title: Simplified spectraphotometric method for the detection of red blood cell agglutination.
abstract: Human error is the most significant factor attributed to incompatible blood transfusions. A spectrophotometric approach to blood typing has been developed by examining the spectral slopes of dilute red blood cell (RBC) suspensions in saline, in the presence and absence of various antibodies, offering a technique for the quantitative determination of agglutination intensity [Transfusion39, 1051, 1999TRANAT0041-113210.1046/j.1537-2995.1999.39101051.x]. We offer direct theoretical prediction of the observed change in slope in the 660-1000 nm range through the use of the T-matrix approach and Lorenz-Mie theory for light scattering by dilute RBC suspensions. Following a numerical simulation using the T-matrix code, we present a simplified sensing method for detecting agglutination. The sensor design has been prototyped, fully characterized, and evaluated through a complete set of tests with over 60 RBC samples and compared with the full spectrophotometric method. The LED and photodiode pairs are found to successfully reproduce the spectroscopic determination of red blood cell agglutination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7910, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA. rammk@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: Melur
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramasubramanian
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D000372:Agglutination Tests / Q000379:methods*; D000465:Algorithms; D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching / Q000379:methods*; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000145:classification*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology; D006384:Hemagglutination; D006386:Hemagglutination Tests / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods*