title: Depression is associated with flatter cortisol rhythms in patients with coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression is associated with coronary heart disease, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Cortisol is involved in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD), but evidence directly linking depression with cortisol in patients with CAD is limited. This study evaluated cortisol output over the day in patients with suspected CAD in relation to depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-eight patients who were being investigated for suspected CAD (defined by clinical symptoms plus positive exercise tests or myocardial perfusion scans) took eight saliva samples over the day and evening. Depressed mood was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory. Actigraphy was used to define time of waking objectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cortisol awakening response and cortisol rhythm over the remainder of the day and evening were analyzed separately. Fifty-two (61.9%) patients were later found to have definite CAD on angiography, while the remainder did not. The cortisol slope over the day was flatter in more depressed patients with CAD (P<.001) but was not related to depression in patients without CAD (P=.68). This effect was due to the combination of lower cortisol early in the day and higher cortisol in the evening in more depressed CAD patients, independent of age, gender, medication, and times of waking and sleeping (P=.003). Additionally, cortisol measured on waking and 15 and 30 min after waking was greater in CAD than in non-CAD patients (P=.04), but was not related to depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The flatter cortisol rhythms of more depressed CAD patients may contribute to the progression of coronary atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK. m.bhattacharyya@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mimi R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bhattacharyya
authors.forename: Gerard J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Molloy
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steptoe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone