title: Transforming growth factor-beta/Smad3 signalling regulates inflammatory responses in a murine model of contact hypersensitivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is an important modulator of immune functions and cellular responses, such as differentiation, proliferation, migration and apoptosis. The Smad proteins, which are intracellular TGF-beta signal transducers, mediate most actions of TGF-beta.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examines the role of Smad3 in a murine model of contact hypersensitivity (CHS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The CHS response to oxazolone was studied in Smad3-deficient mice. The ear swelling response was measured and skin biopsies from oxazolone-sensitized skin areas were obtained for RNA isolation, immunohistochemical analyses and histology. Ear draining lymph nodes were collected for RNA isolation and proliferation tests. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify mRNA expression of cytokines, chemokines and transcription factors. Results The expression of proinflammatory [interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6], Th2 (IL-4) and Th17 type cytokines (IL-17), as well as regulatory components (TGF-beta, Foxp3) increased significantly at the mRNA level in the skin of oxazolone-treated Smad3-/- mice when compared with wild-type controls. The expression of the Th1 type cytokine IFN-gamma and the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 was, however, unaffected by the lack of Smad3. The number of neutrophils and expression of the chemokines CCL3 and CXCL5, which are both involved in neutrophil recruitment, were increased in mice lacking Smad3. Also Th2 type chemokines CCL24, CCL3 and CXCL5 were increased in the skin of Smad3-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. In the lymph nodes, mRNA of IL-1beta and IL-17, but not IL-4, TGF-beta or Foxp3, was increased in Smad3-/- mice during the CHS response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lack of intact TGF-beta signalling via Smad3 results in an increased proinflammatory, Th2 and Th17 type response in the skin, as well as increased expression of regulatory elements such as TGF-beta and Foxp3. Understanding the role of Smad3 in the CHS response may offer treatment and prevention strategies in this often disabling disease.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Excellence in Immunotoxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anthoni
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fyhrquist-Vanni
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alenius
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lauerma
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003877:Dermatitis, Contact / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000235:genetics; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D023421:Models, Animal; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration; D010081:Oxazolone / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology*; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D015415:Biomarkers; D018925:Chemokines; D020381:Interleukin-17; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051900:Smad3 Protein; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D010081:Oxazolone; D015847:Interleukin-4