title: Initial echocardiographic characteristics of pericardial effusion determine the pericardial complications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical implications of the initial echocardiographic characteristics of pericardial effusion (PE) have not been clearly demonstrated. We sought to evaluate the clinical significance of echogenic materials in PE.
  
  
  METHODS
  Echocardiographic evaluation was performed in consecutive 178 patients with moderate to severe PE, and the etiology of PE was determined by clinical and pathologic studies. Echocardiography was repeated for 46 +/- 56 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Echo-free PE was shown in 142 patients (80%, group A), while echogenic PE was found in 36 patients (20%, group B). In group B, intrapericardial fibrinous strands and/or exudative frond-like materials were detected in 29 patients and diffuse echogenic PE was shown in 7 patients. The prevalence of echogenic PE was the highest in tuberculosis (56.3%). All 49 patients with uremia or congestive heart failure showed clear echo-free PE. During the follow-up, the incidence of constrictive pericarditis and recurrent PE were highest in malignancy (38.6%) and tuberculosis (31.3%), respectively. The incidence of constrictive pericarditis (3.5 vs. 27.8%, p < 0.001) and recurrent PE (9.2 vs. 22.2%, p < 0.05) were significantly lower in group A than group B. The echogenic PE was the major independent predictor of the events by multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis (p < 0.01), regardless of the PE etiology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Echogenic materials in PE predict pericardial complications such as recurrence and constrictive pericarditis, irrespective of underlying diseases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jong-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: In-Hyun
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Mi-Jeong
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Duk-Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Jae-Kwan
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010490:Pericardial Effusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010494:Pericarditis, Constrictive / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index