title: Imaging proliferation to monitor early response of lymphoma to cytotoxic treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Positron emission tomography with the thymidine analogue 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine (FLT) has been reported to closely reflect lymphoma proliferation in vivo. In this preclinical study, we have investigated if FLT can also be utilized for imaging therapy-induced alterations of the nucleoside metabolism and if FLT is a surrogate marker for early response to cytotoxic treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunodeficient mice bearing high-grade lymphoma xenotransplants were treated with the cytotoxic agent doxorubicin (day 0). In the time course of day +1 to +9, antiproliferative effects were assessed non-invasively with FLT-PET and correlated to changes of the proliferation fraction and induction of apoptosis, as assessed by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor growth in untreated animals was significantly higher than in treated animals. In FLT-PET scans, these observations correlated with a significant decrease of tumor-to-background ratio in the therapy group already at day 1. Likewise, median tumor-to-muscle ratio of FLT uptake already declined at day 1. The proliferation fraction assessed by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry decreased after chemotherapy, while activated caspase 3 increased, suggesting both cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis as underlying mechanisms of the observed PET-signal alterations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a lymphoma xenotransplant model, we show that positron emission tomography using the proliferation marker FLT is suitable to detect early response to cytotoxic treatment. A significant decrease of FLT uptake but not tumor growth was detectable already 24 h after therapy and correlated with reduced proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Thus, FLT-PET has a potential for imaging early response to treatment in malignant lymphoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology and Oncology, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. nicolasgraf@gmx.de
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: den Hollander
authors.forename: Falko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fend
authors.forename: Tibor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wester
authors.forename: Reingard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Senekowitsch-Schmidtke
authors.forename: Christian Meyer
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: zum Büschenfelde
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peschel
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwaiger
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dechow
authors.forename: Andreas K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Buck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016403:Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D015224:Dideoxynucleosides; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D004317:Doxorubicin; C002854:alovudine