title: Cortisol diurnal rhythm and stress reactivity in male adolescents with early-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have reported lower basal cortisol levels and reduced cortisol responses to stress in children and adolescents with conduct disorder (CD). It is not known whether these findings are specific to early-onset CD. This study investigated basal and stress-induced cortisol secretion in male participants with early-onset and adolescence-onset forms of CD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two participants with early-onset CD, 28 with adolescence-onset CD, and 95 control subjects participated in the study. They collected saliva across the day to assess their cortisol awakening response and diurnal rhythm. Subsequently, salivary cortisol was measured before, during, and after a psychosocial stress procedure designed to elicit frustration. Cardiovascular activity and subjective mood states were also assessed during stress exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no group differences in morning cortisol levels or the size of the cortisol awakening response. Basal cortisol levels in the evening and at 11 am during the laboratory visit were higher in both CD subgroups relative to control subjects. In contrast, cortisol and cardiovascular responses to psychosocial stress were reduced in both CD subgroups compared with control subjects. All groups reported similar increases in negative mood states during stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that group differences in cortisol secretion are most pronounced during stress exposure, when participants with CD show cortisol hyporeactivity compared with control subjects. There was no evidence for reduced basal cortisol secretion in participants with CD, but rather increased secretion at specific time points. The results do not support developmentally sensitive differences in cortisol secretion between CD subtypes.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Psychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge University, UK. gff22@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fairchild
authors.forename: Stephanie H M
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: van Goozen
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Stollery
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Goodyer
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000378:metabolism*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000378:metabolism*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000378:metabolism*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology; D014888:Wechsler Scales
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone