title: Investigation of heat treating conditions for enhancing the anti-inflammatory activity of citrus fruit (Citrus reticulata) peels.
abstract: In traditional Chinese medicine, dried citrus fruit peels are widely used as remedies to alleviate coughs and reduce phlegm in the respiratory tract. Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in inflammatory cells and increased airway production of nitric oxide (NO) are well recognized as key events in inflammation-related respiratory tract diseases. Despite the fact that the enhancing effect of heat treatment on the antioxidant activity of citrus fruit peels has been well documented, the impact of heat treatment on citrus peel beneficial activities regarding anti-inflammation is unclear. To address this issue, we determined the anti-inflammatory activities of heat-treated citrus peel extracts by measuring their inhibitory effect upon NO production by lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Results showed that the anti-inflammatory activity of citrus peel was significantly elevated after 100 degrees C heat treatment in a time-dependent fashion during a period from 0 to 120 min. Inhibition of iNOS gene expression was the major NO-suppressing mechanism of the citrus peel extract. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activity of citrus peel extract highly correlated with the content of nobiletin and tangeretin. Conclusively, proper and reasonable heat treatment helped to release nobiletin and tangeretin, which were responsible for the increased anti-inflammatory activity of heat-treated citrus peels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. sche@mail.ypu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Su-Chen
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Chih-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009569:Nitric Oxide