title: Gastrointestinal failure score in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are no universally accepted diagnostic criteria for gastrointestinal failure in critically ill patients. In the present study we tested whether the occurrence of food intolerance (FI) and intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH), combined in a 5-grade scoring system for assessment of gastrointestinal function (the Gastrointestinal Failure [GIF] score), predicts mortality. The prognostic value of the GIF score alone and in combination with the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score is evaluated, and the incidence and outcome of gastrointestinal failure is described relative to the GIF score.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 264 subsequently hospitalized patients, who were mechanically ventilated on admission and stayed in the intensive care unit (ICU) for longer than 24 hours, were prospectively studied. GIF score was documented daily as follows: 0 = normal gastrointestinal function; 1 = enteral feeding with under 50% of calculated needs or no feeding 3 days after abdominal surgery; 2 = FI or IAH; 3 = FI and IAH; and 4 = abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). Admission parameters and mean GIF and SOFA scores for the first 3 days were used to predict ICU outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FI developed in 58.3%, IAH in 27.3%, and both together in 22.7% of patients. The mean GIF score for the first 3 days in the ICU was identified as an independent risk factor for mortality (odds ratio = 3.02, 95% confidence interval = 1.63 to 5.59; P < 0.001). The GIF score integrated into the SOFA score allowed better prediction of ICU mortality than did the SOFA score alone, and was an independent predictor of mortality (odds ratio = 1.49, 95% confidence interval = 1.28 to 1.74; P < 0.001). The development of gastrointestinal failure (FI plus IAH) was associated with significantly higher ICU and 90-day mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GIF score is useful for classifying information on the gastrointestinal system. The mean GIF score during the first 3 days in the ICU had high prognostic value for ICU mortality. Development of gastrointestinal failure is associated with significantly impaired outcome.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Tartu, Puusepa, Tartu 51014, Estonia. annika.reintam@itk.ee
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reintam
authors.forename: Pille
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parm
authors.forename: Reet
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kitus
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Starkopf
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kern
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000639:trends; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends