title: Quantitative and qualitative assessment of exposure among employees in Norwegian smelters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To generate a job exposure matrix (JEM) for dust exposure in Norwegian smelters to be used in an epidemiologic study of respiratory diseases and to identify determinants of exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The arithmetic mean and geometric mean (GM) of 2619 personal dust exposure measurements were applied in constructing the JEM, which was assigned to 2620 employees participating in a respiratory survey including yearly spirometry and a respiratory questionnaire. A qualitative exposure classification was constructed: (i) line operators were those employed full time in the production line, (ii) non-exposed employees were those who did not work in production and (iii) the remainder were classified as non-line operators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the ferrosilicon alloy and silicon metal production group (FeSi/Si-metal), the median GM of dust exposure was 2.3 mg m(-3) (0.04-5.6) (10-90% percentiles) compared with 1.6 mg m(-3) (0.02-2.3) in the silicomanganese, ferromanganese and ferrochromium production group (SiMn/FeMn/FeCr). Multivariate analyses showed that dust exposure concentration levels decreased significantly with increasing age (FeSi/Si-metal), was significantly lower in females than in males and was significantly higher in current smokers than in never-smokers. Dust exposure concentration levels were also higher in employees reporting previous exposure to dust, fumes and gases than in employees without such previous exposure, though, significant only in the FeSi/Si-metal production group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dust exposure levels of the employees were higher in the FeSi/Si-metal production group than in the SiMn/FeMn/FeCr production group. Age, gender, smoking status and previous exposure were significant determinants of dust exposure and should be evaluated in future analyses of the relationship between health outcomes and dust exposure in this industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, PO Box 75, N-1478 Lørenskog, Norway. helle.laier@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: H Laier
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Johnsen
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hetland
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saltyte Benth
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kongerud
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Søyseth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D004391:Dust