title: Apolipoprotein CIII links hyperlipidemia with vascular endothelial cell dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) is a component of some triglyceride-rich very-low-density and low-density lipoprotein and is elevated in dyslipidemia with insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. We previously reported that apoCIII directly activates proinflammatory and atherogenic signaling in vascular endothelial cells through protein kinase C-beta (PKCbeta). Because PKCbeta impairs the response of vascular endothelial cells to insulin, we tested the hypothesis that apoCIII affects insulin signaling in vascular endothelial cells and its function in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ApoCIII inhibited insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), decreasing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These effects of apoCIII led to reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation and NO release into the media. ApoCIII activated PKCbeta in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, resulting in IRS-1 dysfunction via serine phosphorylation. ApoCIII also activated mitogen-activated protein kinase through PKCbeta. The impaired insulin signaling was restored by PKCbeta inhibitor or MEK1 inhibitor. ApoCIII-rich very-low-density lipoprotein and apoCIII impaired insulin signaling in the aorta of C57BL/6J mice and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which was recovered by PKCbeta inhibitor. They also inhibited endothelium-dependent relaxation of the aortas of C57BL/6J mice. In summary, apoCIII in very-low-density lipoprotein impaired insulin stimulation of NO production by vascular endothelium and induced endothelial dysfunction in vivo. This adverse effect of apoCIII was mediated by its activation of PKCbeta, which inhibits the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that apoCIII is a crucial link between dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in vascular endothelial cells with consequential deleterious effects on their atheroprotective functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Life Science and Bioethics Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. kawakami.vasc@tmd.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Mizuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osaka
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tani
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sacks
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimokado
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D053305:Apolipoprotein C-III / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D064546:Protein Kinase C beta; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D053305:Apolipoprotein C-III; C526292:IRS1 protein, human; D007328:Insulin; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; C526295:Irs1 protein, mouse; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D064546:Protein Kinase C beta