title: Psychosocial interventions for prevention of psychological disorders in law enforcement officers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychosocial interventions are widely used for the prevention of psychological disorders in law enforcement officers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness and comparative effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for the prevention of psychological disorders in law enforcement officers.
  
  
  METHODS
  CCDANCTR-References was searched on 12/5/2008, electronic databases were searched, reference lists of review articles and included studies were checked, a specialist journal was handsearched, specialist books were checked and we contacted experts and trialists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised and quasi randomised controlled trials were eligible. The types of participants were people employed directly in law enforcement, including police officers and military police, regardless of gender, age and country of origin, and whether or not they had experienced some psychological trauma. All types of psychosocial intervention were eligible. The relevant outcome measures were psychological symptoms, adverse events and acceptability of interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was entered into Review Manager 4.2 for analysis, but this review was converted to RevMan 5.0 for publication. Quality assessments were performed. Two authors independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed the quality of studies. Summary effects were to be calculated using RevMan but no meta-analyses were possible. For individual studies, dichotomous outcome data are presented using relative risk, and continuous outcome data are presented using the weighted mean difference. These results are given with their 95% confidence intervals (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten studies were included in the review but only five reported data that could be used. Three of the ten studies were related to exercise-based psychological interventions. Seven were related to psychological interventions. No meta-analyses were possible due to diversity of participants, interventions and outcomes. Two studies compared a psychosocial intervention versus another intervention. Three studies compared a psychosocial intervention to a control group. Only one primary prevention trial reported data for the primary outcomes and, although this study found a significant difference in depression in favour of the intervention at endpoint, this difference was no longer evident at 18 months. No studies of primary prevention comparing different interventions and reporting primary outcomes of interest were identified. The methodological quality of the included studies was summarised. No study met our full quality criteria and one was regarded as low-quality. The remainder could not be rated because of incomplete data in the published reports and inadequate responses from the trialists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence only from individual small and low quality trials with minimal data suggesting that police officers benefit from psychosocial interventions, in terms of physical symptoms and psychological symptoms such as anxiety, depression, sleep problems, cynicism, anger, PTSD, marital problems and distress. No data on adverse effects were available. Meta-analyses of the available data were not possible. Further well-designed trials of psychosocial interventions are required. Research is needed on organization-based interventions to enhance psychological health among police officers.
authors.affiliation: Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleao de Barros 925 1st floor, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. vpenalba@psicobio.epm.br
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Peñalba
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: Jose R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Leite
mesh_terms: D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000517:prevention & control; D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D016495:Police; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology