title: Perceptions about the cause of schizophrenia and the subsequent help seeking behavior in a Pakistani population - results of a cross-sectional survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a cultural variability around the perception of what causes the syndrome of schizophrenia. Generally patients with schizophrenia are considered dangerous. They are isolated and treatment is delayed. Studies have shown favorable prognosis with good family and social support, early diagnosis and management. Duration of untreated psychosis is a bad prognostic indicator. We aimed to determine the perceptions regarding the etiology of schizophrenia and the subsequent help seeking behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 404 people at the out patient departments of Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi. Data was collected via a self-administered questionnaire. Questions were related to a vignette of a young man displaying schizophrenic behavior. Data was analyzed on SPSS v 14.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the participants was 31.4 years (range = 18-72) and 77% of them were males. The majorities were graduates (61.9%) and employed (50%). Only 30% of the participants attributed 'mental illness' as the main cause of psychotic symptoms while a large number thought of 'God's will' (32.3%), 'superstitious ideas' (33.1%), 'loneliness' (24.8%) and 'unemployment' (19.3%) as the main cause. Mental illness as the single most important cause was reported by only 22%. As far as management is concerned, only 40% reported psychiatric consultation to be the single most important management step. Other responses included spiritual healing (19.5%) and Sociachanges (10.6) while 14.8% of respondents said that they would do nothing. Gender, age, family system and education level were significantly associated with the beliefs about the cause of schizophrenia (p < 0.05). While these variables plus 'religious inclination' and 'beliefs about cause' were significantly associated with the help seeking behavior of the participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite majority of the study population being well educated, only a few recognized schizophrenia as a mental illness and many held superstitious beliefs. A vast majority of Pakistanis have non-biomedical beliefs about the cause of schizophrenia. Their help seeking behavior in this regard is inappropriate and detrimental to the health of schizophrenic patients. Areas for future research have been identified.
authors.affiliation: Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi 74800, Pakistan. zafar.nabeel@gmail.com
authors.forename: Syed Nabeel
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Zafar
authors.forename: Reema
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tehseen
authors.forename: Saqib A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gowani
authors.forename: Sana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waqar
authors.forename: Amina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zubair
authors.forename: Wajeeha
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yousaf
authors.forename: Akbar J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Zubairi
authors.forename: Haider
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naqvi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires