title: Brain glucagon-like peptide-1 regulates arterial blood flow, heart rate, and insulin sensitivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain the importance and mechanisms underlying the role of brain glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 in the control of metabolic and cardiovascular function. GLP-1 is a gut hormone secreted in response to oral glucose absorption that regulates glucose metabolism and cardiovascular function. GLP-1 is also produced in the brain, where its contribution to central regulation of metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis remains incompletely understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Awake free-moving mice were infused with the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 (Ex4) into the lateral ventricle of the brain in the basal state or during hyperinsulinemic eu-/hyperglycemic clamps. Arterial femoral blood flow, whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose utilization, and heart rates were continuously recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A continuous 3-h brain infusion of Ex4 decreased femoral arterial blood flow and whole-body glucose utilization in the awake free-moving mouse clamped in a hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic condition, only demonstrating that this effect was strictly glucose dependent. However, the heart rate remained unchanged. The metabolic and vascular effects of Ex4 were markedly attenuated by central infusion of the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) antagonist exendin-9 (Ex9) and totally abolished in GLP-1 receptor knockout mice. A correlation was observed between the metabolic rate and the vascular flow in control and Ex4-infused mice, which disappeared in Ex9 and GLP-1R knockout mice. Moreover, hypothalamic nitric oxide synthase activity and the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also reduced in a GLP-1R-dependent manner, whereas the glutathione antioxidant capacity was increased. Central GLP-1 activated vagus nerve activity, and complementation with ROS donor dose-dependently reversed the effect of brain GLP-1 signaling on peripheral blood flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that central GLP-1 signaling is an essential component of circuits integrating cardiovascular and metabolic responses to hyperglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U858, Institute of Molecular Medicine Rangueil, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Cendrine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cabou
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Campistron
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marsollier
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leloup
authors.forename: Celine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cruciani-Guglielmacci
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pénicaud
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Drucker
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magnan
authors.forename: Rémy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burcelin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000187:drug effects; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077270:Exenatide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014688:Venoms / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C000593834:Glp1r protein, mouse; D000067757:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; D007328:Insulin; D010455:Peptides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; D014688:Venoms; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D000077270:Exenatide