title: The neighbourhood effects of geographical access to tobacco retailers on individual smoking behaviour.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether neighbourhood measures of geographical accessibility to outlets selling tobacco (supermarkets, convenience stores and petrol stations) are associated with individual smoking behaviour in New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using geographical information systems, travel times from the population-weighted centroid of each neighbourhood to the closest outlet selling tobacco were calculated for all 38,350 neighbourhoods across New Zealand. These measures were appended to the 2002/03 New Zealand Health Survey, a national survey of 12, 529 adults. Two-level logistic regression models were fitted to examine the effects of neighbourhood locational access upon individual smoking behaviour after controlling for potential individual- and neighbourhood-level confounding factors, including deprivation and urban/rural status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for individual-level demographic and socioeconomic variables, individuals living in the quartiles of neighbourhoods with the best access to supermarkets (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.42) and convenience stores (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.38) had a higher odds of smoking compared with individuals in the worst access quartiles. However, the association between neighbourhood accessibility to supermarkets and convenience stores was not apparent once other neighbourhood-level variables (deprivation and rurality) were included.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At the national level, there is little evidence to suggest that, after adjustment for neighbourhood deprivation, better locational access to tobacco retail provision in New Zealand is associated with individual-level smoking behaviour.
authors.affiliation: GeoHealth Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand. jamie.pearce@canterbury.ac.nz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hiscock
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barnett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003132:Commerce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012931:Social Environment; D055815:Young Adult; D014026:Nicotiana