title: Quality of life among adolescents with sickle cell disease: mediation of pain by internalizing symptoms and parenting stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to clarify associations between pain, psychological adjustment, and family functioning with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in a sample of adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD) utilizing teen- and parent-report.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two adolescents (between the ages of 12 and 18) with SCD and their primary caregivers completed paper-and-pencil measures of pain, teen's psychological adjustment, and HRQOL. In addition, primary caregivers completed a measure of disease-related parenting stress. Medical file review established disease severity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pearson correlations identified significant inverse associations of pain frequency with physical and psychosocial domains of HRQOL as rated by the teen and primary caregiver. Generally, internalizing symptoms (i.e. anxiety and depression) and disease-related parenting stress were also significantly correlated with lower HRQOL. Examination of possible mediator models via a series of regression analyses confirmed that disease-related parenting stress served as a mediator between pain frequency and physical and psychosocial HRQOL. Less consistent were findings for mediation models involving internalizing symptoms. For these, parent-rated teen depression and teen anxiety served as mediators of the association of pain frequency and HRQOL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results are consistent with extant literature that suggests the association of pain and HRQOL and identify concomitant pain variables of internalizing symptoms and family variables as mediators. Efforts to improve HRQOL should aim to address internalizing symptoms associated with pain as well as parenting stress in the context of SCD management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Lamia.P.Barakat@drexel.edu
authors.forename: Lamia P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Barakat
authors.forename: Chavis A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Lauren C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Carlton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dampier
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis*