title: Alterations in HbA1c following minimal or enhanced non-surgical, non-antibiotic treatment of gingivitis or mild periodontitis in type 2 diabetic patients: a pilot trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this pilot study was to determine and compare the effects of two protocols aimed at reducing periodontal inflammation, upon the metabolic control of the diabetic condition in subjects with elevated baseline glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two non-smoking type 2 diabetes subjects with mildly elevated HbA1c (>7 but < 9%) and severely elevated (>9%) were randomized to one of two non-surgical periodontal therapy protocols. Patients in the "minimal therapy" (MT) group received scaling, root planning, and oral hygiene instructions on two occasions six months apart. Participants randomized to the "frequent therapy" (FT) protocol received scaling, root planing, and oral hygiene instructions at two-month intervals and were provided a 0.12% chlorhexidine rinse for home use twice daily. Neither systemic nor local antibiotics were provided to either group. Subjects were asked to report any changes in diabetic medications, nutrition, and physical activity. Data analyses (ANOVA, t-test, Mann-Whitney) grouped subjects according to baseline HbA1c (>7 and < 9%, or > 9%), treatment protocol (minimal or frequent), and +/- medication change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both MT and FT groups the clinical attachment level (CAL) remained unchanged but the other measures [gingival index (GI) and pocket dept (PD)] of periodontal health improved. Mean reductions in plaque showed improvement but calculus was worse in the FT group, likely due to the use of chlorhexidine. At six months, the largest reduction of HbA1c was 3.7; experienced by a subject receiving FT but no changes in diabetic medication. Among the MT and no medication change subjects, the maximum reduction was 1.6. Overall mean reduction in HbA1c of 27 subjects with baseline HbA1c >9.0 and no medication change was 0.6 with no statistical difference between the MT and FT groups. Among the medication-change subjects with baseline HbA1c >9.0, mean reduction of 1.38 was seen with FT compared to 1.10 with MT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, modest improvements in HbA1c were detected with a trend towards FT being better than MT. Although this pilot trial was under-powered to detect small between-group differences, the magnitude of our findings (0.6 mean improvement in HbA1c) matches closely findings from the only meta-analysis conducted on this topic to date. Larger scale studies must be undertaken on diabetic patients with periodontal problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preventive periodontal regimens for diabetic patients should be sufficiently intense and sustained to eliminate periodontal inflammation and should be closely coordinated with the patient's overall clinical diabetic management.
authors.affiliation: Auckland University of Technology and Periodontics, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Dentistry, USA. maddent@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Theresa E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.forename: Brock
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herriges
authors.forename: Linda D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Boyd
authors.forename: Gayle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laughlin
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chiodo
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosenstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D012534:Dental Scaling / Q000379:methods*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000628:therapy*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000193:education; D009911:Oral Hygiene Index; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010865:Pilot Projects; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D002710:Chlorhexidine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate