title: The influence of algal densities on the toxicity of chromium for Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard (Cladocera, Crustacea).
abstract: Food availability may affect metal toxicity for aquatic organisms. In the present study, the influence of high, medium and low densities of the algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (10(6), 10(5) and 10(4) cells.mL(-1), respectively) on the chronic toxicity of chromium to the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia was investigated. C. dubia was exposed to a range of chromium concentration from 2.71 to 34.04 microg.L(-1) and fed with algae at various densities. In another experiment, the green alga was exposed to chromium concentrations (94 to 774 microg.L(-1)) and supplied as food in different densities to zooplankton. The survival and reproduction of the cladoceran were measured in these toxicity tests. The IC50 for Cr to P. subcapitata and metal accumulated by algal cells were determined. The results of a bifactorial analysis (metal versus algal densities) showed that metal toxicity to zooplankton was dependent on algal densities. Significant toxic effects on the reproduction and survival of C. dubia were observed at 8.73, 18.22 and 34.04 microg.L(-1) Cr when the test organisms were fed with 10(6) cells.mL(-1) of P. subcapitata. Although the chlorophyta retain low chromium content, a decrease in the reproduction and survival of C. dubia occurred when they were fed with high algal density contaminated with 774 microg.L(-1) Cr. It was concluded that high algal density have an appreciable influence on chromium toxicity to daphnids.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Recursos Hídricos e Ecologia Aplicada, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil. surodgher@uol.com.br
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodgher
authors.forename: E L G
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Espíndola
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000737:chemistry*; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity*; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D011156:Population Density; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D015996:Survival Rate; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic
chemical_list: D002857:Chromium