title: Simultaneous detection and quantification of the  unculturable microbe Candidatus Glomeribacter  gigasporarum inside its fungal host Gigaspora margarita.
abstract: A combined approach based on quantitative and nested polymerase chain reaction (qPCR and nPCR, respectively) has been set up to detect and quantify the unculturable endobacterium Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum inside the spores of its fungal host Gigaspora margarita. Four genes were targeted, two of bacterial origin (23S rRNA gene and rpoB) and two from the fungus (18S rRNA gene and EF1-alpha). The sensitivity of the qPCR protocol has proved to be comparable to that of nPCR, both for the fungal and the bacterial detection. It has been demonstrated that the last detected dilution in qPCR corresponded, in each case, to 10 copies of the target sequences, suggesting that the method is equally sensitive for the detection of both fungal and bacterial targets. As the two targeted bacterial genes are predicted to be in single copy, it can be concluded that the detection limit is of 10 bacterial genomes for each mixture. The protocol was then successfully applied to amplify fungal and bacterial DNA from auxiliary cells and extraradical and intraradical mycelium. For the first time qPCR has been applied to a complex biological system to detect and quantify fungal and bacterial components using single-copy genes, and to monitor the bacterial presence throughout the fungal life cycle.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale dell'Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, I-10125 Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salvioli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale dell'Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, I-10125 Italy.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lumini
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale dell'Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, I-10125 Italy.
authors.forename: Iulia A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Anca
authors.affiliation: Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Sez. di Torino, CNR, Viale Mattioli 25, I-10125 Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bianciotto
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale dell'Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, I-10125 Italy.|Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Sez. di Torino, CNR, Viale Mattioli 25, I-10125 Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonfante
mesh_terms: D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000592:standards; D042521:Burkholderiaceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D025282:Mycelium / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012015:Reference Standards; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D013559:Symbiosis