title: Comparing the fixation of a novel hollow screw versus a conventional solid screw in human sacra under cyclic loading.
abstract: METHODS
  The loosening rates of two monocortical pedicle screw designs (hollow and solid) were compared in a cadaveric sacrum model subjected to cyclic loading.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if a hollow screw would be more resistant to loosening than a solid pedicle screw when placed into the pedicles of S1 and tested under stair-cased cyclic loading.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Screw loosening is a clinical problem for lumbosacral fusions. No previous literature has evaluated the use of a monocortical hollow screw within the sacrum; however, in other vertebral bodies, results of using this screw have been varied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven fresh-frozen cadaveric sacra were thawed and stripped of soft tissues. Solid and hollow screws were inserted contralaterally into the pedicles of S1. A materials testing machine applied alternating flexion and extension bending moments at 1 Hz, to each screw independently, via a standard connecting rod. Flexion moments were applied starting at 0.5 Nm and increased by 0.5 Nm after every 1000 cycles until the screw had visibly failed. Extension moments were maintained at 0.5 Nm. Screw rotation (flexion) relative to the sacrum was recorded using a custom optical tracking system, and analyzed using 2-way repeated measures analyses of variances and post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls tests (alpha = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Screw rotation tended to gradually increase to six degrees, after which the screw was grossly loose. Overall, the hollow screw required fewer loading cycles (P = 0.004) and less applied moment (P = 0.003) to achieve the same magnitude of screw rotation as the solid screw. To achieve 6 degrees of screw rotation, the number of loading cycles were 6301 +/- 2161 and 11151 +/- 4221 for hollow and solid screws, respectively. The corresponding applied moments were 3.5 +/- 1.0 Nm and 5.8 +/- 2.0 Nm. CONCLUSION.: The novel hollow screw was less resistant to loosening when compared with a conventional solid pedicle screw in this sacral model under cyclic loading.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Jack McBain Biomechanical Testing Laboratory, Thompson Engineering Building, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Stewart D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: McLachlin
authors.forename: Brendon J B
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Beaton
authors.forename: Marlis T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Sabo
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Gurr
authors.forename: Stewart I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Chris S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Cynthia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Dunning
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D001863:Bone Screws / Q000592:standards*; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D012399:Rotation; D012447:Sacrum / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*