title: Minimally invasive surgery in infants less than 5 kg: experience of 649 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the development of advanced skills and the introduction of miniature laparoscopic tools, endoscopic procedures in infants and small children have become possible. This report documents our experience in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in infants under 5 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective database review was performed from September 1993 to September 2007. All children weighing 5 kg or less that underwent a laparoscopic or thoracoscopic procedure were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 649 cases were attempted. 43 different procedures were performed, the most common being Nissen fundoplication (310 cases, average operating room (OR) time 43 min, average time to full feeds 2 days), pyloromyotomy (104 cases, average OR time 12.5 min, average hospital days<1), patent ductus arteriosum (PDA) ligation (26 cases, average OR time 31 min, average hospital days<1), tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) repair (22 cases, average OR time 83 min, average time to full feeds 7.8 days), duodenoduodenostomy (20 cases, average OR time 76 min, average time to full feeds 8.6 days), colonic pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease (18 cases, average OR time 109.6 min, average time to full feeds 3 days), colonic pull-through for imperforate anus (10 cases, average OR time 103 min, average hospital days 2), lung resection (12 cases, average OR time 66.8 min, average hospital days 1.75), congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair (10 cases, average OR time 62.5 min, average time to full feeds 4.75 days). There were no surgery-related deaths. The conversion rate to open was 1.2% (n=8). There were six intraoperative complication rate (0.9%) and the overall complication rate was 3% (20 complications overall).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development of modern low-flow CO2 insufflators, smaller instruments and telescopes, as well as advanced techniques, has made MIS in neonates feasible and safe. The greatest challenge remains performing intestinal anastomosis in these confined spaces, and further technical advances will be required to make these techniques universally adopted.
authors.affiliation: Rocky Mountain Hospital for Children, Denver, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ponsky
authors.forename: Steven S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Rothenberg
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010535:Laparoscopy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013906:Thoracoscopy