title: Neighborhood psychosocial hazards and cardiovascular disease: the Baltimore Memory Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined associations between cardiovascular disease and neighborhood psychosocial hazards, such as violent crime, abandoned buildings, and signs of incivility, to evaluate whether features of place are associated with older adult health.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed first-visit data from the Baltimore Memory Study of randomly selected residents aged 50 to 70 years (n=1140) of 65 contiguous neighborhoods in Baltimore, Maryland. We looked for associations between self-reports of history of selected cardiovascular diseases and scores on the 12-item neighborhood psychosocial hazards scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for established individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease, residents in neighborhoods with scores in the highest quartile of the psychosocial hazards scale had more than 4 times higher odds of a history of myocardial infarction and more than 3 times higher odds of myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or intermittent claudication compared with residents living in neighborhoods scoring in the lowest quartile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neighborhood psychosocial hazards were significantly associated with self-reported cardiovascular disease after adjustment for individual-level risk factors. This is consistent with the hypothesis that environmental stress plays a role in the etiology of cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Toms
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Augustin
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Bryan D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000453:epidemiology; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000145:classification*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012931:Social Environment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*