title: Investigation of freezing- and thawing-induced biological, chemical, and physical changes to enoxaparin solution.
abstract: This study investigated the effect of freezing and thawing on the biological, physical, and chemical properties of enoxaparin solution. Solutions were frozen and thawed under different conditions, in the presence or absence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD), and the antifactor Xa (AFXa) activity was determined. Enoxaparin solution lost more than 60% of its AFXa activity when thawed rapidly after freezing at -196 degrees C. The loss of AFXa activity was less with higher freezing temperatures and increased with the number of freeze/thaw cycles, but was independent of the duration of freezing. Slow freezing to -196 degrees C with rapid thawing, or rapid freezing with slow thawing, resulted in negligible loss of AFXa activity. The loss of AFXa activity did not involve the loss of N-sulfate groups, the breakdown of glycosidic bonds or the glassy state transition. Controlling the freezing or thawing conditions, dilution with water or addition of a small percentage of DMSO ameliorated the loss of enoxaparin AFXa activity. The loss in AFXa activity was found by size exclusion chromatography to be primarily due to aggregation and was reversed by sonication in the presence of DMSO. These results may provide insight into solutions for the long-term storage of concentrated or diluted enoxaparin.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 26, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia. rppatel@utas.edu.au
authors.forename: Rahul P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Narkowicz
authors.forename: Glenn A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Jacobson
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D017984:Enoxaparin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000378:metabolism; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D005615:Freezing; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D044367:Phase Transition; D013010:Sonication
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D017984:Enoxaparin; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D015951:Factor Xa; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide