title: Association of vitamin D deficiency with heart failure and sudden cardiac death in a large cross-sectional study of patients referred for coronary angiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D has been shown to influence cardiac contractility and myocardial calcium homeostasis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to elucidate whether insufficient vitamin D status is associated with heart failure and sudden cardiac death (SCD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in 3299 Caucasian patients who were routinely referred to coronary angiography at baseline (1997-2000).
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcome was cross-sectional associations of 25(OH)D levels with measures of heart failure and Cox proportional hazard ratios for deaths due to heart failure and for SCD according to vitamin D status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  25(OH)D was negatively correlated with N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and was inversely associated with higher New York Heart Association classes and impaired left ventricular function. During a median follow-up time of 7.7 yr, 116 patients died due to heart failure and 188 due to SCD. After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, the hazard ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) for death due to heart failure and for SCD were 2.84 (1.20-6.74) and 5.05 (2.13-11.97), respectively, when comparing patients with severe vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D <25 nmol/liter)] with persons in the optimal range [25(OH)D > or =75 nmol/liter]. In all statistical analyses, we obtained similar results with 25(OH)D and with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D are associated with prevalent myocardial dysfunction, deaths due to heart failure, and SCD. Interventional trials are warranted to elucidate whether vitamin D supplementation is useful for treatment and/or prevention of myocardial diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria. stefan.pilz@chello.at
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pilz
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: März
authors.forename: Britta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wellnitz
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Seelhorst
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fahrleitner-Pammer
authors.forename: Hans P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Dimai
authors.forename: Bernhard O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dobnig
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D