title: Pain, quality of life and recovery after laparoscopic ventral hernia repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair (LVHR) is a well established procedure in the treatment of ventral hernias. It is our clinical experience that patients suffer intense postoperative pain, but this issue and other recovery parameters have not been studied in detail.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five patients with hernias >3 cm prospectively underwent LVHR using "double-crown" titanium tack mesh fixation. Pre- and postoperative pain was measured on a 0-100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS) and health-related quality of life was measured using the Short Form 36 questionnaire (SF-36). Several other recovery parameters were measured systematically in the 6 months follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed no recurrences or severe complications in the follow-up period (n = 31 at day 30 and n = 28 after 6 months). The median in-hospital stay was 2 days (range 0-5). Patients reported significantly more pain during activity than at rest at all times (p < 0.05). The median VAS-pain score during activity vs. at rest at discharge was 60 and 31, respectively. The median VAS-pain score during activity on the day of operation (day 0) was 78; it returned to baseline values at day 30 (p = 0.148) and, after 6 months, it was below the preoperative score (p = 0.01). The scores for general well-being and fatigue returned to baseline values at days 3 and 30, respectively, and at 6 months, they had both significantly improved compared with preoperative values (p = 0.005). The SF-36 scores were significantly worse in three domains at day 30 (p < 0.005). After 6 months, the bodily pain score had increased significantly compared with preoperative values (p < 0.005) and all eight scales were comparable to the Danish reference population scores. Patients resumed normal daily activities after a median of 14 days (range 1-38). Smokers and patients with hard physical demands at work took a significantly longer amount of time to resume work compared with non-smokers (30 vs. 9 days, p < 0.005) and patients with light work demands (29 vs. 9 days, p < 0.05), respectively. VAS-pain scores were strongly correlated to general well-being (r = -0.8, p < 0.001), patient satisfaction (r = -0.67, p < 0.001) and quality of life (r = -0.63, p < 0.001). We found no significant correlation between the number of tacks used (median 59) and postoperative pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LVHR was associated with considerable postoperative pain and fatigue in the first postoperative month, prolonging the time of convalescence and significantly affecting patients' quality of life up to 6 months postoperatively. Mesh fixation with fibrin glue or other non-invasive/degradable products seems promising for reducing pain and it should be investigated in future randomised trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Gastroenterology D, Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. jravn@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Eriksen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poornoroozy
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: H U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Friis-Andersen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003289:Convalescence / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006555:Hernia, Ventral / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life; D013526:Surgical Mesh; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome