title: Insulin and leptin enhance human sperm motility, acrosome reaction and nitric oxide production.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the in vitro effects of insulin and leptin on human sperm motility, viability, acrosome reaction and nitric oxide (NO) production.
  
  
  METHODS
  Washed human spermatozoa from normozoospermic donors were treated with insulin (10 microIU) and leptin (10 nmol). Insulin and leptin effects were blocked by inhibition of their intracellular effector, phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), by wortmannin (10 micromol) 30 min prior to insulin and leptin being given. Computer-assisted semen analysis was used to assess motility after 1, 2 and 3 h of incubation. Viability was assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting using propidium iodide as a fluorescent probe. Acrosome-reacted cells were observed under a fluorescent microscope using fluorescein-isothiocyanate-Pisum sativum agglutinin as a probe. NO was measured after treating the sperm with 4,5-diaminofluorescein-2/diacetate (DAF-2/DA) and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin and leptin significantly increased total motility, progressive motility and acrosome reaction, as well as NO production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed the in vitro beneficial effects of insulin and leptin on human sperm function. These hormones could play a role in enhancing the fertilization capacity of human spermatozoa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Physiology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa. fannuel@sun.ac.za
authors.forename: Fanuel
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lampiao
authors.forename: Stefan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: du Plessis
mesh_terms: D020101:Acrosome Reaction / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020738:Leptin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D009569:Nitric Oxide