title: Optimization of solid-liquid extraction of resveratrol and other phenolic compounds from milled grape canes (Vitis vinifera).
abstract: Optimization of the solid-liquid extraction conditions for trans-resveratrol, trans--viniferin, ferulic acid, and total phenolics from milled grape canes has been investigated. The temperature and ethanol concentration were found to be major process variables for all responses, whereas the solvent to solid ratio was found not to be significant for any of the responses studied. The yields of trans-resveratrol, trans--viniferin, and total phenolics increased with increasing temperature. Maximum yields of trans-resveratrol (4.25 mg/g dw), trans--viniferin (2.03 mg/g), and total phenolics (9.28 mg/g dw) were predicted from the combination of a moderate ethanol concentration (50-70%) and the highest temperature (83.6 degrees C), whereas an ethanol concentration of 35% at the lowest temperature studied (16.4 degrees C) was optimal for the extraction of ferulic acid (1.05 mg/g dw). Effective diffusivity values of resveratrol in the solid phase, D eff for different extraction conditions, were calculated by fitting the experimental results to a model derived from the Fick's second law. Effective diffusivity of resveratrol in the solid phase varied from 3.1 x 10 (-13) to 26.6 x 10 (-13) m (2) s (-1) with changing extraction conditions. The increase in effective diffusivity of resveratrol was observed with increasing temperature, and the highest predicted level was obtained when using 54% ethanol/water mixture at 83.6 degrees C. The increase in ethanol concentration exhibited the favorable effect up to 50-55%, thereafter effective diffusivity decreased with a further increase in concentration.
authors.affiliation: Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada.
authors.forename: Erkan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karacabey
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mazza
mesh_terms: D001572:Benzofurans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis; D010636:Phenols / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077185:Resveratrol; D012996:Solutions; D012997:Solvents; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013696:Temperature; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D010636:Phenols; D012996:Solutions; D012997:Solvents; D013267:Stilbenes; D000431:Ethanol; C091891:epsilon-viniferin; C004999:ferulic acid; D000077185:Resveratrol