title: Reinforcement and punishment of substance abuse during ongoing interactions: a conversational test of inconsistent nurturing as control theory.
abstract: This study is the first to examine inconsistent nurturing as control (INC) theory during ongoing interpersonal influence episodes between substance-abusive individuals and their romantic partners. This study sought to determine how nonverbal (i.e., kinesic and vocalic) and verbal reinforcement and punishment of substance-abusive behavior during actual interactions influenced substance-abusive individuals' recidivism and perceptions of non-using partners' persuasive effectiveness. The findings reveal that consistent verbal punishment of substance abuse (e.g., threats, nagging) predicted lower relapse, while verbal reinforcement (e.g., telling the partner they are more fun when they use) predicted higher relapse. With regard to nonverbal communication, vocalic punishment and vocalic reinforcement predicted relapse and persuasive effectiveness. Results suggest the combination of behaviors resemble intermittent reinforcement and punishment and should actually strengthen the substance-abusive behavior the partner is trying to curtail.
authors.affiliation: Communication Department, Boston College, Boston, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA. dugganas@bc.edu
authors.forename: Ashley P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: Rene M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Dailey
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Le Poire
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009633:Nonverbal Communication / Q000523:psychology*; D011582:Psychological Theory; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology; D012008:Recurrence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D014741:Video Recording