title: Bolus tube feeding suppresses food intake and circulating ghrelin concentrations in healthy subjects in a short-term placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous investigations suggest continuous tube feeding (TF) schedules do not suppress appetite and food intake, but bolus TF has been little studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that 1) bolus TF does not suppress appetite and food intake and 2) there is no interrelation between food intake and appetite mediators (including ghrelin).
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-blind, placebo-controlled trial within which 6 healthy men [body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 21.1 +/- 1.61] received 3 d of bolus TF (6.93 +/- 0.38 MJ/d of 4.18 kJ/mL multinutrient feed). For 2 d before and after TF, placebo boluses (<0.4 MJ/d) were given by tube. Hourly tracking of appetite, weighed measurements of daily ad libitum food intake, and metabolic and hormonal (including ghrelin) measurements were undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total energy intake was significantly increased with bolus TF (18.2 +/- 1.86 MJ; P = 0.0005) despite a partial reduction in food intake compared with placebo periods (P = 0.013) and during the TF period (by 15%; P = 0.007). There was little change in hunger and fullness with bolus TF, and within-day temporal patterns did not differ whether TF or placebo was given. Changes in fasting concentrations of ghrelin (1003.6-756.0 pmol/L; P = 0.013) and other mediators (including leptin, insulin, and glucose) were significantly related to subsequent daily food intake (eg, ghrelin: r(2) = 0.81, P = 0.022).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this short-term study, subjects maintained appetite ratings during bolus TF by a significant reduction in food intake and changes in ghrelin and some appetite mediators related to subsequent daily food intake. Longer-term studies are required to fully ascertain the effect of TF on appetite, food intake, and appetite mediators.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom. r.j.stratton@soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stratton
authors.forename: R James
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stubbs
authors.forename: Marinos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010919:Placebos; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D010919:Placebos