title: Weight loss in patients with advanced cancer: effects, causes, and potential management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The past 2 years have yielded interesting observations that have challenged our understanding of and approach to treating cancer-associated weight loss in patients with advanced, incurable malignancies. This review provides an update of such observations and places them within the context of previous work.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mechanisms that underlie cancer-associated weight loss remain elusive, but recent studies suggest that this weight loss might be mediated by downregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1; macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 has also been implicated. Although recent clinical trials have not provided major additions to the armamentarium of palliative approaches, such laboratory-based findings provide targets for future palliative trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The limited palliative options available to patients with cancer-associated weight loss underscore the need for continued laboratory and clinical investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Aminah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jatoi
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002100:Cachexia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010166:Palliative Care; D011372:Progestins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D016207:Cytokines; C526140:GDF15 protein, human; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D011372:Progestins; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I