title: Linking within- and between-host dynamics in the evolutionary epidemiology of infectious diseases.
abstract: Nested models (also called embedded models) explicitly link dynamical processes that occur at different scales. Recently there has been considerable interest in linking within- and between-host levels of disease dynamics in the study of pathogen evolution. Here we review the extent to which these nested models have increased our understanding of pathogen evolution. We suggest that, although such models have been useful for determining the nature of tradeoffs between epidemiological parameters and for evaluating the consequences of conflicting selection pressures at different scales, the vast majority of previous results could likely have been obtained without the use of nested models per se. Nevertheless, these models have proven very useful through their highlighting of the importance of within-host disease dynamics on pathogen evolution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. 4nlm@queensu.ca
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mideo
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alizon
authors.forename: Troy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Day
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000635:transmission*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D011157:Population Dynamics