title: Evaporation loss of dissolved volatile substances from ice surfaces.
abstract: Volatile acidic solutes were used to make dilute solutions, which were frozen by various methods. The concentration of solutes and the pH of the samples were measured before and after being frozen. When the sample solution is frozen from the bottom to the top, solutes are concentrated into the unfrozen solution (i.e., the upper part of the sample) due to the freeze concentration effect. Thereafter, concentrated anions combine with protons to form acids, and the amount of acids in the unfrozen solution increase as the ice formation progresses. At the end of freezing, the acid is saturated at the ice surface, and if the formed acid is volatile, then evaporation occurs. Frozen solutions were allowed to stand below 0 degrees C, where evaporation rates were obtained in the following order: formate > acetate > propionate > n-butyrate > chloride >> nitrate. Except for nitrate, evaporation rates were enough to take place in frozen water of the natural environment (e.g., ice crystal, graupel, snow crystal, and frozen droplets). The relationship between the evaporation rate of volatile acids and their physical properties demonstrate that the evaporation rates of weak acids are faster than those of strong acids, and the evaporation rates among weak acids are the same as the volatility of weak acids.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-City, Osaka 599-8531, Japan. ksato@adorc.gr.jp
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Norimichi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takenaka
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bandow
authors.forename: Yasuaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maeda