title: New biosynthetic step in the melanin pathway of Wangiella (Exophiala) dermatitidis: evidence for 2-acetyl-1,3,6,8-Tetrahydroxynaphthalene as a novel precursor.
abstract: The predominant cell wall melanin of Wangiella dermatitidis, a black fungal pathogen of humans, is synthesized from 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (D2HN). An early precursor, 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (T4HN), in the pathway leading to D2HN is reportedly produced directly as a pentaketide by an iterative type I polyketide synthase (PKS). In contrast, the bluish-green pigment in Aspergillus fumigatus is produced after the enzyme Ayg1p converts the PKS product, the heptaketide YWA1, to T4HN. Previously, we created a new melanin-deficient mutant of W. dermatitidis, WdBrm1, by random molecular insertion. From this strain, the altered gene WdYG1 was cloned by a marker rescue strategy and found to encode WdYg1p, an ortholog of Ayg1p. In the present study, two gene replacement mutants devoid of the complete WdYG1 gene were derived to eliminate the possibility that the phenotype of WdBrm1 was due to other mutations. Characterization of the new mutants showed that they were phenotypically identical to WdBrm1. Chemical analyses of mutant cultures demonstrated that melanin biosynthesis was blocked, resulting in the accumulation of 2-acetyl-1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (AT4HN) and its oxidative product 3-acetylflaviolin in the culture media. When given to an albino W. dermatitidis strain with an inactivated WdPKS1 gene, AT4HN was mostly oxidized to 3-acetylflaviolin and deacetylated to flaviolin. Under reduced oxygen conditions, cell-free homogenates of the albino converted AT4HN to D2HN. This is the first report of evidence that the hexaketide AT4HN is a melanin precursor for T4HN in W. dermatitidis.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Cotton Pathology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, Texas 77845, USA. mwheeler@cpru.usda.gov
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abramczyk
authors.forename: Lorraine S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Puckhaber
authors.forename: Michinori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naruse
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ebizuka
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Szaniszlo
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways; D005093:Exophiala / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009284:Naphthols / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D048630:Polyketide Synthases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: C121288:1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D008543:Melanins; D009284:Naphthols; C028063:melanin precursors; D048630:Polyketide Synthases