title: Dissecting the contribution of innate and antigen-specific pathways to the breach of self-tolerance observed in a murine model of arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relative roles of innate immunity and antigen-specific T cells in rheumatoid arthritis remain controversial. Previous studies demonstrated that T-helper type 1 cells of irrelevant antigen specificity (ovalbumin) induced a transient arthritis in BALB/c mice, which recapitulates many of the pre-articular and articular features of human disease and is associated with the emergence of autoreactive T and B-cell responses to joint-specific antigens. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon were unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to dissect the relative contribution of innate and heterologous antigen-specific pathways to the breach of self-tolerance and pathology observed in this model and how this may result from modified T and B-cell interactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  To address this issue, experimental arthritis was elicited either by a non-specific inflammatory stimulus alone, by activation of T cells of an irrelevant specificity or a combination of both.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The non-specific inflammatory response generated by lipopolysaccharide led to articular inflammation and cartilage erosion, but did not break tolerance to joint-specific antigens. In contrast, local activation of T cells of an irrelevant specificity produced a similar pathological picture but, in addition, induced T-cell responses to unrelated joint-specific antigens with associated activation of autoreactive B cells. These effects could be further potentiated by the addition of lipopolysaccharide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that non-specific inflammation alone is insufficient to breach self-tolerance. In contrast, T cells of an irrelevant specificity, when triggered locally in an antigen-specific manner, can breach self-tolerance leading to arthritis and autoantibody production, which can then be amplified in a non-specific manner.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biophotonics, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Nickdel
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Conigliaro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valesini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Bundick
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Leishman
authors.forename: I B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: McInnes
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garside
mesh_terms: D019264:Adoptive Transfer / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000276:immunology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology*; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D017634:Self Tolerance / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001324:Autoantigens; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides