title: Informed choice to undergo prenatal screening for thalassemia: a description of written information given to pregnant women in Europe and beyond.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether prenatal screening for thalassemia is presented as a choice, and how the condition is described in written information given to pregnant women in different countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  One leaflet from each of seven countries (UK, The Netherlands, Greece, Italy, Israel, India and China) was collected for evaluation. Statements relating to choice and those describing the condition were extracted for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The leaflets varied in length from 26 to 74 sentences (mean: 42). Overall, more sentences were devoted to describing the condition (mean: 5) than to conveying choice (mean: 2). Leaflets from Northern Europe contained the highest proportion of sentences relating to choice, while those from Italy and Israel contained none. The majority of sentences describing thalassemia were classified as negative. The leaflets from China and India contained the highest proportion of negative sentences and the leaflets from the Netherlands and Italy, the lowest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For women to make an informed decision they need to be offered a choice and given balanced information regarding the condition for which screening is being offered. The results of this study raise doubts as to the extent to which prenatal services in many countries are facilitating informed choices.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology at Guy's, Health Psychology Section, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ananda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van den Heuvel
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hollywood
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dormandy
authors.forename: Lyn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chitty
authors.forename: Madhulika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kabra
authors.forename: Runmei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Masturzo
authors.forename: Theresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Marteau
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D002755:Choice Behavior; D054626:Consumer Health Information / Q000592:standards*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000592:standards*; D008403:Mass Screening; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D013789:Thalassemia / Q000175:diagnosis*