title: Prehypertension during young adulthood and coronary calcium later in life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High blood pressure in middle age is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but the consequences of low-level elevations during young adulthood are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure the association between prehypertension exposure before age 35 years and coronary calcium later in life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four communities in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Black and white men and women age 18 to 30 years recruited for the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) Study in 1985 through 1986 who were without hypertension before age 35 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood pressure trajectories for each participant were estimated by using measurements from 7 examinations over the course of 20 years. Cumulative exposure to blood pressure in the prehypertension range (systolic blood pressure of 120 to 139 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure of 80 to 89 mm Hg) from age 20 to 35 years was calculated in units of mm Hg-years (similar to pack-years of tobacco exposure) and related to the presence of coronary calcium measured at each participant's last examination (mean age, 44 years [SD, 4]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 3560 participants, the 635 (18%) who developed prehypertension before age 35 years were more often black, male, overweight, and of lower socioeconomic status. Exposure to prehypertension before age 35 years, especially systolic prehypertension, showed a graded association with coronary calcium later in life (coronary calcium prevalence of 15%, 24%, and 38% for 0, 1 to 30, and >30 mm Hg-years of exposure, respectively; P < 0.001). This association remained strong after adjustment for blood pressure elevation after age 35 years and other coronary risk factors and participant characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coronary calcium, although a strong predictor of future coronary heart disease, is not a clinical outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prehypertension during young adulthood is common and is associated with coronary atherosclerosis 20 years later. Keeping systolic pressure below 120 mm Hg before age 35 years may provide important health benefits later in life.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA. mpletcher@epi.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pletcher
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bibbins-Domingo
authors.forename: Cora E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Gina S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sidney
authors.forename: J Jeffrey
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vittinghoff
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: McCulloch
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hulley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D044465:White People