title: Increased expression of CCL2 in insulin-producing cells of transgenic mice promotes mobilization of myeloid cells from the bone marrow, marked insulitis, and diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of monocytes/macrophages in the islets of Langerhans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested the hypothesis that macrophage accumulation into the islets is caused by overexpression of the chemokine CCL2. To test this hypothesis, we generated transgenic mice and evaluated the cellular composition of the islets by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. We determined serum levels of CCL2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, determined numbers of circulating monocytes, and tested whether CCL2 could mobilize monocytes from the bone marrow directly. We examined development of diabetes over time and tested whether CCL2 effects could be eliminated by deletion of its receptor, CCR2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of CCL2 by beta-cells was associated with increased numbers of monocytes in circulation and accumulation of macrophages in the islets of transgenic mice. These changes were promoted by combined actions of CCL2 at the level of the bone marrow and the islets and were not seen in animals in which the CCL2 receptor (CCR2) was inactivated. Mice expressing higher levels of CCL2 in the islets developed diabetes spontaneously. The development of diabetes was correlated with the accumulation of large numbers of monocytes in the islets and did not depend on T- and B-cells. Diabetes could also be induced in normoglycemic mice expressing low levels of CCL2 by increasing the number of circulating myeloid cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that CCL2 promotes monocyte recruitment by acting both locally and remotely and that expression of CCL2 by insulin-producing cells can lead to insulitis and islet destruction.
authors.affiliation: Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rankin
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pitchford
authors.forename: Israel F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Charo
authors.forename: Glaucia C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Furtado
authors.forename: Sergio A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000378:metabolism*; D002465:Cell Movement; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018932:Chemokine CCL2