title: Biallelic loss of function of the promyelocytic leukaemia zinc finger (PLZF) gene causes severe skeletal defects and genital hypoplasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deletions of 11q23 are associated with mental retardation, craniofacial dysmorphism, microcephaly and short stature. We present a patient with similar clinical findings, in addition to absence of the thumbs, hypoplasia of the radii and ulnae, additional vertebrae and ribs, retarded bone age and genital hypoplasia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA from the patient was screened for chromosomal imbalances by array-based comparative genomic hybridisation. DNA sequence analyses and reporter gene assays were performed in order to identify candidate gene mutations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patient has an approximately 8 Mbp de novo deletion on the paternal chromosome 11, which includes the promyelocytic leukaemia zinc-finger gene (PLZF, ZBTB16; OMIM 176797). The maternal PLZF allele harbours a recessive missense mutation (c.1849A-->G), which leads to the substitution of a highly conserved methionine by valine (p.Met617Val) within a zinc-finger motif. Taking into account specific alpha-helical propensities of Val and Met, this mutation is likely to destabilise the alpha helix of the zinc finger that forms the contact with the DNA duplex, thus affecting the biological function as shown by reporter-gene assays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PLZF gene is one of five partners fused to the retinoic acid receptor alpha in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. We describe the first patient, to our knowledge, with a germline mutation of PLZF. Our findings as well as observations in Plzf-deficient mice indicate that PLZF is a key regulator of skeletal and male germline development. Furthermore, this case highlights the importance of searching for a recessive mutation on the non-deleted chromosome in patients with a microdeletion and atypical clinical findings.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kohlhase
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schweiger
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heitmann
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Horsthemke
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wieczorek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D002880:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 / Q000235:genetics; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D005145:Face / Q000473:pathology; D005832:Genital Diseases, Male / Q000235:genetics*; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008831:Microcephaly / Q000235:genetics; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D000075722:Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger Protein
chemical_list: D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D000075722:Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger Protein; C092037:ZBTB16 protein, human