title: Reduced orthographic learning in dyslexic adult readers: evidence from patterns of letter search.
abstract: Visual letter search performance was investigated in a group of dyslexic adult readers using a task that required detection of a cued letter target embedded within a random five-letter string. Compared to a group of skilled readers, dyslexic readers were significantly slower at correctly identifying targets located in the first and second string position, illustrating significantly reduced leftward facilitation than is typically observed. Furthermore, compared to skilled readers, dyslexic readers showed reduced sensitivity to positional letter frequency. They failed to exhibit significantly faster response times to correctly detect target letters appearing in the most, compared to least, frequent letter position within five-letter words, and response times correlated with positional letter frequency only for the initial, and not the final, letter position. These results are compatible with the SERIOL (sequential encoding regulated by inputs to oscillations within letter units) model of orthographic processing proposed by Whitney and Cornelissen (2005). Furthermore, they suggest that dyslexic readers are less efficient than skilled readers at learning to extract statistical regularities from orthographic input.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK. nicola.pitchford@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Pitchford
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ledgeway
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Masterson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time; D011932:Reading; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult