title: PKC and MLCK-dependent, cytokine-induced rat coronary endothelial dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the United States, killing nearly one million people every year. Inflammatory mediators or cytokines are released following myocardial infarction and ischemia/reperfusion injury. These cytokines, of which interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) are among the most important, propagate the activation of a multitude of signaling pathways, such as the protein kinase C (PKC) and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) pathways, which lead to deleterious changes in the structure and function of the coronary microvascular endothelium.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of cytokines on rat heart microvascular endothelial cell monolayer integrity, PKC activity, and adherens junction protein alteration were examined. Further, an in vivo rat coronary ischemia/reperfusion injury model was used to determine vascular leakage and TNF-alpha release.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of the above mentioned cytokines to cell monolayers resulted in significant increases in PKC activation, gap formation, and hyperpermeability across the monolayer and beta-catenin phosphorylation/reorganization. Inhibition of conventional PKC and MLCK attenuated permeability increases. Ischemia/reperfusion injury to the left ventricle resulted in TNF-alpha release as well as conventional PKC- and MLCK-dependent protein extravasation from the circulation to the heart tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results identify the conventional PKC and MLCK pathways as important factors in coronary endothelial dysfunction elicited by IR injury and cytokine release. Further examination of these molecular signaling cascades has the potential of identifying targets for therapeutic intervention following ischemic events in the heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Scott and White Hospital, Temple, Texas 76504, USA. jtinsley@swmail.sw.org
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tinsley
authors.forename: Felicia A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Ed W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Childs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000201:enzymology*; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000201:enzymology*; D009219:Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D051176:beta Catenin; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D009219:Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase