title: Radiation damage to the gastrointestinal tract: mechanisms, diagnosis, and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize current knowledge about gastrointestinal radiation toxicity, with emphasis on mechanisms and clinical diagnosis and management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While there has been only modest change in cancer incidence and cancer mortality rates during the past 30 years, the number of cancer survivors has more than doubled. Moreover, the recognition of uncomplicated cancer cure as the ultimate goal in oncology has intensified efforts to prevent, diagnose, and manage side effects of radiation therapy. These efforts have been facilitated by recent insight into the underlying pathophysiology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of injury to the intestine is dose limiting during abdominal and pelvic radiation therapy. Delayed bowel toxicity is difficult to manage and adversely impacts the quality of life of cancer survivors. More than 200,000 patients per year receive abdominal or pelvic radiation therapy, and the estimated number of cancer survivors with postradiation intestinal dysfunction is 1.5-2 million. Worthwhile progress towards reducing toxicity of radiation therapy has been made by dose-sculpting treatment techniques. Approaches derived from an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of bowel injury, however, will result in further advances. This article discusses the mechanisms of radiation-induced bowel toxicity and reviews current principles in diagnosis and management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Surgery Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. mhjensen@life.uams.edu
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hauer-Jensen
authors.forename: Junru
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boerma
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Denham
mesh_terms: D000008:Abdominal Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007422:Intestines / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010386:Pelvic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*