Role of the multifunctional DNA repair and redox signaling protein Ape1/Ref-1 in cancer and endothelial cells: small-molecule inhibition of the redox function of Ape1.
The DNA base excision-repair pathway is responsible for the repair of DNA damage caused by oxidation/alkylation and protects cells against the effects of endogenous and exogenous agents. Removal of the damaged base creates a baseless (AP) site. AP endonuclease1 (Ape1) acts on this site to continue the BER-pathway repair. Failure to repair baseless sites leads to DNA strand breaks and cytotoxicity. In addition to the repair role of Ape1, it also functions as a major redox-signaling factor to reduce and activate transcription factors such as AP1, p53, HIF-1alpha, and others that control the expression of genes important for cell survival and cancer promotion and progression. Thus, the Ape1 protein interacts with proteins involved in DNA repair, growth-signaling pathways, and pathways involved in tumor promotion and progression. Although knockdown studies with siRNA have been informative in studying the role of Ape1 in both normal and cancer cells, knocking down Ape1 does not reveal the individual role of the redox or repair functions of Ape1. The identification of small-molecule inhibitors of specific Ape1 functions is critical for mechanistic studies and translational applications. Here we discuss small-molecule inhibition of Ape1 redox and its effect on both cancer and endothelial cells.
Luo
Meihua
M
Department of Pediatrics (Section of Hematology/Oncology), Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
Delaplane
Sarah
S
Jiang
Aihua
A
Reed
April
A
He
Ying
Y
Fishel
Melissa
M
Nyland
Rodney L
RL
Borch
Richard F
RF
Qiao
Xiaoxi
X
Georgiadis
Millie M
MM
Kelley
Mark R
MR
D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000502:physiology*; D043603:DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D011422:Propionates / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D014162:Transfection; D015027:Zebrafish
D016227:Benzoquinones; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011422:Propionates; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; C075569:E 3330; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C085108:APEX1 protein, human; C486216:Apex1 protein, mouse; D043603:DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase