title: Critical evaluation of urinary markers for bladder cancer detection and monitoring.
abstract: Bladder cancer is currently diagnosed using cystoscopy and cytology in patients with suspicious signs and symptoms. These tests are also used to monitor patients with a history of bladder cancer. The recurrence rate for bladder cancer is high, thus necessitating long-term follow-up. Urine cytology has high specificity but low sensitivity for low-grade bladder tumors. Recently, multiple noninvasive urine-based bladder cancer tests have been developed. Although several markers have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for bladder cancer surveillance, only a few are approved for detection of bladder cancer in high-risk patients.
authors.forename: Shahrokh F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Shariat
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Karam
authors.forename: Yair
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lotan
authors.forename: Pierre I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Karakiewizc