title: Efavirenz in human breast milk, mothers', and newborns' plasma.
abstract: METHODS
  Highly active antiretroviral therapy with efavirenz (EFV) has been prescribed to HIV-positive pregnant women in Rwanda (HIV status 1 and CD4 cell count > 350 cells/mm) during the last trimester of pregnancy and for 6 months after delivery. The EFV concentrations in maternal plasma, breast milk and in newborns' plasma of 13 women and their children between 6 weeks and 6 months post partum are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results show a mean EFV plasma concentration of 6.55 mg/L in maternal plasma, 3.51 mg/L in skim milk, and 0.85 mg/L in infant plasma. Significant linear correlations between maternal plasma and skim milk (r = 0.8666, P < 0.0001) and between skim milk and infant plasma (r = 0.6646, P < 0.02) were found, but no significant correlation was observed between maternal and infant plasma concentrations (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After 6 months of breast-feeding, no child out of the 13 had been infected with HIV and all had good psychomotor and growth development. Our results suggest that EFV may be an alternative to nevirapine (NVP) during the third trimester of pregnancy and during the breast-feeding period. Further studies on larger groups of newborns will be necessary to get a better understanding of possible prophylactic protection of the newborns by highly active antiretroviral therapy with EFV given to the mothers.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire National de la Santé, Division de Toxicologie, Université du Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg. serge.schneider@lns.etat.lu
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peltier
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gras
authors.forename: Vic
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Arendt
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karasi-Omes
authors.forename: Anastasie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mujawamariwa
authors.forename: Patrick C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ndimubanzi
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ndayisaba
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wennig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D010949:Plasma / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; C098320:efavirenz