title: Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intestinal ischemia reperfusion (IR) causes tissue injury in two ways, starting a pro-inflammatory cascade and oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, against intestinal IR injury in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into five groups: Sham, IR, IR plus ethanol (vehicle), IR plus 10 mg/kg (IR + 10CAPE), and 30 mg/kg CAPE (IR + 30CAPE) at the 30-min ischemic period. Intestines were exteriorized and the superior mesenteric artery was occluded for 45-min ischemia and then the clamp was removed for 120-min reperfusion. After the experiment, the intestines were removed for biochemical and light microscopic examinations. Additionally, blood samples were taken for plasma TNF-alpha measurement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TBARS levels of the IR and IR + Ethanol groups were higher than the Sham group (P < 0.05). Both CAPE treatments decreased TBARS levels in comparison with the IR group (P < 0.05). In both CAPE-treated groups, while the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were increased compared to all other groups, which was similarly the case for the CAT activity compared to the Sham and IR + Ethanol groups (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between GSH levels of all study groups. The TNF-alpha levels of the IR and IR + Ethanol groups were non-significantly increased compared to the Sham group (P > 0.05). The TNF-alpha levels of 10 and 30 mg/kg CAPE groups were non-significantly decreased compared to the IR group (P > 0.05). The tissue MPO activities of the IR and IR + Ethanol groups were higher than the Sham group (P < 0.05). The MPO activities of the IR + 10CAPE and IR + 30CAPE groups were not significantly different from the Sham group (P > 0.05). There was necrosis of mucosa in the IR and IR + Ethanol groups in light microscopic evaluations. Those changes were significantly reversed by 30 mg/kg CAPE treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intestinal IR injury may be reversed by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions of the CAPE. However, 30 mg/kg CAPE treatment may be more efficient in preventing intestinal IR injury in rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, 09100, Turkey. yyildiz04@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Yuksel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yildiz
authors.forename: Mukadder
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Serter
authors.forename: Rauf Onur
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Ek
authors.forename: Kemal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ergin
authors.forename: Serpil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cecen
authors.forename: Ece Mine
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.forename: Cigdem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yenisey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D002109:Caffeic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D007583:Jejunum / Q000473:pathology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002109:Caffeic Acids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C055494:caffeic acid phenethyl ester; D005978:Glutathione; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol