title: Estimation of HIV incidence in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States has not been directly measured. New assays that differentiate recent vs long-standing HIV infections allow improved estimation of HIV incidence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate HIV incidence in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Remnant diagnostic serum specimens from patients 13 years or older and newly diagnosed with HIV during 2006 in 22 states were tested with the BED HIV-1 capture enzyme immunoassay to classify infections as recent or long-standing. Information on HIV cases was reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through June 2007. Incidence of HIV in the 22 states during 2006 was estimated using a statistical approach with adjustment for testing frequency and extrapolated to the United States. Results were corroborated with back-calculation of HIV incidence for 1977-2006 based on HIV diagnoses from 40 states and AIDS incidence from 50 states and the District of Columbia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Estimated HIV incidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An estimated 39,400 persons were diagnosed with HIV in 2006 in the 22 states. Of 6864 diagnostic specimens tested using the BED assay, 2133 (31%) were classified as recent infections. Based on extrapolations from these data, the estimated number of new infections for the United States in 2006 was 56,300 (95% confidence interval [CI], 48,200-64,500); the estimated incidence rate was 22.8 per 100,000 population (95% CI, 19.5-26.1). Forty-five percent of infections were among black individuals and 53% among men who have sex with men. The back-calculation (n = 1.230 million HIV/AIDS cases reported by the end of 2006) yielded an estimate of 55,400 (95% CI, 50,000-60,800) new infections per year for 2003-2006 and indicated that HIV incidence increased in the mid-1990s, then slightly declined after 1999 and has been stable thereafter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides the first direct estimates of HIV incidence in the United States using laboratory technologies previously implemented only in clinic-based settings. New HIV infections in the United States remain concentrated among men who have sex with men and among black individuals.
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. ixh1@cdc.gov
authors.forename: H Irene
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Ruiguang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prejean
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karon
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brookmeyer
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Janssen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D015528:HIV Seroprevalence; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology