title: Trans-channel interactions in batrachotoxin-modified skeletal muscle sodium channels: voltage-dependent block by cytoplasmic amines, and the influence of mu-conotoxin GIIIA derivatives and permeant ions.
abstract: External mu-conotoxins and internal amine blockers inhibit each other's block of voltage-gated sodium channels. We explore the basis of this interaction by measuring the shifts in voltage-dependence of channel inhibition by internal amines induced by two mu-conotoxin derivatives with different charge distributions and net charges. Charge changes on the toxin were made at residue 13, which is thought to penetrate most deeply into the channel, making it likely to have the strongest individual interaction with an internal charged ligand. When an R13Q or R13E molecule was bound to the channel, the voltage dependence of diethylammonium (DEA)-block shifted toward more depolarized potentials (23 mV for R13Q, and 16 mV for R13E). An electrostatic model of the repulsion between DEA and the toxin simulated these data, with a distance between residue 13 of the mu-conotoxin and the DEA-binding site of approximately 15 A. Surprisingly, for tetrapropylammonium, the shifts were only 9 mV for R13Q, and 7 mV for R13E. The smaller shifts associated with R13E, the toxin with a smaller net charge, are generally consistent with an electrostatic interaction. However, the smaller shifts observed for tetrapropylammonium than for DEA suggest that other factors must be involved. Two observations indicate that the coupling of permeant ion occupancy of the channel to blocker binding may contribute to the overall amine-toxin interaction: 1), R13Q binding decreases the apparent affinity of sodium for the conducting pore by approximately 4-fold; and 2), increasing external [Na(+)] decreases block by DEA at constant voltage. Thus, even though a number of studies suggest that sodium channels are occupied by no more than one ion most of the time, measurable coupling occurs between permeant ions and toxin or amine blockers. Such interactions likely determine, in part, the strength of trans-channel, amine-conotoxin interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Evgeny
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pavlov
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Britvina
authors.forename: Jeff R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: McArthur
authors.forename: Quanli
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Iván
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sierralta
authors.forename: Gerald W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Zamponi
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: French
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D001496:Batrachotoxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020916:Conotoxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D008024:Ligands; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D055672:Static Electricity
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D001496:Batrachotoxins; D020916:Conotoxins; D008024:Ligands; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D015222:Sodium Channels; C046101:conotoxin GIII; C052377:tetrapropylammonium