title: Functional and structural profiling of the human thrombopoietin gene promoter.
abstract: Human thrombopoietin (TPO) is involved in cardiovascular disease as it regulates megakaryocyte development and enhances platelet adhesion/aggregation. The THPO promoter structure is still controversial. By reverse transcription-PCR, we confirm that THPO transcription is cell line-dependently initiated at two alternative promoters, which we newly designated P1a and P1. We subsequently electrophoretically scanned and resequenced these portions in 95 and 57 patients with cardiovascular disease, respectively, and identified seven variants (-1450/del58bp, C-920T [rs2855306], A-622G, C-413T [rs885838], C+5A, G+115A, and C+135T). After subcloning of 1032 bp of THPO P1 in pGL3-basic vector, five molecular haplotypes (MolHaps1-5) were observed: [A(-622)-C(-413)-C(+5)-G(+115); wild type (wt)], [A(-622)-T(-413)-C(+5)-G(+115)], [G(-622)-T(-413)-C(+5)-G(+115)], [A(-622)-C(-413)-A(+5)-G(+115)], [A(-622)-C(-413)-C(+5)-A(+115)], and analyzed in reporter gene assays in HEK293T and HepG2 cells. MolHaps 2, 4, and 5 were significantly more active than wt (all p values < or =0.01) in HEK293T cells, MolHap3 exerted a substantial loss of promoter activity (p < 0.0001 in HEK293T and p < 0.01 in HepG2, compared with wt). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that A-622G and C-413T individually differed from MolHaps in their DNA-protein interaction patterns. Supershift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays identified CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta as the binding protein exclusively for the -622A allelic portion.
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research, Department of Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Münster, Münster D-48149, Germany.
authors.forename: Corinna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dördelmann
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Telgmann
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hagedorn
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schröer
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hasenkamp
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baumgart
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kleine-Katthöfer
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Stefan-Martin
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Brand-Herrmann
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D051743:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-delta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008533:Megakaryocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D013926:Thrombopoietin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D051743:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-delta; D013926:Thrombopoietin