title: Logical Analysis of Data (LAD) model for the early diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Strokes are a leading cause of morbidity and the first cause of adult disability in the United States. Currently, no biomarkers are being used clinically to diagnose acute ischemic stroke. A diagnostic test using a blood sample from a patient would potentially be beneficial in treating the disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A classification approach is described for differentiating between proteomic samples of stroke patients and controls, and a second novel predictive model is developed for predicting the severity of stroke as measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). The models were constructed by applying the Logical Analysis of Data (LAD) methodology to the mass peak profiles of 48 stroke patients and 32 controls. The classification model was shown to have an accuracy of 75% when tested on an independent validation set of 35 stroke patients and 25 controls, while the predictive model exhibited superior performance when compared to alternative algorithms. In spite of their high accuracy, both models are extremely simple and were developed using a common set consisting of only 3 peaks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have successfully identified 3 biomarkers that can detect ischemic stroke with an accuracy of 75%. The performance of the classification model on the validation set and on cross-validation does not deteriorate significantly when compared to that on the training set, indicating the robustness of the model. As in the case of the LAD classification model, the results of the predictive model validate the function constructed on our support-set for approximating the severity scores of stroke patients. The correlation and root mean absolute error of the LAD predictive model are consistently superior to those of the other algorithms used (Support vector machines, C4.5 decision trees, Logistic regression and Multilayer perceptron).
authors.affiliation: Rutgers Center for Operations Research, RUTCOR, 640 Bartholomew Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. areddy@rutcor.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Anupama
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Honghui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Tiberius O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Bonates
authors.forename: Vimla
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gulabani
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Azok
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoehn
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: Alison E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.forename: King C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D040901:Proteomics; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers