title: Tumor cell apoptosis induces tumor-specific immunity in a CC chemokine receptor 1- and 5-dependent manner in mice.
abstract: The first step in the generation of tumor immunity is the migration of dendritic cells (DCs) to the apoptotic tumor, which is presumed to be mediated by various chemokines. To clarify the roles of chemokines, we induced apoptosis using suicide gene therapy and investigated the immune responses following tumor apoptosis. We injected mice with a murine hepatoma cell line, BNL 1ME A.7R.1 (BNL), transfected with HSV-thymidine kinase (tk) gene and then treated the animals with ganciclovir (GCV). GCV treatment induced massive tumor cell apoptosis accompanied with intratumoral DC infiltration. Tumor-infiltrating DCs expressed chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5, and T cells and macrophages expressed CCL3, a ligand for CCR1 and CCR5. Moreover, tumor apoptosis increased the numbers of DCs migrating into the draining lymph nodes and eventually generated a specific cytotoxic cell population against BNL cells. Although GCV completely eradicated HSV-tk-transfected BNL cells in CCR1-, CCR5-, or CCL3-deficient mice, intratumoral and intranodal DC infiltration and the subsequent cytotoxicity generation were attenuated in these mice. When parental cells were injected again after complete eradication of primary tumors by GCV treatment, the wild-type mice completely rejected the rechallenged cells, but the deficient mice exhibited impairment in rejection. Thus, we provide definitive evidence indicating that CCR1 and CCR5 and their ligand CCL3 play a crucial role in the regulation of intratumoral DC accumulation and the subsequent establishment of tumor immunity following induction of tumor apoptosis by suicide genes.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriho
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.forename: Yasunari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamoto
authors.forename: Tomohisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: Kaheita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kakinoki
authors.forename: Ying-Yi
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Kouji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsushima
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Naofumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mukaida
mesh_terms: D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D054405:Chemokine CCL3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D054389:Receptors, CCR1 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D019713:Receptors, CCR5 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013937:Thymidine Kinase / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C496534:Ccl3 protein, mouse; C515301:Ccr1 protein, mouse; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D054389:Receptors, CCR1; D019713:Receptors, CCR5; D013937:Thymidine Kinase; D015774:Ganciclovir