[The problem of the skin derivatives' origin in the amniote evolution. The skin appendages--scale, feather, and hair].
Overview of modern data on morphology of the skin derivatives in the higher vertebrates is given. Analysis of convergent similarities between the hair and feathers themselves as well as between their follicles makes it possible to forward a "generative" concept of the evolutionary origin of various ecto-mesodermal derivatives, such as keratinized dermal appendages (scales, feathers, hair). This concept appeared as a result of the author's studies on the skin derivatives, as well as of the data on molecular biology and the tissue engineering showing similar mechanisms of morphogenesis of the dermal appendages. Recurrently published ideas on various heterochronies in generations of the skin derivatives both in the onto- and the phylogeneses are also taken into acount. Various dermal appendages have appeared in the evolution of the higher vertebrates as independent generations of the ecto- and mesodermal tissues. Their parallel origin was caused by similar changes in the metabolism and molecular regulation of morphogenesis.
Chernova
O F
OF
D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D020405:Dermis / Q000166:cytology*; D005241:Feathers / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006197:Hair / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology*