title: Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women with secondary infertility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the role of Chlamydia in secondary infertility in a prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty women with secondary infertility and 30 healthy term pregnant women of similar age composition were studied for past and present Chlamydia trachomatis infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women attending the outpatient Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology with complaint of secondary infertility were enrolled as patients in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty women with secondary infertility formed the study group, and 30 healthy women served as the controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chlamydia IgG was detected by ELISA; titers of 1:320 or more were considered positive. Endocervical swabs were collected for culture on cycloheximide-treated McCoy cell lines, and ELISA was used to detect Chlamydia antigen. Hysterosalpingography was performed to assess tubal patency.
  
  
  METHODS
  A difference was expected between the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection in the infertile study subjects and fertile control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunoglobulin G antibodies were present in 22 (55%) women with secondary infertility, whereas positivity was seen among 2 (5.5%) controls. Tubal occlusion occurred in 16 (63.6%) cases positive for chlamydial antibody. Sensitivity of chlamydial IgG antibody as a diagnostic marker for infertility was 72.7%, and specificity was 44.4%. The majority of Chlamydia IgG antibody-positive cases, 17 (77.2%), were symptomatic. Unfavorable obstetric history was found in 16 (72.7%) cases. Active infection was found in 12 (30%) cases with one (3.3%) case of current infection occurring in the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of past chlamydial infection is strongly statistically significant in women with secondary infertility. Current infection was also found statistically significantly in these women. Immunoglobulin G antibody detection is an effective and noninvasive tool for detection of Chlamydia and a more viable option than HSG in a developing country such as India. Screening of women with secondary infertility for C. trachomatis is strongly recommended to allow early therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. abidamalik2k@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Abida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Suchitra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Meher
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizvi
authors.forename: Indu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hakim
mesh_terms: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000382:microbiology; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007194:India; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G