title: Early home treatment of childhood fevers with ineffective antimalarials is deleterious in the outcome of severe malaria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early diagnosis and prompt treatment including appropriate home-based treatment of malaria is a major strategy for malaria control. A major determinant of clinical outcome in case management is compliance and adherence to effective antimalarial regimen. Home-based malaria treatment with inappropriate medicines is ineffective and there is insufficient evidence on how this contributes to the outcome of severe malaria. This study evaluated the effects of pre-hospital antimalarial drugs use on the presentation and outcome of severe malaria in children in Ibadan, Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and sixty-eight children with a median age of 30 months comprising 114 children with cerebral malaria and 154 with severe malarial anaemia (as defined by WHO) were prospectively enrolled. Data on socio-demographic data, treatments given at home, clinical course and outcome of admission were collected and analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 168 children had treatment with an antimalarial treatment at home before presenting at the hospital when there was no improvement. There were no significant differences in the haematocrit levels, parasite counts and nutritional status of the pre-hospital treated and untreated groups. The most commonly used antimalarial medicine was chloroquine. Treatment policy was revised to Artemesinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) in 2005 as a response to unacceptable levels of therapeutic failures with chloroquine, however chloroquine use remains high. The risk of presenting as cerebral malaria was 1.63 times higher with pre-hospital use of chloroquine for treatment of malaria, with a four-fold increase in the risk of mortality. Controlling for other confounding factors including age and clinical severity, pre-hospital treatment with chloroquine was an independent predictor of mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that, home treatment with chloroquine significantly impacts on the outcome of severe malaria. This finding underscores the need for wide-scale monitoring to withdraw chloroquine from circulation in Nigeria and efforts intensified at promoting prompt treatment with effective medicines in the community.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. beorimadegun@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Adebola E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Orimadegun
authors.forename: Olukemi K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Amodu
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Olumese
authors.forename: Olayemi O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Omotade
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008288:Malaria / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D002738:Chloroquine