title: Characterization of the TaALMT1 protein as an Al3+-activated anion channel in transformed tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cells.
abstract: TaALMT1 encodes a putative transport protein associated with Al(3+)-activated efflux of malate from wheat root apices. We expressed TaALMT1 in Nicotiana tabacum L. suspension cells and conducted a detailed functional analysis. Protoplasts were isolated for patch-clamping from cells expressing TaALMT1 and from control cells (empty vector transformed). With malate(2-) as the permeant anion in the protoplast, an inward current (anion efflux) that reversed at positive potentials was observed in protoplasts expressing TaALMT1 in the absence of Al(3+). This current was sensitive to the anion channel antagonist niflumate, but insensitive to Gd(3+). External AlCl(3) (50 microM), but not La(3+) and Gd(3+), increased the inward current in TaALMT1-transformed protoplasts. The inward current was highly selective to malate over nitrate and chloride (P(mal) >> P(NO3) >or= P(Cl), P(mal)/P(Cl) >or=18, +/-Al(3+)), under conditions with higher anion concentration internally than externally. The anion currents displayed a voltage and time dependent deactivation at negative voltages. Voltage ramps revealed that inward rectification was caused by the imposed anion gradients. Single channels with conductances between 10 and 17 pS were associated with the deactivation of the current at negative voltages, agreeing with estimates from voltage ramps. This study of the electrophysiological function of the TaALMT1 protein in a plant heterologous expression system provides the first direct evidence that TaALMT1 functions as an Al(3+)-activated malate(2-) channel. We show that the Al(3+)-activated currents measured in TaALMT1-transformed tobacco cells are identical to the Al(3+)-activated currents observed in the root cells of wheat, indicating that TaALMT1 alone is likely to be responsible for those endogenous currents.
authors.affiliation: Key laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China.
authors.forename: Wen-Hao
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Steve D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Tyerman
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004594:Electrophysiology; D017136:Ion Transport; D008293:Malates / Q000378:metabolism; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000378:metabolism; D011523:Protoplasts / Q000378:metabolism; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014170:Transformation, Genetic; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D050994:Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008293:Malates; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; D010940:Plant Proteins; D050994:Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels; C030298:malic acid; D000535:Aluminum