title: Factors associated with the risk of behaviour problems in adolescents with severe intellectual disabilities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the factors affecting the risk of behavioural and emotional problems in young people with severe intellectual disability (ID), although such evidence as there is suggests that there may be differences between the pattern of risk factors in this group and those that operate in general population samples of the same age.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a sample of 111 children with severe ID who had been initially identified from the registers of six special schools at 4-11 years, 82 were traced and reassessed on average 5 years 4 months later. The relationships between potential risk factors and behaviour problems, reported here for 11:00-17:04 year olds, were assessed by means of parental interview conducted in the family home.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behaviour problems were associated with the severity of ID and the severity of autistic symptomatology. Perhaps surprisingly, they were also more common in pre-pubertal than post-pubertal adolescents. Family factors such as a history of interrupted/disrupted maternal care, parental criticism of the child and aggressive parental disciplinary practices were also associated with behaviour problems, although the direction of causation was unclear. Several factors, including gender, social disadvantage and epilepsy, well established as risk factors in children without ID, were not significantly associated with behaviour problems in the present sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that the pattern of factors associated with behaviour problems in children with severe ID differs from that found both in the general population and in children with mild ID.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK. o.chadwick@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chadwick
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kusel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cuddy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002654:Child Care / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015897:Comorbidity; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012931:Social Environment