title: The impact of medical errors on ninety-day costs and outcomes: an examination of surgical patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the effect of medical errors on medical expenditures, death, readmissions, and outpatient care within 90 days after surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  2001-2002 MarketScan insurance claims for 5.6 million enrollees.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs) were used to identify 14 PSIs among 161,004 surgeries. We used propensity score matching and multivariate regression analyses to predict expenditures and outcomes attributable to the 14 PSIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excess 90-day expenditures likely attributable to PSIs ranged from $646 for technical problems (accidental laceration, pneumothorax, etc.) to $28,218 for acute respiratory failure, with up to 20 percent of these costs incurred postdischarge. With a third of all 90-day deaths occurring postdischarge, the excess death rate associated with PSIs ranged from 0 to 7 percent. The excess 90-day readmission rate associated with PSIs ranged from 0 to 8 percent. Overall, 11 percent of all deaths, 2 percent of readmissions, and 2 percent of expenditures were likely due to these 14 PSIs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of medical errors continue long after the patient leaves the hospital. Medical error studies that focus only on the inpatient stay can underestimate the impact of patient safety events by up to 20-30 percent.
authors.affiliation: Center for Delivery, Organization and Markets, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 540 Gaither Road, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Encinosa
authors.forename: Fred J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Hellinger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000191:economics; D017751:Safety Management; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult