title: Urinary excretion of strawberry anthocyanins is dose dependent for physiological oral doses of fresh fruit.
abstract: There is considerable interest in coloured fruits and berries as sources of biologically active anthocyanins. To examine the relationship between the oral dose and the amount excreted for anthocyanins from a food source across a physiological range of doses, volunteers were fed, in random order, four portions (100-400 g) of fresh strawberries as part of a standard breakfast. Urine was collected at 2 h intervals up to 8 h, and for the period 8-24 h. Fresh strawberries contained pelargonidin-3-glucoside as the major anthocyanin with smaller amounts of cyanidin-3-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-rutinoside. Anthocyanins were detected in the urine of all volunteers for all doses, predominantly as pelargonidin glucuronide and sulphate metabolites. There was a strong, linear relationship between oral dose and anthocyanin excretion (Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient = 0.692, p < 0.001, n = 40) which indicated that on an average, every additional unit of dose caused 0.0166 units of excretion. Within individuals, dose -- excretion data fitted a linear regression model (median R(2) = 0.93). We conclude that strawberry anthocyanins are partially bioavailable in humans with a linear relationship between oral dose and urinary excretion for doses up to 400 g fresh fruit.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Research, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hollands
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Brett
authors.forename: Jack R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dainty
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Teucher
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kroon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000652:urine*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D031985:Fragaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D005960:Glucosides / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D005960:Glucosides; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; C078485:pelargonidin-3-glucoside