title: Early diagnostic and endoscopic dilatation for the treatment of acquired upper airway stenosis after intubation in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Upper airway stenosis (UAS) after endotracheal intubation is a common problem in children. Most literature refers to a surgical treatment for these lesions. Laryngotracheal reconstruction and cricotracheal resection are used for low- and high-grade stenosis, but decannulation is not always possible immediately after surgery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to verify the feasibility and results of endoscopic dilatations for treatment of subglottic stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study encompassed a 12-year retrospective analysis of patients treated for UAS in a tertiary center. All children were symptomatic at the time of the endoscopic diagnosis. The stenosis was graded according to the Myer-Cotton criteria. Endoscopic dilatation was initiated immediately after the diagnosis. Children with grade IV stenosis underwent surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with tracheal stenosis and no involvement of the subglottic area did not respond to endoscopic dilatations and underwent surgery. There were 45 children with grade I stenosis, 12 with grade II, 7 with grade III, and 4 with grade IV lesions. Patients with grade I, II, and III stenosis were all treated by endoscopic dilatations alone and were decannulated when asymptomatic. The average time for decannulation was 18.90 +/- 26.07 months for grade I, 32.5 +/- 27.08 months for grade II, and 27.57 +/- 20.60 months for grade III stenosis (P < .01, for grade II vs grade III).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Grade I, II, and III subglottic stenoses can be safely managed by early endoscopic dilatations with a high rate of success and low rate of morbidity but require a significantly long period of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. maksoudf@icr.hcnet.usp.br
authors.forename: Joao G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Maksoud-Filho
authors.forename: Manoel Ernesto P
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Silvia R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Uenis
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tannuri
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000628:therapy*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004106:Dilatation; D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*