title: Systematic comparison and reconstruction of sea urchin (Echinoidea) internal anatomy: a novel approach using magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditional comparative morphological analyses and subsequent three-dimensional reconstructions suffer from a number of drawbacks. This is particularly evident in the case of soft tissue studies that are technically demanding, time-consuming, and often prone to produce artefacts. These problems can partly be overcome by employing non-invasive, destruction-free imaging techniques, in particular micro-computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we employed high-field magnetic resonance imaging techniques to gather numerous data from members of a major marine invertebrate taxon, the sea urchins (Echinoidea). For this model study, 13 of the 14 currently recognized high-ranking subtaxa (orders) of this group of animals were analyzed. Based on the acquired datasets, interactive three-dimensional models were assembled. Our analyses reveal that selected soft tissue characters can even be used for phylogenetic inferences in sea urchins, as exemplified by differences in the size and shape of the gastric caecum found in the Irregularia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main focus of our investigation was to explore the possibility to systematically visualize the internal anatomy of echinoids obtained from various museum collections. We show that, in contrast to classical preparative procedures, magnetic resonance imaging can give rapid, destruction-free access to morphological data from numerous specimens, thus extending the range of techniques available for comparative studies of invertebrate morphology.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse, 14195 Berlin, Germany. aziegler@zoosyst-berlin.de
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: Cornelius
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bartolomaeus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000033:anatomy & histology*