title: A comparative study of ciliary differentiations in the branchial stigmata of ascidians.
abstract: In a correlated thin sectioning and freeze-fracturing study, we have examined species belonging to the orders of the ascidian class: Stolidobranchiata (Botryllus schlosseri, Botrylloides leachi, Molgula socialis, Styela plicata), Phlebobranchiata (Ascidiella aspersa, Phallusia ingeria, Ciona intestinalis) and Aplousobranchiata (Clavelina lepadiformis). Though the branchial basket varies in the complexity and filtration efficiency in the three orders, the ciliated epithelia aroand the stigmata contain a common pattern of organization; seven rows of flattened cells, each bearing a single row of long cilia flanked by a single row of microvilli. All the species examined possess ciliary specializations represented by: (a) bridges connecting doublets number 5 and 6 as well as 9.1 and 2; (b) dense material lying between the above mentioned axonemal doublets (5-6 and 1-2) and the ciliary membrane, sometimes in the shape of longitudinal strands or often as lines of dots; (c) a fuzzy coat protruding from the ciliary membrane, consisting of tufts or scattered filaments; (d) intramembrane particles (IMPs) associated with the P-face of the membrane, often arranged in clusters and orderly alignments related to the anderlying axonemal doublets; these IMPs decorate the opposite sides of each cilium facing the adjacent cilia forming the ciliary rows of adjacent cells and are absent on the lateral sides. The stigmatal cilia propel water through the stigmata and their effective strokes follow a line at right angles to the row of cilia in each cell. The usual direction of the effective stroke is toward doublets 5-6. It is possible, therefore, to refer to structure in relation to the ciliary beat cycle. The importance of these specializations is unknown, but the structures appear to vary in the different species. A correlation between the richness of the specializations and the complexity of the branchial basket was not evidenced. It was suggested that the ciliary specializations relate to the peculiar organization of the stigmatal margin and that all are involved in the regulation of the ciliary activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padova 35,100, Italy.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Martinucci
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dallai
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burighel