title: Neisseria meningitidis intermediately resistant to penicillin and causing invasive disease in South Africa in 2001 to 2005.
abstract: Neisseria meningitidis strains (meningococci) with decreased susceptibility to penicillin (MICs, >0.06 microg/ml) have been reported in several parts of the world, but the prevalence of such isolates in Africa is poorly described. Data from an active national laboratory-based surveillance program from January 2001 through December 2005 were analyzed. A total of 1,897 cases of invasive meningococcal disease were reported, with an average annual incidence of 0.83/100,000 population. Of these cases, 1,381 (73%) had viable isolates available for further testing; 87 (6%) of these isolates tested intermediately resistant to penicillin (Pen(i)). Pen(i) meningococcal isolates were distributed throughout all provinces and age groups, and there was no association with outcome or human immunodeficiency virus infection. The prevalence of Pen(i) was lower in serogroup A (7/295; 2%) than in serogroup B (24/314; 8%), serogroup C (9/117; 8%), serogroup Y (22/248; 9%), or serogroup W135 (25/396; 6%) (P = 0.02). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis grouped 63/82 Pen(i) isolates into nine clusters, mostly according to serogroup. The clustering of patterns from Pen(i) isolates was not different from that of penicillin-susceptible isolates. Twelve sequence types were identified among 18 isolates arbitrarily selected for multilocus sequence typing. DNA sequence analysis of the penA gene identified 26 different alleles among the Pen(i) isolates. Intermediate penicillin resistance is thus widespread among meningococcal serogroups, has been selected in a variety of lineages, and, to date, does not appear to be associated with increased mortality. This is the first report describing the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of Pen(i) meningococcal isolates from sub-Saharan Africa.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. mignond@nicd.ac.za
authors.forename: Mignon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: du Plessis
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Gottberg
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Gouveia
authors.forename: Keith P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Klugman
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015897:Comorbidity; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012703:Serotyping; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial