title: Diurnal and circadian rhythms in the tomato transcriptome and their modulation by cryptochrome photoreceptors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Circadian clocks are internal molecular time-keeping mechanisms that provide living organisms with the ability to adjust their growth and physiology and to anticipate diurnal environmental changes. Circadian clocks, without exception, respond to light and, in plants, light is the most potent and best characterized entraining stimulus. The capacity of plants to respond to light is achieved through a number of photo-perceptive proteins including cryptochromes and phytochromes. There is considerable experimental evidence demonstrating the roles of photoreceptors in providing light input to the clock.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to identify genes regulated by diurnal and circadian rhythms, and to establish possible functional relations between photoreceptors and the circadian clock in tomato, we monitored the temporal transcription pattern in plants entrained to long-day conditions, either by large scale comparative profiling, or using a focused approach over a number of photosensory and clock-related genes by QRT-PCR. In parallel, focused transcription analyses were performed in cry1a- and in CRY2-OX tomato genotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report a large series of transcript oscillations that shed light on the complex network of interactions among tomato photoreceptors and clock-related genes. Alteration of cryptochrome gene expression induced major changes in the rhythmic oscillations of several other gene transcripts. In particular, over-expression of CRY2 had an impact not only on day/night fluctuations but also on rhythmicity under constant light conditions. Evidence was found for widespread diurnal oscillations of transcripts encoding specific enzyme classes (e.g. carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes) as well as for post-transcriptional diurnal and circadian regulation of the CRY2 transcript.
authors.affiliation: ENEA, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella (MT), Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Facella
authors.forename: Loredana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carbone
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Galbraith
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giuliano
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perrotta
mesh_terms: D001683:Biological Clocks; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D056931:Cryptochromes; D005420:Flavoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009991:Oscillometry; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D056931:Cryptochromes; D005420:Flavoproteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger