title: Crypt fission peaks early during infancy and crypt hyperplasia broadly peaks during infancy and childhood in the small intestine of humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postnatal growth of the small intestine occurs by crypt hyperplasia and by the less recognised mechanism of crypt fission. How the small intestine grows is largely extrapolated from animals and is poorly described in humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate crypt fission and crypt hyperplasia as mechanisms of intestinal growth in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proximal intestinal samples were taken from 3 neonates at surgical anastomosis, and duodenal biopsies were taken at endoscopy from 16 infants (mean age 0.7, range 0.3-1.7 years), 14 children (mean age 7.9, range 2.4-16.2 years), and 39 adults. Morphometric measures of villous area, crypt length (measure of crypt hyperplasia), and percentage of bifid crypts (measure of crypt fission) were assessed by a microdissection technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean crypt fission rates in neonates, infants, children, and adults were 7.8%, 15%, 4.9%, and 1.7%, respectively. In particular, crypt fission peaked at 18% in 5 infants from 6 to 12 months of age. Mean crypt length was 123 microm in neonates, 287 microm in infants, 277 microm in children, and 209 microm in adults. Thus, crypt hyperplasia had a broad peak during infancy and childhood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that crypt fission was present predominantly during infancy, and crypt hyperplasia occurred during both infancy and childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Medical Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia. adrian.cummins@nwahs.sa.gov.au
authors.forename: Adrian G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Cummins
authors.forename: Anthony G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Catto-Smith
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Couper
authors.forename: Geoffrey P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Fiona M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia / Q000473:pathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male