title: Extracranial traumatic carotid artery dissections in children: a review of current diagnosis and treatment options.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Currently, no diagnostic or treatment standards exist for extracranial carotid artery dissection (CAD) in children after trauma. The purpose of this study was to review and describe the characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of this rather uncommon sequelae of pediatric trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature was performed to examine the pertinent studies of traumatic extracranial carotid artery (CA) injuries in children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No randomized trials were identified; however, 19 case reports or small case series consisting of 34 pediatric patients were found in the literature. The diagnosis of CAD was made in 33 of 34 patients only after the onset of ischemic symptomatology. Twenty-four of 34 patients underwent cerebral angiography to confirm diagnosis; MR angiography affirmed the diagnosis in 6 of 34 patients. There was little published experience with CA ultrasonography or CT angiography for diagnosis. Thirty of 34 patients were treated with medical therapy or observation; 2 of 4 patients treated with observation alone died. There was little experience with open surgical treatment of CAD in the pediatric population, and there were no studies on the endovascular treatment of traumatic CAD in children. The literature does not support anticoagulation therapy over antiplatelet therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As a result of this review of the literature, the authors propose the algorithms for the evaluation and treatment of traumatic extracranial CADs in children. These recommendations include utilizing MR angiography as a screening tool in cases in which the clinical suspicion of CAD is high, using conventional cerebral angiography to confirm the diagnosis, implementing antiplatelet therapy as initial medical management, and reserving endovascular stenting in cases of failed medical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Roukoz B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Chamoun
authors.forename: Michel E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mawad
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Luerssen
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jea
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017130:Angioplasty; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors