title: Nebulized formoterol fumarate: Dose selection and pharmacokinetics.
abstract: To determine a dose of nebulized formoterol fumarate inhalation solution (FFIS) comparable to that of the marketed formoterol fumarate dry powder inhaler (FA, 12microg), two crossover studies were conducted in subjects with COPD. Study 1 was a single-dose, double-blind, double-dummy dose-ranging study in which 47 subjects were randomly assigned to treatment sequences that evaluated the bronchodilatory effects of FFIS 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40microg, FA, and placebo over 12h. Mean FEV(1) AUC(0-12) following FFIS treatment ranged from 1.3 to 3.0l/h in a dose-related manner, with equivalent values (2.3l/h) for FFIS 20microg and FA. Results for other spirometric measures, including peak and trough FEV(1) and absolute change in FEV(1) by timepoint, confirmed the comparability of FFIS 20microg and FA. Study results with the nebulized formulation supported the rapid time to onset of bronchodilation with FFIS 20microg (3.9 and 2.2min imputed for 15% and 12%/200ml response, respectively). Study 2, a single-dose, open-label crossover study, was conducted to establish the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of nebulized formoterol and confirm comparability to FA. Thirteen subjects were randomly assigned to treatment sequences with FFIS 10, 20, and 244microg and FA with a 5-14-day washout period between each treatment. Formoterol levels were assessed from blood and urine collected pre-dose and over a 24-36-h period after dosing. Pharmacodynamic (PD) measures included clinical laboratory and ECG measures pre-dose and over a 24-h period post-dose. FFIS 244mug was rapidly absorbed with a T(max) of 12min and t(1/2) of 6.1h. Data from other doses were sporadic due to assay sensitivity. The mean amount excreted (Ae) in urine suggested linear kinetics and confirmed the comparability of FFIS 20microg and FA. Mean serum potassium decreased and mean serum glucose increased transiently in a dose-dependent manner following treatment. No clinically significant ECG changes were observed; mean heart rate increased after treatment with FFIS 244mug by up to 6bpm. Findings from dose-ranging and PK/PD studies confirmed that a 20microg dose of FFIS was comparable to formoterol fumarate delivered by dry powder inhalation (12microg) and established the dose proportionality and linear kinetics of formoterol fumarate delivered by nebulization.
authors.affiliation: Hines VA Hospital, Stritch Loyola School of Medicine, P.O. Box 1485, Hines, IL 60141, USA. grossnicholas1@gmail.com
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kerwin
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Kenneth T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Denis-Mize
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamzavi
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rinehart
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D011208:Powders; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D012996:Solutions; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D004983:Ethanolamines; D011208:Powders; D012996:Solutions; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate