title: Responses of antioxidant enzymes in catfish exposed to liquid crystals from E-waste.
abstract: Liquid crystals (LCs) are typically elongated organic molecules with a non-uniform distribution of electrical charges leading to a dipole. LCs are widely used in displays of computers and other electronic devices. The rapid obsolescence rate of electronics results in large amounts of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) entering the environment. Data on health effects of LCs on living creatures are currently limited to some acute toxicity tests by a few major LC manufacturers. These tests concluded that the vast majority of LCs are not acutely toxic. Since the amount of LCs in electronic devices is very small, the health effects of LCs at low concentrations or doses become important. Catfish were used as the test animals in this study. Four major enzymes of the fish's antioxidant defense system catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were chosen as biomarkers to examine effects of LCs, which were taken from obsolete laptop personal computers made in the early 1990s. The catfish were fed with food containing different contents of LCs for 40 days. Activities of the four chosen enzymes in fish livers were assayed. The results showed that there were significant inductions of CAT, SOD, and Se-GPx activities in response to the LC doses. The plots of the enzyme activities versus LC doses suggested an occurrence of oxidative stress when the dose reached about 20 microg LC/g fish.d. It was concluded that LCs can cause pollutant-induced stress to catfish at low doses. CAT, SOD and Se-GPx are effective biomarkers to give early warning on potential health effects of LCs on some aquatic lives including catfish.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Yadong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Hongtao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002397:Catfishes / Q000502:physiology*; D003626:Data Display; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000009:adverse effects; D050866:Liquid Crystals / Q000633:toxicity*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000633:toxicity*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D007220:Industrial Waste; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase