title: Positive selection at the receptor-binding site of haemagglutinin H5 in viral sequences derived from human tissues.
abstract: Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus has spread through at least 45 countries in three continents. Despite the ability to infect and cause severe disease in humans, the virus cannot transmit efficiently from human to human. The lack of efficient transmission indicates the incompletion of the adaptation of the avian virus to the new host species. The required mutations for the complete adaptation and the emergence of a potential pandemic virus are likely to originate and be selected within infected human tissues. Differential receptor preference plays an important role in the species-tropism of avian influenza. We have analysed quasispecies of sequences covering the receptor-binding domain of the haemagglutinin gene of H5N1 viruses derived from fatal human cases. We employed a likelihood ratio test to identify positive-selection sites within the quasispecies. Nine of seventeen positive-selection sites identified in our analyses were found to be located within or flanking the receptor-binding domain. Some of these mutations are known to alter receptor-binding specificity. This suggests that our approach could be used to screen for mutations with significant functional impact. Our data provide new candidate mutations for the viral adaptation to a human host, and a new approach to search for new genetic markers of potential pandemic viruses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.|Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Alita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kongchanagul
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Ornpreya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Suptawiwat
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pumaree
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kanrai
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Mongkol
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uiprasertkul
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pilaipan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puthavathana
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
authors.forename: Prasert
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Auewarakul
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000821:virology; D007422:Intestines / Q000821:virology; D008168:Lung / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000378:metabolism*; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D011991:Receptors, Virus