title: Association of duration and severity of diabetes mellitus with mild cognitive impairment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It remains unknown whether diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of DM with MCI using a population-based case-control design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic research.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study was conducted, among subjects aged 70 to 89 years on October 1, 2004, who were randomly selected from the Olmsted County (Minnesota) population. Main Outcome Measure We administered to all participants a neurologic examination, the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, and a neuropsychological evaluation (including 9 tests in 4 cognitive domains) to diagnose normal cognition, MCI, or dementia. We assessed history of DM, DM treatment, and DM complications by interview, and we measured fasting blood glucose levels. History of DM was also confirmed using a medical records linkage system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We compared 329 subjects having MCI with 1640 subjects free of MCI and dementia. The frequency of DM was similar in subjects with MCI (20.1%) and in subjects without MCI (17.7%) (odds ratio [OR], 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85-1.57). However, MCI was associated with onset of DM before age 65 years (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.29-3.73), DM duration of 10 years or longer (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.16-2.68), treatment with insulin (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.22-3.31), and the presence of DM complications (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.13-2.89) after adjustment for age, sex, and education. Analyses using alternative definitions of DM yielded consistent findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest an association of MCI with earlier onset, longer duration, and greater severity of DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Epidemiology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. roberts.rosebud@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Rosebud O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Yonas E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Geda
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Knopman
authors.forename: Teresa J H
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Christianson
authors.forename: V Shane
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Pankratz
authors.forename: Bradley F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Boeve
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vella
authors.forename: Walter A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Rocca
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Petersen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose