title: Value of transesophageal 3D echocardiography as an adjunct to conventional 2D imaging in preoperative evaluation of cardiac masses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study sought to compare three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to assess intracardiac masses. It was hypothesized that 3D TEE would reveal incremental information for surgical and nonsurgical management.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 41 patients presenting with intracardiac masses (17 thrombi, 15 myxomas, 2 lymphomas, 2 caseous calcifications of the mitral valve and one each of hypernephroma, hepatocellular carcinoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, lipoma, and fibroelastoma), 2D and 3D TEE were performed, aiming to assess the surface characteristics of the lesions, their relationship to surrounding structures, and attachments. Diagnoses were made by histopathology (n = 28), by computed tomography (n = 8), or by magnetic resonance imaging (n = 5). Benefit was categorized as follows: (A) New information obtained through 3D TEE; (B) helpful unique views but no additional findings compared to 2D TEE; (C) results equivalent to 2D TEE; (D) 3D TEE missed 2D findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 15 subjects (37%), 3D TEE revealed one or more items of additional information (category A) regarding type and site of attachment (n = 9, 22%), surface features (n = 6, 15%), and spatial relationship to surrounding structures (n = 8, 20%). In at least 18% of all intracardiac masses, 3D TEE can be expected to deliver supplementary information. In six patients, additional findings led to decisions deviating from those made on the basis of 2D TEE. In 11 subjects (27%), 3D echocardiographic findings were categorized as "B."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Information revealed by 3D imaging facilitates therapeutic decision making and especially the choice of an optimal surgical access prior to removal of intracardiac masses.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. silvana.mueller@uki.at
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Gertrud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feuchtner
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bonatti
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laufer
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hiemetzberger
authors.forename: Otmar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pachinger
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Barbieri
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bartel
mesh_terms: D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006338:Heart Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity