title: Models for the field-based toxicity of copper and zinc salts to wheat in 11 Australian soils and comparison to laboratory-based models.
abstract: Laboratory-based relationships that model the phytotoxicity of metals using soil properties have been developed. This paper presents the first field-based phytotoxicity relationships. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown at 11 Australian field sites at which soil was spiked with copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) salts. Toxicity was measured as inhibition of plant growth at 8 weeks and grain yield at harvest. The added Cu and Zn EC10 values for both endpoints ranged from approximately 3 to 4760 mg/kg. There were no relationships between field-based 8-week biomass and grain yield toxicity values for either metal. Cu toxicity was best modelled using pH and organic carbon content while Zn toxicity was best modelled using pH and the cation exchange capacity. The best relationships estimated toxicity within a factor of two of measured values. Laboratory-based phytotoxicity relationships could not accurately predict field-based phytotoxicity responses.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Contaminants, CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia. michael.warne@csiro.au
authors.forename: Michael St J
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Warne
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heemsbergen
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Kris
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Broos
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whatmuff
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.forename: Deb
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pritchard
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Penney
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D018533:Biomass; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D014908:Triticum / Q000254:growth & development*; D015032:Zinc / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc