title: Earliest date for milk use in the Near East and southeastern Europe linked to cattle herding.
abstract: The domestication of cattle, sheep and goats had already taken place in the Near East by the eighth millennium bc. Although there would have been considerable economic and nutritional gains from using these animals for their milk and other products from living animals-that is, traction and wool-the first clear evidence for these appears much later, from the late fifth and fourth millennia bc. Hence, the timing and region in which milking was first practised remain unknown. Organic residues preserved in archaeological pottery have provided direct evidence for the use of milk in the fourth millennium in Britain, and in the sixth millennium in eastern Europe, based on the delta(13)C values of the major fatty acids of milk fat. Here we apply this approach to more than 2,200 pottery vessels from sites in the Near East and southeastern Europe dating from the fifth to the seventh millennia bc. We show that milk was in use by the seventh millennium; this is the earliest direct evidence to date. Milking was particularly important in northwestern Anatolia, pointing to regional differences linked with conditions more favourable to cattle compared to other regions, where sheep and goats were relatively common and milk use less important. The latter is supported by correlations between the fat type and animal bone evidence.
authors.affiliation: Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK. r.p.evershed@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Evershed
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Sherratt
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Copley
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coolidge
authors.forename: Duska
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Urem-Kotsu
authors.forename: Kostas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kotsakis
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozdoğan
authors.forename: Aslý E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ozdoğan
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuyse
authors.forename: Peter M M G
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Akkermans
authors.forename: Douglass
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Radian-Romus
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Andeescu
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Shahina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farid
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hodder
authors.forename: Nurcan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yalman
authors.forename: Mihriban
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozbaşaran
authors.forename: Erhan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biçakci
authors.forename: Yossef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Garfinkel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Margie M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Burton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D002516:Ceramics / Q000032:analysis; D003612:Dairying / Q000266:history*; D005060:Europe; D005061:Europe, Eastern; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D006041:Goats; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry / Q000266:history* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids