title: The definition of non-responder to multiple sclerosis treatment: neuroimaging markers.
abstract: MRI is the main paraclinical tool used both to diagnose multiple sclerosis (MS) and to evaluate the efficacy of experimental treatments in phase II and III clinical trials. In the latter context, a major issue is represented by the weak correlations found between clinical and MRI aspects in the case of established MS, which are particularly evident when individual patients are considered. As a consequence, the definition of response to MS treatment, when based upon MRI aspects, remains a challenging task. Although the use of MRI-derived quantities to define treatment options and strategies at an individual patient level is supported by recent evidence, only the integration of clinical and MRI data can be considered a reliable approach for the work-up of patients undergoing disease-modifying treatments.
authors.affiliation: Multiple Sclerosis Unit IRCCS Santa Maria Nascente, Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Via Capecelatro 66, 20148, Milan, Italy. mrovaris@dongnocchi.it
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rovaris
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000592:standards*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents