title: Chitosan enhances disease resistance in pearl millet against downy mildew caused by Sclerospora graminicola and defence-related enzyme activation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study investigated the effect of chitosan seed priming on the induction of disease resistance in pearl millet against downy mildew disease caused by Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pearl millet seeds were primed with chitosan at different concentrations: 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 3 g kg(-1) seed. Of the different concentrations, 2.5 g kg(-1) was found to be optimum, with enhanced seed germination of 99% and seedling vigour of 1782, whereas the untreated control recorded values of 87% and 1465 respectively. At optimum concentration, chitosan did not inhibit sporulation and release of zoospores from sporangia. Furthermore, pearl millet seedlings raised after seed treatment with chitosan showed an increased level of the defence-related enzymes chitosanase and peroxidase as compared with the untreated pearl millet seedlings on downy mildew pathogen inoculation. The effect of chitosan in reducing downy mildew incidence was evaluated in both greenhouse and field conditions, in which respectively 79.08 and 75.8% disease protection was obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chitosan was effective in protecting pearl millet plants against downy mildew under both greenhouse and field conditions by inducing resistance against the pathogen. Thus, chitosan formulation can be recommended for seed treatment in the management of downy mildew disease.
authors.affiliation: Downy Mildew Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Botany, Seed Pathology and Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Manjunatha
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Roopa
authors.forename: Geetha N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Prashanth
authors.forename: H Shekar
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Shetty
mesh_terms: D048271:Chitosan / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D018525:Germination; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D009868:Oomycetes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D031782:Pennisetum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D048271:Chitosan; D009195:Peroxidase; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; C019868:chitosanase