title: Structure-activity relationship and substrate-dependent phenomena in effects of ginsenosides on activities of drug-metabolizing P450 enzymes.
abstract: Ginseng, a traditional herbal medicine, may interact with several co-administered drugs in clinical settings, and ginsenosides, the major active components of ginseng, may be responsible for these ginseng-drug interactions (GDIs). Results from previous studies on ginsenosides' effects on human drug-metabolizing P450 enzymes are inconsistent and confusing. Herein, we first evaluated the inhibitory effects of fifteen ginsenosides and sapogenins on human CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes by using commercially available fluorescent probes. The structure-activity relationship of their effects on the P450s was also explored and a pharmacophore model was established for CYP3A4. Moreover, substrate-dependent phenomena were found in ginsenosides' effects on CYP3A4 when another fluorescent probe was used, and were further confirmed in tests with conventional drug probes and human liver microsomes. These substrate-dependent effects of the ginsenosides may provide an explanation for the inconsistent results obtained in previous GDI reports.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Yuqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Peizhan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hualiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Ruiwen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002384:Catalysis; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000737:chemistry*; D015195:Drug Design; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000737:chemistry; D012984:Software; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D036145:Ginsenosides; D028321:Plant Preparations; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System