title: Clinical application of hepatic venous occlusion for hepatectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most liver resections require clamping of the hepatic pedicle (Pringle maneuver) to avoid excessive blood loss. But Pringle maneuver can not control backflow bleeding of hepatic vein. Resection of liver tumors involving hepatic veins may cause massive hemorrhage or air embolism from the injuries of the hepatic veins. Although total hepatic vascular exclusion can prevent bleeding of the hepatic veins effectively, it also may result in systemic hemodynamic disturbance because of the inferior vena cava being clamped. Hepatic venous occlusion, a new technique, can control the inflow and outflow of the liver without clamping the vena cava.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 71 cases of liver tumors underwent resection with occlusion of more than one of the main hepatic veins. All tumors involved the second porta hepatis and at least one main hepatic vein. Ligation or occlusion with serrefines, tourniquets and auricular clamps were used in hepatic venous occlusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 71 patients, ligation of the hepatic veins was used in 28 cases, occlusion with a tourniquet in 26, and occlusion with a serrefine in 17. Right hepatic veins were occluded in 38 cases, both right and middle hepatic veins in 2, the common trunk of the left and middle hepatic veins in 24, branches of the left and middle hepatic veins in 2, and all three hepatic veins in 5. Thirty-five cases underwent hemihepatic vascular occlusion, 4 alternate hemihepatic vascular occlusion, 23 portal triad clamping plus selective hepatic vein occlusion, and 9 portal triad clamping plus total hepatic vein occlusion. The third porta hepatis was isolated in 26 cases. The amount of intraoperative blood loss averaged (540 +/- 283) (range 100 to 1000) ml in the group of total hemihepatic vascular occlusion and in the group of alternate hemihepatic vascular occlusion, (620 +/- 317) (range 200 - 6000) ml in the group of portal triad clamping plus selective or total hepatic vein occlusion. All tumors were completely removed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatic venous occlusion applied in hepatectomy can prevent bleeding and air embolism, and is safe and effective with stable hemodynamics.
authors.affiliation: The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ze-ya
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Wei-ping
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Ai-jun
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Si-yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Meng-chao
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006503:Hepatic Veins; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors