title: The role of lymphovascular invasion in predicting the prognosis of clinically localized upper tract urothelial carcinoma (pT1-3cN0M0).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the impact of lymphovascular invasion on the prognosis of patients treated for clinically localized (pT1-3N0M0) upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1998 to December 2004, 106 patients treated surgically for clinically localized upper tract urothelial carcinoma (pT1-3cN0M0) were recruited for analysis retrospectively. We assessed the impact of multiple prognostic factors including age, sex, smoking, tumor multiplicity, pathological stage, grading, squamous differentiation, subsequent bladder tumor recurrence, tumor site and lymphovascular invasion on the recurrence-free survival rate. We clarified the role of lymphovascular invasion in predicting cancer specific survival in these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean patient age was 67.2 +/- 11.1 years and median followup was 47.5 months (range 40 to 115). Lymphovascular invasion was present in 32 of 106 (30.2%) patients. The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate in patients with and without lymphovascular invasion was 65.3% and 91.9%, respectively (p <0.001). On multivariate analysis lymphovascular invasion status, pT3 and ureteral involvement were significant predictors of patient recurrence-free survival. The positivity of lymphovascular invasion was also significantly associated with the risk of higher stage disease (OR 7.49).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with lymphovascular invasion had a higher risk of greater pathological stage disease. Lymphovascular invasion and high stage disease with ureteral involvement led to a greater risk of disease recurrence and, in turn, recurrence caused a higher mortality rate. This finding could help identify patients at greater risk for disease recurrence who would benefit from close followup and early adjuvant therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Chou
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Fu-Chang
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Shiu-Dong
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Shih-Chieh
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chueh
authors.forename: Yuan-Shiau
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.forename: Kuo-How
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009392:Nephrectomy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery