title: Mucosal immunity in healthy adults after parenteral vaccination with outer-membrane vesicles from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nasopharyngeal carriage of meningococcus or related species leads to protective immunity in adolescence or early adulthood. This natural immunity is associated with mucosal and systemic T cell memory. Whether parenteral Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) vaccination influences natural mucosal immunity is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether parenteral MenB vaccination affects mucosal immunity in young adults and whether this immunity differs from that induced in the blood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Otherwise healthy volunteers were immunized with MenB outer membrane vesicle vaccine before and after routine tonsillectomy. Mucosal and systemic immunity were assessed in 9 vaccinees and 12 unvaccinated control subjects by measuring mononuclear cell proliferation, cytokine production, Th1/Th2 surface marker expression, and antibody to MenB antigens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parenteral vaccination induced a marked increase in systemic T cell immunity against MenB and a Th1 bias. In contrast, although mucosal T cell proliferation in response to MenB neither increased nor decreased following vaccination, mononuclear cell interferon gamma, interleukin (IL)-5, and IL-10 production increased, and the Th1/Th2 profile lost its Th1 bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parenteral MenB vaccination selectively reprograms preexisting naturally acquired mucosal immunity. As new-generation protein-based MenB vaccine candidates undergo evaluation, the impact of these vaccines on mucosal immunity in both adults and children will need to be addressed.
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Davenport
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Groves
authors.forename: Rachel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guthrie
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Findlow
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borrow
authors.forename: Lisbeth M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Naess
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oster
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Heyderman
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000276:immunology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*; D038541:Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B / Q000276:immunology*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D022401:Meningococcal Vaccines