title: Rural trauma: is trauma designation associated with better hospital outcomes?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While trauma designation has been associated with lower risk of death in large urban settings, relatively little attention has been given to this issue in small rural hospitals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine factors related to in-hospital mortality and delayed transfer in small rural hospitals with and without trauma designation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for discharges between 1998 and 2003 of patients hospitalized with moderate to major traumatic injury in nonfederal, short-stay rural hospitals with annual discharges of 1,500 or fewer patients (N = 9,590). Logistic regression was used to control for patient and hospital characteristics, stratifying by hospital volume. Main outcome measures were in-hospital death and transfer to another acute care facility after initial admission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 333 patients (3.5%) died in-hospital. After adjusting for patient, injury and hospital characteristics, in-hospital death was more likely among patients treated at the non-designated hospitals with fewer than 500 discharges per year (OR 2.35; 95% CI 1.25-4.41) than among patients treated at similar trauma-designated hospitals. Patients admitted to non-designated hospitals were more likely to be transferred after admission, although this finding was significant only in the larger-volume hospitals with discharges of 500-1,500 per year (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.08-1.83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Associations between trauma designation and outcomes in rural hospitals warrant further study to determine whether expanding designation to more rural hospitals might lead to further improvement in trauma outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202-3591, USA. bowmanstephenm@uams.edu
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Frederick J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Sam R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sharar
authors.forename: Margaret W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Diane P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006780:Hospitals, Rural / Q000145:classification*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000145:classification*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014947:Wounds and Injuries