title: Salivary cortisol and suicidal behavior--a follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis is a common finding in major depressive disorder. Similar studies on suicide attempters are less abundant, and the results are divergent. The main aim of the present study was to investigate HPA-axis parameters by the time of a suicide attempt and at follow-up in search for associations between HPA-axis function and suicidal behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five suicide attempters and 16 non-suicidal controls were admitted to a psychiatric ward between the years of 1986 and 1992. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) in cerebrospinal fluid and urinary cortisol were obtained for the suicide attempters. The patients were followed up approximately 12 years after the index admission. Cortisol was measured in saliva, and additional suicide attempts and current psychiatric symptoms were registered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At follow-up, evening salivary cortisol was lower in suicide attempters compared to controls. Low cortisol levels at follow-up were associated with severe psychiatric symptoms. Among women, repeated suicide attempts were associated with low morning and lunch salivary cortisol, and in this subgroup we also found significant correlations between salivary cortisol at follow-up, and CRH as well as urinary cortisol at index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found evidence for an association between low HPA-axis activity and suicidal behavior. This could be due to long-lasting and severe psychiatric morbidity, which in turn has exhausted the HPA-axis of these patients. The potential role of hypocortisolism should be given more attention in studies on suicidal patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, Kioskgatan 19, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden. Daniel.Lindqvist@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lindqvist
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Isaksson
authors.forename: Lil
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Träskman-Bendz
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brundin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012920:Social Behavior Disorders / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone