title: Down-regulation of transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor in programmed hepatic lipid dysregulation and inflammation in intrauterine growth-restricted offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) newborns have increased risk of obesity-induced fatty liver and inflammation. We hypothesized that IUGR-induced inhibition of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) is associated with an increased inflammatory response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat control dams received ad libitum food, whereas study dams were 50% food restricted from pregnancy day 10 to 21 (IUGR). Pups were nursed by control dams and weaned to ad libitum feed. Hepatic protein expression of transcription factors, lipid enzymes, triglyceride content, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were analyzed in 1 day and 9 month old male offspring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1 day of age, IUGR pups showed down-regulation of PPARalpha and PPARgamma and up-regulation of hepatic lipase and CRP. At 9 months of age, IUGR exhibited continued down-regulation of PPARalpha and PPARgamma with up-regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 and fatty acid synthase. Furthermore, IUGR adults had increased hepatic triglyceride content and plasma CRP levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that developmental hepatic dysregulation may contribute to programmed obesity-induced inflammation in IUGR offspring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Magee
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Bindu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cherian
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Khorram
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008049:Lipase / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D047493:PPAR alpha; D047495:PPAR gamma; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; D014280:Triglycerides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases; D008049:Lipase