRalpha and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) for adipogenesis, the nuclear receptor COUP-TF1 and one uncharacterized gene, TMEM135 for osteoblastogenesis. PLTP was secreted during both early and late time points of hMADS adipocyte differentiation. LXRalpha, COUP-TF1, and the transmembrane protein TMEM135 were studied in primary cultures of differentiating bone marrow stromal cells from healthy donors and were found to be transcriptionally activated in the corresponding lineages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results reveal gene repression as a predominant early mechanism before final cell commitment. We were moreover able to identify 65 genes as candidates for genes controlling the adipocyte/osteoblast balance and to further evaluate four of these. Additional studies will explore the precise role of these candidate genes in regulating the adipogenesis/osteoblastogenesis switch.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria. marcel.scheideler@tugraz.at
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheideler
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Elabd
authors.forename: Laure-Emmanuelle
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Zaragosi
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiellini
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hackl
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Cabo
authors.forename: Sunaina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: Kalina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Duszka
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Friedl
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Papak
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prokesch
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Windhager
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ailhaud
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dani
authors.forename: Ez-Zoubir
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Amri
authors.forename: Zlatko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Trajanoski
mesh_terms: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D002460:Cell Line; D019070:Cell Lineage; D019295:Computational Biology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism; D008957:Models, Genetic; D039902:Multipotent Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D020413:3' Untranslated Regions; D035683:MicroRNAs; D012313:RNA