Place of death among older Americans: does state spending on home- and community-based services promote home death?
BACKGROUND
The majority of Americans die in institutions although most prefer to die at home. States vary greatly in their proportion of home deaths. Although individuals' circumstances largely determine where they die, health policies may affect the range of options available to them.


OBJECTIVE
To examine whether states' spending on home- and community-based services (HCBS) affects place of death, taking into consideration county health care resources and individuals' family, sociodemographic, and health factors.


METHODS
Using exit interview data from respondents in the Health and Retirement Study born in 1923 or earlier who died between 1993 and 2002 (N = 3362), we conducted discrete-time survival analysis of the risk of end-of-life nursing home relocation to examine whether states' HCBS spending would delay or prevent end-of-life nursing home admission. Then we ran logistic regression analysis to investigate the HCBS effects on place of death separately for those who relocated to a nursing home and those who remained in the community.


RESULTS
Living in a state with higher HCBS spending was associated with lower risk of end-of-life nursing home relocation, especially among people who had Medicaid. However, state HCBS support was not directly associated with place of death.


CONCLUSIONS
States' generosity for HCBS increases the chance of dying at home via lowering the risk of end-of-life nursing home relocation. State-to-state variation in HCBS spending may partly explain variation in home deaths. Our findings add to the emerging encouraging evidence for continued efforts to enhance support for HCBS.
Muramatsu
Naoko
N
Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA. naoko@uic.edu
Hoyem
Ruby L
RL
Yin
Hongjun
H
Campbell
Richard T
RT
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003643:Death; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D013727:Terminal Care