title: Acute hyperglycaemia induces an inflammatory response in young patients with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at a substantially increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Stress-induced hyperglycaemia in turn is shown to worsen the prognosis of patients suffering from an acute myocardial infarction. However, the mechanisms behind these findings are incompletely known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether markers of chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress respond to acute hyperglycaemia in patients with T1D.
  
  
  METHODS
  The plasma glucose concentration was rapidly raised from 5 to 15 mmol/L in 35 males (22 men with T1D and 13 age-matched non-diabetic volunteers) and maintained for 2 h. All participants were young non-smokers without any signs of diabetic or other complications. Markers of chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress were analysed in serum/plasma samples drawn at base-line and after 120 min of hyperglycaemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to normoglycaemia, acute hyperglycaemia increased the interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations by 39% in patients with T1D (P<0.01) and 26% in healthy volunteers (P<0.05). During hyperglycaemia the superoxide dismutase concentration was increased by 17% in the healthy volunteers (P<0.01) and 5% in the patients with type 1 diabetes (P=NS). The increase in tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was larger in patients with type 1 diabetes than in non-diabetic volunteers (35% versus -10%, P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that acute hyperglycaemia induces an inflammatory response in patients with type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gordin
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Forsblom
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rönnback
authors.forename: Maija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parkkonen
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wadén
authors.forename: Kustaa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hietala
authors.forename: Per-Henrik
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Groop
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase