title: Management of hypogammaglobulinaemia occurring in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is typically associated with hypergammaglobulinaemia but has been described in the setting of hypogammaglobulinaemia as well. The purpose of this article is to describe various cases of SLE and hypogammaglobulinaemia, review the literature and present management strategies for hypogammaglobulinaemia in SLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe five patients with SLE and antibody deficiency, and review the literature exploring the relationship between the two.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Various types of antibody deficiency syndromes, including common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), IgA deficiency, IgM deficiency, drug-induced hypogammaglobulinaemia and hypogammaglobulinaemia secondary to nephrotic syndrome can occur in SLE. Antibody deficiency states can be treated with antibiotics and replacement immunoglobulin therapy (particularly CVID) but sometimes close monitoring is all that is required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurement of immunoglobulin levels is useful in SLE to identify coexisting antibody deficiency and the later development of hypogammaglobulinaemia. This allows monitoring and appropriate treatment to be instituted.
authors.affiliation: Louise Coote Lupus Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK. yousuf.karim@gstt.nhs.uk
authors.forename: P F K
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aslam
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Karim
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khamashta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000361:Agammaglobulinemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017074:Common Variable Immunodeficiency / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017098:IgA Deficiency / Q000209:etiology; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000172:deficiency; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000097:blood; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000276:immunology; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous