title: Alveolar cell apoptosis is dependent on p38 MAP kinase-mediated activation of xanthine oxidoreductase in ventilator-induced lung injury.
abstract: Signaling via p38 MAP kinase has been implicated in the mechanotransduction associated with mechanical stress and ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). However, the critical downstream mediators of alveolar injury remain incompletely defined. We provide evidence that high-tidal volume mechanical ventilation (HVt MV) rapidly activates caspases within the lung, resulting in increased alveolar cell apoptosis. Antagonism of MV-induced p38 MAP kinase activity with SB-203580 suppresses both MV-induced caspase activity and alveolar apoptosis, placing p38 MAP kinase upstream of MV-induced caspase activation and programmed cell death. The reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is activated in a p38 MAP kinase-dependent manner following HVt MV. Allopurinol, a XOR inhibitor, also suppresses HVt MV-induced apoptosis, implicating HVt MV-induced ROS in the induction of alveolar cell apoptosis. Finally, systemic administration of the pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, but not its inactive peptidyl analog, z-FA-fmk, blocks ventilator-induced apoptosis of alveolar cells and alveolar-capillary leak, indicating that caspase-dependent cell death is necessary for VILI-associated barrier dysfunction in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Damico
authors.forename: Mahendra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Damarla
authors.forename: Adel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boueiz
authors.forename: Hyun Hae
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Pae
authors.forename: Jarrett
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Skirball
authors.forename: Emile
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: Xinqi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chesley
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Crow
authors.forename: Sekhar P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Rubin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Tuder
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hassoun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053179:Caspase 7 / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010766:Phosphorylation; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014968:Xanthine Dehydrogenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D014968:Xanthine Dehydrogenase; C499322:Parp1 protein, rat; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D053179:Caspase 7