title: The hERG potassium channel and hERG screening for drug-induced torsades de pointes.
abstract: Drug-induced torsades de pointes (TdP) arrhythmia is a major safety concern in the process of drug design and development. The incidence of TdP tends to be low, so early pre-clinical screens rely on surrogate markers of TdP to highlight potential problems with new drugs. hERG (human ether-à-go-go-related gene, alternative nomenclature KCNH2) is responsible for channels mediating the 'rapid' delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr) which plays an important role in ventricular repolarization. Pharmacological inhibition of native IKr and of recombinant hERG channels is a shared feature of diverse drugs associated with TdP. In vitro hERG assays therefore form a key element of an integrated assessment of TdP liability, with patch-clamp electrophysiology offering a 'gold standard'. However, whilst clearly necessary, hERG assays cannot be assumed automatically to provide sufficient information, when considered in isolation, to differentiate 'safe' from 'dangerous' drugs. Other relevant factors include therapeutic plasma concentration, drug metabolism and active metabolites, severity of target condition and drug effects on other cardiac ion channels that may mitigate or exacerbate effects of hERG blockade. Increased understanding of the nature of drug-hERG channel interactions may ultimately help eliminate potential hERG blockade early in the design and development process. Currently, for promising drug candidates integration of data from hERG assays with information from other pre-clinical safety screens remains essential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Bristol Heart Institute, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom. jules.hancox@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jules C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hancox
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McPate
authors.forename: Aziza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Harchi
authors.forename: Yi Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051668:Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015195:Drug Design; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D016171:Torsades de Pointes / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D051668:Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels; D051638:Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations