title: High dose norepinephrine-induced apoptosis in cultured rat cardiac fibroblast.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prolonged sympathetic activation is damaging to the heart. Recent findings suggest that norepinephrine (NE) may contribute to the apoptotic cardiac cell loss. This study investigated high doses NE apoptotic effect on cardiac fibroblasts (CF) culture and compared the anti-apoptotic effect of alpha and beta (selective and non-selective) adrenergic receptor antagonists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rat CF were cultured in the presence of NE (1 to 100 microM) for 48 h. bax and bcl(XL) genes expression were measured by real-time quantitative PCR method. Cell viability percentage, apoptotic cell percentage and caspase 3 activity was measured by MTT assay, flow cytometric method and caspase 3 flurogenic assay kit respectively. NE (100 microM) increased bax gene expression by 1.96+/-0.96 fold while bcl(XL) gene decreased by 0.53+/-0.15 fold when compared with the control group (p<0.01). The apoptotic cell percentage increased significantly from 5.09+/-2.94% in control group to 31.48+/-6.35% (p<0.01) with NE and the caspase 3 activity increased from 1432.2+/-658.8 in the control group to 5162+/-2028.6 (OD/microg protein, p<0.05). Addition of carvedilol (non-selective beta blocker with alpha-blockade activity), doxazosin (alpha blocker), metoprolol (beta1 selective blocker) and propranolol (non-selective beta blocker) were not capable of inhibiting the apoptotic effect of high dose NE on CF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High dose NE has cytotoxic and apoptotic effect on CF. The process involved the activation of caspase 3, up-regulation of pro-apoptotic gene bax and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic gene bcl(XL). Both non-selective and selective adrenergic receptor antagonists tested were not capable of inhibiting the apoptotic effect of high dose NE on CF.
authors.affiliation: Li Ka Shing Institute of Health and Science, Institute of Vascular Medicine, and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
authors.forename: Ka-Bik
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sanderson
authors.forename: Cheuk-Man
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine