title: Non-invasive cardiac assessment in high risk patients (The GROUND study): rationale, objectives and design of a multi-center randomized controlled clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common disease associated with a considerably increased risk of future cardiovascular events and most of these patients will die from coronary artery disease (CAD). Screening for silent CAD has become an option with recent non-invasive developments in CT (computed tomography)-angiography and MR (magnetic resonance) stress testing. Screening in combination with more aggressive treatment may improve prognosis. Therefore we propose to study whether a cardiac imaging algorithm, using non-invasive imaging techniques followed by treatment will reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in PAD patients free from cardiac symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The GROUND study is designed as a prospective, multi-center, randomized clinical trial. Patients with peripheral arterial disease, but without symptomatic cardiac disease will be asked to participate. All patients receive a proper risk factor management before randomization. Half of the recruited patients will enter the 'control group' and only undergo CT calcium scoring. The other half of the recruited patients (index group) will undergo the non invasive cardiac imaging algorithm followed by evidence-based treatment. First, patients are submitted to CT calcium scoring and CT angiography. Patients with a left main (or equivalent) coronary artery stenosis of > 50% on CT will be referred to a cardiologist without further imaging. All other patients in this group will undergo dobutamine stress magnetic resonance (DSMR) testing. Patients with a DSMR positive for ischemia will also be referred to a cardiologist. These patients are candidates for conventional coronary angiography and cardiac interventions (coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous cardiac interventions (PCI)), if indicated. All participants of the trial will enter a 5 year follow up period for the occurrence of cardiovascular events. Sequential interim analysis will take place. Based on sample size calculations about 1200 patients are needed to detect a 24% reduction in primary outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GROUND study will provide insight into the question whether non-invasive cardiac imaging reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral arterial disease, but without symptoms of coronary artery disease.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00189111.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology and Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. a.m.devos@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: de Vos
authors.forename: Annemarieke
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authors.lastname: Rutten
authors.forename: Hester J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van de Zaag-Loonen
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authors.forename: Daniel D
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authors.lastname: Mosterd
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authors.forename: Maarten J
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authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: H Wouter
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authors.lastname: van Es
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authors.lastname: Velthuis
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authors.lastname: Mackaay
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authors.lastname: Zijlstra
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authors.lastname: Oudkerk