title: Plant-produced idiotype vaccines for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: safety and immunogenicity in a phase I clinical study.
abstract: Plant-made vaccines have been the subject of intense interest because they can be produced economically in large scale without the use of animal-derived components. Plant-made therapeutic vaccines against challenging chronic diseases, such as cancer, have received little research attention, and no previous human clinical trials have been conducted in this vaccine category. We document the feasibility of using a plant viral expression system to produce personalized (patient-specific) recombinant idiotype vaccines against follicular B cell lymphoma and the results of administering these vaccines to lymphoma patients in a phase I safety and immunogenicity clinical trial. The system allowed rapid production and recovery of idiotypic single-chain antibodies (scFv) derived from each patient's tumor and immunization of patients with their own individual therapeutic antigen. Both low and high doses of vaccines, administered alone or co-administered with the adjuvant GM-CSF, were well tolerated with no serious adverse events. A majority (>70%) of the patients developed cellular or humoral immune responses, and 47% of the patients developed antigen-specific responses. Because 15 of 16 vaccines were glycosylated in plants, this study also shows that variation in patterns of antigen glycosylation do not impair the immunogenicity or affect the safety of the vaccines. Collectively, these findings support the conclusion that plant-produced idiotype vaccines are feasible to produce, safe to administer, and a viable option for idiotype-specific immune therapy in follicular lymphoma patients.
authors.affiliation: Large Scale Biology Corporation, 3333 Vaca Valley Parkway, Vacaville, CA 95688, USA.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Reinl
authors.forename: T I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Czerwinkski
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vojdani
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Garger
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Holtz
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tusé
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007130:Immunoglobulin Idiotypes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D016393:Lymphoma, B-Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D008224:Lymphoma, Follicular / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012449:Safety; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D007130:Immunoglobulin Idiotypes; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor