title: The Met receptor tyrosine kinase prevents zebrafish primary motoneurons from expressing an incorrect neurotransmitter.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Expression of correct neurotransmitters is crucial for normal nervous system function. How neurotransmitter expression is regulated is not well-understood; however, previous studies provide evidence that both environmental signals and intrinsic differentiation programs are involved. One environmental signal known to regulate neurotransmitter expression in vertebrate motoneurons is Hepatocyte growth factor, which acts through the Met receptor tyrosine kinase and also affects other aspects of motoneuron differentiation, including axonal extension. Here we test the role of Met in development of motoneurons in embryonic zebrafish.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that met is expressed in all early developing, individually identified primary motoneurons and in at least some later developing secondary motoneurons. We used morpholino antisense oligonucleotides to knock down Met function and found that Met has distinct roles in primary and secondary motoneurons. Most secondary motoneurons were absent from met morpholino-injected embryos, suggesting that Met is required for their formation. We used chemical inhibitors to test several downstream pathways activated by Met and found that secondary motoneuron development may depend on the p38 and/or Akt pathways. In contrast, primary motoneurons were present in met morpholino-injected embryos. However, a significant fraction of them had truncated axons. Surprisingly, some CaPs in met morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (MO)-injected embryos developed a hybrid morphology in which they had both a peripheral axon innervating muscle and an interneuron-like axon within the spinal cord. In addition, in met MO-injected embryos primary motoneurons co-expressed mRNA encoding Choline acetyltransferase, the synthetic enzyme for their normal neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, and mRNA encoding Glutamate decarboxylase 1, the synthetic enzyme for GABA, a neurotransmitter never normally found in these motoneurons, but found in several types of interneurons. Our inhibitor studies suggest that Met function in primary motoneurons may be mediated through the MEK1/2 pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide evidence that Met is necessary for normal development of zebrafish primary and secondary motoneurons. Despite their many similarities, our results show that these two motoneuron subtypes have different requirements for Met function during development, and raise the possibility that Met may act through different intracellular signaling cascades in primary and secondary motoneurons. Surprisingly, although met is not expressed in primary motoneurons until many hours after they have extended axons to and innervated their muscle targets, Met knockdown causes some of these cells to develop a hybrid phenotype in which they co-expressed motoneuron and interneuron neurotransmitters and have both peripheral and central axons.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA. tallafuss@uoneuro.uoregon.edu
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tallafuss
authors.forename: Judith S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Eisen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007395:Interneurons / Q000502:physiology; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048370:MAP Kinase Kinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D048370:MAP Kinase Kinase 2; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; C402565:glutamate decarboxylase 1