title: Patterns of alcohol consumption and the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protective and detrimental associations have been reported between alcohol consumption and the metabolic syndrome. This may be due to variations in drinking patterns and different alcohol effects on the metabolic syndrome components. This study is designed to examine the relationship between alcohol consumption patterns and the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey is a population-based survey of noninstitutionalized U.S. adults. Current drinkers aged 20-84 yr without cardiovascular disease who had complete data on the metabolic syndrome and drinking patterns were included in the analysis (n = 1529). The metabolic abnormalities comprising the metabolic syndrome included having three of the following: impaired fasting glucose/diabetes mellitus, high triglycerides, abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, and low high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Measures of alcohol consumption included usual quantity consumed, drinking frequency, and frequency of binge drinking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multinomial logistic regression models controlling for demographics, family history of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and lifestyle factors, increased risk of the metabolic syndrome was associated with daily consumption that exceeded U.S. dietary guideline recommendations (more than one drink per drinking day for women and more than two drinks per drinking day for men (odds ratio 1.60, 95% confidence interval 1.22-2.11) and binge drinking once per week or more [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 1.51 (1.01-2.29]. By individual metabolic abnormality, drinking in excess of the dietary guidelines was associated with an increased risk of impaired fasting glucose/diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, abdominal obesity, and high blood pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Public health messages should emphasize the potential cardiometabolic risk associated with drinking in excess of national guidelines and binge drinking.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA. afan@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Amy Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Naimi
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Youlian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jiles
authors.forename: Ali H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Mokdad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology