title: A systematic review of the prevalence and attribution of human papillomavirus types among cervical, vaginal, and vulvar precancers and cancers in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe prevalence and estimated attribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) types in U.S. cervical, vaginal, and vulvar precancers and cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  U.S. studies reporting HPV typing for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) and/or invasive cancers of those sites were gathered from the PubMed database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/). Selected studies had PCR testing data for > or =10 cases for a disease endpoint. Analytic methods augmented prior reviews of cervical disease with an updated and expanded analysis (including vulvar and vaginal disease), new selection criteria for specimens, and adjustment for histologic type, where possible, among pooled cancer cases. In addition, for analyses of estimated attribution of HPV types, we incorporated accounting methods for lesions infected with multiple HPV types.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 22 U.S. studies meeting review eligibility criteria were tabulated. Following adjustment for the presence of multiple HPV types in a single specimen, the top two HPV types contributing to disease were CIN 1 (HPV 16/66; 15.3%), CIN 2/3 (HPV 16/31; 61.9%), cervical cancer (HPV 16/18; 79.2%), VIN 1 (HPV 6/11; 41.7%), VIN 3 (HPV 16/18; 84.0%), vulvar cancer (HPV 16/33; 55.5%), VaIN 3 (HPV 16/18; 65.1%), and vaginal cancer (HPV 16/18; 72.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HPV type distribution and proportion of cases testing positive for any HPV type were observed to vary among U.S. cervical, vulvar, and vaginal neoplasias and by grade of disease. Adjustment for the presence of multitype HPV infections can have an important effect on the estimated attribution of HPV types to disease, particularly for types other than HPV 16.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Economic Statistics, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA 19454-1099, USA. ralph_insinga@merck.com
authors.forename: Ralph P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Insinga
authors.forename: Kai-Li
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Liaw
authors.forename: Lisa G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Madeleine
mesh_terms: D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D014625:Vaginal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D014846:Vulvar Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral