title: Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of midazolam in children with severe malaria and convulsions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and buccal midazolam (MDZ) in children with severe falciparum malaria and convulsions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three children with severe malaria and convulsions lasting > or =5 min were given a single dose of MDZ (0.3 mg kg(-1)) IV (n = 13), IM (n = 12) or via the buccal route (n = 8). Blood samples were collected over 6 h post-dose for determination of plasma MDZ and 1'-hydroxymidazolam concentrations. Plasma concentration-time data were fitted using pharmacokinetic models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median (range) MDZ C(max) of 481 (258-616), 253 (96-696) and 186 (64-394) ng ml(-1) were attained within a median (range) t(max) of 10 (5-15), 15 (5-60) and 10 (5-40) min, following IV, IM and buccal administration, respectively. Mean (95% confidence interval) of the pharmacokinetic parameters were: AUC(0,infinity) 596 (327, 865), 608 (353, 864) and 518 (294, 741) ng ml(-1) h; V(d) 0.85 l kg(-1); clearance 14.4 ml min(-1) kg(-1), elimination half-life 1.22 (0.65, 1.8) h, respectively. A single dose of MDZ terminated convulsions in all (100%), 9/12 (75%) and 5/8 (63%) children following IV, IM and buccal administration. Four children (one in the IV, one in the IM and two in the buccal groups) had respiratory depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of MDZ at the currently recommended dose resulted in rapid achievement of therapeutic MDZ concentrations. Although IM and buccal administration of MDZ may be more practical in peripheral healthcare facilities, the efficacy appears to be poorer at the dose used, and a different dosage regimen might improve the efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), PO Box 230, 80108-Kilifi, Kenya. sndirangu@kilifi.kemri-wellcome.org
authors.forename: Simon N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Muchohi
authors.forename: Gilbert O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Kokwaro
authors.forename: Bernhards R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Ogutu
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Steve A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Charles R J C
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D000278:Administration, Buccal; D000293:Adolescent; D000349:Africa; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004347:Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D008874:Midazolam