title: Plasma-enhanced synthesis of bactericidal quaternary ammonium thin layers on stainless steel and cellulose surfaces.
abstract: We have investigated bottom-up chemical synthesis of quaternary ammonium (QA) groups exhibiting antibacterial properties on stainless steel (SS) and filter paper surfaces via nonequilibrium, low-pressure plasma-enhanced functionalization. Ethylenediamine (ED) plasma under suitable conditions generated films rich in secondary and tertiary amines. These functional structures were covalently attached to the SS surface by treating SS with O 2 and hexamethyldisiloxane plasma prior to ED plasma treatment. QA structures were formed by reaction of the plasma-deposited amines with hexyl bromide and subsequently with methyl iodide. Structural compositions were examined by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and surface topography was investigated with atomic force microscopy and water contact angle measurements. Modified SS surfaces exhibited greater than a 99.9% decrease in Staphylococcus aureus counts and 98% in the case of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The porous filter paper surfaces with immobilized QA groups inactivated 98.7% and 96.8% of S. aureus and K. pneumoniae, respectively. This technique will open up a novel way for the synthesis of stable and very efficient bactericidal surfaces with potential applications in development of advanced medical devices and implants with antimicrobial surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. soujanya_jampala@praxair.com
authors.forename: Soujanya N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Jampala
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarmadi
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Somers
authors.forename: A C L
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Denes
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D005374:Filtration; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects*; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D014867:Water; D013193:Stainless Steel; D002482:Cellulose