title: The ubiquitin-like molecule interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a potential prognostic marker in human breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  ISG15 is an ubiquitin-like molecule that is strongly upregulated by type I interferons as a primary response to diverse microbial and cellular stress stimuli. However, alterations in the ISG15 signalling pathway have also been found in several human tumour entities. To the best of our knowledge, in the current study we present for the first time a systematic characterisation of ISG15 expression in human breast cancer and normal breast tissue both at the mRNA and protein level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using semiquantitative real-time PCR, cDNA dot-blot hybridisation and immunohistochemistry, we systematically analysed ISG15 expression in invasive breast carcinomas (n = 910) and normal breast tissues (n = 135). ISG15 protein expression was analysed in two independent cohorts on tissue microarrays; in an initial evaluation set of 179 breast carcinomas and 51 normal breast tissues; and in a second large validation set of 646 breast carcinomas and 10 normal breast tissues. In addition, a collection of benign and malignant mammary cell lines (n = 9) were investigated for ISG15 expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ISG15 was overexpressed in breast carcinoma cells compared with normal breast tissue, both at the RNA and protein level. Recurrence-free (p = 0.030), event-free (p = 0.001) and overall (p = 0.001) survival analyses showed a significant correlation between ISG15 overexpression and unfavourable prognosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, ISG15 may represent a novel breast tumour marker with prognostic significance and may be helpful in selecting patients for and predicting response to the treatment of human breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany. nbektas@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: Nuran
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bektas
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Noetzel
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Veeck
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Press
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
authors.forename: Amjad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naami
authors.forename: Arndt
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: Arno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dimmler
authors.forename: Matthias W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Beckmann
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knüchel
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Fasching
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dahl
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012008:Recurrence; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000378:metabolism*; D014452:Ubiquitins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D025801:Ubiquitin; D014452:Ubiquitins; C074034:ISG15 protein, human; D012313:RNA