title: AXIN2 and CDH1 polymorphisms, tooth agenesis, and oral clefts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  AXIN2 and CDH1 genes play important roles during craniofacial morphogenesis. Mutations in these genes have been described in families presenting colorectal cancer and tooth agenesis, and gastric cancer and cleft lip/palate (CL/P). Oral clefts have been associated with tooth agenesis. We investigated if AXIN2 and CDH1 polymorphisms were associated with clefts or with any associated dental subphenotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Markers in AXIN2 and CDH1 were genotyped using Taqman chemistry in a sample cohort comprised of 500 cleft individuals and 500 unrelated controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparison between cleft and control groups showed a trend for association for AXIN2 with incomplete cleft palate (p = .006) and CDH1 with unilateral CL/P (p = .03 for left CL/P and p = .04 for right CL/P). Comparison of cleft subphenotypes with tooth agenesis and controls revealed borderline associations for CDH1 (p = .008) and AXIN2 (p = .01) with unilateral right CL/P with tooth agenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed only borderline results for the association of AXIN2 and CDH1 with CL/P with and without tooth agenesis. Nevertheless, implication of these genes in the simultaneous occurrence of CL/P and cancer, and in tooth agenesis and cancer, is rather intriguing and warrants further investigations with other geographic and ethnic populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Terrace St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Ariadne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Letra
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menezes
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Granjeiro
authors.forename: Alexandre R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Vieira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD; D060466:Axin Protein; D015820:Cadherins / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D014071:Tooth Abnormalities / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C491761:AXIN2 protein, human; D015703:Antigens, CD; D060466:Axin Protein; C513384:CDH1 protein, human; D015820:Cadherins; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins