title: Comparing health locus of control in patients with Spasmodic Dysphonia, Functional Dysphonia and Nonlaryngeal Dystonia.
abstract: Locus of Control (LoC) refers to an individuals' perception of whether they are in control of life events. Health Locus of Control refers to whether someone feels they have influence over their health. Health Locus of Control has not been studied in any depth in voice-disordered patients. The objective of this study was to examine Health Locus of Control in three patient groups: (1) Spasmodic Dysphonia, (2) Functional Dysphonia and (3) a nondysphonic group with Nonlaryngeal Dystonia. LoC was measured and compared in a total of 57 patients using the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales (diagnostic specific) Form C. Internal, Chance, and Powerful others LoC were measured and comparisons were made using one-way analysis of variance. Contrary to expectations Internal LoC was found to be significantly higher in the Functional Dysphonia group when compared to the other two groups. There was no significant difference between the groups in Chance or Powerful others LoC. The two organic groups, Spasmodic Dysphonia and Nonlaryngeal Dystonia, were more alike in Internal Health Locus of Control than the Functional Dysphonia group. The diagnostic nature of the groups was reflected in their LoC scores rather than their voice loss. These results contribute to the debate about the etiology of Spasmodic Dysphonia and will be of interest to those involved in the psychology of voice and those managing voice-disordered patients.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom. Karen.Haselden@uhb.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haselden
authors.forename: Theresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drinnan
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carding
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002908:Chronic Disease; D055154:Dysphonia / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors