title: Innate immune markers in mothers and fathers of children newly diagnosed with cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The diagnosis of a life-threatening illness in a child is one of the most stressful events imaginable for parents and is associated with increased anxiety and distress. Despite associations between stress and immune function in animal and human models, the immune function in caregivers of children at the time of a child-related potentially traumatic event, like cancer, is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen parents (11 mothers, 8 fathers), representing six caregiver pairs, provided blood for natural killer (NK) cell count by flow cytometry and function assays [% NK whole blood, absolute NK whole blood, LU(20) (lytic unit) peripheral blood mononuclear cells, LU(20) NK cells] and completed self-report measures (acute stress) within 2 weeks of learning their child had cancer. The NK cell assay was also completed with a sample of healthy adults, the immune reference group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were similar levels of NK cell activity between caregivers and the immune reference group. Immune level and psychological outcomes were not associated. LU(20) peripheral blood mononuclear cells and LU(20) NK cells were each correlated at r = 0.83 between mothers and fathers in the same family.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although based on a small sample, these preliminary results suggest that knowledge about stress responses in parents of children with life-threatening illness may be important and provide novel data regarding the shared impact of stress on immune function within caregiver dyads.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4399, USA.
authors.forename: Meredith J Lutz
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stehl
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kazak
authors.forename: Wei-Ting
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Ahna L H
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: Anne F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Douglas
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology*; D007223:Infant; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology*; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000276:immunology*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011581:Psychological Tests; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers