title: Efficacy and safety of rilonacept (interleukin-1 Trap) in patients with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes: results from two sequential placebo-controlled studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy and safety of rilonacept (Interleukin-1 [IL-1] Trap), a long-acting and potent inhibitor of IL-1, in patients with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS), including familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS) and Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-seven adult patients with CAPS, as defined by mutations in the causative NLRP3 (CIAS1) gene and pathognomonic symptoms, were enrolled in 2 consecutive phase III studies. Study 1 involved a 6-week randomized double-blind comparison of weekly subcutaneous injections of rilonacept (160 mg) versus placebo. Study 2 consisted of 9 weeks of single-blind treatment with rilonacept (part A), followed by a 9-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled withdrawal procedure (part B). Primary efficacy was evaluated using a validated composite key symptom score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four patients completed both studies. In study 1, rilonacept therapy reduced the group mean composite symptom score by 84%, compared with 13% with placebo therapy (primary end point; P < 0.0001 versus placebo). Rilonacept also significantly improved all other efficacy end points in study 1 (numbers of multisymptom and single-symptom disease flare days, single-symptom scores, physician's and patient's global assessments of disease activity, limitations in daily activities, and C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A [SAA] levels). In study 2 part B, rilonacept was superior to placebo for maintaining the improvements seen with rilonacept therapy, as shown by all efficacy parameters (primary end point; P < 0.0001 versus placebo). Rilonacept was generally well tolerated; the most common adverse events were injection site reactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with weekly rilonacept provided marked and lasting improvement in the clinical signs and symptoms of CAPS, and normalized the levels of SAA from those associated with risk of developing amyloidosis. Rilonacept exhibited a generally favorable safety and tolerability profile.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology and Allergy/Immunology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0635, USA. hahoffman@popmail.ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Hal M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Throne
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Amar
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sebai
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kivitz
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kavanaugh
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Belomestnov
authors.forename: George D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Yancopoulos
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stahl
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mellis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D010505:Familial Mediterranean Fever / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007141:Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013577:Syndrome; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D007141:Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; C453881:NLRP3 protein, human; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000685:Serum Amyloid A Protein; C531377:rilonacept; D002097:C-Reactive Protein