title: Grip strength may facilitate fracture prediction in perimenopausal women with normal BMD: a 15-year population-based study.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of grip strength measurements to predict fracture risk in perimenopausal women according to bone mineral density (BMD). A random sample of 971 perimenopausal women from the Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention study cohort was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the femoral neck and grip strength with a pneumatic squeeze dynamometer in 5-year intervals from baseline (1989-1991). Fractures during the 15-year follow-up were recorded based on self-reports and validated from medical records. In the total sample and in osteopenic or osteoporotic women (T score < -1, n = 284) grip strength was not significantly associated with fracture-free survival rate (P = nonsignificant in Cox regression). In women with normal baseline BMD (N-BMD, T score > -1, n = 687) the lowest grip strength quartile had a significantly lower fracture-free survival rate in the Cox proportional hazard model (P = 0.005, hazard ratio [HR] = 2.0). In the multivariate Cox regression model, T score and grip strength were the only significant predictors of 15-year fracture-free survival in the N-BMD group and a risk index (RI) was formed according to HRs of these two variables. High RI (0-5 points) was associated with significantly lower 15-year fracture-free survival rate (P = 0.001, HR = 0.137) in the N-BMD group. In contrast, 5-year T score was no better a predictor of fractures in the baseline N-BMD group (P = 0.04, HR = 0.36). In conclusion, grip strength predicts 15-year fracture-free survival in perimenopausal women with N-BMD, while 5-year DXA does not seem to be any better a predictor of fracture risk. DXA measurements could be coupled with simple and cost-effective grip strength measurements. Controlling BMD in women with N-BMD could be abandoned.
authors.affiliation: Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland. joonas.sirola@uku.fi
authors.forename: Joonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sirola
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rikkonen
authors.forename: Marjo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tuppurainen
authors.forename: Jukka S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jurvelin
authors.forename: Esko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alhava
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kröger
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D047648:Perimenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires