title: The metamorphosis of supernova SN 2008D/XRF 080109: a link between supernovae and GRBs/hypernovae.
abstract: The only supernovae (SNe) to show gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) or early x-ray emission thus far are overenergetic, broad-lined type Ic SNe (hypernovae, HNe). Recently, SN 2008D has shown several unusual features: (i) weak x-ray flash (XRF), (ii) an early, narrow optical peak, (iii) disappearance of the broad lines typical of SN Ic HNe, and (iv) development of helium lines as in SNe Ib. Detailed analysis shows that SN 2008D was not a normal supernova: Its explosion energy (E approximately 6x10(51) erg) and ejected mass [ approximately 7 times the mass of the Sun (M(middle dot in circle))] are intermediate between normal SNe Ibc and HNe. We conclude that SN 2008D was originally a approximately 30 M(middle dot in circle) star. When it collapsed, a black hole formed and a weak, mildly relativistic jet was produced, which caused the XRF. SN 2008D is probably among the weakest explosions that produce relativistic jets. Inner engine activity appears to be present whenever massive stars collapse to black holes.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany. mazzali@mpa-garching.mpg.de
authors.forename: Paolo A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Mazzali
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valenti
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Della Valle
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chincarini
authors.forename: Daniel N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benetti
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pian
authors.forename: Tsvi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Piran
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: D'Elia
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Elias-Rosa
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Margutti
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pasotti
authors.forename: L Angelo
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.forename: Filomena
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bufano
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campana
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cappellaro
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Covino
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: D'Avanzo
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.forename: Dino
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fugazza
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gilmozzi
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maiorano
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marziani
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Masetti
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mirabel
authors.forename: Hripsime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Navasardyan
authors.forename: Ken'ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nomoto
authors.forename: Eliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Palazzi
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pastorello
authors.forename: Nino
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Panagia
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Pellizza
authors.forename: Re'em
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sari
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smartt
authors.forename: Gianpiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tagliaferri
authors.forename: Masaomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taubenberger
authors.forename: Nozomu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tominaga
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trundle
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turatto