title: Spectrum and frequency of ophthalmologic manifestations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective single-center study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The frequency and spectrum of ophthalmologic manifestations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been reported to vary among studies; however, rare and silent manifestations have not been extensively studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective study of 60 patients diagnosed with IBD who underwent full ophthalmologic examination, including visual acuity, slit lamp examination of the anterior segments, intraocular pressure, and fundus examination accompanied by color photography. Thirty-seven (61,7%) patients were diagnosed with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 23 (38,3%) with Crohn's disease (CD). Data from 276 control individuals were used for the determination of the prevalence of dry eye in our area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ophthalmologic manifestations were diagnosed in 26 (43%) patients (14 UC, 12 CD; 12 males and 14 females). Conjunctivitis was diagnosed in 1 patient (CD), episcleritis in 2 patients (UC), and iridocyclitis in 3 (CD). Fundus examination showed 1 patient (CD) with unilateral choroiditis, 1 (UC) with retinal vasculitis, and 1 (CD) with optic neuritis. Retinal pigment epithelium disturbances (RPED) were present in 3 patients (1 CD, 2 UC) and 2 had serous retinal detachment. In total, 13/60 patients (22%) had dry eye compared with the 11% prevalence in controls. Eight patients developed glucocorticosteroid-induced cataracts, 2 of them treated surgically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated the prevalence of the spectrum of ophthalmologic manifestations in the IBD population, including some rare and silent findings that may merit consideration and early intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Taxiarchis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Felekis
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katsanos
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitsanou
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Trakos
authors.forename: Vasileios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Theopistos
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Christodoulou
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Asproudis
authors.forename: Epameinondas V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Tsianos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013256:Steroids / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids