Sources of information used by nurses to inform practice:  An integrative review.
BACKGROUND
We present an integrative review of the literature about sources of information nurses use to inform practice. The demand for access to more and better information has been fueled by the evidence-based healthcare movement. Although the expectations for evidence-based practice have never been higher, the demands on care environments have never been greater. The goals of professional nursing are served by using the best available information to inform practice. To influence such activity, we must understand what sources of information nurses rely on for guidance.


METHODS
We examined studies of any research design published between 1985 and 2006, as well as research dissertations in the same time frame. Databases searched included the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medline, the Educational Resources Information Center, the Library and Information Science Abstracts and the Library Literature and Information Science databases.


METHODS
The review question: what information sources do registered nurses turn to, to support direct patient care? Analysis included an overview of study design and practice setting, and an examination of sources accessed most frequently by nurses to guide practice.


RESULTS
We present, in ranked order, the sources nurses accessed in order to guide practice. We note the high reliance on informal, interactive sources. An unexpected finding of high reliance on journals is explored in greater detail and found to be equivocal at best. We conclude with a critical discussion of what we see as embedded assumptions and expectations about how information-seeking supports nursing practice.


CONCLUSIONS
Expectations embedded in the scope and context of nursing practice have influenced knowledge development in the area of information-seeking to support practice. It is important that future research in this area takes into account the expectations and information needs arising in emerging roles for nurses within evolving healthcare systems.
Spenceley
Shannon M
SM
University of Alberta, 1506 Lakeview Drive South, Lethbridge, Alta., Canada T1K 3G1. sspenceley@shaw.ca
O'Leary
Katherine A
KA
Chizawsky
Lesa L K
LL
Ross
Amber J
AJ
Estabrooks
Carole A
CA
D003628:Database Management Systems; D007255:Information Services; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval; D009726:Nurses