title: Modified Ritgen's maneuver for anal sphincter injury at delivery: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether Ritgen's maneuver decreases the risk of third- to fourth-degree perineal tears compared with simple perineal support.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,623 nulliparous women in term labor, singleton pregnancy, and cephalic presentation were randomly assigned to Ritgen's maneuver or standard care. Ritgen's maneuver denotes extracting the fetal head, using one hand to pull the fetal chin from between the maternal anus and the coccyx, and the other on the fetal occiput to control speed of delivery. Ritgen's maneuver was performed during a uterine contraction, rather than, as originally recommended, between contractions. Our standard care entailed perineal support with one hand and control of the speed of crowning with the other, and use of Ritgen's maneuver only on specific indications. Women delivered by cesarean delivery (n=10) or instrumentally (n=142) were excluded, as well as 39 erroneously included women (parous or in preterm labor), six inaccurately assigned participants, one with missing data, and two participants who withdrew consent. For the remaining 1,423 women, the result was analyzed according to intention to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ritgen's maneuver was performed in 554 (79.6%) of 696 women randomly assigned to this procedure and in 31 (4.3%) of 727 women randomly assigned to simple perineal support. The rate of third- to fourth-degree tears was 5.5% (n=38) in women assigned to Ritgen's maneuver and 4.4% (n=32) in those assigned to simple perineal support (relative risk 1.24; 95% confidence interval 0.78-1.96).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ritgen's maneuver does not decrease the risk of anal sphincter injury at delivery, at least not when performed during a contraction.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lund University Hospital, and Helsingborg Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva Rubin
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.forename: Ibtesam
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Elfaghi
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rydhström
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herbst
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000293:injuries*; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D022125:Lacerations / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014590:Uterine Contraction