title: Embryonic germ cells are capable of adipogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: There is an extensive clinical need for soft tissue filler materials, such as adipose tissue, for plastic and reconstructive surgery. Due to limitations with autologous adipose transplantation, engineered adipose tissue provides a potential alternative therapy. Embryonic germ cells form embryoid bodies and subsequent embryoid body-derived (EBD) cells have the ability to differentiate toward multiple tissue types. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that EBD cells were capable of adipogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo using a poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogel scaffold. EBD cells underwent adipogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Results were directly compared to adipogenic differentiation of adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Differentiated EBD cells in both monolayer and three-dimensional in vitro culture demonstrated fat granules by light microscopy, stained positive for lipids with oil red-O, and expressed adipocyte-specific genes (lipoprotein lipase [LPL], peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma2, and adipocyte-specific fatty acid binding protein [alphaP2]). In vivo constructs demonstrated adipogenic differentiation by alphaP2 and LPL gene expression and oil red-O staining of lipid granules. In conclusion, EBD cells are capable of differentiating toward an adipogenic lineage in vitro and in vivo. EBD cells' adipogenic differentiation is comparable to that of MSCs and demonstrate therapeutic potential for soft tissue augmentation and reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hillel
authors.forename: Shyni
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Varghese
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petsche
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shamblott
authors.forename: Jennifer H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Elisseeff
mesh_terms: D050156:Adipogenesis; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology; D000818:Animals; D001391:Azo Compounds; D002417:Cattle; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D051379:Mice; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D020100:Hydrogels; C011049:oil red O