title: Reliability of doctors' anthropometric measurements to detect obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the reliability of anthropometric measurements (weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences (WC; HC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) performed by doctors to assess obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated anthropometric measurements were performed by 12 primary care physicians on 24 adult volunteers in Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. Volunteers (54% women, mean age 41) had a mean BMI of 28.1 (respective mean values for WC, HC and WHR: 91.4, 108.3, 0.84). Inter-observer reliability coefficient (R) and percent disagreement in categorisation of volunteers (normal weight, overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity) were computed according to these measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inter-observer reliability for weight, height, and derived BMI were excellent (R>0.99), but unsatisfactory for WC (R=0.92), HC (R=0.76) and WHR (R=0.51). Based on the BMI, only 1% of the volunteers were misclassified as overweight or obese, whereas the use of WC and WHR lead to misclassification in 6% and 23% respectively. Reliability for the measurements improved after a one-hour training in anthropometric measurements (R=0.97 for WC, 0.92 for HC and 0.89 for WHR), but the proportion who were misclassified remained high despite the training session for WC (5%) and WHR (9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BMI remains the most reliable measure to detect obesity in medical practice, whereas WC, HC and WHR are less reliable. These results challenge current recommendations on obesity-related cardio-vascular risk management based on WC and WHR and underline the need for further research to improve the reliability of anthropometric measurements by doctors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sebo
authors.forename: Sigrid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beer-Borst
authors.forename: Dagmar M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.forename: Patrick A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bovier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003479:Curriculum; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015588:Observer Variation; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000193:education*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013557:Switzerland