title: Ginkgo biloba extract 761 reduces doxorubicin-induced apoptotic damage in rat hearts and neonatal cardiomyocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate whether a cytoprotective herb-derived agent, Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) 761, could have a beneficial effect on doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were treated with the vehicle, doxorubicin (1 microM), EGb761 (25 microg/mL), or EGb761 plus doxorubicin. After 24 h, doxorubicin upregulated p53 mRNA expression, disturbed Bcl-2 family protein balance, disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, precipitated mitochondrion-dependent apoptotic signalling, induced apoptotic cell death, and reduced viability of cardiomyocytes, whereas EGb761 pretreatment suppressed all the actions of doxorubicin. Similarly, rats treated with doxorubicin [3 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.) three doses every other day] displayed retarded growth of body and heart as well as elevated apoptotic indexes in heart tissue at both 7 and 28 days after exposure, whereas EGb761 pretreatment (5 mg/kg i.p. 1 day before each dose of doxorubicin) effectively neutralized the aforementioned gross and cellular adverse effects of doxorubicin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Doxorubicin impairs viability of cardiomyocytes at least partially by activating the p53-mediated, mitochondrion-dependent apoptotic signalling. EGb761 can effectively and extensively counteract this action of doxorubicin, and may potentially protect the heart from the severe toxicity of doxorubicin.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 160, Sec. 3, Taichungkang Road, Taichung 407, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tsun-Jui
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yueh-Chiao
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Chih-Tai
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: Wen-Lieng
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Li-Chuan
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hsiao-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kuo-Yang
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hui-Chun
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Hui-Chin
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004317:Doxorubicin; D020441:Ginkgo biloba; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000096983:Ginkgo Extract
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D053148:Caspase 3; D045304:Cytochromes c; D004317:Doxorubicin; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C063170:Ginkgo biloba extract; D000096983:Ginkgo Extract; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat