title: Facial palsy: anatomy, etiology, grading, and surgical treatment.
abstract: The modern microvascular reconstructive surgeon has quite an arsenal when managing the paralyzed face and injury to the facial nerve. After a brief description of the anatomy, etiology, facial nerve syndromes, and grading schemes, we detail our approach to the patient with facial paralysis. In reviewing our methods, we discuss the organ-based timing protocol, along with recent advancements in surgical technique.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA. gedge@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Gedge D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Rosson
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Redett
mesh_terms: D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008866:Microsurgery; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods