title: Muscle strength, aerobic capacity and physical activity in independent ambulating children with lumbosacral spina bifida.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This cross-sectional study investigates deficits and associations in muscle strength, 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), aerobic capacity (VO(2peak)), and physical activity (PA) in independent ambulatory children with lumbosacral spina bifida.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-tree children participated (13 boys, 10 girls). Mean age (SD): 10.4 (+/-3.1) years. Muscle strength (manual muscle testing and hand-held dynamometry), 6MWD, VO(2peak) (maximal exercise test on a treadmill), and PA (quantity and energy expenditure [EE]), were measured and compared with aged-matched reference values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Strength of upper and lower extremity muscles, and VO(2peak) were significantly lower compared to reference values. Mean Z-scores ranged from -1.2 to -2.9 for muscle strength, and from -1.7 to -4.1 for VO2peak. EE ranged from 73 - 84% of predicted EE. 6MWD was significantly associated with muscle strength of hip abductors and foot dorsal flexors. VO(2peak) was significantly associated with strength of hip flexors, hip abductors, knee extensors, foot dorsal flexors, and calf muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These children have significantly reduced muscle strength, 6MWD, VO(2peak) and lower levels of PA, compared to reference values. VO(2peak) and 6MWD were significantly associated with muscle strength, especially with hip abductor and ankle muscles. Therefore, even in independent ambulating children training on endurance and muscle strength seems indicated.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Paediatric Physiotherapy and Exercise Physiology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands. m.a.g.c.schoenmakers@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Marja A G C
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schoenmakers
authors.forename: Janke F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: de Groot
authors.forename: Jan Willem
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gorter
authors.forename: Jobke L M
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hillaert
authors.forename: Paul J M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Helders
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takken
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D034941:Upper Extremity; D016138:Walking