title: Effectiveness of PSD95 inhibitors in permanent and transient focal ischemia in the rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postsynaptic density-95 inhibitors reduce ischemic brain damage without inhibiting excitatory neurotransmission, circumventing the negative consequences of glutamatergic inhibition. However, their efficacy in permanent ischemia and in providing permanent neuroprotection and neurobehavioral improvement in a practical therapeutic window is unproven. These were tested here under conditions that included fever, which is a common occurrence in clinical stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six studies were performed in unfasted Sprague-Dawley rats. Two involved permanent pial vessel occlusion in male and female rats. Two involved permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, which induced severe hyperthermia, and 2 involved transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Animals were treated with a single intravenous injection of postsynaptic density-95 inhibitors (Tat-NR2B9c([SDV]) or Tat-NR2B9c([TDV])) 1 hour or 3 hours after stroke. Infarct volumes and neurobehavior were assessed in a blinded manner at 24 hours (pial vessel occlusion and permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion) or at 62 days (transient middle cerebral artery occlusion).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postsynaptic density-95 inhibitors dramatically reduced infarct size in male and female animals exposed to pial vessel occlusion (>50%), in hyperthermic animals with fever exceeding 39 degrees C exposed to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (approximately 50%), and at 62 days poststroke in animals exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (approximately 80%). Effectiveness of postsynaptic density-95 inhibitors was achieved without the drugs affecting body temperature. In transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, a single dose of postsynaptic density-95 inhibitor given 3 hours after stroke onset permanently maintained reduced infarct size and improved neurobehavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postsynaptic density-95 inhibitors administrated 3 hours after stroke onset reduced infarct volumes and improved long-term neurobehavioral functions in a wide therapeutic window. This raises the possibility that they may have future clinical usefulness.
authors.affiliation: Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute, Suite 4W-435, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Hong-Shuo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Tracy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Doucette
authors.forename: Yitao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Teves
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aarts
authors.forename: Catherine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Joan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Forder
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Salter
authors.forename: Yu Tian
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: R Andrew
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Tasker
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tymianski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000076122:Disks Large Homolog 4 Protein; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000076122:Disks Large Homolog 4 Protein; C501449:Dlg4 protein, rat; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010455:Peptides; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins