title: Preterm birth and maternal smoking in pregnancy are strong risk factors for aortic narrowing in adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preterm transition from foetal to neonatal circulation might permanently alter aortic growth and development. To test this hypothesis, we measured aortic dimensions in adolescents born very preterm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-six healthy 15-year-old subjects were studied; 45 born very preterm at an average gestational age of 28 weeks (birth weight < 1500 g) and 41 controls born at term. Using a pulse-gated Fiesta sequence on a 1.5T MR-scanner, 25 images were collected within the heart cycle at several levels of the descending aorta. End-diastolic cross-sectional areas were semi-automatically calculated using an active contour model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects born preterm had narrower aortic lumen. The difference was 16% in the thoracic and 19% in the abdominal aorta after adjustment for body surface area and gender (p < 0.001). Maternal smoking in pregnancy was also found to be an independent risk factor for aortic narrowing in the offspring (difference 10%-13% throughout the aorta vs. offspring to nonsmoking mothers). Adolescents born preterm had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures; however, blood pressures did not correlate with aortic size or maternal smoking during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Very preterm birth and exposure to maternal smoking in foetal life are independent and strong risk factors for general aortic narrowing 15 years after birth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. anna-karin.edstedt.bonamy@ki.se
authors.forename: Anna-Karin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Edstedt Bonamy
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: De Keyzer
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Norman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001011:Aorta / Q000002:abnormalities*; D001018:Aortic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*