title: Total endoscopic management (TEM approach) of children with non-compliant neuropathic bladder: a preliminary report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We prospectively evaluated the efficacy and durability of a combination of intradetrusor botulinum-A toxin (BTX-A) and endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) to manage children with myelomeningocele (MMC) and non-compliant refluxing bladders who were not responding to standard conservative therapy. We also evaluated whether this combined therapy can lower intravesical pressure, increase bladder capacity, gain social continence and protect the upper tract from recurrent urinary tract infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 10 patients with a mean age of 5.9+/-3.6 years (range 2-12 years) with MMC (eight females and two males) were prospectively involved in the study. All patients were fully compliant to clean intermittent catheterization, and all were non-responders (failed to gain continence and/or poor compliance) to the maximum tolerable dose of anticholinergics and catheterization. All patients were subjected to cystoscopic intradetrusor injection of 12 U/kg (maximum 300 U) of BTX-A in an infection-free bladder. They all had VUR (16 refluxing ureters, six patients with bilateral VUR) and did not show resolution in the pretreatment voiding cystourethrogram; accordingly, submucosal injection of Deflux was performed either with the second BTX-A treatment (initial four patients) or with the first BTX-A treatment (the other six patients). The grade of reflux was G III, IV and V in three, seven and six ureters, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum bladder capacity increased significantly from 79+/-49 to 155+/-57 ml (p<0.022), and the maximum detrusor pressure decreased significantly from 55+/-16 to 37+/-11 cm H(2)O (p<0.001). Fifteen out of 16 (93.75%) refluxing ureters were completely resolved (one of them on second attempt), and one (6.25%) (GV reflux) remained unchanged despite of two attempts. Of six incontinent patients, five reached complete dryness between catheterizations and one showed partial improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of BTX-A and endoscopic correction of VUR is a simple and effective way to overcome the increased risk of high intravesical pressure and recurrent UTI. This treatment decreases the incidence of renal damage in children on whom conservative management fails to help, in a minimally invasive way.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery (37), King Saud University, King Khalid University Hospital, POB 7805, Riyadh 11472, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. kfouda@ksu.edu.sa
authors.forename: Khalid Fouda
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Neel
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.forename: Sherif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soliman
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003187:Compliance; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000150:complications; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A