Auditory-motor coupling of bilateral finger tapping in children with and without DCD compared to adults.
The ability to modulate bilateral finger tapping in time to different frequencies of an auditory beat was studied. Twenty children, 7 years of age, 10 with and 10 without developmental coordination disorder (DCD), and 10 adults tapped their left index and right middle fingers in an alternating pattern in time with an auditory signal for 15s (four trials each, randomly, at 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2 Hz per finger). Dominant and non-dominant finger data were collapsed since no differences emerged. All three groups were able to modulate their finger frequency across trials to closely approximate the signal frequency but children with DCD were unable to slow down to the lowest frequency. Children with DCD were more variable in tap accuracy (SD of relative phase) and between finger coordination than typically developing children who were respectively more variable than the adults. Children with DCD were unable to consistently synchronize their finger with the beat. Adults were tightly synchronized and often ahead of the beat while children without DCD tended to be behind the beat. Overall, these results indicated that children with DCD can only broadly match their finger movements to an auditory signal with variability and poor synchronicity as key features of their auditory-fine-motor control. Individual inspection of the data revealed that five children with DCD had difficulty matching the slowest frequencies and that these children also had higher variability and lower percentile MABC scores from the movement assessment battery for children (MABC) than other children with DCD. Three children with DCD were more variable only at higher frequencies and two performed like typically developing children.
Whitall
J
J
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States. JWhitall@som.umaryland.edu
Chang
T-Y
TY
Horn
C L
CL
Jung-Potter
J
J
McMenamin
S
S
Wilms-Floet
A
A
Clark
J E
JE
D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012016:Reference Values; D013998:Time Perception; D055815:Young Adult