title: SMILE, a new orphan nuclear receptor SHP-interacting protein, regulates SHP-repressed estrogen receptor transactivation.
abstract: SHP (small heterodimer partner) is a well-known NR (nuclear receptor) co-regulator. In the present study, we have identified a new SHP-interacting protein, termed SMILE (SHP-interacting leucine zipper protein), which was previously designated as ZF (Zhangfei) via a yeast two-hybrid system. We have determined that the SMILE gene generates two isoforms [SMILE-L (long isoform of SMILE) and SMILE-S (short isoform of SMILE)]. Mutational analysis has demonstrated that the SMILE isoforms arise from the alternative usage of initiation codons. We have confirmed the in vivo interaction and co-localization of the SMILE isoforms and SHP. Domain-mapping analysis indicates that the entire N-terminus of SHP and the middle region of SMILE-L are involved in this interaction. Interestingly, the SMILE isoforms counteract the SHP repressive effect on the transactivation of ERs (estrogen receptors) in HEK-293T cells (human embryonic kidney cells expressing the large T-antigen of simian virus 40), but enhance the SHP-repressive effect in MCF-7, T47D and MDA-MB-435 cells. Knockdown of SMILE gene expression using siRNA (small interfering RNA) in MCF-7 cells increases ER-mediated transcriptional activity. Moreover, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of SMILE and SHP down-regulates estrogen-induced mRNA expression of the critical cell-cycle regulator E2F1. Collectively, these results indicate that SMILE isoforms regulate the inhibition of ER transactivation by SHP in a cell-type-specific manner and act as a novel transcriptional co-regulator in ER signalling.
authors.affiliation: Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yuan-Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Ok-Hee
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Balachandar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nedumaran
authors.forename: Hyun-A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Seong
authors.forename: Kyeong-Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyunjung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: In-Kyu
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yungdae
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Hueng-Sik
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050976:Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016350:Leucine Zippers; D051379:Mice; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D020798:Two-Hybrid System Techniques
chemical_list: D050976:Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; C411104:CREBZF protein, human; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; C493753:E2F1 protein, human; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; C099713:nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 2