Implementation of an industrial systems-engineering approach to reduce the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection.
OBJECTIVE
To measure the effectiveness of an industrial systems-engineering approach to a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevention program.


METHODS
Before-after intervention study.


METHODS
An intensive care unit (ICU) and a surgical unit that was not an ICU in the Pittsburgh Veterans Administration hospital.


METHODS
All patients admitted to the study units.


METHODS
We implemented an MRSA infection control program that consisted of the following 4 elements: (1) the use of standard precautions for all patient contact, with emphasis on hand hygiene; (2) the use of contact precautions for interactions with patients known to be infected or colonized with MRSA; (3) the use of active surveillance cultures to identify patients who were asymptomatically colonized with MRSA; and (4) use of an industrial systems-engineering approach, the Toyota Production System, to facilitate consistent and reliable adherence to the infection control program.


RESULTS
The rate of healthcare-associated MRSA infection in the surgical unit decreased from 1.56 infections per 1,000 patient-days in the 2 years before the intervention to 0.63 infections per 1,000 patient-days in the 4 years after the intervention (a 60% reduction; P = .003). The rate of healthcare-associated MRSA infection in the ICU decreased from 5.45 infections per 1,000 patient-days in the 2 years before to the intervention to 1.35 infections per 1,000 patient-days in the 3 years after the intervention (a 75% reduction; P = .001). The combined estimate for reduction in the incidence of infection after the intervention in the 2 units was 68% (95% confidence interval, 50%-79%; P < .001).


CONCLUSIONS
Sustained reduction in the incidence of MRSA infection is possible in a setting where this pathogen is endemic. An industrial systems-engineering approach can be adapted to facilitate consistent and reliable adherence to MRSA infection prevention practices in healthcare facilities.
Muder
Robert R
RR
VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15240, USA. Robert.Muder@va.gov
Cunningham
Candace
C
McCray
Ellesha
E
Squier
Cheryl
C
Perreiah
Peter
P
Jain
Rajiv
R
Sinkowitz-Cochran
Ronda L
RL
Jernigan
John A
JA
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001336:Automobiles; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003470:Culture Media; D006235:Hand Disinfection; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007221:Industry / Q000379:methods; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D010356:Patient Isolation; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D016730:Program Development; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016635:Universal Precautions
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003470:Culture Media