title: Review of methods for the reduction of dietary content and toxicity of acrylamide.
abstract: Potentially toxic acrylamide is largely derived from heat-induced reactions between the amino group of the free amino acid asparagine and carbonyl groups of glucose and fructose in cereals, potatoes, and other plant-derived foods. This overview surveys and consolidates the following dietary aspects of acrylamide: distribution in food originating from different sources; consumption by diverse populations; reduction of the acrylamide content in the diet; and suppression of adverse effects in vivo. Methods to reduce adverse effects of dietary acrylamide include (a) selecting potato, cereal, and other plant varieties for dietary use that contain low levels of the acrylamide precursors, namely, asparagine and glucose; (b) removing precursors before processing; (c) using the enzyme asparaginase to hydrolyze asparagine to aspartic acid; (d) selecting processing conditions (pH, temperature, time, processing and storage atmosphere) that minimize acrylamide formation; (e) adding food ingredients (acidulants, amino acids, antioxidants, nonreducing carbohydrates, chitosan, garlic compounds, protein hydrolysates, proteins, metal salts) that have been reported to prevent acrylamide formation; (f) removing/trapping acrylamide after it is formed with the aid of chromatography, evaporation, polymerization, or reaction with other food ingredients; and (g) reducing in vivo toxicity. Research needs are suggested that may further facilitate reducing the acrylamide burden of the diet. Researchers are challenged to (a) apply the available methods and to minimize the acrylamide content of the diet without adversely affecting the nutritional quality, safety, and sensory attributes, including color and flavor, while maintaining consumer acceptance; and (b) educate commercial and home food processors and the public about available approaches to mitigating undesirable effects of dietary acrylamide.
authors.affiliation: Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA. mfried@pw.usda.gov
authors.forename: Mendel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Carol E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Levin
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001215:Asparaginase; D001216:Asparagine / Q000737:chemistry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D020106:Acrylamide; D001216:Asparagine; D001215:Asparaginase; D005947:Glucose