title: Adherence to antiretrovirals among US women during and after pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiretrovirals (ARVs) are recommended for maternal health and to reduce HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission, but suboptimal adherence can counteract its benefits.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe antepartum and postpartum adherence to ARV regimens and factors associated with adherence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed adherence rates among subjects enrolled in Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 1,025 from August 2002 to July 2005 on tablet formulations with at least one self-report adherence assessment. Perfectly adherent subjects reported no missed doses 4 days before their study visit. Generalized estimating equations were used to compare antepartum with postpartum adherence rates and to identify factors associated with perfect adherence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 519 eligible subjects, 334/445 (75%) reported perfect adherence during pregnancy. This rate significantly decreased 6, 24, and 48 weeks postpartum [185/284 (65%), 76/118 (64%), and 42/64 (66%), respectively (P < 0.01)]. Pregnant subjects with perfect adherence had lower viral loads. The odds of perfect adherence were significantly higher for women who initiated ARVs during pregnancy (P < 0.01), did not have AIDS (P = 0.02), never missed prenatal vitamins (P < 0.01), never used marijuana (P = 0.05), or felt happy all or most of the time (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perfect adherence to ARVs was better antepartum, but overall rates were low. Interventions to improve adherence during pregnancy are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103-1709, USA. bardegad@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Arlene D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bardeguez
authors.forename: Jane C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lindsey
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shannon
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Tuomala
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stek
authors.forename: Shelly
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buschur
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cotter
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bettica
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Read
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010349:Patient Compliance; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013607:Tablets / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014481:United States; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D013607:Tablets