Inflammation-induced hepatotoxicity in humans.
Because severe sepsis is frequently complicated by multiple organ failure, it is of importance to monitor organ function. Unfortunately, conventional liver function markers are either relatively unspecific or have a long half-life, which make them poor predictors of acute liver injury. Glutathione S-transferase A1-1 (GSTA1-1) has a relatively short half-life (1 h), is more specific, and is rapidly released into the blood after liver damage. In the present study, we measured plasma GSTA1-1 levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in seven healthy volunteers after repeated experimental endotoxemia induced by 2 ng kg Escherichia coli endotoxin per day (to investigate inflammation-induced hepatic injury) and in 21 patients within 12 h after the occurrence of severe sepsis/septic shock (to investigate its ability to predict an increase of transaminases on day 7). During repeated experimental endotoxemia in healthy volunteers, TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels increased from undetectable levels to 1,425 (474-1,949) and 1,739 (989-2,047) pg mL, respectively, whereas GSTA1-1 levels did not exceed the normal range, indicating that no (sub)clinical liver injury occurs in this model of inflammation. In septic patients, GSTA1-1 levels had a specificity of 88%, resulting in a positive predictive value for liver injury of 86% and a positive likelihood ratio of 6 to indicate an increase in transaminases on day 7. Furthermore, GSTA1-1 levels did not correlate with IL-6 levels but did with dobutamine infusion rate (Spearman r = 0.94; P = 0.02), suggesting that the extent of hemodynamic instability and not the degree of inflammation could be of importance for the occurrence of liver damage. In septic shock patients, GSTA1-1 may represent a useful marker for early liver injury.
Ramakers
Bart P
BP
Departments of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
de Goeij
Moniek
M
van der Hoeven
Johannes G
JG
Peters
Wilbert H M
WH
Pickkers
Peter
P
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005982:Glutathione Transferase