title: Extrathyroidal manifestations of thyroid disease: thyroid ophthalmopathy.
abstract: Thyroid ophthalmopathy is a common autoimmune, inflammatory disease involving the orbit. Diagnosis is based on the clinical presentation and findings. Imaging, mainly CT and MR imaging, are helpful to reveal the extent of disease and degree of muscle enlargement and to evaluate for complications, such as optic nerve compression. This article reviews the basic pathology and pathophysiology of the disease and describes the extensive imaging findings on CT and MR imaging. The differential diagnosis of thyroid ophthalmopathy is reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0302, USA. hparmar@umich.edu
authors.forename: Hemant
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Parmar
authors.forename: Mohannad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
mesh_terms: D005123:Eye / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009915:Orbit / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods