title: KITENIN recruits Dishevelled/PKC delta to form a functional complex and controls the migration and invasiveness of colorectal cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  KITENIN was previously reported to promote metastasis in mouse colon tumour models; however, the signalling mechanism of KITENIN at the cellular level was unknown. Here the functional role of KITENIN with respect to colorectal cancer (CRC) cell invasion and its expression in CRC tissues were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of KITENIN on cell motility was analysed in a migration and invasion assay upon its overexpression and knockdown. Immunoprecipitation was used to elucidate binding partners, and immunohistochemistry was used to study expression levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  KITENIN overexpression enhanced the migration of rat intestinal epithelial cells, whereas a loss of invasiveness was observed in CRC cells after KITENIN knockdown. Mechanically, KITENIN served as a scaffolding molecule that simultaneously recruited both Dishevelled (Dvl) and protein kinase C delta (PKC delta) through the membrane-spanning C-terminal region to form a complex that stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/activating protein-1 (AP-1) via a PKC delta component but also organised the actin filament via a Dvl component. The KITENIN complex controlled the invasiveness of CRC cells aetiologically harbouring various mutations in APC, beta-catenin or K-ras, in which AP-1 activation is redundant but the organisation of the actin filament is indispensable for cell motility. Clinically, KITENIN expression was significantly higher in colon cancer tissues from advanced stage (III, IV) than that of stage I CRC and also in corresponding metastatic tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The functional KITENIN complex acts as an executor with regard to cell motility and thereby controls CRC cell invasion, which may contribute to promoting metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Kwangju, South Korea.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kho
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Y-W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000502:physiology; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000072261:Dishevelled Proteins; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009154:Mutation; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000502:physiology*; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000502:physiology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D000072261:Dishevelled Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; C488287:VANGL1 protein, human; C497259:Prkcd protein, mouse; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta