title: Long-lasting effect of a single botulinum toxin injection in the treatment of oropharyngeal dysphagia secondary to upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin (BTX-A) injection in the cricopharyngeus muscle in patients with neurological dysphagia caused by alteration in the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening and with preserved pharyngeal contraction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective pilot study was undertaken in 10 patients (7 brain lesions and 3 cervical spinal cord injuries), with a minimum time-lapse of 6 months from neurological lesion to BTX-A injection. Dysfunction of the UES opening and the presence of pharyngeal contraction were diagnosed by videofluoroscopy (VDF) and esophageal manometry (EM). The BTX-A (100 U) injection was guided by endoscopy. Clinical, VDF, and EM follow-ups were carried out at 3 weeks, 3 and 6 months, and at 1 year post-injection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prior to treatment, 6 patients were fed by nasogastric tube. VDF showed impairment of the UES opening, residue in pyriform sinuses, and aspiration in all cases. During follow-up, there was a decrease in the number of patients that had aspiration: 3 patients at one year. During swallowing, EM showed a mean UES relaxation of 90% (range: 74.5-100%), residual pressure 3.2 mmHg (range: 0-13 mmHg) and pharyngeal amplitude 52 mmHg (range: 25-80 mmHg). At follow-up, a significant improvement in UES relaxation (98% (89-100%)) and pharyngeal contraction (97 mmHg (35-165 mmHg)) was observed. At 3 months, 6 patients were eating exclusively by mouth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One single injection of BTX-A in the UES has long-lasting effectiveness in patients with neurological dysphagia caused by alteration in the UES opening and with pharyngeal contraction. Nevertheless, a randomized control trial should be done to confirm these results and rule out the effect of potential spontaneous improvement of neurological injury.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Functional Digestive Rehabilitation, Institut Guttmann (attached to the Autonomous University of Barcelona), Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Terre
authors.forename: Margarida
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valles
authors.forename: Agusti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panades
authors.forename: Fermin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mearin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D049631:Esophageal Sphincter, Upper / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018726:Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins