title: Different serological cross-reactivity of Trypanosoma rangeli forms in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected patients sera.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi which currently infects approximately 16 million people in the Americas causing high morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis of American trypanosomiasis relies on serology, primarily using indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) with T. cruzi epimastigote forms. The closely related but nonpathogenic Trypanosoma rangeli has a sympatric distribution with T. cruzi and is carried by the same vectors. As a result false positives are frequently generated. This confounding factor leads to increased diagnostic test costs and where false positives are not caught, endangers human health due to the toxicity of the drugs used to treat Chagas disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, serologic cross-reactivity between the two species was compared for the currently used epimastigote form and the more pathologically relevant trypomastigote form, using IFA and immunoblotting (IB) assays. Our results reveal an important decrease in cross reactivity when T. rangeli culture-derived trypomastigotes are used in IFA based diagnosis of Chagas disease. Western blot results using sera from both acute and chronic chagasic patients presenting with cardiac, indeterminate or digestive disease revealed similar, but not identical, antigenic profiles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study addressing the serological cross-reactivity between distinct forms and strains of T. rangeli and T. cruzi using sera from distinct phases of the Chagasic infection. Several T. rangeli-specific proteins were detected, which may have potential as diagnostic tools.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. grisard@ccb.ufsc.br.
authors.forename: Milene H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: de Moraes
authors.forename: Alessandra A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Guarneri
authors.forename: Fabiana P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Girardi
authors.forename: Juliana B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Iriane
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eger
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: Mário
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steindel
authors.forename: Edmundo C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Grisard