title: Palonosetron hydrochloride is an effective and safe option to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emesis and nausea are common adverse effects of chemotherapy. Consequences include dehydration, acute renal failure, esophageal rupture, electrolyte imbalance and undernutrition, among others. First-generation 5-HT3 antagonists significantly reduce these symptoms but are expensive and require administration every 8-12h. Palonosetron, a second generation 5-HT3 antagonist has proven better results in adult populations. Other benefits include a one-dose administration with effect for up to 7 days and a lower treatment cost. No clinical studies have evaluated the safety and efficacy of palonosetron in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prior to every course, patients were randomized to receive palonosetron or ondansetron. Patients or guardians recorded the number of emetic events and the intensity of nausea over a 7-day period. They also reported any possible adverse effects. Statistical analysis included chi(2) test, relative risk, and Student's t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty courses were analyzed for each group. There was a significant reduction in emesis on the first 3 days and in the intensity of nausea in the first four days in the palonosetron group. There was an increased risk of presenting emesis and nausea in the acute phase when treated with ondansetron. No adverse effects were reported. The cost of treatment was also reduced when using palonosetron.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Palonosetron is a safe and effective antiemetic treatment in children, as well as being cost effective.
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Department, Pediatrics Hospital, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sepúlveda-Vildósola
authors.forename: Yadira
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Betanzos-Cabrera
authors.forename: Graciela Gascón
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Lastiri
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rivera-Márquez
authors.forename: Miguel Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Villasis-Keever
authors.forename: Volkmar Wanzke
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Del Angel
authors.forename: Fernando Cerecedo
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: López-Aguilar
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced*; D000077924:Palonosetron; D011812:Quinuclidines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007546:Isoquinolines; D011812:Quinuclidines; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D000077924:Palonosetron