Transcriptome analysis for Caenorhabditis elegans based on novel expressed sequence tags.
BACKGROUND
We have applied a high-throughput pyrosequencing technology for transcriptome profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans in its first larval stage. Using this approach, we have generated a large amount of data for expressed sequence tags, which provides an opportunity for the discovery of putative novel transcripts and alternative splice variants that could be developmentally specific to the first larval stage. This work also demonstrates the successful and efficient application of a next generation sequencing methodology.


RESULTS
We have generated over 30 million bases of novel expressed sequence tags from first larval stage worms utilizing high-throughput sequencing technology. We have shown that approximately 14% of the newly sequenced expressed sequence tags map completely or partially to genomic regions where there are no annotated genes or splice variants and therefore, imply that these are novel genetic structures. Expressed sequence tags, which map to intergenic (around 1000) and intronic regions (around 580), may represent novel transcribed regions, such as unannotated or unrecognized small protein-coding or non-protein-coding genes or splice variants. Expressed sequence tags, which map across intron-exon boundaries (around 300), indicate possible alternative splice sites, while expressed sequence tags, which map near the ends of known transcripts (around 600), suggest extension of the coding or untranslated regions. We have also discovered that intergenic and intronic expressed sequence tags, which are well conserved across different nematode species, are likely to represent non-coding RNAs. Lastly, we have incorporated available serial analysis of gene expression data generated from first larval stage worms, in order to predict novel transcripts that might be specifically or predominantly expressed in the first larval stage.


CONCLUSIONS
We have demonstrated the use of a high-throughput sequencing methodology to efficiently produce a snap-shot of transcriptional activities occurring in the first larval stage of C. elegans development. Such application of this new sequencing technique allows for high-throughput, genome-wide experimental verification of known and novel transcripts. This study provides a more complete C. elegans transcriptome profile and, furthermore, gives insight into the evolutionary and biological complexity of this organism.
Shin
Heesun
H
Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada. heesuns@sfu.ca
Hirst
Martin
M
Bainbridge
Matthew N
MN
Magrini
Vincent
V
Mardis
Elaine
E
Moerman
Donald G
DG
Marra
Marco A
MA
Baillie
David L
DL
Jones
Steven J M
SJ
D000818:Animals; D001482:Base Composition; D002107:Caenorhabditis / Q000235:genetics; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D005091:Exons / Q000235:genetics; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D049751:Genome, Helminth / Q000235:genetics; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D007814:Larva / Q000235:genetics; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity
D020033:Protein Isoforms