title: Natriuretic peptides modify Pseudomonas fluorescens cytotoxicity by regulating cyclic nucleotides and modifying LPS structure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nervous tissues express various communication molecules including natriuretic peptides, i.e. Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) and C-type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP). These molecules share structural similarities with cyclic antibacterial peptides. CNP and to a lesser extent BNP can modify the cytotoxicity of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The psychrotrophic environmental species Pseudomonas fluorescens also binds to and kills neurons and glial cells, cell types that both produce natriuretic peptides. In the present study, we investigated the sensitivity of Pseudomonas fluorescens to natriuretic peptides and evaluated the distribution and variability of putative natriuretic peptide-dependent sensor systems in the Pseudomonas genus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither BNP nor CNP modified P. fluorescens MF37 growth or cultivability. However, pre-treatment of P. fluorescens MF37 with BNP or CNP provoked a decrease of the apoptotic effect of the bacterium on glial cells and an increase of its necrotic activity. By homology with eukaryotes, where natriuretic peptides act through receptors coupled to cyclases, we observed that cell-permeable stable analogues of cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) and cyclic GMP (8BcGMP) mimicked the effect of BNP and CNP on bacteria. Intra-bacterial concentrations of cAMP and cGMP were measured to study the involvement of bacterial cyclases in the regulation of P. fluorescens cytotoxicity by BNP or CNP. BNP provoked an increase (+49%) of the cAMP concentration in P. fluorescens, and CNP increased the intra-bacterial concentrations of cGMP (+136%). The effect of BNP and CNP on the virulence of P. fluorescens was independent of the potential of the bacteria to bind to glial cells. Conversely, LPS extracted from MF37 pre-treated with dbcAMP showed a higher necrotic activity than the LPS from untreated or 8BcGMP-pre-treated bacteria. Capillary electrophoresis analysis suggests that these different effects of the LPS may be due, at least in part, to variations in the structure of the macromolecule.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations support the hypothesis that P. fluorescens responds to natriuretic peptides through a putative sensor system coupled to a cyclase that could interfere with LPS synthesis and thereby modify the overall virulence of the micro-organism.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cold Microbiology, UPRES EA 2123, University of Rouen, 55 rue Saint Germain, 27000 Evreux, France. wilfried.veron@etu.univ-rouen.fr
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Veron
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Orange
authors.forename: Marc Gj
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Feuilloley
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lesouhaitier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D020098:Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type / Q000378:metabolism*; D009336:Necrosis; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D011551:Pseudomonas fluorescens / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D020098:Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D006152:Cyclic GMP