title: Methylation of the RUNX3 promoter as a potential prognostic marker for bladder tumor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  DNA methylation is a key regulator of gene transcription and genomic stability, and alterations in DNA methylation patterns are frequently detected in human tumors. Previously we reported that inactivation of RUNX3 by primarily epigenetic alterations in DNA methylation is closely associated with bladder tumor development, recurrence and progression. In the current series we evaluated the association between RUNX3 inactivation and bladder tumors after a long-term followup study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used previously published data on the methylation patterns of RUNX3 in bladder tumor samples as well as 25 new data sets obtained by methylation specific polymerase chain reaction and direct DNA sequencing. Of the 149 patients examined 118 were followed periodically and included in the final analysis. Median followup was 49.8 months (range 1 to 146).
  
  
  RESULTS
  RUNX3 promoter methylation was observed in 84 of the 118 tumor samples (71.2%) examined. RUNX3 methylation patterns correlated significantly with the development of invasive tumor, tumor progression, and overall and cancer specific survival (each p <0.05). Kaplan-Meyer curves showed identical results (p <0.05). Multivariate Cox regression models revealed that RUNX3 methylation status was a strong predictor of tumor progression and cancer specific survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results strongly suggest that inactivation of RUNX3 by the methylation of its promoter region is a significant risk factor for invasive bladder tumors, tumor progression and cancer specific survival. RUNX3 promoter methylation status could be a promising marker for assessing the prognosis of human bladder tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Jung
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yong-June
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Pildu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Yun-Sok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Suk-Chul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Wun-Jae
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001483:Base Sequence; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D050677:Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000235:genetics; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017354:Point Mutation; D011379:Prognosis; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D050677:Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; C493729:Runx3 protein, human