title: Increasing numbers of ureteric injuries after the introduction of laparoscopic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is an impression that ureteric injuries have become more common during the past decade, and therefore this study aimed to determine the incidence, aetiology, features, treatment and outcomes of ureteric injuries over an extended period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of patients treated for ureteric injury in 1986--2006, divided into three 7-year periods, were reviewed retrospectively. The numbers of open and laparoscopic gynaecological, surgical and endourological operations were ascertained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 72 ureteric injuries recorded were iatrogenic, being diagnosed in 60 females and 11 males (mean age 52 years). Only five injuries occurred during the first 7-year period (1986--1992), but the incidence was markedly higher during the following two 7-year periods, 28 (1993--1999) and 39 (2000--2006), respectively. The injuries were mostly secondary to gynaecological procedures (64%) or general surgery (25%). Only 11% occurred in association with a urological procedure. The cause was mostly laparoscopic (56%) or open surgery (33%), and the injury was in most cases located in the lower ureter (89%). The diagnosis was usually delayed (in 79%), with a median time to diagnosis of 6 days. The injuries were managed by ureteroneocystostomy (49%), a ureteral stent (19%) or end-to-end anastomosis (12%). The complication rate was 36%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iatrogenic ureteric injuries have increased markedly during the past two decades. Gynaecological laparoscopic procedures account for more than half of the injuries, and the most common location is the lower ureter. Most injuries are treated by ureteroneocystostomy, but endourological treatment yields acceptable results. To improve the management of ureteric injury there must be a high index of suspicion, especially during laparoscopic operations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. teija.parpala@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Teija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Parpala-Spårman
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Paananen
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santala
authors.forename: Pasi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ohtonen
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hellström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D015994:Incidence; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries*; D018666:Ureteroscopy; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery