title: A developmental model of maternal and child contributions to disruptive conduct: the first six years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The parent-child relationship is considered important for children's future conscience, and conscience is seen as protecting them from disruptive behavior problems, but specific mechanisms of this developmental process are rarely studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  This multi-trait multi-method study examined, in a longitudinal design, paths linking early maternal responsiveness to the child with the child's future conscience and disruptive behavior in 102 mother-child dyads. We tested a conceptual model where maternal responsiveness to the child, observed at 7 and 15 months, engenders a responsive stance in the child, observed at 25 and 38 months; that stance, in turn, becomes enduring and generalized, promoting multiple aspects of the child's conscience, observed at 52 months. In turn, conscience serves as a protective factor from disruptive behavior problems, rated by mothers and fathers at 67 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The postulated paths were examined using sequential regressions and mediation effects were tested using bootstrapping analyses. Child responsive stance at 25-38 months fully mediated the link between maternal responsiveness in infancy and conscience at 52 months, and conscience fully mediated the link between child responsive stance and future disruptive behavior at 67 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Examination of developmental links among early maternal behavior, the child's responsive stance toward the mother, conscience, and disruptive behavior is a promising step toward elucidating mechanisms of children's adaptive and maladaptive trajectories.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1407, USA. grazyna-kochanska@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kochanska
authors.forename: Robin A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: Nazan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aksan
authors.forename: Lea J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Boldt
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003242:Conscience; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D010290:Parents