title: Covariation assessment for neutral and emotional verbal stimuli in paranoid delusions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Selective processing of emotion-relevant information is considered a central feature in various types of psychopathology, yet the mechanisms underlying these biases are not well understood. One of the first steps in processing information is to gather data to judge the covariation or association of events. The aim of this study was to explore whether patients with persecutory delusions would show a covariation bias when processing stimuli related to social threat.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed estimations of covariation in-patients with current persecutory (CP) beliefs (N=40), patients with past persecutory (PP) beliefs (N=25), and a non-clinical control (NC) group (N=36). Covariation estimations were assessed under three different experimental conditions. The first two conditions focused on neutral behaviours (Condition 1) and psychological traits (Condition 2) for two distant cultural groups, while the third condition included self-relevant material by exposing the participant to either protective social (positive) or threatening social (negative) statements about the participant or a third person.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that all participants were precise in their covariation estimations. However, when judging covariation for self-relevant sentences related to social statements (Condition 3), all groups showed a significant tendency to associate positive social interaction (protection themed) sentences to the self. Yet, when using sentences related to social-threat, the CP group showed a bias consisting of overestimating the number of self-referent sentences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that there was no specific covariation assessment bias related to paranoid beliefs. Both NCs and participants with persecutory beliefs showed a similar pattern of results when processing neutral or social threat-related sentences. The implications for understanding of the role of self-referent information processing biases in delusion formation are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Díez-Alegría
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hernández-Lloreda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001244:Association; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D035061:Control Groups; D003702:Delusions / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010259:Paranoid Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012649:Self Concept; D012938:Social Perception; D014705:Verbal Behavior