title: Origin of synchronized low-frequency blood oxygen level-dependent fluctuations in the primary visual cortex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low-frequency (<0.08 Hz) fluctuations in spontaneous blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal intensity show synchronization across anatomically interconnected and functionally specific brain regions, suggesting a neural origin of fluctuations. To determine the mechanism by which high-frequency neural activity results in low-frequency BOLD fluctuations, I obtained measurements of the effects of neurovascular coupling on the frequency content of BOLD fluctuations.
  
  
  METHODS
  3T recordings of BOLD signal intensity in the primary visual cortex were obtained in response to visual stimuli presented at varying temporal frequencies to determine which stimulus frequencies were successfully transmitted to BOLD signal intensity. Additional BOLD time series recordings were performed in a resting state and during natural visual stimulation, and frequencies comprising BOLD fluctuations were measured. Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) time series recordings were obtained in a resting state to measure which components of MEG signal intensity best correlated in frequency distribution to observed BOLD fluctuations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visually driven oscillations in BOLD signal intensity were observed up to 0.2 Hz, representing a mismatch between low-pass filter properties of neurovascular coupling and observed frequencies of spontaneous BOLD fluctuations, which are <0.05 Hz in the primary visual cortex. Visual stimulation frequencies of >0.2 Hz resulted in frequency-dependent increases in mean BOLD response. Amplitude modulation of high-frequency neural activity was measured in MEG time series data, which demonstrated 1/frequency distribution with the greatest power comprising frequencies <0.05 Hz, consistent with the distribution of observed BOLD fluctuations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Synchronized low-frequency BOLD fluctuations likely arise from a combination of vascular low-pass filtering and low-frequency amplitude modulation of neural activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. andersonjeffs@gmail.com
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D005829:Geniculate Bodies / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology*; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen