title: The effect of parenting stress on child behavior problems in high-risk children with prenatal drug exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between early parenting stress and later child behavior in a high-risk sample and measure the effect of drug exposure on the relationship between parenting stress and child behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  A subset of child-caregiver dyads (n=607) were selected from the Maternal Lifestyle Study (MLS), which is a large sample of children (n=1,388) with prenatal cocaine exposure and a comparison sample unexposed to cocaine. Of the 607 dyads, 221 were prenatally exposed to cocaine and 386 were unexposed to cocaine. Selection was based on the presence of a stable caregiver at 4 and 36 months with no evidence of change in caregiver between those time points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parenting stress at 4 months significantly predicted child externalizing behavior at 36 months. These relations were unaffected by cocaine exposure suggesting the relationship between parenting stress and behavioral outcome exists for high-risk children regardless of drug exposure history.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results extend the findings of the relationship between parenting stress and child behavior to a sample of high-risk children with prenatal drug exposure. Implications for outcome and treatment are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women and Infants' Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA. Daniel_Bagner@brown.edu
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bagner
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Sheinkopf
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miller-Loncar
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: LaGasse
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Seetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shankaran
authors.forename: Henrietta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bada
authors.forename: Abhik
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Das
mesh_terms: D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003042:Cocaine / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000633:toxicity*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000633:toxicity*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D013694:Temperament
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D009294:Narcotics; D003042:Cocaine