Factors affecting the clearance and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles.
Nanoparticle (NP) drug delivery systems (5-250 nm) have the potential to improve current disease therapies because of their ability to overcome multiple biological barriers and releasing a therapeutic load in the optimal dosage range. Rapid clearance of circulating nanoparticles during systemic delivery is a critical issue for these systems and has made it necessary to understand the factors affecting particle biodistribution and blood circulation half-life. In this review, we discuss the factors which can influence nanoparticle blood residence time and organ specific accumulation. These factors include interactions with biological barriers and tunable nanoparticle parameters, such as composition, size, core properties, surface modifications (pegylation and surface charge), and finally, targeting ligand functionalization. All these factors have been shown to substantially affect the biodistribution and blood circulation half-life of circulating nanoparticles by reducing the level of nonspecific uptake, delaying opsonization, and increasing the extent of tissue specific accumulation.
Alexis
Frank
F
Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. falexis@zeus.bwh.harvard.edu
Pridgen
Eric
E
Molnar
Linda K
LK
Farokhzad
Omid C
OC
D000818:Animals; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008823:Micelles; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010316:Particle Size; D013499:Surface Properties; D014018:Tissue Distribution
D008823:Micelles