title: A new in vitro model of the glial scar inhibits axon growth.
abstract: Astrocytes respond to central nervous system (CNS) injury with reactive astrogliosis and participate in the formation of the glial scar, an inhibitory barrier for axonal regeneration. Little is known about the injury-induced mechanisms underlying astrocyte reactivity and subsequent development of an axon-inhibitory scar. We combined two key aspects of CNS injury, mechanical trauma and co-culture with meningeal cells, to produce an in vitro model of the scar from cultures of highly differentiated astrocytes. Our model displayed widespread morphological signs of astrocyte reactivity, increases in expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and accumulation of GFAP in astrocytic processes. Expression levels of scar-associated markers, phosphacan, neurocan, and tenascins, were also increased. Importantly, neurite growth from various CNS neuronal populations was significantly reduced when neurons were seeded on the scar-like cultures, compared with growth on cultures of mature astrocytes. Quantification of neurite growth parameters on the scar model demonstrated significant reductions in neuronal adhesion and neurite lengths. Interestingly, neurite outgrowth of postnatal neurons was reduced to a greater extent than that of embryonic neurons, and outgrowth inhibition varied among neuronal populations. Scar-like reactive sites and neurite-inhibitory patches were found throughout these cultures, creating a patchwork of growth-inhibitory areas mimicking a CNS injury site. Thus, our model showed relevant aspects of scar formation and produced widespread inhibition of axonal regeneration; it should be useful both for examining mechanisms underlying scar formation and to assess various treatments for their potential to improve regeneration after CNS injury. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA. iwanner@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Ina B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Wanner
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deik
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosendahl
authors.forename: Joseph T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Neary
authors.forename: Vance P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Lemmon
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bixby
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005911:Gliosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020439:Growth Cones / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016501:Neurites / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D058580:Neurocan; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D054633:Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5 / Q000378:metabolism; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019063:Tenascin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D006131:Growth Inhibitors; C507576:Ncan protein, mouse; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D058580:Neurocan; D011509:Proteoglycans; D019063:Tenascin; D054633:Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5