title: The effect of smoking on epithelial proliferation in healthy and periodontally diseased marginal gingival epithelium.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking causes an increase in the thickness of gingival epithelium, which is the outcome of increased keratinocyte proliferation or loss. Smoking-related changes in the proliferative activity of the gingival epithelium are largely uncharacterized for periodontal diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of smoking on the proliferation of the epithelium in periodontally diseased marginal gingiva by comparing the expression patterns of two different proliferation markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gingival biopsies (N=60) were obtained from smokers who had clinically healthy gingiva (n=10), smokers with gingivitis (n=10), smokers with periodontitis (n=10), non-smokers with clinically healthy gingiva (n=10), non-smokers with gingivitis (n=10), and non-smokers with periodontitis (n=10). The quantitative measurement of maximum epithelial thickness was performed on hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. The expression patterns for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67 were evaluated immunohistochemically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of PCNA-positive cells was higher than the percentage of Ki67-positive cells in all groups (P<0.001). When the mean values of PCNA and Ki67 were compared in each group, a statistically significant difference was observed only in the healthy smoker group (P=0.003). Significant differences in PCNA proliferation indices were only found between the smoker group and the non-smoker healthy group (P=0.015).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking had an affect on the proliferation of cells in the oral gingival epithelium, regardless of periodontal status. The increase in thickness of the epithelium was not associated with smoking; periodontal status and inflammation seemed to be more important factors. Smoking induced the replication activity of gingival epithelium and induced DNA repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. sibelg@gazi.edu.tr
authors.forename: Sibel Elif
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Gültekin
authors.forename: Burcu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sengüven
authors.forename: Burcu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karaduman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001706:Biopsy; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004260:DNA Repair; D004848:Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005881:Gingiva / Q000473:pathology*; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000473:pathology*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen