title: Validation of the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire in active juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (C-HAQ) as a measure of disability in patients with active juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 557 patients with juvenile SLE included in the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation (PRINTO) database, 504 (90.5%) were included in the present study and underwent C-HAQ assessment at the time of a major therapeutic intervention and then after 6 months. Validation procedures, according to the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials filter for outcome measures in rheumatology, included assessment of responsiveness, feasibility, internal consistency, construct validity, collinearity, and discriminative ability. Response to therapy was evaluated with the PRINTO/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) juvenile SLE definition of improvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, patients showed a high level of disease activity (mean physician global 5.8) and moderate disability (mean C-HAQ 0.83); both disease activity and disability improved after 6 months of treatment. The change in C-HAQ score correlated moderately with the Systemic Lupus Activity Measure (r(s) = 0.42), parent's global assessment of pain and well-being (r(s) = 0.55 and 0.53, respectively), and the physical summary score of the Child Health Questionnaire (r(s) = -0.61), and poorly with other clinical and laboratory parameters. The absolute change in C-HAQ demonstrated a significant ability to discriminate between patients who improved and those who did not improve based on the PRINTO/ACR definition of improvement. Responsiveness of the C-HAQ was moderate (standardized response mean 0.74). Internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.96).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The C-HAQ showed moderate responsiveness to clinical change, construct validity, good feasibility, internal consistency, and discriminative ability. These findings demonstrate that the C-HAQ represents a good measure to capture disability in patients with active juvenile SLE.
authors.affiliation: IRCCS G. Gaslini, Pediatria II, Reumatologia and Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation, Università di Genova, Largo Gaslini 5, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meiorin
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pistorio
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ravelli
authors.forename: Silvia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Iusan
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Filocamo
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trail
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cuttica
authors.forename: Graciela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Espada
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alessio
authors.forename: Dimitrina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mihaylova
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cortis
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.forename: Nicolino
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ruperto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*