title: Do risk factors for suicidal behavior differ by affective disorder polarity?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Suicide is a leading cause of death and has been strongly associated with affective disorders. The influence of affective disorder polarity on subsequent suicide attempts or completions and any differential effect of suicide risk factors by polarity were assessed in a prospective cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants with major affective disorders in the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Collaborative Depression Study (CDS) were followed prospectively for up to 25 years. A total of 909 participants meeting prospective diagnostic criteria for major depressive and bipolar disorders were followed through 4204 mood cycles. Suicidal behavior was defined as suicide attempts or completions. Mixed-effects, grouped-time survival analysis assessed risk of suicidal behavior and differential effects of risk factors for suicidal behavior by polarity. In addition to polarity, the main effects of age, gender, hopelessness, married status, prior suicide attempts and active substance abuse were modeled, with mood cycle as the unit of analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for age of onset, there were no differences in prior suicide attempts by polarity although bipolar participants had more prior severe attempts. During follow-up, 40 cycles ended in suicide and 384 cycles contained at least one suicide attempt. Age, hopelessness and active substance abuse but not polarity predicted suicidal behavior. The effects of risk factors did not differ by polarity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bipolarity does not independently influence risk of suicidal behavior or alter the influence of well-established suicide risk factors within affective disorders. Suicide risk assessment strategies may continue to appraise these common risk factors without regard to mood polarity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. jess-fiedorowicz@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Fiedorowicz
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Coryell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult