title: Race/ethnicity and breast cancer estrogen receptor status: impact of class, missing data, and modeling assumptions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether reported associations between race/ethnicity and breast cancer estrogen receptor (ER) status are inflated due to missing ER data, lack of socioeconomic data, and use of the odds ratio (OR) rather than the prevalence ratio (PR).
  
  
  METHODS
  We geocoded and added census tract socioeconomic data to all cases of primary invasive breast cancer (n = 42,420) among women diagnosed between 1998 and 2002 in two California cancer registries (San Francisco Bay Area; Los Angeles County) and analyzed the data using log binomial regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusting for socioeconomic position and tumor characteristics, in models using the imputed data, reduced the PR for the black versus white excess risk of being ER--from 1.76 (95% CI: 1.66, 1.86; adjusted for age and catchment area) to 1.47 (95% CI: 1.38, 1.56). The latter parameter estimate was 16% greater (i.e., 1.56) in models excluding women with missing ER data, and was 43% greater when estimated using the OR (i.e., 1.82).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies on race/ethnicity and ER status that fail to account for missing data and socioeconomic data and report the OR are likely to yield inflated estimates of racial/ethnic disparities in ER status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. nkrieger@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Krieger
authors.forename: Jarvis T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.forename: Afamia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaddour
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D002391:Catchment Area, Health; D019352:Censuses; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D044468:Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander / Q000208:ethnology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011203:Poverty; D015995:Prevalence; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000208:ethnology*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D011960:Receptors, Estrogen