title: Efficacy, safety and tolerability of rivastigmine capsules in patients with probable vascular dementia: the VantagE study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of rivastigmine capsules in patients diagnosed with probable vascular dementia (VaD).
  
  
  METHODS
  VantagE (Vascular Dementia trial studying Exelon) was a 24-week, multicentre, double-blind study. VaD patients aged 50-85 years were randomized to rivastigmine capsules (3-12 mg/day) or placebo. Efficacy assessments included global and cognitive performances, activities of daily living and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Adverse events were recorded. Additional exploratory analyses determined whether heterogeneity in pathologies and symptoms extended to differential treatment effects.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT00099216.
  
  
  RESULTS
  710 patients were randomized. Rivastigmine demonstrated superiority over placebo on three measures of cognitive performance (Vascular Dementia Assessment Scale, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale, Mini-Mental State Examination; all p< or = 0.05, intent-to-treat population [ITT]), but not other outcomes. Predominant adverse events were nausea and vomiting. Exploratory analyses indicated that older patients (> or =75 years old), assumed more likely to also have Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, demonstrated significant cognitive responses to rivastigmine and a safety profile similar to that seen in AD patients. Younger patients, assumed less likely to have concomitant AD pathology, showed no efficacy response and were associated with slight elevations of blood pressure, cerebrovascular accidents and mortality. Rivastigmine-placebo differences in patients with, versus those without, medial temporal atrophy (also suggestive of concomitant AD) showed a numerical difference similar to that seen between the older versus younger patients, but did not attain statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with trials evaluating other cholinesterase inhibitors, rivastigmine did not provide consistent efficacy in probable VaD. The efficacy apparent on cognitive outcomes was derived from effects in older patients likely to have concomitant Alzheimer pathology. This is supportive of an existing argument that the putative cholinergic deficit in VaD reflects the presence of concomitant Alzheimer pathology.
authors.affiliation: Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College, London, UK. clive.ballard@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sauter
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scheltens
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
authors.forename: E C W
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: van Straaten
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: van der Flier
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lane
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D048448:Phenylcarbamates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010919:Placebos; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000068836:Rivastigmine; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D010919:Placebos; D000068836:Rivastigmine