title: [Evaluation of stress in surgical trainees: prospective study of heart rate during laparoscopic cholecystectomy].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical training is stressful, particularly in the operating room setting. The purpose of the study is to evaluate and quantitate intra-operative stress in surgical trainees.
  
  
  METHODS
  and methods: Cardiac rate was used as a measure of stress during surgical cases; surgical residents serving as the primary surgeon and assistant during 21 laparoscopic cholecystectomies underwent telemetry monitoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intra-operative cardiac rate increased by 4-10%, particularly in the resident serving as primary surgeon. The most stressful moments of the procedure were the draping of the surgical field, trocar placement, clip application, and extraction of the gallbladder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study offers a measure of the stress of surgical residents in the operating room. Heart rate is not the ideal parameter of stress, yet it gives a good idea of the level of stress. The identification of stress-inducing factors may help residents to deal with difficult situations.
authors.affiliation: Service de chirurgie digestive, CHU Jean-Verdier, Université Paris-XIII - Bondy. cecilemongin@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mongin
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dufour
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lattanzio
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Champault
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007432:Intraoperative Period / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis*