title: Ectopic dermal ridge configurations on the interdigital webbings and postaxial marginal portion of the hindlimb in Hammertoe mutant mice (Hm).
abstract: The effects of the hereditary malformation of Hammertoe mutant mice (gene symbol Hm) on the digital pads and dermal ridge configurations on their hindlimbs were examined. In the wild-type (+/+) mice with normally separated digits, dermal ridges developed only on the pads. Heterozygous (Hm/+) and homozygous (Hm/Hm) mutant mice, however, had a broad big toe, fused interdigital soft tissues, reduced claws, an extra rudimentary postaxial digit and camptodactyly. The dermal ridges appeared not only on the pads, affected in their number and configurations, but also on the ventral surface of the interdigital webbings and postaxial marginal area exhibiting an extra rudimentary digit and webbing. These aberrant configurations may be related to the abnormal occurrence of programmed cell death (PCD) in the interdigital zones and the postaxial marginal portion in Hm/+ and Hm/Hm mice. That is, the diminished cell death may fail to decrease the cell density in the interdigital zones and postaxial marginal portion and result in the webbing and an extra rudimentary digit and webbing, respectively. Simultaneously, it could also interrupt the migration of surviving cells of these areas toward the neighboring digits and the distal area of the sole and produce the ectopic dermal ridges on the way to the as yet unformed (presumptive) digital and plantar volar pads. The present findings suggest that normal interdigital and pre/postaxial PCD contributes not only to the separation of digits, the initial formation of individual digits of different sizes, and the inhibition of the extra digit but also to the development of the presumptive digital and plantar pads, including dermal ridges.
authors.affiliation: Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. kimura@anat1.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Sumiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Blanka A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Schaumann
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shiota
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D003878:Dermatoglyphics; D037801:Hammer Toe Syndrome; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000196:embryology; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology; D014034:Toes / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000196:embryology