title: Modified WHODAS-II provides valid measure of global disability but filter items increased skewness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The WHODAS-II was substantially modified for use in the World Mental Health Surveys. This article considers psychometric properties and implications of filter items used to reduce respondent burden of the modified WHODAS-II.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen surveys in 16 countries administered a modified WHODAS-II to population samples (N=38,934 adults). Modifications included introducing filter questions for four subscales and substituting questions on the number of days activity was limited for the Life Activities domain. We evaluated distributional properties, reliability, and validity of the modified WHODAS-II.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most respondents (77%-99%) had zero scores on filtered subscales. Lower bound estimates of internal consistency (alpha) for the filtered subscales were typically in the 0.70s, but were higher for the Global scale. Loadings of subscale scores on a Global Disability factor were moderate to high. Correlations with the Sheehan Disability Scale were modest but consistently positive, while correlations with SF-12 Physical Component Summary were considerably higher. Cross-national variability in disability scores was observed, but was not readily explainable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Internal consistency and validity of the modified WHODAS-II was generally supported, but use of filter questions impaired measurement properties. Group differences in modified WHODAS-II disability scores may be compared within, but not necessarily across, countries.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Von Korff
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vilagut
authors.forename: Matthias C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Angermeyer
authors.forename: Ronny
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruffaerts
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Girolamo
authors.forename: Oye
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gureje
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: Yueqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.forename: Elie G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Karam
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kovess
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.forename: Daphna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levinson
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Posada-Villa
authors.forename: Kate M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ormel
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results