title: Anxiety in children undergoing VCUG: sedation or no sedation?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Voiding cystourethrograms are distressing for children and parents. Nonpharmacological methods reduce distress. Pharmacological interventions for VCUG focus on sedation as well as analgesia, anxiolysis, and amnesia. Sedation has cost, time, and safety issues. Which agents and route should we use? Are we sure that sedation does not influence the ability to diagnose vesicoureteric reflux?
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature search of Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database. Review of comparative studies found.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven comparative studies including two randomised controlled trials were reviewed. Midazolam given orally (0.5-0.6 mg/kg) or intranasally (0.2 mg/kg) is effective with no apparent effect on voiding dynamics. Insufficient evidence to recommend other sedating agents was found. Deeper sedating agents may interfere with voiding dynamics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Midazolam reduces the VCUG distress, causes amnesia, and does not appear to interfere with voiding dynamics. Midazolam combined with simple analgesia is an effective method to reduce distress to children undergoing VCUG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Starship Children's Hospital, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92024, Auckland, New Zealand. david.herd@mac.com
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Herd