title: Pharmacological modulation of the neural basis underlying inhibition of return (IOR) in the human 5-HT2A agonist and NMDA antagonist model of psychosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attentional deficits are common symptoms in schizophrenia. Recent evidence suggests that schizophrenic patients show abnormalities in spatial orienting of attention, particularly a deficit of inhibition of return (IOR). IOR is mostly thought to reflect an automatic, inhibitory mechanism protecting the organism from redirecting attention to previously scanned, insignificant locations. Pharmacologic challenges with hallucinogens have been used as models for psychosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the neural correlates underlying orienting of attention in the human N-methyl-D-aspartic acid antagonist and 5-HT2A agonist models of psychosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen healthy volunteers participated in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study with dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and S-ketamine. We administered a covert orienting of attention task with nonpredictive peripheral cues, and we scanned the subjects on two separate days at least 14 days apart with a placebo and a verum condition on each day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DMT, but not S-ketamine, slowed down reaction times significantly. IOR was blunted after DMT, but not after S-ketamine. Relative to placebo, S-ketamine increased activation in the IOR condition in the right superior frontal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, and right midfrontal frontal gyrus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The discrepancy between the behavioral and functional imaging outcome indicates that pharmacological fMRI might be a sensitive tool to detect drug-modulated blood oxygenation level-dependent signal changes in the absence of behavioral abnormalities. Our findings might help to further clarify the contradictory findings of IOR in schizophrenic patients and might, thus, shed more light on possible differential pathomechanisms of schizophrenic symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany. joerg.daumann@uk-koeln.de
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daumann
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heekeren
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neukirch
authors.forename: Christiane M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Thiel
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Möller-Hartmann
authors.forename: Euphrosyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gouzoulis-Mayfrank
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003463:Cues; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007649:Ketamine; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D004130:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine; D011605:Psychoses, Substance-Induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D058826:Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists; D017603:Signal Detection, Psychological; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
chemical_list: D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D058826:Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists; D007649:Ketamine; D004130:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine