title: Semi-automatic segmentation of fetal cardiac cavities: progress towards an automated fetal echocardiogram.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a novel application of a tool for semi-automatic volume segmentation and adapt it for analysis of fetal cardiac cavities and vessels from heart volume datasets.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied retrospectively virtual cardiac volume cycles obtained with spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) from six fetuses with postnatally confirmed diagnoses: four with normal hearts between 19 and 29 completed gestational weeks, one with d-transposition of the great arteries and one with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The volumes were analyzed offline using a commercially available segmentation algorithm designed for ovarian folliculometry. Using this software, individual 'cavities' in a static volume are selected and assigned individual colors in cross-sections and in 3D-rendered views, and their dimensions (diameters and volumes) can be calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individual segments of fetal cardiac cavities could be separated, adjacent segments merged and the resulting electronic casts studied in their spatial context. Volume measurements could also be performed. Exemplary images and interactive videoclips showing the segmented digital casts were generated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The approach presented here is an important step towards an automated fetal volume echocardiogram. It has the potential both to help in obtaining a correct structural diagnosis, and to generate exemplary visual displays of cardiac anatomy in normal and structurally abnormal cases for consultation and teaching.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland. tutschek@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tutschek
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sahn
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000502:physiology; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012984:Software; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards