title: Simple imputation methods were inadequate for missing not at random (MNAR) quality of life data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  QoL data were routinely collected in a randomised controlled trial (RCT), which employed a reminder system, retrieving about 50% of data originally missing. The objective was to use this unique feature to evaluate possible missingness mechanisms and to assess the accuracy of simple imputation methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Those patients responding after reminder were regarded as providing missing responses. A hypothesis test and a logistic regression approach were used to evaluate the missingness mechanism. Simple imputation procedures were carried out on these missing scores and the results compared to the actual observed scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hypothesis test and logistic regression approaches suggested the reminder data were missing not at random (MNAR). Reminder-response data showed that simple imputation procedures utilising information collected close to the point of imputation (last value carried forward, next value carried backward and last-and-next), were the best methods in this setting. However, although these methods were the best of the simple imputation procedures considered, they were not sufficiently accurate to be confident of obtaining unbiased results under imputation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of the reminder data enabled the conclusion of possible MNAR data. Evaluating this mechanism was important in determining if imputation was useful. Simple imputation was shown to be inadequate if MNAR are likely and alternative strategies should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Aberdeen, UK. s.fielding@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: Shona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fielding
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Fayers
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Gladys
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.forename: Marion K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003625:Data Collection / Q000592:standards; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium