title: Epigenetic identification of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 as a functional tumor suppressor and biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma and other digestive tumors.
abstract: The ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) is a carboxyl-terminal ubiquitin hydrolase regulating cellular ubiquitin levels, recently suggested as a tumor suppressor. However, the role of UCHL1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not clear. We investigated the expression and DNA methylation of the UCHL1 in primary HCC, liver metastases from digestive carcinomas, and primary digestive cancers. UCHL1 is expressed in all normal tissues and immortalized normal epithelial cell lines, but was low or silenced in 77% (10/13) of HCC cell lines, which is well correlated with its promoter methylation status. Methylation was further detected in 44% (12/27) of HCCs, but less in metastatic tumors generated from colorectal and stomach in the liver (19%, 3/16; P < 0.05). Methylation was also detected in primary digestive tumors, including 71% (22/31) of colon, 77% (53/69) of gastric, and 40% (18/45) of esophageal carcinomas, but none or occasionally in paired adjacent nontumor tissues. Detailed methylation analysis of 49 CpG sites at a 540-bp promoter region by bisulfite genomic sequencing confirmed the methylation. UCHL1 silencing could be reversed by chemical or genetic demethylation of the promoter, indicating direct epigenetic silencing. Restoring UCHL1 expression in silenced cell lines significantly inhibited their growth and colony formation ability by inhibiting cell proliferation, causing cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and inducing apoptosis through the intrinsic caspase-dependent pathway. Moreover, UCHL1 directly interacts with p53 and stabilizes p53 through the ubiquitination pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epigenetic inactivation of UCHL1 is common in primary HCCs and other digestive tumors. UCHL1 appears to be a functional tumor suppressor involved in the tumorigenesis of HCCs and other digestive cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Institute of Digestive Disease, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Kin F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Hongchuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Fan Fong
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hongyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yuen Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Röcken
authors.forename: Matthias P A
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ebert
authors.forename: Anthony T C
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Joseph J Y
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sung
mesh_terms: D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D000077209:Decitabine; D004067:Digestive System Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D016195:G2 Phase; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495901:TP53 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C482860:UCHL1 protein, human; C012589:trichostatin A; D000077209:Decitabine; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase; D020169:Caspases; D001374:Azacitidine