title: Idiopathic recurrent calcium urolithiasis (IRCU): an acid meal challenge uncovers inappropriate pH of postprandial, fasting and daily urine: a cross-sectional study of male patients providing insight into post- and pre-load urinary stone substances, crystallization risk, presence of stones, renal transport and systemic metabolic factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In IRCU the possible role of urinary pH (U-pH) as risk factor of calcium (Ca) stones is poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate in IRCU the response to an oral acid load, focussing on post- and pre-load U-pH, other urinary, renal and extra-renal factors, and linkage with Ca stones. -
  
  
  METHODS
  237 male patients, either Ca stone-free (SF) or -bearing (SB), but without overt signs of systemic metabolic acidosis underwent a standardized laboratory programme that included, besides collection of urine and blood, the intake of an oxalate-free acid test meal (proton content 120 mM). Established analytical methods were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 79 patients the post-meal load U-pH was < or = 5.30 (in healthy individuals accepted as the upper limit after the same proton load), but >5.30 in 158; in these two subsets the mean fasting pre-load U-pH was 5.84 and 6.37 (p <0.001), the mean U-pH in 24 h urine 5.70 and 6.03 (p <0.001), the mean score of stone formation activity 32 and 42 (p = 0.12), the SF/SB ratio 35/44 and 76/82 (not significant). However, when in pre-load urine undissociated uric acid concentration was low due to the high pH, the SF/SB ratio was 53/66 (p = 0.038), whereas isolated increase of U-pH with SF/SB ratio 54/65 (p = 0.059), urinary supersaturation with Ca phosphate (hydroxyapatite), Ca oxalate, uric acid, and isolated decrease of concentration of total protein, total uric acid and the crystallization inhibitors magnesium and citrate failed to affect significantly the frequency distribution of SF and SB patients. Pre-load U-pH was positively associated with urinary ratio sodium/proton excretion, renal reclaim of sodium and protein, negatively associated with body mass index, fasting insulinemia and uricemia, urinary protein concentration, renal reclaim of phosphate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In IRCU 1) inappropriately high U-pH combined with increase of proteinuria and alteration of renal-tubular transport are frequent; 2) disturbed interactions of renal proton generation with sodium handling, urinary physico-chemical and systemic metabolic factors may initiate the development of Ca-containing concretions, presumably Ca phosphate, at some yet unknown renal anatomic site.
authors.affiliation: Mineral Metabolism and Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Germany. ml.rasenack@web.de
authors.forename: Paul O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Schwille
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wipplinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005215:Fasting; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012008:Recurrence; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D002129:Calcium Oxalate