title: Ghrelin and the differential regulation of des-acyl (DSG) and oct-anoyl ghrelin (OTG) in human adipose tissue (AT).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ghrelin, an important central acting orexigenic hormone, is predominantly secreted in the gastrointestinal tract. However little is known about the action of ghrelin in human adipose tissue (AT).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the expression of ghrelin in AT, the effects of octanoyl-(OTG) and des-acyl (DSG) ghrelin on lipolysis and lipogenesis, leptin release and potential peripheral signalling through the Y1 receptor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ex vivo human AT was obtained from women undergoing elective surgery (46 (mean +/- SD) 6.8 years, body mass index (BMI): 25.6 +/- 5.0 kg/m(2), n = 20). Abdominal-subcutaneous (AbdSc) adipocytes were isolated and treated with recombinant human (rh) OTG and DSG to assess lipid metabolism leptin release and the influence of Y1-receptor blocker.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ghrelin was expressed in AbdScAT and negatively correlated with BMI (lean: 3.6 +/- 0.74 optical-density-units (OD), obese: 1.64 +/- 0.45 OD, *P < 0.05). Only DSG significantly suppressed glycerol release (Control (C): 286 +/- 58 microl/l; DSG 1 nm: 224 +/- 38 microl/l downward arrow*; DSG 100 nm: 172 +/- 13 microl/l downward arrow*,* downward arrow P < 0.05, n = 7) and reduced hormone sensitive lipase expression (C: 1.0 +/- 0.3 OD; DSG 1 nm: 0.8 +/- 0.3 OD downward arrow*; DSG 100 nm: 0.6 +/- 0.1 OD downward arrow*, n = 4). However, both isoforms increased lipoprotein lipase expression (C: 1.0 +/- 0.3OD; DSG 100 nm: 0.2 +/- 0.4 OD upward arrow*; OTG 100 nm: 2.5 +/- 0.3 OD upward arrow*, n = 4), whilst blockade of Y1 eliminated this effect in both. Leptin was down-regulated by DSG only (DSG 1 nm: 5.3 +/- 0.7 ng/ml; DSG 100 nm: 4.1 +/- 0.7 ng/ml*) and was significant after BMI adjustment (P = 0.029).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ghrelin was expressed in human AbdSc AT. In vitro, both OGT and DSG appear to mediate fat deposition with the lipogenic effects in part mediated by the Y1 receptor, whilst the influence of DSG affected lipolysis, lipogenesis and leptin secretion. Taken together, these studies support a local action for ghrelin isoforms on lipid and adipokine metabolism that further supports a cross talk between organs.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Diabetes and Metabolism, Clinical Sciences Research Institute (CSRI), Warwick Medical School, Coventry, CV2 2DX West Midlands, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kos
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Harte
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: O'Hare
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: McTernan
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism; D050155:Lipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008071:Lipoprotein Lipase / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D017476:Receptors, Neuropeptide Y / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C092926:BIBP 3226; D054439:Ghrelin; D020738:Leptin; D017476:Receptors, Neuropeptide Y; C422650:ghrelin, des-n-octanoyl; D001120:Arginine; D008071:Lipoprotein Lipase