1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomic characterization of wines by grape varieties and production areas.
(1)H NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the metabolic differences in wines produced from different grape varieties and different regions. A significant separation among wines from Campbell Early, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Shiraz grapes was observed using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The metabolites contributing to the separation were assigned to be 2,3-butanediol, lactate, acetate, proline, succinate, malate, glycerol, tartarate, glucose, and phenolic compounds by PCA and PLS-DA loading plots. Wines produced from Cabernet Sauvignon grapes harvested in the continental areas of Australia, France, and California were also separated. PLS-DA loading plots revealed that the level of proline in Californian Cabernet Sauvignon wines was higher than that in Australian and French Cabernet Sauvignon, Australian Shiraz, and Korean Campbell Early wines, showing that the chemical composition of the grape berries varies with the variety and growing area. This study highlights the applicability of NMR-based metabolomics with multivariate statistical data sets in determining wine quality and product origin.
Son
Hong-Seok
HS
School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
Kim
Ki Myong
KM
van den Berg
Frans
F
Hwang
Geum-Sook
GS
Park
Won-Mok
WM
Lee
Cherl-Ho
CH
Hong
Young-Shick
YS
D001315:Australia; D002140:California; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005602:France; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D007723:Korea; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D011392:Proline / Q000032:analysis; D013045:Species Specificity; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
D011392:Proline