title: A simulation of MRI based dose calculations on the basis of radiotherapy planning CT images.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The advantage of MRI-based radiotherapy planning is the superior soft tissue differentiation. However, for accurate patient dose calculations, a conversion of the MR images into Hounsfield CT maps is necessary. The aim of the present study was to investigate the dose accuracy that can be achieved with segmented MR-images derived from the planning CT images by assigning fixed densities to different classes of tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment plans for ten prostate cancer patients were selected. A collapsed cone algorithm was used to calculate patient dose distributions. The dose calculations were based on four different image sets: (1) the original CT-series (DD(DP)), (2) a simulated MR series with all tissue set to a homogenous water equivalent material of density 1.02 g/cm(3) (DD(W)), (3) a simulated MR series with soft tissue set to a water equivalent material with density 1.02 g/cm(3) and the bone set to a density of 1.3 g/cm(3) (DD(W+B1.3)), and (4) a simulated MR series identical to (3) but with a bone density equal to 2.1 g/cm(3) (DD(W+B2.1)). The dose distributions were compared by analysing dose difference histograms as well as through a visual display of spatial dose deviations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The population based minimum, mean and maximum dose difference between the DD(DP) and DD(W) in the target volume was -2.8, -1.0 and 0.6%, respectively. Corresponding differences between DD(DP) and DD(W+B1.3) were -1.6, 0.2 and 1.5%, respectively, and between DD(DP) and DD(W+B2.1) -4.3, 4.2 and 9.7%, respectively. For the rectum, the differences between CT(DP) and the other image sets were in the range of -19.5 to 8.8%. For the bladder, the differences were in the range of -9.6 to 7.0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A systematic study using segmented MR images was undertaken. To achieve an acceptable accuracy in the CTV dose, the MR images should be segmented into bone and water equivalent tissue. Still, significant dose deviation for the organs at risk may be present. As tissue segmentation in real MR images is introduced, segmentation errors and errors that stem from geometrical non-linearities may further reduce the accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, Division of Cancer Medicine and Radiotherapy, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Montebello, Norway. karsten.eilertsen@radiumhospitalet.no
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eilertsen
authors.forename: Line Nilsen Tor Arne
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Vestad
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Geier
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skretting
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015519:Bone Density; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed