title: Clinical events in coronary patients who report low distress: adverse effect of repressive coping.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coronary artery disease (CAD) patients who report low distress are considered to be at low psychological risk for clinical events. However, patients with a repressive coping style may fail to detect and report signals of emotional distress. The authors hypothesized that repressive CAD patients are at risk for clinical events, despite low self-rated distress.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective 5- to 10-year follow-up study, with a mean follow-up of 6.6 years. At baseline, 731 CAD patients filled out Trait-Anxiety (distress), Marlowe-Crowne (defensiveness), and Type D scales; 159 patients were classified as "repressive," 360 as "nonrepressive," and 212 as "Type D."
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary endpoint was a composite of total mortality or myocardial infarction (MI); the secondary endpoint was cardiac mortality/MI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No patients were lost to follow-up; 91 patients had a clinical event (including 35 cardiac death and 32 MI). Repressive patients reported low levels of anxiety, anger and depression at baseline, but were at increased risk for death/MI (21/159 = 13%) compared with nonrepressive patients (22/360 = 6%), p = .009. Poor systolic function, poor exercise tolerance, 3-vessel disease, index MI and Type-D personality--but not depression, anxiety or anger--also independently predicted clinical events. After controlling for these variables, repressive patients still had a twofold increased risk of death/MI, OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.10-4.08, p = .025). These findings were replicated for cardiac mortality/MI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAD patients who use a repressive coping style are at increased risk for clinical events, despite their claims of low emotional distress. This phenomenon may cause an underestimation of the effect of stress on the heart. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved).
authors.affiliation: CoRPS-Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Disease, Tilburg University. denollet@uvt.nl
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Denollet
authors.forename: Elisabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Martens
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nyklícek
authors.forename: Viviane M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Conraads
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Gelder
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012094:Repression, Psychology