title: Depression and anxiety through pregnancy and the early postpartum: an examination of prospective relationships.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to explore the prospective relationship between depressive symptoms and anxiety across pregnancy and the early postpartum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N=207) completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Trait subscale, Beck Depression Inventory, and social support and sleep quality measures at two time points during pregnancy and once in the early postpartum period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After accounting for the relative stability of anxiety and depression over time, depressive symptoms earlier in pregnancy predicted higher levels of anxiety in late pregnancy and anxiety in late pregnancy predicted higher depressive symptomatology in the early postpartum. A bi-directional model of depression and anxiety in pregnancy was supported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data were based on self-reports and participating women were predominantly tertiary educated with high family incomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that depressive symptoms precede the development of higher levels of anxiety and that anxiety, even at non-clinical levels, can predict higher depressive symptoms. Clinicians are advised to screen for anxiety and depression concurrently during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia. helens@deakin.edu.au
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Skouteris
authors.forename: Eleanor H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Wertheim
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rallis
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Milgrom
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Paxton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012944:Social Support; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult