title: Increased reproductive success of women after prenatal undernutrition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine is associated with an increased risk of chronic degenerative disease. We now investigate whether prenatal famine exposure affected reproductive success.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed reproductive success (number of children, number of twins, age at delivery, childlessness) of men and women born around the time of the Dutch famine of 1944-1945 in the Wilhelmina Gasthuis, Amsterdam, whose birth records have been kept.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women who were exposed to the Dutch famine of 1944-1945 in utero are more reproductively successful than women who were not exposed to famine during their fetal development; they have more offspring, have more twins, are less likely to remain childless and start reproducing at a younger age. The increased reproductive success of these women is unlikely to be explained by genes which favor fertility and are passed from mothers to their daughters. In utero exposure to famine did not affect the reproductive success of males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that poor nutrition during fetal development, followed by improved nutrition after birth can give rise to a female phenotype characterized by greater reproductive success.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rebecca C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Painter
authors.forename: Rudi G J
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Westendorp
authors.forename: Susanne R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: de Rooij
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osmond
authors.forename: David J P
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Tessa J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Roseboom
mesh_terms: D001723:Birth Rate; D015331:Cohort Studies; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011295:Prenatal Care; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012098:Reproduction; D013217:Starvation / Q000453:epidemiology*