title: A direct comparison of pulsed dye, alexandrite, KTP and Nd:YAG lasers and IPL in patients with previously treated capillary malformations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have reported laser treatment of Capillary Malformations (CMs) using systems other than pulsed dye lasers (PDL). Few, however, have compared different systems in the same patients. This study aimed to directly compare CM fading using five different systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen previously PDL-treated patients were test-patched using the alexandrite, KTP, and Nd:YAG lasers and intense pulsed light (IPL) with additional PDL patches as a control. Pre- and post-treatment videomicroscopy, and colour measurements using Munsell colour charts were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients failed to respond to any test patches. The alexandrite laser test patches had the largest mean improvement in Munsell colour following treatment (P = 0.023) and resulted in CM fading in 10 patients, although 4 patients developed hyperpigmentation, and 1 patient scarring, following treatment. In addition, the alexandrite laser caused a significant decrease in mean post-treatment capillary diameter (P = 0.007), which was not mirrored by the other systems. The KTP and Nd:YAG lasers were least effective, with fading seen in two patients for both systems, whilst IPL patches resulted in CM fading in six patients. In addition, five patients had further CM fading using double-passed PDL treatment. Mean pre-treatment capillary diameter measurements were predictive of those patients likely to respond to laser treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alexandrite laser treatment was the most effective, but resulted in hyperpigmentation and scarring in four patients, probably due to its deeper penetration and lower specificity for oxyhaemoglobin causing non-specific dermal damage. Double passing of the PDL can result in further CM fading even in previously treated patients. Videomicroscopy measurements of capillary diameter before treatment may be predictive of the likelihood for patient's to respond to laser treatment.
authors.affiliation: Canniesburn Plastic Surgery Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 84 Castle Street, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK. djmcgill@canniesburn.org
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: MacLaren
authors.forename: Iain R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Mackay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002196:Capillaries / Q000002:abnormalities*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D054025:Lasers, Dye; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017445:Skin Diseases, Vascular / Q000151:congenital / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012882:Skin Tests; D013684:Telangiectasis / Q000151:congenital / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome