title: Antipsychotic withdrawal-induced relapse predicts future relapses in institutionalized adults with severe intellectual disability.
abstract: Severe intellectual and developmental disabilities are frequently associated with aggression toward self and others, destruction of property, and disruption. Antipsychotic medications are a mainstay of treatment of such behaviors. National and state guidelines suggest stopping these medications or decreasing their dosages when possible if patients have maintained stability. The current study evaluated the likelihood of future antipsychotic drug withdrawal-induced relapses in those individuals where such a relapse had occurred previously. Subjects were 57 institutionalized adults with severe or profound intellectual disability. Between 1990 and 2000, each had experienced an initial activation of maladaptive aggressive behaviors after an attempt at antipsychotic drug withdrawal and/or termination. Quarterly behavioral reports were evaluated to determine whether subsequent antipsychotic drug withdrawal attempts were also associated with future relapses. Initial relapse was followed by subsequent antipsychotic drug withdrawal attempts in 49 of the 57 individuals. Between 1990 and 2005, 28.6% of these 49 subjects had experienced 1, 38.7% had 2, 20.4% had 3, and 8.2% had 4 additional relapses. Two (4.1%) had not relapsed. Eight individuals remained on antipsychotic agents without a subsequent withdrawal attempt. By the end of 2005, only 4 (7%) of the 57 individuals had become antipsychotic drug free, 22.8% were receiving first-generation antipsychotic agents alone, 45.6% were receiving second-generation antipsychotic agents alone, and 24.6% were receiving a combination of first- and second-generation antipsychotic agents. Thus, if relapse occurs after an antipsychotic drug withdrawal attempt, subsequent attempts at withdrawal are also very likely to lead to further relapses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, CB 7175, Medical Research Building A, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7175, USA. David_Janowsky@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Janowsky
authors.forename: L Jarrett
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Barnhill
authors.forename: Abdul S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Khalid
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007326:Institutionalization; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016312:Treatment Refusal
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents