title: Glucose intolerance in pregnancy and future risk of pre-diabetes or diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that any degree of abnormal glucose homeostasis detected on antepartum screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) should be associated with an increased risk of postpartum pre-diabetes or diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective cohort study, 487 women underwent 1) antepartum GDM screening by a glucose challenge test (GCT) and a diagnostic oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and 2) postpartum metabolic characterization by OGTT at 3 months after delivery. Four baseline glucose tolerance groups were defined on the basis of the antepartum GCT/OGTT: 1) GDM (n = 137); 2) gestational impaired glucose tolerance (GIGT) (n = 91); 3) abnormal GCT with normal glucose tolerance on an OGTT (abnormal GCT NGT) (n = 166); and 4) normal GCT with NGT on an OGTT (normal GCT NGT) (n = 93).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of postpartum glucose intolerance (pre-diabetes or diabetes) increased across the groups from normal GCT NGT (3.2%) to abnormal GCT NGT (10.2%) to GIGT (16.5%) to GDM (32.8%) (P(trend) < 0.0001). On logistic regression analysis, all three categories of abnormal glucose homeostasis in pregnancy independently predicted postpartum glucose intolerance: abnormal GCT NGT odds ratio (OR) 3.6 (95% CI 1.01-12.9); GIGT OR 5.7 (1.6-21.1); and GDM OR 14.3 (4.2-49.1). Furthermore, both in pregnancy and at 3 months postpartum, insulin sensitivity (IS(OGTT)) and pancreatic beta-cell function (insulinogenic index/homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) progressively decreased across the groups from normal GCT NGT to abnormal GCT NGT to GIGT to GDM (all P(trend) < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Any degree of abnormal glucose homeostasis in pregnancy independently predicts an increased risk of glucose intolerance postpartum.
authors.affiliation: Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. rretnakaran@mtsinai.on.ca
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Retnakaran
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Mathew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sermer
authors.forename: Philip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Connelly
authors.forename: Anthony J G
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zinman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose