title: Assessment of publication bias for the surgeon scientist.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Publication bias occurs when statistically non-significant (negative) findings are not published. It can profoundly affect the results of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative and quantitative methods of detecting publication bias are described, including their advantages and disadvantages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accepted quality standards for the reporting of meta-analyses recommend assessment of publication bias, but currently there is no uniform standard for reporting. Quantitative methods are being used with increasing frequency. Authors should take steps to minimize publication bias, and use both qualitative and quantitative assessment methods to determine whether it is present.
authors.affiliation: Price Institute of Surgical Research and Section of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mahid
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qadan
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hornung
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galandiuk
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013502:General Surgery; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D017594:Publication Bias