title: Association of passive smoking with caries and related salivary biomarkers in young children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between passive smoking, as determined by salivary cotinine level, and caries, salivary pH, buffering capacity, flow rate and microbiological counts in young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety passive smokers (PS) with a mean age of 5.02 years and 90 healthy age-matched controls were included in this study. Family income, smoking habits of household members, parental education levels, child's tooth-brushing habit and child's daily dietary sugar exposure were recorded by questionnaire. Three categories were formed with respect to the number of cigarettes smoked. A dmft score was calculated according to the criteria recommended by the World Health Organization. The children were also investigated for stimulated salivary cotinine level, pH, flow rate, buffering capacity and salivary Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli colonisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in tooth-brushing habit, sugar exposure, family income and parental education levels between the two groups (P>0.05). The mean cotinine level of the PS subjects was 1.58+/-4.3ng/ml. The dmft scores, and salivary S. mutans and lactobacilli colonisation in PS children were significantly higher than in the control subjects (P<0.05). Statistically significant decreases in salivary pH, flow rate and buffering capacity were found in the PS subjects (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PS children are at increased risk of caries compared with control subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55139, Turkey. aysun.avsar@hotmail.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avşar
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Darka
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Topaloğlu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bek
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003367:Cotinine / Q000378:metabolism; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D012472:Salivation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine