title: Three-dimensional virtual images modify the waveform of pupillary near response.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of the continuous viewing of horizontal disparities on the pupillary near response by using three-dimensional (3-D) displays.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pupillary diameter and the horizontal eye position of both eyes were measured during the near response in eight healthy young adults. The measurements were made before and after viewing a 3-D movie for 15 or 30 min, or a two-dimensional (2-D) movie for 90 min. The near response was elicited by a real target that moved from the far position (0.5 m) to the near position (0.1 or 0.125 m) in the midsagittal plane at a constant velocity of +/- 0.26 diopters (D)/s. The accommodative demand was 6 or 8 D.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A delay in the pupillary dilation in the near response was observed immediately after a 30-min viewing of a 3-D movie with an accommodative demand of 8 D (P < 0.01, one-way analysis of variance, Dunnett's multiple comparison test). The delay in the pupillary dilation was not observed after a 90-min viewing of a 2-D movie.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous viewing of horizontal disparities can induce a delay in the pupillary dilation in the near response. The parameters of the pupillary near response are useful in assessing the effects of 3-D viewing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan. taisuke@sapmed.ac.jp.|Department of Ophthalmology, Obihiro Kosei General Hospital, W6 S8-1, Obihiro, 080-0016, Japan. taisuke@sapmed.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Taisuke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.affiliation: Orbital Disease and Neuro-ophthalmology Center, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D015357:Vision Disparity