title: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and TGF-beta-associated kinase 1 are required for R-Ras-mediated transformation of mammary epithelial cells.
abstract: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) cooperates with oncogenic members of the Ras superfamily to promote cellular transformation and tumor progression. Apart from the classic (H-, K-, and N-) Ras GTPases, only the R-Ras subfamily (R-Ras, R-Ras2/TC21, and R-Ras3/M-Ras) has significant oncogenic potential. In this study, we show that oncogenic R-Ras transformation of EpH4 cells requires TGF-beta signaling. When murine EpH4 cells were stably transfected with a constitutively active R-Ras(G38V) mutant, they were no longer sensitive to TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibition and showed increased proliferation and transformation in response to exogenous TGF-beta. R-Ras/EpH4 cells require TGF-beta signaling for transformation to occur and they produce significantly elevated levels of endogenous TGF-beta, which signals in an autocrine fashion. The effects of TGF-beta are independent of Smad2/3 activity and require activation of TGF-beta-associated kinase 1 (TAK1) and its downstream effectors c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase as well as the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. Thus, TAK1 is a novel link between TGF-beta signaling and oncogenic R-Ras in the promotion of tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Mete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erdogan
authors.forename: Ambra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pozzi
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhowmick
authors.forename: Harold L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zent
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras) / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000099151:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 7
chemical_list: D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras); D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D000099151:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 7