title: A study of cognitive dysfunction in patients having carotid endarterectomy performed with regional anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In previous studies, we found that approximately 25% of patients having carotid endarterectomy with general anesthesia (CEA general) develop cognitive dysfunction compared with a surgical control Group 1 day and 1 mo after surgery. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that patients having CEA with regional anesthesia (CEA regional) will develop significant cognitive dysfunction 1 day after surgery compared with a control group of patients receiving sedation 1 day after surgery. We did not study persistence of dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test this hypothesis, we enrolled 60 patients in a prospective study. CEA regional was performed with superficial and deep cervical plexus blocks in 41 patients. The control group consisted of 19 patients having coronary angiography or coronary artery stenting performed with sedation. A control group is necessary to account for the "practice effect" associated with repeated cognitive testing. The patients from the CEA regional group were enrolled at New York Medical Center and the control group at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. The cognitive performance of all patients was evaluated using a previously validated battery of neuropsychometric tests. Differences in performance, 1 day after compared with before surgery, were evaluated by both event-rate and group-rate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On postoperative day 1, 24.4% of patients undergoing CEA regional had significant cognitive dysfunction, where "significant" was defined as a total deficit score > or =2 SD worse than the mean performance in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients undergoing CEA regional had an incidence of cognitive dysfunction which was not different than patients having CEA general as previously published and compared with a contemporaneously enrolled group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, 620 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. ejh3@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Heyer
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: E Will
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zurica
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Hadi J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Halazun
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Teverbaugh
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Sciacca
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: Donald O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Quest
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Riles
authors.forename: E Sander
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects; D016893:Carotid Stenosis; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis