title: Psychiatric consequences for Israeli adolescents of protracted political violence: 1998-2004.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examined relations between Israeli adolescents' political violence exposure and psychiatric consequences over seven years around the second Intifada and possible differential effects according to age and gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data was collected from 3667 adolescents aged 10-18, constituting two age groups of early and late adolescents sampled in three different exposure periods: pre-Intifada, Intifada peak, and Intifada recession.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first hypothesis predicting a main effect of severity of political violence exposure on psychiatric indices was confirmed for all Brief Symptom Index scales. The second hypothesis predicting a main effect of exposure period was confirmed with higher psychopathological indices at the Intifada peak than at the pre-Intifada and receding Intifada periods. The exploratory question of possible moderating effects in the relation between Political Life Events exposure and exposure period to psychiatric indices showed that higher levels of exposure to political violence were associated with higher rates of symptomatology for both younger and older adolescents. For both genders, a general direct relation emerged between level of severity of political violence exposure and severity of psychiatric outcome, but differently according to Intifada exposure period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings document the psychiatric toll paid by adolescents who grow up in protracted conflict and political violence, emphasizing the delicate interaction between individual and conflict factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. mich@post.tau.ac.il
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slone
authors.forename: Tomer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shechner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018912:Arabs / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D007585:Jews / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D011057:Politics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014754:Violence; D014857:Warfare