title: Echocardiography, a non-invasive method for the assessment of cardiac function and morphology in preclinical drug toxicology and safety pharmacology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Echocardiography (EC) is a method used for the investigation of cardiac morphology and function. Two-dimensional EC gives a visualisation of the morphology of the heart. M-mode EC allows heart function to be monitored. Pulsed Doppler EC is the method of choice to measure blood flows.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the information EC can provide for cardiovascular investigation in laboratory animals, with a special focus on the potential helpfulness of EC in preclinical toxicology and safety pharmacology.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review includes publications describing the methodology of EC and its application to several animal species used in biological experimentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EC has been established in dogs, monkeys, rodents, rabbits and pigs. As demonstrated by experiments in different species, EC can be particularly helpful in toxicology and safety pharmacology, based on the amount of information it can give on the causes and consequences of drug adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. Furthermore, EC does not require any surgery and is therefore a key refinement compared to invasive methods generally used for investigating the cardiovascular function in laboratory animals. Despite some limitations of the method (the need for trained people, time required for an accurate EC recording, lack of current validation), EC should be further developed in preclinical toxicology and safety pharmacology.
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Global Research and Development, Department of Toxicology and Comparative Medicine, Z.I. Pocé sur Cisse, BP 159, F-37401 Amboise Cedex, France. gilles.hanton@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hanton
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Eder
authors.forename: Gael
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rochefort
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonnet
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hyvelin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D004452:Echocardiography; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D023421:Models, Animal; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014116:Toxicology