title: Induction of sodium iodide symporter gene and molecular characterisation of HNF3 beta/FoxA2, TTF-1 and C/EBP beta in thyroid carcinoma cells.
abstract: Thyroid carcinoma cells often do not express thyroid-specific genes including sodium iodide symporter (NIS), thyroperoxidase (TPO), thyroglobulin (TG), and thyrotropin-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). Treatment of thyroid carcinoma cells (four papillary and two anaplastic cell lines) with histone deacetylase inhibitors (SAHA or VPA) modestly induced the expression of the NIS gene. The promoter regions of the thyroid-specific genes contained binding sites for hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 beta (HNF3 beta)/forkhead box A2 (FoxA2), thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP beta). Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed decreased expression of HNF3 beta/FoxA2 and TTF-1 mRNA in papillary thyroid carcinoma cell lines, when compared with normal thyroid cells. Forced expression of these genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma cells inhibited their growth. Furthermore, the CpG island in the promoter region of HNF3 beta/FoxA2 was aberrantly methylated; and treatment with 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-Az) induced its expression. Immunohistochemical staining showed that C/EBP beta was localised in the nucleus in normal thyroid cells but was detected in the cytoplasm in papillary thyroid carcinoma cells. Subcellular fractionation of papillary thyroid carcinoma cell lines also demonstrated high levels of expression of C/EBP beta in the cytoplasm, suggesting that a large proportion of C/EBP beta protein is inappropriately localised in the cytoplasm. In summary, these findings reveal novel abnormalities in thyroid carcinoma cells.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. tadayuki.akagi@gmail.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akagi
authors.forename: Q T
authors.initials: QT
authors.lastname: Luong
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gui
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Selektar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yung
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bunce
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Braunstein
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Koeffler
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D017931:DNA Primers; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology*; D051542:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D027981:Symporters / Q000235:genetics*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D000074482:Thyroid Nuclear Factor 1; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000099209:Sodium-Iodide Symporters
chemical_list: D022782:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta; D017931:DNA Primers; D051542:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D027981:Symporters; D000074482:Thyroid Nuclear Factor 1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000099209:Sodium-Iodide Symporters; C496502:FOXA2 protein, human; C000614412:NKX2-1 protein, human