title: "A hard day's night?" The effects of Compressed Working Week interventions on the health and work-life balance of shift workers: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review studies of the effects of the Compressed Working Week on the health and work-life balance of shift workers, and to identify any differential impacts by socio-economic group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review. Following QUORUM guidelines, published or unpublished experimental and quasi-experimental studies were identified. Data were sourced from 27 electronic databases, websites, bibliographies, and expert contacts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourty observational studies were found. The majority of studies only measured self-reported outcomes and the methodological quality of the included studies was not very high. Interventions did not always improve the health of shift workers, but in the five prospective studies with a control group, there were no detrimental effects on self-reported health. However, work-life balance was generally improved. No studies reported differential impacts by socio-economic group; however, most of the studies were conducted on homogeneous populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review suggests that the Compressed Working Week can improve work-life balance, and that it may do so with a low risk of adverse health or organisational effects. However, better designed studies that measure objective health outcomes are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Wolfson Research Institute, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton on Tees TS17 6BH, UK. clare.bambra@durham.ac.uk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bambra
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sowden
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Akers
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petticrew
mesh_terms: D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D016272:Occupational Health; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D012107:Research Design; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance