title: Species difference in intestinal absorption mechanism of etoposide and digoxin between cynomolgus monkey and rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The oral bioavailability of some therapeutic agents is markedly lower in cynomolgus monkeys than in humans. We investigated small-intestinal absorption of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates etoposide and digoxin in monkeys to clarify the influence of efflux transport on their intestinal permeability.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pharmacokinetics of etoposide and digoxin was examined in monkeys and rats after oral and intravenous administration. Intestinal permeability and segmental differences in permeability were investigated with an Ussing-type chamber.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bioavailability of etoposide was 12.9 and 13.9% in monkeys and rats, respectively. Total body clearance of etoposide in monkeys was much less than hepatic blood flow, suggesting that the bioavailability would be limited at intestinal absorption. Marked vectorial transport of etoposide in the secretory direction was observed in rats, especially in the lower small intestine, and segmental differences were consistent with the distribution of P-gp expression. Vectorial transport was minimal in monkey small intestine. Our kinetic analysis indicated that P-gp contributes little to the intestinal permeability of etoposide and digoxin in monkeys, and apical uptake is rate-limiting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low bioavailability of etoposide in monkeys is due to poor intestinal uptake resulting from low influx from the apical side, rather than secretion via P-gp.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsuji
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D004077:Digoxin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005047:Etoposide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013045:Species Specificity; D013806:Theophylline / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D005047:Etoposide; D004077:Digoxin; D013806:Theophylline