title: Treatment of lung cancer using volumetric modulated arc therapy and image guidance: a case study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is a radiotherapy technique in which the gantry rotates while the beam is on. Gantry speed, multileaf collimator (MLC) leaf position and dose rate vary continuously during the irradiation. For optimum results, this type of treatment should be subject to image guidance. The application of VMAT and image guidance to the treatment of a lung cancer patient is described.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-house software AutoBeam was developed to facilitate treatment planning for VMAT beams. The algorithm consisted of a fluence optimisation using the iterative least-squares technique, a segmentation and then a direct-aperture optimisation. A dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions was planned, using a single arc with 35 control points at 10 degrees intervals. The resulting plan was transferred to a commercial treatment planning system for final calculation. The plan was verified using a 0.6 cm(3) ionisation chamber and film in a rectangular phantom. The patient was treated supine on a customised lung board and imaged daily with cone-beam CT for the first three days then weekly thereafter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The VMAT plan provided slightly improved coverage of the planning target volume (PTV) and slightly lower volume of lung irradiated to 20 Gy (V(20)) than a three-field conformal plan (PTV minimum dose 85.0 Gy vs. 81.8 Gy and lung V(20) 31.5% vs. 34.8%). The difference between the measured and planned dose was -1.1% (measured dose lower) and 97.6% of the film passed a gamma test of 3% and 3mm. The VMAT treatment required 90 s for delivery of a single fraction of 2 Gy instead of 180 s total treatment time for the conformal plan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VMAT provides a quality dose distribution with a short treatment time as shown in an example of a lung tumour. The technique should allow for more efficient delivery of high dose treatments, such as used for hypofractionated radiotherapy of small volume lung tumours, and the technique may also be used in conjunction with Active Breathing Control, where fewer breath holds will be required.
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK. James.Bedford @ icr.ac.uk
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bedford
authors.forename: Vibeke
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nordmark Hansen
authors.forename: Helen A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: McNair
authors.forename: Alexandra H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Aitken
authors.forename: Juliet E C
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: Alan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Warrington
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brada
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software