title: Choice of echocardiography method for postoperative evaluation of mitral valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The French Cardiology Society (SFC) systematically recommends (Class I) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) after any mitral valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis (MMVR). Taking into account the increasing workload of echocardiography laboratories, our attitude was to propose that only post-operative transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is performed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible risks of this simplified procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a precise analysis of one full year of practice of MMVR with exhaustive follow-up for the first 2 years concentrating on thromboembolic complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From January to December 2003, 84 MMVRs (46 after rheumatic fever, 22 degenerative disease, 11 infective endocarditis (IE) and 5 ischemia) were conducted in 45 women and 39 men of average age 61 years. Early mortality (<30 days) concerned 5 patients (5.9%). A control TTE to determine normal prosthetic function was performed 7+/-2 days after surgery and this revealed 2 cases of nonobstructive thrombosis which were treated medically, 3 cases of paraprosthetic regurgitation, and 1 vegetation due to underlying IE. Actuarial survival was 90.5% at 1 year and 83.3% at 2 years. After a mean follow-up of 179.3 patient-years, 5 patients were reoperated (5.9%): 1 for IE, 1 for paravalvular regurgitation, 1 for mitral valve insufficiency with haemolysis, and 2 for obstructive prosthetic valve thromboses. In addition there were 2 cases of prosthetic valve thrombosis, 8 ischemic strokes (2 ministrokes, 6 sequelar strokes), and 1 peripheral embolism. The global thromboembolic complication rate was therefore 6.1 per 100 patient-years (n=11). There were 4 hemorrhagic events, i.e. a rate of 2.2 events per 100 patient-years. 63% of the 1193 INR conducted were within the target range (3-4.5), 26% were below 3 and 11% were greater than 4.5. 35% of patients with thromboembolic complications had an INR<3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Morbidity and mortality during the first 2 years after MMVR were relatively high but equivalent to the values of comparable series in the literature. These complications would not have been reduced by a more precise screening based on early TEE. Despite the increasingly litigious nature of the doctor-patient relationship, it would probably be excessive to oppose that this guideline was not followed in a dispute; in particular as it is difficult to apply this measure as echocardiography departments are overworked.
authors.affiliation: Département de chirurgie cardiaque et transplantation, Hôpital Cardiothoracique Louis-Pradel, Lyon-Bron.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Greffe
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Henaine
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Metton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nloga
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wautot
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ninet
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saroul
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barthelet
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Derumeaux
authors.forename: J-F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Obadia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D004617:Embolism / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D012086:Reoperation; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology