title: Stereoselective first-pass metabolism of verapamil in the small intestine and liver in rats.
abstract: Verapamil (VP) is used as a racemate but shows stereoselective pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism. Stereoselective first-pass metabolism in the intestine and liver was investigated in vivo and in vitro to determine its impact on the disposition of VP and its main metabolite, norverapamil (NVP). VP racemate was administered to rats i.v., p.o., and via the portal vein. The formation rates of the main metabolites of the VP enantiomers were estimated in an in vitro intestinal microsomal study. The hepatic bioavailability of VP showed saturable metabolism, and the hepatic bioavailability of R-VP was higher than that of S-VP. Conversely, the intestinal bioavailability of R-VP was lower than that of S-VP, resulting in a higher systemic bioavailability of S-VP. The pharmacokinetics of the NVP enantiomers was similar. These results suggest that the stereoselectivity of the total bioavailability of VP is determined by first-pass metabolism in the small intestine and liver, and that the NVP enantiomers observed in the systemic circulation after p.o. administration of VP racemate originate mainly from the liver in rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan. hanada@my-pharm.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hanada
authors.forename: Yasutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikemi
authors.forename: Kazutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kukita
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mihara
authors.forename: Hiroyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008861:Microsomes / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D014700:Verapamil / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D014700:Verapamil