title: Profiling of benzophenone derivatives using fish and human estrogen receptor-specific in vitro bioassays.
abstract: Benzophenone (BP) derivatives, BP1 (2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone), BP2 (2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone), BP3 (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone), and THB (2,4,4'-trihydroxybenzophenone) are UV-absorbing chemicals widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and industrial applications, such as topical sunscreens in lotions and hair sprays to protect skin and hair from UV irradiation. Studies on their endocrine disrupting properties have mostly focused on their interaction with human estrogen receptor alpha (hERalpha), and there has been no comprehensive analysis of their potency in a system allowing comparison between hERalpha and hERbeta activities. The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive ER activation profile of BP derivatives using ER from human and fish origin in a battery of in vitro tests, i.e., competitive binding, reporter gene based assays, vitellogenin (Vtg) induction in isolated rainbow trout hepatocytes, and proliferation based assays. The ability to induce human androgen receptor (hAR)-mediated reporter gene expression was also examined. All BP derivatives tested except BP3 were full hERalpha and hERbeta agonists (BP2>THB>BP1) and displayed a stronger activation of hERbeta compared with hERalpha, the opposite effect to that of estradiol (E2). Unlike E2, BPs were more active in rainbow trout ERalpha (rtERalpha) than in hERalpha assay. All four BP derivatives showed anti-androgenic activity (THB>BP2>BP1>BP3). Overall, the observed anti-androgenic potencies of BP derivatives, together with their proposed greater effect on ERbeta versus ERalpha activation, support further investigation of their role as endocrine disrupters in humans and wildlife.
authors.affiliation: IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France; INSERM, U896, Montpellier, F-34298, France. molinajm@ugr.es
authors.forename: José-Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Molina-Molina
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Escande
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pillon
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.forename: Farzad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pakdel
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cavaillès
authors.forename: Nicolás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Olea
authors.forename: Sélim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aït-Aïssa
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Balaguer
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001681:Biological Assay; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000187:drug effects*; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D014819:Vitellogenins / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D001577:Benzophenones; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D014819:Vitellogenins; D004958:Estradiol