title: Sectioning of filum terminale externum using a rigid endoscope through the sacral hiatus. Cadaver study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) is a stretch-induced functional disorder of the spinal cord, which is directly related to filum fixation. Classic surgical approaches to the filum involve open surgery and include varying amounts of spinal bone removal. In an effort to reduce the morbidity and mortality of these procedures, the authors explored a less invasive method. They evaluated the ability, safety and feasibility for endoscopic sectioning of the filum terminale externum by performing upward orientated navigation in the extradural sacral spinal canal through the sacral hiatus using a rigid endoscope.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four adult, phenol-formalin embalmed cadavers were used for endoscopic section of the filum terminale externum at the tip of thecal sac. After preparing the anatomical area of sacral hiatus, a rigid endoscope (Storz, of 3.8 mm external diameter with two working channels, of 1 mm each, one for suction-irrigation and one as working) was inserted into the extradural sacral spinal canal and the filum terminale externum was identified and cut easily at the distal end of thecal sac at the level of S2. In all cases, it was possible to manipulate the rigid endoscope and inspect the full length of the extradural sacral spinal canal, especially at the S1-S2 level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicate that the tested transhiatal approach for upward orientated extradural endoscopy represents a minimally invasive procedure that provides an appropriate and feasible route to the extradural sacral spinal canal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Such approach is an attractive alternative for filum terminale externum sectioning in cases where tethered cord syndrome is not accompanied by any other pathology. Moreover if filum terminale internum sectiong is indicated, it can be performed in second stage.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical Department, ''St. Savas'', Anticancer Institute, Athens, Greece. sofiamou@otenet.gr
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mourgela
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anagnostopoulou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sakellaropoulos
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koulousakis
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Warnke
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D002420:Cauda Equina / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D019723:Endoscopes / Q000592:standards; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012447:Sacrum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D013115:Spinal Canal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology