title: Acid sphingomyelinase promotes lipoprotein retention within early atheromata and accelerates lesion progression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The key initial step in atherogenesis is the subendothelial retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Acid sphingomyelinase (acid SMase), an enzyme present extracellularly within the arterial wall, strongly enhances lipoprotein retention in model systems in vitro, and retained lipoproteins in human plaques are enriched in ceramide, a product of SMase. We now sought to test a direct causative role for acid SMase in lipoprotein retention and atherogenesis in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied atherogenesis and lipoprotein retention in Asm(-/-) versus Asm(+/+) mice on the Apoe(-/-) and Ldlr(-/-) backgrounds. Asm(-/-);Apoe(-/-) mice had a approximately 40% to 50% decrease in early foam cell aortic root lesion area compared with Asm(+/+);Apoe(-/-) mice (P<0.05) despite no difference in plasma cholesterol or lipoproteins. To assay lipoprotein retention in vivo, the two groups of mice were injected with fluorescently labeled Apoe(-/-) lipoproteins. Early foam cell lesions of Asm(-/-);Apoe(-/-) mice showed a striking 87% reduction in lipoprotein trapping (P<0.0001) compared with Asm(+/+);Apoe(-/-) lesions. Similar results were obtained with Ldlr(-/-) mice, including an 81% reduction in lipoprotein retention within Asm(-/-);Ldlr(-/-) lesions compared with Asm(+/+);Ldlr(-/-) lesions (P<0.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support a causal role for acid SMase in lipoprotein retention and lesion progression and provides further support for the response-to-retention model of atherogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Cecilia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Devlin
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Leventhal
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kuriakose
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Schuchman
authors.forename: Kevin Jon
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Ira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tabas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000201:enzymology; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005487:Foam Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D004041:Dietary Fats; D008074:Lipoproteins; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase