title: Distribution of Y chromosomes among native North Americans: a study of Athapaskan population history.
abstract: In this study, 231 Y chromosomes from 12 populations were typed for four diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to determine haplogroup membership and 43 Y chromosomes from three of these populations were typed for eight short tandem repeats (STRs) to determine haplotypes. These data were combined with previously published data, amounting to 724 Y chromosomes from 26 populations in North America, and analyzed to investigate the geographic distribution of Y chromosomes among native North Americans and to test the Southern Athapaskan migration hypothesis. The results suggest that European admixture has significantly altered the distribution of Y chromosomes in North America and because of this caution should be taken when inferring prehistoric population events in North America using Y chromosome data alone. However, consistent with studies of other genetic systems, we are still able to identify close relationships among Y chromosomes in Athapaskans from the Subarctic and the Southwest, suggesting that a small number of proto-Apachean migrants from the Subarctic founded the Southwest Athapaskan populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA. malhi@uiuc.edu
authors.forename: Ripan Singh
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Malhi
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Oliver
authors.forename: Kari Britt
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Solomon Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Dobrowski
authors.forename: David Glenn
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Resendez
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karafet
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zegura
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brovko
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000639:trends; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D014481:United States