title: Childhood chronic daily headache: a biopsychosocial perspective.
abstract: The aim of our observational study was to highlight some clinical observations on chronic daily headache (CDH) in children and adolescents. Data on patients < or =18 years aged presenting with CDH to the Pediatric Headache Clinic at the Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Canada, were collected prospectively and sequentially from February 2004 to July 2006. Standardized data sheets and definitions were used. Follow-up information on the 70 participants (22 males, 48 females) was current to February 2007. Fifty-four participants (77%) had had recurrent headaches before transformation to CDH. Comorbid chronic migraine and chronic tension-type headache was the most frequent subtype of CDH (37 participants; 53%). Anxiety and mood disorders were diagnosed in 17 and 15 children respectively. Stressors that precipitated or contributed to the maintenance of CDH were judged important in 44 (63%). The possibility of a somatoform disorder was considered in five children, a factitious disorder in one, and malingering in another. We suggest that CDH be viewed from a biopsychosocial rather than a narrow biomedical perspective and the classification improved to enhance clinical utility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Royal University Hospital and University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Seshia
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: von Baeyer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019370:Observation / Q000379:methods; D010808:Physical Examination; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012919:Social Behavior