title: School-based mental health intervention for children affected by political violence in Indonesia: a cluster randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the efficacy of mental health interventions for children exposed to armed conflicts in low- and middle-income settings. Childhood mental health problems are difficult to address in situations of ongoing poverty and political instability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of a school-based intervention designed for conflict-exposed children, implemented in a low-income setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cluster randomized trial involving 495 children (81.4% inclusion rate) who were a mean (SD) age of 9.9 (1.3) years, were attending randomly selected schools in political violence-affected communities in Poso, Indonesia, and were screened for exposure (> or = 1 events), posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety symptoms compared with a wait-listed control group. Nonblinded assessment took place before, 1 week after, and 6 months after treatment between March and December 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen sessions, over 5 weeks, of a manualized, school-based group intervention, including trauma-processing activities, cooperative play, and creative-expressive elements, implemented by locally trained paraprofessionals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed psychiatric symptoms using the Child Posttraumatic Stress Scale, Depression Self-Rating Scale, the Self-Report for Anxiety Related Disorders 5-item version, and the Children's Hope Scale, and assessed function impairment as treatment outcomes using standardized symptom checklists and locally developed rating scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correcting for clustering of participants within schools, we found significantly more improvement in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (mean change difference, 2.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 4.53) and maintained hope (mean change difference, -2.21; 95% CI, -3.52 to -0.91) in the treatment group than in the wait-listed group. Changes in traumatic idioms (stress-related physical symptoms) (mean change difference, 0.50; 95% CI, -0.12 to 1.11), depressive symptoms (mean change difference, 0.70; 95% CI, -0.08 to 1.49), anxiety (mean change difference, 0.12; 95% CI, -0.31 to 0.56), and functioning (mean change difference, 0.52; 95% CI, -0.43 to 1.46) were not different between the treatment and wait-listed groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study of children in violence-affected communities, a school-based intervention reduced posttraumatic stress symptoms and helped maintain hope, but did not reduce traumatic-stress related symptoms, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, or functional impairment.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN25172408.
authors.affiliation: HealthNet TPO, Department of Public Health and Research, Tolstraat 127, 1074 VJ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. wtol@healthnettpo.org
authors.forename: Wietse A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Tol
authors.forename: Ivan H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Komproe
authors.forename: Dessy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Susanty
authors.forename: Mark J D
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jordans
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Macy
authors.forename: Joop T V M
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: De Jong
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D008297:Male; D008605:Mental Health Services; D011057:Politics; D011203:Poverty; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011613:Psychotherapy; D012107:Research Design; D012572:School Health Services; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*