title: Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics are associated with antioxidant intake and the consumption of their dietary sources during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the associations of selected sociodemographic and lifestyle factors with the intake of antioxidant nutrients and consumption of their main dietary sources among pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based cohort study. Dietary intake during pregnancy was assessed by a self-administered FFQ one to three months after the delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) Project.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects comprised 3730 women (70.1 % of those invited) who entered the DIPP Nutrition Study after delivering a child at increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes at the university hospitals in Oulu and Tampere, Finland, 1997-2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All sociodemographic and lifestyle factors studied showed significant associations with antioxidant intake in multiple regression models adjusting for all other factors. Older and more educated women tended to have higher intake of most antioxidants. Parity was positively associated with retinol intake and inversely with vitamin C intake. Smokers had lower intakes of most antioxidants. Only the partner's education was positively associated with high intake of fruits, whereas own education was positively associated with berry consumption. Vegetable consumption was positively associated with partner's education except for women with academic education, who tended to have high vegetable consumption irrespective of partner's education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young women, smokers and those with a low education are at risk for low antioxidant intake and non-optimal food choices during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Tampere School of Public Health, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. liisa.uusitalo@uta.fi
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Uusitalo
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Uusitalo
authors.forename: Marja-Leena
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ovaskainen
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niinistö
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kronberg-Kippilä
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marjamäki
authors.forename: Suvi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahonen
authors.forename: Mike G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kenward
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knip
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veijola
authors.forename: Suvi M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Virtanen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005638:Fruit; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants