title: Appetite and adiposity in children: evidence for a behavioral susceptibility theory of obesity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pressures from the "obesogenic" environment are driving up obesity rates, but adiposity still varies widely within the population. Appetitive characteristics could underlie differences in susceptibility to the environment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined associations between adiposity and 2 appetitive traits: satiety responsiveness and food cue responsiveness in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parents of 2 groups of children, 8-11-y-olds (n = 10 364) from a population-based twin cohort and 3-5-y-olds (n = 572) from a community sample, completed the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Adiposity was indexed with body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) SD scores. For the 8-11-y-olds, waist circumference was also recorded and used to derive waist SD scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both samples, higher BMI SD scores were associated with lower satiety responsiveness (8-11-y-olds: r = -0.22; 3-5-y-olds: r = -0.19; P <0.001) and higher food cue responsiveness (r = 0.18 and 0.18; P <0.001). In the twin sample, waist SD scores were associated with satiety responsiveness (r = -0.23, P < 0.001) and food cue responsiveness (r = 0.20, P < 0.001). By analyzing the data by weight categories, children in higher weight and waist categories had lower satiety responsiveness and higher responsiveness to food cues in both samples (8-11-y-olds: both P < 0.001; 3-5-y-olds: both P < 0.05), but the effect was more strongly linear in the older children. All associations remained significant, controlling for child age and sex and parental education and BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Associations between appetite and adiposity are consistent with a behavioral susceptibility model of obesity. Assessing appetite in childhood could help identify higher-risk children while they are still at a healthy weight, enabling targeted interventions to prevent obesity.
authors.affiliation: Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carnell
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wardle
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010290:Parents; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000502:physiology*; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio