title: Glucocorticoid regulation of the promoter of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is indirect and requires CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-beta.
abstract: 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) converts inert 11keto-glucocorticoids to active 11beta-hydroxy forms, thereby amplifying intracellular glucocorticoid action. Up-regulation of 11beta-HSD1 in adipose tissue and liver is of pathogenic importance in metabolic syndrome. However, the mechanisms controlling 11beta-HSD1 transcription are poorly understood. Glucocorticoids themselves potently increase 11beta-HSD1 expression in many cells, providing a potential feed-forward system to pathology. We have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which glucocorticoids regulate transcription of 11beta-HSD1, exploiting an A549 cell model system in which endogenous 11beta-HSD1 is expressed and is induced by dexamethasone. We show that glucocorticoid induction of 11beta-HSD1 is indirect and requires new protein synthesis. A glucocorticoid-responsive region maps to between -196 and -88 with respect to the transcription start site. This region contains two binding sites for CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) that together are essential for the glucocorticoid response and that bind predominantly C/EBPbeta, with C/EBPdelta present in a minority of the complexes. Both C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta are rapidly induced by glucocorticoids in A549 cells, but small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown shows that only C/EBPbeta reduction attenuates the glucocorticoid induction of 11beta-HSD1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated increased binding of C/EBPbeta to the 11beta-HSD1 promoter in A549 cells after glucocorticoid treatment. A similar mechanism may apply in adipose tissue in vivo where increased C/EBPbeta mRNA levels after glucocorticoid treatment were associated with increased 11beta-HSD1 expression. C/EBPbeta is a key mediator of metabolic and inflammatory signaling. Positive regulation of 11beta-HSD1 by C/EBPbeta may link amplification of glucocorticoid action with metabolic and inflammatory pathways and may represent an endogenous innate host-defense mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Shuji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sai
authors.forename: Cristina L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Esteves
authors.forename: Val
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Zoi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Michailidou
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Coll
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohzeki
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Seckl
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Chapman
mesh_terms: D043205:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D051743:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-delta / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D011333:Pro-Opiomelanocortin / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051743:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-delta; D011333:Pro-Opiomelanocortin; D003907:Dexamethasone; D004247:DNA; D043205:11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1