title: Personal assistance for children and adolescents (0-18) with intellectual impairments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a high and increasing prevalence of intellectual impairments among children and adolescents in the West. Many countries offer personal assistance in the form of individualised support for people living in the community by a paid assistant other than a healthcare professional for at least 20 hours per week.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of personal assistance for children and adolescents with intellectual impairments, and the impacts of personal assistance on others, compared to other interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases including CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC, Dissertation Abstracts International and a variety of specialist Swedish databases were searched from 1980 to June 2005; reference lists were checked; 345 experts, organisations, government bodies and charities were contacted in an attempt to locate relevant research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children and adolescents with intellectual impairments (0-18 years) living in the community who require assistance to perform tasks of daily living (e.g., bathing and eating) and participate in normal activities due to permanent impairments. Controlled studies of personal assistance in which participants were prospectively assigned to study groups and in which control group outcomes were measured concurrently with intervention group outcomes were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Titles and abstracts were examined by two reviewers. Outcome data were extracted. Studies were assessed for the possibility of bias. Results and potential sources of bias are presented for included studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One included study randomised 1002 participants to personal assistance or usual care. Whilst personal assistance was generally preferred over other services, some people prefer other models of care. This review indicates that personal assistance may have some benefits for some recipients and may benefit caregivers. However, near complete dependence on proxy respondents raises concerns about the validity of these results. Paid assistance probably substitutes for informal care and may cost government more than alternatives; however, the total costs to recipients and society are currently unknown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Research in this field is limited. When implementing new programmes, recipients could be randomly assigned to different forms of assistance. While advocates may support personal assistance for myriad reasons, this review demonstrates that further studies are required to determine which models of personal assistance are most effective and efficient for particular people.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention , University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32 Wellington Square, Oxford, UK, OX1 2ER.
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mayo-Wilson
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dennis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D010548:Personal Health Services / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D019989:Persons with Intellectual Disabilities; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic