title: The Pro 12 Ala PPAR gamma gene polymorphism: possible modifier of the activity and severity of thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The PPAR gamma transcription factor, is involved in both adipogenesis and inflammation, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO). The aim of this study was to explore the possibility that the Pro(12)Ala polymorphism of the PPAR gamma gene, associated with a modified transcriptional activity, might be affecting the severity of TAO.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied two cohorts of patients with Graves' disease (GD): Group 1 comprised 172 patients of Dutch ethnic origin with TAO, who attended the outpatients' clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Orbital Centre of the Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam. Group 2 comprised 93 consecutive patients with GD of Greek ethnic origin, who did not have TAO. In group 1, exophthalmometry measurements, lid oedema, diplopia (n = 172) and clinical activity score (CAS) (n = 110), always assessed by the same group of three investigators, were recorded. Autoantibody levels were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Allele frequency was 11.5%. There was no difference in the distribution of the polymorphism between GD patients with and without TAO. Among group 1 patients proptosis was significantly lower in Pro(12)Ala carriers (20.1 +/- 3.3 vs. 22.1 +/- 3.1, P = 0.003, t-test). PPAR gamma polymorphism carriers had lower TSH-Rab levels (mean rank 61.8 vs. 83.2, P = 0.015) and lower CAS (available in 110 patients) (mean rank 38.9 vs. 55.4, P = 0.022, M-W-test). The frequency of the polymorphism decreased with increasing CAS (P = 0.023 linear by linear association). Multivariate analysis (step) showed that the association of either proptosis or CAS with the PPAR gamma gene variant remained significant when age, smoking and TSH-Rab levels were taken into account (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distribution of the Pro(12)Ala PPAR gamma gene polymorphism is equally present in patients with GD with or without TAO. Among patients with TAO this polymorphism is associated with less-severe and less-active disease.
authors.affiliation: Department Medical Therapeutics, Endocrine Unit, Evgenidio Hospital, Athens University School of Medicine, Athens, Greece. mani@otenet.gr
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alevizaki
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mantzou
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cimponeriu
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saltiki
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Philippou
authors.forename: Wilmar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wiersinga
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D047495:PPAR gamma