title: Detection of 11 common viral and bacterial pathogens causing community-acquired pneumonia or sepsis in asymptomatic patients by using a multiplex reverse transcription-PCR assay with manual (enzyme hybridization) or automated (electronic microarray) detection.
abstract: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and sepsis are important causes of morbidity and mortality. We describe the development of two molecular assays for the detection of 11 common viral and bacterial agents of CAP and sepsis: influenza virus A, influenza virus B, respiratory syncytial virus A (RSV A), RSV B, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Legionella micdadei, Bordetella pertussis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Further, we report the prevalence of carriage of these pathogens in respiratory, skin, and serum specimens from 243 asymptomatic children and adults. The detection of pathogens was done using both a manual enzyme hybridization assay and an automated electronic microarray following reverse transcription and PCR amplification. The analytical sensitivities ranged between 0.01 and 100 50% tissue culture infective doses, cells, or CFU per ml for both detection methods. Analytical specificity testing demonstrated no significant cross-reactivity among 19 other common respiratory organisms. One hundred spiked "surrogate" clinical specimens were all correctly identified with 100% specificity (95% confidence interval, 100%). Overall, 28 (21.7%) of 129 nasopharyngeal specimens, 11 of 100 skin specimens, and 2 of 100 serum specimens from asymptomatic subjects tested positive for one or more pathogens, with S. pneumoniae and S. aureus giving 89% of the positive results. Our data suggest that asymptomatic carriage makes the use of molecular assays problematic for the detection of S. pneumoniae or S. aureus in upper respiratory tract secretions; however, the specimens tested showed virtually no carriage of the other nine viral and bacterial pathogens, and the detection of these pathogens should not be a significant diagnostic problem. In addition, slightly less sensitive molecular assays may have better correlation with clinical disease in the case of CAP.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1997, USA.
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bose
authors.forename: Sagarika
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Dyke
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haigis
authors.forename: Tingquo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Madhushree
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Huong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haghnia
authors.forename: Elizabeth L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Mather
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Weisburg
authors.forename: Kelly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Henrickson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002353:Carrier State / Q000175:diagnosis; D002648:Child; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000175:diagnosis; D017931:DNA Primers; D015342:DNA Probes; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004279:DNA, Viral; D006801:Humans; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization / Q000379:methods; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011024:Pneumonia, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018805:Sepsis / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D015342:DNA Probes; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004279:DNA, Viral