title: Comorbidities among HIV-infected injection drug users in Chennai, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  HIV-infected injection drugs users (IDUs) are known to have high rates of co-infections. A few reports exist on comorbidities among HIV-infected IDUs in India. We carried out a retrospective study to analyse data on comorbidities in India and treatment challenges faced when treating HIV-infected IDUs in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of 118 HIV-infected IDUs who accessed care at the YRG Centre for Substance Abuse-Related Research, Chennai, between August 2005 and February 2006 was done. Demographic, laboratory and clinical information was extracted from medical records. Descriptive demographic and clinical characteristics and distributions of comorbidities across CD4 cell count strata were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All IDUs were male with a median age of 35.5 yr. The majority were married with average monthly income less than INR 3000 per month. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections were 11.9 and 94.1 per cent, respectively. Other common co-morbidities included oral candidiasis (43.2%), tuberculosis (33.9%), anaemia (22.9%), lower respiratory tract infections (16.1%), cellulitis (6.8%), herpes zoster (9.3%) and herpes simplex (9.3%). Among participants with CD4+ < 200 cells/microl, the prevalence of TB was 60 per cent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IDUs in Chennai were commonly co-infected with HBV, HCV and tuberculosis, complicating use of antiretroviral and anti-tuberculous therapy. The current regimens available for the management of HIV and TB in India may need to be re-assessed for IDUs given the potential for increased rates of hepatotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research & Education, VHS Campus Adyar, Chennai, India. suniti@yrgcare.org
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hawcroft
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Narasimhan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Subbaraman
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Srikrishnan
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cecelia
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suresh Kumar
authors.forename: Suniti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gallant
authors.forename: D D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Celentano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy