title: An AKT activity threshold regulates androgen-dependent and androgen-independent PSA expression in prostate cancer cell lines.
abstract: The androgen receptor (AR) plays an important role in early prostate cancer by activating transcription of a number of genes participating in cell proliferation and growth and cancer progression. However, as the cancer progresses, prostate cancer cells transform from an androgen-dependent to an androgen-independent state. Androgen-independent prostate cancer can manifest itself in several forms, including a percentage of cancers that show reduced levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and can progress without the need for the ligand or active receptor. Therefore, our goal was to examine the role of intracellular signaling pathways in an androgen-independent prostate cancer in vitro model. Using the cell line PC3(AR)(2), we stimulated cells with 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) and then analyzed PSA expression. We observed lower PSA expression when cells were jointly stimulated with DHT and EGF, and this was associated with an increase in AKT activity. We examined the role of AKT in AR activity and PSA expression by creating stable PC3(AR)(2) cell lines transfected with a PI3K-Ras-effector loop mutant. These cell lines showed lower DHT-stimulated PSA expression that correlated to changes in the phosphorylated state of AR. Therefore, we propose an in vitro androgen-independent model in which a PI3K/AKT activity threshold and subsequent AR transactivation regulate PSA expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1L5, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Miltiadis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paliouras
authors.forename: Eleftherios P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Diamandis
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen