title: Two-dimensional MR spectroscopy of healthy and cancerous prostates in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A major goal of this article is to summarize the current status of evaluating prostate metabolites non-invasively using spatially resolved two-dimensional (2D) MR Spectroscopy (MRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Due to various technical challenges, the spatially resolved versions of 2D MRS techniques are currently going through the developmental stage. During the last decade, four different versions of 2D MRS sequences have been successfully implemented on 3T and 1.5T MRI scanners manufactured by three different vendors. These sequences include half and maximum echo sampled J-resolved spectroscopy (JPRESS), S-PRESS and L-COSY, which are single volume localizing sequences, and the multi-voxel based JPRESS sequence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Even though greater than 1ml voxels have been used, preliminary evaluations of 2D JPRESS, S-PRESS and L-COSY sequences have demonstrated unambiguous detection of citrate, creatine, choline, spermine and more metabolites in human prostates. ProFIT-based quantitation of JPRESS and L-COSY data clearly shows the superiority of 2D MRS over conventional one-dimensional (1D) MRS and more than six metabolites have been successfully quantified. These sequences have been evaluated in a small group of prostate pathologies and pilot investigations using these sequences show promising results in prostate pathologies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation of the state-of-the-art 2D MRS techniques and preliminary evaluation in prostate pathologies are discussed in this review. Even though these techniques are going through developmental and early testing phases, it is evident that 2D MRS can be easily added on to any clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) protocol to non-invasively record the biochemical contents of the prostate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1721, USA. athomas@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: M Albert
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: S Sendhil
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Velan
authors.forename: Rajakumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagarajan
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Margolis
authors.forename: Stephany
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swart
authors.forename: Raymond R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Raylman
authors.forename: Rolf F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boesiger
mesh_terms: D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D003401:Creatine / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline