title: Superparamagnetic maghemite nanorods: analysis by coupling field-flow fractionation and small-angle X-ray scattering.
abstract: We report on the online coupling of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (A4F) with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) for the detection of nanoparticles. The A4F was used to fractionate superparamagnetic maghemite nanoparticles, which were prepared continuously with a micromixer. The outlet of the A4F was directly coupled to a flow capillary of a SAXSess instrument (Kratky type of camera). SAXS curves were recorded in a 1 s time interval. This was possible by using intense synchrotron radiation. The radii of gyration of the nanoparticles, as determined from Guinier plots, increased from 2 to 6 nm with increasing fractionation time of the A4F. A more detailed analysis of the scattering curves revealed that the particles were cylindrical in shape (nanorods), which we attributed to the micromixing preparation technique. The radii of the nanorods increased only slightly from 1.2 to 1.7 nm with increasing fractionation time, while the lengths increased strongly from 7.0 to 30.0 nm. The volume distribution of the nanorods was determined and described by Schultz-Zimm and log-normal distributions. Nanorod volumes increased from 45 to 263 nm(3), corresponding to molar masses of 140 x 10(3) to 820 x 10(3) g mol(-1). We propose A4F-SAXS coupling as a new method for analysis of nanoparticles of complex composition in solution. It allows precise online determination of the particle's shape and size distributions. This method can be applied to mixtures of nanoparticles of arbitrary shapes and sizes (1-100 nm). Moreover, the total time needed for fractionation and online SAXS data recording is usually only 20 min.
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany. andreas.thuenemann@bam.de
authors.forename: Andreas F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Thünemann
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kegel
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Polte
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Emmerling
mesh_terms: D008280:Magnetics; D008970:Molecular Weight; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis*; D043942:Nanotubes; D010316:Particle Size; D053838:Scattering, Small Angle; D017356:Synchrotrons; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction