title: Prolactin release by adipose explants, primary adipocytes, and LS14 adipocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prolactin (PRL) is a multifunctional hormone produced in humans by both pituitary and extrapituitary sites, including adipose tissue.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objectives were to: 1) compare PRL secretion by sc and visceral adipose explants and mature adipocytes from obese and nonobese patients; and 2) examine the effects of insulin and selected cytokines on PRL gene expression and release from primary adipocytes and LS14 adipocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adipose tissue was obtained from morbidly obese [body mass index (BMI) > 40 kg/m(2)] and nonobese (BMI <30 kg/m(2)) patients. Explants and isolated mature adipocytes were incubated for 10 d. Primary adipocytes or LS14 cells were used before or after differentiation and incubated with the test compounds for 24 h. PRL release was analyzed by a bioassay, and PRL expression was determined by real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PRL release from explants and mature adipocytes increased in a time-dependent manner indicating removal from inhibition. Visceral explants from obese patients showed higher PRL release than that from sc explants; both types of explants from nonobese patients released similar amounts of PRL. Analysis of data from 50 patients revealed an inverse relationship between PRL release from sc depots and BMI. Insulin suppressed PRL expression and release from differentiated adipocytes but moderately stimulated PRL release from nondifferentiated cells. The cAMP elevating compound forskolin increased PRL release in both cell types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PRL should be recognized as an important adipokine whose release is regulated by insulin and is affected by obesity in a depot-specific manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0521, USA.
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Hugo
authors.forename: Dana C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Borcherding
authors.forename: Keith S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Gersin
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Loftus
authors.forename: Nira
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ben-Jonathan
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D054392:Adipokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D046508:Culture Techniques; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011388:Prolactin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D007328:Insulin; D011388:Prolactin