title: The herbicide flumioxazin stimulates pathogenesis-related gene expression and enzyme activities in Vitis vinifera.
abstract: In this work, the capacity of the soil-applied herbicide flumioxazin (fmx) to trigger defence mechanisms was assessed using 6-week-old in vitro grown Vitis vinifera L. plantlets. Time-course studies demonstrated that the herbicide induced the expression of basic beta-1,3-glucanase (Vvglu), basic chitinase (Vvchit1b) and PR10 (VvPR10.3) genes encoding three pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins involved in grapevine defence against pathogens. Thus, all transcripts accumulated in grapevine tissues to reach maximum values after 24-72 h of herbicide exposure, except for VvPR10.3 gene expression, which was induced in roots and stems but not in leaves. Induction of PR genes was observed to a greater extent in roots and leaves, and its intensity diminished in the stems although still remained noteworthy. The activities of beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase enzymes significantly increased in the whole plant after herbicide exposure and were still stimulated 21 days after the beginning of treatments. Similarly, the most remarkable effect occurred in roots. However, all enzyme activities tested were stimulated in the upper aerial tissues as well, indicating that fmx or a derived product acts systemically, likely via root uptake.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, URVVC UPRES EA 2069, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences, BP 1039 Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Antonio Jesús
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Gäelle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saladin
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bézier
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mazeyrat-Gourbeyre
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baillieul
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clément
mesh_terms: D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002688:Chitinases / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects*; D043326:Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010797:Phthalimides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors; D027843:Vitis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D048588:Benzoxazines; D006540:Herbicides; D010797:Phthalimides; D010940:Plant Proteins; C053376:pathogenesis-related proteins, plant; D002688:Chitinases; D043326:Glucan 1,3-beta-Glucosidase; C106487:flumioxazin