title: Efficacy of common hospital biocides with biofilms of multi-drug resistant clinical isolates.
abstract: The hospital environment is particularly susceptible to contamination by bacterial pathogens that grow on surfaces in biofilms. The effects of hospital biocides on two nosocomial pathogens, meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, growing as free-floating (planktonic) and adherent biofilm populations (sessile) were examined. Clinical isolates of MRSA and P. aeruginosa were grown as biofilms on discs of materials found in the hospital environment (stainless steel, glass, polyethylene and Teflon) and treated with three commonly used hospital biocides containing benzalkonium chloride (1 % w/v), chlorhexidine gluconate (4 % w/v) and triclosan (1 % w/v). Cell viability following biocide treatment was determined using an XTT assay and the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability kit. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of all biocides for planktonic populations of both organisms was considerably less than the concentration recommended for use by the manufacturer. However, when isolates were grown as biofilms, the biocides were ineffective at killing bacteria at the concentrations recommended for use. Following biocide treatment, 0-11 % of cells in MRSA biofilms survived, and up to 80 % of cells in P. aeruginosa biofilms survived. This study suggests that although biocides may be effective against planktonic populations of bacteria, some biocides currently used in hospitals are ineffective against nosocomial pathogens growing as biofilms attached to surfaces and fail to control this reservoir for hospital-acquired infection.
authors.affiliation: Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Iain S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Hunter
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D018441:Biofilms; D002470:Cell Survival; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004202:Disinfectants; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010933:Plankton / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020959:Polyethylene; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D013193:Stainless Steel; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D013193:Stainless Steel; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D020959:Polyethylene