title: Drug management for acute tonic-clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tonic-clonic (grand mal) convulsions and convulsive status epilepticus (currently defined as a grand mal convulsion lasting at least 30 minutes) are medical emergencies and demand urgent and appropriate anticonvulsant treatment. Benzodiazepines (midazolam, diazepam, lorazepam), phenobarbitone, phenytoin and paraldehyde may all be regarded as drugs of first choice. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2002 and previously updated in 2005.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the evidence comparing the efficacy and safety of midazolam, diazepam, lorazepam, phenobarbitone, phenytoin and paraldehyde in treating acute tonic-clonic convulsions and convulsive status epilepticus in children treated in hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group's Specialized Register (1st July 2007), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2007), and MEDLINE (1966 to July 2007).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing any anticonvulsant drugs used for the treatment of an acute tonic-clonic convulsion including convulsive status epilepticus in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and extracted data. We contacted study authors for additional information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four trials involving 383 participants were included.(1) Intravenous lorazepam is as effective as intravenous diazepam in the treatment of acute tonic clonic convulsions, 19/27 (70%) versus 22/34 (65%), RR 1.09 (95% CI 0.77 to 1.54), has fewer adverse events and rectal lorazepam may be more effective than rectal diazepam, 6/6 versus 6/19 (31%), RR 3.17 (95% CI 1.63 to 6.14)(2) Buccal midazolam controlled seizures in 61/109 (56%) compared with 30/110 (27%) of rectal diazepam treated episodes with acute tonic-clonic convulsions, RR 2.05 ( 95% CI 1.45 to 2.91)(3) Intranasal midazolam is as effective as intravenous diazepam in the treatment of prolonged febrile convulsions, 23/26 (88%) versus 24/26 (92%), RR 0.96 (95% CI 0.8 to 1.14)(4) There is moderate evidence that intranasal lorazepam is more effective than intramuscular paraldehyde for acute tonic-clonic convulsions and patients treated with intranasal lorazepam are significantly less likely to require further anticonvulsants to control continuing seizures, 8/80 (10%) versus 21/80 (26%), RR 0.58 (95% CI 0.42 to 0.79).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The conclusions of this update have changed to suggest that intravenous lorazepam is at least as effective as intravenous diazepam and is associated with fewer adverse events in the treatment of acute tonic-clonic convulsions. Where intravenous access is unavailable there is evidence from one trial that buccal midazolam is the treatment of choice.
authors.affiliation: Roald Dahl EEG Unit, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Eaton Road, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK, L12 2AP. Richard.Appleton@RLCH-TR.NWEST.NHS.UK
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Appleton
authors.forename: Stewart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Macleod
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Martland
mesh_terms: D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D004830:Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants