title: DNA methylation patterns in bladder cancer and washing cell sediments: a perspective for tumor recurrence detection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epigenetic alterations are a hallmark of human cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether aberrant DNA methylation of cancer-associated genes is related to urinary bladder cancer recurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A set of 4 genes, including CDH1 (E-cadherin), SFN (stratifin), RARB (retinoic acid receptor, beta) and RASSF1A (Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family 1), had their methylation patterns evaluated by MSP (Methylation-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis in 49 fresh urinary bladder carcinoma tissues (including 14 cases paired with adjacent normal bladder epithelium, 3 squamous cell carcinomas and 2 adenocarcinomas) and 24 cell sediment samples from bladder washings of patients classified as cancer-free by cytological analysis (control group). A third set of samples included 39 archived tumor fragments and 23 matched washouts from 20 urinary bladder cancer patients in post-surgical monitoring. After genomic DNA isolation and sodium bisulfite modification, methylation patterns were determined and correlated with standard clinic-histopathological parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CDH1 and SFN genes were methylated at high frequencies in bladder cancer as well as in paired normal adjacent tissue and exfoliated cells from cancer-free patients. Although no statistically significant differences were found between RARB and RASSF1A methylation and the clinical and histopathological parameters in bladder cancer, a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 71% were observed for RARB methylation (Fisher's Exact test (p < 0.0001; OR = 48.89) and, 58% and 17% (p < 0.05; OR = 0.29) for RASSF1A gene, respectively, in relation to the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indistinct DNA hypermethylation of CDH1 and SFN genes between tumoral and normal urinary bladder samples suggests that these epigenetic features are not suitable biomarkers for urinary bladder cancer. However, RARB and RASSF1A gene methylation appears to be an initial event in urinary bladder carcinogenesis and should be considered as defining a panel of differentially methylated genes in this neoplasia in order to maximize the diagnostic coverage of epigenetic markers, especially in studies aiming at early recurrence detection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil. prinegraes@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Priscilla D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Negraes
authors.forename: Francine P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Favaro
authors.forename: João Lauro V
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.forename: Maria Luiza C S
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Cláudia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rainho
authors.forename: Daisy M F
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Salvadori
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012008:Recurrence; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013447:Sulfites / Q000494:pharmacology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013447:Sulfites; C009279:sodium bisulfite