title: Matrix-type transdermal patches of verapamil hydrochloride: in vitro permeation studies through excised rat skin and pharmacodynamic evaluation in rats.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to develop matrix-type transdermal patches of verapamil hydrochloride (VRP) with pectin as a matrix polymer to investigate the influence of several terpenes on in vitro permeation of VRP through rat skin and to evaluate pharmacodynamic activity of transdermal formulations in rats. Matrix-type transdermal patches containing VRP were prepared using pectin as a matrix agent and propylene glycol as a plasticizer agent. Terpenes such as nerolidol, d-limonene, eucalpytol, menthone, and menthol were also used as a chemical enhancer to improve the skin penetration of VRP. The permeation studies were performed using Franz-type diffusion cells and full-thickness excised abdominal rat skin. Effects of terpenes on the permeation parameters of VRP were evaluated. In vitro skin permeation studies showed that nerolidol was the most promising enhancer among the enhancers examined in the present study, followed by d-limonene. Pharmacodynamic activity of the transdermal patches containing nerolidol or d-limonene was evaluated in rats by the measurement of systolic blood pressure for 360 min with the use of the tail cuff method. VRP transdermal patches significantly decreased the systolic blood pressure after 30 min and transdermal patches containing nerolidol and d-limonene maintained the decrease in blood pressure during the observation of 360 min.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. sgungor@istanbul.edu.tr
authors.forename: Sevgi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Güngör
authors.forename: Ayşegül
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bektaş
authors.forename: F Ilkay
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Alp
authors.forename: B Sönmez
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Uydeş-Doğan
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozdemir
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Araman
authors.forename: Yildiz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozsoy
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D010368:Pectins / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013729:Terpenes / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014700:Verapamil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D005079:Excipients; D013729:Terpenes; D010368:Pectins; D014700:Verapamil