title: The Cladosporium fulvum virulence protein Avr2 inhibits host proteases required for basal defense.
abstract: Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Passalora fulva) is a biotrophic fungal pathogen that causes leaf mold of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). During growth in the apoplast, the fungus establishes disease by secreting effector proteins, 10 of which have been characterized. We have previously shown that the Avr2 effector interacts with the apoplastic tomato Cys protease Rcr3, which is required for Cf-2-mediated immunity. We now show that Avr2 is a genuine virulence factor of C. fulvum. Heterologous expression of Avr2 in Arabidopsis thaliana causes enhanced susceptibility toward extracellular fungal pathogens, including Botrytis cinerea and Verticillium dahliae, and microarray analysis showed that Avr2 expression triggers a global transcriptome reflecting pathogen challenge. Cys protease activity profiling showed that Avr2 inhibits multiple extracellular Arabidopsis Cys proteases. In tomato, Avr2 expression caused enhanced susceptibility toward Avr2-defective C. fulvum strains and also toward B. cinerea and V. dahliae. Cys protease activity profiling in tomato revealed that, in this plant also, Avr2 inhibits multiple extracellular Cys proteases, including Rcr3 and its close relative Pip1. Finally, silencing of Avr2 significantly compromised C. fulvum virulence on tomato. We conclude that Avr2 is a genuine virulence factor of C. fulvum that inhibits several Cys proteases required for plant basal defense.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: van Esse
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Van't Klooster
authors.forename: Melvin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bolton
authors.forename: Koste A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Yadeta
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Baarlen
authors.forename: Sjef
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boeren
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vervoort
authors.forename: Pierre J G M
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.forename: Bart P H J
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Thomma
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020171:Botrytis / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002963:Cladosporium / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020172:Verticillium / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases