title: Southern Ocean frontal structure and sea-ice formation rates revealed by elephant seals.
abstract: Polar regions are particularly sensitive to climate change, with the potential for significant feedbacks between ocean circulation, sea ice, and the ocean carbon cycle. However, the difficulty in obtaining in situ data means that our ability to detect and interpret change is very limited, especially in the Southern Ocean, where the ocean beneath the sea ice remains almost entirely unobserved and the rate of sea-ice formation is poorly known. Here, we show that southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) equipped with oceanographic sensors can measure ocean structure and water mass changes in regions and seasons rarely observed with traditional oceanographic platforms. In particular, seals provided a 30-fold increase in hydrographic profiles from the sea-ice zone, allowing the major fronts to be mapped south of 60 degrees S and sea-ice formation rates to be inferred from changes in upper ocean salinity. Sea-ice production rates peaked in early winter (April-May) during the rapid northward expansion of the pack ice and declined by a factor of 2 to 3 between May and August, in agreement with a three-dimensional coupled ocean-sea-ice model. By measuring the high-latitude ocean during winter, elephant seals fill a "blind spot" in our sampling coverage, enabling the establishment of a truly global ocean-observing system.
authors.affiliation: Unité Scientifique du Muséum 402/Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat, Expérimentation et Approches Numériques, Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. jbc@mnhn.fr
authors.forename: J-B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Charrassin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hindell
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Rintoul
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roquet
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sokolov
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biuw
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boehme
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lovell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Timmermann
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meijers
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meredith
authors.forename: Y-H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bailleul
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goebel
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: C-A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bost
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fedak
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guinet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007053:Ice; D046048:Seals, Earless; D012623:Seawater; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D007053:Ice