title: Cohort study of the association of antibody levels to AMA1, MSP119, MSP3 and GLURP with protection from clinical malaria in Ghanaian children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antigen-specific antibody-mediated immune responses play an important role in natural protection against clinical malaria, but conflicting estimates of this association have emerged from immuno-epidemiological studies in different geographical settings. This study was aimed at assessing in a standardized manner the relationship between the antibody responses to four malaria vaccine candidate antigens and protection from clinical malaria, in a cohort of Ghanaian children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardized ELISA protocols were used to measure isotype and IgG subclass levels to Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA1), Merozoite Surface Protein 1-19 (MSP119), Merozoite Surface Protein 3 (MSP3) and Glutamate Rich Protein (GLURP) antigens in plasma samples from 352 Ghanaian children, aged three to 10 years with subsequent malaria surveillance for nine months. This is one of a series of studies in different epidemiological settings using the same standardized ELISA protocols to permit comparisons of results from different laboratories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence rate of malaria was 0.35 episodes per child per year. Isotype and IgG subclasses for all antigens investigated increased with age, while the risk of malaria decreased with age. After adjusting for age, higher levels of IgG to GLURP, MSP119, MSP3 and IgM to MSP119, MSP3 and AMA1 were associated with decreased malaria incidence. Of the IgG subclasses, only IgG1 to MSP119 was associated with reduced incidence of clinical malaria. A previous study in the same location failed to find an association of antibodies to MSP119 with clinical malaria. The disagreement may be due to differences in reagents, ELISA and analytical procedures used in the two studies. When IgG, IgM and IgG subclass levels for all four antigens were included in a combined model, only IgG1 [(0.80 (0.67-0.97), p = 0.018)] and IgM [(0.48 (0.32-0.72), p < 0.001)] to MSP119 were independently associated with protection from malaria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using standardized procedures, the study has confirmed the importance of antibodies to MSP119 in reducing the risk of clinical malaria in Ghanaian children, thus substantiating its potential as a malaria vaccine candidate.
authors.affiliation: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. ddodoo@noguchi.mimcom.org
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dodoo
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aikins
authors.forename: Kwadwo Asamoah
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kusi
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lamptey
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Remarque
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Milligan
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bosomprah
authors.forename: Roma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chilengi
authors.forename: Yaa Difie
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Osei
authors.forename: Bartholomew Dicky
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Akanmori
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Theisen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007132:Immunoglobulin Isotypes / Q000097:blood; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D020066:Merozoite Surface Protein 1 / Q000276:immunology*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000276:immunology*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007132:Immunoglobulin Isotypes; C506685:MSP3 protein, Plasmodium falciparum (181-276); D020066:Merozoite Surface Protein 1; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C072492:glutamate-rich protein, Plasmodium