title: Isolation of sabin-like polioviruses from wastewater in a country using inactivated polio vaccine.
abstract: From 2001 to 2004, Switzerland switched from routine vaccination with oral polio vaccine (OPV) to inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), using both vaccines in the intervening period. Since IPV is less effective at inducing mucosal immunity than OPV, this change might allow imported poliovirus to circulate undetected more easily in an increasingly IPV-immunized population. Environmental monitoring is a recognized tool for identifying polioviruses in a community. To look for evidence of poliovirus circulation following cessation of OPV use, two sewage treatment plants located in the Zurich area were sampled from 2004 to 2006. Following virus isolation using either RD or L20B cells, enteroviruses and polioviruses were identified by reverse transcription-PCR. A total of 20 out of 174 wastewater samples were positive for 62 Sabin-like isolates. One isolate from each poliovirus-positive sample was analyzed in more detail. Sequencing the complete viral protein 1 (VP1) capsid coding region, as well as intratypic differentiation (ITD), identified 3 Sabin type 1, 13 Sabin type 2, and 4 Sabin type 3 strains. One serotype 1 strain showed a discordant result in the ITD. Three-quarters of the strains showed mutations within the 5' untranslated region and VP1, known to be associated with reversion to virulence. Moreover, three strains showed heterotypic recombination (S2/S1 and S3/S2/S3). The low number of synonymous mutations and the partial temperature sensitivity are not consistent with extended circulation of these Sabin virus strains. Nevertheless, the continuous introduction of polioviruses into the community emphasizes the necessity for uninterrupted child vaccination to maintain high herd immunity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zurbriggen
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tobler
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abril
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diedrich
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pallansch
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Metzler
mesh_terms: D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D011051:Poliomyelitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated / Q000032:analysis*; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology*; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014776:Virus Cultivation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D011054:Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; D012367:RNA, Viral; D012722:Sewage; C442540:VP1 protein, Poliovirus