title: Surfactant-polymer nanoparticles enhance the effectiveness of anticancer photodynamic therapy.
abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment modality for cancer. PDT is based on the concept that photosensitizers, when exposed to light of specific wavelength, generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) capable of killing tumor cells. The effectiveness of PDT has been limited in part by the lack of photosensitizers that accumulate sufficiently in tumor cells and poor yield of ROS from existing photosensitizers. In this report, we investigated whether aerosol OT-alginate nanoparticles can be used as a carrier to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of a model photosensitizer, methylene blue. Methylene blue loaded nanoparticles were evaluated for PDT effectiveness in two cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and 4T1. Encapsulation of methylene blue in nanoparticles significantly enhanced intracellular ROS production, and the overall cytotoxicity following PDT. It also resulted in higher incidence of necrosis. Greater effectiveness of nanoparticles could be correlated with higher yield of ROS with nanoparticle-encapsulated methylene blue. Further, treatment of tumor cells with nanoparticle-encapsulated methylene blue resulted in significant nuclear localization of methylene blue while free drug treatment resulted in its accumulation mainly in the endolysosomal vesicles. In conclusion, encapsulation of methylene blue in aerosol OT-alginate nanoparticles enhanced its anticancer photodynamic efficacy in vitro. Increased ROS production and favorable alteration in the subcellular distribution contribute to the enhanced PDT efficacy of nanoparticle-encapsulated photosensitizer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khdair
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gerard
authors.forename: Hitesh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Handa
authors.forename: Guangzhao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Malathy P V
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Shekhar
authors.forename: Jayanth
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Panyam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004143:Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010316:Particle Size; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D011108:Polymers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D004143:Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid; D008751:Methylene Blue