title: Conserving, distributing and managing genetically modified mouse lines by sperm cryopreservation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sperm from C57BL/6 mice are difficult to cryopreserve and recover. Yet, the majority of genetically modified (GM) lines are maintained on this genetic background.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reported here is the development of an easily implemented method that consistently yields fertilization rates of 70+/-5% with this strain. This six-fold increase is achieved by collecting sperm from the vas deferens and epididymis into a cryoprotective medium of 18% raffinose (w/v), 3% skim milk (w/v) and 477 microM monothioglycerol. The sperm suspension is loaded into 0.25 mL French straws and cooled at 37+/-1 degrees C/min before being plunged and then stored in LN(2). Subsequent to storage, the sperm are warmed at 2,232+/-162 degrees C/min and incubated in in vitro fertilization media for an hour prior to the addition of oocyte cumulus masses from superovulated females. Sperm from 735 GM mouse lines on 12 common genetic backgrounds including C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, 129S1/SvImJ, FVB/NJ and NOD/ShiLtJ were cryopreserved and recovered. C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ fertilization rates, using frozen sperm, were slightly reduced compared to rates involving fresh sperm; fertilization rates using fresh or frozen sperm were equivalent in all other lines. Developmental capacity of embryos produced using cryopreserved sperm was equivalent, or superior to, cryopreserved IVF-derived embryos.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined, these results demonstrate the broad applicability of our approach as an economical and efficient option for archiving and distributing mice.
authors.affiliation: Technology Evaluation and Development, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America.
authors.forename: G Charles
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Ostermeier
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Wiles
authors.forename: Jane S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Farley
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Taft
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D013081:Sperm Motility; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000473:pathology*