title: Tuberculous orbital apex syndromes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical and radiological features of orbital apex syndromes caused by presumed tuberculosis (TB).
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the discharge summaries of all patients seen in the Medical Eye Unit (MEU), St Thomas' Hospital between 1975 and 2006 identified seven patients with a diagnosis of orbital apex syndrome or optic neuropathy attributable to TB. Case notes and radiology were reviewed retrospectively for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the patients were born outside the UK and were HIV-negative. Four presented during 2005-6. Six of the seven patients presented with a visual acuity (VA) of less than counting fingers (CF), but all achieved a VA of 6/9 or better after a median 3 weeks of treatment with antituberculous treatment and systemic corticosteroids. All patients had constitutional symptoms. Chest x ray and CSF were normal in each case, but MRI was abnormal in six.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report a recent cluster of tuberculous orbital apex syndromes, in the context of an increasing incidence of TB in the UK. The condition is difficult to diagnose, but the combination of high-dose corticosteroids and anti-TB medication was rapidly effective and achieved a good outcome in all cases.
authors.affiliation: Medical Eye Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Petrushkin
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sibtain
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Stanford
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Plant
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013577:Syndrome; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014392:Tuberculosis, Ocular / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000995:Antitubercular Agents