title: ABA inhibits embryo cell expansion and early cell division events during coffee (Coffea arabica 'Rubi') seed germination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coffee seed germination represents an interplay between the embryo and the surrounding endosperm. A sequence of events in both parts of the seed determines whether germination will be successful or not. Following previous studies, the aim here was to further characterize the morphology of endosperm degradation and embryo growth with respect to morphology and cell cycle, and the influence of abscisic acid on these processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Growth of cells in a fixed region of the axis was quantified from light micrographs. Cell cycle events were measured by flow cytometry and by immunocytochemistry, using antibodies against beta-tubulin. Aspects of the endosperm were visualized by light and scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The embryonic axis cells grew initially by isodiametric expansion. This event coincided with reorientation and increase in abundance of microtubules and with accumulation of beta-tubulin. Radicle protrusion was characterized by a shift from isodiametric expansion to elongation of radicle cells and further accumulation of beta-tubulin. Early cell division events started prior to radicle protrusion. Abscisic acid decreased the abundance of microtubules and inhibited the growth of the embryo cells, the reorganization of the microtubules, DNA replication in the embryonic axis, the formation of a protuberance and the completion of germination. The endosperm cap cells had smaller and thinner cell walls than the rest of the endosperm. Cells in the endosperm cap displayed compression followed by loss of cell integrity and the appearance of a protuberance prior to radicle protrusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coffee seed germination is the result of isodiametric growth of the embryo followed by elongation, at the expense of integrity of endosperm cap cells. The cell cycle, including cell division, is initiated prior to radicle protrusion. ABA inhibits expansion of the embryo, and hence subsequent events, including germination.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Florestais, CP 3037, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37.200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: E A Amaral
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Da Silva
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Toorop
authors.forename: André A M
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Van Lammeren
authors.forename: Henk W M
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Hilhorst
mesh_terms: D000040:Abscisic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002455:Cell Division; D040503:Coffea / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology; D020285:Cryoelectron Microscopy; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D008870:Microtubules / Q000502:physiology; D012639:Seeds / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014404:Tubulin; D000040:Abscisic Acid