title: Jet Injection of 1% buffered lidocaine versus topical ELA-Max for anesthesia before peripheral intravenous catheterization in children: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peripheral intravenous (PIV) catheter insertion is a frequent, painful procedure that is often performed with little or no anesthesia. Current approaches that minimize pain for PIV catheter insertion have several limitations: significant delay for onset of anesthesia, inadequate anesthesia, infectious disease exposure risk from needlestick injuries, and patients' needle phobia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Comparison of the anesthetic effectiveness of J-Tip needle-free jet injection of 1% buffered lidocaine to the anesthetic effectiveness of topical 4% ELA-Max for PIV catheter insertion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, block-randomized, controlled trial comparing J-Tip jet injection of 1% buffered lidocaine to a 30-minute application of 4% ELA-Max for topical anesthesia in children 8 to 15 years old presenting to a tertiary care pediatric emergency department for PIV catheter insertion. All subjects recorded self-reported visual analog scale (VAS) scores for pain at time of enrollment and pain felt following PIV catheter insertion. Jet injection subjects also recorded pain of jet injection. Subjects were videotaped during jet injection and PIV catheter insertion. Videotapes were reviewed by a single blinded reviewer for observer-reported VAS pain scores for jet injection and PIV catheter insertion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 70 children enrolled, 35 were randomized to the J-Tip jet injection group and 35 to the ELA-Max group. Patient-recorded enrollment VAS scores for pain were similar between groups (P = 0.74). Patient-recorded VAS scores were significantly different between groups immediately after PIV catheter insertion (17.3 for J-Tip jet injection vs 44.6 for ELA-Max, P < 0.001). Blinded reviewer assessed VAS scores for pain after PIV catheter insertion demonstrated a similar trend, but the comparison was not statistically significant (21.7 for J-Tip jet injection vs 31.9 ELA-Max, P = 0.23).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  J-Tip jet injection of 1% buffered lidocaine provided greater anesthesia than a 30-minute application of ELA-Max according to patient self-assessment of pain for children aged 8 to 15 years undergoing PIV catheter insertion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital, KY, USA. stephaniespanos@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spanos
authors.forename: Rebekah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Kendra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sikes
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gracely
authors.forename: In K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002404:Catheterization; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007277:Injections, Jet; D008012:Lidocaine; D008081:Liposomes; D009824:Ointments; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014680:Veins
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008081:Liposomes; D009824:Ointments; D008012:Lidocaine