title: The longitudinal effects of physical activity history on metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship of physical activity and its changes over a 9-yr follow-up to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in 2060 young adults (24-39 yr) enrolled in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) was assessed using a self-report questionnaire completed in connection with a medical examination at two consecutive measurements in 1992 and 2001. By summing the LTPA items, a physical activity index (PAI) was formed for both measurement points according to which the participants were divided into tracking groups: persistently active, increasingly active, decreasingly active, and persistently inactive. MetS in 2001 was defined by the guidelines of the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR), the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III), and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). A continuous metabolic risk score was also calculated by summing the z-scores for the metabolic risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant linear relationship between MetS and LTPA at baseline in men and at follow-up in both sexes according to all three definitions. Persistent physical activity during 9 yr was associated with a lower prevalence of MetS than persistent physical inactivity on all definitions (all P < 0.05). Similar results were found for increasingly active women (all P < 0.05). All of these associations remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders. In both men and women, the 9-yr change in LTPA was related to the metabolic risk score after adjustments for baseline LTPA, age, smoking, and education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A physically active lifestyle across the lifespan may prevent or delay the onset of metabolic syndrome in young male and female adults.
authors.affiliation: LIKES Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland. xiaolin.yang@likes.fi
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Telama
authors.forename: Mirja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirvensalo
authors.forename: Noora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mattsson
authors.forename: Jorma S A
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.forename: Olli T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Raitakari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires