title: Selection of housekeeping genes for gene expression studies in the adult rat submandibular gland under normal, inflamed, atrophic and regenerative states.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Real-time PCR is a reliable tool with which to measure mRNA transcripts, and provides valuable information on gene expression profiles. Endogenous controls such as housekeeping genes are used to normalise mRNA levels between samples for sensitive comparisons of mRNA transcription. Selection of the most stable control gene(s) is therefore critical for the reliable interpretation of gene expression data. For the purpose of this study, 7 commonly used housekeeping genes were investigated in salivary submandibular glands under normal, inflamed, atrophic and regenerative states.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The program NormFinder identified the suitability of HPRT to use as a single gene for normalisation within the normal, inflamed and regenerative states, and GAPDH in the atrophic state. For normalisation to multiple housekeeping genes, for each individual state, the optimal number of housekeeping genes as given by geNorm was: ACTB/UBC in the normal, ACTB/YWHAZ in the inflamed, ACTB/HPRT in the atrophic and ACTB/GAPDH in the regenerative state. The most stable housekeeping gene identified between states (compared to normal) was UBC. However, ACTB, identified as one of the most stably expressed genes within states, was found to be one of the most variable between states. Furthermore we demonstrated that normalising between states to ACTB, rather than UBC, introduced an approximately 3 fold magnitude of error.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using NormFinder, our studies demonstrated the suitability of HPRT to use as a single gene for normalisation within the normal, inflamed and regenerative groups and GAPDH in the atrophic group. However, if normalising to multiple housekeeping genes, we recommend normalising to those identified by geNorm. For normalisation across the physiological states, we recommend the use of UBC.
authors.affiliation: Salivary Research Unit, Floor 17, Guy's Tower, King's College London, London, UK. nick.silver@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cotroneo
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.forename: Samira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Osailan
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: Guy H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Carpenter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001284:Atrophy / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000592:standards*; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051381:Rats; D012015:Reference Standards; D012038:Regeneration / Q000235:genetics; D012984:Software; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; D007041:Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase