title: Controlling the surface coverage and arrangement of proteins using particle lithography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The applicability of particle lithography with monodisperse mesospheres is tested with various proteins to control the surface coverage and dimensions of protein nanopatterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  The natural self-assembly of monodisperse spheres provides an efficient, high-throughput route to prepare protein nanopatterns. Mesospheres assemble spontaneously into organized crystalline layers when dried on flat substrates, which supply a structural frame or template to direct the placement of proteins. The template particles are displaced with a simple rinsing step to disclose periodic arrays of protein nanopatterns on surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proteins are attached securely to the surface, forming nanopatterns with a measured thickness of a single layer. The morphology and diameter of the protein nanostructures can be tailored by selecting the diameter of the mesospheres and choosing the protein concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Particle lithography is shown to be a practical, highly reproducible method for patterning proteins on surfaces of mica, glass and gold. High-throughput patterning was achieved with ferritin, apoferritin, bovine serum albumin and immunoglobulin-G. Depending on the ratio of proteins to mesospheres, either porous films or ring structures were produced. This approach can be applied for fundamental investigations of protein-binding interactions of biological systems in surface-bound bioassays and biosensor surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Center for BioModular, Multi-Scale Systems, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Johnpeter N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Ngunjiri
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Jie-Ren
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wilson K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Serem
authors.forename: Jayne C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Garno
mesh_terms: D008863:Microspheres; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins