title: The additive and interactive effects of parenting style and temperament in obese youth seeking treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine maternal parenting behaviors, child temperament and their potential interactions in families of obese children and demographically similar families of nonoverweight children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 77 obese youth (M body mass index (BMI) z-score values, zBMI=2.4; ages 8-16, 59% female, 50% African American) and their parents were recruited from a pediatric weight management clinic and compared to 69 families of nonoverweight youth (M zBMI=-0.03). Comparison youth were classmates of each obese participant matched on gender, race and age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal report of child temperament, parenting style and anthropometric assessments were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to nonoverweight youth, mothers of obese youth described their child as having a more difficult temperament and their parenting style as lower in behavioral control. A logistic regression model indicated that difficult temperament, lower behavioral control and the interaction of low maternal warmth and difficult child temperament were associated with increased odds of a child being classified as obese.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment-seeking obese youth and their parents are characterized by different parent and child factors when compared to nonoverweight comparison families. These findings direct investigators to test more complex models of the relation between parent and child characteristics and their mutual role in the weight-related behavior change process.
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. meg.zeller@cchmc.org
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zeller
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Boles
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reiter-Purtill
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009765:Obesity / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D016487:Parenting; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013694:Temperament