title: Vegetation fire smoke, indigenous status and cardio-respiratory hospital admissions in Darwin, Australia, 1996-2005: a time-series study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Air pollution in Darwin, Northern Australia, is dominated by smoke from seasonal fires in the surrounding savanna that burn during the dry season from April to November. Our aim was to study the association between particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns diameter (PM10) and daily emergency hospital admissions for cardio-respiratory diseases for each fire season from 1996 to 2005. We also investigated whether the relationship differed in indigenous Australians; a disadvantaged population sub-group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily PM10 exposure levels were estimated for the population of the city from visibility data using a previously validated model. We used over-dispersed Poisson generalized linear models with parametric smoothing functions for time and meteorology to examine the association between admissions and PM10 up to three days prior. An interaction between indigenous status and PM10 was included to examine differences in the impact on indigenous people.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found both positive and negative associations and our estimates had wide confidence intervals. There were generally positive associations between respiratory disease and PM10 but not with cardiovascular disease. An increase of 10 microg/m3 in same-day estimated ambient PM10 was associated with a 4.81% (95%CI: -1.04%, 11.01%) increase in total respiratory admissions. When the interaction between indigenous status and PM10 was assessed a statistically different association was found between PM10 and admissions three days later for respiratory infections of indigenous people (15.02%; 95%CI: 3.73%, 27.54%) than for non-indigenous people (0.67%; 95%CI: -7.55%, 9.61%). There were generally negative estimates for cardiovascular conditions. For non-indigenous admissions the estimated association with total cardiovascular admissions for same day ambient PM10 and admissions was -3.43% (95%CI: -9.00%, 2.49%) and the estimate for indigenous admissions was -3.78% (95%CI: -13.4%, 6.91%), although ambient PM10 did have positive (non-significant) associations with cardiovascular admissions of indigenous people two and three days later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed positive associations between vegetation fire smoke and daily hospital admissions for respiratory diseases that were stronger in indigenous people. While this study was limited by the use of estimated rather than measured exposure data, the results are consistent with the currently small evidence base concerning this source of air pollution.
authors.affiliation: School for Environmental Research, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Darwin, 0909, Northern Territory, Australia. ivan.hanigan@anu.edu.au
authors.forename: Ivan C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Hanigan
authors.forename: Fay H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Geoffrey G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005390:Fires; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D015876:Northern Territory / Q000453:epidemiology; D010316:Particle Size; D010343:Patient Admission; D006109:Poaceae; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke