title: Demonstration of a novel HIV-1 restriction phenotype from a human T cell line.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although retroviruses may invade host cells, a productive infection can be established only after the virus counteracts inhibition from different types of host restriction factors. Fv1, APOBEC3G/F, TRIM5alpha, ZAP, and CD317 inhibit the replication of different retroviruses by interfering with viral uncoating, reverse transcription, nuclear import, RNA stability, and release. In humans, although APOBEC3G/3F and CD317 block HIV-1 replication, their antiviral activities are neutralized by viral proteins Vif and Vpu. So far, no human gene has been found to effectively block wild type HIV-1 replication under natural condition. Thus, identification of such a gene product would be of great medical importance for the development of HIV therapies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we discovered a new type of host restriction against the wild type HIV-1 from a CD4/CXCR4 double-positive human T cell line. We identified a CEM-derived cell line (CEM.NKR) that is highly resistant to productive HIV-1 infection. Viral production was reduced by at least 1000-fold when compared to the other permissive human T cell lines such as H9, A3.01, and CEM-T4. Importantly, this resistance was evident at extremely high multiplicity of infection. Further analyses demonstrated that HIV-1 could finish the first round of replication in CEM.NKR cells, but the released virions were poorly infectious. These virions could enter the target cells, but failed to initiate reverse transcription. Notably, this restriction phenotype was also present in CEM.NKR and 293T heterokaryons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results clearly indicate that CEM.NKR cells express a HIV inhibitory gene(s). Further characterization of this novel gene product(s) will reveal a new antiretroviral mechanism that directly inactivates wild type HIV-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yanxing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: Yong-Hui
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002460:Cell Line; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D016346:Gene Products, vif / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008954:Models, Biological; D010641:Phenotype; D010957:Plasmids / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D014779:Virus Replication; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D015703:Antigens, CD; D015500:Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; D016346:Gene Products, vif; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C094572:BST2 protein, human; D000074010:Bone Marrow Stromal Antigen 2