title: Molecular basis of spectral tuning in the red- and green-sensitive (M/LWS) pigments in vertebrates.
abstract: Vertebrate vision is mediated by five groups of visual pigments, each absorbing a specific wavelength of light between ultraviolet and red. Despite extensive mutagenesis analyses, the mechanisms by which contemporary pigments absorb variable wavelengths of light are poorly understood. We show that the molecular basis of the spectral tuning of contemporary visual pigments can be illuminated only by mutagenesis analyses using ancestral pigments. Following this new principle, we derive the "five-sites" rule that explains the absorption spectra of red and green (M/LWS) pigments that range from 510 to 560 nm. Our findings demonstrate that the evolutionary method should be used in elucidating the mechanisms of spectral tuning of four other pigment groups and, for that matter, functional differentiations of any other proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. syokoya@emory.edu
authors.forename: Shozo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Starmer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003118:Color Perception / Q000235:genetics*; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D012168:Retinal Pigments / Q000235:genetics; D017299:Rod Opsins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D012168:Retinal Pigments; D017299:Rod Opsins