Genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and reactive oxygen species induced by single-walled carbon nanotubes and C(60) fullerenes in the FE1-Mutatrade markMouse lung epithelial cells.
Viability, cell cycle effects, genotoxicity, reactive oxygen species production, and mutagenicity of C(60) fullerenes (C(60)) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were assessed in the FE1-Mutatrade markMouse lung epithelial cell line. None of these particles induced cell death within 24 hr at doses between 0 and 200 microg/ml or during long-term subculture exposure (576 hr) at 100 microg/ml, as determined by two different assays. However, cell proliferation was slower with SWCNT exposure and a larger fraction of the cells were in the G1 phase. Exposure to carbon black resulted in the greatest reactive oxygen species generation followed by SWCNT and C(60) in both cellular and cell-free particle suspensions. C(60) and SWCNT did not increase the level of strand breaks, but significantly increased the level of FPG sensitive sites/oxidized purines (22 and 56%, respectively) determined by the comet assay. The mutant frequency in the cII gene was unaffected by 576 hr of exposure to either 100 microg/ml C(60) or SWCNT when compared with control incubations, whereas we have previously reported that carbon black and diesel exhaust particles induce mutations using an identical exposure scenario. These results indicate that SWCNT and C(60) are less genotoxic in vitro than carbon black and diesel exhaust particles.
Jacobsen
Nicklas Raun
NR
National Research Center for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
Pojana
Giulio
G
White
Paul
P
Møller
Peter
P
Cohn
Corey Alexander
CA
Korsholm
Karen Smith
KS
Vogel
Ulla
U
Marcomini
Antonio
A
Loft
Steffen
S
Wallin
Håkan
H
D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
D037741:Fullerenes; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species