title: Spinal nerve ligation-induced activation of nuclear factor kappaB is facilitated by prostaglandins in the affected spinal cord and is a critical step in the development of mechanical allodynia.
abstract: This study investigated the effect of 5th and 6th lumbar nerve (L5/L6) spinal nerve ligation (SNL) on activated nuclear factor kappaB (NFkBa) in nuclear extracts from the lumbar dorsal horn of the rat, and its relationship to prostaglandin (PG)-dependent spinal hyperexcitability and allodynia 3 days later. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, fitted with intrathecal (i.t.) catheters, underwent SNL- or sham-surgery. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), electromyographic analysis of the biceps femoris flexor reflex, and immunoblotting of the spinal cord were used. Both allodynia (PWT <or=4 g) and exaggerated A- and C-fiber-mediated reflex responses (AFRR and CFRR), featuring decreased activation thresholds and evoked hyperexcitability, were evident only in nerve-ligated animals. This was preceded by an increase in NFkBa in the ipsilateral lumbar dorsal horn at 12 h which was still present 3 days after SNL. The amount of NFkBa in the ventral horns was unchanged compared with sham-controls. Blocking the activation of spinal NFkappaB, either directly with ammonium pyrrolidedithiocarbamate (PDTC; 100 microg i.t.) or indirectly with S(+)-ibuprofen (100 microg i.t.) administered immediately after SNL, prevented the SNL-induced expression of spinal cyclooxygenase-2 and the development of spinal hyperexcitability and allodynia 3 days later. R(-)-Ibuprofen and vehicle had no effect. These results demonstrate that NFkappaB is not only activated by SNL, but that spinal PG generated in the affected spinal cord from the onset of nerve injury facilitates this process. NFkappaB is a critical antecedent in the development of spinal PG-dependent hyperexcitability and allodynia in the SNL model.
authors.affiliation: Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3V6.
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: O'Rielly
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Loomis
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000209:etiology*; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000494:pharmacology; D008026:Ligation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011453:Prostaglandins; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D007052:Ibuprofen