title: Eating disorder symptoms among undergraduate varsity athletes, club athletes, independent exercisers, and nonexercisers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether differences in eating disorder symptoms exist between women who are varsity athletes, club athletes, independent exercisers, and nonexercisers and to determine whether sports anxiety moderates any observed between-group effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred seventy four female undergraduates completed the eating disorders inventory and the physical activity and sport anxiety scale and reported their exercise habits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women who participated in sports tended to have higher levels of eating disorder symptomatology than those who did not. Higher levels of sports anxiety were predictive of higher levels of bulimic symptoms and drive for thinness. Finally, the interaction of sports anxiety and level of athletic participation significantly predicted body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coaches and clinicians should be aware that athletes experience higher rates of eating disorder symptoms than nonathletes. Moreover, sports anxiety should be considered as a possible target of therapy among athletes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA. jdenoma@uvm.edu
authors.forename: Jill M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Holm-Denoma
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Scaringi
authors.forename: Kathryn H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Van Orden
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Joiner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001828:Body Image; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D015144:Southeastern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D013177:Sports / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data