title: Association of gadolinium based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the recently discovered association between gadolinium based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents and the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with chronic kidney disease or acute kidney injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the PubMed database and publicly available patient databases was performed to characterize nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and its possible association with exposure to gadolinium based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from case series reports, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis patient databases, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis case reporting to the Food and Drug Administration after gadolinium contrast agent exposure and retrospective case control studies suggest a strong association between the use of gadolinium based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents and the subsequent development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with renal disease. These data also suggest that the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis depends on the degree of renal dysfunction, dose of contrast agent, gadolinium contrast agent stability and severity of concomitant illness. Thus, the occurrence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis after gadolinium contrast agent exposure may vary from negligible up to 2% to 5% in select high risk clinical situations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Magnetic resonance imaging using gadolinium based contrast agents must be performed judiciously in patients with renal dysfunction, carefully weighing on a case by case basis the benefits of magnetic resonance imaging and the risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis as well as the disadvantages of undergoing alternative or foregoing imaging studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Gautam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bhave
authors.forename: Julia B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Sam S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005355:Fibrosis; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications*; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium