title: The association between alcohol consumption and risk of COPD exacerbation in a veteran population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol has been associated with COPD-related mortality but has not yet been demonstrated to be an independent risk factor for COPD exacerbation. Our objective was to evaluate the association between alcohol consumption and the subsequent risk of COPD exacerbation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study of general medicine outpatients seen at one of seven Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers who returned health screening questionnaires. Three screening questionnaires, AUDIT-C (0 to 12 points), CAGE (0 to 4 points), and a single item about the frequency of drinking six or more drinks on an occasion (binge drinking), were used to classify alcohol consumption. The main outcome, COPD exacerbation, was based on primary VA discharge diagnosis (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision) or outpatient diagnosis of COPD accompanied by prescriptions for either antibiotics or prednisone within 2 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 30,503 patients followed up for a median of 3.35 years, those patients with AUDIT-C scores > or = 6, CAGE scores > or = 2, or who reported binge drinking at least weekly were at an increased risk of COPD exacerbation in age-adjusted analysis. Adjusted hazard ratios were 1.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 1.7) for AUDIT-C score > or = 6, 1.4 (95% CI, 1.3 to 1.5) for CAGE score > or = 2, and 1.6 (95% CI, 1.2 to 2.2) for those who reported binge drinking daily or almost daily. However, with adjustment for measures of tobacco use, the association between alcohol consumption and increased risk of COPD exacerbation was no longer evident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol consumption, whether quantified by AUDIT-C, CAGE score, or binge drinking, was not associated with an increased risk of COPD exacerbation independent of tobacco use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Electronic address: greenec@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Courtney C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research and Development, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Katharine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research and Development, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Chris L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bryson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Blough
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research and Development, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Edmonds M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Udris
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research and Development, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Au
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*