title: Risk indicators of gingivitis in 5-year-old Brazilian children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the risk indicators of gingivitis among socioeconomic, clinical and gender variables in 5-year-old children attending preschools in Piracicaba, Brazil, in 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 728 subjects attending 22 public (n = 428) and 18 private (n = 300) preschools. A previously calibrated examiner performed the clinical examination in an outdoor setting, under natural light, using a dental mirror, Community Periodontal Index probe and air-drying. Gingival status was measured using the gingival alteration index for 5-year-olds according to the national survey carried out in 2002 in Brazil (Health Ministry of Brazil, 2004). Socioeconomic variables (monthly family income, number of people living in the household, parents' educational level, home ownership and car ownership) were collected by means of a parental semi-structured questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of gingivitis was 16.6%. Monthly family income (p < 0.0001), father's education (p < 0.0007), mother's education (p = 0.0004), type of school (p < 0.0001), car ownership (p = 0.0854), gender (p = 0.0087), initial lesion (p < 0.0001), dental caries (p = 0.0008), crowding (p = 0.0054) and spacing (p = 0.0019) were associated with gingival bleeding at p < 0.15 and were selected for the regression analysis. By means of multiple logistic regression analyses, monthly family income of up to 4 Brazilian minimum wages, presence of initial lesion, presence of crowding and male gender were found to be risk indicators of gingivitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of gingivitis in 5-year-old preschool children in Piracicaba was 16.6%. Also, family income of up to 4 minimum wages, male gender, the presence of initial caries lesion and crowding were risk indicators of gingivitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), SP, Brazil. karine.cortellazzi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Karine Laura
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Cortellazzi
authors.forename: Stela Márcia
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Elaine Pereira de Silva
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Tagliaferro
authors.forename: Gláucia Maria Bovi
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ambrosano
authors.forename: Luciane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zanin
authors.forename: Marcelo de Castro
authors.initials: Mde C
authors.lastname: Meneghim
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hebling
authors.forename: Antonio Carlos
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D001336:Automobiles; D001938:Brazil; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology; D003970:Diastema; D004522:Educational Status; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000209:etiology*; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000453:epidemiology; D009058:Mouth Breathing / Q000453:epidemiology; D010067:Ownership; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education; D010512:Periodontal Index; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class