title: Cutaneous nociception evoked by 15-delta PGJ2 via activation of ion channel TRPA1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of prostaglandins (PGs) sensitize dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and contribute to inflammatory hyperalgesia by signaling through specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). One mechanism whereby PGs sensitize these neurons is through modulation of "thermoTRPs," a subset of ion channels activated by temperature belonging to the Transient Receptor Potential ion channel superfamily. Acrid, electrophilic chemicals including cinnamaldehyde (CA) and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), derivatives of cinnamon and mustard oil respectively, activate thermoTRP member TRPA1 via direct modification of channel cysteine residues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our search for endogenous chemical activators utilizing a bioactive lipid library screen identified a cyclopentane PGD2 metabolite, 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), as a TRPA1 agonist. Similar to CA and AITC, this electrophilic molecule is known to modify cysteines of cellular target proteins. Electophysiological recordings verified that 15d-PGJ2 specifically activates TRPA1 and not TRPV1 or TRPM8 (thermoTRPs also enriched in DRG). Accordingly, we identified a population of mouse DRG neurons responsive to 15d-PGJ2 and AITC that is absent in cultures derived from TRPA1 knockout mice. The irritant molecules that activate TRPA1 evoke nociceptive responses. However, 15d-PGJ2 has not been correlated with painful sensations; rather, it is considered to mediate anti-inflammatory processes via binding to the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Our in vivo studies revealed that 15d-PGJ2 induced acute nociceptive responses when administered cutaneously. Moreover, mice deficient in the TRPA1 channel failed to exhibit such behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, we show that 15d-PGJ2 induces acute nociception when administered cutaneously and does so via a TRPA1-specific mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63130, USA. orengol@morpheus.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Lillian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cruz-Orengo
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhaka
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heuermann
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Montana
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Cavanaugh
authors.forename: Donghee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Gina M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Story
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000502:physiology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena / Q000235:genetics; D000074025:TRPA1 Cation Channel; D050051:Transient Receptor Potential Channels / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: C097240:15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2; D015220:Calcium Channels; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D000074025:TRPA1 Cation Channel; C473350:TRPA1 protein, human; D050051:Transient Receptor Potential Channels; C475685:Trpa1 protein, mouse; D015230:Prostaglandin D2