title: Cocaine and opiate concentrations in hair from subjects in a heroin maintenance program in comparison to a methadone substituted group.
abstract: One month before (T-1) and 12 months after (T12) controlled i.v. administration of pharmaceutical heroin-HCl (10-100 mg/day) in the context of a heroin maintenance program (HMP), concentrations of opiates and cocaine as well as its metabolites were determined in head hair (n = 46) using a validated gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method. In addition, a patient collective of a methadone maintenance program (MMP, daily doses 15-260 mg) was examined (n = 35). The incidence of additional cocaine consumption decreased in both groups during the study period (T-1 to T12): in HMP from 64.6% to 45.8% and in MMP from 71.4% to 60.0%. A significant reduction of cocaine consumption was defined as an at least 30% reduction of analyte concentrations in hair (Deltac > 30%). Accordingly, in HMP, a decrease in 45.8% of initially (T-1) cocaine-positive patients was determined; in MMP, the reduction was 48.6%. In 22.9% of HMP and 37.1% of MMP, an increase of cocaine concentrations was detected. Codeine and acetylcodeine were found in 50.0% and 43.5% (T-1) and 13.0% and 10.9% (T12) of the samples of the HMP, as well as in 45.7% and 25.7% (T-1) and 17.1% and 5.7% (T12) in MMP, respectively. The missing of acetylcodeine, in particular at T-1, questions its applicability as a characteristic marker of a preceding consumption of illicit heroin in hair analysis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111, Bonn, Germany. f.musshoff@uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Musshoff
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lachenmeier
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lichtermann
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Madea
mesh_terms: D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis*; D003061:Codeine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D003932:Heroin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009294:Narcotics / Q000032:analysis* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D009294:Narcotics; C005618:benzoylecgonine; C053740:acetylcodeine; D003932:Heroin; D003042:Cocaine; D008691:Methadone; D003061:Codeine