title: Association of seizures with cortical spreading depression and peri-infarct depolarisations in the acutely injured human brain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the co-occurrence and interrelation of ictal activity and cortical spreading depressions (CSDs) - including the related periinfarct depolarisations in acute brain injury caused by trauma, and spontaneous subarachnoid and/or intracerebral haemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  63 patients underwent craniotomy and electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings were taken near foci of damaged cortical tissue for up to 10 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  32 of 63 patients exhibited CSDs (5-75 episodes) and 11 had ECoGraphic seizure activity (1-81 episodes). Occurrence of seizures was significantly associated with CSD, as 10 of 11 patients with seizures also had CSD (p=0.007, 2-tailed Fishers exact test). Clinically overt seizures were only observed in one patient. Each patient with CSD and seizures displayed one of four different patterns of interaction between CSD and seizures. In four patients CSD was immediately preceded by prolonged seizure activity. In three patients the two phenomena were separated in time: multiple CSDs were replaced by ictal activity. In one patient seizures appeared to trigger repeated CSDs at the adjacent electrode. In 2 patients ongoing repeated seizures were interrupted each time CSD occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seizure activity occurs in association with CSD in the injured human brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ECoG recordings in brain injury patients provide insight into pathophysiological mechanisms, which are not accessible by scalp EEG recordings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup Hospital, Nordre Ringvej, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark. fabricius@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fabricius
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fuhr
authors.forename: Lisette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Willumsen
authors.forename: Jens P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dreier
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: Martyn G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Boutelle
authors.forename: Jed A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hartings
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bullock
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Strong
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lauritzen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013181:Cortical Spreading Depression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants