title: Endovascular procedures for cerebrovenous disorders.
abstract: Cerebral venous anomalies may have a variety of clinical consequences. MR or CT venogram can assist the imaging diagnosis; yet, cerebral angiogram may be required to confirm or establish the correct diagnosis. Venous anomalies predisposing venous hypertension may be categorized into three major entities such as congenital variations, outflow obstruction, and increased blood flow. The degree of clinical presentations of venous hypertension depends upon the chronicity or acuteness. Venous hypertension may lead to venous congestion with edema, hemorrhage and encephalopathy. Endovascular therapeutic procedures may be employed to relieve venous congestion either from reducing blood flow or relieving obstruction. Those endovascular treatment options include embolization, thrombolysis and angioplastic stentings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, UC Irvine Medical Center, 101 City Drive South, Orange, CA 92868, USA. ftsai@uci.edu
authors.forename: F Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: W-C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: C-J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hsueh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kostanian
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000379:methods; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000601:surgery*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures