title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation suppresses HIV-1 replication in an animal model of encephalitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Poor penetration of antiretroviral therapy across the blood-brain barrier poses an impediment on control of HIV-1 infection in brain macrophages. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma, a member of the nuclear receptors family, regulates important physiological functions (including anti-inflammatory effects) in response to ligand-mediated activation. As PPARgamma agonists are rapidly absorbed by oral administration and efficiently permeate the blood-brain barrier, we hypothesized that PPARgamma stimulation may suppress HIV-1 replication.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the effect of PPARgamma ligand (rosiglitazone) on HIV-1 replication in human monocyte-derived macrophages and in vivo using a murine model (immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human lymphocytes and intracerebrally inoculated with HIV-1 infected macrophages) of HIV-1 encephalitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with rosiglitazone caused a significant decrease of virus infection in macrophages. PPARgamma stimulation inhibited virus replication by modulating NF-kappaB activation in a receptor-dependent manner, leading to downregulation of HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter activity and suppression of HIV-1 replication. These effects were PPARgamma specific as PPARgamma silencing or addition of PPARgamma antagonist abolished effects of PPARgamma stimulation on HIV-1 LTR and virus replication. Using a murine model for HIV-1 encephalitis, we demonstrated that PPARgamma ligand suppressed HIV-1 replication in macrophages in brain tissue and reduced viremia by 50%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro data delineated the novel mechanism by which PPARgamma activation suppresses HIV-1 replication, and in vivo findings underscored the ability of PPARgamma agonists to reduce HIV-1 replication in lymphocytes and brain macrophages, thus offering a new therapeutic intervention in brain and systemic infection.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Raghava
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Potula
authors.forename: Servio H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Knipe
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leibhart
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schall
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heilman
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morsey
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papugani
authors.forename: Huanyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dou
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Persidsky
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000821:virology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat / Q000187:drug effects; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D023421:Models, Animal; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014766:Viremia / Q000188:drug therapy; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D047495:PPAR gamma; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone