title: Adolescent school failure predicts later depression among girls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Past research has found that social, academic, and behavioral problems are linked with depression during childhood and adolescence. The present study tests a longitudinal cascade model of adolescent problems predicting depression into adulthood, while additionally testing for gender differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using prospective longitudinal analysis with a sample of 808 youth followed from age 10 to 21, we tested whether social problems, school failure, and delinquency in adolescence increased risk for a major depressive episode in emerging adulthood. Structural equation modeling was used to test for gender differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both early conduct problems and adolescent school failures predisposed girls to depression in young adulthood. Among the boys, none of the problems conferred risk for depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights the mutual interplay between school failure and psychological functioning. It is suggested that school adaptation in adolescence be considered a mental health issue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. cmccarty@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Carolyn A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: McCarty
authors.forename: W Alex
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kosterman
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: Liliana J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Lengua
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McCauley
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D013332:Student Dropouts / Q000523:psychology*; D014861:Washington