title: Surgical management and outcomes of 165 colonoscopic perforations from a single institution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increasing use of colonoscopy is making iatrogenic perforations more common. We herein present our experience with operative management of colonoscopic-related perforations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review (1980-2006).
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 258 248 colonoscopies performed in patients, from which we identified 180 iatrogenic perforations (incidence, 0.07%). Of these, 165 perforations were managed operatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients underwent primary repair (29%), resection with primary anastomosis (33%), or fecal diversion (38%). Patients presenting within 24 hours (78%) were more likely to have minimal peritoneal contamination (64 patients [50%] vs 6 [17%]; P = .01) and to undergo primary repair or resection with anastomosis (86 [67%] patients vs 13 [36%]; P < .01). Patients presenting after 24 hours (22%) were more likely to have feculent contamination (16 patients [44%] vs 4 [11%]; P = .02) and to receive an ostomy (23 patients [64%] vs 43 [33%]; P = .02). The sigmoid colon was the most frequent site of perforation, followed by the cecum (53% and 24%, respectively; P < .001); blunt or torque injury exceeded polypectomy and thermal injuries (55% vs 27% and 18%, respectively; P < .001). Patients with blunt injuries were more likely to receive a stoma than were those with polypectomy and thermal perforations (44 patients vs 9 and 9, respectively; P = .02), as were patients with feculent peritonitis compared with those with moderate and minimal soilage (28 patients [78%] vs 28 [42%] and 6 [10%] respectively; P = .002). Operative morbidity was 36%, with a mortality rate of 7%. Multivariate analysis indicated that blunt injuries, poor bowel preparation, corticosteroid use, and being younger than 67 years were risk factors for postoperative morbidity (P <or= .01); no factors correlated with death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Colonoscopic perforation occurs in fewer than 1 in 1000 patients and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Prompt diagnosis and operative therapy are critical in most cases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterologic and General Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Corey W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cullinane
authors.forename: Henry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schiller
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: Scott P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Zietlow
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Farley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003113:Colonoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D007416:Intestinal Perforation / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome