title: Clinical utility of guideline-based echocardiography: a prospective study of outpatient referral patterns at a tertiary care center.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The spread of echocardiography has increased the number of requests for echocardiography and the length of patient waiting lists in National Health Systems. This overuse of echocardiography may also result in a decrease in examination quality because of an excess in workload. The recommended use of guidelines for the requesting of echocardiograms could reduce the demand for this investigation and thus reduce both workload and health care costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective study of 520 outpatients in a large tertiary referral center, we analyzed adherence by family physicians and cardiovascular specialists to published guidelines for requesting echocardiograms; the use of a written indication justifying the request for the first and subsequent examinations; the diagnostic outcome; and the clinical utility of each echocardiogram performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most echocardiograms (72%) were requested by specialists, follow-ups were frequent (72%), and 14% of these proved normal. Among first examinations, 49% of those requested by family physicians and 36% of those requested by specialists were normal (P = not significant [NS]); in both groups 27% of the requests lacked a written indication. Family physicians requested echocardiograms chiefly for arterial hypertension, palpitations, chest pain, and valve disease, whereas specialists most often requested echocardiograms for checking valve prostheses, ischemic heart disease, and valve disease. The rate of adherence to guidelines (54% vs 52%, P = NS) and clinical utility (60% vs 61%, P = NS) was low and similar for family physicians and specialists. Provision of a written indication for the examination by the requesting physician correlated strongly to the clinical utility of the test (P < .001), and adherence of indication to guidelines was the major determinant of clinical utility at logistic regression analysis (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of adherence to guidelines was lower than desirable and similar for family physicians and cardiovascular specialists. Adherence to guidelines and provision of a written specific indication strongly enhanced the value of the echocardiographic investigation.
authors.affiliation: Echocardiography Laboratory, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barbier
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alimento
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berna
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D010045:Outpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000592:standards; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*