title: Rural Emergency Department staffing and participation in emergency certification and training programs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The practice of emergency medicine presents many challenges in rural areas.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We describe how rural hospitals nationally are staffing their Emergency Departments (EDs) and explore the participation of rural ED physicians and other health care professionals in selected certification and training programs that teach skills needed to provide high-quality emergency care.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national telephone survey of a random sample of rural hospitals with 100 or fewer beds was conducted in June to August 2006. Respondents included ED nurse managers and Directors of Nursing. A total of 408 hospitals responded (96% response rate).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A majority of rural hospitals use more than one type of staffing to cover the ED. The type of staffing varies by time period and ED volume. On weekdays, about onethird of hospitals use physicians on their own medical staff; one third use contracted coverage; 18% use both; and 14% use physician assistants and/or nurse practitioners with a physician on-call. Hospitals are more likely to use a combination of medical staff and contracted coverage on evenings and weekends. Advanced Cardiac Life Support training is common, but Pediatric Advanced Life Support, Advanced Trauma Life Support, and training in working as a team are less common. More registered nurses working in rural EDs have taken the Trauma Nursing Core Course than the Emergency Nursing Pediatric Course.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rural ED staff would benefit from additional continuing education opportunities, particularly in terms of specialized skills to care for pediatric emergency patients and trauma patients and training in working effectively in teams.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA. mcasey@umn.edu
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wholey
authors.forename: Ira S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Moscovice
mesh_terms: D002568:Certification; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006780:Hospitals, Rural; D006801:Humans; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013192:Staff Development; D000078329:Workforce