title: The relations among cumulative risk, parenting, and behavior problems during early childhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examined relations among cumulative risk, nurturant and involved parenting, and behavior problems across early childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cumulative risk, parenting, and behavior problems were measured in a sample of low-income toddlers participating in a family-centered program to prevent conduct problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Path analysis was utilized to examine longitudinal relations among these constructs, with results supporting an indirect effect of cumulative risk on externalizing and internalizing problems through nurturant and involved parenting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results highlight the importance of cumulative risk during early childhood, and particularly the effect that the level of contextual risk can have on the parenting context during this developmental period.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. ctrentacosta@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Trentacosta
authors.forename: Luke W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Dishion
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Melvin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009922:Oregon; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D014768:Virginia