title: Botanicals used in complementary and alternative medicine treatment of cancer: clinical science and future perspectives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Botanicals and herbal combinations are among the most common complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approaches used by cancer patients both for cancer treatment and management of cancer symptoms. Despite their widespread use, however, the safety and efficacy of many botanicals has not been established in controlled clinical trials.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews the published evidence for the safety and clinical benefit of botanicals used in the treatment of cancer and cancer symptom management and describes the continuing clinical trials of botanicals with applications in oncology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Clinical Trials databases, Pharmaprojects and CRISP (Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) clinical trials databases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A number of botanicals have shown promise for cancer symptom management but need further study. A limited number of multi-agent nutritional supplement approaches are being explored in clinical trials. Botanical immunomodulators and botanical products shown to affect pathways of angiogenesis, apoptosis and cell signaling in vitro have stimulated research interest and may broaden the range of available cancer treatments.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1302, USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stagl
authors.forename: Dawn B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Wallerstedt
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mansky
mesh_terms: D000363:Agaricales / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D029630:Santalaceae / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents