title: Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Norwegian version of the Tampa scale for kinesiophobia.
abstract: METHODS
  Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of a self-report questionnaire.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform a translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Tampa scale for kinesiophobia (TSK) and to investigate its test-retest reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness among Norwegian-speaking patients with sciatica due to disc herniation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The TSK is a self-report questionnaire developed to assess kinesiophobia, or fear of movement and/or (re)injury. To date, the psychometric properties of the TSK have not been demonstrated in patients with sciatica.
  
  
  METHODS
  The TSK was translated and back-translated according to recent guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. A principal components analysis and an evaluation of floor and ceiling effects were conducted. The TSK was tested for test-retest reliability, repeatability, internal consistency, and construct validity. Responsiveness was measured as standardized response means using a global change scale after 3 months as the external criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 466 patients with sciatica due to disc herniation were included. The TSK was easily comprehended. The principal components analysis yielded 3 factors. Component 1 showed a floor effect in which 152 (33.3%) of the patients achieved the lowest possible score. Repeatability according to Bland & Altman was 8, the coefficient of variance for paired measurements was 11%, and weighted kappa values for each item were moderate to substantial. Internal consistency by Cronbach's alpha was 0.81. Correlations with the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ), FABQ/work, and FABQ/physical activity were 0.50, 0.38, and 0.51, respectively. Responsiveness was low to moderate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Norwegian version of the TSK was easily comprehended and demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability for the assessment of fear of movement and/or (re)injury in patients with sciatica due to disc herniation. However, responsiveness was low to moderate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Østfold Hospital Trust, Ullevaal University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. anne.julsrud.haugen@so-hf.no
authors.forename: Anne Julsrud
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Haugen
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grøvle
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Margreth
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grotle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D007698:Kinesis / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000208:ethnology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000592:standards; D012585:Sciatica / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology