title: Generation and homogeneity of aerosols in a human whole-body inhalation chamber.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A 16 m(3) whole-body exposure chamber for human exposure to aerosols is described. Several modifications of the aerosol generation and distribution system were needed to ensure a stable aerosol concentration in the chamber, especially when a cyclone pre-classifier was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After these modifications, stable aerosol concentrations of aluminium oxide with a volume median diameter of 5.7 microm, and approximately 3 microm when the cyclone was used, could be achieved after 1 h of aerosol generation. Aerosol concentrations of 1-8 mg m(-3) generated without the cyclone could be maintained for at least 2 h after the aerosol level had stabilized. The temporal variability [coefficient of variation (CV)] of the aerosol concentration was 4-6%, while concentrations <1 mg m(-3) showed greater relative variability. The spatial variability at 3.8 mg m(-3) without a volunteer in the chamber was 4.8%. With a volunteer in the chamber who performed 30 min of ergometric cycling during 2 h of aerosol exposure, the exposure estimated by personal sampling was 15-17% lower than monitored with an optical particle counter. The variability of personally measured exposure was higher than of stationary measurements showing CVs of 10-19%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that controlled exposure of human volunteers to a range of concentrations can be achieved with good accuracy in this inhalation chamber. The results compare favourably with other chambers described in the literature. Personal sampling showed lower aerosol concentrations than estimated in an empty chamber and the variability was significantly higher than measured stationary.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Occupational Health, Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, PO Box 8149 Dep, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway. wijnand.eduard@stami.no
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Eduard
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kruse
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skogstad
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nilsen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Synnes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kongerud
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Heldal
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis*; D000392:Air Movements; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000537:Aluminum Oxide