title: Phytochemistry and in vitro pharmacological activities of South African Vitex (Verbenaceae) species.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The in vitro phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of the non-volatile extracts of five South African Vitex species (Verbenaceae); V. obovata ssp. obovata, V. obovata ssp. wilmsii, V. pooara, V. rehmannii and V. zeyheri were investigated in order to validate their traditional use to treat a wide range of ailments such as malaria, wounds, skin diseases and body pains.
  
  
  METHODS
  The antimicrobial activity was assessed using the minimum inhibitory concentration assay. Through bioactivity-guided fractionation, the fraction responsible for the antimicrobial activity was determined. The toxicity profile, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the tetrazolium cellular viability, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 5-lipoxygenase assays respectively. The antimalarial activity of the extracts and isolated compound from V. rehmannii was also investigated on the chloroquine-resistant Gambian FCR-3 strain of Plasmodium falciparum using the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporation assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mostly good antimicrobial inhibition was evident against Gram-positive bacteria (0.02-8.00 mg/ml) and lower activity against the Gram-negative bacteria and the yeast (0.50-8.00 mg/ml). The fraction responsible for antimicrobial activity of V. rehmannii was purified to give a labdane diterpene as an inseparable epimeric mixture of 12S,16S/R-dihydroxy-ent-labda-7,13-dien-15,16-olide. Cirsimaritin was also isolated and identified from V. rehmannii. All the species, apart from V. zeyheri, exhibited scavenging activity (IC50: 22.14+/-1.74 to 33.06+/-1.68 microg/ml) in the anti-oxidant assay. None of the species displayed any anti-inflammatory activity at 100 microg/ml. All the extracts and the labdane diterpene exhibited good antimalarial activity, with the labdane diterpene being the most active (IC50: 2.39+/-0.64 microg/ml). The test extracts were shown to be highly toxic, displaying safety index values ranging from 0.53 to 2.59.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of all the pharmacological investigations, the antimalarial and antimicrobial activity exhibited greatest activity and may provide a scientific basis for the ethnomedical use of Vitex species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nyiligira
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Viljoen
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Van Heerden
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Van Zyl
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Van Vuuren
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Steenkamp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects; D013019:South Africa; D020950:Vitex / Q000737:chemistry*; D015003:Yeasts / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000962:Antimalarials; D000975:Antioxidants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010936:Plant Extracts