title: Mental disorders and cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Numerous population-based studies have found an association between major depression and CVD, though these studies did not assess anxiety disorders. Patient samples have shown associations between anxiety disorders and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but without consideration of depressive disorders. Therefore, it remains unclear whether: (a) both anxiety and depressive disorder are associated with CVD; (b) these associations are generalizable to adults in the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a nationally representative sample of 43,093 civilian non-institutionalized participants aged 18 and older.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CVD (total prevalence 3.3%) was associated with increased likelihood of any anxiety disorder (OR=1.43, (1.20, 1.71)), after adjusting for depressive disorders, as well as Generalized Anxiety Disorder (OR=1.48 (1.09, 2.01)), Panic disorder (OR=1.46 (1.12, 1.91)), and specific phobia (OR=1.29 (1.04, 1.59)). CVD was significantly associated with any mood disorder (OR=1.34 (1.13, 1.58)) after adjusting for anxiety disorders, though neither the link with major depression, nor other specific mood disorders remained significant after adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and CVD are highly comorbid among adults in the United States, and demonstrate the importance of including anxiety disorder assessment in studies of mental and physical comorbidity. These results reveal how the lack of investigation into specific relationships between CVD and the range of mental disorders in population-based studies of risk factors for CVD may obscure important relationships.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168[th] Street, Room 1706, New York, NY 10032, United States. rdg66@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Renee D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: Karina W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Keyes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult