title: The Spectrum projection package: improvements in estimating mortality, ART needs, PMTCT impact and uncertainty bounds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The approach to national and global estimates of HIV/AIDS used by UNAIDS starts with estimates of adult HIV prevalence prepared from surveillance data using either the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) or the Workbook. Time trends of prevalence are transferred to Spectrum to estimate the consequences of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, including the number of people living with HIV, new infections, AIDS deaths, AIDS orphans, treatment needs and the impact of treatment on survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  The UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling and Projections regularly reviews new data and information needs and recommends updates to the methodology and assumptions used in Spectrum. The latest update to Spectrum was used in the 2007 round of global estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several new features have been added to Spectrum in the past two years. The structure of the population was reorganised to track populations by HIV status and treatment status. Mortality estimates were improved by the adoption of new approaches to estimating non-AIDS mortality by single age, and the use of new information on survival with HIV in non-treated cohorts and on the survival of patients on antiretroviral treatment (ART). A more detailed treatment of mother-to-child transmission of HIV now provides more prophylaxis and infant feeding options. New procedures were implemented to estimate the uncertainty around each of the key outputs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The latest update to the Spectrum program is intended to incorporate the latest research findings and provide new outputs needed by national and international planners.
authors.affiliation: Futures Institute, Glastonbury, Connecticut, USA. JStover@FuturesInstitute.org
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stover
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zaba
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zwahlen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dabis
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ekpini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting / Q000379:methods*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D020380:Needs Assessment; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016019:Survival Analysis; D035501:Uncertainty; D014480:United Nations
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents