title: Percutaneous management of ureteral injuries that are diagnosed late after cesarean section.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We wanted to present the results of percutaneous management of ureteral injuries that were diagnosed late after cesarean sections (CS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two cases with 24 ureteral injuries that were diagnosed late after CS underwent percutaneous nephrostomy (PN), antegrade double J (DJ) catheter placement and balloon dilatation or a combination of these. The time for making the diagnosis was 21 +/- 50.1 days. The injury site was the distal ureter in all cases (the left ureter: 13, the right ureter: 7 and bilateral: 2). Fifteen complete ureteral obstructions were detected in 13 cases. Ureteral leakage due to partial (n = 4) or complete (n = 3) rupture was noted in seven cases. Two cases had ureterovaginal fistula. All the cases were initially confirmed with antegrade pyelography and afterwards they underwent percutaneous nephrostomy. Balloon dilatation was needed in three cases. Antegrade DJ stents were placed in 10 cases, including the three cases with balloon dilatation. Repetition of percutaneous nephrostomy with balloon dilatation and DJ stent placement was needed in one case with complete obstruction. All the cases were followed-up with US in their first week and then monthly thereafter for up to two years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen ureters (75%) were managed by percutaneous procedures alone. A total of six ureter injuries had to undergo surgery (25%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous management is a good alternative for the treatment of post-CS ureteral injuries that are diagnosed late after CS. Percutaneous management is at least preparatory for a quarter of the cases where surgery is unavoidable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, GATA Medical Faculty, 06018, Etlik-Ankara, Turkey. bustunsoz2000@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Bahri
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ustunsoz
authors.forename: Sahin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ugurel
authors.forename: Namik Kemal
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Duru
authors.forename: Yasar
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozgok
authors.forename: Ayfer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ustunsoz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002404:Catheterization; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D011247:Pregnancy; D012421:Rupture; D015607:Stents; D013997:Time Factors; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology