title: Evidence for the efficacy of NXY-059 in experimental focal cerebral ischaemia is confounded by study quality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The neutral results of the SAINT II trial have again highlighted difficulties translating neuroprotective efficacy from bench to bedside. Animal studies are susceptible to study quality biases, which may lead to overstatement of efficacy. We report the impact of study quality on published estimates of the efficacy of NXY-059 in animal models of stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and stratified meta-analysis of published studies describing the efficacy of NXY-059 in experimental focal cerebral ischemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, NXY-059 improved infarct volume by 43.3% (95% CI, 34.7 to 52.8). Only 2 of 9 publications reported randomization, concealment of treatment allocation, and blinded outcome assessment. Studies not reporting these quality items gave substantially higher estimates of efficacy than did higher-quality studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported efficacy of NXY-059 in animal models of stroke is confounded by low study quality. The failure of SAINT II highlights the need for substantial improvements in the design, conduct, and reporting of animal studies; journals can play an important role in this by adopting standards for animal studies similar to those agreed over 10 years ago for clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. malcolm.macleod@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Malcolm R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Macleod
authors.forename: H Bart
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: van der Worp
authors.forename: Emily S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Sena
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Howells
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dirnagl
authors.forename: Geoffrey A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Donnan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015982:Bias; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; C120851:disufenton sodium