title: Medical stone management: 35 years of advances.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The urological community has had a vital role in the author's 35 years of research on the medical management of urolithiasis. The goal of this article is to review the progress made from the perspective of collaborating urologists and urological journals in which the findings were reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  The author's work appeared in 94 articles in urological journals, including 63 in The Journal of Urology, and in 28 other journals with collaborating urologists. Progress on various aspects of medical management of stone disease was reviewed based on these articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pathophysiological exploration was performed by elucidating metabolic-dietary etiologies of hypocitraturia, separating hypercalciuria into 3 types, and linking gouty diathesis (uric acid stones) with obesity and insulin resistance. Physicochemical consequences of hypocitraturia were delineated and semi-empirical methods were developed to assess calcium salt saturation. Potassium-rich fruit juices differed from potassium-poor fruit juices and excessive salt intake increased the stone forming risk. Vital to diagnostic separation was a comprehensive analysis of urine for stone risk factors. As an example of selective treatment, potassium citrate was shown to be useful for controlling uric acid stones by urinary alkalinization as well as calcareous stones by hypercitraturia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the last 35 years much progress has been made on the pathophysiology of stone formation, crystallization of stone forming salts, diagnostic separation and prevention of stone recurrence. The author's contribution in this effort would not have been possible without the active participation and support of the urological community.
authors.affiliation: Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8885, USA. charles.pak@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Charles Y C
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Pak
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D053565:Hypercalciuria / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D019357:Potassium Citrate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D019357:Potassium Citrate