title: The burden of illness of hypertension and comorbid diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the impact of comorbid hypertension and diabetes on resource utilization and costs compared to diabetes mellitus (DM) or hypertension (HTN) alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective claims analysis assessed economic trends in patients without pre-existing CV disease in three cohorts: newly-treated HTN-only, DM-only, and newly-treated HTN and DM (comorbid cohort). Total, CV-specific, and DM-specific costs measured for up to 24 months were classified into five categories: inpatient, outpatient, emergency department (ED), physician, and other medical. Costs were compared using linear regression, controlling for age, gender, comorbidities, and non-CV- or DM-related prescriptions at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The comorbid cohort had the highest inpatient ($1920), outpatient ($1664), ED ($126), other medical ($218), and pharmacy costs ($2388), plus significantly higher CV- and DM-specific costs. At 24 months, for HTN-related costs for the HTN cohort equaled $1604, while DM-related costs for the DM cohort totaled $2023. Comparatively, HTN-related costs for patients with HTNT + DM were $2678 while DM-related costs were $3094, being over $1000 and $1800 more than each individual cohort, respectively. A post-hoc analysis of CV events found the comorbid cohort had significantly more myocardial infarctions (MIs) and acute ischemic events than did the HTN-only cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher cost and resource utilization is associated with comorbid HTN and DM. Higher average disease-specific costs over 24 months indicate an intensity of care for patients with comorbid disease that is beyond that of simply managing an additional disease state. Study limitations include patient selection biases, which are possible with any administrative commercial database analysis.
authors.affiliation: Xcenda, Palm Harbor, FL 34685, USA. michael.eaddy@xcenda.com
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Eaddy
authors.forename: Manan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Orsolya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lunacsek
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Stanford
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents