title: Synthesis of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) during sourdough fermentation by selected lactic acid bacteria.
abstract: This article aimed at investigating the synthesis of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) during sourdough fermentation of white wheat, wholemeal wheat, and rye flours. Sourdough lactic acid bacteria, selected previously for proteinase and peptidase activities toward wheat proteins or for the capacity of synthesizing GABA, were used. The highest ACE-inhibitory activity was found by fermenting flour under semiliquid conditions (dough yield 330) and, especially, by using wholemeal wheat flour. Fourteen peptides, not previously reported as ACE-inhibitory, were identified from the water/salt-soluble extract of wholemeal wheat sourdough (IC 50 0.19-0.54 mg/mL). The major part of the identified peptides contained the well-known antihypertensive epitope VAP. The synthesis of GABA increased when the dough yield was decreased to 160. The highest synthesis of GABA (258.71 mg/kg) was found in wholemeal wheat sourdough.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection and Applied Microbiology, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Rizzello
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cassone
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Cagno
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gobbetti
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005285:Fermentation; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010452:Peptide Biosynthesis; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D010455:Peptides; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid