title: Depression and excess mortality: evidence for a dose response relation in community living elderly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is associated with an increased mortality risk. It is not known to what extent depression characteristics such as severity and length of exposure to depression contribute to the association with excess mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between depression severity and duration with mortality in community-living elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-wave prospective cohort study with 10-year follow-up of vital status. Assessment of depression at baseline and at three year follow-up (GMS-AGECAT). Cox proportional hazards analyses of mortality with depression according to severity and length of exposure, adjusted for demographic variables, physical illnesses, cognitive decline and functional disabilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomly selected cohort of 3 746 non-demented older community-living persons in the city of Amsterdam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Excess mortality of both the baseline cohort, and of non-demented subjects participating in both assessments (n = 1989).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both moderate (MHR 1.29, 95% CI 1.03-1.61) and severe depression (MHR 1.34, 95% CI 1.07-1.68) predicted 10-year mortality after multivariate adjustment. Chronic depression was associated with a 41% higher mortality risk in 6-year follow-up compared to subjects without depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severity and chronicity of depression are associated with a higher mortality risk. In combination with other findings this is suggestive of a causal relationship and may have implications for both preventive and treatment strategies of late-life depression.
authors.affiliation: VU University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. robert.schoevers@mentrum.nl
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schoevers
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Geerlings
authors.forename: D J H
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Deeg
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Holwerda
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jonker
authors.forename: A T F
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beekman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000401:mortality*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors