title: Adiposity and 'eating in the absence of hunger' in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) and adiposity in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two cross-sectional studies in community settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  For study 1, 348 children (178 girls and 170 boys) aged 7-9 years were recruited as part of the Physical Exercise and Appetite in Children Study. In study 2, participants were a subsample of children aged 9-12 years (N=316; 192 girls and 124 boys) from the Twins Early Development Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  EAH was operationalized as intake of highly palatable sweet snacks after a mixed meal at school (study 1) or home (study 2). Weight (kg) and height (m) measurements were used to calculate the body mass index (BMI) s.d. scores. Children were grouped using the standard criteria for underweight, healthy weight, overweight and obesity. The healthy weight range was further subdivided into lower healthy weight (<or=50th centile) and higher healthy weight (>50th centile) to examine the distribution of EAH across the adiposity continuum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both studies, EAH showed a significant positive association with adiposity in boys after adjusting for covariates (P<0.001), with a linear increase in the intake across underweight, healthy weight and overweight groups. The association between EAH and adiposity was not significant in girls in either study, although in study 1, results showed a quadratic trend, with EAH increasing through the underweight and healthy weight ranges and decreasing in overweight and obese groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EAH is a behavioural phenotype that is not specific to overweight children but instead shows a graded association with adiposity across the weight continuum, particularly in boys. In this study, the effect was less pronounced in girls, which may reflect social desirability pressures constraining food intake among heavier girls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Cancer Research UK Health Behavior Research Centre, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Llewellyn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saxton
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Webber
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Semmler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carnell
authors.forename: C H M
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: van Jaarsveld
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boniface
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wardle
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors