title: Plant immunity requires conformational changes [corrected] of NPR1 via S-nitrosylation and thioredoxins.
abstract: Changes in redox status have been observed during immune responses in different organisms, but the associated signaling mechanisms are poorly understood. In plants, these redox changes regulate the conformation of NPR1, a master regulator of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense genes. NPR1 is sequestered in the cytoplasm as an oligomer through intermolecular disulfide bonds. We report that S-nitrosylation of NPR1 by S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) at cysteine-156 facilitates its oligomerization, which maintains protein homeostasis upon SA induction. Conversely, the SA-induced NPR1 oligomer-to-monomer reaction is catalyzed by thioredoxins (TRXs). Mutations in both NPR1 cysteine-156 and TRX compromised NPR1-mediated disease resistance. Thus, the regulation of NPR1 is through the opposing action of GSNO and TRX. These findings suggest a link between pathogen-triggered redox changes and gene regulation in plant immunity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Post Office Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Yasuomi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tada
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Spoel
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pajerowska-Mukhtar
authors.forename: Zhonglin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mou
authors.forename: Junqi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jianru
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.forename: Xinnian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D006706:Homeostasis; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D009154:Mutation; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D020836:Protein Structure, Quaternary; D044224:Pseudomonas syringae / Q000276:immunology; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D054480:Thioredoxin h / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C105496:NPR1 protein, Arabidopsis; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D054480:Thioredoxin h; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D026422:S-Nitrosoglutathione; D003545:Cysteine; D020156:Salicylic Acid