title: Plasma tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9: novel indicators of left ventricular remodelling and prognosis after acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity is central to the development of left ventricular (LV) remodelling and dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We assessed the relationships with LV structure and function and outcome, of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and MMP-9, and compared with N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 404 patients with AMI. Primary outcome measures were the associations of TIMP-1, MMP-9, and NTproBNP with death or heart failure, and with LV dimensions, function and remodelling (ΔLVEDV, change in LV end-diastolic volume between discharge and follow-up). Cut-off concentrations for prediction of death or heart failure were identified from receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. In multivariable analysis, TIMP-1 and NTproBNP had predictive value for LV ejection fraction pre-discharge (TIMP-1 P = 0.023; N-BNP P = 0.007) and at follow-up (TIMP-1 P = 0.001; N-BNP P = 0.003). MMP-9, TIMP-1, and NTproBNP correlated directly with LV volumes. MMP-9 (P = 0.005) and TIMP-1 (P = 0.036), but not NTproBNP, correlated with ΔLVEDV. For the combined endpoint of death or heart failure the area under the ROC curve was 0.640 for MMP-9, 0.799 for NTproBNP and 0.811 for TIMP-1. Patients with TIMP-1 > 135 ng/mL (P < 0.001) or NTproBNP >1472 fmol/mL (P < 0.001) had increased risk of endpoint. Consideration of both NTproBNP and TIMP-1 further improved risk stratification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TIMP-1 and MMP-9 correlate with echocardiographic parameters of LV dysfunction and remodelling after AMI and may identify patients at risk of subsequent LV remodelling and adverse prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK.
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Sohail Q
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cockerill
authors.forename: Leong L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Nilesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Samani
authors.forename: Iain B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Squire
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis*; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; C109794:pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76); D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9