title: Effect of short-term intensive yoga program on pain, functional disability and spinal flexibility in chronic low back pain: a randomized control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a short-term intensive residential yoga program with physical exercise (control) on pain and spinal flexibility in subjects with chronic low-back pain (CLBP).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a wait-list, randomized controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at a residential integrative health center in Bangalore, South India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty (80) subjects (females, n = 37) with CLBP, who consented were randomly assigned to receive yoga or physical exercise if they satisfied the selection criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intervention consisted of a 1-week intensive residential yoga program comprised of asanas (physical postures) designed for back pain, pranayamas (breathing practices), meditation, and didactic and interactive sessions on philosophical concepts of yoga. The control group practiced physical exercises under a trained physiatrist and also had didactic and interactive sessions on lifestyle change. Both of the groups were matched for time on intervention and attention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain-related outcomes were assessed by the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and by spinal flexibility, which was assessed using goniometer at pre and post intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (RMANOVA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data conformed to a Gaussian distribution. There was a significant reduction in ODI scores in the yoga group compared to the control group (p = 0.01; effect size 1.264). Spinal flexibility measures improved significantly in both groups but the yoga group had greater improvement as compared to controls on spinal flexion (p = 0.008; effect size 0.146), spinal extension (p = 0.002; effect size 0.251), right lateral flexion (p = 0.059; effect size 0.006); and left lateral flexion (p = 0.006; effect size 0.171).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seven (7) days of a residential intensive yoga-based lifestyle program reduced pain-related disability and improved spinal flexibility in patients with CLBP better than a physical exercise regimen.
authors.affiliation: Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Research Foundation (SVYASA), Bangalore, India. p_tekur@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: Padmini
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tekur
authors.forename: Chametcha
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Singphow
authors.forename: Hongasandra Ramarao
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Nagendra
authors.forename: Nagarathna
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raghuram
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059408:Pain Management; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013131:Spine / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015013:Yoga