title: Muramyldipeptide modulates CXCL-8 release of BEAS-2B cells via NOD2.
abstract: Chronic inflammation and acute exacerbations are pathophysiological features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). An impaired immune response to bacterial pathogens can contribute to both of them. Nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular receptor of innate immunity for muramyldipeptide (MDP). Mutations of the NOD2 gene followed by decreased recognition of MDP are associated with chronic intestinal inflammation and pulmonary complications of patients with allogenic stem cell transplant and sepsis. Our study provides evidence that NOD2, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the adapter protein receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2) are induced by tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. We also demonstrate that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can further increase NOD2 transcription in a TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma-induced activation state. In addition, we show that, while MDP fails to enhance CXCL-8 release from otherwise unstimulated BEAS-2B cells, a 12 h prestimulation period with TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma primes the cells for an additional increase of CXCL-8 secretion via induction of NOD2 and RIP2. LPS itself significantly augments CXCL-8 production and co-administration of MDP further increases cytokine secretion. Finally, overexpression of an SNP13 mutant decreased MDP-induced chemokine production in BEAS-2B cells compared with NOD2 wild type overexpression. Taken together, our work indicates that MDP and NOD2 play an important role for CXCL-8 release of BEAS-2B cells following LPS-challenge via synergistic interactions between MDP and LPS.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany. laszlo.farkas@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Farkas
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stoelcker
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jentsch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heitzer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schulz
mesh_terms: D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001980:Bronchi / Q000166:cytology; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000378:metabolism*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D053475:Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019743:Chemokines, CXC; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C429018:NOD2 protein, human; D053473:Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000119:Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C506253:RIPK2 protein, human; D053475:Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinase 2