title: Natural BH3 mimetic (-)-gossypol chemosensitizes human prostate cancer via Bcl-xL inhibition accompanied by increase of Puma and Noxa.
abstract: Antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family proteins are overexpressed in prostate cancer and are promising molecular targets for modulating chemoresistance of prostate cancer. (-)-Gossypol, a natural BH3 mimetic, is a small-molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL/Mcl-1 currently in phase II clinical trials as an adjuvant therapy for human prostate cancer. Our objective is to examine the chemosensitization potential of (-)-gossypol in prostate cancer and its molecular mechanisms of action. (-)-Gossypol inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis through mitochondria pathway in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells and synergistically enhanced the antitumor activity of docetaxel both in vitro and in vivo in PC-3 xenograft model in nude mouse. (-)-Gossypol blocked the interactions of Bcl-xL with Bax or Bad in cancer cells by fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay and overcame the Bcl-xL protection of FL5.12 model cells on interleukin-3 withdrawal. Western blot and real-time PCR studies showed that a dose-dependent increase of the proapoptotic BH3-only proteins Noxa and Puma contributed to the cell death induced by (-)-gossypol and to the synergistic effects of (-)-gossypol and docetaxel. The small interfering RNA knockdown studies showed that Noxa and Puma are required in the (-)-gossypol-induced cell death. Taken together, these data suggest that (-)-gossypol exerts its antitumor activity through inhibition of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL accompanied by an increase of proapoptotic Noxa and Puma. (-)-Gossypol significantly enhances the antitumor activity of chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo, representing a promising new regime for the treatment of human hormone-refractory prostate cancer with Bcl-2/Bcl-xL/Mcl-1 overexpression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 4424E Med Sci I/SPC5637, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5637, USA.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Wenhua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Xiaoqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Meilan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pienta
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019281:Dimerization; D000077143:Docetaxel; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006072:Gossypol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007377:Interleukin-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D043823:Taxoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C438378:BBC3 protein, human; D007377:Interleukin-3; C498702:PMAIP1 protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D043823:Taxoids; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D000077143:Docetaxel; D006072:Gossypol