title: Dual fluorescence sensor for trace oxygen and temperature with unmatched range and sensitivity.
abstract: An optical dual sensor for oxygen and temperature is presented that is highly oxygen sensitive and covers a broad temperature range. Dual sensing is based on luminescence lifetime measurements. The novel sensor contains two luminescent compounds incorporated into polymer films. The temperature-sensitive dye (ruthenium tris-1,10-phenanthroline) has a highly temperature-dependent luminescence and is incorporated in poly(acrylonitrile) to avoid cross-sensitivity to oxygen. Fullerene C70 was used as the oxygen-sensitive probe owing to its strong thermally activated delayed fluorescence at elevated temperatures that is extremely oxygen sensitive. The cross-sensitivity of C70 to temperature is accounted for by means of the temperature sensor. C70 is incorporated into a highly oxygen-permeable polymer, either ethyl cellulose or organosilica. The two luminescent probes have different emission spectra and decay times, and their emissions can be discriminated using both parameters. Spatially resolved sensing is achieved by means of fluorescence lifetime imaging. The response times of the sensor to oxygen are short. The dual sensor exhibits a temperature operation range between at least 0 and 120 degrees C, and detection limits for oxygen in the ppbv range, operating for oxygen concentrations up to at least 50 ppmv. These ranges outperform all dual oxygen and temperature sensors reported so far. The dual sensor presented in this study is especially appropriate for measurements under extreme conditions such as high temperatures and ultralow oxygen levels. This dual sensor is a key step forward in a number of scientifically or commercially important applications including food packaging, for monitoring of hyperthermophilic microorganisms, in space technology, and safety and security applications in terms of detection of oxygen leaks.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Química-Física Molecular, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal. carlos.baleizao@ist.utl.pt
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baleizão
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagl
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schäferling
authors.forename: Mário N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Berberan-Santos
authors.forename: Otto S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Wolfbeis
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002138:Calibration; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000737:chemistry; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D010618:Phenanthrolines / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012428:Ruthenium / Q000737:chemistry; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D037741:Fullerenes; D010618:Phenanthrolines; D011108:Polymers; C069836:fullerene C70; D012428:Ruthenium; D010100:Oxygen