title: Refinement of a commercial bench-top relaxin assay for pregnancy diagnosis using urine from domestic and nondomestic felids.
abstract: Relaxin, a 6-kDa polypeptide hormone, is excreted in the urine during pregnancy in several mammalian species. A recent study showed that detection of urinary relaxin using a bench-top serum assay (Witness relaxin kit, Synbiotics Corp., San Diego, California 92127, USA) can be diagnostic for pregnancy in domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus), but it is unknown whether the bench-top kit is applicable with urine across felid species. Our objectives were to 1) examine modifications in urine processing to improve kit reliability in pregnant cats, 2) evaluate the impact of concentrating urine via filtration on relaxin detection, 3) assess the effect of sample freezing on relaxin concentrations, and 4) begin quantifying urinary relaxin levels in nondomestic felids. Urine and serum were collected from domestic cats and nondomestic cat species (Pallas' cat, Otocolobus manul; sand cat, Felis margarita; cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus; and lion, Panthera leo) at several times after breeding. Urine samples, subjected to various processing methods, were tested using the bench-top kit, and relaxin levels were later quantified via radioimmunoassay. For domestic cat urine samples, filtration and addition of protein/phosphate buffer improved the consistency of the relaxin kit for early pregnancy diagnosis. Urine freezing caused a slight (approximately 13%) but significant decrease in relaxin concentrations, but frozen-thawed samples still tested positive with the bench-top kit. In nondomestic felids, urinary relaxin immunoreactivity during pregnancy was similar to or higher than that of pregnant domestic cats, suggesting that relaxin is a reliable cross-species marker of pregnancy. Urinary relaxin was detectable using the bench-top kit in pregnant Pallas' cats, but urine samples from other species tested negative, regardless of processing methods. Findings suggest that measurement of urinary relaxin is a promising approach for noninvasive pregnancy diagnosis in exotic felids, but further assessment of urinary relaxin profiles among cat species and modification of the bench-top relaxin kit are warranted to improve cross-species utility.
authors.affiliation: Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, USA.
authors.forename: Laurie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Bernard G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Steinetz
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lasano
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Swanson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D001947:Breeding; D002415:Cats / Q000502:physiology* / Q000652:urine; D045989:Felidae / Q000502:physiology* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D011247:Pregnancy; D011258:Pregnancy Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000652:urine*; D011863:Radioimmunoassay / Q000662:veterinary; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary; D012065:Relaxin / Q000652:urine*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D012065:Relaxin