title: Association between betel-nut chewing and chronic kidney disease in men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Betel-nut use is associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity. However, the association between betel-nut chewing and risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unknown. The present study was conducted to determine the association between betel-nut chewing and CKD in men.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed health-check records of 3264 men in a hospital-based cross-sectional screening programme from 2003 to 2006. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 calculated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. Risk factors for CKD including diabetes, hypertension, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption and age were also considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 677 (20.7 %) men were found to have CKD and 427 (13.1 %) participants reported a history of betel-nut use. The prevalence (24.8 %) of CKD in betel-nut users was significantly higher than that (11.3 %) of participants without betel-nut use (P = 0.026). In multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustments for age, hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia, betel-nut use was independently associated with CKD (P < 0.001). The adjusted odds ratio for betel-nut use was 2.572 (95 % CI 1.917, 3.451).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Betel-nut use is associated with CKD in men. The association between betel-nut use and CKD is independent of age, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Che-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Shi-Yann
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Jiung-Hsiun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wen-Chun
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: I-Min
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Yu-Hsiang
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Chuen-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001114:Areca / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D008499:Medical Records; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology