title: Is a priming dose of insulin necessary in a low-dose insulin protocol for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of an insulin priming dose with a continuous insulin infusion versus two continuous infusions without a priming dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective randomized protocol used three insulin therapy methods: 1) load group using a priming dose of 0.07 units of regular insulin per kg body weight followed by a dose of 0.07 unit x kg(-1) x h(-1) i.v. in 12 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA); 2) no load group using an infusion of regular insulin of 0.07 unit . kg body weight(-1) x h(-1) without a loading dose in 12 patients with DKA, and 3) twice no load group using an infusion of regular insulin of 0.14 x kg(-1) x h(-1) without a loading dose in 13 patients with DKA. Outcome was based on the effects of insulin therapy on biochemical and hormonal changes during treatment and recovery of DKA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The load group reached a peak in free insulin value (460 microU/ml) within 5 min and plateaued at 88 microU/ml in 60 min. The twice no load group reached a peak (200 microU/ml) at 45 min. The no load group reached a peak (60 microU/ml) in 60-120 min. Five patients in the no load group required supplemental insulin doses to decrease initial glucose levels by 10%; patients in the twice no load and load groups did not. Except for these differences, times to reach glucose <or=250 mg/dl, pH >or=7.3, and HCO(3)(-) >or=15 mEq/l did not differ significantly among the three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A priming dose in low-dose insulin therapy in patients with DKA is unnecessary if an adequate dose of regular insulin of 0.14 unit x kg body weight(-1) x h(-1) (about 10 units/h in a 70-kg patient) is given.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. akitabchi@utmem.edu
authors.forename: Abbas E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kitabchi
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Matteri
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016883:Diabetic Ketoacidosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007659:Ketones / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D007659:Ketones; D011188:Potassium; D006854:Hydrocortisone