title: Methods of preventing vinorelbine-induced phlebitis: an experimental study in rabbits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to identify methods for preventing phlebitis caused by intravenous administration of vinorelbine (VNR), we established a procedure for estimating the severity of phlebitis in an animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four different factors (administration rate, dilution, flushing, and infusion of fat emulsion) were evaluated for alleviation of phlebitis caused by VNR infusion. VNR was diluted with normal saline to prepare test solutions with concentrations of 0.6 mg/mL or 0.3 mg/mL for infusion into the auricular veins of rabbits. Two days after VNR infusion, the veins were subjected to histopathological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VNR did not cause obvious loss of venous endothelial cells, the most sensitive and common feature of phlebitis, but VNR infusion led to inflammatory cell infiltration, edema, and epidermal degeneration. Tissue damage was significantly decreased by shortening the administration time and by diluting the VNR solution for infusion from 0.6 mg/mL to 0.3 mg/mL. However, there was no effect of flushing with normal saline after VNR infusion, while treatment with fat emulsion before and after VNR infusion only had a minimal effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rapid infusion and dilution are effective methods of reducing phlebitis caused by the infusion of VNR, but the efficacy of flushing with normal saline or infusion of fat emulsion was not confirmed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Kansai Medical University Takii Hospital, 10-15 Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8507, Japan. kohnoe@takii.kmu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Emiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kohno
authors.forename: Saori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murase
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishikata
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.forename: Sumio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matzno
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuwahara
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004423:Ear / Q000098:blood supply; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D010689:Phlebitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011817:Rabbits; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D014680:Veins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D000077235:Vinorelbine
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D014747:Vinblastine; D000077235:Vinorelbine