title: Disruption of the p53-Mdm2 complex by Nutlin-3 reveals different cancer cell phenotypes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mdm2 inhibits p53 transactivation by forming a p53-Mdm2 complex on chromatin. Upon DNA damage-induced complex disruption, such latent p53 can be activated, but in cells overexpressing Mdm2 because of a homozygous single nucleotide polymorphism at position 309 (T --> G) of mdm2, the complex is highly stable and cannot be disrupted by DNA damage, rendering p53 inactive.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine whether the p53 response phenotype is influenced differentially in cells with variable mdm2 genotypes, we compared responses to DNA damage and targeted p53-Mdm2 complex disruption by Nutlin-3 in the following wild-type p53 human cancer cell lines: A875 and CCF-STTG-1 (G/G for mdm2 SNP309), SJSA-1 (mdm2 genomic amplification and T/T for mdm2 SNP309), MCF-7 (estrogen-induced Mdm2 overexpression and T/G for mdm2 SNP309), ML-1 and H460 (T/T for mdm2 SNP309), and K562 (p53-null and T/G for mdm2 SNP309). We also examined mdm2 gene-splicing patterns in these lines by cloning and sequencing analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While Mdm2-overexpressing G/G cells were resistant to p53 activation by DNA damage, they were sensitive to Nutlin-3. Strikingly, the p53 G1 checkpoint in G/G cells was activated by Nutlin-3 but not by etoposide, whereas in other Mdm2-overexpressing cells, both drugs activated p53 and subsequent G1 arrest or apoptosis. cDNA clones lacking exons 5-9 were generated at a high frequency in cells overexpressing Mdm2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nutlin-3 and DNA damage distinguish a differential phenotype in human cancer cells with G/G mdm2 SNP309 from other Mdm2 overexpressers. Categorization of the Mdm2 isoforms produced and their influence on p53 activity will help in characterization and treatment development for different cancers.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Gene Structure and Function and Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Nicoleta C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Arva
authors.forename: Kathryn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Talbott
authors.forename: Danielle R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Okoro
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brekman
authors.forename: Wei Gang
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bargonetti
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004249:DNA Damage; D005047:Etoposide / Q000494:pharmacology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D007093:Imidazoles; D010879:Piperazines; C495901:TP53 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C482205:nutlin 3; D005047:Etoposide; C497206:MDM2 protein, human; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2