title: The generality of nicotine as a reinforcer enhancer in rats: effects on responding maintained by primary and conditioned reinforcers and resistance to extinction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nicotine may enhance the reinforcing value of other reinforcers. It is unclear whether nicotine enhances responding maintained by all reinforcers or whether there are limits to this role.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study is to test the generality of nicotine-induced increases in reinforced responding by using an observing response procedure, which generated measures of responding maintained by food reinforcers, conditioned reinforcers, and responding during extinction. We also examined whether nicotine increased resistance to extinction and whether nicotine's effects could be characterized as rate-dependent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats received presession subcutaneous injections of Vehicle (n=5), 0.3 (n=6), or 0.56 (n=6) mg/kg nicotine for 70 sessions. Resistance to extinction was also assessed by removing food for five sessions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nicotine did not consistently affect food or extinction responding. Both doses of nicotine produced increases in responding maintained by conditioned reinforcers, but did not increase resistance to extinction. Predrug response rates accounted for a small but significant percentage of the variance in the drug effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there was a tendency for nicotine to increase low predrug response rates (i.e., response rates just prior to nicotine administration), 0.3 and 0.56 mg/kg nicotine systematically increased responding maintained by conditioned reinforcers. The results are consistent with a reinforcer-enhancing role of nicotine. However, nicotine did not increase resistance to extinction, nor did it increase food-maintained responses. Nicotine may selectively increase responding maintained by moderately reinforcing stimuli, such as the conditioned reinforcers used in the present study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Florida, P.O. BOX 112250, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA. raiffbr@ufl.edu
authors.forename: Bethany R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Raiff
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dallery
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000187:drug effects*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D005502:Food; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D011930:Reaction Time; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine