title: Characterization of seed nuclei in glucagon aggregation using light scattering methods and field-flow fractionation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucagon is a peptide hormone with many uses as a therapeutic agent, including the emergency treatment of hypoglycemia. Physical instability of glucagon in solution leads to problems with the manufacture, formulation, and delivery of this pharmaceutical product. Glucagon has been shown to aggregate and form fibrils and gels in vitro. Small oligomeric precursors serve to initiate and nucleate the aggregation process. In this study, these initial aggregates, or seed nuclei, are characterized in bulk solution using light scattering methods and field-flow fractionation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High molecular weight aggregates of glucagon were detected in otherwise monomeric solutions using light scattering techniques. These aggregates were detected upon initial mixing of glucagon powder in dilute HCl and NaOH. In the pharmaceutically relevant case of acidic glucagon, the removal of aggregates by filtration significantly slowed the aggregation process. Field-flow fractionation was used to separate aggregates from monomeric glucagon and determine relative mass. The molar mass of the large aggregates was shown to grow appreciably over time as the glucagon solutions gelled.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that initial glucagon solutions are predominantly monomeric, but contain small quantities of large aggregates. These results suggest that the initial aggregates are seed nuclei, or intermediates which catalyze the aggregation process, even at low concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33520, USA. jwiencek@eng.usf.edu.
authors.forename: Cindy C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hoppe
authors.forename: Lida T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Lee E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Kirsch
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wiencek