title: The appendix as ureteral substitute: a report of 10 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ureteric replacement in part or in total is rarely needed in children. We present our experience in using the appendix to replace the ureter.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case note review was carried out at Sheffield Children's Hospital (UK), Ekta Institute of Child Health (Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India) and Christian Medical College Hospital (Vellore, India) of all cases of ureteric substitution using the appendix.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten patients were identified, operated in 2002-2007: seven males and three females with a median age of 2.5 years (range 2.5 months to 12 years). The reasons for ureteric replacement were traumatic ureteric avulsion (n=1), congenital ureteric stenosis (n=5), non-drainage following previous pyeloplasty for pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (n=3) and ureteric stricture following reimplantation for vesico-ureteric reflux (n=1). The appendix was used in an anti-peristaltic manner in all cases, and in one case a transureteroureterostomy was performed. At a median follow up of 16months (1-72 months), all the patients were well except one whose kidney function had deteriorated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total or partial replacement of the ureter using the appendix, even in the first year of life, preserved renal function in nine cases. Ureteric continuity can be successfully restored in children using the appendix.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Urology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TH, UK. haitham.dagash@sch.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Haitham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dagash
authors.forename: Sudipta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chacko
authors.forename: Sampath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.forename: Dhruv
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Pulak
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parag
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Mackinnon
mesh_terms: D001065:Appendix / Q000637:transplantation*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*