title: The effect of cerebrospinal fluid on the biomechanics of spinal cord: an ex vivo bovine model using bovine and physical surrogate spinal cord.
abstract: METHODS
  A biomechanical study using ex vivo bovine spinal cord and dura, and a synthetic surrogate spinal cord with bovine dura.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on spinal cord deformation characteristics and to evaluate the biofidelity of a new surrogate spinal cord using an ex vivo bovine model of the burst fracture process.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Spinal cord injury is associated with significant personal, economic and social costs. The role of CSF during the injury event and its effect on the spinal cord deformation and neurologic injury is not well understood. Such knowledge could inform preventative strategies and clinical interventions and aid the development and validation of experimental and computational models.
  
  
  METHODS
  The transverse impact of a propelled bone fragment analogue with bovine and surrogate cord models was recorded with high speed video and the images analyzed to determine deformation trajectories. Each cord specimen was tested in 3 states: with dura and CSF, with dura only, and without dura. The effect of these states on deformation magnitude, duration, and energy loss parameters was assessed. RESULTS.: The estimated spinal cord deformation was significantly reduced, although not eliminated, in the presence of CSF when compared to the bare state. The duration of deformation was generally increased in the presence of CSF, though this difference was not statistically significant. This may indicate a reduction in the cord-fragment interaction force for a given impulse. The dura was found to have no significant effect on deformation parameters for the bovine spinal cord. The deformation of the surrogate cord gave similar trends for the different states in comparison to the bovine cord, but was significantly less than the bovine spinal cord for all conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the protective mechanism of CSF may not eliminate cord deformationunder the high energy transverse impact characteristic of a burst fracture. However, CSF may contribute to a lessening of cord deformation and applied force.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Claire F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Shannon G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kroeker
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cripton
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D023421:Models, Animal; D008954:Models, Biological; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology*; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control