title: The outcomes and outpatient costs of different models of antiretroviral treatment delivery in South Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Estimate the average outpatient cost per patient in care and responding to treatment 1 year after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) under different models of treatment delivery in South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  At each site, medical records for a sample patients of were reviewed 1 year after ART initiation. Each subject was assigned to one outcome category: in care and responding (IC); in care but not responding (NR); or no longer in care at study site (NIC). Average cost per outcomes category was estimated based on resource utilisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Site 1 was an urban public hospital; Site 2 a programme that contracts private general practitioners; Site 3 a rural non-governmental (NGO) AIDS clinic; and Site 4 a peri-urban NGO primary care clinic. At month 12, IC, NR and NIC rates were 67%, 7% and 26% (Site 1); 52%, 3%, and 45% (Site 2); 63%, 9% and 28% (Site 3); and 76%, 11%, and 13% (Site 4). The average outpatient cost per patient initiated was $756 (Site 1), $896 (Site 2), $932 (Site 3) and $1,126 (Site 4). When all costs and all outcomes were taken into account, the average cost to produce an IC patient was $1,128 (Site 1), $1,723 (Site 2), $1,480 (Site 3), and $1,482 (Site 4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If all ART patients remain in care and responding, total costs will increase but the average cost to produce an IC patient will fall. The cost per ART patient treated varies moderately among sites. Cost differences increase markedly when patient outcomes are taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Center for International Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA. sbrosen@bu.edu
authors.forename: Sydney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sanne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000191:economics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D010045:Outpatients; D013019:South Africa
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents