title: Anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of fumonisin B1, an inhibitor of ceramide synthase, in a rodent model of splanchnic ischemia and reperfusion injury.
abstract: Ceramide is a sphingolipid with potent proinflammatory and proapoptotic properties. This study sought to determine whether pharmacological inhibition of ceramide biosynthesis in the intestine attenuates pathophysiological sequelae of shock induced by splanchnic artery occlusion and reperfusion. Ischemia and reperfusion injury was induced in anesthetized rats by clamping both the superior mesenteric artery and the celiac artery for 45 min followed by reperfusion. Within 6 min after reperfusion, animals developed significant systemic hypotension with 100% of the animals dying during the 4-h period of reperfusion. In parallel experiments, animals were necropsied after 60 min of reperfusion, and the ileum was harvested for histological examination and assessment of biochemical changes. Administration of fumonisin B1 (FB1), a competitive and reversible inhibitor of ceramide synthase (3 mg/kg, 15 min before reperfusion), significantly reduced i) the increased ceramide expression as detected by immunohistochemistry; ii) peroxynitrite-mediated protein nitration; iii) infiltration of the reperfused intestine with polymorphonuclear neutrophils following a decrease in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression; iv) production of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha; and v) apoptosis in the ileum. Overall, tissue-protective effects were clearly observed upon histological examination of the ileum. These beneficial events were ultimately linked to decreases in both the development of hypotension and overall mortality. These results implicate ceramide as a key signaling molecule in splanchnic arterial ischemia and reperfusion-induced shock. The broader implications of our results provide a pharmacological rationale for the development of inhibitors of ceramide biosynthesis as novel therapeutics for ischemia and reperfusion-induced shock of several etiologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cuzzocrea
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Paola
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazzon
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crisafulli
authors.forename: Placido
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bramanti
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Salvemini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002518:Ceramides / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein / Q000032:analysis; D037341:Fumonisins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008297:Male; D008641:Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D002518:Ceramides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; C505662:Faslg protein, rat; D037341:Fumonisins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; C056933:fumonisin B1; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C108138:dihydroceramide desaturase