title: Leadership, job well-being, and health effects--a systematic review and a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this systematic literature analysis was to study the association between leadership and well-being at work and work-related health. These intermediate outcomes are supposed to predict work-related loss of productivity and disability at work.
  
  
  METHODS
  Original articles published in 1970 to 2005 were searched in MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases in a systematic manner. The main search terms were leadership, job satisfaction, well-being, sick leave, and disability pension. Out of 303 references, 93 publications were retrieved. In addition, other sources produced 69 articles. The strength of evidence was evaluated comprehensively. Altogether, 109 articles were thoroughly analyzed; our conclusions are based on 27 articles providing the best evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was moderate evidence that leadership is associated with job well-being (risk ratio [RR] 1.40, range 1.36 to 1.57), sick leave (RR 0.73, range 0.70 to 0.89), and disability pension (RR 0.46, range 0.42 to 0.59). The evidence was weak on that leadership is associated with job satisfaction (median RR 2.23, range 1.30 to 3.51) but not with job performance (RR 1.13, range 0.55 to 1.20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a relative lack of well-founded prospective studies targeting the association between leadership and employee health, but the few available good studies suggest an important role of leadership on employee job satisfaction, job well-being, sickness absences, and disability pensions. The relationship between leadership and job performance remains unclear.
authors.affiliation: Siinto, Myllyojantie 22, 85470 Kiiskilampi, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuoppala
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lamminpää
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liira
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vainio
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D007857:Leadership; D015279:Organizational Culture; D012179:Retirement; D012306:Risk; D018582:Sick Leave