title: A new simple performance test focused on agility in elderly people: The Ten Step Test.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Not only the reduction of muscle strength or balance, but also the reduction of the agility are regarded as important factors of falls in elderly people. If an agility test for elderly people is established, the precision of the fall prediction rises and can be used for individual training.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a new performance test focused on agility for elderly people and to evaluate the usefulness of this test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Welfare Center of Kagami Town, Kagami Town Office, etc., Kochi, Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  828 community-dwelling, independent adults aged 20-99 years with no obvious cognitive or functional disability, were randomly recruited from Kagami town and the surrounding areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Ten Step Test (TST, a new performance test), motor reaction time (MRT), knee extensor isometric strength, single leg standing time (SLST), and some other tests were used to evaluate the criterion-related validity and the content validity. TST was developed as a modified version of other step tests which require the subjects to place the whole foot on a block, then return it to the floor. In addition, female participants over 70 were asked whether or not they had fallen in the past year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excellent reliability for TST was found for interrelation (intra-class correlation coefficients, ICC = 0.96), and re-test reliability was sufficient (ICC = 0.86). Evidence for criterion-related validity was found through high single correlation with the timed supine-to-stand (r = 0.68) and high single correlation with MRT (r = 0.59). In addition, content validity was found through low correlation with knee extensor strength (-0.35) and SLST (-0.36) in 112 women over 70 years of age. The error rate by TST to predict falls (35.2%) was lower than the error rate by muscle strength (44.4%) and the balance (38.7%). TST confirmed decline after 50 years of age, and it conformed to a cubic curve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that TST is a reliable measure of agility, and it can help to predict the risk of falls. The decline of agility accelerates after 50 years of age. It shows that the decline of agility differs from the decline of leg muscle strength and balance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Tosa Rehabilitation College, Kochi, Japan. ptrc.k-miyamoto@tosareha.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kenzo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takebayashi
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takimoto
authors.forename: Shoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morioka
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yagi
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D016015:Logistic Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult