title: Motor sequence learning occurs despite disrupted visual and proprioceptive feedback.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent work has demonstrated the importance of proprioception for the development of internal representations of the forces encountered during a task. Evidence also exists for a significant role for proprioception in the execution of sequential movements. However, little work has explored the role of proprioceptive sensation during the learning of continuous movement sequences. Here, we report that the repeated segment of a continuous tracking task can be learned despite peripherally altered arm proprioception and severely restricted visual feedback regarding motor output.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy adults practiced a continuous tracking task over 2 days. Half of the participants experienced vibration that altered proprioception of shoulder flexion/extension of the active tracking arm (experimental condition) and half experienced vibration of the passive resting arm (control condition). Visual feedback was restricted for all participants. Retention testing was conducted on a separate day to assess motor learning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regardless of vibration condition, participants learned the repeated segment demonstrated by significant improvements in accuracy for tracking repeated as compared to random continuous movement sequences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that with practice, participants were able to use residual afferent information to overcome initial interference of tracking ability related to altered proprioception and restricted visual feedback to learn a continuous motor sequence. Motor learning occurred despite an initial interference of tracking noted during acquisition practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS, USA. lara.boyd@ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Vidoni
authors.forename: Lara A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Boyd