title: Effects of a standardized Bacopa monnieri extract on cognitive performance, anxiety, and depression in the elderly: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Study aims were to evaluate effects of Bacopa monnieri whole plant standardized dry extract on cognitive function and affect and its safety and tolerability in healthy elderly study participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with a placebo run-in of 6 weeks and a treatment period of 12 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Volunteers were recruited from the community to a clinic in Portland, Oregon by public notification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four (54) participants, 65 or older (mean 73.5 years), without clinical signs of dementia, were recruited and randomized to Bacopa or placebo. Forty-eight (48) completed the study with 24 in each group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardized B. monnieri extract 300 mg/day or a similar placebo tablet orally for 12 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome variable was the delayed recall score from the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). Other cognitive measures were the Stroop Task assessing the ability to ignore irrelevant information, the Divided Attention Task (DAT), and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) letter-digit test of immediate working memory. Affective measures were the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CESD)-10 depression scale, and the Profile of Mood States. Vital signs were also monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for baseline cognitive deficit using the Blessed Orientation-Memory-Concentration test, Bacopa participants had enhanced AVLT delayed word recall memory scores relative to placebo. Stroop results were similarly significant, with the Bacopa group improving and the placebo group unchanged. CESD-10 depression scores, combined state plus trait anxiety scores, and heart rate decreased over time for the Bacopa group but increased for the placebo group. No effects were found on the DAT, WAIS digit task, mood, or blood pressure. The dose was well tolerated with few adverse events (Bacopa n = 9, placebo n = 10), primarily stomach upset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides further evidence that B. monnieri has potential for safely enhancing cognitive performance in the aging.
authors.affiliation: Helfgott Research Institute, National College of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR 97201, USA. ccalabrese@ncnm.edu
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leo
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bone
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oken
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D034681:Bacopa; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D028321:Plant Preparations; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D028321:Plant Preparations