title: Prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in sheep in a sheep-only abattoir in New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of the two most commonly diagnosed pathogenic Leptospira spp. serovars, Hardjobovis and Pomona, in sheep in a sheep-only abattoir in New Zealand, and to determine the prevalence of kidneys which were leptospire culture-positive collected from sheep seropositive or seronegative to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT).
  
  
  METHODS
  A repeated cross-sectional observational study was conducted of serological and kidney culture prevalences of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjobovis and Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona. Lines of sheep and individual sheep were systematically randomly selected at a sheep-only abattoir during 18 May 2004 to November 2004 and 06 December 2004 to 14 June 2005. Additionally, a cross-sectional study examined prevalences in a purposively selected line of sheep from a flock with clinical evidence of an outbreak of leptospirosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the study population of 15,855 sheep of which 2,758 were sampled, 5.7 (95% CI=4.9-6.7)% were seropositive to one or both serovars; 44.2 (95% CI=34.6-54.2)% of 95 lines of sheep and 44.9 (95% CI=35.0-55.3)% of 89 farms showed serological evidence of infection. The serological prevalence of serovar Hardjobovis was significantly higher than that of serovar Pomona both at line (33% and 4%, respectively) and individual (5% and 1%, respectively) levels. A low but persistent seroprevalence of Hardjobovis throughout both years suggested low-level endemicity to this serovar, whereas Pomona infections appeared to be sporadic. Leptospires were isolated from kidneys of 8/37 (22%) Hardjobovis- and 1/6 (17%) Pomona-seropositive, and 5/499 (1%) seronegative animals. Of the animals purposively sampled from a farm with a clinical outbreak of leptospirosis, all kidneys from the 13 seropositive animals were culture-positive, indicating a high risk of exposure of meat workers in outbreak situations. Kidneys of MAT-seropositive sheep were 21.7 (95% CI=7.6-61.9) times more likely to test culture-positive than kidneys from animals with negative MAT titres. In general, the results indicated that 13/1,000 sheep slaughtered were potentially shedding leptospires.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrated the presence of a definite risk of occupational exposure of meat workers in a sheep-only slaughterhouse to the two most commonly diagnosed pathogenic Leptospira spp. serovars in New Zealand.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. s.dorjee@yahoo.co.nz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dorjee
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heuer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Collins-Emerson
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Midwinter
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ridler
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000372:Agglutination Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D007668:Kidney / Q000382:microbiology; D007919:Leptospira / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007922:Leptospirosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D009520:New Zealand; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012698:Serologic Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors