title: Biological markers and prognosis in recurrent oral cancer after salvage surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the prognostic effect of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in patients with locally recurrent oral carcinoma after salvage surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study. Settings Tertiary center cancer hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  The charts of 111 patients with local recurrence of oral carcinomas were retrospectively analyzed. The previous treatment consisted of surgery in 33 patients (30.0%), radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in 46 patients (41.0%), and surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy in 32 patients (29.0%). The expression of EGFR, matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9, and vascular endothelial growth factor was analyzed with a tissue microarray immunohistochemical technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overall survival and cancer-specific survival (CSS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recurrences were diagnosed in less than 1 year in 69 patients (62.2%) and in more than 1 year in 42 patients (37.8%). The prognosis was worse in the group with the disease-free interval of less than 1 year (P = .01). Patients with more advanced disease (clinical stage of recurrence, III/IV) had worse rates of CSS (P = .04). Cases that were positive for EGFR had a 3-year CSS of 27.2%, while EGFR-negative cases had a 3-year CSS of 64.3% (P = .001). The expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 (P = .83) and 9 (P = .15) and vascular endothelial growth factor (P = .86) was not significant in this group. In multivariate analysis, only the disease-free interval and the overexpression of EGFR were associated with a higher risk of cancer death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local recurrence in oral carcinomas carries a poor prognosis. A disease-free interval of more than 1 year and a EGFR-negative expression are the main prognostic factors related to better CSS in patients treated with salvage surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital A. C. Camargo, Rua Professor Antonio Prudente, 211, 01509-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ivan Marcelo Gonçalves
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Agra
authors.forename: André Lopes
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Clovis Antônio Lopes
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Everton Pontes
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: João Gonçalves
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Filho
authors.forename: Fernando Augusto
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Luiz Paulo
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Kowalski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008048:Lip Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000032:analysis*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011379:Prognosis; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D066246:ErbB Receptors; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9