title: Neighbourhood fast food outlets and obesity in children and adults: the CLAN Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined associations between density of and proximity to fast food outlets and body weight in a sample of children (137 aged 8-9 years and 243 aged 13-15 years) and their parents (322 fathers and 362 mothers).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children's measured and parents' self-reported heights and weights were used to calculate body mass index (BMI). Locations of major fast food outlets were geocoded. Bivariate linear regression analyses examined associations between the presence of any fast food outlet within a 2 km buffer around participants' homes, fast food outlet density within the 2 km buffer, and distance to the nearest outlet and BMI. Each independent variable was also entered into separate bivariate logistic regression analyses to predict the odds of being overweight or obese.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among older children, those with at least one outlet within 2 km had lower BMI z-scores. The further that fathers lived from an outlet, the higher their BMI. Among 13-15-year-old girls and their fathers, the likelihood of overweight/obesity was reduced by 80% and 50%, respectively, if they had at least one fast food outlet within 2 km of their home. Among older girls, the likelihood of being overweight/obese was reduced by 14% with each additional outlet within 2 km. Fathers' odds of being overweight/obese increased by 13% for each additional kilometre to the nearest outlet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While consumption of fast food has been shown to be associated with obesity, this study provides little support for the concept that exposure to fast food outlets in the local neighbourhood increases risk of obesity.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Australia. dcraw@deakin.edu.au
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Anna F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Timperio
authors.forename: Jo A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baur
authors.forename: Billie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giles-Corti
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andrianopoulos
authors.forename: Kylie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ball
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005220:Fathers; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011336:Probability; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012147:Restaurants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*