title: Mothers', fathers', and children's perceptions of parental diabetes responsibility in adolescence: examining the roles of age, pubertal status, and efficacy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine how perceptions of parental responsibility for diabetes management are associated with age, pubertal status, adolescents' self-efficacy, and parental perceptions of adolescents' efficacy, and if parental responsibility is associated with better metabolic control as a function of adolescents' self-efficacy and parental perceptions of adolescents' efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires assessing parental responsibility, pubertal status, adolescents' self-efficacy, and parental perceptions of adolescents' efficacy were given to 185 adolescents with type 1 diabetes, 185 mothers, and 145 fathers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Greater parental responsibility was negatively associated with age, perceptions of pubertal status, and efficacy for all reporters. Interactions between parental responsibility and parental perceptions of adolescents' efficacy indicated that parental responsibility was associated with better metabolic control when adolescents were perceived to have lower efficacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents' and parents' perceptions of parental responsibility are related to multiple factors. Metabolic control is best when high parental responsibility is maintained among adolescents with lower efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI 54481, USA. dpalmer@uwsp.edu
authors.forename: Debra L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Jorie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fortenberry
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Swinyard
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wiebe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012938:Social Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires