title: Apoptosis leads to a degradation of vital components of active nuclear transport and a dissociation of the nuclear lamina.
abstract: Apoptosis, a physiologically critical process, is characterized by a destruction of the cell after sequential degradation of key cellular components. Here, we set out to explore the fate of the physiologically indispensable nuclear envelope (NE) in this process. The NE mediates the critical nucleocytoplasmic transport through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). In addition, the NE is involved in gene expression and contributes significantly to the overall structure and mechanical stability of the cell nucleus through the nuclear lamina, which underlies the entire nucleoplasmic face of the NE and thereby interconnects the NPCs, the NE, and the genomic material. Using the nano-imaging and mechanical probing approach atomic force microscopy (AFM) and biochemical methods, we unveiled the fate of the NE during apoptosis. The doomed NE sustains a degradation of both the mediators of the critical selective nucleocytoplasmic transport, namely NPC cytoplasmic filaments and basket, and the nuclear lamina. These observations are paralleled by marked softening and destabilization of the NE and the detection of vesicle-like nuclear fragments. We conclude that destruction of the cell nucleus during apoptosis proceeds in a strategic fashion. Degradation of NPC cytoplasmic filaments and basket shuts down the critical selective nucleocytoplasmic cross-talk. Degradation of the nuclear lamina disrupts the pivotal connection between the NE and the chromatin, breaks up the overall nuclear architecture, and softens the NE, thereby enabling the formation of nuclear fragments at later stages of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology II, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Liashkovich
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oberleithner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mazur
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shahin
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism*; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000379:methods; D034881:Nuclear Lamina / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D022022:Nuclear Pore / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin