title: Live Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Streptococcus pyogenes differentially regulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene expression in human primary macrophages.
abstract: Macrophages are phagocytes that recognize bacteria and subsequently activate appropriate innate and adaptive immune responses. TLRs are essential in identifying conserved bacterial structures and in initiating and mediating innate immune responses. In this work, we have characterized TLR gene expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages in response to stimulation with two live Gram-positive bacteria, a human commensal and probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), and an important human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. LGG and S. pyogenes enhanced TLR2 expression in macrophages. LGG and S. pyogenes also required TLR2 for NF-kappaB activation. Only pathogenic S. pyogenes was able to up-regulate TLR3 and TLR7 gene expression. This up-regulation was dependent on IFN-alpha/beta, as neutralizing anti-IFN-alpha/beta antibodies reduced S. pyogenes-induced TLR3 and TLR7 mRNA expression. Our results show that despite similarities, TLR responses of macrophages differ for a Gram-positive probiotic and a pathogen. Our data suggest that macrophages can discriminate between probiotic and pathogenic bacteria by IFN-mediated TLR gene regulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland. minja.miettinen@gmail.com
authors.forename: Minja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miettinen
authors.forename: Ville
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Veckman
authors.forename: Sinikka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Latvala
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sareneva
authors.forename: Sampsa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matikainen
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Julkunen
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000235:genetics; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000235:genetics; D052201:Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus / Q000502:physiology*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000502:physiology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics*; D014162:Transfection; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016899:Interferon-beta; D008156:Luciferases