title: The evolutionary origin of the Runx/CBFbeta transcription factors--studies of the most basal metazoans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Members of the Runx family of transcriptional regulators, which bind DNA as heterodimers with CBFbeta, are known to play critical roles in embryonic development in many triploblastic animals such as mammals and insects. They are known to regulate basic developmental processes such as cell fate determination and cellular potency in multiple stem-cell types, including the sensory nerve cell progenitors of ganglia in mammals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we detect and characterize the hitherto unexplored Runx/CBFbeta genes of cnidarians and sponges, two basal animal lineages that are well known for their extensive regenerative capacity. Comparative structural modeling indicates that the Runx-CBFbeta-DNA complex from most cnidarians and sponges is highly similar to that found in humans, with changes in the residues involved in Runx-CBFbeta dimerization in either of the proteins mirrored by compensatory changes in the binding partner. In situ hybridization studies reveal that Nematostella Runx and CBFbeta are expressed predominantly in small isolated foci at the base of the ectoderm of the tentacles in adult animals, possibly representing neurons or their progenitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results reveal that Runx and CBFbeta likely functioned together to regulate transcription in the common ancestor of all metazoans, and the structure of the Runx-CBFbeta-DNA complex has remained extremely conserved since the human-sponge divergence. The expression data suggest a hypothesis that these genes may have played a role in nerve cell differentiation or maintenance in the common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington St, Boston, MA 02215, USA. jamescsullivan@gmail.com
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sher
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eisenstein
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shigesada
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Reitzel
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Marlow
authors.forename: Ditsa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levanon
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Groner
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Finnerty
authors.forename: Uri
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003063:Cnidaria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D020451:Contig Mapping; D050657:Core Binding Factor alpha Subunits / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D050658:Core Binding Factor beta Subunit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010802:Phylogeny; D011161:Porifera / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D050657:Core Binding Factor alpha Subunits; D050658:Core Binding Factor beta Subunit; D014157:Transcription Factors