title: Review article: the psychoneuroimmunology of irritable bowel syndrome--an exploration of interactions between psychological, neurological and immunological observations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is founded on interactive mechanisms. Disentangling these processes is a prerequisite for the development of effective drug therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the interaction between the various factors implicated in IBS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles pertaining to IBS pathogenesis focusing on psychoneuroimmunology were identified using following search terms: IBS, animal models, microbiota, probiotics, immunology, visceral hypersensitivity, imaging, psychology and visceral pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cerebral imaging using MRI and proton emission tomography scanning has revealed differential regional cerebral activation, whereas stimuli induced activation has been captured by both MRI and cortical evoked potentials. At the peripheral neurological level, the concept of visceral hypersensitivity has been challenged as perhaps representing psychological traits with symptom over-reporting or hyper-vigilance. Gut mucosal immunology is thought to be relevant with immunological changes reflected as peripheral blood cytokine level changes. Molecular technology advances suggest a role for microbiota by activating the gut immunological system. These interactions have been examined in IBS animal models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Translation of animal model findings to humans is needed to link the various psychological, neurological and immunological changes noted in IBS. This analysis may identify patient sub-groups, which will ultimately be critical for drug testing to be focused accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Imperial College, St Mark's Campus, Harrow, London, UK. naila.arebi@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arebi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gurmany
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bullas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hobson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stagg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamm
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000150:complications; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D004644:Emotions; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000294:innervation; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation; D017833:Visceral Afferents / Q000502:physiology