title: The role of the Lich-Gregoir procedure in refluxing duplicated collecting systems: experience from long-term follow up of 45 children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The need for surgical correction of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is increased in duplicated systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of the Lich-Gregoir procedure (LG) with regard to VUR persistence, contralateral de-novo VUR, hydronephrosis, preservation of split renal function, urinary tract infections (UTI) and postoperative side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1993 and 2007, 45 children (mean age 3.2 years) underwent a unilateral common sheath LG. A combined number of at least 75 episodes of febrile UTI had occurred in 39 children prior to surgery. VUR grades I to V were present in two, nine, 16, 16 and two children, respectively. Hydronephrosis was present in 18 children. Mean split renal function was 44.03% (range 15-63%). Indications for surgery were febrile breakthrough UTI in 11 children and abscessing pyelonephritis in two. The remainder underwent surgery due to renal scars, reduced split renal function (<45%), VUR persistence and/or parental desire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Persistent ipsilateral and de-novo contralateral VUR were detected in three children (ipsilateral in one, contralateral in one, bilateral in one), resulting in a 4.4% rate of persistent ipsilateral VUR. One year post surgery, low-grade hydronephrosis persisted in six patients without impact on split renal function. Mean split renal function remained stable at 44.06% (range 15-68%). During follow up (mean 41 months), six febrile UTIs occurred in five girls (92.4% risk reduction, P<0.00000005). Neither urinary retention nor any other side effect was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Performed unilaterally, common sheath LG is a safe and effective technique to cure VUR, prevent febrile UTI and maintain split renal function in duplicated systems with otherwise uncomplicated anatomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Urology, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Schwestern, Seilerstätte 4, 4020 Linz, Austria. christoph.berger@bhs.at
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koen
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mitter
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riccabona
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014513:Ureter / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*