title: Telomere shortening in familial and sporadic pulmonary fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heterozygous mutations in the coding regions of the telomerase genes, TERT and TERC, have been found in familial and sporadic cases of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. All affected patients with mutations have short telomeres.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test whether telomere shortening is a frequent mechanism underlying pulmonary fibrosis, we have characterized telomere lengths in subjects with familial or sporadic disease who do not have coding mutations in TERT or TERC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a modified Southern blot assay, the telomerase restriction fragment length method, and a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay we have measured telomere lengths of genomic DNA isolated from circulating leukocytes from normal control subjects and subjects with pulmonary fibrosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All affected patients with telomerase mutations, including case subjects heterozygous for newly reported mutations in TERT, have short telomere lengths. A significantly higher proportion of probands with familial pulmonary fibrosis (24%) and sporadic case subjects (23%) in which no coding mutation in TERT or TERC was found had telomere lengths less than the 10th percentile when compared with control subjects (P = 2.6 x 10(-8)). Pulmonary fibrosis affectation status was significantly associated with telomerase restriction fragment lengths, even after controlling for age, sex, and ethnicity (P = 6.1 x 10(-11)). Overall, 25% of sporadic cases and 37% of familial cases of pulmonary fibrosis had telomere lengths less than the 10th percentile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant fraction of individuals with pulmonary fibrosis have short telomere lengths that cannot be explained by coding mutations in telomerase. Telomere shortening of circulating leukocytes may be a marker for an increased predisposition toward the development of this age-associated disease.
authors.affiliation: Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8591, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cronkhite
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raghu
authors.forename: Kelly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Randall L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rosenblatt
authors.forename: Christine Kim
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Garcia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010375:Pedigree; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000235:genetics*; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics; D012038:Regeneration / Q000235:genetics*; D019098:Telomerase / Q000235:genetics*; D016615:Telomere / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: C422952:telomerase RNA; D012313:RNA; C509186:TERT protein, human; D019098:Telomerase