title: The use of antidepressants in bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whether or not to use antidepressants in patients with bipolar disorder is a matter of debate. Antidepressant treatment of bipolar depression has been associated with manic switch and cycle acceleration. Furthermore, recent studies have argued against the efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of bipolar depression. Nevertheless, many clinicians continue to employ antidepressants, especially in the management of severe depression that is unresponsive to mood stabilizers alone.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Because of the unclear risk-to-benefit ratio of antidepressants in bipolar disorder, we have performed an updated review of the relevant literature. In this article we examine (1) all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the use of antidepressants in the treatment of acute bipolar depression and assessing the risk of antidepressant-induced manic switch and (2) non-RCT trials that evaluate the impact of antidepressant discontinuation after acute antidepressant response.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search of journals, covering the period from January 1966 to July 2007 and supplemented by bibliographic cross-referencing, was performed to identify the relevant studies. The keywords used were antidepressant, bipolar depression, bipolar disorder, switch, manic switch, antidepressant-induced mania, predictors, and antidepressant discontinuation. Criteria used to select studies included (1) English language and (2) studies published in peer-reviewed journals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have demonstrated that antidepressants exert some efficacy in the treatment of bipolar depression in some populations of patients. Moreover, the risk of manic switch, although not totally countered, appears to be strongly reduced when antidepressants are given in combination with a mood stabilizer and when new-generation antide-pressants are preferred over old tricyclic antidepressants. Finally, some studies have proven that the continuous use of antidepressants after the remission of a major depressive episode helps to prevent further depressive relapses without causing a significant increase in manic relapses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clearly, there is a place for antidepressants in bipolar disorder; however, it is important to be cautious and evaluate their use on a case-by-case basis. Looking at specific depressive symptoms might help physicians in making the choice of whether to prescribe or not prescribe antidepressants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Italy. v_a_salvi@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Virginio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Salvi
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fagiolini
authors.forename: Holly A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Swartz
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maina
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frank
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents