title: Autism symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a familial trait which correlates with conduct, oppositional defiant, language and motor disorders.
abstract: It is hypothesised that autism symptoms are present in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), are familial and index subtypes of ADHD. Autism symptoms were compared in 821 ADHD probands, 1050 siblings and 149 controls. Shared familiality of autism symptoms and ADHD was calculated using DeFries-Fulker analysis. Autism symptoms were higher in probands than siblings or controls, and higher in male siblings than male controls. Autism symptoms were familial, partly shared with familiality of ADHD in males. Latent class analysis using SCQ-score yielded five classes; Class 1(31%) had few autism symptoms and low comorbidity; Classes 2-4 were intermediate; Class 5(7%) had high autism symptoms and comorbidity. Thus autism symptoms in ADHD represent a familial trait associated with increased neurodevelopmental and oppositional/conduct disorders.
authors.affiliation: Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. mulliga@tcd.ie
authors.forename: Aisling
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.forename: Richard J L
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Anney
authors.forename: Myra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Regan
authors.forename: Wai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.forename: Hans-Christoph
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Steinhausen
authors.forename: Aribert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
authors.forename: Ruud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Minderaa
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nijmeijer
authors.forename: Pieter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Oades
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roeyers
authors.forename: Cathelijne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buschgens
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gabriels
authors.forename: Catharina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: Jonna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuntsi
authors.forename: Rafaela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marco
authors.forename: Sheera
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meidad
authors.forename: Ueli
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Lamprini
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Psychogiou
authors.forename: Nanda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rommelse
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uebel
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banaschewski
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ebstein
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Manor
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mulas
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sergeant
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sonuga-Barke
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Asherson
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D010641:Phenotype; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D035781:Siblings / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires