title: Cilengitide: an integrin-targeting arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide with promising activity for glioblastoma multiforme.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a highly invasive and vascular cancer, responds poorly to conventional cytotoxic therapy. Integrins, widely expressed in GBM and tumor vasculature, mediate cell survival, migration and angiogenesis. Cilengitide is a potent alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 integrin inhibitor.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the preclinical and clinical experience with cilengitide for GBM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preclinical studies and clinical trials evaluating cilengitide for GBM were reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cilengitide is active and synergizes with external beam radiotherapy in preclinical GBM models. In clinical trials for recurrent GBM, single-agent cilengitide has antitumor benefits and minimal toxicity. Among newly diagnosed GBM patients, single-arm studies incorporating cilengitide into standard external beam radiotherapy/temozolomide have shown encouraging activity with no increased toxicity and have led to a planned randomized Phase III trial.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Neuro-Oncology Program and Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, 047 Baker House, Box 3624, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA. reard003@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Reardon
authors.forename: L Burt
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Nabors
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stupp
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mikkelsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016023:Integrins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011485:Protein Binding; D012910:Snake Venoms / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016023:Integrins; D009842:Oligopeptides; D012910:Snake Venoms; C422910:Cilengitide; C047981:arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid