Fetal Doppler: umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, and venous system.
One of the most important applications of Doppler ultrasonography in obstetrics is the detection of fetal anemia in pregnancies complicated by either red-cell alloimmunization or by other causes of fetal anemia. Doppler of the umbilical artery also has prognostic value in pregnancies affected by twin-twin transfusion syndrome undergoing in-utero intervention. Another potential major application is the use of Doppler ultrasound in the management of intrauterine-growth-restricted fetuses. At the present time, there is no single test that appears superior to the other available tests for timing the delivery of the growth-restricted fetus. Therefore, the decision to deliver a fetus, especially at <32 weeks, remains mostly based on empirical management. Doppler may provide a more reliable and systematic basis for timing these deliveries. This review emphasizes the three following concepts: (a) normal and abnormal Doppler of the umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, mitral and tricuspid valves, umbilical vein, and ductus venosus; (b) some clinical applications of Doppler sonography in obstetrics; and (c) potential future research of Doppler in obstetrics.
Mari
Giancarlo
G
Tennessee Maternal Fetal Medicine Institute, Memphis, TN 38103-2807, USA. gmari@utmen.edu
Hanif
Farhan
F
D000740:Anemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005330:Fetofetal Transfusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005333:Fetus / Q000098:blood supply*; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010927:Placental Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011247:Pregnancy; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*