title: Pharmacokinetics of orally administered tramadol in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the pharmacokinetics of an orally administered dose of tramadol in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
  
  
  METHODS
  6 healthy adult sexually intact female New Zealand White rabbits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physical examinations and plasma biochemical analyses were performed to ensure rabbits were healthy prior to the experiment. Rabbits were anesthetized with isoflurane, and IV catheters were placed in a medial saphenous or jugular vein for collection of blood samples. One blood sample was collected before treatment with tramadol. Rabbits were allowed to recover from anesthesia a minimum of 1 hour before treatment. Then, tramadol (11 mg/kg, PO) was administered once, and blood samples were collected at various time points up to 360 minutes after administration. Blood samples were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography to determine plasma concentrations of tramadol and its major metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No adverse effects were detected after oral administration of tramadol to rabbits. Mean +/- SD half-life of tramadol after administration was 145.4 +/- 81.0 minutes; mean +/- SD maximum plasma concentration was 135.3 +/- 89.1 ng/mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the dose of tramadol required to provide analgesia in rabbits is unknown, the dose administered in the study reported here did not reach a plasma concentration of tramadol or O-desmethyltramadol that would provide sufficient analgesia in humans for clinically acceptable periods. Many factors may influence absorption of orally administered tramadol in rabbits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
authors.forename: Marcy J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Cheryl B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Greenacre
authors.forename: Sherry K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Cox
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009294:Narcotics / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011817:Rabbits; D014147:Tramadol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; C080580:O-demethyltramadol; D014147:Tramadol