title: Latent effects of egg incubation temperature on growth in the lizard Anolis carolinensis.
abstract: Varied egg incubation temperatures can result in immediate effects on the phenotype of reptiles, and also latent effects that can augment or contradict effects evident at egg hatching. I examined the effects of incubation temperature on embryonic development, hatching morphology, and subsequent growth in multiple populations of the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Eggs from wild-caught females in four populations were incubated at up to three temperatures, 23.5, 27, and 30 degrees C. Measures of body size were collected immediately after hatching and weekly thereafter, while juveniles were maintained in a common laboratory environment for 8 weeks. Cooler incubation temperatures resulted in longer incubation periods but did not affect conversion of egg mass to hatchling mass. Incubation temperature did not affect hatchling mass or snout vent length (SVL), but did affect subsequent growth in both mass and SVL, which varied by population. Cooler incubation temperatures generally resulted in greater overall growth over 8 weeks of housing all juveniles in a common environment. In A. carolinensis, egg incubation temperature had latent effects on juvenile growth despite the absence of any detected immediate effects on hatchling phenotype. Therefore, the total impact and evolutionary importance of developmental environment should not be assessed or assumed based solely on the phenotype of reptiles at birth or hatching.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. rmgoodman@utk.edu
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Goodman
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology*; D008116:Lizards / Q000196:embryology / Q000254:growth & development*; D010063:Ovum / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature