title: Evaluating the influence of epidemiological parameters and host ecology on the spread of phocine distemper virus through populations of harbour seals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Outbreaks of phocine distemper virus (PDV) in Europe during 1988 and 2002 were responsible for the death of around 23,000 and 30,000 harbour seals, respectively. These epidemics, particularly the one in 2002, provided an unusual opportunity to estimate epidemic parameters for a wildlife disease. There were marked regional differences in the values of some parameters both within and between epidemics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used an individual-based model of seal movement that allowed us to incorporate realistic representations of space, time and animal behaviour into a traditional epidemiological modelling framework. We explored the potential influence of a range of ecological (foraging trip duration, time of epidemic onset, population size) and epidemiological (length of infectious period, contact rate between infectious and susceptible individuals, case mortality) parameters on four readily-measurable epidemic characteristics (number of dead individuals, duration of epidemic, peak mortality date and prevalence) and on the probability that an epidemic would occur in a particular region. We analysed the outputs as if they were the results of a series of virtual experiments, using Generalised Linear Modelling. All six variables had a significant effect on the probability that an epidemic would be recognised as an unusual mortality event by human observers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regional and temporal variation in contact rate was the most likely cause of the observed differences between the two epidemics. This variation could be a consequence of differences in the way individuals divide their time between land and sea at different times of the year.
authors.affiliation: Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom. catriona@mcs.st-and.ac.uk
authors.forename: Catriona M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Justin M J
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Travis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harwood
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004216:Distemper / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D018104:Distemper Virus, Phocine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004463:Ecology / Q000379:methods; D008954:Models, Biological; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D046049:Phoca / Q000821:virology*; D011153:Population; D015995:Prevalence; D011336:Probability; D013269:Stochastic Processes; D013997:Time Factors