title: The whitening effect of enzymatic bleaching on tetracycline.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide have been used as tooth whitening agents. The aim of this paper was to determine the efficiency of several enzyme-containing whitening systems. A method to determine the rate of 'in vitro' tetracycline whitening was also developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the tetracycline whitening ability of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide, and the influence of peroxidase and lactoperoxidase on this tetracycline whitening rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High peroxidase and lactoperoxidase concentrations increased the rate of tetracycline decoloration obtained with carbamide peroxide or hydrogen peroxide. The decoloration rate observed was lower when the glucose/glucose oxidase system was used to generate hydrogen peroxide 'in situ'. The presence of peroxidase increased the decoloration rate of extracted teeth obtained with carbamide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enzymes such as peroxidase could be used as whitening catalysts to increase the rate of tetracycline decoloration.
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Research Institute of Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca E-07122, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gimeno
authors.forename: Pere
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Riutord
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tauler
authors.forename: Josep A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tur
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pons
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005949:Glucose Oxidase / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010545:Peroxides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000379:methods*; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy*; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010545:Peroxides; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D014508:Urea; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D005949:Glucose Oxidase; D010544:Peroxidases; D013752:Tetracycline