title: Correlating the clinical course of recurrent croup with endoscopic findings: a retrospective observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to correlate endoscopic findings with the clinical course of recurrent croup.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children were classified as having recurrent croup if they had had 2 or more episodes of barky cough, inspiratory stridor, and hoarseness. All study participants underwent direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy and were started on an antireflux regimen. A telephone questionnaire assessed the child's symptoms and treatment response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-seven children with recurrent croup were seen in our otolaryngology outpatient clinic. Demographics included a male-to-female ratio of 1.6 to 1 and an age range of 1 month to 11 years (median, 20 months). Thirty patients (63.8%) had a medical history of asthma, and 10 (21.3%) came with a prior diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux. Gastroesophageal reflux-related laryngopharyngeal changes were seen during direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy in 87.2%. Of those with survey follow-up, 87.5% had improvement of respiratory symptoms after a 6- to 9-month course of antireflux medications. This finding was further reflected in a decreased number and duration of episodes (p < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The underlying narrowing process of recurrent croup can be attributed to gastroesophageal reflux and should be considered in any child with persistent barky cough, inspiratory stridor, and hoarseness. To confirm the diagnosis, diagnostic methods should be correlated with symptom progression after treatment initiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoa
authors.forename: Emily L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Kingsley
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Coticchia
mesh_terms: D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003371:Cough; D003440:Croup / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux; D006685:Hoarseness; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D012135:Respiratory Sounds; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires