Sensing the microenvironment of the central nervous system: immune cells in the central nervous system and their pharmacological manipulation.
Immune responses are highly regulated in all organs and severely restricted in certain tissues within the central nervous system (CNS). This phenomenon, called 'immune privilege', has been linked to the existence of multiple anatomical and physiological protective mechanisms. The finely balanced anti-inflammatory microenvironment within the CNS contributes to the immune privilege status of this tissue. The regulation of this compartment changes under pathological conditions when pro-inflammatory mediators might dominate. The past few years brought a wealth of novel information fostering our understanding of how CNS resident cells regulate the functions of immune cells, particularly helper T lymphocytes (Ths) and dendritic cells (DCs). These two cell types play a crucial role in the initiation and maintenance of neuroinflammatory diseases. The change from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory microenvironment in the inflamed CNS affects Th and DC accumulation and function in the nervous tissue. A new era of DC-targeted therapies has begun, with the possibility of designing novel immunomodulatory therapies to intervene with neuroinflammation in a wide range of neurological diseases.
Fabry
Zsuzsanna
Z
School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 6130 MSC University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA. zfabry@facstaff.wisc.edu
Schreiber
Heidi A
HA
Harris
Melissa G
MG
Sandor
Matyas
M
D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D006649:Histocompatibility Antigens / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000502:physiology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D006649:Histocompatibility Antigens; D007155:Immunologic Factors