title: A copper(II)-selective chelator ameliorates diabetes-evoked renal fibrosis and albuminuria, and suppresses pathogenic TGF-beta activation in the kidneys of rats used as a model of diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The selective Cu(II) chelator triethylenetetramine (TETA) extracts systemic Cu(II) into the urine of diabetic humans and rats as a model of diabetes, and in the process also normalises hallmarks of diabetic heart disease. However, the role of Cu and its response to TETA in animals with diabetic nephropathy were previously unknown. Here, we report the effects of TETA treatment on Cu and other essential elements, as well as on indices of renal injury and known pathogenic molecular processes, in kidneys from a rat model of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats at 8 weeks after streptozotocin-induction of diabetes were treated with oral TETA (34 mg/day in drinking water) for a further 8 weeks and then compared with untreated diabetic control animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Renal tissue Cu was substantively elevated by diabetes and normalised by TETA, which also suppressed whole-kidney and glomerular hypertrophy without lowering blood glucose. The urinary albumin: creatinine ratio was significantly elevated in the rat model of diabetes but lowered by TETA. Total collagen was also elevated in diabetic kidneys and significantly improved by TETA. Furthermore, renal cortex levels of TGF-beta1, MAD homologue (SMAD) 4, phosphorylated SMAD2, fibronectin-1, collagen-III, collagen-IV, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase all tended to be elevated in diabetes and normalised by TETA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dysregulation of renal Cu homeostasis may be a key event eliciting development of diabetic nephropathy. Selective Cu(II) chelation can protect against pathogenic mechanisms that lead to or cause diabetic nephropathy and might be clinically useful in the treatment of early-stage diabetic kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Crossman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glyn-Jones
authors.forename: Y-S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Choong
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Y-K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ruggiero
authors.forename: A R J
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: G J S
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000818:Animals; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003300:Copper / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005355:Fibrosis; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014266:Trientine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D003300:Copper; D014266:Trientine