title: Spectroscopic and crystallographic characterization of a tetrameric hemoglobin oxidation reveals structural features of the functional intermediate relaxed/tense state.
abstract: Tetrameric hemoglobins represent the most commonly used model for the description of the basic concepts of protein allostery. The classical stereochemical model assumes a concerted transition of the protein, upon oxygen release, from the relaxed (R) to the tense (T) state. Despite the large amount of data accumulated on the end-points of the transition, scarce structural information is available on the intermediate species along the pathway. Here we report a spectroscopic characterization of the autoxidation process of the Trematomus newnesi major Hb component and the atomic resolution structure (1.25 A) of an intermediate form along the pathway characterized by a different binding and oxidation state of the alpha and beta chains. In contrast to the alpha-heme iron, which binds a CO molecule, the beta iron displays a pentacoordinated oxidized state, which is rare in tetrameric hemoglobins. Interestingly, the information provided by the present analysis is not limited to the characterization of the peculiar oxidation process of Antarctic fish hemoglobins. Indeed, this structure represents the most detailed snapshot of hemoglobin allosteric transition hitherto achieved. Upon ligand release at the beta heme, a cascade of structural events is observed. Notably, several structural features of the tertiary structure of the alpha and beta chains closely resemble those typically observed in the deoxygenated state. The overall quaternary structure also becomes intermediate between the R and the T state. The analysis of the alterations induced by the ligand release provides a clear picture of the temporal sequence of the events associated with the transition. The implications of the present findings have also been discussed in the wider context of tetrameric Hbs.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vitagliano
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vergara
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonomi
authors.forename: Antonello
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Merlino
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Verde
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: di Prisco
authors.forename: Barry D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Howes
authors.forename: Giulietta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smulevich
authors.forename: Lelio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mazzarella
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry*; D010473:Perciformes / Q000378:metabolism*; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins