title: A study of immunoendocrine strategies with pineal indoles and interleukin-2 to prevent radiotherapy-induced lymphocytopenia in cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lymphocytopenia represents one of the most evident side-effects of radiotherapy (RT), particularly in the case of irradiation of pelvis, since it is the main location of bone-marrow proliferating cells in adults. Because of the fundamental role of lymphocytes in suppressing anticancer immunity, RT-induced lymphocytopenia could negatively influence the prognosis of cancer patients and the therapeutic efficacy of RT itself. In experimental conditions, the biological toxicity of irradiation appeared to be reduced by antioxidant agents, such as pineal hormones melatonin. A preliminary study was conducted to evaluate the influence of different immunobiological strategies with pineal indoles melatonin (MLT), 5 methoxytriptamine (5-MTT) or low-dose IL-2, the lymphocyte growth factor, on pelvic irradiation-induced lymphocytopenia in cancer patients suffering from rectal cancer or uterine cervix carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 20 consecutive patients, who underwent pelvic irradiation for a total dose of 50.4 Gy. The patients were randomized to be concomitantly treated with MLT alone, with MLT plus 5-MTT or with s.c. low-dose IL-2 .
  
  
  RESULTS
  RT induced a significant decline in the mean number of lymphocytes while neither MLT alone, nor MLT plus 5-MTT were able to significantly reduce this decline. Conversely, IL-2 caused a statistically significant reduction of the RT-induced effect, so that the mean number of lymphocytes was significantly higher in patients concomitantly treated by IL-2 than in the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This preliminary study showed that low-dose IL-2 was sufficient to reduce, even though not to completely abrogate, RT-induced lymphocytopenia. Further studies with different schedules and doses of IL-2 will be required to optimize the protective effect of IL-2 on irradiation-induced lymphocytopenia in humans.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Milan, Italy. p.lissoni@hsgerardo.org
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lissoni
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rovelli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brivio
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fumagalli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brera
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008231:Lymphopenia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010870:Pineal Gland / Q000737:chemistry; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007211:Indoles; D007376:Interleukin-2