title: Fluorophore-conjugated anti-CEA antibody for the intraoperative imaging of pancreatic and colorectal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Colorectal and pancreatic cancers together comprise the third and fourth most common causes of cancer-related death in the United States. In both of these cancers, complete detection of primary and metastatic lesions at the time of surgery is critical to optimal surgical resection and appropriate patient treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have investigated the use of fluorophore-labeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody to aid in cancer visualization in nude mouse models of human colorectal and pancreatic cancer. Anti-CEA was conjugated with a green fluorophore. Subcutaneous, orthotopic primary and metastatic human pancreatic and colorectal tumors were easily visualized with fluorescence imaging after administration of conjugated anti-CEA. The fluorescence signal was detectable 30 min after systemic antibody delivery and remained present for 2 weeks, with minimal in vivo photobleaching after exposure to standard operating room lighting. Tumor resection techniques revealed improved ability to resect labeled tumor tissue under fluorescence guidance. Comparison of two different fluorophores revealed differences in dose-response and photobleaching in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that fluorophore-labeled anti-CEA offers a novel intraoperative imaging technique for enhanced visualization of tumors in colorectal and pancreatic cancer when CEA expression is present, and that the choice of fluorophore significantly affects the signal intensity in the labeled tumor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive #0987, La Jolla, CA 92093-0987, USA.
authors.forename: Sharmeela
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaushal
authors.forename: Michele K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: McElroy
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Luiken
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Talamini
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Moossa
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouvet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D016719:Radioimmunodetection; D011897:Random Allocation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes