title: Divergent mechanisms underlie Smad4-mediated positive regulation of the three genes encoding the basement membrane component laminin-332 (laminin-5).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Functional inactivation of the tumor suppressor Smad4 in colorectal and pancreatic carcinogenesis occurs coincident with the transition to invasive growth. Breaking the basement membrane (BM) barrier, a prerequisite for invasive growth, can be due to tumor induced proteolytic tissue remodeling or to reduced synthesis of BM molecules by incipient tumor cells. Laminin-332 (laminin-5), a heterotrimeric BM component composed of alpha 3-, beta 3- and gamma 2-chains, has recently been identified as a target structure of Smad4 and represents the first example for expression control of an essential BM component by a tumor and invasion suppressor. Biochemically Smad4 is a transmitter of signals of the TGFbeta superfamily of cytokines. We have reported previously, that Smad4 functions as a positive transcriptional regulator of constitutive and of TGFbeta-induced transcription of all three genes encoding Laminin-332, LAMA3, LAMB3 and LAMC2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Promoter-reporter constructs harboring 4 kb upstream regions, each of the three genes encoding Laminin-322 as well as deletion and mutations constructs were established. Promoter activities and TGFbeta induction were assayed through transient transfections in Smad4-negative human cancer cells and their stable Smad4-positive derivatives. Functionally relevant binding sites were subsequently confirmed through chromatin immunoprecipitation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Herein, we report that Smad4 mediates transcriptional regulation through three different mechanisms, namely through Smad4 binding to a functional SBE site exclusively in the LAMA3 promoter, Smad4 binding to AP1 (and Sp1) sites presumably via interaction with AP1 family components and lastly a Smad4 impact on transcription of AP1 factors. Whereas Smad4 is essential for positive regulation of all three genes, the molecular mechanisms are significantly divergent between the LAMA3 promoter as compared to the LAMB3 and LAMC2 promoters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We hypothesize that this divergence in modular regulation of the three promoters may lay the ground for uncoupled regulation of Laminin-332 in Smad4-deficient tumor cells in response to stromally expressed cytokines acting on budding tumor cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Knappschaftskrankenhaus, IMBL, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany. Dirk.Zboralski@rub.de
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zboralski
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böckmann
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zapatka
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoppe
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schöneck
authors.forename: Stephan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Wolff
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schmiegel
authors.forename: Irmgard
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schwarte-Waldhoff
mesh_terms: D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000737:chemistry*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007797:Laminin / Q000378:metabolism; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051901:Smad4 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D000097794:Kalinin
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D016207:Cytokines; D007797:Laminin; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D000097794:Kalinin; C497796:SMAD4 protein, human; C095567:laminin alpha 3