title: Placental growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 in human lung development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the pulmonary expression of 2 proangiogenic factors, namely, placental growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, during lung development and acute and chronic lung injury in newborn infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six groups were included in an immunohistochemical study of placental growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, that is, 9 fetuses, 4 preterm and 8 term infants without lung injury who died soon after birth, 5 preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome of <2 days and 7 with respiratory distress syndrome of >10 days, and 6 with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Placental growth factor concentrations in tracheal aspirate fluid were measured in 70 samples from 20 preterm infants during the first postnatal week.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In immunohistochemical analyses, placental growth factor staining was seen in bronchial epithelium and macrophages in all groups. Distal airway epithelium positivity was observed mostly in fetuses and in preterm infants who died soon after birth. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 staining was seen in vascular endothelium in all groups and also in lymphatic endothelium in fetuses. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 staining in arterial endothelium was associated with higher and staining in venous endothelium with lower gestational age. In capillaries, less vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 staining was seen in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The mean placental growth factor protein concentration in tracheal aspirate fluid during the first postnatal week was 0.64 +/- 0.42 pg/mL per IgA-secretory component unit. Concentrations during the first postnatal week were stable. Lower placental growth factor concentrations correlated with chorioamnionitis and lactosyl ceramide positivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 staining pattern seems to reflect ongoing differentiation and activity of different endothelia. Lower vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 expression in capillary endothelium in bronchopulmonary dysplasia might be a reflection of the dysregulation of vascular development that is characteristic of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki, Finland. joakim.janer@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Joakim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Janér
authors.forename: Sture
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Caj
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haglund
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karikoski
authors.forename: Patrik
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lassus
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008168:Lung / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C000608036:PGF protein, human; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2