title: Comparative cost analysis of outpatient and inpatient rehabilitation for musculoskeletal diseases in Germany.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the costs of inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation for musculoskeletal disorders from the perspective of a major statutory health insurance fund in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nation-wide database from a major health insurance fund in Germany was used to evaluate all rehabilitation cases in 2005. In addition, to all direct cost domains of the rehabilitation itself, costs incurred in the preceding and the following year for hospital treatment, drugs and physical therapy were analysed. A cost-cost analysis in different institutional settings was chosen for the cost comparison of inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation. To minimize the influence of possible confounders, a statistical control system was implemented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a preceding hospital stay, inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation results in mean costs of euro2047 and euro1111, respectively. If the rehabilitation was not preceded by a directly related hospital treatment, mean costs for inpatient (outpatient) rehabilitation were euro2067 (euro1310). No systematic differences could be found between inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation evaluating costs for hospital treatment, drugs or physical therapy in the year preceding and the year directly following the rehabilitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assuming comparable medical outcomes, outpatient rehabilitation seems to be a superior alternative compared with inpatient rehabilitation from an economic perspective. Hence, from the perspective of the statutory health insurance, fostering a higher market share of outpatient rehabilitation may add to a better allocation of overall health care resources. For this, regional differences in rehabilitation infrastructure have to be taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Economics, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany. jz@ivbl.uni-hannover.de
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeidler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mittendorf
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vahldiek
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeidler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Merkesdal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000191:economics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution