title: Modulation of viral replication in macrophages persistently infected with the DA strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Demyelinating strains of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) such as the DA strain are the causative agents of a persistent infection that induce a multiple sclerosis-like disease in the central nervous system of susceptible mice. Viral persistence, mainly associated with macrophages, is considered to be an important disease determinant that leads to chronic inflammation, demyelination and autoimmunity. In a previous study, we described the establishment of a persistent DA infection in RAW macrophages, which were therefore named DRAW.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study we explored the potential of diverse compounds to modulate viral persistence in these DRAW cells. Hemin was found to increase viral yields and to induce cell lysis. Enviroxime and neutralizing anti-TMEV monoclonal antibody were shown to decrease viral yields, whereas interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma completely cleared the persistent infection. We also compared the cytokine pattern secreted by uninfected RAW, DRAW and interferon-cured DRAW macrophages using a cytokine protein array. The chemokine RANTES was markedly upregulated in DRAW cells and restored to a normal expression level after abrogation of the persistent infection with interferon-alpha or interferon-gamma. On the other hand, the chemokine MCP-1 was upregulated in the interferon-cured DRAW cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified several compounds that modulate viral replication in an in vitro model system for TMEV persistence. These compounds now await further testing in an in vivo setting to address fundamental questions regarding persistent viral infection and immunopathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. ssteurb@vub.ac.be
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Steurbaut
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Merckx
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rombaut
authors.forename: Raf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vrijsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018188:Cardiovirus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D051379:Mice; D017945:Theilovirus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; C503460:Ccl5 protein, mouse; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D016207:Cytokines