title: Antibody response to insulin in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare levels of insulin antibodies in children and adolescents after initiation of insulin therapy using either insulin aspart (IAsp) or human insulin (HI) in combination with Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, and to investigate the relationships between insulin antibodies and HbA(1c) and insulin dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  IAsp-specific antibodies (IAsp-Ab) and antibodies cross-reacting with HI and IAsp (HI-cross-Ab) were analysed by radioimmunoassay at diagnosis of diabetes and every 3-6 months for 30 months. Seventy-two patients (HI = 30, IAsp = 42) with Type 1 diabetes, aged 2-17 years were included. Data on HbA(1c), insulin dose and serious adverse events (SAEs) were collected retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IAsp-Ab levels remained low throughout the study. After 9 months, the level of HI-cross-Ab increased [mean (SD) HI, 48.8% (21.53); IAsp, 40.2% (17.92)] and remained elevated. Repeated measurement analysis of HI-cross-Ab levels showed no significant difference between treatments (P = 0.16). HI-cross-Ab were significantly associated with total insulin dose (U/kg) (P = 0.001) and time (P < 0.0001), but not with HbA(1c) (P = 0.24). Mean (+/- SD) HbA(1c) was similar at diagnosis (HI 9.5 +/- 1.97%; IAsp 9.6 +/- 1.62%); HbA(1c) then decreased and stabilized to about 6.0% in both groups. Few SAEs were reported, the majority being hypoglycaemic episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with IAsp and with HI was associated with an increase in HI-cross-Ab in insulin-naive children, but this did not influence treatment efficacy or safety. These results support the safe use of IAsp in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatrics and Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mersebach
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanc
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000917:Antibody Formation; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000276:immunology; D007330:Insulin Antibodies / Q000378:metabolism*; D061267:Insulin Aspart; D007336:Insulin, Isophane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D007330:Insulin Antibodies; D061267:Insulin Aspart; D007336:Insulin, Isophane; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human