title: Alcohol consumption and mortality from stroke and coronary heart disease among Japanese men and women: the Japan collaborative cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have demonstrated the association between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular mortality. However, the sex-specific association between alcohol consumption and mortality from stroke and coronary heart disease remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1988 and 1990, 34,776 men and 48 906 women aged 40 to 79 years completed a self-administered questionnaire including information about alcohol consumption. They were followed-up for a median duration of 14.2 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 83,682 respondents, 1628 died from stroke and 736 died from coronary heart disease. For men, heavy drinking (>or=46.0 g ethanol/day) was associated with increased mortality from total, hemorrhagic, and ischemic strokes, whereas light-to-moderate drinking was associated with reduced mortality from total cardiovascular disease, compared with not drinking. The respective multivariable hazard ratios (95% CI) were 1.48 (1.22 to 1.80) for total stoke, 1.67 (1.17 to 2.38) for hemorrhagic stroke, 1.35 (1.04 to 1.75) for ischemic stroke, and 0.88 (0.78 to 1.00) for total cardiovascular disease. Women who were heavy drinkers (>or=46.0 g ethanol/day) showed increased mortality from coronary heart disease, and there was reduced mortality from total cardiovascular disease for drinkers of 0.1 to 22.9 g ethanol per day compared with mortality for nondrinkers. The respective multivariable hazard ratios (95% CI) for the 2 categories of drinkers were 4.10 (1.63 to 10.3) and 0.75 (0.62 to 0.91).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heavy alcohol consumption is associated with increased mortality from total stroke, particularly hemorrhagic stroke, and total cardiovascular disease for men, and from coronary heart disease for women, whereas light-to-moderate drinking may be associated with reduced mortality from cardiovascular disease for both sexes.
authors.affiliation: Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoyo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikehara
authors.forename: Hiroyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iso
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toyoshima
authors.forename: Chigusa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Date
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamakoshi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires