title: Telomere shortening is correlated with the DNA damage response and telomeric protein down-regulation in colorectal preneoplastic lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A relation between telomere attrition in early carcinogenesis and activation of DNA damage response (DDR) has been proposed. We explored telomere length and its link with DDR in colorectal multistep carcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied normal mucosa, low-grade dysplasia (LGD) and high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and invasive carcinoma (IC) in matched human colon specimens by evaluating p-ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), p-checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2), c-H2AX, TRF1 and TRF2 expressions by immunohistochemistry. FISH was used to assess telomere length.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Telomeres shortened significantly from normal (N) to LGD and HGD (P < 0.0001; P = 0.012), then increased in length in IC (P = 0.006). TRF1 and TRF2 expressions were diminished from N to LGD and HGD (P = 0.004, P < 0.0001, ns) and were reexpressed at the invasive stage (P = 0.053 and P = 0.046). Phosphorylated ATM, Chk2 and H2AX appeared already in LGD (respectively, P = 0.001, P = 0.002 and P = 0.02). Their expression decreased from HGD to IC (respectively, P = 0.03, P = 0.02 and P = 0.37). These activating phosphorylations were inversely correlated with telomere length and TRF1/2 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a model of colon multistep carcinogenesis, our data indicate that telomeric length and protein expression levels are inversely correlated with the activation of the DDR pathway.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Radiobiologie et Oncologie, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Raynaud
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nuciforo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lantuejoul
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brambilla
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mounier
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Olaussen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: André
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morat
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sabatier
authors.forename: J-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Soria
mesh_terms: D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D064447:Checkpoint Kinase 2; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004249:DNA Damage; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015536:Down-Regulation; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006657:Histones / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D016612:Paraffin Embedding; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016615:Telomere / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D034501:Telomere-Binding Proteins; D035321:Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D035341:Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C468783:H2AX protein, human; D006657:Histones; C504753:TERF2 protein, human; D034501:Telomere-Binding Proteins; D035321:Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 1; D035341:Telomeric Repeat Binding Protein 2; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D064447:Checkpoint Kinase 2; C576324:ATM protein, human; D064007:Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins; C578634:CHEK2 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases