title: Screening, identification, and functional analysis of three novel missense mutations in the TRADD gene in children with ALL and ALPS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Apoptosis is known to be a crucial process involved in embryogenesis, development and homeostasis of the immune system. Impaired apoptosis causes dysfunction of lymphocyte homeostasis, growth advantage of tumor cells as well as resistance to current treatment protocols. To investigate the role of the apoptosis adaptor molecules TRADD and FADD in the development of hematological diseases, patient samples were screened for mutations in these genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA from 51 children suffering from B-lineage-ALL (n = 17), T-lineage-ALL (n = 24), ALPS Type Ia (n = 3) and ALPS Type III (n = 7) were analyzed. Genomic DNA from 50 unrelated donors without hematological diseases served as controls. Identified mutations were cloned and their influence on cell viability and NFkappaB activation was analyzed by flow cytometry and luciferase assay, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the FADD gene no genetic alteration could be detected. However, three novel missense mutations in the TRADD gene could be detected. They are located within a region of TRADD known to exert mainly anti-apoptotic effects for example through the activation of the NFkappaB pathway. Functional analysis of cells overexpressing mutant TRADD cDNA demonstrated a reduced NFkappaB activity and consequently increased cell death compared to wild-type TRADD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mutations in the TRADD gene may contribute to the development of different hematological diseases. The identified mutations demonstrate a putative impact on TRADD signaling and cell survival but may not mainly explain the pathology of the diseases investigated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Oncology, Orthopedic University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dechant
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Scheuerpflug
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pauly
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Werff Ten Bosch
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Debatin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fellenberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001483:Base Sequence; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D053199:TNF Receptor-Associated Death Domain Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D053199:TNF Receptor-Associated Death Domain Protein