title: The auditory cortex of the bat Phyllostomus discolor: Localization and organization of basic response properties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mammalian auditory cortex can be subdivided into various fields characterized by neurophysiological and neuroarchitectural properties and by connections with different nuclei of the thalamus. Besides the primary auditory cortex, echolocating bats have cortical fields for the processing of temporal and spectral features of the echolocation pulses. This paper reports on location, neuroarchitecture and basic functional organization of the auditory cortex of the microchiropteran bat Phyllostomus discolor (family: Phyllostomidae).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The auditory cortical area of P. discolor is located at parieto-temporal portions of the neocortex. It covers a rostro-caudal range of about 4800 mum and a medio-lateral distance of about 7000 mum on the flattened cortical surface. The auditory cortices of ten adult P. discolor were electrophysiologically mapped in detail. Responses of 849 units (single neurons and neuronal clusters up to three neurons) to pure tone stimulation were recorded extracellularly. Cortical units were characterized and classified depending on their response properties such as best frequency, auditory threshold, first spike latency, response duration, width and shape of the frequency response area and binaural interactions. Based on neurophysiological and neuroanatomical criteria, the auditory cortex of P. discolor could be subdivided into anterior and posterior ventral fields and anterior and posterior dorsal fields. The representation of response properties within the different auditory cortical fields was analyzed in detail. The two ventral fields were distinguished by their tonotopic organization with opposing frequency gradients. The dorsal cortical fields were not tonotopically organized but contained neurons that were responsive to high frequencies only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The auditory cortex of P. discolor resembles the auditory cortex of other phyllostomid bats in size and basic functional organization. The tonotopically organized posterior ventral field might represent the primary auditory cortex and the tonotopically organized anterior ventral field seems to be similar to the anterior auditory field of other mammals. As most energy of the echolocation pulse of P. discolor is contained in the high-frequency range, the non-tonotopically organized high-frequency dorsal region seems to be particularly important for echolocation.
authors.affiliation: Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany. hoffmann@zi.biologie.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Firzlaff
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Radtke-Schuller
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schwellnus
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schuller
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone / Q000379:methods; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D001309:Auditory Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D004455:Echolocation / Q000502:physiology; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male