title: Imported typhoid fever in Switzerland, 1993 to 2004.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In industrialized countries, typhoid fever occurs mainly in returned travelers. To determine the need for preventive strategies, eg, for vaccination, continuous monitoring is needed to assess where the risk for travelers is highest.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate where the risk for travelers to acquire typhoid fever is highest, 208 patients with typhoid fever and recent travel were matched with travelers' statistics collected by the Swiss Federal Office of Statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the beginning of the study period, up to 30 infections with Salmonella typhi were recorded per year in Switzerland. Since 2001, less than 15 confirmed cases per year occurred. A majority of the 208 (88.5%) typhoid cases were associated with recent travel. Countries with highest risk were Pakistan (24 per 100,000), Cambodia (20 per 100,000), Nepal (14 per 100,000), India (12 per 100,000), and Sri Lanka (9 per 100,000).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that over a 12-year period (1993-2004), the travel-associated risk of typhoid fever is highest for destinations in the Indian subcontinent. All other regions showed a decline, most markedly in southern Europe. Our results suggest that typhoid fever vaccination should be recommended for all travelers to countries in South Asia. Otherwise, vaccination of tourists to frequently visited low- and intermediate-risk areas is not necessary, unless there are behavioral risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Communicable Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Travellers' Health, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich Travel Clinic, CH-8001 Zurich, Switzerland. andreas.keller@access.uzh.ch
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schlagenhauf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D001208:Asia; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014195:Travel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines