title: Tissue engineering a complete vaginal replacement from a small biopsy of autologous tissue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In women, a healthy, patent vagina is important for the maintenance of a good quality of life. Apart from congenital abnormalities, such as cloacal exstrophy, intersex disorders, and an absence of the posterior two thirds of the organ, individuals may also suffer from cancer, trauma, infection, inflammation, or iatrogenic injuries leading to tissue damage and loss -- all of which require vaginal repair or replacement. Of necessity, reconstruction is often performed with nonvaginal tissue substitutes, such as segments of large intestine or skin, which are not anatomically or functionally ideal (Hendren and Atala, J Urol 1994; 152: 752; Hendren and Atala, J Pediatr Surg 1995; 30: 91). Whenever such tissue is used additional complications often ensue, such as strictures, infection, hair growth, graft shrinkage, diverticuli, and even malignancy (Filipas et al., BJU Int 2000; 85: 715; Lai and Chang, Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi 1999; 22: 253; Parsons et al., J Pediatr Surg 2002; 37: 629; Seccia et al., Ann Plast Surg 2002; 49: 379; Filipas, Curr Opin Urol 2001; 11: 267).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a rabbit model, we report here the construction of a functional vagina using autologous cells expanded from a small vaginal biopsy. RESULTS.: Six months after total vaginal replacement, radiographic analysis of rabbits implanted with the neovagina demonstrated wide, patent vaginal calibers without strictures. Histologic analysis revealed well-organized epithelial and muscle cell layers. Physiologic studies showed normal-range responses to electrical stimulation or to an adrenergic agonist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that a tissue engineering approach to clinical vaginal reconstruction in women is now a realistic possibility.
authors.affiliation: Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Roger E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: De Filippo
authors.forename: Roger E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: De Philippo
authors.forename: Colin E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Luiz Freitas
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Filho
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atala
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001706:Biopsy; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004549:Elastin / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011817:Rabbits; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013997:Time Factors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014621:Vagina / Q000166:cytology* / Q000601:surgery*; D014623:Vaginal Diseases / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D003094:Collagen; D004549:Elastin