title: Changes in gray matter induced by learning--revisited.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, activation-dependant structural brain plasticity in humans has been demonstrated in adults after three months of training a visio-motor skill. Learning three-ball cascade juggling was associated with a transient and highly selective increase in brain gray matter in the occipito-temporal cortex comprising the motion sensitive area hMT/V5 bilaterally. However, the exact time-scale of usage-dependant structural changes occur is still unknown. A better understanding of the temporal parameters may help to elucidate to what extent this type of cortical plasticity contributes to fast adapting cortical processes that may be relevant to learning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a 3 Tesla scanner and monitoring whole brain structure we repeated and extended our original study in 20 healthy adult volunteers, focussing on the temporal aspects of the structural changes and investigated whether these changes are performance or exercise dependant. The data confirmed our earlier observation using a mean effects analysis and in addition showed that learning to juggle can alter gray matter in the occipito-temporal cortex as early as after 7 days of training. Neither performance nor exercise alone could explain these changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that the qualitative change (i.e. learning of a new task) is more critical for the brain to change its structure than continued training of an already-learned task.
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Neuroscience, University of Hamburg (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Joenna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Driemeyer
authors.forename: Janina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boyke
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gaser
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Büchel
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: May
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007858:Learning; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D012044:Regression Analysis