title: Does the duration of index episode affect the treatment outcome of major depressive disorder? A STAR*D report.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article aims to identify baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with the duration of the index major depressive episode (MDE) and to assess the effect of the current MDE duration on response and remission rates with up to 14 weeks of citalopram.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible participants met DSM-IV criteria for nonpsychotic major depressive disorder, scored >or= 14 on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D-17), and were not resistant to adequate antidepressant treatment in the current episode. The first patient was enrolled in July 2001 and the last visit for the last patient in follow-up was in March 2006. The evaluable sample (N = 2851) was divided into 4 groups based on the index MDE duration at study entry: acute (<or= 6 months, N = 1324), subchronic (7-23 months, N = 807), chronic (24-41 months, N = 326), and ultrachronic (>or= 42 months, N = 394). These 4 groups were compared in terms of baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes. Citalopram was generally begun at 20 mg/day and raised to 40 mg/day by weeks 2 through 4 and to 60 mg/day (final dose) by weeks 4 through 6. Logistic regression models with adjusted post hoc analyses were used to control for associated baseline characteristics. Response was defined as >or= 50% reduction in baseline 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR-16) scores at exit. Remission was defined as <or= 7 on the HAM-D-17 or <or= 5 on the QIDS-SR-16.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MDE duration was longer in primary care settings, blacks, Hispanics, single or widowed, unemployed, publicly insured or uninsured, older, and less educated participants and in those with lower income, less recurrence, or greater concurrent general medical or Axis I comorbidities. HAM-D-17 remission rates ranged from 31.0% (acute group) to 24.1% (ultrachronic group). HAM-D-17 remission rates were significantly related to MDE duration (p = .0010), but after adjustments for baseline differences among the 4 groups, remission rates were not different. QIDS-SR-16 response rates were lower for the subacute and chronic groups but not different for the acute and ultrachronic groups after adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longer MDE duration is associated with socioeconomic disadvantage and greater Axis I and medical comorbidity. Episode duration per se does not significantly affect the likelihood of remission.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00021528.
authors.affiliation: Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill 60611, USA. w-gilmer@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Gilmer
authors.forename: Jackie K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Gollan
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Wisniewski
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Howland
authors.forename: Madhukar H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyahara
authors.forename: Jenelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fleck
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Thase
authors.forename: Jonathan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Alpert
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nierenberg
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Warden
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fava
authors.forename: A John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rush
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015283:Citalopram / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003710:Demography; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015283:Citalopram; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors