title: Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Everolimus (RAD001) is an orally administered inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a therapeutic target for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. We did a phase III, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of everolimus in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma whose disease had progressed on vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma which had progressed on sunitinib, sorafenib, or both, were randomly assigned in a two to one ratio to receive everolimus 10 mg once daily (n=272) or placebo (n=138), in conjunction with best supportive care. Randomisation was done centrally via an interactive voice response system using a validated computer system, and was stratified by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center prognostic score and previous anticancer therapy, with a permuted block size of six. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival, assessed via a blinded, independent central review. The study was designed to be terminated after 290 events of progression. Analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00410124.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All randomised patients were included in efficacy analyses. The results of the second interim analysis indicated a significant difference in efficacy between arms and the trial was thus halted early after 191 progression events had been observed (101 [37%] events in the everolimus group, 90 [65%] in the placebo group; hazard ratio 0.30, 95% CI 0.22-0.40, p<0.0001; median progression-free survival 4.0 [95% CI 3.7-5.5] vs 1.9 [1.8-1.9] months). Stomatitis (107 [40%] patients in the everolimus group vs 11 [8%] in the placebo group), rash (66 [25%] vs six [4%]), and fatigue (53 [20%] vs 22 [16%]) were the most commonly reported adverse events, but were mostly mild or moderate in severity. Pneumonitis (any grade) was detected in 22 (8%) patients in the everolimus group, of whom eight had pneumonitis of grade 3 severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with everolimus prolongs progression-free survival relative to placebo in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma that had progressed on other targeted therapies.
authors.affiliation: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. motzerr@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Motzer
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Escudier
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oudard
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Hutson
authors.forename: Camillo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Porta
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bracarda
authors.forename: Viktor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grünwald
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Figlin
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hollaender
authors.forename: Gladys
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Urbanowitz
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lebwohl
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ravaud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000068338:Everolimus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D000068338:Everolimus; D020123:Sirolimus