title: Validation of a novel minimally invasive intervertebral disc pressure sensor utilizing in-fiber Bragg gratings in a porcine model: an ex vivo study.
abstract: METHODS
  Nucleus pressure was measured within porcine intervertebral discs (IVDs) with a novel in-fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor (0.4 mm diameter) and a strain gauge (SG) sensor (2.45 mm).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To validate the accuracy of a new FBG pressure sensor designed for minimally invasive measurements of nucleus pressure.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although its clinical utility is controversial, it is possible that the predictive accuracy of discography can be improved with IVD pressure measurements. These measurements are typically obtained using needle-mounted SG sensors inserted into the nucleus. However, by virtue of their size, SG sensors alter disc mechanics, injure anulus fibers, and can potentially initiate or accelerate degenerative changes thereby limiting their utility particularly clinically.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six functional spinal units were loaded in compression from 0 N to 500 N and back to 0 N; nucleus pressure was measured using the FBG and SG sensors at various locations along anterior and anterolateral axes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average maximum IVD pressures measured using the FBG and SG sensors were within 9.39% of each other. However, differences between maximum measured pressures from the FBG and SG sensors were larger (22.2%) when the SG sensor interfered with vertebral endplates (P < 0.05). The insertion of the FBG sensor did not result in visible damage to the anulus, whereas insertion of the SG sensor resulted in large perforations in the anulus through which nucleus material was visible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new FBG sensor is smaller and less invasive than any previously reported disc pressure sensor and gave results consistent with previous disc pressure studies and the SG sensor. There is significant potential to use this sensor during discography while avoiding the controversy associated with disc injury as a result of sensor insertion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. dennison@uvic.ca
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Dennison
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: Marcel F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Dvorak
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cripton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000502:physiology; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000502:physiology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D011312:Pressure; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology