title: Upper-limb somatosensory evoked potential monitoring in lumbosacral spine surgery: a prognostic marker for position-related ulnar nerve injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) is used to monitor integrity of the brain, spinal cord, and nerve roots during spinal surgery. It records the electrical potentials from the scalp after electrical stimulation of the peripheral nerves of the upper or lower limbs. The standard monitoring modality in lumbosacral spine surgery includes lower-limb SSEP and electromyography (EMG). Upper-limb SSEP monitoring has also been used to detect and prevent brachial plexopathy and peripheral nerve injury in thoracic and lumbosacral spine surgeries. We routinely monitor lower-limb SSEP and EMG in lumbosacral spine procedures at our institution. However, a few patients experienced postoperative numbness and/or pain in their ulnar distribution with uneventful lower-limb SSEP and EMG.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that the postoperative upper extremity paresis in lumbosacral surgeries may result from compression and/or stretch of the brachial plexus and/or ulnar nerve while the patients were in prone position. Using upper-limb SSEP, we investigated whether we observe any significant change in the SSEP, and if so, whether we can prevent or reduce frequency of postoperative upper extremity deficits.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, we monitored upper-limb SSEP, in addition to lower-limb SSEP and EMG, in 230 elective, posterior lumbosacral spinal procedures. All operations were performed by a group of four neurosurgeons.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and thirty-one female and 99 male with an age range of 28 to 86 years between January 2004 and December 2005 were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Amplitude and latency of upper-limb or ulnar SSEP were continuously compared with those of the baseline. A greater than or equal to 50% decrease in SSEPs amplitude and/or a greater than or equal to 10% increase in latency were considered to be significant.
  
  
  METHODS
  After intubation, patients were positioned prone on Jackson or Andrews spinal table. Anesthesia was maintained with inhalant gas (desflurane or sevoflurane) and propofol infusion with and without minimal infusion of narcotics (fentanyl, sufentanyl, or remifentanil). Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring of upper-limb or ulnar SSEP was achieved by continuously recording cortical and subcortical responses after alternate stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist. In our institutional protocol, a greater than or equal to 50% decrease in SSEPs amplitude and/or a greater than or equal to 10% increase in latency were considered to be significant to alert the operating surgeons. When significant changes occurred, the surgeon was immediately notified. Also, reevaluation of vital signs, depth of anesthesia, and patient's position, and technical troubleshootings were subsequently followed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a greater than or equal to 50% decrease in amplitude of ulnar SSEP in 10 patients without significant changes in lower-limb SSEP (peroneal or posterior tibial nerve SSEP) or EMG during surgery. Eight patients had changes in unilateral limbs, and two patients had changes in bilateral limbs. Two patients with significant changes in unilateral limbs showed changes twice. The mean SSEP amplitude for the 14 changes was 29.2+/-3.1% (mean+/-SEM, standard error of mean) of the baseline value at the average surgical time of 60+/-1.5 minutes. With repositioning of the arms, the amplitudes were immediately restored with the average of 70.2+/-7.1% (n=14) of the baseline value. The mean amplitude of upper-limb SSEP was 73.4+/-8.7% (n=12) of the baseline at wound closure. The average surgical time was 154+/-29.2 minutes per case for the 10 patients. There was no documented postoperative upper extremity paresis in all 230 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that upper-limb SSEP monitoring could detect position-related ulnar neuropathy in 5.2% of the patients undergoing lumbosacral spine surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Georgia Neurosurgical Institute, Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon, GA 31201, USA.
authors.forename: Induk
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Glow
authors.forename: Vasilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dimopoulos
authors.forename: M Sami
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Walid
authors.forename: Hugh F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Smisson
authors.forename: Kim W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Joe S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Arthur A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Grigorian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001132:Arm / Q000294:innervation; D017586:Diskectomy; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007796:Laminectomy; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011379:Prognosis; D016684:Prone Position; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012447:Sacrum / Q000601:surgery; D013123:Spinal Fusion; D014459:Ulnar Nerve / Q000293:injuries; D020424:Ulnar Neuropathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*