title: A crystallographic study of bright far-red fluorescent protein mKate reveals pH-induced cis-trans isomerization of the chromophore.
abstract: The far-red fluorescent protein mKate (lambda(ex), 588 nm; lambda(em), 635 nm; chromophore-forming triad Met(63)-Tyr(64)-Gly(65)), originating from wild-type red fluorescent progenitor eqFP578 (sea anemone Entacmaea quadricolor), is monomeric and characterized by the pronounced pH dependence of fluorescence, relatively high brightness, and high photostability. The protein has been crystallized at a pH ranging from 2 to 9 in three space groups, and four structures have been determined by x-ray crystallography at the resolution of 1.75-2.6 A. The pH-dependent fluorescence of mKate has been shown to be due to reversible cis-trans isomerization of the chromophore phenolic ring. In the non-fluorescent state at pH 2.0, the chromophore of mKate is in the trans-isomeric form. The weakly fluorescent state of the protein at pH 4.2 is characterized by a mixture of trans and cis isomers. The chromophore in a highly fluorescent state at pH 7.0/9.0 adopts the cis form. Three key residues, Ser(143), Leu(174), and Arg(197) residing in the vicinity of the chromophore, have been identified as being primarily responsible for the far-red shift in the spectra. A group of residues consisting of Val(93), Arg(122), Glu(155), Arg(157), Asp(159), His(169), Ile(171), Asn(173), Val(192), Tyr(194), and Val(216), are most likely responsible for the observed monomeric state of the protein in solution.
authors.affiliation: Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA. svp@ncifcrf.gov
authors.forename: Sergei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pletnev
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shcherbo
authors.forename: Dmitry M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Chudakov
authors.forename: Nadezhda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pletneva
authors.forename: Ekaterina M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Merzlyak
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wlodawer
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dauter
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pletnev
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray / Q000379:methods*; D004583:Electrons; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012615:Sea Anemones; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein