title: Effect of body condition on consumption of pine needles (Pinus ponderosa) by beef cows.
abstract: We determined whether cows in low (LBC) or high body condition (HBC) would consume different amounts of green pine needles (Pinus ponderosa). Cows (mature; open Hereford and Hereford x Angus) were fed a maintenance basal diet (alfalfa pellets) for Exp. 1 and 2; during Exp. 3 and 4, cows were fed high-protein and high-energy diets, respectively. Experiment 5 was a grazing study on rangeland during winter in South Dakota; diets were determined by using bite counts. Mean BCS (1 = emaciated, 9 = obese) was 7.5 for HBC cows and <4.0 for LBC cows during the experiments. During Exp. 1, LBC cows consumed more (P = 0.001) pine needles than did HBC cows (5.5 +/- 0.25 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.14 g/kg of BW daily, respectively). During Exp. 2, there was a day x treatment interaction (P = 0.001) as LBC cows consumed variable, but greater, amounts of pine needles than did HBC cows (3.7 +/- 0.19 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.12 g/kg of BW daily, respectively). When fed a high-protein/low-energy diet, LBC cows ate more (P = 0.04) pine needles than did HBC cows. When fed a low-protein/high-energy diet, there was a day x treatment interaction (P = 0.001) because LBC cows consumed more pine needles than did HBC cows for the first 3 d of the study, and then consumption by LBC animals decreased during the last 4 d. These experiments suggest that the protein:energy ratio may be an important factor in the ability of cows to tolerate terpenes, and that cows were not able to sustain an increased quantity of needle consumption on a low-protein diet. During the 25-d grazing study, there was a day x treatment interaction (P = 0.001) as LBC animals selected more pine needles (up to 25% of daily bites) on some days compared with HBC cows. Weather influenced pine needle consumption because pine needle bites by LBC cows were related (r(2) = 0.60; P = 0.001) to days of greater snow depth and lower minimum daily temperatures. Both LBC and HBC cows increased selection of pine needles from trees during cold, snowy weather, but the magnitude of the increase was greater for LBC cows. The LBC cows consumed more pine needles than did HBC cows in all experiments, except when cows were fed a low-protein diet. This study indicates that both body condition and protein intake are important factors in pine needle consumption.
authors.affiliation: USDA, ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, USA. Jim.Pfister@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Panter
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Welch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001824:Body Constitution / Q000502:physiology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D041604:Pinus ponderosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012621:Seasons; D012914:Snow; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins