title: Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater: a clinicopathologic evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Only 105 cases of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) of the ampulla of Vater have been described, mostly as single case reports. The incidence of NET is rising. The changes in incidence may result from changes in detection. This study was to determine the relative incidence and clinicopathological characteristics of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma (small cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma) of the ampulla of Vater at a single institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sections from paraffin blocks of tumors of the ampulla of Vater taken from 45 patients who underwent Whipple's procedure and 6 patients who underwent palliative bypass between September 2003 and January 2007 were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. The clinical and pathological data from 5 patients diagnosed with NET of the ampulla of Vater were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were 3 men and 2 women, ranging in age from 39 to 47 years (mean 44 years). Operative procedures included Whipple's procedure in 4 patients and palliative bypass in 1 patient. Histopathological examination revealed large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma in 2 patients, small cell carcinoma in 2, and carcinoid in 1. Three patients with high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma who had undergone Whipple's procedure died at postoperatively 7, 11, and 13 months. The patient who had undergone palliative triple bypass died 3 months after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relative incidence of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the ampulla of Vater is higher than that generally expected. The tumors behave aggressively and have a dismal prognosis despite aggressive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Government Stanley Medical College Hospital, Chennai 600001, Tamilnadu, India. dreselva@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Eswaran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Selvakumar
authors.forename: Shanmugasundaram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajendran
authors.forename: Tirupporur Govindaswamy
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Balachandar
authors.forename: Devy Gounder
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.forename: Satyanesan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jeswanth
authors.forename: Palaniappan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ravichandran
authors.forename: Rajagopal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Surendran
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014670:Ampulla of Vater / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D001662:Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D018278:Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003138:Common Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010166:Palliative Care; D016896:Treatment Outcome