title: Viscoelastic response of human skin to low magnitude physiologically relevant shear.
abstract: Percutaneous implants are a family of devices that penetrate the skin and all suffer from the same problems of infection because the skin seal around the device is not optimal. Contributing to this problem is the mechanical discontinuity of the skin/device interface leading to stress concentrations and micro-trauma that chronically breaks any seal that forms. In this paper, we have quantified the mechanical behavior of human skin under low-magnitude shear loads over physiological relevant frequencies. Using a stress-controlled rheometer, we have performed isothermal (37 degrees C) frequency response experiments between 0.628 and 75.39 rad/s at 0.5% and 0.04% strain on whole skin and dermis-only, respectively. Step-stress experiments of 5 and 10 Pa shear loads were also conducted as were strain sweep tests (6.28 rad/s). Measurements were made of whole human skin and skin from which the epidermis was removed (dermis-only). At low frequencies (0.628-10 rad/s), the moduli are only slightly frequency dependent, with approximate power-law scaling of the moduli, G' approximately G'' approximately omega(beta), yielding beta=0.05 for whole skin and beta=0.16 for dermis-only samples. Step-stress experiments revealed three distinct phases. The intermediate phase included elastic "ringing" (damped oscillation) which provided new insights and could be fit to a mathematical model. Both the frequency and step-stress response data suggest that the epidermis provides an elastic rigidity and dermis provides viscoelasticity to the whole skin samples. Hence, whole skin exhibited strain hardening while the dermis-only demonstrated stress softening under step-stress conditions. The data obtained from the low-magnitude shear loads and frequencies that approximate the chronic mechanical environment of a percutaneous implant should aid in the design of a device with an improved skin seal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, 171 Meeting Street, G-B393, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: Anubhav
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D055119:Elastic Modulus / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D033081:Shear Strength / Q000502:physiology; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014783:Viscosity