title: Effects of various training modalities on blood volume.
abstract: It is controversially discussed whether soccer games should be played at moderate (2001-3000 m) and high altitudes (3001-5500 m) or should be restricted to near sea level and low altitude (501-2000 m) conditions. Athletes living at altitude are assumed to have a performance advantage compared with lowlanders. One advantage of altitude adaptation concerns the expansion of total hemoglobin mass (tHb-mass), which is strongly related to endurance performance at sea level. Cross-sectional studies show that elite athletes posses approximately 35% higher tHb-mass than the normal population, which is further elevated by 14% in athletes native to altitude of 2600 m. Although the impact of this huge tHb-mass expansion on performance is not yet investigated for altitude conditions, lowland athletes seek for possibilities to increase tHb-mass to similar levels. At sea level tHb-mass is only moderately influenced by training and depends more on genetic predisposition. Altitude training in contrast, using either the conventional altitude training or the live high-train low (>14 h/day in hypoxia) protocol for 3-4 weeks above 2500 m leads to mean increases in tHb-mass of 6.5%. This increase is, however, not sufficient to close the gap in tHb-mass to elite athletes native to altitude, which may be in advantage when tHb-mass has the same strong influence on aerobic performance at altitude as it has on sea level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. walter.schmidt@uni-bayreuth.de
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Prommer
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D001810:Blood Volume; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012916:Soccer
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins