title: New measurements of cyanobacterial toxins in natural waters using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: The presence and levels of the cyanobacterial toxins microcystin-LR, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin were measured in various Wisconsin waters where algal nuisance or bloom conditions were noted. Out of 74 samples analyzed, 36 had detectable levels of microcystin-LR (49%), and four had detectable levels of anatoxin-a (5%). Cylindrospermopsin, the toxin produced by Cylindrospermopsis (a warm water species that has been moving its range northward, including to Wisconsin), was not detected in the field samples tested. Concentrations of microcystin-LR ranged from 1.2 to 7600 microg L(-1). Anatoxin-a ranged from 0.68 to 1750 microg L(-1), which is the highest concentration reported from around the world. Cyanobacterial toxins, because of their high potency, deserve continued scrutiny by resource managers and public health officials responsible for recreational waters.
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin State Lab. of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI, 53718, USA.
authors.forename: Curtis J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hedman
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Krick
authors.forename: Dawn A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Karner Perkins
authors.forename: Elisabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Harrahy
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Sonzogni
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D005068:Eutrophication; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis*; D052998:Microcystins / Q000032:analysis*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins