title: The role of exposure to phthalates from polyvinyl chloride products in the development of asthma and allergies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phthalates from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics may have adverse effects on airways and immunologic systems, but the evidence has not been reviewed systematically.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed the evidence for the role of exposure to phthalates from PVC products in the development of asthma and allergies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a Medline database search (1950 through May 2007) for relevant studies on the respiratory and allergic effects of exposure to phthalates from PVC products.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We based this review on 27 human and 14 laboratory toxicology studies. Two mouse inhalation experiments indicated that mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) has the ability to modulate the immune response to exposure to a coallergen. The data suggested a no observed effect level of 30 microg MEHP/m3, calculated to be below the estimated level of human exposure in common environments. Case reports and series (n = 9) identified and verified cases of asthma that were very likely caused by fumes emitted from PVC film. Epidemiologic studies in adults (n = 10), mostly small studies in occupational settings, showed associations between heated PVC fumes and asthma and respiratory symptoms; studies in children (n = 5) showed an association between PVC surface materials in the home and the risk of asthma [fixed-effects model: summary odds ratio (OR), 1.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.18-2.05; four studies] and allergies (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.09-1.60; three studies).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High levels of phthalates from PVC products can modulate the murine immune response to a coallergen. Heated PVC fumes possibly contribute to development of asthma in adults. Epidemiologic studies in children show associations between indicators of phthalate exposure in the home and risk of asthma and allergies. The lack of objective exposure information limits the epidemiologic data.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom. j.jaakkola@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jouni J K
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jaakkola
authors.forename: Trudy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Knight
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride