title: Gross thymic extract, Thymax, induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells in vitro through the mitochondrial pathway.
abstract: Previous studies have shown that thymic extracts possess antitumor and antimetastatic properties, but the mechanisms are not completely understood. Therefore, in this study the ability of the gross thymic extract Thymax to induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) cells in vitro was evaluated. Tumor cells were cultured with different concentrations of Thymax for 24 h and the apoptotic response was assessed by propidium iodide and TUNEL assays. Activation of caspases and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were monitored by flow cytometry and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was determined by Western blot analysis. Thymax induced apoptosis in monolayer MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner; at concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 10% (v/v) it caused 9%, 10% and 25% apoptosis, respectively, as compared to 6% for control cancer cells without treatment. The induction of apoptosis by Thymax was associated with activation of caspases 8 and 9, and the addition of a pan caspase inhibitor partially inhibited Thymax-induced apoptosis by 20%. In addition, the MMP was decreased significantly at Thymax concentrations of 5%-20%, which was associated with a decrease in the protein expression of Bcl-2 and an increase in Bax. These results suggest that Thymax exerts its effects via the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and may represent a new class of adjuvants for the treatment of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA. mghoneum@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Mamdooh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghoneum
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Seto
authors.forename: Shizuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Alia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghoneum
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braga
authors.forename: Sastry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gollapudi
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013949:Thymus Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; C494826:BAX protein, human; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D013949:Thymus Extracts; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C096713:benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9