title: Diabetes mellitus and birth defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine associations between diabetes mellitus and 39 birth defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a multicenter case-control study of mothers of infants who were born with (n = 13,030) and without (n = 4895) birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (1997-2003).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) was associated significantly with noncardiac defects (isolated, 7/23 defects; multiples, 13/23 defects) and cardiac defects (isolated, 11/16 defects; multiples, 8/16 defects). Adjusted odds ratios for PGDM and all isolated and multiple defects were 3.17 (95% CI, 2.20-4.99) and 8.62 (95% CI, 5.27-14.10), respectively. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was associated with fewer noncardiac defects (isolated, 3/23 defects; multiples, 3/23 defects) and cardiac defects (isolated, 3/16 defects; multiples, 2/16 defects). Odds ratios between GDM and all isolated and multiple defects were 1.42 (95% CI, 1.17-1.73) and 1.50 (95% CI, 1.13-2.00), respectively. These associations were limited generally to offspring of women with prepregnancy body mass index > or =25 kg/m(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PGDM was associated with a wide range of birth defects; GDM was associated with a limited group of birth defects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. acorrea@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gilboa
authors.forename: Lilah M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Besser
authors.forename: Lorenzo D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Botto
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Charlotte A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: Mario A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cleves
authors.forename: Tiffany J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Riehle-Colarusso
authors.forename: D Kim
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Waller
authors.forename: E Albert
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Reece
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000453:epidemiology*