title: Non-stereoselective reversal of neuropathic pain by naloxone and naltrexone: involvement of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).
abstract: Although activated spinal cord glia contribute importantly to neuropathic pain, how nerve injury activates glia remains controversial. It has recently been proposed, on the basis of genetic approaches, that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) may be a key receptor for initiating microglial activation following L5 spinal nerve injury. The present studies extend this idea pharmacologically by showing that TLR4 is key for maintaining neuropathic pain following sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI). Established neuropathic pain was reversed by intrathecally delivered TLR4 receptor antagonists derived from lipopolysaccharide. Additionally, (+)-naltrexone, (+)-naloxone, and (-)-naloxone, which we show here to be TLR4 antagonists in vitro on both stably transfected HEK293-TLR4 and microglial cell lines, suppressed neuropathic pain with complete reversal upon chronic infusion. Immunohistochemical analyses of spinal cords following chronic infusion revealed suppression of CCI-induced microglial activation by (+)-naloxone and (-)-naloxone, paralleling reversal of neuropathic pain. Together, these CCI data support the conclusion that neuron-to-glia signaling through TLR4 is important not only for initiating neuropathic pain, as suggested previously, but also for maintaining established neuropathic pain. Furthermore, these studies suggest that the novel TLR4 antagonists (+)-naloxone and (-)-naloxone can each fully reverse established neuropathic pain upon multi-day administration. This finding with (+)-naloxone is of potential clinical relevance. This is because (+)-naloxone is an antagonist that is inactive at the (-)-opioid selective receptors on neurons that produce analgesia. Thus, these data suggest that (+)-opioid antagonists such as (+)-naloxone may be useful clinically to suppress glial activation, yet (-)-opioid agonists suppress pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, Campus Box 345, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
authors.forename: Yingning
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Kimberley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Benjamen D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Coats
authors.forename: Mitesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shridhar
authors.forename: Paige W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Sholar
authors.forename: Sonica J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Nicole Y
authors.initials: NY
authors.lastname: Crysdale
authors.forename: Jacqueline A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Steven F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: Kenner C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Linda R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Watkins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism; D009270:Naloxone / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D010147:Pain Measurement; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D009270:Naloxone; D009271:Naltrexone