title: Effects of ethinyl estradiol and ibuprofen compared to placebo on endometrial bleeding, cervical mucus and the postcoital test in levonorgestrel subcutaneous implant users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study was conducted to evaluate ethinyl estradiol (EE) or ibuprofen (IBU) compared to placebo (PL) on spotting and bleeding (S/B) and a postcoital test (PCT) in women using the levonorgestrel subcutaneous implant. Women experiencing excessive S/B were enrolled in a multicenter prospective randomized study using EE, IBU or PL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Duration of S/B and a PCT were evaluated. Statistical analysis used a general linear model procedure with Duncan's multiple range tests for individual variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred seven women were evaluated, and there was no difference in the duration of bleeding among the three therapies, while the mean number of spotting days were 1.8 for EE and 2.8 for PL (p=.04). There was no effect of IBU on S/B. No effect on cervical mucus or sperm was found between treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a decrease in spotting but no effect on bleeding with EE compared to PL.
authors.affiliation: CONRAD Clinical Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA. archerdf@evms.edu
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.forename: Christine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Philput
authors.forename: Adam S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cullins
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Stovall
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bacon
authors.forename: Margaret E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004343:Drug Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D004967:Estrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016912:Levonorgestrel / Q000009:adverse effects; D008796:Metrorrhagia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010919:Placebos / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D004343:Drug Implants; D004967:Estrogens; D010919:Placebos; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D016912:Levonorgestrel; D007052:Ibuprofen