title: Focused beam-stop array for the measurement of scatter in megavoltage portal and cone beam CT imaging.
abstract: We describe a focused beam-stop array (BSA) for the measurement of object scatter in imaging systems that utilize x-ray beams in the megavoltage (MV) energy range. The BSA consists of 64 doubly truncated tungsten cone elements of 0.5 cm maximum diameter that are arranged in a regular array on an acrylic slab. The BSA is placed in the accessory tray of a medical linear accelerator at a distance of approximately 50 cm from the focal spot. We derive an expression that allows us to estimate the scatter in an image taken without the array present, given image values in a second image with the array in place. The presence of the array reduces fluence incident on the imaged object. This leads to an object-dependent underestimation bias in the scatter measurements. We apply corrections in order to address this issue. We compare estimates of the flat panel detector response to scatter obtained using the BSA to those derived from Monte Carlo simulations. We find that the two estimates agree to within 10% in terms of RMS error for 30 cm x 30 cm water slabs in the thickness range of 10-30 cm. Larger errors in the scatter estimates are encountered for thinner objects, probably owing to extrafocal radiation sources. However, RMS errors in the estimates of primary images are no more than 5% for water slab thicknesses in the range of 1-30 cm. The BSA scatter estimates are also used to correct cone beam tomographic projections. Maximum deviations of central profiles of uniform water phantoms are reduced from 193 to 19 HU after application of corrections for scatter, beam hardening, and lateral truncation that are based on the BSA-derived scatter estimate. The same corrections remove the typical cupping artifact from both phantom and patient images. The BSA proves to be a useful tool for quantifying and removing image scatter, as well as for validating models of MV imaging systems.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Care Systems Group, Siemens Medical Solutions (USA), Inc., 4040 Nelson Ave., Concord, California 94520, USA. jsmaltz@ieee.org
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Maltz
authors.forename: Bijumon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gangadharan
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paidi
authors.forename: Supratik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bose
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Faddegon
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aubin
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pouliot
authors.forename: Zirao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Svatos
authors.forename: Ali R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bani-Hashemi
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011860:Radiography, Abdominal; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D014867:Water