title: Whither or wither microbicides?
abstract: After disappointing results from all efficacy trials conducted to date, the field of microbicides research now faces substantial challenges. Poor coordination among interested parties and the choice of nonvalidated scientific targets for phase III studies have hampered progress and created mistrust about the use of microbicides as a method to prevent HIV-1 sexual transmission. Although new promising strategies are available, there will need to be serious reappraisals of how decisions are made to advance the next generations of candidates into clinical trials, and the use of appropriate animal models in this process will be critical.
authors.affiliation: J. David Gladstone Institutes, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94518, USA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hope
authors.forename: Rowena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Joep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lederman
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Mosier
authors.forename: Douglas D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Richman
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Schooley
authors.forename: Marty S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.forename: Ronald S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Veazey
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wainberg
mesh_terms: D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D000071228:Polyelectrolytes; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011323:Primates; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014623:Vaginal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D000071228:Polyelectrolytes; D011108:Polymers; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors