title: Cyclosporine inhibition of angiogenesis involves the transcription factor HESR1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Angiogenesis is critical in normal development and in tumor growth. Experimentally, cyclosporine A (CyA) inhibits angiogenesis in an in vivo mouse model and an in vitro capillary tube model. The mechanisms behind its antiangiogenic effects are not well characterized. To determine which nuclear factor, if any, may be involved in the antiangiogenic effects of CyA, we performed a microarray analysis of human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) subjected to CyA and another calcineurin inhibitor, FK 506.
  
  
  METHODS
  HAEC were divided into four groups: (1) HAEC incubated with CyA 2 microg/mL; (2) HAEC incubated with CyA 10 microg/mL; (3) HAEC incubated with FK 506 1 microg/mLl for 24 h; and (4) HAEC as control. We used Affymetrix GeneChip U133-A for gene expression analysis and validated our results with quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At a 2 microg/mL dose, CyA treated HAEC revealed a 44-fold increase in the expression of hairy enhancer of split-related protein 1 (HESR1) and 1.73-fold down-regulation of transcripts encoding for the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor (VEGFR2). At 10 microg/mL, the expression of the HESR1 transcript was 57-fold higher than control, and VEGFR2 exhibited a 1.93-fold down-regulation. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction confirmed a significant (P < 0.0001) increase in expression of HESR1 in CyA treated cells. In contrast, the expression level of HESR1 was not affected by the FK 506 treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CyA demonstrate antiangiogenic activities linked to an overexpression of HESR1 transcription factor, and down-regulation of VEGFR2. Thus, use of high-dose CyA may provide a novel treatment in angiogenesis dependent disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
authors.forename: Gaurang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Gentile
authors.forename: Sudipta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bruch
authors.forename: Kristopher G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: Dilip S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kittur
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D016572:Cyclosporine; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; C485631:HEY1 protein, human