title: Color Doppler ultrasonography of hand and finger arteries to differentiate primary from secondary forms of Raynaud's phenomenon.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Modern ultrasound (US) equipment allows rheumatologists to directly visualize hand and finger arteries. How does US aid in diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP)?
  
  
  METHODS
  Color Doppler US of the proper and common palmar digital, radial, and ulnar arteries and the superficial palmar arch of both hands was performed in 135 consecutive patients who presented with suspected RP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  US was pathologic in 63% of patients with secondary RP, in 6% with primary RP, and in none with pseudo-RP (p < 0.0001). We found 3 types of vascular pathology: Type 1 showed narrowing or chronic occlusion of some proper digital arteries; Type 2 was characterized by the same finding in all proper digital arteries; and Type 3 involved acute occlusions. Type 1 was found in 3 of 53 patients with primary RP and in 19 patients with secondary RP including 5 of 9 patients with anti-centromere positive systemic sclerosis (SSc); Type 2 occurred in 16 patients with SSc, MCTD, and dermatomyositis; and Type 3 was found in 8 patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, thromboangiitis obliterans, vibration trauma, or vasculitis. The ulnar arteries were more commonly affected than the radial arteries. The 2nd radial, 3rd radial, 4th ulnar, and 5th ulnar proper palmar digital arteries were most commonly involved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aiding in differentiating primary versus secondary RP, severe versus less severe disease, and acute versus chronic vascular occlusion, digital artery US depicts the same anatomical structures as angiography, but it is cheaper, faster, and noninvasive.
authors.affiliation: Medical Center for Rheumatology Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany. w.schmidt@immanuel.de
authors.forename: Wolfgang A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schicke
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wernicke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003240:Connective Tissue Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017534:Radial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D017535:Ulnar Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography