title: Arginase modulates Salmonella induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages and is required for Salmonella pathogenesis in mice model of infection.
abstract: Arginine is a common substrate for both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase. The competition between iNOS and arginase for arginine contributes to the outcome of several parasitic and bacterial infections. Salmonella infection in macrophage cell line RAW264.7 induces iNOS. Because the availability of l-arginine is a major determinant for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, we hypothesize that in the Salmonella infected macrophages NO production may be regulated by arginase. Here we report for the first time that Salmonella up-regulates arginase II but not arginase I isoform in RAW264.7 macrophages. Blocking arginase increases the substrate l-arginine availability to iNOS for production of more nitric oxide and perhaps peroxynitrite molecules in the infected cells allowing better killing of virulent Salmonella in a NO dependent manner. RAW264.7 macrophages treated with iNOS inhibitor Aminoguanidine reverts the attenuation in arginase-blocked condition. Further, the NO block created by Salmonella was removed by increasing concentration of l-arginine. The whole-mice system arginase I, although constitutive, is much more abundant than the inducible arginase II isoform. Inhibition of arginase activity in mice during the course of Salmonella infection reduces the bacterial burden and delays the disease outcome in a NO dependent manner.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560012, India.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lahiri
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Dipshikha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chakravortty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001119:Arginase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D005260:Female; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D013096:Spermine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013154:Spleen / Q000201:enzymology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; C404735:N(omega)-hydroxynorarginine; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D013096:Spermine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D001119:Arginase