title: Intergenerational effects of cocaine on maternal aggressive behavior  and brain oxytocin in rat dams.
abstract: Gestational cocaine treatment results in significantly increased maternal aggression towards an intruder by postpartum day six, while acute postpartum treatment dose dependently decreases maternal aggressive (MA) behavior. Both increased and decreased aggression in the cocaine-treated dams are correlated with either decreased or increased levels of oxytocin in the amygdala, respectively. The current study was an effort to determine whether the effect of gestational cocaine on maternal aggression is transient or would continue into the postpartum period; whether an intermittent cocaine treatment regimen, which incorporates gestational and postpartum intermittent cocaine treatment, would differ from chronic daily gestational treatment; and finally, whether next generation female offspring of cocaine-treated or control dams would have altered MA behavior and oxytocin system changes attributable to either prenatal drug exposure, rearing condition or both. We now report no increase in maternal aggression following chronic gestational treatment and significantly lower levels of aggression in intermittently treated dams on postpartum day eight, with no significant effects in either group on postpartum day 12. Young adult female offspring of the cocaine-treated and control dams, who reared their own natural litters and were tested on postpartum day eight for maternal aggression, had higher levels of maternal aggression towards an intruder attributable to both prenatal cocaine exposure and rearing condition. Higher aggression in cocaine-reared next generation dams was associated with lower levels of oxytocin in the amygdala. Intergenerational effects of cocaine were apparent with respect to aggression and oxytocin system changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. mcmurray@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: McMurray
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Joyner
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Jarrett
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Hofler
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Johns
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000502:physiology; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D010121:Oxytocin; D003042:Cocaine