title: Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to pancreatic cancer-associated gastroparesis: literature review and our experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with unresectable pancreatic carcinoma often present with early satiety, nausea, and vomiting without evidence of mechanical obstruction, mucosal disease, or metabolic abnormality. This condition is well described in the literature and is thought to result from pancreatic cancer-associated gastroparesis (PCAG). No clinical guideline is available for diagnosing and managing this rare disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To propose an algorithm for diagnosing and managing patients with PCAG based on a literature review and our clinical experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive review was conducted of literature on the subject from 1966 to 2005, and retrospective analysis was performed for patients with PCAG who presented to the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (Iowa City, IA, USA) during the period 1998-2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Literature on an optimal diagnostic and therapeutic approach to PCAG is lacking. There are only two small case series and one case report regarding management of PCAG. Extensive chart review only identified two patients who met the diagnostic criteria of PCAG. We propose performing routine upper GI series and esophagogastroduodenoscopy on all patients with pancreatic cancer who present with nausea and vomiting, to rule out obstruction and mucosal disease. If there is no obstruction or mucosal disease, we do not recommend further workup. Prokinetic agents are the first line therapy for PCAG. In refractory cases, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy with jejunal extension may be considered in selected patients who respond to nasojejunal decompression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose a time-effective and useful strategy for diagnosing and managing patients with PCAG. We also define the diagnostic end-point for this difficult to manage condition.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA. jleung3@tufts-nemc.org
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000150:complications*; D000465:Algorithms; D018589:Gastroparesis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D012189:Retrospective Studies