title: Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of thrombolysis in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute pulmonary embolism is a common, life-threatening, cardiopulmonary disorder with a high mortality rate within the first 3 months of diagnosis. As prompt anticoagulation is the mainstay of therapy in patients with pulmonary embolism, the clinical utility and cost effectiveness of systemic thrombolysis is debated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pulmonary embolism with cardiogenic shock and hypotension is characterized as 'massive' in nature and an accepted indication for thrombolysis, although catheter-directed embolectomy with or without local lytic therapy is preferred in centers with appropriate experience. Acute right ventricular dysfunction is a poor prognostic indicator in patients with pulmonary embolism. The most recent randomized controlled trial of systemic thrombolysis in patients with submassive pulmonary embolism and right ventricular dysfunction found that, compared with heparin alone, alteplase and heparin reduced the risk of clinical deterioration requiring treatment escalation, but did not reduce the risk of death. Subsequently, a formal cost effectiveness concluded that alteplase and heparin was slightly less effective and marginally more expensive than heparin alone in this patient population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current evidence does not support the use of thrombolytic agents in most hemodynamically stable patients with right ventricular dysfunction. However, improved methods of risk stratification may help to identify subgroups of patients at high risk of death that might benefit from systemic thrombolysis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Roham T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Zamanian
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gould
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006493:Heparin / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000191:economics*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D006493:Heparin; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator