title: Essential oil of Curcuma wenyujin induces apoptosis in human hepatoma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of the essential oil of Curcuma wenyujin (CWO) on growth inhibition and on the induction of apoptosis in human HepG2 cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cytotoxic effect of drugs on HepG2 cells was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetra-zolium bromide (MTT) assay. DNA fragmentation was visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. Cell cycle and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Delta psi m) were determined by flow cytometry (FCM). Cytochrome C immunostaining was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. Caspase-3 enzymatic activity was assayed by the cleavage of Ac-DEVD-R110. Cleaved PARP and active caspase-3 protein levels were measured by FCM using BD(TM) CBA Human Apoptosis Kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with CWO inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and the IC50 of CWO was approximately 70 mug/mL. CWO was found to inhibit the growth of HepG2 cells by inducing a cell cycle arrest at S/G(2). DNA fragmentation was evidently observed at 70 mug/mL after 72 h of treatment. During the process, cytosolic HepG2 cytochrome C staining showed a markedly stronger green fluorescence than in control cells in a dose-dependent fashion, and CWO also caused mitochondrial transmembrane depolarization. Furthermore, the results clearly demonstrated that both, activity of caspase-3 enzyme and protein levels of cleaved PARP, significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner after treatment with CWO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CWO exhibits an antiproliferative effect in HepG2 cells by inducing apoptosis. This growth inhibition is associated with cell cycle arrest, cytochrome C translocation, caspase 3 activation, Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) degradation, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. This process involves a mitochondria-caspase dependent apoptosis pathway. As apoptosis is an important anti-cancer therapeutic target, these results suggest a potential of CWO as a chemotherapeutic agent.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Av. Padre Tomas Pereira, SJ, Taipa, Macao, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Feng-Qing
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Shao-Ping
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Simon-Ming-Yuen
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yi-Tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000196:embryology*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D030024:Curcuma / Q000378:metabolism*; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D051336:Mitochondrial Membranes / Q000378:metabolism; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D045304:Cytochromes c; D053148:Caspase 3