title: Walking and inflammatory markers in individuals screened for type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of walking activity with inflammatory markers and fasting insulin in a bi-ethnic population screened for type 2 diabetes in Leicester, United Kingdom, between 2005 and 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physical activity, adipocytokine, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and fasting insulin measurements were available for 400 individuals screened for type 2 diabetes. Of the 400 participants, 56% were diagnosed with normal glucose control, 36% with prediabetes and 8% with diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate statistical analysis showed that those who reported walking for at least 30 min on at least 5 days/week had lower levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha compared to those who reported lower walking activity levels, after adjustment for other modes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity, age, ethnicity, sex, social deprivation and smoking status. Further adjustment for waist circumference attenuated the association of walking with tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Walking activity, independent of other forms of physical activity, is associated with lower levels of circulating pro-inflammatory markers.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK. t.e.yates@lboro.ac.uk
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Emer
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brady
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Trish
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gorely
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bull
authors.forename: Duncan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Talbot
authors.forename: Naveed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sattar
authors.forename: Kamlesh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khunti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*; D006113:United Kingdom; D016138:Walking; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein