title: Multiple system atrophy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been almost 4 decades since the descriptions of the 3 parts of multiple system atrophy (MSA) have taken place, characterized clinically by dysautonomia, parkinsonism, and cerebellar dysfunction. The discovery of a distinctive pathologic maker has finally provided the conceptual synthesis of these 3 entities into the universal designation of MSA as a distinct disease process with a complex combination of clinical presentations. Although advances have been made in terms of awareness and knowledge concerning the clinical features and pathophysiology of MSA, it remains challenging for neurologists who treat these patients to differentiate MSA from its mimics as well as providing them with effective treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the advances in the knowledge of the disease, to highlight typical features useful for the recognition of its entity, and to enlist different treatment options.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the fact that there is still no treatment modality that can alter the disease progression, a number of useful symptomatic treatment measures are available and should be offered to patients to ameliorate the nonmotor features of MSA and even the motor features that may at least transiently respond to treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Chulalongkorn Comprehensive Movement Disorders Center, Chulalongkorn Univerisity Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. rbh1@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Roongroj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhidayasiri
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ling
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019578:Multiple System Atrophy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology