title: Enhancement of spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function by remifentanil action at delta-opioid receptors as a mechanism for acute opioid-induced hyperalgesia or tolerance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intraoperative remifentanil infusions have been associated with postoperative opioid-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance. Using a previously identified subpopulation of spinal neurons that displays an augmentation in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor current after chronic morphine, investigations were undertaken to determine whether remifentanil induces acute increases in NMDA responses that are concentration dependent and receptor subtype dependent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electrophysiologic recordings of NMDA current were made from cultured rat dorsal horn neurons treated with remifentanil at various concentrations for 60 min. Selective mu- or delta-opioid receptor inhibitors and agonists were used to determine the site of action of remifentanil.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Remifentanil at 4, 6, and 8 nM, but not higher or lower concentrations, caused significant mean increases in NMDA peak current amplitude of 37.30% (P < 0.001), 30.19% (P < 0.001), and 23.52% (P = 0.025), respectively, over control conditions. This occurred by 36 min of remifentanil perfusion and persisted throughout its washout. Inhibition by 100 nM naloxone or 1 nM naltrindole attenuated the remifentanil-induced NMDA response increase. Selective delta-opioid agonists [D-Pen(2), D-Pen(5)]enkephalin and deltorphin II displayed a similar bell-shaped concentration-response relation for the enhancement of NMDA responses, and 10 nM deltorphin II occluded the effects of 4 nM remifentanil on NMDA responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinically relevant concentrations of remifentanil induce rapid, persistent increases in NMDA responses that mirror the development of remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance. NMDA enhancement by remifentanil is dependent on the activation of both mu- and delta-opioid receptors and is inducible solely by delta-opioid receptor activation. Therefore, selective delta-opioid inhibition may attenuate acute paradoxical increases in pain and tolerance to opioids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, and Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Daisy T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Joo
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D006930:Hyperalgesia; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques / Q000379:methods; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020671:Posterior Horn Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000077208:Remifentanil
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D010880:Piperidines; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D009270:Naloxone; D000077208:Remifentanil