title: Abnormal response of motor cortex to photic stimulation in idiopathic generalized epilepsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) shortens the cortical silent period (CSP) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor hand area (M1(HAND)). This response is absent in healthy individuals with a photoparoxysmal response (PPR). Here we combined TMS of the M1(HAND) with IPS to examine whether patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) exhibit an abnormal cortical response pattern to IPS.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 13 PPR-positive and 12 PPR-negative patients with IGE and in 13 PPR-negative healthy controls, we used focal TMS to the M1(HAND) to study how cortical excitability is changed by concurrent IPS at 50 Hz.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IPS at 50 Hz reduced the duration of the CSP in healthy PPR-negative individuals, whereas IPS had no effect on the CSP in PPR-positive and PPR-negative patients with generalized epilepsy. The failure of IPS to shorten the CSP was independent of antiepileptic medication. Single-pulse or paired-pulse TMS only without concurrent IPS showed a higher motor threshold in PPR-positive patients with epilepsy, presumably caused by antiepileptic medication. No additional differences in cortical excitability were found among groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the CSP is mediated by intracortical GABAergic mechanisms, our results indicate that IGEs are associated with an altered responsiveness of GABAergic inhibitory circuits in the M1(HAND). This electrophysiological trait is independent of photosensitivity. Excitability changes at the cortical or thalamic level may mediate this abnormal cortical response pattern in patients with IGE.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Neuropediatrics, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany. s.groppa@neurologie.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: Sergiu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Groppa
authors.forename: Hartwig R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Siebner
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kurth
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Stephani
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siniatchkin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D013181:Cortical Spreading Depression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000294:innervation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants