title: Lymphocytes of type 2 diabetic women carry a high load of stable chromosomal aberrations: a novel risk factor for disease-related early death.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of death in women. Oxidative stress due to chronic hyperglycemia leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species and loss of chromosomal integrity. To clarify whether diabetes is a premature aging syndrome, we determined telomere erosion dynamics and occurrence of structural chromosomal aberrations in women of the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Telomere lengths and karyotypes were examined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Regarding these parameters, surviving and deceased type 2 diabetic women of the LURIC study were compared with nondiabetic LURIC women with or without coronary heart disease and with healthy female control subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly enhanced telomere attrition was seen in all LURIC subjects compared with healthy control subjects. Although the average telomere-length loss is equivalent to well >10 years of healthy aging, telomere erosion was not associated with outcome within the LURIC cohort. However, strikingly high numbers of stable chromosomal aberrations were found in type 2 diabetic women but not in LURIC disease control subjects or in healthy individuals. Furthermore, within the younger age- groups, deceased type 2 diabetes patients had significantly more marker chromosomes than the surviving type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All women at high risk for cardiovascular death have accelerated telomere erosion, not caused by type 2 diabetes per se but likely linked to other risk factors, including dyslipidemia. By contrast, the occurrence of marker chromosomes is associated with type 2 diabetes and is a novel risk factor for type 2 diabetes-related early death.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Graduate School Molecular Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernhard O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Högel
authors.forename: Bernhard R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Winkelmann
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosinger
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Seelhorst
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wellnitz
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: März
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Melzner
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brüderlein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016615:Telomere / Q000235:genetics