title: LIPGENE food-exchange model for alteration of dietary fat quantity and quality in free-living participants from eight European countries.
abstract: Controlled human intervention trials are required to confirm the hypothesis that dietary fat quality may influence insulin action. The aim was to develop a food-exchange model, suitable for use in free-living volunteers, to investigate the effects of four experimental diets distinct in fat quantity and quality: high SFA (HSFA); high MUFA (HMUFA) and two low-fat (LF) diets, one supplemented with 1.24 g EPA and DHA/d (LFn-3). A theoretical food-exchange model was developed. The average quantity of exchangeable fat was calculated as the sum of fat provided by added fats (spreads and oils), milk, cheese, biscuits, cakes, buns and pastries using data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of UK adults. Most of the exchangeable fat was replaced by specifically designed study foods. Also critical to the model was the use of carbohydrate exchanges to ensure the diets were isoenergetic. Volunteers from eight centres across Europe completed the dietary intervention. Results indicated that compositional targets were largely achieved with significant differences in fat quantity between the high-fat diets (39.9 (sem 0.6) and 38.9 (sem 0.51) percentage energy (%E) from fat for the HSFA and HMUFA diets respectively) and the low-fat diets (29.6 (sem 0.6) and 29.1 (sem 0.5) %E from fat for the LF and LFn-3 diets respectively) and fat quality (17.5 (sem 0.3) and 10.4 (sem 0.2) %E from SFA and 12.7 (sem 0.3) and 18.7 (sem 0.4) %E MUFA for the HSFA and HMUFA diets respectively). In conclusion, a robust, flexible food-exchange model was developed and implemented successfully in the LIPGENE dietary intervention trial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Danielle I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Audrey C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Tierney
authors.forename: Sinead
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Upritchard
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vermunt
authors.forename: Hanne L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Gulseth
authors.forename: Christian A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Drevon
authors.forename: Ellen E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Blaak
authors.forename: Wim H M
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Saris
authors.forename: Brita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karlström
authors.forename: Olfa
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Helal
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Defoort
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gallego
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Miranda
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Siedlecka
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malczewska-Malec
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lovegrove
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004034:Diet Surveys; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000178:diet therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid