title: Host- rather than virus-related factors reduce health-related quality of life in hepatitis C virus infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with decreased health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Although HCV has been suggested to directly impair neuropsychiatric functions, other factors may also play a role.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the impact of various host-, disease- and virus-related factors on HRQOL in a large, unselected population of anti-HCV-positive subjects. All individuals (n = 1736) enrolled in the Swiss Hepatitis C Cohort Study (SCCS) were asked to complete the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  833 patients (48%) returned the questionnaires. Survey participants had significantly worse scores in both assessment instruments when compared to a general population. By multivariable analysis, reduced HRQOL (mental and physical summary scores of SF-36) was independently associated with income. In addition, a low physical summary score was associated with age and diabetes, whereas a low mental summary score was associated with intravenous drug use. HADS anxiety and depression scores were independently associated with income and intravenous drug use. In addition, HADS depression score was associated with diabetes. None of the SF-36 or HADS scores correlated with either the presence or the level of serum HCV RNA. In particular, SF-36 and HADS scores were comparable in 555 HCV RNA-positive and 262 HCV RNA-negative individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anti-HCV-positive subjects have decreased HRQOL compared to controls. The magnitude of this decrease was clinically important for the SF-36 vitality score. Host and environmental, rather than viral factors, seem to impact on HRQOL level.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Stadtspital Waid, Tièchestrasse 99, CH-8037 Zürich, Switzerland. Beat.Helbling@waid.zuerich.ch
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Helbling
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overbeck
authors.forename: J-J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gonvers
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malinverni
authors.forename: J-F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dufour
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borovicka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heim
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cerny
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Negro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bucher
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rickenbach
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mullhaupt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires