title: False promises: the tobacco industry, "low tar" cigarettes, and older smokers.
abstract: To investigate the role of the tobacco industry in marketing to and sustaining tobacco addiction among older smokers and aging baby boomers, We performed archival searches of electronic archives of internal tobacco company documents using a snowball sampling approach. Analysis was done using iterative and comparative review of documents, classification by themes, and a hermeneutic interpretive approach to develop a case study. Based on extensive marketing research, tobacco companies aggressively targeted older smokers and sought to prevent them from quitting. Innovative marketing approaches were used. "Low tar" cigarettes were developed in response to the health concerns of older smokers, despite industry knowledge that such products had no health advantage and did not help smokers quit. Tobacco industry activities influence the context of cessation for older smokers in several ways. Through marketing "low tar" or "light" cigarettes to older smokers "at risk" of quitting, the industry contributes to the illusion that such cigarettes are safer, although "light" cigarettes may make it harder for addicted smokers to quit. Through targeted mailings of coupons and incentives, the industry discourages older smokers from quitting. Through rhetoric aimed at convincing addicted smokers that they alone are responsible for their smoking, the industry contributes to self-blame, a documented barrier to cessation. Educating practitioners, older smokers, and families about the tobacco industry's influence may decrease the tendency to "blame the victim," thereby enhancing the likelihood of older adults receiving tobacco addiction treatment. Comprehensive tobacco control measures must include a focus on older smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, Geriatric Specialty, School of Nursing, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94943-0610, USA. janine.cataldo@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Janine K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Cataldo
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Malone
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003469:Culture; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D040541:Marketing; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology; D013638:Tars / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D019460:Tobacco Industry; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D013638:Tars