title: Anti-HIV and vitamin C-synergized radical scavenging activity of cacao husk lignin fractions.
abstract: Cacao husk lignin fractions, prepared by acid precipitation and 50% ethanol precipitation showed unexpectedly higher anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity, as compared with the corresponding fractions from the cacao mass, amounting to the level comparable with that of popular anti-HIV compounds. The cacao husk lignin fractions also showed anti-influenza virus activity, but did not show antibacterial activity. The cacao husk lignin fractions synergistically enhanced the superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of vitamin C. The cacao husk lignin fractions stimulated nitric oxide generation by mouse macrophage-like cells, to a level higher than that attained by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The present study suggests the functionality of cacao husk lignin fractions as complementary alternative medicine.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Saitama, Japan. sakagami@dent.meikai.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakagami
authors.forename: Kazue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Haruka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukamachi
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikarashi
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Taisei
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanamoto
authors.forename: Shigemi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Terakubo
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: Katsuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Utsumi
authors.forename: Masaji
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Yuuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002099:Cacao / Q000737:chemistry*; D002460:Cell Line; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008031:Lignin / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D005609:Free Radicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D008031:Lignin; D001205:Ascorbic Acid