title: Gene therapy in bladder cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gene therapy remains a promising therapy for controlling cancer. Bladder cancer is a particularly interesting tumor system for consideration of a gene therapy approach based on several factors, including the ability to access the tumor in a relatively noninvasive fashion. Several gene therapy strategies have been studied in the treatment of bladder tumors. In this review, an update of the recent outcomes of viral-based gene therapy for bladder cancer is discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several preclinical in-vitro and in-vivo studies have demonstrated the feasibility of intravesical viral-mediated gene therapy. Recent studies have introduced additional viral systems as useful vectors for transfection of the bladder and associated tumor. Advances in targeting techniques have improved transgene delivery to the bladder. Additionally, a variety of therapeutic strategies, including gene corrective treatment, gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, and immunomodulation have been recently investigated with positive findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Viral-based gene therapy for bladder cancer remains an intriguing potential future therapy for bladder cancer. Additional advances in gene delivery and the establishment of novel vector safety will be required to move this therapeutic option out of the laboratory and into the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer , New York, New York 10021, USA. bochnerb@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Bernard H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Bochner
mesh_terms: D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*