title: Riboswitches in eubacteria sense the second messenger cyclic di-GMP.
abstract: Cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (di-GMP) is a circular RNA dinucleotide that functions as a second messenger in diverse species of bacteria to trigger wide-ranging physiological changes, including cell differentiation, conversion between motile and biofilm lifestyles, and virulence gene expression. However, the mechanisms by which cyclic di-GMP regulates gene expression have remained a mystery. We found that cyclic di-GMP in many bacterial species is sensed by a riboswitch class in messenger RNA that controls the expression of genes involved in numerous fundamental cellular processes. A variety of cyclic di-GMP regulons are revealed, including some riboswitches associated with virulence gene expression, pilus formation, and flagellum biosynthesis. In addition, sequences matching the consensus for cyclic di-GMP riboswitches are present in the genome of a bacteriophage.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sudarsan
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Moy
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Breaker
mesh_terms: D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide / Q000378:metabolism*; D001409:Bacillus cereus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D008024:Ligands; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018085:Regulon; D015290:Second Messenger Systems; D014734:Vibrio cholerae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide; D008024:Ligands; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C062025:bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid; D006152:Cyclic GMP