title: Muscle CD31(-) CD45(-) side population cells promote muscle regeneration by stimulating proliferation and migration of myoblasts.
abstract: CD31(-) CD45(-) side population (SP) cells are a minor SP subfraction that have mesenchymal stem cell-like properties in uninjured skeletal muscle but that can expand on muscle injury. To clarify the role of these SP cells in muscle regeneration, we injected green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive myoblasts with or without CD31(-) CD45(-) SP cells into the tibialis anterior muscles of immunodeficient NOD/scid mice or dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. More GFP-positive fibers were formed after co-transplantation than after transplantation of GFP-positive myoblasts alone in both mdx and NOD/scid muscles. Moreover, grafted myoblasts were more widely distributed after co-transplantation than after transplantation of myoblasts alone. Immunohistochemistry with anti-phosphorylated histone H3 antibody revealed that CD31(-) CD45(-) SP cells stimulated cell division of co-grafted myoblasts. Genome-wide gene expression analyses showed that these SP cells specifically express a variety of extracellular matrix proteins, membrane proteins, and cytokines. We also found that they express high levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 mRNA and gelatinase activity. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteinase-2 derived from CD31(-) CD45(-) SP cells promoted migration of myoblasts in vivo. Our results suggest that CD31(-) CD45(-) SP cells support muscle regeneration by promoting proliferation and migration of myoblasts. Future studies to further define the molecular and cellular mechanisms of muscle regeneration will aid in the development of cell therapies for muscular dystrophy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Motohashi
authors.forename: Akiyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uezumi
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yada
authors.forename: So-ichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukada
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Imaizumi
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyagoe-Suzuki
authors.forename: Shin'ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens / Q000378:metabolism; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D018101:Mice, Inbred mdx; D016513:Mice, SCID; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D012038:Regeneration; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2