title: Biological basis of bone formation, remodeling, and repair-part I: biochemical signaling molecules.
abstract: The bony biochemical environment is an active and dynamic system that permits and promotes cellular functions that lead to matrix production and ossification. Each component is capable of conveying important regulatory cues to nearby cells, thus effecting gene expression and changes at the cytostructural level. Here, we review the various signaling molecules that contribute to the active and dynamic nature of the biochemical system. These components include hormones, cytokines, and growth factors. We describe their role in regulating bone metabolism. Certain growth factors (i.e., TGF-beta, IGF-1, and VEGF) are described in greater detail because of their potential importance in developing successful tissue-engineering strategies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Allori
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sailon
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Warren
mesh_terms: D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002455:Cell Division; D016207:Cytokines / Q000502:physiology; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000502:physiology*; D006728:Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D006133:Growth Substances; D006728:Hormones; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I