title: Mule cognition: a case of hybrid vigour?
abstract: This study compares the behaviour of the mule (Equus asinus x Equus caballus) with that of its parent species to assess the effects of hybridization on cognition. Six mules, six ponies (E. caballus) and six donkeys (E. asinus) were given a two choice visual discrimination learning task. Each session consisted of 12 trials and pass level was reached when subjects chose the correct stimulus for at least 9 out of the 12 trials in three consecutive sessions. A record was made of how many pairs each subject learnt over 25 sessions. The mules' performance was significantly better than that of either of the parent species (Kruskal-Wallis: H(x) = 8.11, P = 0.017). They were also the only group to learn enough pairs to be able to show a successive reduction in the number of sessions required to reach criterion level. This study provides the first empirical evidence that the improved characteristics of mules may be extended from physical attributes to cognitive function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
authors.forename: Leanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Proops
authors.forename: Faith
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Burden
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Osthaus
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001245:Association Learning / Q000502:physiology; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D018397:Equidae / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005556:Form Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D006823:Hybrid Vigor / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D013045:Species Specificity