title: Stimulation of macrophage TNFalpha production by orthopaedic wear particles requires activation of the ERK1/2/Egr-1 and NF-kappaB pathways but is independent of p38 and JNK.
abstract: Bone loss that causes aseptic loosening of orthopedic implants is initiated by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages in response to implant-derived wear particles. MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways are activated by the particles; however, it is not clear which of the signaling pathways are important for the initial response to the wear particles and which are only involved at later steps in the process, such as osteoclast differentiation. Here, we show that the ERK1/2, p38, JNK, and NF-kappaB pathways are rapidly activated by the wear particles but that only the ERK1/2 and NF-kappaB pathways are required for the initial response to the wear particles, which include increases in TNFalpha promoter activity, TNFalpha mRNA expression, and secretion of TNFalpha protein. Moreover, ERK1/2 activation by wear particles is also required for increased expression of the transcription factor Egr-1 as well as Egr-1's ability to bind to and activate the TNFalpha promoter. These results, together with our previous studies of the PI3K/Akt pathway, demonstrate that wear particles coordinately activate multiple signaling pathways and multiple transcription factors to stimulate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFalpha. The current study also demonstrates that the signaling pathways are activated to a much greater extent by wear particles with adherent endotoxin than by "endotoxin-free" wear particles. These results, together with those demonstrating the requirement for ERK1/2/Egr-1 and NF-kappaB, show that activation of these signaling pathways is responsible for the ability of adherent endotoxin to potentiate cytokine production, osteoclast differentiation, and bone loss induced by wear particles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Beidelschies
authors.forename: Honglian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Megan R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: McMullen
authors.forename: Matthew V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Greenfield
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000378:metabolism; D012995:Solubility / Q000187:drug effects; D014025:Titanium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; D004731:Endotoxins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014025:Titanium; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases