title: Neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with severe congenital neutropenia due to the R86X mutation in the HAX1 gene.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN), also known as Kostmann syndrome (SCN3, OMIM 610738), includes a variety of haematological disorders caused by different genetic abnormalities. Mutations in ELA2 are most often the cause in autosomal dominant or sporadic forms. Recently, mutations in HAX1 have been identified as the cause of some autosomal recessive forms of SCN, including those present in the original pedigree first reported by Kostmann. We sought to determine the relationship between HAX1 gene mutations and the clinical characteristics of Japanese cases of SCN.
  
  
  METHODS
  The genes implicated in SCN (ELA2, HAX1, Gfi-1, WAS, and P14) were analysed in 18 Japanese patients with SCN. The clinical features of these patients were obtained from medical records. Immunoblotting of HAX1 was performed on cell extracts from peripheral blood leucocytes from patients and/or their parents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found five patients with HAX1 deficiency and 11 patients with mutations in the ELA2 gene. In HAX1 deficiency, a homozygous single base pair substitution (256C>T), which causes the nonsense change R86X, was identified in three affected individuals. Two sibling patients showed a compound heterozygous mutation consisting of a single base pair substitution (256C>T) and a 59 bp deletion at nucleotides 376-434. There was no detectable phenotype in any heterozygous carrier. All patients with HAX1 deficiency had experienced developmental delay. Three patients carrying R86X also suffered from epileptic seizures. In contrast, no SCN patient with heterozygous mutations in the ELA2 gene suffered from any neurodevelopmental abnormality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the R86X mutation in the HAX1 gene is an abnormality in Japanese SCN patients with HAX1 deficiency and may lead to neurodevelopmental abnormalities and severe myelopoietic defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima, University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shirao
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kihara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsumura
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohtsubo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yasunaga
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sako
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shiohara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takihara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D001483:Base Sequence; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000151:congenital* / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; C104759:HAX1 protein, human; D011506:Proteins