title: Population estimation regarding the effects of cytochrome P450 2C19 and 3A5 polymorphisms on zonisamide clearance.
abstract: We aimed to evaluate the effects of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms on zonisamide (ZNS) clearance. The pharmacokinetics of the 282 ZNS concentrations at a steady state obtained from 99 Japanese epileptic patients was performed with a nonlinear mixed-effect modeling program, using a one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model with first-order elimination. The covariates screened included the total body weight, gender, ZNS daily dose, CYP2C19 and CYP3A5 genotypes, and the coadministered antiepileptic drugs. The final model of ZNS apparent clearance was as follows: CL = 1.22 x (BW/44)0.77 x DOSE(-0.17 x 0.84CYP2C19 hetero EM x 0.70CYP2C19 PM x 1.24CBZ x 1.28PHT x 1.29PB x eetaCL where CL is the apparent oral clearance of ZNS, DOSE is ZNS daily dose, and CYP2C19 heterozygous extensive metabolizer (EM) or CYP2C19 poor metabolizer (PM) is equal to 1 if one or two CYP2C19-defective alleles are carried, respectively; otherwise, it is 0. Carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHT), or phenobarbital (PB) is equal to 1 if carbamazepine, phenytoin, or phenobarbital is coadministered, respectively; otherwise, it is 0. etaCL is the independent random error distributed normally with the mean zero and variance equal to omegaCL. The CL of ZNS was lower in the CYP2C19 heterozygous extensive metabolizers and poor metabolizers than in the homozygous extensive metabolizers by 16% and 30%, respectively (P < 0.001). An effect of CYP3A5 polymorphisms was not identified. The coadministration of carbamazepine, phenytoin, or phenobarbital increased the CL of ZNS by 24% to 29%. This report demonstrates that the CYP2C19 genotype affects the ZNS metabolism in Japanese epileptic subjects. The clinical relevance of these changes remains to be explored in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Takateru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishitsu
authors.forename: Atsuko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wanibuchi
authors.forename: Nami
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Higa
authors.forename: Kazuko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011153:Population; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult; D000078305:Zonisamide
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D007555:Isoxazoles; D000078305:Zonisamide; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; C510164:CYP3A5 protein, human; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A