title: Linking theory and practice for restoration of step-pool streams.
abstract: Step-pools sequences are increasingly used to restore stream channels. This increase corresponds to significant advances in theory for step-pools in recent years. The need for step-pools in stream restoration arises as urban development encroaches into steep terrain in response to population pressures, as stream channels in lower-gradient areas require stabilization due to hydrological alterations associated with land-use changes, and as step-pools are recognized for their potential to enhance stream habitats. Despite an increasingly voluminous literature and great demand for restoration using step-pool sequences, however, the link between theory and practice is limited. In this article, we present four unique cases of stream restoration using step-pools, including the evolution of the approaches, the project designs, and adjustments in the system following restoration. Baxter Creek in El Cerrito, California demonstrates an early application of artificial step-pools in which natural adjustments occurred toward geomorphic stability and ecological improvement. Restoration of East Alamo Creek in a large residential development near San Ramon, California illustrates an example of step-pools increasingly used in locations where such a channel form would not naturally occur. Construction of a step-pool channel in Karnowsky Creek within the Siuslaw National Forest, Oregon overcame constraints posed by access and the type and availability of materials; the placement of logs allowed natural scouring below steps. Dry Canyon Creek on the property of the Mountains Restoration Trust in Calabasas, California afforded a somewhat experimental approach to designing step-pools, allowing observation and learning in the future. These cases demonstrate how theories and relationships developed for step-pool sequences over the past two decades have been applied in real-world settings. The lessons from these examples enable us to develop considerations useful for deriving an appropriate course of design, approval, and construction of artificial step-pool systems. They also raise additional fundamental questions concerning appropriate strategies for restoration of step-pool streams. Outstanding challenges are highlighted as opportunities for continuing theoretical work.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, College of Geosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. chin@tamu.edu
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Shannah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Collison
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Ellis-Sugai
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Haltiner
authors.forename: Johan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hogervorst
authors.forename: G Mathias
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Kondolf
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: O'Hirok
authors.forename: Alison H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Purcell
authors.forename: Ann L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wohl
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D045483:Rivers