title: Application technology for the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) to control Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn.
abstract: The effects of different application technologies were evaluated on the concentration, viability, and efficiency of infective juveniles of the nematodes Heterorhabditis indica Poinar, Karunakar & David and Steinernema sp. (IBCB-n6) to control Spodoptera frugiperda Smith on corn plants. Two hundred and eighty infective juveniles of Steinernema sp. were required to kill 100% third-instar fall armyworms in petri dishes, as compared to 400 infective juveniles of the H. indica nematode to obtain 75% fall armyworm control. It is possible to spray entomopathogenic nematodes without significant loss in their concentration and viability, with equipment that produces electrical charges to the spraying mix, and with those using hydraulic and rotary nozzle tips. The concentrations of infective juveniles of H. indica and Steinernema sp. nematodes were reduced by 28% and 53%, respectively, when hydraulic spraying nozzles that require 100-mesh filtrating elements were used. Tensoactive agents of the organosilicone and ethoxylate groups did not affect the viability of infective juveniles of Steinernema sp. juveniles. Spraying corn plants (V6 growth stage) with up to 288 million infective juveniles of Steinernema sp. per hectare, diluted in the spraying mix up to 800 L ha-1, with 0.01% ethoxylate tensoactive agent, or at the same volume followed by artificial rain (6 mm water depth) was not sufficient to control S. frugiperda in a controlled environment.
authors.affiliation: Depto. Produção Vegetal - Defesa Fitossanitária, FCA, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, 18610-307, Brazil. lcgarcia@fca.unesp.br
authors.forename: Luiz C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Carlos G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Raetano
authors.forename: Luis G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Leite
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D017168:Rhabditida; D013045:Species Specificity; D018411:Spodoptera / Q000469:parasitology*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000469:parasitology*