title: Classification of amyloid deposits in diagnostic cardiac specimens by immunofluorescence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At least 12 distinct forms of amyloidosis are known to involve the heart or great vessels. Patient treatment regimens require proper subtyping of amyloid deposits in small diagnostic cardiac specimens. A growing lack of confidence in immunohistochemical staining for subtyping amyloid has arisen primarily as a result of studies utilizing immunoperoxidase staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Immunofluorescence staining on fresh frozen tissue is generally considered superior to immunoperoxidase staining for subtyping amyloid; however, this technique has not previously been reported in a series of cardiac specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Amyloid deposits were subtyped in 17 cardiac specimens and 23 renal specimens using an immunofluorescence panel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amyloid deposits were successfully subtyped as AL, AH, or AA amyloid by immunofluorescence in 82% of cardiac specimens and 87% of renal specimens. In all cases, the amyloid classification was in good agreement with available clinical and laboratory assessments. A cross-study analysis of 163 cases of AL amyloidosis reveals probable systemic misdiagnosis of cardiac AL amyloidosis by the immunoperoxidase technique, but not by the immunofluorescence technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amyloid deposits can be reliably subtyped in small diagnostic cardiac specimens using immunofluorescence. The practical aspects of implementing an immunofluorescence approach are compared with those of other approaches for subtyping amyloid in the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: A Bernard
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: R Neal
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000682:Amyloid / Q000032:analysis*; D000686:Amyloidosis / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001706:Biopsy; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000737:chemistry*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000682:Amyloid; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein