title: In vivo effects of phosphodiesterase inhibition on basal cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of freely moving rats.
abstract: We have characterized the various phosphodiesterases (PDE) that degrade cyclic GMP in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum using the microdialysis technique to measure in vivo extracellular cyclic GMP in awake rats. The following PDE blockers were used (100 and 1,000 microM): 8-methoxymethyl-IBMX (8-MM-IBMX), erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA), milrinone, rolipram, and zaprinast. For solubility reasons, sildenafil was tested only at 100 microM. All drugs were administered locally in the brain regions through the dialysis probe. At 100 microM, 8-MM-IBMX enhanced the cyclic nucleotide extracellular levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus but not in the cerebellum; EHNA and milrinone were active only in the hippocampus; rolipram was devoid of any effect; zaprinast and sildenafil were effective in all three brain areas. At 1 mM, 8-MM-IBMX, milrinone, and zaprinast increased extracellular cyclic GMP in all the brain regions examined, EHNA became active also in the prefrontal cortex and rolipram showed a significant effect only in the cerebellum. This is the first in vivo functional study showing that, in cortex, PDE1, -2, and -5/9 degrade cGMP, with PDE9 probably playing a major role; in hippocampus, PDE5/9 and PDE1 are mainly involved and seem almost equally active, but PDE2 and -3 also contribute; in cerebellum, PDE5/9 are the main cGMP hydrolyzing enzymes, but also PDE1 and -4 significantly operate.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marte
authors.forename: Olimpia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pepicelli
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cavallero
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raiteri
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fedele
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D003243:Consciousness; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D009068:Movement; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D006152:Cyclic GMP