title: Clinical administration of microneedles: skin puncture, pain and sensation.
abstract: Injections using hypodermic needles cause pain, discomfort, localised trauma and apprehension. Additionally, careful use and disposal of needles is required to avoid transmission of blood-borne pathogens. As an alternative, microneedles can facilitate drug delivery without significantly impacting on pain receptors or blood vessels that reside beneath the skin outer layers. In this study we aim to determine the pain and sensory response to the application of wet-etch silicon microneedles, when used in such a way as to reliably penetrate skin, and provide a preliminary indication of how skin responds to microneedle injury with time. Twelve subjects received single-blinded insertions of a 25-G hypodermic needle and two microneedle arrays (36 needles of 180 and 280 mum height). The optimal method for microneedle application was determined in a pilot study. Pain intensity was scored using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and sensory perception determined using an adapted McGill Pain Questionnaire Short Form. Skin penetration was determined by external staining and measurement of trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL). Mean VAS scores, verbal descriptions and questionnaire responses showed that the 180 and 280 mum microneedles caused significantly less pain and discomforting sensation in participants than the hypodermic needle. Methylene blue staining and TEWL analysis confirmed that microchannels were formed in the skin following microneedle application. Evidence of microchannel repair and resealing was apparent at 8-24 h post-application. In summary, this study shows that pyramidal wet-etch microneedles can penetrate human skin with minimal pain and sensory discomfort, creating transient pathways for potential drug, vaccine and DNA delivery.
authors.affiliation: Welsh School Of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Haq
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: John
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalavala
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anstey
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morrissey
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Birchall
mesh_terms: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007271:Injections, Intradermal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055616:Microtechnology; D009339:Needles; D010146:Pain; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012867:Skin
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008751:Methylene Blue