Autism symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a familial trait which correlates with conduct, oppositional defiant, language and motor disorders.
It is hypothesised that autism symptoms are present in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), are familial and index subtypes of ADHD. Autism symptoms were compared in 821 ADHD probands, 1050 siblings and 149 controls. Shared familiality of autism symptoms and ADHD was calculated using DeFries-Fulker analysis. Autism symptoms were higher in probands than siblings or controls, and higher in male siblings than male controls. Autism symptoms were familial, partly shared with familiality of ADHD in males. Latent class analysis using SCQ-score yielded five classes; Class 1(31%) had few autism symptoms and low comorbidity; Classes 2-4 were intermediate; Class 5(7%) had high autism symptoms and comorbidity. Thus autism symptoms in ADHD represent a familial trait associated with increased neurodevelopmental and oppositional/conduct disorders.
Mulligan
Aisling
A
Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. mulliga@tcd.ie
Anney
Richard J L
RJ
O'Regan
Myra
M
Chen
Wai
W
Butler
Louise
L
Fitzgerald
Michael
M
Buitelaar
Jan
J
Steinhausen
Hans-Christoph
HC
Rothenberger
Aribert
A
Minderaa
Ruud
R
Nijmeijer
Judith
J
Hoekstra
Pieter J
PJ
Oades
Robert D
RD
Roeyers
Herbert
H
Buschgens
Cathelijne
C
Christiansen
Hanna
H
Franke
Barbara
B
Gabriels
Isabel
I
Hartman
Catharina
C
Kuntsi
Jonna
J
Marco
Rafaela
R
Meidad
Sheera
S
Mueller
Ueli
U
Psychogiou
Lamprini
L
Rommelse
Nanda
N
Thompson
Margaret
M
Uebel
Henrik
H
Banaschewski
Tobias
T
Ebstein
Richard
R
Eisenberg
Jacques
J
Manor
Iris
I
Miranda
Ana
A
Mulas
Fernando
F
Sergeant
Joseph
J
Sonuga-Barke
Edmund
E
Asherson
Phil
P
Faraone
Stephen V
SV
Gill
Michael
M
D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D010641:Phenotype; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D035781:Siblings / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires