title: Cervical pharyngostomy: an old technique revisited.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review our experience with pharyngostomy tubes used to manage complications following foregut surgery and to discuss technical aspects of insertion.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cervical pharyngostomy tubes are percutaneously placed through the hypopharynx and directed into the stomach or small bowel. Historically, these tubes were placed during resection of head and neck cancer for postoperative nutrition. The technique may also be used to manage a variety of complications following esophagectomy or gastric surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review identified all patients who underwent pharyngostomy tube placement at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center from 1995 to 2007. Indications, procedure-related complications, and duration of tube placement were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight patients were identified. Indications for tube placement were: access for enteral nutrition (n = 18), drainage of mediastinal abscess (n = 4), gastric decompression (n = 13), and other (n = 3). Procedure-related complications included: cellulitis (n = 1), esophagitis (n = 1), aspiration pneumonia (n = 1), and tube migration (n = 9). Duration of tube placement was 51 days (range 1-279). No major complications occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharyngostomy tubes may be useful in the management of complications following esophageal or gastric surgery. They are more comfortable than nasogastric tubes and may be kept in place for several months if necessary. Bleeding or other major complications have not occurred in our experience.
authors.affiliation: Heart, Lung and Esophageal Surgery Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Awais
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schuchert
authors.forename: Prasad S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Adusumilli
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keeley
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvelo-Rivera
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Landreneau
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Luketich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005743:Gastrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D010613:Pharyngostomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome