title: DNA hypermethylation regulates the expression of members of the Mu-class glutathione S-transferases and glutathione peroxidases in Barrett's adenocarcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The accumulation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent oxidative DNA damage underlie the development of Barrett's oesophagus (BO) and its progression to Barrett's dysplasia (BD) and adenocarcinoma (BAC).
  
  
  METHODS
  The promoter regions of 23 genes of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) families were systematically analysed. Quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing, real-time RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis methods were utilised in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  14 genes were identified that have CpG islands around their transcription start sites: GSTs (GSTM2-M5, GSTA4, GSTP1, GSTZ1, GSTT2, GSTO1 and GSTO2) and GPXs (GPX1, GPX3, GPX4 and GPX7). Analysis of an initial set of 20 primary samples demonstrated promoter DNA hypermethylation and mRNA downregulation of GPX3, GPX7, GSTM2, GSTM3 and GSTM5 in more than half of the BAC samples. Further analysis of 159 primary human samples (37 normal, 11 BO, 11 BD and 100 BACs) indicated frequent hypermethylation (>or=10% methylation) of GPX3 (62%), GPX7 (67%), GSTM2 (69.1%) and GSTM3 (15%) in BACs. A significant inverse correlation between DNA methylation and mRNA expression level was shown for GPX3 (p<0.001), GPX7 (p = 0.002), GSTM2 (p<0.001) and GSTM5 (p = 0.01). Treatment of oesophageal cancer cell lines with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and trichostatin-A led to reversal of the methylation pattern and re-expression of these genes at the mRNA and protein levels. The IHC analysis of GPX3, GPX7 and GSTM2 on a tissue microarray that contained 75 BACs with normal squamous oesophageal samples demonstrated an absent to weak staining in tumours (52% for GPX3, 57% for GPX7 and 45% for GSTM2) and a moderate to strong immunostaining in normal samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epigenetic inactivation of members of the glutathione pathway can be an important mechanism in Barrett's tumourigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Razvi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Washington
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roessner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schneider-Stock
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: El-Rifai
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D000077209:Decitabine; D018450:Disease Progression; D015536:Down-Regulation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; C012589:trichostatin A; D000077209:Decitabine; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D001374:Azacitidine