title: Histone deacetylases control neurogenesis in embryonic brain by inhibition of BMP2/4 signaling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Histone-modifying enzymes are essential for a wide variety of cellular processes dependent upon changes in gene expression. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) lead to the compaction of chromatin and subsequent silencing of gene transcription, and they have recently been implicated in a diversity of functions and dysfunctions in the postnatal and adult brain including ocular dominance plasticity, memory consolidation, drug addiction, and depression. Here we investigate the role of HDACs in the generation of neurons and astrocytes in the embryonic brain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a variety of HDACs are expressed in differentiating neural progenitor cells, we have taken a pharmacological approach to inhibit multiple family members. Inhibition of class I and II HDACs in developing mouse embryos with trichostatin A resulted in a dramatic reduction in neurogenesis in the ganglionic eminences and a modest increase in neurogenesis in the cortex. An identical effect was observed upon pharmacological inhibition of HDACs in in vitro-differentiating neural precursors derived from the same brain regions. A reduction in neurogenesis in ganglionic eminence-derived neural precursors was accompanied by an increase in the production of immature astrocytes. We show that HDACs control neurogenesis by inhibition of the bone morphogenetic protein BMP2/4 signaling pathway in radial glial cells. HDACs function at the transcriptional level by inhibiting and promoting, respectively, the expression of Bmp2 and Smad7, an intracellular inhibitor of BMP signaling. Inhibition of the BMP2/4 signaling pathway restored normal levels of neurogenesis and astrogliogenesis to both ganglionic eminence- and cortex-derived cultures in which HDACs were inhibited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate a transcriptionally-based regulation of BMP2/4 signaling by HDACs both in vivo and in vitro that is critical for neurogenesis in the ganglionic eminences and that modulates cortical neurogenesis. The results also suggest that HDACs may regulate the developmental switch from neurogenesis to astrogliogenesis that occurs in late gestation.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shakèd
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Weissmüller
authors.forename: Hanno
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Svoboda
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hortschansky
authors.forename: Norikazu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wölfl
authors.forename: Kerry L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Tucker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000166:cytology; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D008954:Models, Biological; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C525719:Bmp2 protein, mouse; C525810:Bmp4 protein, mouse; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D002843:Chromatin; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C012589:trichostatin A; D006655:Histone Deacetylases