title: Heart failure in sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review with emphasis on individuals with diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heart failure is the ultimate complication of cardiac involvements in diabetes. The purpose of this review was to summarize current literature on heart failure among people with diabetes mellitus in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Bibliographic search of published data on heart failure and diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa over the past 26 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heart failure remains largely unexplored in general population and among people with diabetes in Africa. Heart failure accounts for over 30% of hospital admission in specialized cardiovascular units and 3%-7% in general internal medicine. Over 11% of adults with heart failure have diabetes. Risk factors for heart failure among those with diabetes include classical cardiovascular risk factors, without evidence of diabetes distinctiveness for other predictors common in Africa. Prevention, management, and outcomes of heart failure are less well known; recent data suggest improvement in the management of risk factors in clinical settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes mellitus is growing in SSA. Related cardiovascular diseases are emerging as potential health problem. Heart failure as cardiovascular complication remains largely unexplored. Efforts are needed through research to improve our knowledge of heart failure at large in Africa. Multilevel preventive measures, building on evidences from other parts of the world must go along side.
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Australia. akengen@george.org.au
authors.forename: Andre Pascal
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kengne
authors.forename: Anastase
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dzudie
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sobngwi
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors