title: The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, body mass index, and responses to sweet and salty fatty foods: a twin study of genetic and environmental associations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relation between body weight and energy-dense foods remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We estimated the effects of genetic and environmental factors on cognitive and emotional aspects of dieting behavior, body mass index (BMI), and responses to fatty foods and on their relations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1326 adult twin persons (aged 17-82 y; 17% M and 83% F) from the United Kingdom and Finland completed the revised version of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18) and reported the liking and use-frequency of 4 sweet-and-fatty and salty-and-fatty food items (6 items in the United Kingdom and 5 items in Finland). Genetic modeling was done by using linear structural equations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heritability estimates were calculated separately for the countries and sexes; they were 26-63% for cognitive restraint, 45-69% for uncontrolled eating, and 9-45% for emotional eating, respectively. Of the variation in liking and use-frequency of fatty foods, 24-54% was attributed to interindividual genetic differences. No significant correlations were observed between BMI and fatty food use or liking. However, BMI was positively (mostly genetically) correlated (genetic r = 0.16-0.51) with all of the dieting behaviors, and they correlated with fatty food use and liking ratings. Uncontrolled eating was both genetically and environmentally associated with liking for salty-and-fatty foods (genetic and environmental r = 0.16), and emotional eating was genetically associated with liking for sweet-and-fatty foods (genetic r = 0.31).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relation between BMI and diet appears to be mediated through dieting behaviors. Dietary counseling should focus on unhealthy dieting behaviors rather than only on direct advice on food use.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Food Technology and Mental Health and Alcohol Studies, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. kaisu.keskitalo@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Kaisu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Keskitalo
authors.forename: Hely
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tuorila
authors.forename: Tim D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.forename: Lynn F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Cherkas
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Knaapila
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaprio
authors.forename: Karri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Silventoinen
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perola
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003071:Cognition; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004435:Eating / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D004739:England; D004777:Environment; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013649:Taste / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014427:Twins; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats