title: Inhibitors and activation markers of the haemostatic system during hormone therapy: a comparative study of oral estradiol (2 mg)/ dydrogesterone and estradiol (2 mg)/ trimegestone.
abstract: Epidemiological studies have shown that hormone therapy (HT) increases the risk of venous thromboembolism in post menopausal women. The mechanism of this increased risk is unknown; however, activation of the haemostatic system is known to contribute to the pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism. In post-menopausal women the estrogen/progestogen composition of the HT can influence the level of haemostatic activation. It was the objective of this study to compare changes in inhibitors and activation markers of the haemostatic system in healthy post-menopausal women taking estradiol (2 mg) combined with dydrogesterone or a new progestin, trimegestone. A multicentre study of 186 women randomised to six months therapy with either estradiol (2 mg) +trimegestone (0.5 mg) or estradiol (2 mg) +dydrogesterone (10 mg) was performed. Antithrombin and protein S activity was decreased and activated protein C (APC) resistance, D-dimer and prothrombin fragment 1.2, were increased in both groups on treatment. Protein C activity was decreased and plasmin-antiplasmin complex was increased in the trimegestone group only. The increase in plasmin-antiplasmin complex and D-dimer was greater after six cycles of treatment in the trimegestone group compared with the dydrogesterone group. In conclusion, decreased levels of inhibitors of blood coagulation and increased thrombin production were found in both groups however a greater increase in the levels of plasmin-antiplasmin complex and D-dimer was found in the trimegestone group. This suggests an enhanced fibrinolytic response in this group. Further studies are required to determine the significance of this finding with respect to venous thrombosis risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland. lnorris@tcd.ie
authors.forename: Lucy A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brosnan
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bonnar
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Conard
authors.forename: Cornelius
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kluft
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hellgren
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D004394:Dydrogesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005165:Factor V / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011397:Promegestone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D011486:Protein C / Q000378:metabolism; D017293:Protein S / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D011372:Progestins; D011486:Protein C; D017293:Protein S; C095381:factor V Leiden; C050319:trimegestone; D004958:Estradiol; D005165:Factor V; D004394:Dydrogesterone; D011397:Promegestone