title: Is the smoking-depression relationship confounded by alcohol consumption? An analysis by gender.
abstract: There is a well-established relationship between cigarette smoking and depression. The purpose of the current study is to examine whether alcohol use may be a confounder in this relationship, and whether this relationship differs between men and women. As part of a national survey, 14,063 Canadians were interviewed using random-digit dialing and computer-assisted telephone interviewing. Responses to questions on smoking during the past 12 months allowed participants to be classified as never, former, light, mid-level, and heavier smokers. Alcohol use measures included: usual frequency, usual quantity per drinking occasion, heavy episodic drinking (5 or more drinks), and hazardous drinking. Depression was measured as (a) meeting clinical diagnostic criteria for depression (Composite International Diagnostic Interview) and (b) recent depressed affect (Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression scale). Multinomial logistic regressions indicated that the association between smoking and depression was only slightly reduced and remained significant when drinking status and drinking pattern were controlled for. The relationship between smoking and depression was stronger for women when depression was measured as meeting clinical criteria for depression, with all categories of smoking by women but only mid-level and heavier smoking by men significant related to depression.
authors.affiliation: Social Factors and Prevention Interventions, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, London, ON, Canada. kgraham@uwo.ca
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Massak
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires