title: Contextual fear extinction ameliorates sleep disturbances found following fear conditioning in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of fear extinction on subsequent sleep in rats and to compare it with the effects seen following contextual reminders of fear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Habituation of the rats to handling and baseline recordings were obtained over 2 consecutive days. Afterward, the rats were subjected to shock training (ST; day 1), context reexposure (CR; either 30 or 60 min; day 2), and fear recall (R; day 3). Percentage time spent in freezing (FT%) was observed during ST, CR, and R exposures. Sleep was recorded for 20 h (8-h light and 12-h dark period) following ST, CR, and R.
  
  
  METHODS
  NA SUBJECTS: The subjects were outbred Wistar rats randomly assigned to one of two groups: contextual fear (FR; n = 7) or contextual extinction (EXT; n = 7).
  
  
  METHODS
  The rats were surgically implanted with electrodes for recording the electroencephalogram and electromyogram for determining arousal state.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences between groups on FT% during ST or the first 30 min of CR; however, during R, the FR group had greater FT% than EXT. Sleep did not differ between groups following ST. Following CR, EXT exhibited significantly more total sleep, NREM, and REM than FR. After R, there were no differences between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rats that exhibit extinction of contextual fear show significantly increased sleep compared to rats who continue to exhibit contextual fear. This suggests that sleep disturbances normally experienced in humans following traumatic events or reminders may be ameliorated by therapies that address and eliminate the associated fear.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA.
authors.forename: Laurie L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wellman
authors.forename: Linghui
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiangdong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Larry D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Sanford
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D017286:Polysomnography; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D012931:Social Environment