title: Ecosystem energetic implications of parasite and free-living biomass in three estuaries.
abstract: Parasites can have strong impacts but are thought to contribute little biomass to ecosystems. We quantified the biomass of free-living and parasitic species in three estuaries on the Pacific coast of California and Baja California. Here we show that parasites have substantial biomass in these ecosystems. We found that parasite biomass exceeded that of top predators. The biomass of trematodes was particularly high, being comparable to that of the abundant birds, fishes, burrowing shrimps and polychaetes. Trophically transmitted parasites and parasitic castrators subsumed more biomass than did other parasitic functional groups. The extended phenotype biomass controlled by parasitic castrators sometimes exceeded that of their uninfected hosts. The annual production of free-swimming trematode transmission stages was greater than the combined biomass of all quantified parasites and was also greater than bird biomass. This biomass and productivity of parasites implies a profound role for infectious processes in these estuaries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA. kuris@lifesci.ucsb.edu
authors.forename: Armand M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kuris
authors.forename: Ryan F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Hechinger
authors.forename: Jenny C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Kathleen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Whitney
authors.forename: Leopoldina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aguirre-Macedo
authors.forename: Charlie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Boch
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.forename: Eleca J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Dunham
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Fredensborg
authors.forename: Todd C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Huspeni
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lorda
authors.forename: Luzviminda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mababa
authors.forename: Frank T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.forename: Adrienne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pickering
authors.forename: Nadia L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Talhouk
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Torchin
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Lafferty
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018533:Biomass; D002140:California; D017753:Ecosystem; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D010271:Parasites / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology*; D012908:Snails / Q000469:parasitology; D014200:Trematoda / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D014201:Trematode Infections / Q000469:parasitology; D053833:Wetlands