title: Over-expression of Skp2 is associated with resistance to preoperative doxorubicin-based chemotherapy in primary breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preoperative chemotherapy is often used in patients with locally advanced breast cancer. However, commonly used clinical and pathological parameters are poor predictors of response to this type of therapy. Recent studies have suggested that altered regulation of the cell cycle in cancer may be involved in resistance to chemotherapy. Over-expression of the ubiquitin ligase Skp2 results in loss of the cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 and is associated with poor prognosis in early breast cancer. The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of these proteins as predictors of clinical outcome and response to chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression levels of Skp2 and p27Kip1 were determined by immunohistochemistry both before and after preoperative chemotherapy in 40 patients with locally advanced breast cancer. All patients were treated with cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin (adriamycin)/5-fluorouracil (CAF) and some patients received additional treatment with docetaxel. Expression data were compared with patients' clinical and pathological features, clinical outcome, and response to chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Skp2 expression before preoperative chemotherapy was inversely related to p27Kip1 levels, tumor grade, and expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors. Both Skp2 and p27Kip1 were found to be accurate prognostic markers for disease-free and overall survival. High preoperative expression of Skp2 was associated with resistance to CAF therapy in 94% of patients (P < 0.0001) but not with resistance to docetaxel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skp2 expression may be a useful marker for predicting response to doxorubicin-based preoperative chemotherapy and clinical outcome in patients with locally advanced breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery A, Rambam Medical Center and the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 1 Efron Street, Haifa 31096, Israel. s_davidovich@rambam.health.gov.il
authors.forename: Shirly
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davidovich
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ben-Izhak
authors.forename: Ma'anit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shapira
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Futerman
authors.forename: Dan D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Hershko
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002453:Cell Cycle; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D044786:S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D044786:S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D004317:Doxorubicin