title: Increased retinopathy occurrence in type 1 diabetes patients with increased serum levels of the advanced glycation endproduct hydroimidazolone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate associations between serum levels of the advanced glycation endproduct methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone (MG-H1) and retinopathy in a sample of patients with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study in a Scandinavian ophthalmology outpatient clinic on 61 randomly selected patients with type 1 diabetes. Blood samples and retinal photographs were taken at the same visit. Serum levels of hydroimidazolone immunoreactivity were determined using an immunoassay, and levels of retinopathy were determined from seven standard field stereo photographs of each eye according to the ETDRS method. Results were compared between patients with and without retinopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hydroimidazolone quartiles were significantly associated with retinopathy (p = 0.013). The most profound increase in occurrence of retinopathy was observed from the lowest to the second-lowest hydroimidazolone quartile. Adjusted for duration of diabetes using logistic regression, a significant difference in the presence of retinopathy was found when comparing the lowest quartile with the rest (p = 0.022).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our patients with type 1 diabetes, serum levels of hydroimidazolone were found to be associated with retinopathy. This is in keeping with findings in a larger sample of patients with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Centre, Aker and Ullevål University Hospitals, Oslo, Norway. dag.fosmark@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Dag S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Fosmark
authors.forename: Jens P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Aase-Brith
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Leiv
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sandvik
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Agardh
authors.forename: Carl-David
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Agardh
authors.forename: Kristian F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Hanssen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000097:blood*; D007118:Immunoassay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D007093:Imidazoles; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human; C117197:imidazolone