Internal decapitation: survival after head to neck dissociation injuries.
METHODS
Case series.


OBJECTIVE
To describe survival and outcomes after occipitocervical dissociation injuries.


BACKGROUND
Historically, occipitocervical dissociation injuries have a high rate of associated neurologic deficit with a relatively high incidence of mortality.


METHODS
Six patients with occipitocervical dissociation injuries are reported and their management and imaging findings reviewed. Possible contributory factors for survival are discussed.


RESULTS
All patients had upper neck and head dissociation injuries. The pattern of injury in all of these cases included a distraction type mechanism. All cases demonstrated soft tissue disruption in the zone of injury, which was consistent and apparent on all imaging studies. In these patients, the extent and severity of injury was more apparent on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) than on radiograph or computed tomography scan. Management of these injuries included immobilization followed by surgery with particular care taken to avoid application of distraction forces to the neck.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients with occipitocervical dissociation injuries may survive their injury and even retain neurologic integrity. Initial in-line head stabilization is emphasized to prevent catastrophic neurologic injury. The resting osseous relationships and vertebral alignment at the time of imaging evaluation may be deceivingly normal, and the damage often primarily or exclusively involves disruption of the perivertebral soft tissue structures. Prevertebral soft tissue swelling was apparent in all cases. For these injuries that involve primarily damage to the ligamentous structures, MRI seems to be the optimal test for revealing the magnitude of the injury.
Ben-Galim
Peleg J
PJ
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. pelegbg@gmail.com
Sibai
Tarek A
TA
Hipp
John A
JA
Heggeness
Michael H
MH
Reitman
Charles A
CA
D000328:Adult; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D049248:Decapitation / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012107:Research Design; D013534:Survival