title: Treatment and follow-up of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the majority of pituitary macroadenomas are clinically nonfunctioning, treatments as well as follow-up strategy for this condition lack evidence from randomized studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the evidence of treatment and follow-up strategies for clinically nonfunctioning adenomas. PubMed was searched for articles on nonfunctioning adenomas in November 2007, and references of selected articles were assessed for potentially relevant articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All evidence for treatment and follow-up for nonfunctioning adenomas is based on observational studies. The most effective treatment is transsphenoidal surgery, indicated in patients with visual field defects. A wait-and-see approach may be considered in nonfunctioning macroadenomas not reaching to the optic chiasm. Some of these tumors ( approximately 10%) will show spontaneous regression, whereas in approximately 50% there will be progression within 5 yr observation. Postoperative radiotherapy should not be applied to all patients after surgery but can be considered in patients with large postoperative remnants of the tumor. During follow-up careful assessment and replacement of pituitary insufficiencies should be performed. Magnetic resonance imaging is advised with intervals of 1-3 yr and evaluation of visual fields when appropriate. Recurrence rates are reported to be 6-46% after transsphenoidal surgery, whereas after postoperative radiotherapy, recurrence rates of 0-36% are reported. Long-term sequelae of nonfunctioning macroadenomas are hypopituitarism, persistent visual field defects, and decreased quality of life. Whether nonfunctioning macroadenomas are associated with an increased mortality is still a matter of debate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas, although benign in nature, need individualized treatment and lifelong radiological and endocrinological follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases C4-R, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. o.m.dekkers@lumc.nl
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Dekkers
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Romijn
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000465:Algorithms; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007016:Hypophysectomy / Q000379:methods; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000601:surgery