title: Pregnancy incidence in Norwegian red cows using nonreturn to estrus, rectal palpation, pregnancy-associated glycoproteins, and progesterone.
abstract: The objectives of the study were to estimate pregnancy incidence and calving rate after first artificial insemination (AI) in Norwegian Red cows undergoing spontaneous estrus, to assess the relationship between pregnancy and management factors at herd or cow level, to evaluate differences between 60-d nonreturn rate (NRR60d) and pregnancy incidence, and to compare the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis by rectal palpation and plasma pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) analysis supported by progesterone measurements. In total, 829 animals (n = 229 heifers, 234 first-lactation, 173 second-lactation, and 193 >second-lactation cows) were included. Milk samples for progesterone analysis were collected both at AI and 3 wk later. Cows with progesterone concentrations <3 ng/mL at AI were considered in estrus or having nonactive ovaries, whereas cows with progesterone concentrations >7 ng/ mL 3 wk later were considered pregnant. Blood sampling for PAG analysis and pregnancy diagnosis by rectal palpation were conducted 57.6 +/- 0.92 d after AI. Pregnancy-associated glycoprotein concentrations equal to 2.5 ng/mL gave the greatest sensitivity (94.3%) and specificity (94.6%) in the assessment of pregnancy. The number of days from calving to first AI was 85.3 +/- 1.71. Overall NRR60d after first AI was 72.5%. The corresponding values for heifers, first-lactation, second-lactation, and >second-lactation cows were 76.9, 67.1, 69.9, and 76.2%. Overall pregnancy incidence after first AI was 63.7%. The corresponding values for heifers, first-lactation, second-lactation, and >second-lactation cows were 70.0, 58.2, 61.6, and 64.9%. Overall calving rate to first AI was 57.2%. The corresponding values for heifers, first-lactation, second-lactation, and >second-lactation cows were 64.9, 54.3, 54.7, and 53.9%. The overall difference between NRR60d and pregnancy incidence was 8.8%, whereas the parity-specific differences were 6.9, 8.9, 8.3, and 11.3% for heifers, first-lactation, second-lactation, and >second-lactation cows, respectively. Eight animals with PAG <2.5 ng/mL and classified as pregnant by rectal palpation calved, whereas 5 animals with PAG >or=2.5 ng/mL and classified as non-pregnant by rectal palpation also calved. The study showed that Norwegian Red cows have relatively high reproductive performance. Breeding for fertility traits over 35 yr is probably an important reason for such high fertility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146, NO-0033 Oslo, Norway. randi.garmo@veths.no
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Garmo
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Refsdal
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karlberg
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ropstad
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waldmann
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Beckers
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Reksen
mesh_terms: D000034:Abortion, Veterinary / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D001723:Birth Rate; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D003612:Dairying; D051517:Digital Rectal Examination; D004971:Estrus / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000097:blood*; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000662:veterinary; D007774:Lactation; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011258:Pregnancy Tests; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D011374:Progesterone