title: Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for low-stage testicular cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current management options for low-stage mixed malignant germ-cell testicular tumors (MMGCT) after radical orchiectomy include surveillance, chemotherapy, or retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND). The open RPLND is the surgical gold standard and has been duplicated laparoscopically with confirmed diagnostic effectiveness; however, its therapeutic oncologic value in MMGCT has never been proven. We present our laparoscopic RPLND (L-RPLND) data for low-stage MMGCT and paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective chart reviews were performed for patients who underwent L-RPLND at our institution for low clinical stage MMGCT and paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma from May 2003 to December 2007. Patient data were compiled for surgical and clinical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 26 L-RPLND procedures were completed, 3 for paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. Mean operative time was 250 minutes (range 176-369 min); estimated blood loss was 145 mL (range 50-500 mL); lymph node count was 23.8 (range 8-48); and hospital stay was 1.5 days (range 1-3 d). Four patients underwent postchemotherapy L-RPLND for residual nodes (1.1-2.9 cm). There were no conversions to an open procedure, blood transfusions, or operative complications. Chemotherapy was instituted in five of six patients with pathologic stage II disease. Mean follow-up was 23.7 months without retroperitoneal disease recurrence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  L-RPLND as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool provides the benefits of a minimally invasive approach to MMGCT. It is the procedure of choice at our institution for low-stage MMGCT and paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. skolarust@wudosis.wustl.edu
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Skolarus
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bhayani
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Brandes
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kibel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Figenshau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004210:Dissection; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*