title: Comparison of the effects of a high- and normal-casein breakfast on satiety, 'satiety' hormones, plasma amino acids and subsequent energy intake.
abstract: The present study compared the effects of a high- and normal-casein-protein breakfast on satiety, 'satiety' hormones, plasma amino acid responses and subsequent energy intake. Twenty-five healthy subjects (BMI 23.9 (SEM 0.3) kg/m2; age 22 (SEM 1) years) received a subject-specific standardised breakfast (20% of daily energy requirements): a custard with casein as the single protein source with either 10, 55 and 35 (normal-casein breakfast) or 25, 55 and 20 (high-casein breakfast) % of energy (En%) from protein, carbohydrate and fat respectively in a randomised, single-blind design. Appetite profile (visual analogue scale; VAS), plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1, ghrelin and amino acid concentrations were determined for 4 h; here the sensitive moment in time for lunch was determined. Subjects came for a second set of experiments and received the same custards for breakfast, and an ad libitum lunch was offered at 180 min after breakfast; energy intake was assessed. There were increased scores of fullness and satiety after the 25 En% casein-custard compared with the 10 En% casein-custard, particularly at 180 min (26 (SEM 4) v. 11 (SEM 5) mm VAS; P<0.01) and 240 min (13 (SEM 5) v. -1 (SEM 5) mm VAS; P<0.01). This coincided with prolonged elevated plasma amino acid concentrations; total amino acids and branched-chain amino acids were higher after the 25 En% casein-custard compared with the 10 En% casein-custard at 180 and 240 min (P<0.001). There was no difference in energy intake (3080 (SEM 229) v. 3133 (SEM 226) kJ for 25 En% and 10 En% respectively; NS) from the ad libitum lunch. In conclusion, a breakfast with 25% of energy from casein is rated as being more satiating than a breakfast with 10% of energy from casein at 3 and 4 h after breakfast, coinciding with prolonged elevated concentrations of plasma amino acids, but does not reduce subsequent energy intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands. m.veldhorst@hb.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Margriet A B
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Veldhorst
authors.forename: Arie G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuizen
authors.forename: Ananda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hochstenbach-Waelen
authors.forename: Klaas R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Westerterp
authors.forename: Marielle P K J
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Engelen
authors.forename: Robert-Jan M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Brummer
authors.forename: Nicolaas E P
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Deutz
authors.forename: Margriet S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Westerterp-Plantenga
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002364:Caseins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D055697:Taste Perception; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002364:Caseins; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D014508:Urea