title: Salivary cortisol is related to atherosclerosis of carotid arteries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis has been suggested as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether two markers of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, the level of salivary cortisol and the diurnal salivary cortisol pattern, are associated with atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries in an elderly population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1866 participants of the Rotterdam Study, a population-based cohort study in the elderly, provided four salivary cortisol samples throughout 1 d, and underwent ultrasonography to examine the presence of plaques in the common, internal, and bifurcation sites of both carotid arteries. Two summary measures of the separate cortisol values were computed: area under the curve (AUC), which is a measure of total cortisol exposure while awake; and the slope, which is a measure of diurnal cortisol decline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total cortisol exposure while awake (AUC) was associated with higher plaque scores (beta = 0.08 per sd of AUC, 95% confidence interval 0.00-0.16; P = 0.04) in a fully adjusted linear regression model. Persons with an AUC in the highest tertile had a higher number of plaques of carotid arteries compared with those in the lowest tertile (3.08 vs. 2.80, 95% confidence interval of difference 0.09-0.48; P = 0.005). There was no relation between diurnal cortisol decline and plaque score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the hypothesis that increased total cortisol exposure is independently associated with atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M J H J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Koper
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: van Aken
authors.forename: H A P
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Pols
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kirschbaum
authors.forename: J C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Witteman
authors.forename: S W J
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lamberts
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tiemeier
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000502:physiology; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone