title: Generation of a multi-layer muscle fiber sheet from mouse ES cells by the spermine action at specific timing and concentration.
abstract: Here, we show that spermine can induce the generation of a multi-layer muscle fiber sheet (MMFS) in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. ES cells were cultured by the hanging drop method and embryoid bodies (EBs) that formed after 2 days of culture were transferred to a 24-well dish (1 EB/well) containing differentiation medium. EBs cultured in the absence of spermine showed no evidence of differentiation of contractile muscle fibers. In contrast, the addition of spermine (0.5-1.0 mM) for 24 hr on day 12 of culture was found to result in the formation of contractile muscle fibers around the EBs by day 17, with further differentiation into MMFS by day 32. We found that spermine could only induce muscle cell differentiation in EBs during a limited period of culture. Moreover, high concentrations of spermine inhibited muscle fiber generation. Histochemical analysis showed that the MMFS induced by spermine had a heterogeneous architecture. Heart muscle cells appeared to be predominant in some regions, as evidenced by the expression of the markers atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and connexin 40 (Cx40), while skeletal muscle appeared to predominate in other regions, as indicated by the expression of MyoD. DNA array analysis showed specific enhancement of expression of muscle cell genes, supporting our conclusion that spermine induces differentiation of muscle cells in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
authors.forename: Mikako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013096:Spermine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013096:Spermine