title: KML001 cytotoxic activity is associated with its binding to telomeric sequences and telomere erosion in prostate cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  KML001 (sodium metaarsenite) is an orally bioavailable arsenic compound that has entered phase I/II clinical trials in prostate cancer. In this study, we elucidated the mode of action of KML001 and investigated its effects on telomerase and telomeres.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared telomere length to KML001 cytotoxic activity in a panel of human solid tumor cell lines. Duration of exposure and concentrations of KML001 that affect telomerase and telomeres were evaluated in relation to established mechanisms of arsenite action such as reactive oxygen species-related DNA damage induction. Binding of KML001 to telomeres was assessed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We established a significant inverse correlation (r(2) = 0.9) between telomere length and cytotoxicity. KML001 exhibited activity in tumor cells with short telomeres at concentrations that can be achieved in serum of patients. We found that telomerase is not directly inhibited by KML001. Instead, KML001 specifically binds to telomeric sequences at a ratio of one molecule per three TTAGGG repeats leading to translocation of the telomerase catalytic subunit into the cytoplasm. In prostate cancer cells with short telomeres, KML001 caused telomere-associated DNA damage signaling as shown by gamma-H2AX induction and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays as well as a rapid telomere erosion shown by metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. These effects were not seen in a lung cancer cell line with long telomeres. Importantly, arsenification of telomeres preceded DNA lesions caused by reactive oxygen species production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sodium metaarsenite is a telomere targeting agent and should be explored for the treatment of tumors with short telomeres.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Cytogenetics Laboratory, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Pornima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Phatak
authors.forename: Fangping
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Melody
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nandakumar
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Gutierrez
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Edelman
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hendriks
authors.forename: Angelika M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Burger
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018053:Arsenites / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D019098:Telomerase / Q000187:drug effects; D016615:Telomere / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D018053:Arsenites; D017670:Sodium Compounds; C017947:sodium arsenite; D019098:Telomerase