title: Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) for cancer pain in adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cancer-related pain is complex and multi-dimensional but the mainstay of cancer pain management has predominately used a biomedical approach. There is a need for non-pharmacological and innovative approaches. Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation (TENS) may have a role for a significant number of patients but the effectiveness of TENS is currently unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this systematic review was to determine the effectiveness of TENS for cancer-related pain in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychINFO, AMED and PEDRO databases (11/04/08).
  
  
  METHODS
  Only randomised controlled trials (RCTS) investigating the use of TENS for the management of cancer-related pain in adults were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  The search strategy identified 37 possible published studies which were divided between two pairs of review authors that decided on study selection. A study eligibility form was used to screen each abstract and where study eligibility could not be determined from the abstract, the full paper was obtained and assessed by one pair of review authors. A standardised data extraction sheet was used to collect information on the studies and the quality of the studies was assessed independently by two review authors using the validated five-point Oxford Quality Scale. Final scores were discussed and agreed between all four review authors. The small sample sizes and differences in patient study populations of the two included studies prevented meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only two RCTs met the eligibility criteria (64 participants). These studies were heterogenous with respect to study population, sample size, study design, methodological quality, mode of TENS, treatment duration, method of administration and outcome measures used. In one RCT, there were no significant differences between TENS and placebo in women with chronic pain secondary to breast cancer treatment. In the other RCT, there were no significant differences between acupuncture-type TENS and sham in palliative care patients; this study was underpowered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this systematic review are inconclusive due to a lack of suitable RCTs. Large multi-centre RCTs are required to assess the value of TENS in the management of cancer-related pain in adults.
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department, Bart's Hospital, Kenton and Lucas Block, West Smithfield, London, UK, EC1A 7BE. karen.robb@bartsandthelondon.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Robb
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Mark I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Oxberry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D059408:Pain Management; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods*