title: Fat-suppressed T2* sequences for routine 3.0-tesla lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging: a preliminary report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clear depiction of the ligamentum flavum on routine lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential in accurately describing the extent of degenerative disease. In routine, noncontrast evaluations, focal fatty deposition or hemangiomas can be difficult to distinguish from malignant foci on fast spin-echo (FSE) T2-weighted images.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the use of T2* fast field echo (T2FFE) in combination with spectral presaturation inversion recovery (SPIR) fat suppression for noncontrast, routine lumbar spine outpatient MR imaging at 3.0 Tesla (3T).
  
  
  METHODS
  An axial gradient echo (GE) T2FFE sequence was combined with SPIR fat suppression (T2FFE-SPIR), via a 3T Philips Intera (Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands) scanner, and added to the routine, noncontrast lumbar MRI examinations, which included sagittal FSE T1-weighted (T1WI), T2-weighted (T2WI), short-tau inversion recovery (STIR), and axial FSE T2WI. The sequence was performed in over 500 patients over a 1-year period, without intravenous contrast, and with slice thickness and planes of section identical to the axial FSE T1WI and T2WI images. The sequence typically lasted about 4.5-6 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of T2FFE-SPIR enabled visualization of the ligamentum flavum in degenerative disease, and the exclusion of focal fatty lesions on FSE T2WI. Other benefits included: the identification of malignant foci, the uncommon detection of hemorrhage, and the elimination of spurious flow voids. Several brief examples are provided to demonstrate the utility of this technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of T2FFE-SPIR to routine, noncontrast protocols in outpatients could provide further confidence in the visualization of the ligamentum flavum in degenerative disease, and can exclude malignancy in T2-bright areas of focal fatty marrow. Larger studies would be helpful to evaluate the accuracy of this technique versus FSE techniques in depicting degenerative, malignant, or inflammatory disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Hennepin County and University of Minnesota Medical Centers, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55415, USA. mckinrad@umn.edu
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gadani
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vidarsson
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D000328:Adult; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017843:Ligamentum Flavum / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media