title: Superficial siderosis: a potential diagnostic marker of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system results from chronic bleeding in the superficial layers of the cortex and spinal cord. In cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), there is amyloid deposition in meningeal and meningo-cortical arteries and capillaries, predisposing them to rupture. CAA is frequently associated with Alzheimer disease (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a series of 3 AD patients with MRI evidence of superficial siderosis. Two had neuropathological examination confirming superficial siderosis, AD, and CAA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Superficial siderosis should be recognized within the spectrum of AD with CAA and considered as a possible antemortem diagnostic feature.
authors.forename: Howard H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Luis F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.forename: Ian R A
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: Bruce B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martzke
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Woolfenden
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016657:Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012806:Siderosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology