title: Evaluation of intra-operative tramadol for prevention of catheter-related bladder discomfort: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) is defined as an urge to void or discomfort in the supra-pubic region; reported postoperatively in patients who have had urinary catheterization intra-operatively. We have evaluated tramadol, a centrally acting opioid analgesic with muscarinic receptor antagonist properties for prevention of CRBD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four adults (18-60 yr), ASA physical status I and II of either sex, undergoing elective percutaneous nephro-lithomy were randomly divided into two groups of 27 each. Control (C) group received normal saline (NS; 2 ml), whereas Tramadol (T) group received tramadol 1.5 mg kg(-1). All medications were diluted in 2 ml NS and administered 30 min before extubation. Intra-operatively, urinary catherization was performed with a 16 Fr Foley's catheter, and the balloon was inflated with 10 ml distilled water. The CRBD was assessed at 0, 1, 2, and 6 h after patient's arrival in the post-anaesthesia care unit along with total postoperative fentanyl requirement. Severity of CRBD was graded as none, mild, moderate and severe. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA, Z-test, and Fisher's exact test. P<0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence and severity of CRBD was reduced in T group compared with C group at all time points (P<0.05). Postoperative pain as assessed by visual analogue scale and total postoperative fentanyl requirement (microg kg(-1)) was also reduced in the T group [176 (SD 26.5)] compared with C group [210 (34.6)] (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tramadol 1.5 mg kg(-1) administered i.v. 30 min before extubation decreases the incidence and severity of CRBD and postoperative fentanyl requirement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India. aagarwal@sgpgi.ac.in
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol; D005283:Fentanyl