title: Superoxide from NADPH oxidase upregulates type 5 phosphodiesterase in human vascular smooth muscle cells: inhibition with iloprost and NONOate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether there is an association between vascular NADPH oxidase (NOX), superoxide, the small GTPase Rac(1) and PDE type 5 (PDE5) in human vascular smooth muscle cell (hVSMCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  hVSMCs were incubated with xanthine-xanthine oxidase (X-XO; a superoxide generating system) or the thromboxane A(2) analogue, U46619 (+/-superoxide dismutase (SOD) or apocynin) for 16 h. The expression of PDE5 and NOX-1 was assessed using Western blotting and superoxide measured. The role of Rac(1) in superoxide generation was assessed by overexpressing either the dominant-negative or constitutively active Rac isoforms. The effects of iloprost, DETA-NONOate and the Rho-kinase inhibitor, Y27632, on PDE5 and NOX-1 expression were also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following 16 h incubation, U46619 and X-XO promoted the expression of PDE5 and NOX-1, an effect blocked by SOD or apocynin when co-incubated over the same time course. X-XO and U46619 both promoted the formation of superoxide. Overexpression of dominant-negative Rac(1) or addition of iloprost, DETA-NONOate or Y27632 completely blocked both superoxide release and PDE5 protein expression and activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that superoxide derived from NOX upregulates the expression of PDE5 in human VSMCs. As PDE5 hydrolyses cyclic GMP, this effect may blunt the vasculoprotective actions of NO.
authors.affiliation: Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. s.muzaffar@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muzaffar
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bond
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Sala-Newby
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Newby
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Angelini
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jeremy
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054706:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016285:Iloprost / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009603:Nitroso Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000166:cytology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009603:Nitroso Compounds; D058986:Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D013481:Superoxides; C094210:2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D054706:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5; D016285:Iloprost