title: Bone-targeting of quinolones conjugated with an acidic oligopeptide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Osteomyelitis is a progressive infectious process resulting in inflammatory destruction and necrosis of bone. The long-term administration of high-dosage antibiotics is required to treat osteomyelitis, owing to the limited distribution of antibiotics within bone. Therefore, targeted delivery of antibiotics to bone promises to improve therapeutic effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  We synthesized quinolones such as levofloxacin and norfloxacin conjugated to an acidic oligopeptide, which works as a bone-targeting carrier after systemic administration. The therapeutic effectiveness of the conjugated quinolones in osteomyelitis was evaluated using a mouse model of osteomyelitis, created by inoculating Staphylococcus aureus into the tibia of mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With intravenous injection, the conjugated quinolones selectively distributed to bone, reaching concentrations up to 100-fold those of non-conjugated quinolones. Single intravenous injection of levofloxacin as well as conjugated levofloxacin exhibited antibiotic effects in the osteomyelitis mouse model; conversely, neither conjugated nor non-conjugated norfloxacin was effective. The antibiotic effect of conjugated levofloxacin persisted to at least 6 days after injection, whereas the effect of non-conjugated levofloxacin was temporary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The selective bone delivery of quinolones conjugated with an acidic oligopeptide may be effective in treating osteomyelitis, although the resulting concentration of antibiotic may be insufficient to completely kill S. aureus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokogawa
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakura
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: Shinjiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000188:drug therapy; D015363:Quinolones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009842:Oligopeptides; D015363:Quinolones; D017886:Durapatite