title: Evaluation of retinal abnormalities in essential hypertension: qualitative fundoscopy versus central retinal artery resistance index as indicators of target organ damage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare qualitative fundoscopy with resistance index (RI) of the central retinal artery determined using color Doppler examination as indicators of target organ damage in a large population of patients with essential hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared qualitative fundoscopy and central retinal artery RI (CRARI) in 459 patients with grade I and II essential hypertension. Correlations with left ventricular mass, carotid structural changes, and diastolic function were investigated. The results were analyzed according to the degree of retinopathy (grade I versus grade II) and CRARI (<0.70 versus >or=0.70). All patients underwent carotid sonography, echocardiography, diastolic function, a sonographic examination of the eye with measurement of CRARI, and examination of the fundus oculi.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no statistical difference in the parameters studied between patients with grade I and patients with grade II retinopathy on fundoscopy. Patients with CRARI >or=0.70 were older and had higher systolic and pulse pressure, more years of hypertension, increased left ventricular mass index, carotid intima media thickness, and diastolic parameters compared with patients with CRARI <0.70 (p < 0.001). A positive correlation was found between CRARI and age, pulse pressure, carotid intima media thickness, systolic blood pressure, and duration of hypertension, whereas a negative correlation was found between CRARI and diastolic parameters. Age, pulse pressure, carotid intima media thickness, and left ventricular mass index were independently related to CRARI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that CRARI is more reliable than traditional fundoscopy in the evaluation of hypertension-induced organ damage and should be used to measure global cardiovascular risk for tailored therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Monaldi Hospital, Via Leonardo Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Natale
authors.forename: Michele Adolfo
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tedesco
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mocerino
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tassinario
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morra
authors.forename: Genny
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gregorio
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calabrò
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D003971:Diastole; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D014655:Vascular Resistance