title: Follow-up of nonmuscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: how and how often?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer represents a heterogeneous disease due to different natural history of its various appearances. The purpose of this article is to review recent literature regarding follow-up strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer has become more complex in respect to diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Follow-up should therefore be based on individual patient-risk assessment. In addition to improved diagnosis by fluorescence-guided cystoscopy and other new diagnostic tools like optical-coherence tomography management has concentrated on optimizing different concepts of intravesical therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intent of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer management is to control recurrence and progression and to identify invasive tumours at the earliest possible stage. To obtain exact staging, besides a proper transurethral resection of bladder, a restaging transurethral resection of bladder should be performed in T1 patients. Data from the literature supports the immediate postoperative intravesical instillation of different chemotherapeutic agents in low-risk patients. Multifocal papillary lesions might necessitate a more intensive adjuvant regimen, whereas intravesical immunotherapy using bacillus Calmette-Guerin is recommended in patients who are at a high-risk of progression. Early cystectomy should be considered in patients with recurrent T1 tumours or refractory carcinoma in situ to avoid unfavourable tumour progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria. joerg.schmidbauer@meduniwien.ac.at
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmidbauer
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lindenau
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003558:Cystoscopy; D006801:Humans; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013997:Time Factors; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*