[The development of neurotoxic agents as chemical weapons during the National Socialist period in Germany].
BACKGROUND
The discovery and development of the so-called 'nerve agents' (neurotoxic substances to be used as weapons) took place in the Third Reich, largely thanks to the vast amount of progress being made in pharmacology in Germany at that time, both in academic and industrial terms. Furthermore, successive National Socialist governments set up a collaborative network made up of the academia, the chemical industry and military chiefs that also favoured this line of research.


METHODS
The first neurotoxic substance to be incorporated into the category of 'chemical warfare agent' did so almost wholly by chance. As part of the work being carried out on organophosphate-type pesticides and insecticides, Gerald Schrader, a chemist at the I.G. Farben company, synthesised tabun (ethyl N,N-dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate) and an incident involving accidental contamination of laboratory staff with this substance highlighted its potential toxicity. The same group of researchers later synthesised another substance with the same properties, sarin (isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate). Both agents were studied for use as chemical weapons by Wolfgang Wirth. At the same time, a group led by Richard Kuhn, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1938, synthesised pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate, otherwise known as soman.


CONCLUSIONS
Pharmacological studies confirmed that the neurotoxic mechanism of action of these substances was the irreversible inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is responsible for metabolising acetylcholine. Results also showed that an excess of this neurotransmitter led to a continuous over-stimulation of the cholinergic (nicotinic and muscarinic) receptors, which is what triggers the appearance of the wide range of symptoms of poisoning and their swift fatal effect.
López-Muñoz
F
F
Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá.Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España. frlopez@juste.net
Alamo
C
C
Guerra
J A
JA
García-García
P
P
D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000266:history* / Q000633:toxicity; D005858:Germany; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000266:history*; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000266:history / Q000633:toxicity; D012524:Sarin / Q000266:history / Q000633:toxicity; D012999:Soman / Q000266:history / Q000633:toxicity
D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D010755:Organophosphates; D012999:Soman; D012524:Sarin; C009374:tabun