title: Empirical fluconazole versus placebo for intensive care unit patients: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Invasive infection with Candida species is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Optimal preventive strategies have not been clearly defined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To see whether empirical fluconazole improves clinical outcomes more than placebo in adult ICU patients at high risk for invasive candidiasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial conducted from 1995 to 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  26 ICUs in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  270 adult ICU patients with fever despite administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics. All had central venous catheters and an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score greater than 16.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly assigned to either intravenous fluconazole, 800 mg daily, or placebo for 2 weeks and were followed for 4 weeks thereafter. Two hundred forty-nine participants were available for outcome assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A composite primary outcome that defined success as all 4 of the following: resolution of fever; absence of invasive fungal infection; no discontinuation because of toxicity; and no need for a nonstudy, systemic antifungal medication (as assessed by a blinded oversight committee).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 44 of 122 (36%) fluconazole recipients and 48 of 127 (38%) placebo recipients had a successful outcome (relative risk, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.69 to 1.32; P = 0.78]). The main reason for failure was lack of resolution of fever (51% for fluconazole and 57% for placebo). Documented invasive candidiasis occurred in 5% of fluconazole recipients and 9% of placebo recipients (relative risk, 0.57 [CI, 0.22 to 1.49]). Seven (5%) fluconazole recipients and 10 (7%) placebo recipients had adverse events resulting in discontinuation of the study drug. Discontinuation because of abnormal liver test results occurred in 3 (2%) fluconazole recipients and 5 (4%) placebo recipients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Twenty-one randomly assigned patients were not included in the analysis because they either did not meet entry criteria or did not have postbaseline assessments. Fewer fungal infections than anticipated occurred in the control group. Confidence bounds were wide and did not exclude potentially important differences in outcomes between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In critically ill adults with risk factors for invasive candidiasis, empirical fluconazole did not clearly improve a composite outcome more than placebo.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. schustem@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Mindy G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Jack D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sobel
authors.forename: Rabih O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Darouiche
authors.forename: Adolf W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Karchmer
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hadley
authors.forename: Gus
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Slotman
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Panzer
authors.forename: Pinaki
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rex
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016469:Fungemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D015725:Fluconazole