title: Effects of a long-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls and parameters of muscle function in community-dwelling older individuals.
abstract: In 242 community-dwelling seniors, supplementation with either 1000 mg of calcium or 1000 mg of calcium plus vitamin D resulted in a decrease in the number of subjects with first falls of 27% at month 12 and 39% at month 20. Additionally, parameters of muscle function improved significantly.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The efficacy of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on risk of falling in the elderly is discussed controversially. Randomized controlled trials using falls as primary outcome are needed. We investigated long-term effects of calcium and vitamin D on falls and parameters of muscle function in community-dwelling elderly women and men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study population consisted of 242 individuals recruited by advertisements and mailing lists (mean [ +/- SD] age, 77 +/- 4 years). All serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels were below 78 nmol/l. Individuals received in a double blinded fashion either 1000 mg of calcium or 1000 mg of calcium plus 800 IU of vitamin D per day over a treatment period of 12 months, which was followed by a treatment-free but still blinded observation period of 8 months. Falls were documented using diaries. The study took place in Bad Pyrmont, Germany (latitude 52 degrees ) and Graz, Austria (latitude 46 degrees ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to calcium mono, supplementation with calcium plus vitamin D resulted in a significant decrease in the number of subjects with first falls of 27% at month 12 (RR = 0.73; CI = 0.54-0.96) and 39% at month 20 (RR = 0.61; CI = 0.34-0.76). Concerning secondary endpoints, we observed significant improvements in quadriceps strength of 8%, a decrease in body sway of 28%, and a decrease in time needed to perform the TUG test of 11%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation proved superior to calcium alone in reducing the number of falls and improving muscle function in community-dwelling older individuals.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Osteology Gustav Pommer and Clinic Der Fürstenhof, Bad Pyrmont, Germany. iko_pyrmont@t-online.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Begerow
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Minne
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suppan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fahrleitner-Pammer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dobnig
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001317:Austria; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000517:prevention & control; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012931:Social Environment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium