title: Risk of thyroid disease in individuals with celiac disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that celiac disease is associated with thyroid disease. Earlier studies, however, have been predominately cross-sectional and have often lacked controls. There is hence a need for further research. In this study, we estimated the risk of thyroid disease in individuals with celiac disease from a general population cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 14,021 individuals with celiac disease (1964-2003) and a matched reference population of 68,068 individuals were identified through the Swedish national registers. Cox regression estimated the risk of thyroid disease in subjects with celiac disease. Analyses were restricted to individuals with a follow-up of more than 1 yr and with no thyroid disease before study entry or within 1 yr after study entry. Conditional logistic regression estimated the odds ratio for subsequent celiac disease in individuals with thyroid disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Celiac disease was positively associated with hypothyroidism [hazard ratio (HR) = 4.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.4-5.6; P < 0.001], thyroiditis (HR = 3.6; 95% CI =1.9-6.7; P < 0.001) and hyperthyroidism (HR = 2.9; 95% CI = 2.0-4.2; P < 0.001). The highest risk estimates were found in children (hypothyroidism, HR = 6.0 and 95% CI = 3.4-10.6; thyroiditis, HR = 4.7 and 95% CI = 2.1-10.5; hyperthyroidism, HR = 4.8 and 95% CI = 2.5-9.4). In post hoc analyses, where the reference population was restricted to inpatients, the adjusted HR was 3.4 for hypothyroidism (95% CI = 2.7-4.4; P < 0.001), 3.3 for thyroiditis (95% CI = 1.5-7.7; P < 0.001), and 3.1 for hyperthyroidism (95% CI = 2.0-4.8; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Celiac disease is associated with thyroid disease, and these associations were seen regardless of temporal sequence. This indicates shared etiology and that these individuals are more susceptible to autoimmune disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Orebro University Hospital, SE-701 85 Orebro, Sweden. peter.elfstrom@orebroll.se
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elfström
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kämpe
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekbom
authors.forename: Jonas F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*