title: High glucose induced endothelial cell growth inhibition is associated with an increase in TGFbeta1 secretion and inhibition of Ras prenylation via suppression of the mevalonate pathway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ras proteins are known to affect cellular growth and function. The influence of the prenylation status of Ras on the observed changes in endothelial cell growth under high glucose conditions has not previously been examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to normal or high glucose conditions for 72 h. They were then examined for proliferative and hypertrophic effects, transforming growth factor beta(1) (TGFbeta(1)) release, and phosphorylated p38 expression. The importance of prenylation was explored by the addition of mevalonate, isoprenoids or farnesyltransferase inhibitors to control the high glucose media and by measuring changes induced by high glucose and exogenous TGFbeta(1) in Ras prenylation and farnesyltransferase activity. Kidneys from diabetic rats treated with atorvastatin were also compared to specimens from untreated animals and the expression of the Ras effector p-Akt examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High glucose conditions caused a reduction in cell number. This was reversed in the presence of mevalonate or farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP), suggesting that the cell growth abnormalities observed are due to high glucose induced inhibition of the mevalonate pathway and subsequent prenylation of proteins. Endothelial cells exposed to high glucose increased their secretion of TGFbeta(1) and the phosphorylation of p38 both of which were reversed by concurrent exposure to FPP. A reduction in farnesyltransferase activity was observed after exposure to both high glucose and TGFbeta(1). Exposure to a farnesyltransferase inhibitor in control conditions mimicked the growth response observed with high glucose exposure and prenylated Ras was reduced by exposure to both high glucose and TGFbeta(1). Finally, interruption of the mevalonate pathway with a statin reduced the expression of p-Akt in diabetic rat kidneys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that high glucose induced significant alterations in endothelial cell growth by inhibition of the mevalonate pathway, which subsequently mediates the increase in TGFbeta(1) and inhibition of Ras prenylation.
authors.affiliation: Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mather
authors.forename: X M
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McGinn
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sumual
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mangiafico
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pollock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008798:Mevalonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras) / Q000378:metabolism*; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017368:Protein Prenylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D011758:Pyrroles; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015689:Oncogene Protein p21(ras); D005947:Glucose; D008798:Mevalonic Acid