title: Growth, weaning performance and blood indicators of humoral immunity in Holstein calves fed supplemental flavonoids.
abstract: The primary objective was to test the hypothesis that flavonoids mediate immune response and affect calf performance. Twenty Holstein calves [7 +/- 2 days age; 41.4 +/- 0.7 kg body weight (BW)] were randomly assigned to four treatments of (i) no; (ii) low (7.3 x 10(-5) g/kg BW); (iii) medium (7.3 x 10(-4) g/kg BW); and (iv) high (3.6 x 10(-3) g/kg BW) doses of flavonoids intake in a completely randomized design. Calves received the treatments as a tablet until weaning or a daily intake of 680 g starter. After weaning, calves received no supplemental flavonoids and monitored until 120 days of age. The flavonoids were extracted from propolis. Treatments did not affect body length, wither height and the severity of scours. At week 5 of age, BW was higher when calves fed the high compared to the low dose of flavonoids. At week 6, calves fed the high dose of flavonoids had higher BW than those fed no or low doses of flavonoids. The serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations remained lower at the first 3 weeks of the experiment when calves received the low but not the high doses of flavonoids. At week 4, both medium and low doses of flavonoids moderated serum IgG. At week 8, the medium and high but not the low doses of flavonoids lowered serum IgG. At week 6, calves fed high and medium flavonoids doses had lower blood immunoglobulin M (IgM) than control calves. Results suggest that flavonoids affect the humoral immune response and can improve growth in young calves. This response depended on calf age. Future studies are needed to further evaluate the premise that dietary forages or the main source of flavonoids are helpful for a less stressful weaning in the modern calf raising.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: S M J
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Yaghoubi
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Ghorbani
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Rahmani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nikkhah
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging; D000821:Animal Feed; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000097:blood / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology*; D002417:Cattle / Q000097:blood / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011429:Propolis / Q000737:chemistry; D011897:Random Allocation; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D011429:Propolis