title: Protective effects of diallyl sulfide, a garlic constituent, on the warm hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of diallyl sulfide (DAS) on the warm hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in a rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats (n = 8-10/group) were subjected to sham operation or warm ischemia (1 h)-reperfusion (3 h) preceded by a single intraperitoneal dose (1.75 mmol/kg) of DAS or vehicle, and relevant biochemical parameters were monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Warm IR injury caused a significant increase in the plasma markers of liver injury, which was attenuated by DAS. The hepatoprotective effects of DAS were associated with significant reductions in lipid peroxidation markers and in situ generation of superoxide in the liver and increases in the glutathione levels of the liver and bile, suggestive of an antioxidant effect for DAS. Additionally, DAS caused an almost twofold increase in the protein expression of the liver heme oxygenase-1, an enzyme that confers cytoprotection against oxidative stress. Whereas the total cytochrome P450 remained unchanged, the protein levels and activity of CYP2E1, which plays an important role in the generation of reactive oxygen species, significantly decreased by DAS pretreatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DAS protects the liver from warm IR injury by reducing oxidative stress through, at least in part, induction of heme oxygenase-1 and inhibition of CYP2E1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA.
authors.forename: Imam H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Shaik
authors.forename: Jancy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Thekkumkara
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mehvar
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000498:Allyl Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 / Q000378:metabolism; D065691:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Inhibitors; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005737:Garlic; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) / Q000378:metabolism; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013440:Sulfides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D015854:Up-Regulation; D052096:Warm Ischemia
chemical_list: D000498:Allyl Compounds; D000975:Antioxidants; D065691:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D013440:Sulfides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D013481:Superoxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C038491:allyl sulfide; D002374:Catalase; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; D006419:Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); C491523:Hmox1 protein, rat; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide