title: Attenuation of receptor-dependent and -independent vasoconstriction in the human radial artery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vasodilator strategies used to treat bypass grafts in the operating theatre, such as nitrates, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and calcium channel antagonists have a broad but short-lived effect against a variety of vasoconstrictor stimuli. Treatments that react irreversibly with proteins modulating vasoconstriction have the advantage that their effects can last well into the postoperative period. In addition systemic effects are avoided as the treatment is localised to the treated graft. This study investigated the use of two clinically applied drugs; fluphenazine (SKF7171A, HCl), an irreversible calmodulin antagonist and minoxidil sulphate, an irreversible potassium channel opener. Treatments were tested against receptor and non-receptor-mediated contraction in the human radial artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Isometric tension was measured in response to angiotensin II, KCl and vasopressin in 108 radial artery rings (taken from 31 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting). Control responses were compared with rings pretreated with fluphenazine or minoxidil sulphate. Vasopressin responses were also compared in the presence of glyceryl trinitrate or the reversible Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluphenazine pretreatment significantly suppressed vasoconstriction to all agonists tested. Maximal responses to angiotensin II, vasopressin and KCl were reduced by 42+/-19%, 35+/-8% and 48+/-15% respectively, without any measurable effect on the EC(50). Minoxidil sulphate showed no discernable effect. Vasopressin-induced contraction was also reduced by high levels of glyceryl trinitrate (220 microM; 50 microg/ml) or 10 microM Y27632.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The irreversible calmodulin antagonist fluphenazine has potential to be developed as an inhibitor of contraction in arterial graft vessels. The involvement of Rho kinase indicates that other vasoconstrictors and surgical stress can sensitize radial artery to vasopressin-induced contraction. Strategies targeting this pathway also have future potential.
authors.affiliation: The Cardiothoracic Centre, Thomas Drive, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shackcloth
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Conant
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thekkudan
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghotkar
authors.forename: Alec W M
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Walid C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Dihmis
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005476:Fluphenazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008914:Minoxidil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D017534:Radial Artery / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000637:transplantation; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D014667:Vasopressins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014667:Vasopressins; D000804:Angiotensin II; C039516:minoxidil sulfate ester; D008914:Minoxidil; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D005476:Fluphenazine