title: Vaccine failure caused an outbreak of equine influenza in Croatia.
abstract: In April 2004 an outbreak of equine influenza occurred at the Zagreb hippodrome, Croatia. Clinical respiratory disease of the same intensity was recorded in vaccinated and non-vaccinated horses. The equine influenza vaccine used in Croatia at the time of the outbreak contained the strains A/equine/Miami/63 (H3N8), A/equine/Fontainebleau/79 (H3N8) and A/equine/Prague/56 (H7N7). At the same time, the usual strains in vaccines used in Europe were, in accordance with the recommendation of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Expert Surveillance Panel on equine influenza, A/equine/Newmarket/1/93 (H3N8) and A/equine/Newmarket/2/93 (H3N8). At the same time, some current vaccines in the USA contained A/equine/Kentucky/97 (H3N8). Genetic characterization of the HA1 portion of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene of virus isolated from the outbreak indicated that the isolate (A/equine/Zagreb/04) was an H3N8 strain closely related to recent representative viruses of the American lineage Florida sub-lineage. In comparison with both H3N8 vaccine strains used in horses at the Zagreb hippodrome, A/equine/Zagreb/04 displayed amino acids changes localised to 4 of the 5 described antigenic sites (A-D) of subunit protein HA1. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the HA1 subunit protein of the outbreak strain with that of A/equine/Newmarket/1/93 displayed three amino acids changes localised in antigenic sites B and C, while antigenic sites A, D and E were unchanged. The Zagreb 2004 outbreak strain had the same amino acids at antigenic sites of the HA1 subunit protein as the strain A/equine/Kentucky/97. Amino acid changes in antigenic sites between HA1 subunit of the outbreak strain and the strains used in the vaccines likely accounted for the vaccine failure and the same clinical signs in vaccinated and unvaccinated horses. Use of a recent strain in vaccines should limit future outbreaks.
authors.affiliation: Department for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. ljubo.barbic@vef.hr
authors.forename: Ljubo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barbic
authors.forename: Josip
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Madic
authors.forename: Nenad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Turk
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daly
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017523:Croatia / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006388:Hemagglutinins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D006736:Horses; D053123:Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D053126:Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D006388:Hemagglutinins; D007252:Influenza Vaccines