title: Managing pelvic inflammatory disease.
abstract: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) describes the clinical features of sexually transmitted pelvic infection ranging from acute salpingitis to salpingo-oophoritis and ultimately pelvic abscess. Intra-tubal adhesions and pelvic adhesive disease are the long-term sequelae of PID which may lead to both sub-fertility and tubal ectopic pregnancy. Laparoscopy is the definitive diagnostic modality, but is invasive and not suitable for routine clinical practice especially in the primary care setting. Ascending infection by Neiserria gonorrhoea, Chlamydia trachomatis and less commonly bacterial vaginosis and mycoplasma have been traditionally associated as causative pathogens in PID. As polymicrobial infections are being implicated in PID before culture and sensitivity results are available empirical treatment based on clinical guidelines is justified initially. Pre-emptive testing and treatment for woman at increased risk of chlamydia has been shown to reduce the risk of PID by up to two-thirds. It is imperative that medical practitioners have low thresholds for testing and treatment of both sexually active young women and men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, IMU Clinical School, Jalan Rasah, 70300 Seremban, Negeri Sembilan. sivalingam_nalliah@imu.edu.my
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sivalingam
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Vanitha
authors.forename: K Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Loh
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy