title: Healthcare workplace conversations on race and the perspectives of physicians of African descent.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although experts recommend that healthcare organizations create forums for honest dialogue about race, there is little insight into the physician perspectives that may influence these conversations across the healthcare workforce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the range of perspectives that might contribute to workplace silence on race and affect participation in race-related conversations within healthcare settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-person, in-depth, racially concordant qualitative interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five physicians of African descent practicing in the 6 New England states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Line-by-line independent coding and group negotiated consensus to develop codes structure using constant comparative method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five themes characterize perspectives of participating physicians of African descent that potentially influence race-related conversations at work: 1) Perceived race-related healthcare experiences shape how participating physicians view healthcare organizations and their professional identities prior to any formal medical training; 2) Protecting racial/ethnic minority patients from healthcare discrimination is a top priority for participating physicians; 3) Participating physicians often rely on external support systems for race-related issues, rather than support systems inside the organization; 4) Participating physicians perceive differences between their interpretations of potentially offensive race-related work experiences and their non-minority colleagues' interpretations of the same experiences; and 5) Participating physicians are uncomfortable voicing race-related concerns at work.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Creating a healthcare work environment that successfully supports diversity is as important as recruiting diversity across the workforce. Developing constructive ways to discuss race and race relations among colleagues in the workplace is a key step towards creating a supportive environment for employees and patients from all backgrounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 09520-8088, USA. marcella.nunez-smith@yale.edu
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nunez-Smith
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Curry
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Harlan M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Krumholz
authors.forename: Elizabeth H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Bradley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005260:Female; D006268:Health Facilities; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009511:New England; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D011287:Prejudice; D017132:Workplace