title: Lethal and sublethal effects of imidacloprid on Osmia lignaria and clothianidin on Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae).
abstract: We examined lethal and sublethal effects of imidacloprid on Osmia lignaria (Cresson) and clothianidin on Megachile rotundata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). We also made progress toward developing reliable methodology for testing pesticides on wild bees for use in pesticide registration by using field and laboratory experiments. Bee larvae were exposed to control, low (3 or 6 ppb), intermediate (30 ppb), or high (300 ppb) doses of either imidacloprid or clothianidin in pollen. Field experiments on both bee species involved injecting the pollen provisions with the corresponding pesticide. Only O. lignaria was used for the laboratory experiments, which entailed both injecting the bee's own pollen provisions and replacing the pollen provision with a preblended pollen mixture containing imidacloprid. Larval development, emergence, weight, and mortality were monitored and analyzed. There were no lethal effects found for either imidacloprid or clothianidin on O. lignaria and M. rotundata. Minor sublethal effects were detected on larval development for O. lignaria, with greater developmental time at the intermediate (30 ppb) and high doses (300 ppb) of imidacloprid. No similar sublethal effects were found with clothianidin on M. rotundata. We were successful in creating methodology for pesticide testing on O. lignaria and M. rotundata; however, these methods can be improved upon to create a more robust test. We also identified several parameters and developmental stages for observing sublethal effects. The detection of sublethal effects demonstrates the importance of testing new pesticides on wild pollinators before registration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada. gina_abbott@yahoo.ca
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Nadeau
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Higo
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Winston
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006146:Guanidines / Q000633:toxicity*; D006927:Hymenoptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D011058:Pollen / Q000502:physiology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D013844:Thiazoles; C480342:clothianidin; C082359:imidacloprid