title: Maximizing clinical research participation in vulnerable older persons: identification of barriers and motivators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify barriers and motivators to participation in long-term clinical research by high-risk elderly people and to develop procedures to maximize recruitment and retention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative and qualitative survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic primary care medicine and pre-anesthesia testing clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients aged 70 and older, including 25 medical patients at high risk of hospitalization and 25 patients with planned major surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen- to 20-minute interviews involved open- and closed-ended questions guided by an in-depth script. Two planned study protocols were presented to each participant. Both involved serial neuropsychological assessments, blood testing, and magnetic resonance brain imaging (MRI); one added lumbar puncture (LP). Participants were asked whether they would be willing to participate in these protocols, rated barriers and incentives to participation, and were probed with open-ended questions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 50 participants (average age 78, 44% male, 40% nonwhite), 32 (64%) expressed willingness to participate in the LP-containing protocol, with LP cited as the strongest disincentive. Thirty-eight (76%) expressed willingness to participate in the protocol without LP, with phlebotomy and long interviews cited as the strongest disincentives. Altruism was a strong motivator for participation, whereas transportation was a major barrier. Study visits at home, flexible appointment times, assessments shorter than 75 minutes, and providing transportation and free parking were strategies developed to maximize study participation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vulnerable elderly people expressed a high rate of willingness to participate in an 18-month prospective study. Participants identified incentives and barriers that enabled investigators to develop procedures to maximize recruitment and retention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02446, USA. emarcant@bidmc
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Marcantonio
authors.forename: Jasneet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aneja
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Alsop
authors.forename: Tamara G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Crosby
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Culley
authors.forename: L Adrienne
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cupples
authors.forename: Sharon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Inouye
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D035843:Biomedical Research; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology; D018579:Patient Selection; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000523:psychology; D013129:Spinal Puncture / Q000523:psychology