title: Stability changes after cryosurgery in long tubular bones in correlation to histological results: an animal trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pathologic bone fractures in cryosurgery of bone tumors have been described in literature. This study utilizing a sheep model should prove the possible reduction of potential fracture while using a new miniature cryoprobe minimizing tissue damage and providing accurate control of the ablation process. Furthermore, postoperative histological changes should be investigated and the results correlated with the stability trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 24 sheep, ablation of the femur and the tibial bone on one side was carried out. Ablation of the right femur was limited to an area of 2 cm(2) with single cortical bone, whereas at the left tibia the whole proximal tibial plateau was included. The other side served as a control entity without cryoablation. After a period of 2, 4, and 6 months postoperative investigation of bending resistance of the femoral bone and of compression resistance of the tibial bone as well as histological findings were done in eight animals each.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 2 months there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) regarding compression resistance between the treated and the contralateral tibia, whereas the bending resistance in the treated femur was slightly lower than on the contralateral side. After 4 and 6 months the cryo-treated part showed a tendency towards weakness. Histological findings showed bone necrosis with slight beginning repair after 2 months. Four and six months later, bone necrosis still existed with increasing development of woven bone and conversion into lamellar bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A thorough control of the freezing process and the low iatrogenous weakening of the bone due to placing the probe when modern miniature cryoprobes are used can minimize the risk of pathological postoperative fractures. However, at least 2 months after operation there is histological proof of bone healing with appropriate reduction of bone stability, which should be considered for the clinical application of this new technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Popken
authors.forename: J W-P
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zarghooni
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sobottke
authors.forename: H-U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Kasper
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blaecker
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niehoff
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Emrich
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eysel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005598:Fractures, Spontaneous / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012756:Sheep; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013977:Tibia / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*