title: Initiating insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Overall, 7% of the US population has type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and among people aged 60 years or older, approximately 20% have T2DM, representing a significant health burden in this age group. Furthermore, the incidence of T2DM is increasing as the obesity epidemic increases and more patients are presenting with T2DM at a younger age. Insulin resistance, which is characterized by impaired glucose tolerance, begins years before the onset of T2DM. In response to impaired glucose tolerance, beta-cell function initially increases (manifested as hyperinsulinemia) to compensate for the increased insulin resistance. Subsequently, a progressive loss of first-phase insulin response occurs, which is manifested by progressively increasing postprandial glucose (PPG) levels. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels eventually rise above 126 mg/dL, a level defined as clinical diabetes. As T2DM progresses, beta-cell function deteriorates further and the patient requires progressively more aggressive therapeutic interventions to achieve glycemic control. It is important for family physicians (FPs) to convey this concept of disease progression to patients at the time of diagnosis. Patients should understand that although they can slow disease progression with long-term lifestyle modifications, they will eventually need to change or add medications as the function of the pancreas continues to decline. FPs should also emphasize that disease progression can be limited but not stopped, and thus, patients should not blame themselves, particularly when they follow management recommendations.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis Health System, Davis, CA; Aoki Diabetes Research Institute, Sacramento, CA USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Russell D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005194:Family Practice / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006441:Hemoglobin A / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014280:Triglycerides; D006441:Hemoglobin A; D008687:Metformin; D002784:Cholesterol; D000077205:Pioglitazone