title: Synergistic effects of Pten loss and WNT/CTNNB1 signaling pathway activation in ovarian granulosa cell tumor development and progression.
abstract: The mechanisms of granulosa cell tumor (GCT) development may involve the dysregulation of signaling pathways downstream of follicle-stimulating hormone, including the phosphoinosite-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. To test this hypothesis, a genetically engineered mouse model was created to derepress the PI3K/AKT pathway in granulosa cells by conditional targeting of the PI3K antagonist gene Pten (Pten(flox/flox);Amhr2(cre/+)). The majority of Pten(flox/flox);Amhr2(cre/+) mice featured no ovarian anomalies, but occasionally ( approximately 7%) developed aggressive, anaplastic GCT with pulmonary metastases. The expression of the PI3K/AKT downstream effector FOXO1 was abrogated in Pten(flox/flox);Amhr2(cre/+) GCT, indicating a mechanism by which GCT cells may increase proliferation and evade apoptosis. To relate these findings to spontaneously occurring GCT, analyses of PTEN and phospho-AKT expression were performed on human and equine tumors. Although PTEN loss was not detected, many GCT (2/5 human, 7/17 equine) featured abnormal nuclear or perinuclear localization of phospho-AKT, suggestive of altered PI3K/AKT activity. As inappropriate activation of WNT/CTNNB1 signaling causes late-onset GCT development and cross talk between the PI3K/AKT and WNT/CTNNB1 pathways has been reported, we tested whether these pathways could synergize in GCT. Activation of both the PI3K/AKT and WNT/CTNNB1 pathways in the granulosa cells of a mouse model (Pten(flox/flox);Ctnnb1(flox(ex3)/+);Amhr2(cre/+)) resulted in the development of GCT similar to those observed in Pten(flox/flox);Amhr2(cre/+) mice, but with 100% penetrance, perinatal onset, extremely rapid growth and the ability to spread by seeding into the abdominal cavity. These data indicate a synergistic effect of dysregulated PI3K/AKT and WNT/CTNNB1 signaling in the development and progression of GCT and provide the first animal models for metastatic GCT.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada.
authors.forename: Marie-Noëlle
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Laguë
authors.forename: Marilène
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paquet
authors.forename: Heng-Yu
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: M Johanna
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kaartinen
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Soazik P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Jamin
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Behringer
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doré
authors.forename: Louis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Huneault
authors.forename: Joanne S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boerboom
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006106:Granulosa Cell Tumor / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C495270:CTNNB1 protein, human; D017931:DNA Primers; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C487757:Pten protein, mouse