title: A pro-inflammatory signature mediates  FGF2-induced angiogenesis.
abstract: Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) is a potent angiogenic growth factor. Here, gene expression profiling of FGF2-stimulated microvascular endothelial cells revealed, together with a prominent pro-angiogenic profile, a pro-inflammatory signature characterized by the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokines and their receptors, endothelial cell adhesion molecules and members of the eicosanoid pathway. Real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated early induction of most of the FGF2-induced, inflammation-related genes. Accordingly, chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and murine Matrigel plug angiogenesis assays demonstrated a significant monocyte/macrophage infiltrate in the areas of FGF2-driven neovascularization. Similar results were obtained when the conditioned medium (CM) of FGF2-stimulated endothelial cells was delivered onto the CAM, suggesting that FGF2-upregulated chemoattractants mediate the inflammatory response. Importantly, FGF2-triggered new blood vessel formation was significantly reduced in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-gamma null mice exhibiting defective leucocyte migration or in clodronate liposome-treated, macrophage-depleted mice. Furthermore, the viral pan-chemokine antagonist M3 inhibited the angiogenic and inflammatory responses induced by the CM of FGF2-stimulated endothelial cells and impaired FGF2-driven neovascularization in the CAM assay. These findings point to inflammatory chemokines as early mediators of FGF2-driven angiogenesis and indicate a non-redundant role for inflammatory cells in the neovascularization process elicited by the growth factor.
authors.affiliation: Unit of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Germán
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andrés
authors.affiliation: Unit of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leali
authors.affiliation: Unit of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitola
authors.affiliation: Unit of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coltrini
authors.affiliation: Unit of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Maura
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camozzi
authors.affiliation: Unit of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corsini
authors.affiliation: Unit of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Mirella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belleri
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Liposome Research, Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Reto A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schwendener
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Department of Clinical Biological Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Christofori
authors.affiliation: Centro de Biologìa Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alcamì
authors.affiliation: Unit of General Pathology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Presta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002642:Chick Embryo; D017931:DNA Primers; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases