title: Local changes in bone marrow at MRI after treatment of extremity soft tissue sarcoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and appearance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal changes that occur in local bone marrow after radiation therapy (RT) and/or chemotherapy for extremity soft tissue sarcoma (STS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy patients with primary STS at the level of a long bone who also had undergone pretreatment MRI and at least one post-treatment MRI of the tumor bed were identified. MRIs of each patient were retrospectively reviewed for new changes in marrow signal in the region of the tumor bed and for the morphology, relative signal intensities, heterogeneity, and progression or regression of changes over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Focal signal changes in marrow were observed in 26/70 patients (37%) at a median of 9.5 months after RT and/or chemotherapy and diffuse changes in seven (10%) at a median of 8 months. Patients who received neither RT nor chemotherapy did not develop marrow changes. Mean RT doses in patients with changes and those without were 5,867 and 6,076 cGy, respectively. In most patients with focal changes, changes were seen in all sequences and were linear-curvilinear, patchy, or mixed at the level of the tumor bed. Predominant signal intensity of changes was between muscle and fat at T1WI and between muscle and fluid at fat-saturated T2WI or short tau inversion recovery. Most focal changes enhanced heterogeneously and increased or fluctuated in size over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in MRI appearance of long bone marrow frequently are evident after combined RT and chemotherapy for STS and most commonly increase or fluctuate in size over time. These changes have various non-mass-like configurations and often show signal intensities similar to those of red marrow and thus should not be mistaken for metastases. The marrow changes might represent an early stage of gelatinous transformation of marrow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Sinchun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lefkowitz
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landa
authors.forename: Oguz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Akin
authors.forename: Lawrence H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Conrad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cassie
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Healey
authors.forename: Kaled M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Alektiar
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Panicek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003287:Contrast Media; D018450:Disease Progression; D005121:Extremities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012983:Soft Tissue Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media