title: Medication errors reported by US family physicians and their office staff.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most medication error studies come from inpatient settings. There is limited information about medication errors in primary care settings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe medication errors reported by family physicians and their office staff and to estimate their preventability using currently available electronic prescribing and monitoring tools. Design, setting, participants and study instrument: In two error reporting studies conducted by the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) National Research Network (NRN), 1265 medical errors were voluntarily reported by >440 primary care clinicians and staff from 52 physician offices. The 194 error reports related to medications were abstracted and analysed using a medication error coding tool-Medication Error Types, Reasons, and Informatics Preventability (METRIP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Type, severity and preventability of medication errors and associated adverse drug events (ADEs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  126 (70%) of the medication errors were prescribing errors, 17 (10%) were medication administration errors, 17 (10%) documentation errors, 13 (7%) dispensing errors and 5 (3%) were monitoring errors. ADEs resulted from 16% of reported medication errors. The severity of harm from reported errors were: prevented and did not reach patients, (72, 41%), reached patients but did not require monitoring (63, 35%), reached patients and required monitoring (15, 8%), reached patients and required intervention (23, 13%) and reached patients and resulted in hospitalisation (5, 3%). No deaths were reported. Of the errors that were prevented from reaching patients, 29 (40%) were prevented by pharmacists, 14 (19%) by physicians, 12 (17%) by patients and 5 (7%) by nurses. 102 (57%) of the reported errors might have been prevented with enhanced electronic prescribing and monitoring tools.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most medication errors reported from US family physician offices were related to prescribing errors and more than half of the errors reached patients. The errors were prevented by pharmacists, patients and physicians. More than half of the errors could be prevented by electronic tools.
authors.affiliation: Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0714, USA. gmkuo@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hickner
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005194:Family Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009740:Nursing Staff; D010595:Pharmacists; D010821:Physicians, Family; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce