title: Early effects of laparotomy and laparoscopy on bacterial behavior and proinflammatory cytokines on bacterial peritonitis in rats I: Escherichia coli.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate in rats with peritonitis the effect of CO2 insufflation on behavior of bacteria, including antibiotic resistance, and the systemic and regional host response.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inbred weaned Wistar albino rats were used. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was used to induce peritonitis. Rats with peritonitis were allocated to 4 groups: group 1, control; group 2, laparotomy; group 3, laparoscopy; group 4, laparoscopy + laparotomy and were killed at the end of the second hour of peritonitis. Serum, peritoneal fluid, and intraabdominal organs were taken for microbiological (biochemical markers-urease, citrate, indole; virulence factors-biofilm, protease, gelatinase, adherence), systemic immunologic (interleukin 1 [IL-1]alpha, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6), and regional histopathologic evaluations. Isolated strains were tested against minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and sub-MICs of amikacin and amoxicillin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regional inflammatory response was the highest in group 2 but the lowest in group 4. Systemic IL-1alpha level was significantly higher in group 2, and TNF-alpha level was higher in group 3. After the peritonitis process, Escherichia coli began to use citrate and urea in control groups (without antibiotic treatment). In groups 2 and 4, amoxicillin resistance developed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In peritonitis, in all experimental groups, Escherichia coli used different metabolic pathways other than in normal atmospheric conditions. Amoxicillin resistance developed in open surgery groups. Further kinetic microbiological and immune response studies are needed concerning the early and late effects of CO2 insufflation on various strains of bacteria and mixed infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sisli Etfal Education and Research Hospital, 34377 Istanbul, Turkey. didibas@superonline.com
authors.forename: Baskin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Didem
authors.forename: Baskin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hüseyin
authors.forename: Yilmaz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Baskin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yasemin
authors.forename: Gökmen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Necati
authors.forename: Tanik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Canan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000379:methods*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery*; D011336:Probability; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D009569:Nitric Oxide