title: Embryotoxicity of artesunate in animal species related to drug tissue distribution and toxicokinetic profiles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Injectable artesunate (AS) can cause fetal death and teratogenic effects in animals at levels below the human therapeutic dose. Similar toxicity has also been found for oral artemisinins in various animal species, but has not been found in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies on tissue distribution (5 mg/kg) and toxicokinetics (TK, 30 mg/kg x 3) were conducted in pregnant (GD11-13) and non-pregnant rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TK profiles of AS showed that the two groups of rats were similar after a single AS dose but were significantly different after multiple doses. Following a daily dose for 3 days, no change in AS concentration was found in the pregnant animals, but a significant concentration decline was seen in the non-pregnant rats on day 3. In addition, a higher conversion rate of AS to dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was detected in the pregnant rats after either single or multiple doses compared to non-pregnant controls. The ratios of AUC(DHA)/AUC(AS) were 0.99-1.02 for the pregnant rats and 0.42-0.48 for non-pregnant animals, resulting in a total AUC(DHA D1-3) that was about 3.7-fold higher in pregnant rats (15,049 ng.h/ml) than in non-pregnant rats (4,015 ng.h/ml). Furthermore, the tissue/blood partition coefficients demonstrated that the level of radiolabeled AS that was distributed into uterus, placenta, and ovary was 2-4-fold higher than in blood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TK data showed that unchanged AS and DHA in the blood of pregnant rats were 1.53- and 3.74-fold, respectively, higher than those of non-pregnant animals, which all likely relate to the severe embryotoxicity of AS, even with a low-dosage regimen in pregnant animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910-7500, USA. qigui.li@amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: Qigui
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yuanzheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Si
authors.forename: Kirsten S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Weina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D000077332:Artesunate; D001345:Autoradiography; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D037621:Artemisinins; D000077332:Artesunate; C039060:artenimol