title: Predictors of mortality in patients with delirium tremens.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives were to identify factors that may help predict mortality for patients with delirium tremens (DT).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a 1:1 gender- and age-matched case-control study of patients hospitalized for DT. Using McNemar chi-square tests and conditional logistic regression (CLR), risk factors for death, including demographics, location of diagnosis, vital sign derangements, treatment methods, and comorbid conditions, were evaluated. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five patients with DT died between January 2000 and June 2006. The majority (31; 88.6%) were male with a mean (+/-standard deviation [SD]) age of 51.7 (+/-7.6) years. Hyperthermia in the first 24 hours of DT diagnosis (OR = 10.0, 95% CI = 2.3 to 42.7), persistent tachycardia (OR = 24.0, 95% CI = 3.3 to 177.4), and use of restraints (OR = 7.50, 95% CI = 1.7 to 32.8) were associated with increased mortality by univariate analysis, while an emergency department (ED) diagnosis of DT (OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.05 to 0.6) and use of clonidine (OR = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.78) were associated with decreased mortality. In the CLR model, restraint use and hyperthermia were the only variables that remained significant (OR = 5.8, 95% CI = 1.0 to 32.2; and OR = 6.1, 95% CI = 1.2 to 30.4, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of restraints and hyperthermia is associated with increased odds of death for patients with DT. This study highlights the need for further research into modifiable factors influencing mortality from DT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Detroit Receiving Hospital, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. akhanx@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ayesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: DeHorn
authors.forename: Wendi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Compton
mesh_terms: D000430:Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015897:Comorbidity; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines