title: New emerging applications of molgramostim in acute myeloid leukaemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells in the myeloid lineage, and plays a key role in host defence and the inflammatory process. The main schedules adopted for clinical applications of GM-CSF in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) were post-chemotherapy, in order to shorten the duration of neutropenia, and as a mobilising agent to induce release of progenitor cells from bone marrow into circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on the variety of biologic effects being attributed to GM-CSF, additional clinical uses for GM-CSF have been under investigation. Concurrent administration to chemotherapy has been used to recruit blast cells into active cell cycle phases, and to increase their sensitivity to cell cycle-dependent cytotoxic drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to GM-CSF also has recently been shown to enhance cellular immunity and indirectly stimulate anti-tumour immunity. On the other hand, GM-CSF can directly enhance immunogenicity of tumours.
authors.affiliation: Edouard Herriot Hospital, Department of Haematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69437, Lyon cedex 03, France. xavier.thomas@chu-lyon.fr
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019650:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; C082430:molgramostim