title: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor protects retinal photoreceptor cells against light-induced damage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been shown to have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in cerebral damage models. In addition, bone-marrow-derived hematopoietic cells, which can be mobilized with G-CSF, have a neuroprotective effect in hereditary retinal cell death. The present study was conducted to investigate whether G-CSF protects photoreceptors from light-induced cell death.
  
  
  METHODS
  G-CSF or vehicle was systemically injected before the light exposure and for four consecutive days after the exposure. Morphologic and electrophysiologic examinations were performed 1 week after the exposure to light. Gamma ray irradiation (6.5 Gy) was used to examine the involvement of bone marrow-derived cells increased by G-CSF injection. The expression of G-CSF receptor in the retina was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The outer nuclear layer thickness was partially preserved in G-CSF-treated mice (measured at 300 microm superior from the optic disc, G-CSF: 14.9 +/- 6.3 microm versus control: 6.7 +/- 2.5 microm), and an electroretinogram confirmed the preservation of wave amplitudes (maximum scotopic a-wave G-CSF: 97.7 +/- 48.0 microV versus control: 14.4 +/- 21.9 microV, maximum scotopic b-wave G-CSF: 298.1 +/- 145.3 microV versus control: 33.2 +/- 50.1 microV). The effect was not lost, even with leukocyte depletion by irradiation. G-CSF receptor was expressed in retinal cells and upregulated by the light exposure (1.8-fold upregulation 2 hours after light exposure).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  G-CSF protects photoreceptor cells against light-induced damage, possibly via G-CSF receptor expressed on retinal cells. These findings may lead to a novel treatment strategy for neural degenerating diseases of the retina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Otani
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sasahara
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yodoi
authors.forename: Nagahisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000528:radiation effects; D004596:Electroretinography; D005720:Gamma Rays; D015870:Gene Expression; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008027:Light; D008212:Lymphocyte Depletion; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016188:Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D016188:Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor