title: Secondary exchange of sterile injecting equipment in a high distribution environment: a mixed method analysis in south east Sydney, Australia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Australia, sterile needles are distributed to people who inject drugs through formal services for the purposes of limiting the transmission of blood borne viruses (BBV). Secondary exchange (SE) involves people acquiring needles from formal services and redistributing them to others. This paper describes the extent, patterns and contexts of SE in south east Sydney, Australia and examines whether SE is independently associated with BBV risk practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through a cross-sectional study using surveys and in-depth interviews. Respondents were people using community-based pharmacies to obtain sterile needles and syringes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were collected from 229 survey respondents, over half of whom (54%) reported SE in the previous month. Of these, 40% engaged in distribution only, 25% in receipt only and 36% in both. Respondents reported passing on 21.7% of their needles to others in the last month, most commonly to friends (51.6%) and partners (27.4%). Recipients of SE were four times more likely than non-secondary exchangers to report borrowing used syringes in the last month. Respondents reported supplying sterile equipment to others to prevent reuse and to reduce risks associated with unplanned drug use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SE is a common activity in south east Sydney but does not appear to be highly organised, usually taking place in small networks of friends and/or partners for altruistic reasons. Harm reduction programs could capitalise on the prevalence of SE to reach injecting drug users who do not use formal distribution services.
authors.affiliation: National Centre in HIV Social Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. j.bryant@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hopwood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010594:Pharmacies; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012931:Social Environment; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000523:psychology*