title: Spatial and temporal segregation of auditory and vestibular neurons in the otic placode.
abstract: The otic placode generates the auditory and vestibular sense organs and their afferent neurons; however, how auditory and vestibular fates are specified is unknown. We have generated a fate map of the otic placode and show that precursors for vestibular and auditory cells are regionally segregated in the otic epithelium. The anterior-lateral portion of the otic placode generates vestibular neurons, whereas the posterior-medial region gives rise to auditory neurons. Precursors for vestibular and auditory sense organs show the same distribution. Thus, different regions of the otic placode correspond to particular sense organs and their innervating neurons. Neurons from contiguous domains rarely intermingle suggesting that the regional organisation of the otic placode dictates positional cues to otic neurons. But, in addition, vestibular and cochlear neurogenesis also follows a stereotyped temporal pattern. Precursors from the anterior-lateral otic placode delaminate earlier than those from its medial-posterior portion. The expression of the proneural genes NeuroM and NeuroD reflects the sequence of neuroblast formation and differentiation. Both genes are transiently expressed in vestibular and then in cochlear neuroblasts, while differentiated neurons express Islet1, Tuj1 and TrkC, but not NeuroM or NeuroD. Together, our results indicate that the position of precursors within the otic placode confers identity to sensory organs and to the corresponding otic neurons. In addition, positional information is integrated with temporal cues that coordinate neurogenesis and sensory differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Streit
authors.forename: Itziar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gorospe
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Varela-Nieto
authors.forename: Berta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alsina
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giraldez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D030161:Avian Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D002642:Chick Embryo; D003051:Cochlea / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000294:innervation; D004848:Epithelium / Q000196:embryology / Q000294:innervation; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000294:innervation
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D030161:Avian Proteins; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; C108527:NeuroM protein, chicken; C093564:Neurogenic differentiation factor 1