title: A low-tech, low-cost passive sampler for the long-term monitoring of phosphate loads in rivers and streams.
abstract: The concentration of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in rivers can change intermittently within minutes depending on the weather and water discharge (Q), or activities in the watershed. Accordingly, accurate estimation of the annual DRP load requires frequent sampling or even continuous monitoring, which is laborious and cost-intensive. We present the design and laboratory evaluation of a new, robust, low-cost, low-tech device based on passive samplers (P-traps). The traps use Fe-(oxy)hydroxide coated quartz sand as an adsorbent enclosed in a vertical grid of individual cells separated from the river water by filter membranes. They are inexpensive, easy to handle, resistant to repeated desiccation and immersion and exposable for several months. They permit estimation of discharge dependent time weighted average DRP concentrations (C-Q relationships) and annual P loads of rivers characterized by highly variable DRP concentrations with a relative accuracy of +/- 3%.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Eawag, CH-6047, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland. beat.mueller@eawag.ch
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stierli
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gächter
mesh_terms: D003956:Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical