title: Assessment of congenital heart disease (CHD): is there a role for fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review our experience with fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate congenital heart disease (CHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed fetal MRI in 32 fetuses with an echocardiographically assessed CHD. Both direct and indirect signs of CHD were investigated. Direct signs considered were: morpho-volumetric abnormalities of the heart; malrotations; ventricular and atrial septal defects; anomalies of the origin, size and course of the great arteries. Indirect signs considered were: difficulty to recognize a "normal" anatomical structures in the reference projections; increase of the vascular size before a stenosis; hypertrophy of the papillary muscles; cardiomegaly and pericardial effusion. All MRI findings were compared with postnatal or autoptic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRI allowed the CHD to be visualised by direct signs in 17 fetuses, indirect signs in 5 and both direct and indirect signs in 9 fetuses, excluding the prenatal echocardiographic suspect of hypoplastic left heart syndrome in 1 fetus. Postnatal echocardiograms or autoptic findings confirmed a normal heart in 1 fetus and CHD in 31 fetuses including a single cardiac anomaly or syndrome in 19 fetuses, 2 associated cardiac abnormalities in 11 and 3 cardiac anomalies in 1 fetus. However, in 2 fetuses MRI detected a ventricular septal defect successively disclosed by gold standard.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI is a promising method for further assessment of the cardiovascular pathologies diagnosed by echocardiography, and may be a valuable tool in assessing associated extracardiac anomalies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, UMBERTO I Hospital, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manganaro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Savelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Maurizio
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perrone
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Francioso
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: La Barbera
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Totaro
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fierro
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomei
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coratella
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giancotti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ballesio
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ventriglia
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity