title: Quantification of the infectious dose of Leishmania major transmitted to the skin by single sand flies.
abstract: Leishmaniasis is transmitted between mammalian hosts by the bites of bloodsucking vector sand flies. The dose of parasites transmitted to the mammalian host has never been directly determined. We developed a real-time PCR-based method to determine the number of Leishmania major parasites inoculated into the ears of living mice during feeding by individual infected flies (Phlebotomus duboscqi). The number of parasites transmitted varied over a wide range in the 58 ears in which Leishmania were detected and demonstrated a clear bimodal distribution. Most of the infected mice were inoculated with a low dose of <600 parasites. One in four received a higher dose of >1,000 and up to 100,000 cells. High-dose transmission was associated with a heavy midgut infection of >30,000 parasites, incomplete blood feeding, and transmission of a high percentage of the parasite load in the fly. To test the impact of inoculum size on infection outcome, we compared representative high- (5,000) and low- (100) dose intradermal needle infections in the ears of C57BL/6 mice. To mimic natural transmission, we used sand fly-derived metacyclic forms of L. major and preexposed the injection site to the bites of uninfected flies. Large lesions developed rapidly in the ears of mice receiving the high-dose inoculum. The low dose resulted in only minor pathology but a higher parasite titer in the chronic phase, and it established the host as an efficient long-term reservoir of infection back to vector sand flies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratories of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kimblin
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Debrabant
authors.forename: Nagila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Secundino
authors.forename: Jackson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Egen
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lawyer
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Fay
authors.forename: Shaden
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamhawi
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sacks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology*; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000635:transmission*; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011576:Psychodidae / Q000469:parasitology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012867:Skin / Q000469:parasitology*; D014162:Transfection; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein