title: Determination of perineural invasion preoperatively on radiographic images.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Perineural invasion in head and neck cancers has important prognostic implications, and even if clinically silent, can be radiographically evident. This study analyzed the frequency of preoperative diagnosis, radiographic features, and importance of the preoperative diagnosis in treatment planning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiographic studies of 38 patients with histopathologically proven perineural spread from head and neck cancer were retrospectively reviewed and compared with preoperative reports.
  
  
  METHODS
  The percent agreement with pathology, kappa values, and 95 percent confidence intervals were determined for relevant nerves. Salient radiographic findings were compared with the contralateral normal side.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperative agreement was less than 10 percent for all nerves, and retrospectively was 56 percent for the trigeminal nerve and 40 percent for the facial nerve. Radiographic features included neural thickening and enhancement, and foraminal widening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cancers of the head and neck can spread perineurally. Preoperative radiographic determination, although underreported, is imperative, because diagnosis impacts management and prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. kimlee@mednet.ucla.edu <kimlee@mednet.ucla.edu>
authors.forename: Kimberly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Elliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abemayor
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sayre
authors.forename: Sunita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhuta
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kirsch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003390:Cranial Nerve Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed