title: Safety, efficacy, and biomarker findings of PBT2 in targeting Abeta as a modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease: a phase IIa, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  PBT2 is a metal-protein attenuating compound (MPAC) that affects the Cu2(+)-mediated and Zn2(+)-mediated toxic oligomerisation of Abeta seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Strong preclinical efficacy data and the completion of early, clinical safety studies have preceded this phase IIa study, the aim of which was to assess the effects of PBT2 on safety, efficacy, and biomarkers of AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between December 6, 2006, and September 21, 2007, community-dwelling patients over age 55 years were recruited to this 12-week, double-blind, randomised trial of PBT2. Patients were randomly allocated to receive 50 mg PBT2, 250 mg PBT2, or placebo. Inclusion criteria were early AD (mini-mental state examination [MMSE] score between 20 and 26 points or Alzheimer's disease assessment scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) score between 10 and 25 points), taking a stable dose of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (donepezil, galantamine, or rivastigmine) for at least 4 months, a modified Hachinski score of 4 points or less, and CT or MRI results that were consistent with AD. The principal outcomes were safety and tolerability. Secondary outcomes were plasma and CSF biomarkers and cognition. Analysis was intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00471211.
  
  
  RESULTS
  78 patients were randomly assigned (29 to placebo, 20 to PBT2 50 mg, and 29 to PBT2 250 mg) and 74 (95%) completed the study. 42 (54%) patients had at least one treatment emergent adverse event (10 [50%] on PBT2 50 mg, 18 [62%] on PBT2 250 mg, and 14 [48%] on placebo). No serious adverse events were reported by patients on PBT2. Patients treated with PBT2 250 mg had a dose-dependent (p=0.023) and significant reduction in CSF Abeta(42) concentration compared with those treated with placebo (difference in least squares mean change from baseline was -56.0 pg/mL, 95% CI -101.5 to -11.0; p=0.006). PBT2 had no effect on plasma biomarkers of AD or serum Zn(2+) and Cu(2+) concentrations. Cognition testing included ADAS-cog, MMSE, and a neuropsychological test battery (NTB). Of these tests, two executive function component tests of the NTB showed significant improvement over placebo in the PBT2 250 mg group: category fluency test (2.8 words, 0.1 to 5.4; p=0.041) and trail making part B (-48.0 s, -83.0 to -13.0; p=0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The safety profile is favourable for the ongoing development of PBT2. The effect on putative biomarkers for AD in CSF but not in plasma is suggestive of a central effect of the drug on Abeta metabolism. Cognitive efficacy was restricted to two measures of executive function. Future trials that are larger and longer will establish if the effects of PBT2 on biomarkers and cognition that are reported here translate into clinical effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Geriatrics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lannfelt
authors.forename: Kaj
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blennow
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zetterberg
authors.forename: Stellan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Batsman
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ames
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Colin L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Masters
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Targum
authors.forename: Ashley I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murdoch
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Craig W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Ritchie
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007464:Clioquinol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007476:Ionophores / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015990:Placebo Effect; D011804:Quinolines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D012449:Safety; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers; D007476:Ionophores; D008670:Metals; C531955:PBT2 compound; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011804:Quinolines; C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42); D007464:Clioquinol