title: The logopenic/phonological variant of primary progressive aphasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is characterized by isolated decline in language functions. Semantic dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia are accepted PPA variants. A "logopenic" variant (LPA) has also been proposed, but its cognitive and anatomic profile is less defined. The aim of this study was to establish the cognitive and anatomic features of LPA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six previously unreported LPA cases underwent extensive neuropsychological evaluation and an experimental study of phonological loop functions, including auditory and visual span tasks with digits, letters, and words. For each patient, a voxel-wise, automated analysis of MRI or SPECT data were conducted using SPM2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In LPA, speech rate was slow, with long word-finding pauses. Grammar and articulation were preserved, although phonological paraphasias could be present. Repetition and comprehension were impaired for sentences but preserved for single words, and naming was moderately affected. Investigation of phonological loop functions showed that patients were severely impaired in digit, letter, and word span tasks. Performance did not improve with pointing, was influenced by word length, and did not show the normal phonological similarity effect. Atrophy or decreased blood flow was consistently found in the posterior portion of the left superior and middle temporal gyri and inferior parietal lobule.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA) is a distinctive variant of primary progressive aphasia. Cognitive and neuroimaging data indicate that a deficit in phonological loop functions may be the core mechanism underlying the LPA clinical syndrome. Recent studies suggest that Alzheimer disease may be the most common pathology underlying the LPA clinical syndrome.
authors.affiliation: UCSF Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. marilu@memory.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gorno-Tempini
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Brambati
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ginex
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ogar
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Dronkers
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcone
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perani
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Garibotto
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Cappa
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D018888:Aphasia, Primary Progressive / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013060:Speech; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon