Adolescent school failure predicts later depression among girls.
OBJECTIVE
Past research has found that social, academic, and behavioral problems are linked with depression during childhood and adolescence. The present study tests a longitudinal cascade model of adolescent problems predicting depression into adulthood, while additionally testing for gender differences.


METHODS
Using prospective longitudinal analysis with a sample of 808 youth followed from age 10 to 21, we tested whether social problems, school failure, and delinquency in adolescence increased risk for a major depressive episode in emerging adulthood. Structural equation modeling was used to test for gender differences.


RESULTS
Both early conduct problems and adolescent school failures predisposed girls to depression in young adulthood. Among the boys, none of the problems conferred risk for depression.


CONCLUSIONS
This study highlights the mutual interplay between school failure and psychological functioning. It is suggested that school adaptation in adolescence be considered a mental health issue.
McCarty
Carolyn A
CA
Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. cmccarty@u.washington.edu
Mason
W Alex
WA
Kosterman
Rick
R
Hawkins
J David
JD
Lengua
Liliana J
LJ
McCauley
Elizabeth
E
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D013332:Student Dropouts / Q000523:psychology*; D014861:Washington