title: The comparison of 2-dimensional with 3-dimensional hepatic visualization in the clinical hepatic anatomy education.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional hepatic visualization is better for the medical students to be used while studying the clinical hepatic anatomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine patients who underwent surgical intervention due to focal hepatic pathology at the Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, and at Clinics of Santariskes, Vilnius University Hospital were included in the retrospective cohort study. Before the surgical intervention, the computed tomography (CT) liver scan and 3-dimensional (3D) hepatic visualization were performed. A total of 58 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional digital liver images, mixed up in random sequence not to follow each other with a specially designed questionnaire, were presented to the students of Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University. Their aim was to determine tumor-affected liver segments, to plan which liver segments should be resected, and to predict anatomical difficulties for liver resection. Results were compared with the data of real operation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The students achieved better results for tumor localization analyzing 3D liver images vs. CT scans. This was especially evident determining the localization of tumor in segments 5, 6, 7, and 8 (P<0.05). Furthermore, the results of proposed extent of liver resection have been found to be better with 3D visualization (mean+/-SD - 0.794+/-0.175) in comparison with CT scans (mean+/-SD - 0.670+/-0.200), (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Computer-generated 3D visualizations of the liver images helped the medical students to determine the tumor localization and to plan the prospective liver resection operations more precisely comparing with 2D visualizations. Computer-generated 3D visualization should be used as a means of studying liver anatomy.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Gastroenterology, Nephrourology, and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Santariskiu 2, 08661 Vilnius, Lithuania. jonas.jurgaitis@santa.lt
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jurgaitis
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paskonis
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pivoriūnas
authors.forename: Ieva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martinaityte
authors.forename: Agnius
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Juska
authors.forename: Rūta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jurgaitiene
authors.forename: Artūras
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samuilis
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Volf
authors.forename: Maks
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schöbinger
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schemmer
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kraus
authors.forename: Kestutis
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strupas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003287:Contrast Media; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D020518:Focal Nodular Hyperplasia / Q000601:surgery*; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007472:Iohexol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008099:Liver / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012984:Software; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007472:Iohexol; C038192:iopromide