title: Vascular endothelial growth factor in dialysate in relation to intensity of peritoneal inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peritoneal inflammation may induce changes in peritoneal microvessels, including neoangiogenesis/vasculogenesis, leading to increased peritoneal solute transport rate (PSTR) and loss of ultrafiltration capacity. We hypothesized that an inflammatory reaction in the peritoneal cavity during peritonitis induces increased synthesis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We therefore studied the relationship between peritoneal inflammation markers, VEGF, and transport of fluid and solutes in rats during acute peritoneal inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) added to standard glucose-based dialysis solution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under ether anesthesia, male Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with 30 mL Dianeal 3.86% without (Control; n=6) or with LPS (microg/mL): 0.001 (LPS 0.001; n=6), 0.01 (LPS 0.01; n=7), 0.1 (LPS 0.1; n=7), 1.0 (LPS 1.0; n=8). After 8 hours, dialysate volume (IPV), peritoneal solute transport rate (PSTR) and dialysate cell count (DCC) were measured and effluent samples were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS i.p. resulted in increased PSTR and decreased IPV (p<0.005). DCC (cells/microL) and the neutrophil/macrophage ratio were higher for all LPS concentrations compared to the control group. After 8 hours, LPS-exposed rats had significantly higher dialysate levels of all investigated cytokines (TNF-alfa, MCP-1 and IL-10) than the control group. Addition of LPS resulted in increased dialysate VEGF concentrations (pg/mL) (LPS 0.001, 28.2+/-5.9; LPS 0.01, 38.9+/-11.6; LPS 0.1, 43.0+/-5.9; LPS 1.0, 46.6+/-11.3; Control, 14.5+/-9.8; p<0.0005 for all LPS vs. Control).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The infusion of Dianeal 3.86% with different doses of LPS induced a strong acute intraperitoneal inflammatory reaction with increased DCC and cytokine levels, resulting in increased peritoneal solute transport and decreased IPV. LPS induced a dose-dependent parallel increase of the intraperitoneal concentrations of MCP-1, IL-10 and TNF-alfa, as well as of VEGF. These results suggest that intraperitoneal VEGF synthesis is induced in response to inflammation, and that this may be an important component in the process leading to peritoneal transport alterations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, Poznan Medical School, Poznan - Poland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pawlaczyk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polubinska
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Numata
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pecoits-Filho
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Czekalski
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Breborowicz
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008297:Male; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000378:metabolism; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A