title: Proteomic and transcriptomic study on the action of a cytotoxic saponin (Polyphyllin D): induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathways.
abstract: Polyphyllin D (PD) is a potent cytotoxic saponin found in Paris polyphylla. In the present study, bioinformatic, proteomic and transcriptomic analyses were performed to study the mechanisms of action of PD on human nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line (NCI-H460). Using a gene expression-based bioinformatic tool (connectivity map), PD was identified as a potential ER stress inducer. Our proteomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that PD treatment led to upregulation of typical ER stress-related proteins/genes including glucose-regulated protein 78 (BiP/GRP78) and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). In particular, elevated expression of C/EBP homologous transcription factor (chop) and activation of caspase-4 occurred at early time point (8 h) of PD treatment, signifying an initial ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Induction of tumor suppressor p53, disruption of mitochondrial membrane, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 were detected upon prolonged PD treatment. Collectively, these data revealed that PD induced the cytotoxic effect through a mechanism initiated by ER stress followed by mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. The ability of activating two major pathways of apoptosis makes PD an attractive drug lead for anticancer therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Fung-Ming
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Siu
authors.forename: Dik-Lung
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Yee-Wai
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Chun-Nam
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Lok
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Zhiqi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Mengsu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: SongXiao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Ben Chi-Bun
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Qing-Yu
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Chi-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Che
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004144:Diosgenin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D012503:Saponins; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; C000717247:HSPA5 protein, human; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D012503:Saponins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C121203:polyphyllin D; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP; D004144:Diosgenin