title: Regulation of breast cancer-associated aromatase promoters.
abstract: By converting androstenedione to estrone, or testosterone to estradiol, aromatase is a key enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis. Encoded by a single gene CYP19, aromatase is expressed in various tissues, including ovary, placenta, bone, brain, skin, and adipose tissue, via partially tissue-specific promoters, and is essential for normal estrogen-dependent physiological functions. In disease-free breast tissue, aromatase mRNA is primarily transcribed from the weak promoter I.4 and maintained at low levels in breast adipose stromal fibroblasts. In breast cancer a distinct set of aromatase promoters, i.e. I.3, II, and I.7, is activated, leading to a marked increase in aromatase expression in breast tumors and breast adipose tissue adjacent to a breast tumor, and a consequent local overproduction of estrogen that promotes growth and progression of breast cancer. In addition, the total amount of promoter I.4-specific aromatase transcript in breast adipose fibroblasts may also be increased due to both cytokine-induced desmoplastic reaction and cytokine-stimulated promoter I.4 activity in breast cancer. Targeting aromatase has proven beneficial in treating breast cancer, since aromatase inhibitors are the most effective endocrine treatment of breast cancer to date. However, aromatase inhibitors cause major side effects such as bone loss and abnormal lipid metabolism, due to indiscriminate reduction of aromatase activity in all expression sites of the body. Therefore, inhibition of aromatase expression via breast cancer-associated aromatase promoters is a useful strategy to selectively block local aromatase production, and hence estrogen synthesis, in breast cancer. This review will summarize the significant findings on regulation of the breast cancer-associated aromatase promoters, and highlight the discovery of chemical compounds and nuclear receptor ligands that specifically inhibit activation of these aromatase promoters. Clinical side effects of these agents require development of new drugs with better specificity and efficacy, and epigenetic therapies with breast cancer tissue-selective aromatase siRNA-conjugated nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, 303 E Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. dong-chen@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reierstad
authors.forename: Meiling
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Serdar E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bulun
mesh_terms: D001141:Aromatase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D001141:Aromatase