Quality indicators for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in primary care in nine European countries.
BACKGROUND
With free movement of labour in Europe, European guidelines on cardiovascular care and the enlargement of the European Union to include countries with disparate health care systems, it is important to develop common quality standards for cardiovascular prevention and risk management across Europe.


METHODS
Panels from nine European countries (Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Slovenia, United Kingdom and Switzerland) developed quality indicators for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in primary care. A two-stage modified Delphi process was used to identify indicators that were judged valid for necessary care.


RESULTS
Forty-four out of 202 indicators (22%) were rated as valid. These focused predominantly on secondary prevention and management of established cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Less agreement on indicators of preventive care or on indicators for the management of hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia in patients without established disease was observed. Although 85% of the 202 potential indicators assessed were rated valid by at least one panel, lack of consensus among panels meant that the set that could be agreed upon among all panels was much smaller.


CONCLUSIONS
Indicators for the management of established cardiovascular disease have been developed, which can be used to measure the quality of cardiovascular care across a wide range of countries. Less agreement on how the quality of preventive care should be assessed was observed, probably caused by differences in health systems, culture and attitudes to prevention.
Campbell
Stephen M
SM
National Primary Care Research and Development Centre, University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Manchester, UK. stephen.campbell@manchester.ac.uk
Ludt
Sabine
S
Van Lieshout
Jan
J
Boffin
Nicole
N
Wensing
Michel
M
Petek
Davorina
D
Grol
Richard
R
Roland
Martin O
MO
D002309:Cardiology / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D003697:Delphi Technique; D005060:Europe; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results