title: Hippocampal RAGE immunoreactivity in early and advanced Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Microvascular accumulation and neuronal overproduction of amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) are pathologic features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we examined the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), a multi-ligand receptor found in both neurons and cerebral microvascular endothelia that binds Abeta. RAGE expression was assessed in aged controls (n = 6), patients with early AD-like pathology (n = 6), and severe, Braak V-VI AD (n = 6). Human hippocampi were stained with a specific polyclonal antibody directed against RAGE (Research Diagnostics, Flanders, NJ). Immunoreactivity was localized in both neurons and cerebral endothelial cells. Quantitative image-analyses were performed on grayscale images to assess the total surface area of endothelial RAGE immunoreaction product in cross sections of cerebral microvessels (5-20 microm). Confocal images were acquired for confirmation of RAGE immunoreactivity in both microvessels and neurons by coupling RAGE with CD-31 and neurofilament, respectively. A significant increase in endothelial RAGE immunoreactivity was found in severe Braak V-VI AD patients when compared to aged controls (p < 0.001), and when compared to patients with early AD pathology (p = 0.0125). In addition, a significant increase in endothelial RAGE immunoreactivity was witnessed when comparing aged controls having no reported AD pathology with patients having early AD-like pathology (p = 0.038). Our data suggest that microvascular RAGE levels increase in conjunction with the onset of AD, and continue to increase linearly as a function of AD pathologic severity (p < 0.0001).
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street (APC 12-219), Providence, RI 02903, USA.
authors.forename: Miles C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Rosemarie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.forename: Conrad E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Johanson
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hovanesian
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Gerald D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Silverberg
authors.forename: Edward G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Stopa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D000682:Amyloid / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000682:Amyloid; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic