title: Abatacept in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled withdrawal trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Some children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis either do not respond, or are intolerant to, treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, including anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) drugs. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of abatacept, a selective T-cell costimulation modulator, in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis who had failed previous treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did a double-blind, randomised controlled withdrawal trial between February, 2004, and June, 2006. We enrolled 190 patients aged 6-17 years, from 45 centres, who had a history of active juvenile idiopathic arthritis; at least five active joints; and an inadequate response to, or intolerance to, at least one disease-modifying antirheumatic drug. All 190 patients were given 10 mg/kg of abatacept intravenously in the open-label period of 4 months. Of the 170 patients who completed this lead-in course, 47 did not respond to the treatment according to predefined American College of Rheumatology (ACR) paediatric criteria and were excluded. Of the patients who did respond to abatacept, 60 were randomly assigned to receive 10 mg/kg of abatacept at 28-day intervals for 6 months, or until a flare of the arthritis, and 62 were randomly assigned to receive placebo at the same dose and timing. The primary endpoint was time to flare of arthritis. Flare was defined as worsening of 30% or more in at least three of six core variables, with at least 30% improvement in no more than one variable. We analysed all patients who were treated as per protocol. This trial is registered, number NCT00095173.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flares of arthritis occurred in 33 of 62 (53%) patients who were given placebo and 12 of 60 (20%) abatacept patients during the double-blind treatment (p=0.0003). Median time to flare of arthritis was 6 months for patients given placebo (insufficient events to calculate IQR); insufficient events had occurred in the abatacept group for median time to flare to be assessed (p=0.0002). The risk of flare in patients who continued abatacept was less than a third of that for controls during that double-blind period (hazard ratio 0.31, 95% CI 0.16-0.95). During the double-blind period, the frequency of adverse events did not differ in the two treatment groups. Adverse events were recorded in 37 abatacept recipients (62%) and 34 (55%) placebo recipients (p=0.47); only two serious adverse events were reported, both in controls (p=0.50).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selective modulation of T-cell costimulation with abatacept is a rational alternative treatment for children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Bristol-Myers Squibb.
authors.affiliation: IRCCS G Gaslini, PRINTO, Genoa, Italy. nicolaruperto@ospedale-gaslini.ge.it
authors.forename: Nicolino
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ruperto
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lovell
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quartier
authors.forename: Eliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.forename: Nadina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rubio-Pérez
authors.forename: Clovis A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abud-Mendoza
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burgos-Vargas
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gerloni
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Melo-Gomes
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saad-Magalhães
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sztajnbok
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goldenstein-Schainberg
authors.forename: Morton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheinberg
authors.forename: Immaculada Calvo
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Penades
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fischbach
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Orozco
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hashkes
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hom
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Loredana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lepore
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Leonard H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Sigal
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covucci
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Giannini
mesh_terms: D000069594:Abatacept; D000293:Adolescent; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018796:Immunoconjugates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069594:Abatacept