title: Impaired stimulus-outcome but preserved stimulus-response shifting in young substance-dependent individuals.
abstract: Substance dependency has been related to an impairment in executive functions and to a dysfunction of the frontal cortex. In this study we developed two experimental tasks, which are physically identical, to analyze whether substance-dependent individuals are impaired in shifting response patterns (stimulus response links) or preferences (stimulus outcome links). To increase the specificity of the dependent variable, we also used two control tasks to analyze for unspecific performance deficits. We included 35 young subjects with polysubstance abuse (International Classification of Diseases, F19.2 ICD 10 diagnosis, mean age of 22 years, maximum age < 27 years) and 18 normal controls, but for a first step focused on only 22 patients and 15 age-matched controls, because we excluded all patients with an IQ below 100. The results show that the substance-dependent individuals are selectively impaired in shifting object preference (stimulus-outcome links) and not in shifting response patterns. They moreover show a higher general impulsivity as reflected in their faster responses than controls on all tasks except the stimulus-outcome task. In a second step we replicated these results by analyzing the original groups of 35 patients and 18 controls. We argue that substance-dependent subjects show an impairment only on specific executive tasks, and these tasks concern stimulus-outcome link shifting, which has been associated with the functioning of the orbitofrontal cortex, not of the lateral prefrontal cortex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brokate
authors.forename: Frauke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: Sandra V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult