title: Remifentanil modifies the relation of electroencephalographic spectral changes and clinical endpoints in propofol anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depth-of-anesthesia monitoring with the electroencephalogram has become widely used in anesthesia practice. Generally, the methods presented are based on the spectral changes of the electroencephalogram. In this study, the authors evaluate the influence of remifentanil on the relation of timely occurrence of clinical endpoints and the spectral behavior of the electroencephalogram.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven patients scheduled to undergo a surgical procedure were randomly assigned to three groups. Patients blindly received equal volumes of saline or remifentanil (7.5 or 30 microg.kg.h) 1 min before induction of anesthesia with infusion of propofol (30 mg.kg.h). The occurrence of loss of counting, loss of obeying verbal command, and loss of reaction to tetanic stimulation was assessed. The electroencephalogram was recorded from electrode Fz referenced to the common average, and an iterative algorithm was applied to solve the underlying frequency progression pattern. The positions of the clinical endpoints on the pattern were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The administration of remifentanil during induction of anesthesia with propofol led to an earlier occurrence of the clinical endpoints on the frequency progression pattern. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between the saline and high-dose patient groups in all three endpoints. The effect of remifentanil was proportional to the infusion rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The infusion of remifentanil during propofol anesthesia significantly modifies the mutual relations of the electroencephalographic spectral characteristics and the endpoints in a predictable and quantifiable manner. This finding suggests that the electroencephalographic phenomena and the endpoints may not be identical but rather to some extent separate manifestations of hypnotic drug effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland. jukka.kortelainen@ee.oulu.fi
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kortelainen
authors.forename: Miika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koskinen
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mustola
authors.forename: Tapio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seppänen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077208:Remifentanil
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015742:Propofol