title: Neuropeptide S-mediated control of fear expression and extinction: role of intercalated GABAergic neurons in the amygdala.
abstract: A deficient extinction of memory is particularly important in the regime of fear, where it limits the beneficial outcomes of treatments of anxiety disorders. Fear extinction is thought to involve inhibitory influences of the prefrontal cortex on the amygdala, although the detailed synaptic mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we report that neuropeptide S (NPS), a recently discovered transmitter of ascending brainstem neurons, evokes anxiolytic effects and facilitates extinction of conditioned fear responses when administered into the amygdala in mice. An NPS receptor antagonist exerts functionally opposing responses, indicating that endogenous NPS is involved in anxiety behavior and extinction. Cellularly, NPS increases glutamatergic transmission to intercalated GABAergic neurons in the amygdala via presynaptic NPS receptors on connected principal neurons. These results identify mechanisms of NPS in the brain, a key role of intercalated neurons in the amygdala for fear extinction, and a potential pharmacological avenue for treating anxiety disorders.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology I (Neurophysiology), Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 27a, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jüngling
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Seidenbecher
authors.forename: Ludmila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sosulina
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lesting
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sangha
authors.forename: Stewart D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Naoe
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: Dee M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Duangdao
authors.forename: Yan-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Rainer K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Reinscheid
authors.forename: Hans-Christian
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Pape
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007395:Interneurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000502:physiology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009479:Neuropeptides; C506531:neuropeptide S, human; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid