title: Low vitamin d levels predict stroke in patients referred to coronary angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitamin D deficiency is common among the elderly and may contribute to cerebrovascular diseases. We aimed to elucidate whether low vitamin D levels are predictive for fatal stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  The LUdwigshafen RIsk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study includes 3316 patients who were referred to coronary angiography at baseline between 1997 and 2000. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] were measured in 3299 and 3315 study participants, respectively. To account for the seasonal variation of vitamin D metabolites, we calculated z values for the 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D concentrations within each month of blood draw.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a median follow-up time of 7.75 years, 769 patients died, including 42 fatal (ischemic and hemorrhagic) strokes. When compared with survivors in binary logistic-regression analyses, the odds ratios (with 95% CIs) for fatal stroke were 0.58 (0.43 to 0.78; P<0.001) per z value of 25(OH)D and 0.62 (0.47 to 0.81; P<0.001) per z value of 1,25(OH)2D. After adjustment for several possible confounders, these odds ratios remained significant for 25(OH)D at 0.67 (0.46 to 0.97; P=0.032) and for 1,25(OH)2D at 0.72 (0.52 to 0.99; P=0.047). Z values of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D were also reduced in the 274 patients who had a history of previous cerebrovascular disease events at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D are independently predictive for fatal strokes, suggesting that vitamin D supplementation is a promising approach in the prevention of strokes.
authors.affiliation: Synlab Center of Laboratory Diagnostics, Heidelberg, PO Box 10470, D-69037 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pilz
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dobnig
authors.forename: Joachim E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wellnitz
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Seelhorst
authors.forename: Bernhard O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: März
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D