title: Verapamil-sustained release-based treatment strategy is equivalent to atenolol-based treatment strategy at reducing cardiovascular events in patients with prior myocardial infarction: an INternational VErapamil SR-Trandolapril (INVEST) substudy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with prior myocardial infarction (MI), beta-blockers reduce mortality by 23% to 40%. However, despite this favorable effect, adverse effects limit compliance to this medication. The purpose of the study was to compare a beta-blocker-based strategy with a heart rate-lowering calcium antagonists-based strategy in patients with prior MI.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 7,218 patients with prior MI enrolled in the INternational VErapamil SR-Trandolapril (INVEST) substudy randomized to verapamil-sustained release (SR)- or atenolol-based strategies. Primary outcome was time to first occurrence of death (all-cause), nonfatal MI, or nonfatal stroke. Secondary outcomes included death, total MI (fatal and nonfatal), and total stroke (fatal and nonfatal) considered separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 2.8 +/- 1.0 years of follow-up, patients assigned to the verapamil-SR-based and atenolol-based strategies had comparable blood pressure control, and the incidence of the primary outcome was equivalent. There was no difference between the 2 strategies for the outcomes of either death or total MI. However, more patients reported excellent/good well-being (82.3% vs 78.0%, P = .02) at 24 months with a trend toward less incidence of angina pectoris (12.0% vs 14.3%, adjusted P = .07), nonfatal stroke (1.4% vs 2.0%; P = .06), and total stroke (2.0% vs 2.5%, P = .18) in the verapamil-SR-based strategy group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In hypertensive patients with prior MI, a verapamil-SR-based strategy was equivalent to a beta-blocker-based strategy for blood pressure control and prevention of cardiovascular events, with greater subjective feeling of well-being and a trend toward lower incidence of angina pectoris and stroke in the verapamil-SR-based group.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY 10025, USA.
authors.forename: Sripal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bangalore
authors.forename: Franz H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Messerli
authors.forename: Jerome D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Bacher
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sleight
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mancia
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kowey
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Champion
authors.forename: Carl J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pepine
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000517:prevention & control; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001262:Atenolol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012306:Risk; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D007211:Indoles; C052035:trandolapril; D001262:Atenolol; D014700:Verapamil