title: Human papillomavirus vaccine: recommendations, issues and controversies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The human papillomavirus vaccine is now Food and Drug Administration-approved for girls and young women ages 9-26 years and Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-recommended for girls ages 11-12 years of age. Several issues have shrouded its debut and continue to provide controversy that may hinder effective delivery of this vaccine to young people in industrialized as well as third world countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The quadrivalent and divalent vaccines are compared, particularly with respect to juvenile recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Recommendations for administration are summarized. Immunization of men and cost effectiveness are discussed. Issues regarding compulsory vaccination and attitudes of parents about human papillomavirus vaccination are reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies of the human papillomavirus vaccine are very promising, showing excellent efficacy and very few adverse events. It remains to be determined if it will be licensed in the United States for use in boys and men. Some stumbling blocks to implementing the vaccine in the United States need to be addressed in order to gain widespread acceptance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Darrow
authors.forename: Margene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tranter
authors.forename: Judith V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D026683:Advisory Committees / Q000592:standards; D002648:Child; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006287:Health Planning Guidelines; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D008297:Male; D032541:Mass Vaccination / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards*; D015229:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014481:United States; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines