title: PCR-based analysis of differentially methylated regions of GNAS enables convenient diagnostic testing of pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib (PHPIb) is characterized by parathyroid hormone (PTH) resistance, which can lead to hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and increased serum PTH. The disorder is caused by mutations in regulatory regions of the GNAS gene (GNAS complex locus) that lead to interferences in the methylation status of alternative GNAS promoters, such as exon A/B, NESP55, and XL alpha-s. PHPIb comprises disorders that show distinctive changes in methylation status but share the same clinical phenotype: (a) loss of methylation only at exon A/B of the GNAS gene and involving no other obvious epigenetic abnormalities [e.g., those caused by heterozygous microdeletions in the STX16 (syntaxin 16) region and found in many patients with autosomal dominant (AD) PHPIb]; (b) methylation abnormalities at several differentially methylated regions (DMRs), which are observed in most patients with sporadic PHPIb and some families with AD PHPIb.
  
  
  METHODS
  To permit early and reliable diagnosis of suspected PHPIb, we designed methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme-based and bisulfite deamination-based PCR tests for exon A/B and NESP55 DMRs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both PCR strategies permit proper methylation testing of GNAS and NESP55 DMRs and elucidate different disease subtypes. We have identified a novel microsatellite repeat polymorphism within GNAS exon A/B, and pedigree analyses have shown its presence to be conclusive evidence for familial disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide a simple diagnostic test for PHPIb, an imprinting disorder caused by different molecular changes within the GNAS complex locus. PHPIb, a complex and diagnostically challenging clinical phenotype, can be treated successfully by taking steps before the manifestation of symptoms to avoid clinical complications in affected patients or asymptomatic members of affected families who show positive results in genetic tests.
authors.affiliation: Austrian Research Centers GmbH-ARC, Molecular Diagnostics, Seibersdorf, Austria. andreas.weinhaeusel@arcs.ac.at
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weinhaeusel
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thiele
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofner
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hiort
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Noehammer
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002864:Chromogranins; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011547:Pseudohypoparathyroidism / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002864:Chromogranins; C406732:GNAS protein, human; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs