title: A comparison of techniques to sample salamander assemblages along highland streams of Maryland.
abstract: Amphibians may be useful indicators of biological condition in small streams so determining which sampling technique maximizes encounters at the least cost and at the optimal time of year is important. Area constrained surveys (ACS), used by the Maryland Biological Stream Survey, were tested against cover board surveys, drift fences with pitfall and funnel traps, quadrat leaf litter searches, and leaf litter bags. Sixteen, 100 m-long sites were established in headwater streams in the Savage River State Forest in Garrett County, Maryland. Each technique was randomly assigned to a 25 m stream section within each overall sampling site, and sites were sampled once each month from May to October (2005) with additional sampling in March and April (2006). Area constrained surveys yielded means of 2.7 taxa and 14.9 total individuals per sampling visit, which was significantly higher than the yield of all other methods in all months except October and March, when yields were low for all techniques. Area constrained surveys were also significantly more cost-effective per taxon and per individual compared to all other methods. September produced the most taxa and individuals, October and March produced the least, and yields for April through August were similar to September. We employed removal sampling at four sites in April 2006, but abundance could not be estimated because a significant linear decrease in the accumulated catch versus catch per unit effort did not occur for three of the sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, MD 21532, USA. gstrain54@yahoo.com
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Strain
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Raesly
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hilderbrand
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008396:Maryland; D045483:Rivers; D014481:United States; D014562:Caudata / Q000502:physiology*