title: Interleukin-10-592C/A, -819C/T and -1082A/G promoter variants affect the susceptibility to nephropathy in Tunisian type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Interleukin (IL)-10 polymorphic variants -1082G/A, -819C/T and -592C/A were linked with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We investigated the hypothesis that IL-10 promoter polymorphisms may be associated with the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study subjects comprised of 515 DN patients, and 402 normoalbuminuric (DWN) T2DM patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  IL-10 genotyping was done by PCR-based assays, and the contributions of the IL-10 polymorphic variants to DN were analysed by haplotype analysis and multivariate regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decreased prevalence of (mutant) -819T allele and -819C/T genotype was seen in DN patients; neither the -1082G/A nor the -592C/A polymorphism was associated with DN. Three-loci haplotype (-1082GA/-819CT/-592CA) analysis identified GTC as DN-protective haplotype. Multivariate regression analysis confirmed the association of GTC haplotype (P = 0.045; OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.31-0.99), and in addition identified GTA haplotype (P = 0.044; OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.30-0.98) as independent predictors of DN after controlling for a number of covariates (age, sex, BMI; hypertension, glucose, HbA1c, DN duration, total cholesterol, medications).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that IL-10 promoter polymorphism influence the risk of nephropathy in Tunisian T2DM patients.
authors.affiliation: Research unit of Biology and Genetics of Cancer and Haematological and Autoimmune diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Intissar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ezzidi
authors.forename: Nabil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mtiraoui
authors.forename: Maha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kacem
authors.forename: Samir G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Mallat
authors.forename: Manel Ben Hadj
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.forename: Molka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chaieb
authors.forename: Touhami
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mahjoub
authors.forename: Wassim Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Almawi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014416:Tunisia
chemical_list: D016753:Interleukin-10