title: Impaired spatial learning strategies and novel object recognition in mice haploinsufficient for the dual specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase-1A (Dyrk1A).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pathogenic aneuploidies involve the concept of dosage-sensitive genes leading to over- and underexpression phenotypes. Monosomy 21 in human leads to mental retardation and skeletal, immune and respiratory function disturbances. Most of the human condition corresponds to partial monosomies suggesting that critical haploinsufficient genes may be responsible for the phenotypes. The DYRK1A gene is localized on the human chromosome 21q22.2 region, and has been proposed to participate in monosomy 21 phenotypes. It encodes a dual-specificity kinase involved in neuronal development and in adult brain physiology, but its possible role as critical haploinsufficient gene in cognitive function has not been explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used mice heterozygous for a Dyrk1A targeted mutation (Dyrk1A+/-) to investigate the implication of this gene in the cognitive phenotypes of monosomy 21. Performance of Dyrk1A+/- mice was assayed 1/ in a navigational task using the standard hippocampally related version of the Morris water maze, 2/ in a swimming test designed to reveal potential kinesthetic and stress-related behavioral differences between control and heterozygous mice under two levels of aversiveness (25 degrees C and 17 degrees C) and 3/ in a long-term novel object recognition task, sensitive to hippocampal damage. Dyrk1A+/- mice showed impairment in the development of spatial learning strategies in a hippocampally-dependent memory task, they were impaired in their novel object recognition ability and were more sensitive to aversive conditions in the swimming test than euploid control animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results are clear examples where removal of a single gene has a profound effect on phenotype and indicate that haploinsufficiency of DYRK1A might contribute to an impairment of cognitive functions and stress coping behavior in human monosomy 21.
authors.affiliation: Genes and Disease Program, Genomic Regulation Center-CRG, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Glòria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arqué
authors.forename: Vassiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fotaki
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez de Lagrán
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Arbonés
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dierssen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D006579:Heterozygote; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010641:Phenotype; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry*; D013550:Swimming; D014796:Visual Perception; D000097603:Dyrk Kinases
chemical_list: D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D000097603:Dyrk Kinases