title: Psychological and social aspects of pregnancy, childbirth and early parenting after assisted conception: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is known that infertility affects emotional well-being, satisfaction with life and self-esteem and that failed assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment is associated with diminished life satisfaction, reduced self-confidence and substantial psychological distress. Investigations of whether these persist when treatment results in a pregnancy and live birth have been undertaken.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search for English-language research articles on psychological and social aspects of pregnancy, childbirth and the first post-partum year after ART conception.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 466 retrieved papers, 46 met inclusion criteria. These reported data from 28 studies. There is consistent evidence that marital satisfaction, emotional well-being and self-regard in pregnancy, attachment to the fetus and parent-infant relationship in ART groups are similar to comparison groups. Anxiety about the survival of the fetus and early parenting difficulties appear to be higher and post-natal self-confidence lower. Evidence about adjustment to pregnancy and parenthood and the experience of childbirth is inconclusive and reports of parental perceptions of infant temperament and behaviour are contradictory. Between-study methodological differences may explain the lack of consistency in findings of the influence of infertility and ART on some aspects of the transition to parenthood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, this body of evidence is best described as emergent. It is possible that in pregnancy after ART, parenthood might be idealized and this might then hinder adjustment and the development of a confident parental identity.
authors.affiliation: Key Centre for Women's Health in Society, School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. karinh@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hammarberg
authors.forename: J R W
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Wynter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage / Q000523:psychology; D009769:Object Attachment; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D036801:Parturition / Q000523:psychology; D010553:Personality Development; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000523:psychology*; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000523:psychology*