title: Psychosis due to systemic lupus erythematosus: characteristics and long-term outcome of this rare manifestation of the disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence, characteristics and long-term outcome of psychosis due to SLE defined according to the ACR nomenclature for neuropsychiatric (NP) syndromes.
  
  
  METHODS
  All the patients who strictly fulfilled the ACR definition for psychosis due to lupus were identified within the 485 patients of our lupus cohort and retrospectively evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Psychosis due to lupus was diagnosed in 11 (2.3%) patients. Lupus psychosis presented as the initial presentation of SLE in 60% of the patients and within the first year of the disease in 80% of the cases. All the patients developed psychotic symptoms within the context of multi-systemic lupus activity, with 90% of them having cutaneous involvement. Psychosis activity in our patients was associated with biological markers of lupus activity in 90% of the cases. The aPLS were observed in 10% of the cases. Seventy percent of our patients showed complete resolution of psychotic symptoms after a mean follow-up of 155 months. Long-lasting remissions were seen in all those patients. Chronic mild psychotic symptoms were observed in 30% of our patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychosis due to lupus is an uncommon event that usually occurs early in the course of the disease and is associated with other clinical and biological features of SLE. Long-term outcome appears to be favourable after intensive immunosuppressive treatment. This report highlights the need for prospective multi-centre studies to improve our knowledge and to help establish guidelines for the treatment of this rare complication of lupus.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Rheumatology Research, University College of London Division of Medicine, London, UK. jose.maria.pego.reigosa@sergas.es
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pego-Reigosa
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Isenberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020945:Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents