title: Advances in minimally invasive facial rejuvenation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current cosmetic surgical practice for facial rejuvenation has undergone a significant change due to the introduction of technologies to improve the age-associated changes of the face. The most widely adopted methods of minimally invasive facial rejuvenation include the use of neuromuscular blocking agents and injectable fillers. The topic of minimally invasive procedures might include a variety of subjects including nutritional and hormonal modulation, light-based and laser-based therapies, minimal incision surgical procedures, as well as the use of botulinum toxin and fillers. The focus of this study will be on the minimally invasive facial rejuvenation efforts achieved by injection techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Botulinum A neurotoxin has been shown to be effective in the reduction of hyperfunctional lines in the upper and lower face. Anatomic areas that have been found to benefit include the glabella, the forehead, the periorbital area, lips, and the platysma muscle. The more recently introduced hyaluronic acid and other injectable fillers are receiving increasing usage. These temporary fillers have been found to improve creases and wrinkles, augment deep nasolabial folds, augment thin lips, and improve hollowing in the periorbital and other depressions and deformities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There has been a significant paradigm shift in the field of rejuvenation surgery. Injectable minimally invasive methods have been offered to remedy age-related and other acquired deformities of the head and neck region. These methods have provided temporary correction of undesirable characteristic that were traditionally approached with more invasive surgically oriented modalities.
authors.affiliation: Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Division Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA. ffedok@psu.edu
authors.forename: Fred G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Fedok
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003094:Collagen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017886:Durapatite / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004954:Esthetics; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D019344:Lactic Acid; C033616:poly(lactide); D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D003094:Collagen; D017886:Durapatite; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A