title: Motives and perceived consequences of nonmedical ADHD medication use by college students: are students treating themselves for attention problems?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examines why college students without a prescription take ADHD medication, what they perceive the consequences of this to be, and whether attention problems are associated with this behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  More than 3,400 undergraduates attending one public and one private university in the southeastern United States completed a Web-based survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nonmedical ADHD medication use in the prior 6 months was reported by 5.4% of respondents and was positively associated with self-reported attention difficulties. Enhancing the ability to study was the most frequent motive reported; nonacademic motives were less common. Students perceived nonmedical use to be beneficial despite frequent reports of adverse reactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Students without prescriptions use ADHD medication primarily to enhance academic performance and may do so to ameliorate attention problems that they experience as undermining their academic success. The academic, social, and biomedical consequences of illicit ADHD medication use among college students should be researched further.
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. drabiner@duke.edu
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rabiner
authors.forename: Arthur D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Anastopoulos
authors.forename: E Jane
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Rick H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hoyle
authors.forename: Sean Esteban
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.forename: H Scott
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Swartzwelder
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012651:Self Medication / Q000523:psychology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities
chemical_list: D055553:Prescription Drugs