title: Cross-cultural equivalence of the Beck Depression Inventory: a five-country analysis from the ODIN study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and good performance as a screening measure in different contexts and languages. However, comparison of its structure across countries and languages remains understudied. Measurement invariance is a prerequisite for considering the BDI equivalent across versions, and for using it to make valid and interpretable comparisons of the severity of depression among different groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a five-country (UK, Ireland, Spain, Norway, and Finland), two-stage epidemiological study of depressive disorder, 7934 persons were screened using the BDI. The item equivalence and measurement invariance of the BDI across the samples of the five countries was tested using Item Response Theory (IRT) and Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall results support the factorial validity of the BDI, with a unidimensional structure. Item 19 (weight loss) presented a clear misfit in the five countries. IRT models, as well as MIMIC models, suggest that complete measurement invariance cannot be assumed across the five countries. The Spanish sample accounted for the majority of the differences, with a moderate to low Differential Item Functioning for the other countries on the different items.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The BDI could be used cross-culturally in Europe, with particular cautions regarding the Spanish sample, and with the constraints and limits pointed out for the present results. The methodology used for the present work is suggested as a soundness approach for testing the cross-cultural validity of severity rating scales.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Autónoma University of Madrid, La Princesa University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nuevo
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dowrick
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vázquez-Barquero
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Odd Stefen
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Dalgard
authors.forename: Ville
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lehtinen
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ayuso-Mateos
mesh_terms: D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D009664:Norway; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013030:Spain; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D006113:United Kingdom