How to prevent immunological reactions in leprosy patients and interrupt transmission of Mycobacterium leprae to healthy subjects: two hypotheses.
The basis of World Health Organization strategy for leprosy elimination is that the only source and reservoir for infection are patients with the disease. It was assumed that multi drug therapy (MDT) would reduce transmission of Mycobacterium leprae, but there is no convincing evidence for this. Furthermore, even if MDT has been proved to be extremely effective against the infectious disease, a noticeable proportion of leprosy patients can suffer from immunologic hypersensitivity reactions which are now the most significant issue in the managements of the disease. In endemic areas it was found that: M. leprae survives outside human body; healthy individuals harbor M. leprae bacilli in nasal cavity and shed micro-organisms in environment; there is widespread subclinical transmission of M. leprae with transient infection of the nose resulting in the development of a mucosal immune response. This disparate clinical, epidemiologic, and microbiologic evidence leads to the first hypothesis: that antigenic load in local tissues, sufficient to trigger the immune response, comes from external supply of M. leprae organisms. The hypothiocyanite anion (OSCN-) is generated in vivo by the reaction of thiocyanate with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by lactoperoxidase. OSCN- is an antimicrobial oxidizing agent that prevents growth of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. OSNC- exists in lower airway secretions and lung has never been reported to be affected by leprosy. There is a sufficient concentration of OSCN- in the saliva, and accordingly mouth is rarely affected by leprosy. By contrast, the concentration of this compound is low or nil in nasal and lacrimal secretions and leprosy very often affects nose and eyes. The second hypothesis is that OSCN- may also protect from leprosy. Recently a method of OSCN- production, not involving enzymatic steps or use of toxic heavy-metal salts, has been patented. Studies on the susceptibility of M. leprae to hypothiocyanite could be carried out and, in case of positive results, the substance might be used in order to sterilize the nasal cavity of healthy carriers and prevent transmission of M. leprae to healthy subjects and to leprosy patients in whom it may trigger an immune response.
Mastrangelo
G
G
Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Padova University Medical School, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy. giuseppe.mastrangelo@unipd.it
Marcer
G
G
Cegolon
L
L
Buja
A
A
Fadda
E
E
Scoizzato
L
L
Pavanello
S
S
D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D007784:Lactoperoxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D007918:Leprosy / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009166:Mycobacterium leprae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000378:metabolism
D013861:Thiocyanates; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007784:Lactoperoxidase