title: Lakeside cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 years of holocene population and environmental change.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately two hundred human burials were discovered on the edge of a paleolake in Niger that provide a uniquely preserved record of human occupation in the Sahara during the Holocene ( approximately 8000 B.C.E. to the present). Called Gobero, this suite of closely spaced sites chronicles the rapid pace of biosocial change in the southern Sahara in response to severe climatic fluctuation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two main occupational phases are identified that correspond with humid intervals in the early and mid-Holocene, based on 78 direct AMS radiocarbon dates on human remains, fauna and artifacts, as well as 9 OSL dates on paleodune sand. The older occupants have craniofacial dimensions that demonstrate similarities with mid-Holocene occupants of the southern Sahara and Late Pleistocene to early Holocene inhabitants of the Maghreb. Their hyperflexed burials compose the earliest cemetery in the Sahara dating to approximately 7500 B.C.E. These early occupants abandon the area under arid conditions and, when humid conditions return approximately 4600 B.C.E., are replaced by a more gracile people with elaborated grave goods including animal bone and ivory ornaments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The principal significance of Gobero lies in its extraordinary human, faunal, and archaeological record, from which we conclude the following: The early Holocene occupants at Gobero (7700-6200 B.C.E.) were largely sedentary hunter-fisher-gatherers with lakeside funerary sites that include the earliest recorded cemetery in the Sahara.Principal components analysis of craniometric variables closely allies the early Holocene occupants at Gobero with a skeletally robust, trans-Saharan assemblage of Late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene human populations from the Maghreb and southern Sahara.Gobero was abandoned during a period of severe aridification possibly as long as one millennium (6200-5200 B.C.E).More gracile humans arrived in the mid-Holocene (5200-2500 B.C.E.) employing a diversified subsistence economy based on clams, fish, and savanna vertebrates as well as some cattle husbandry.Population replacement after a harsh arid hiatus is the most likely explanation for the occupational sequence at Gobero.We are just beginning to understand the anatomical and cultural diversity that existed within the Sahara during the Holocene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America. dinosaur@uchicago.edu
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Sereno
authors.forename: Elena A A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Garcea
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jousse
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stojanowski
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Saliège
authors.forename: Abdoulaye
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maga
authors.forename: Oumarou A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Ide
authors.forename: Kelly J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Knudson
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mercuri
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giraudi
authors.forename: Isabella Massamba
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: N'siala
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cocca
authors.forename: Hannah M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Moots
authors.forename: Didier B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Dutheil
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Stivers
mesh_terms: D000352:Africa, Northern; D001106:Archaeology; D055699:Cemeteries / Q000266:history*; D017753:Ecosystem; D004777:Environment; D005580:Fossils; D005618:Fresh Water; D005655:Funeral Rites; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans