title: Diagnosis of congenital hip dysplasia in the newborn.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Screening of newborn infants for congenital hip dysplasia may be done by clinical examination, ultrasound, or radiography--or a combination of these. Studies that have used clinical examination followed by ultrasound imaging for infants with certain risk factors have shown excellent results, but they were performed by very experienced practitioners. We wanted to find out whether the results of such screening would be equally good with less optimal staffing. Thus, we evaluated the real-life performance of a screening program for detection of congenital hip dysplasia in newborn infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective chart review of all infants (n = 1,983) referred for evaluation for suspected congenital hip dysplasia from one single obstetric hospital, where 19,820 infants had been screened from 1992 through 2001. Infants were referred either because of a positive finding during the Ortolani and Barlow examinations or because of the presence of risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reasons for referral of the 1,983 infants (10% of those examined) were: positive clinical signs in 255 (1.3% of all examined) and risk factors in 1,547 (7.8%), and a combination of both in 114 (0.6%). 67 other infants (0.3%) who had passed the initial pediatric screening were later referred from the local health centers. Finally, 23 of the 1,983 infants were subsequently referred again by their health center for renewed orthopedic evaluation. Of the infants who were treated (298/1,983 = 15% of those referred), those with a pathological examination result were represented proportionately more than infants who were referred because of risk factors (0.8% as opposed to 0.5%). Delayed diagnoses occurred in 1.7/1,000 infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The performance of a screening protocol for congenital hip dysplasia in a real-life setting involving several physicians both on the pediatric and orthopedic side may not live up to expectations based on the use of such a protocol in an optimized setting. This type of analysis of screening data may serve to pinpoint weaknesses, and thus lead to adjustments that may enhance quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Rikshospitalet HC, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Per Haavwardsholm
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Finne
authors.forename: Ingvild
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dalen
authors.forename: Nicolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ikonomou
authors.forename: Geir
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ulimoen
authors.forename: Thor Willy Ruud
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006618:Hip Dislocation, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014143:Traction; D014463:Ultrasonography