title: Developmental changes in insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II mRNA abundance in extra-embryonic membranes and small intestine of avian embryos.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Numerous researchers have evaluated the insulin-like growth factors (IGF) influence on mammalian fetal development. Although IGF has been explored in the avian system, questions remain on the role of IGF in avian development. Therefore, the current study evaluated the mRNA abundance of IGF in the amnion and allantoic membranes and developing small intestine in the chicken, duck, and turkey during the incubation and post-hatch period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Broiler, duck, and turkey eggs were incubated with small intestinal, allantoic, and amniotic membranes collected in the final days of incubation and 1 week post-hatch. RNA was extracted using Trizol and qRT-PCR was utilized to compare differences during embryo development within and across species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of the IGF mRNA varied between species in the final days of incubation in the amniotic and allantoic membranes. The turkey had higher (0.38-1.72 log) transcript abundance of IGF-I and IGF-II in the amnion and allantois compared to the chicken and duck. Evaluating the mRNA abundance within the chicken duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, the duodenum had the lowest expression of IGF-I and IGF-II (P<0.05) at day -4 of incubation compared to the jejunum and ileum. Focusing on differences in jejunal IGF expression among the three species, the turkey had the lowest IGF-I abundance at day -4 of incubation and highest IGF-I abundance at day of hatch (P<0.05). Transcript abundance of both IGF-II and IGF-R was highest in the turkey at day of hatch and day 1 post-hatch compared to the duck and chicken. The whole tissue versus the mucosal expression of the IGF mRNA abundance was evaluated during the post-hatch period. Duodenal, jejunal, and ileal segments had higher IGF-I transcript abundance (P<0.05) at day 1, day 3, and day of hatch, respectively. No differences were observed between segment and mucosa for IGF-II in the post-hatch period. The duodenal and jejunal mucosa IGF-R transcript abundance was greater (P<0.05) at day of hatch compared to the intestinal segment. The duck IGF mRNA in the jejunal mucosa was higher than the whole segment and decreased from day of hatch to day 3 post-hatch while the IGF mRNA abundance increased in the whole segment during the same time period. The turkey IGF-I transcript abundance decreased in both the segment and mucosa following hatch while the IGF-II mRNA expression increased by 1.5 logs from hatch to day 1 post-hatch.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transcript abundance of the IGF axis in the extra-embryonic membranes and gastrointestinal tissue of the developing chicken, duck, and turkey are influenced by embryonic age and species. A better understanding of the IGF axis in the small intestine during embryonic development may allow for increasing the optimal growth of both the gastrointestinal tract and the neonate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. dkarcher@msu.edu
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Karcher
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Fleming-Waddell
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Applegate
mesh_terms: D000482:Allantois / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D000650:Amnion / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004372:Ducks / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004386:Duodenum / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D005321:Extraembryonic Membranes / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007082:Ileum / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007583:Jejunum / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014422:Turkeys / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II