title: The young Ramón y Cajal as a cell-theory dissenter.
abstract: The intellectual development of scientists normally traverses several different phases as they mature in their professions. In many cases, strong support of certain ideas and theories gives way to more critical, productive views that set the stage for major theories and discoveries. This appears to have been the case of Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934). In his youth, he supported the protoplasmic theory of life, and as he matured he maintained a critical, yet open view of the cell theory, which postulated that life phenomena could not take place below the cellular level. In later years, however, an older and wiser Ramón y Cajal abandoned all traces of dissent and joined in fully supporting a refined version of cell theory, to which his own discoveries significantly contributed.
authors.affiliation: Biological Section, Institute of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Hidalgo, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ulises
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Iturbe
authors.forename: Juli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pretó
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lazcano
mesh_terms: D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009446:Neurobiology / Q000266:history*; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D009613:Nobel Prize; D013030:Spain