title: Levels and temporal trends of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in individual human breast milk samples from Northern and Southern Norway.
abstract: Human breast milk samples from primipara women from Northern (Tromsø) (N=10) and Southern Norway (Oslo) (N=19) collected in 2000-2001 were analysed with respect to hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), chlordanes (CHLs), DDTs, mirex, toxaphenes (CHBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). CHBs, PBDEs and HBCD were only analysed in the Tromsø samples. Sum-PCBs and sum-DDTs were the major organochlorines (OCs) (170 and 110 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw), respectively). Other OCs were found in levels of approximately 10- to 300-fold lower than sum-PCBs. Overall, the concentrations of OCs followed the decreasing order of PCBs>DDTs>HCB>HCHs approximately CHLs>CHBs>mirex. Concentrations of sum-HCHs were significantly higher in breast milk from Oslo compared to Tromsø (p<0.05). The PCB profile was dominated by PCB-153, -138 and -180. The PBDE pattern was dominated by PBDE-47 and PBDE-153. The median level of sum-PBDEs was 4.1 ng g(-1) lw. PBDE-209 was detected in all analysed samples (median 0.13 ng g(-1) lw). The estimated daily intake (EDI) for the median (range) of sum mono-ortho (mo) PCBs(8) was 3.7 (1-9) pg TEQ kg(-1) body weight per day for breast fed infants in Norway. This exceeded the TDI by a factor of 1.8 (1-4) based only on intake of mono-ortho PCBs. The present study shows that concentrations of OCs in primipara breast milk have decreased 50-60% since 1991, and that this trend is continuing.
authors.affiliation: The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway. anuschka.polder@veths.no
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polder
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lindström
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Løken
authors.forename: J U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Skaare
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D003710:Demography; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D005843:Geography; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009035:Mothers; D009664:Norway; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014112:Toxaphene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D007306:Insecticides; D010575:Pesticides; D014112:Toxaphene; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls