Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology, risk factors and pathogenesis.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the commonest primary malignant cancer of the liver in the world. Given that the burden of chronic liver disease is expected to rise owing to increasing rates of alcoholism, hepatitis B and C prevalence and obesity-related fatty liver disease, it is expected that the incidence of HCC will also increase in the foreseeable future. This article summarizes the international epidemiology, the risk factors and the pathogenesis of HCC, including the roles of viral hepatitis, toxins, such as alcohol and aflatoxin, and insulin resistance.
Gomaa
Asmaa-Ibrahim
AI
Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
Khan
Shahid-A
SA
Toledano
Mireille-B
MB
Waked
Imam
I
Taylor-Robinson
Simon-D
SD
D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000378:metabolism; D006505:Hepatitis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000150:complications
D000348:Aflatoxins