Male circumcision through the ages: the role of tradition.
OBJECTIVE
In this study, we examine the evolution of tradition concerning infant male circumcision, utilizing evidence from classical medical texts as well as information from literature, legal sources and art.


METHODS
We examined the differences in the representation of male circumcision between ancient times and the modern era.


RESULTS
Through the ages, male circumcision has been differently represented, and at present an interesting representation is born following the natural evolution of society.


CONCLUSIONS
Based on the fact that the foreskin is not a defect, the impact of male circumcision is on the child's rights and its role during first years of life still remains controversial.
Zampieri
Nicola
N
Department of Surgical Sciences, Pediatric Surgical Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. dr.zampieri@libero.it
Pianezzola
Emanuela
E
Zampieri
Cecilia
C
D000293:Adolescent; D002562:Ceremonial Behavior; D002944:Circumcision, Male / Q000266:history*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003468:Cultural Evolution; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007514:Islam; D007599:Judaism; D008297:Male; D012068:Religion and Medicine; D012071:Religion and Sex