title: Process examination of executive function in ADHD: sex and subtype effects.
abstract: To examine effects of group (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD] versus Typically Developing [TD]), sex, and ADHD subtype on "process/optional" measures of executive functioning, children (n = 123; 54 ADHD, 69 TD) aged 8-16 completed subtests from the D-KEFS. No group, sex, or ADHD subtype effects were found on optional measures from the Trail Making, Color-Word Interference, and Tower tests. A significant interaction was found for Verbal Fluency Total Repetition Errors; boys with Combined/Hyperactive-Impulsive (ADHD-C/HI) type ADHD performed better than ADHD-C/HI girls, whereas girls with Inattentive type ADHD (ADHD-I) performed better than ADHD-I boys. Overall, children with ADHD did not differ from TD on most optional measures from the D-KEFS. When sex and ADHD subtype were considered, children with the subtype of ADHD less common for sex were at greater risk for poorer performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 1750 E. Fairmount Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA. mahone@kennedykrieger.org
authors.forename: Ericka L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Wodka
authors.forename: Stewart H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mostofsky
authors.forename: Cristine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prahme
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gidley Larson
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loftis
authors.forename: Martha B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Denckla
authors.forename: E Mark
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mahone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014145:Trail Making Test / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology