title: Ex vivo skin absorption of terpenes from Vicks VapoRub ointment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pharmaceutical market offers a wide range of inhalant drug products applied on the skin that contain essential oils and/or their isolated compounds, i.e. terpenes. Because there are few data concerning the skin penetration of terpenes, especially from complex carriers, the goal of this study was to determine the ex vivo skin absorption kinetics of chosen terpenes, namely eucalyptol, menthol, camphor, alpha-pinene, and beta-pinene, from the product Vicks VapoRub.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human cadaver skin was placed in a flow-through diffusion chamber and the product was applied for 15, 30, and 60 min. After the application time the skin was separated into layers using a tape-stripping technique: three fractions of stratum corneum and epidermis with dermis, and terpenes amounts in the samples were determined by gas-chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The investigated terpenes showed different absorption characteristics related to their physicochemical properties and did not permeate through the skin into the acceptor fluid. Eucalyptol had the largest total accumulation in the stratum corneum and in the epidermis with dermis, while alpha-pinene penetrated into the skin in the smallest amount.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The short time in which saturation of the stratum corneum with the terpenes occurred and the high accumulation of most of the investigated terpenes in the skin layers proved that these compounds easily penetrate and permeate the stratum corneum and that in vivo they may easily penetrate into the blood circulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland. kcal@wp.pl
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cal
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sopala
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002102:Cadaver; D002164:Camphor / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004338:Drug Combinations; D000077591:Eucalyptol; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008610:Menthol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009824:Ointments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D004338:Drug Combinations; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009824:Ointments; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013729:Terpenes; C009952:camphor, cedar leaf oil, eucalyptus oil, menthol, myristica oil, terebinth oil, thymol drug combination; D008610:Menthol; C010789:beta-pinene; D002164:Camphor; C005451:alpha-pinene; D000077591:Eucalyptol