title: Comparison of copeptin, B-type natriuretic peptide, and amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with chronic heart failure: prediction of death at different stages of the disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to evaluate the predictive value of copeptin over the entire spectrum of heart failure (HF) and compare it to the current benchmark markers, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Vasopressin has been shown to increase with the severity of chronic HF. Copeptin is a fragment of pre-pro-vasopressin that is synthesized and secreted in equimolar amounts to vasopressin. Both hormones have a short lifetime in vivo, similar to BNPs, but in contrast to vasopressin, copeptin is very stable in vitro. The predictive value of copeptin has been shown in advanced HF, where it was superior to BNP for predicting 24-month mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a long-term observational study in 786 HF patients from the whole spectrum of heart failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class I to IV, BNP 688 +/- 948 pg/ml [range 3 to 8,536 pg/ml], left ventricular ejection fraction 25 +/- 10% [range 5% to 65%]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NYHA functional class was the most potent single predictor of 24-month outcome in a stepwise Cox regression model. The BNP, copeptin, and glomerular filtration rate were related to NYHA functional class (p < 0.0001 for trend). Copeptin was the most potent single predictor of mortality in patients with NYHA functional class II (p < 0.0001) and class III (p < 0.0001). In NYHA functional class IV, the outcome of patients was best predicted by serum sodium, but again, copeptin added additional independent information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased levels of copeptin are linked to excess mortality, and this link is maintained irrespective of the clinical signs of severity of the disease. Copeptin was superior to BNP or NT-proBNP in this study, but the markers seem to be closely related.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neuhold
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huelsmann
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Strunk
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stoiser
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Struck
authors.forename: Nils G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Morgenthaler
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: Deddo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moertl
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pacher
mesh_terms: D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006020:Glycopeptides / Q000097:blood*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012372:ROC Curve; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013318:Stroke Volume; D013997:Time Factors; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006020:Glycopeptides; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C048197:copeptins; C109794:pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76); D014667:Vasopressins; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain