title: Selective inhibition of iNOS attenuates trauma-hemorrhage/resuscitation-induced hepatic injury.
abstract: Although trauma-hemorrhage produces tissue hypoxia, systemic inflammatory response and organ dysfunction, the mechanisms responsible for these alterations are not clear. Using a potent selective inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, N-[3-(aminomethyl) benzyl]acetamidine (1400W), and a nonselective NO synthase inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), we investigated whether inducible NO synthase plays any role in producing hepatic injury, inflammation, and changes of protein expression following trauma-hemorrhage. To investigate this, male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to midline laparotomy and hemorrhagic shock (mean blood pressure 35-40 mmHg for approximately 90 min) followed by fluid resuscitation. Animals were treated with either vehicle (DMSO) or 1400W (10 mg/kg body wt ip), or L-NAME (30 mg/kg iv), 30 min before resuscitation and killed 2 h after resuscitation. Trauma-hemorrhage/resuscitation induced a marked hypotension and increase in markers of hepatic injury (i.e., plasma alpha-glutathione S-transferase, tissue myeloperoxidase activity, and nitrotyrosine formation). Hepatic expression of iNOS, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, ICAM-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and neutrophil chemoattractant (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-2) protein levels were also markedly increased following trauma-hemorrhage/resuscitation. Administration of the iNOS inhibitor 1400W significantly attenuated hypotension and expression of these mediators of hepatic injury induced by trauma-hemorrhage/resuscitation. However, administration of L-NAME could not attenuate hepatic dysfunction and tissue injury mediated by trauma-hemorrhage, although it improved mean blood pressure as did 1400W. These results indicate that increased expression of iNOS following trauma-hemorrhage plays an important role in the induction of hepatic damage under such conditions.
authors.affiliation: Center for Surgical Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA.
authors.forename: Wen-Hong
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: Jun-Te
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Schwacha
authors.forename: Mashkoor A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Choudhry
authors.forename: Raghavan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.forename: Kirby I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Bland
authors.forename: Irshad H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chaudry
mesh_terms: D000578:Amidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001596:Benzylamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000097:blood; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000578:Amidines; D001596:Benzylamines; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C497444:Hif1a protein, rat; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D007527:Isoenzymes; C104820:N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D009195:Peroxidase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C119995:glutathione S-transferase alpha; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester