title: Pathogenic agents in inflammatory bowel diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infectious agents are still thought to be involved in the origin of inflammatory bowel disease. The focus in recent years has been more on Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli or yeasts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A metaanalysis has shown a significant association of M. avium subsp paratuberculosis and Crohn's disease and a large randomized placebo-controlled trial reported an absence of sustained beneficial effects of combined antibiotic therapy on remission of active Crohn's disease. Adherent-invasive E. coli adhere via type 1 pili to carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6), abnormally expressed by intestinal epithelial cells in Crohn's disease patients. Both colonization of the ileal mucosa and stimulation of ileal epithelial cells by tumour necrosis factor-alpha induce overexpression of CEACAM6, leading to an amplification loop of colonization and inflammation. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies are the most prevalent serologic marker in Crohn's disease. Major oligomannose epitopes supporting antibody formation are expressed by Candida albicans in human tissues, suggesting that a loss of tolerance to C. albicans could lead to antibody formation in a subset of Crohn's disease patients who are genetically predisposed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  M. avium subsp paratuberculosis, adherent-invasive E. coli and Candida are good candidates for an infectious aetiology of Crohn's disease on the basis of genetic susceptibility, which relates to impaired function in the defence against intracellular bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Digestive Disorders and Nutrition, Hôpital Claude Huriez, CHRU Lille, France.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pineton de Chambrun
authors.forename: Jean-Frédéric
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Colombel
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poulain
authors.forename: Arlette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darfeuille-Michaud
mesh_terms: D002176:Candida albicans / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D016927:Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000472:pathogenicity