title: MCP-1-deficient mice show reduced neuroinflammatory responses and increased peripheral inflammatory responses to peripheral endotoxin insult.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An endotoxin insult mimics a severe peripheral infection and recent evidence suggests that a single exposure can cause long-term cognitive deficits. A peripheral injection of LPS results in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, in the brain and periphery and these cytokines mediate many effects of the acute phase response including activation of the HPA axis. The chemokine MCP-1 is highly expressed during endotoxemia and although much is known about the importance of MCP-1 in peripheral inflammatory responses to LPS, information about MCP-1 and CNS responses to peripheral LPS is lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57Bl/6 mice were administered LPS by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, serum and brains were collected at several time points, and the time course of MCP-1 protein up-regulation was measured. To examine the role of MCP-1 in activation of the brain during acute systemic inflammation, we injected MCP-1 knockout (MCP-1-/-) or control C57Bl/6 (MCP-1+/+) mice with LPS i.p. and measured the levels of selected cytokines and chemokines in serum and brain extracts 6 hours later. Activated microglia were examined by CD45 immunohistochemistry, and serum corticosterone and ACTH levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report that LPS injection induces a robust increase in MCP-1 protein levels in serum and brain, with peak brain levels reached at 6 hrs after LPS administration. MCP-1-/- mice injected with LPS showed higher levels of serum IL-1beta and TNF-alpha compared to LPS-treated MCP-1+/+ mice. In contrast, these MCP-1-/- mice showed significantly lower inductions of brain pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, fewer activated microglia, and a reduction in serum corticosterone levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MCP-1-/- mice have decreased brain inflammation after a peripheral LPS insult, despite an exaggerated peripheral response. These data demonstrate an important role for MCP-1 in regulation of brain inflammation after peripheral endotoxemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Wendy L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Karpus
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Van Eldik
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000276:immunology; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C491768:Ccl2 protein, mouse; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003345:Corticosterone