title: Similar reductions in the risk of human colon cancer by selective and nonselective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic and laboratory investigations suggest that aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have chemopreventive effects against colon cancer perhaps due at least in part to their activity against cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the rate-limiting enzyme of the prostaglandin cascade.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case control study of colon cancer designed to compare effects of selective and non-selective COX-2 inhibitors. A total of 326 incident colon cancer patients were ascertained from the James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, during 2003-2004 and compared with 652 controls with no history of cancer and matched to the cases at a 2:1 ratio on age, race, and county of residence. Data on the past and current use of prescription and over the counter medications and colon cancer risk factors were ascertained using a standardized risk factor questionnaire. Effects of COX-2 inhibiting agents were quantified by calculating odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed significant risk reductions for selective COX-2 inhibitors (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.16-0.57), regular aspirin (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.20-0.56), and ibuprofen or naproxen (0.28, 95% CI = 0.15-0.54). Acetaminophen, a compound with negligible COX-2 activity and low dose aspirin (81 mg) produced no significant change in the risk of colon cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that both non-selective and selective COX-2 inhibitors produce significant reductions in the risk of colon cancer, underscoring their strong potential for colon cancer chemoprevention.
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1240, USA. harris.44@osu.edu
authors.forename: Randall E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beebe-Donk
authors.forename: Galal A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Alshafie
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000378:metabolism; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D011453:Prostaglandins; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2