title: Metabonomic and microbiological analysis of the dynamic effect of vancomycin-induced gut microbiota modification in the mouse.
abstract: The effects of the antibiotic vancomycin (2 x 100 mg/kg/day) on the gut microbiota of female mice (outbred NMRI strain) were studied, in order to assess the relative contribution of the gut microbiome to host metabolism. The host's metabolic phenotype was characterized using (1)H NMR spectroscopy of urine and fecal extract samples. Time-course changes in the gut microbiotal community after administration of vancomycin were monitored using 16S rRNA gene PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis and showed a strong effect on several species, mostly within the Firmicutes. Vancomycin treatment was associated with fecal excretion of uracil, amino acids and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), highlighting the contribution of the gut microbiota to the production and metabolism of these dietary compounds. Clear differences in gut microbial communities between control and antibiotic-treated mice were observed in the current study. Reduced urinary excretion of gut microbial co-metabolites phenylacetylglycine and hippurate was also observed. Regression of urinary hippurate and phenylacetylglycine concentrations against the fecal metabolite profile showed a strong association between these urinary metabolites and a wide range of fecal metabolites, including amino acids and SCFAs. Fecal choline was inversely correlated with urinary hippurate. Metabolic profiling, coupled with the metagenomic study of this antibiotic model, illustrates the close inter-relationship between the host and microbial "metabotypes", and will provide a basis for further experiments probing the understanding of the microbial-mammalian metabolic axis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ivan K S
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.forename: Jia V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jasmina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saric
authors.forename: Francois-Pierre
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Huw
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Yulan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Jeremy K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: Jürg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Utzinger
authors.forename: Julian R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Marchesi
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holmes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D017931:DNA Primers; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D006626:Hippurates / Q000652:urine; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D051379:Mice; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D014556:Urine; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017931:DNA Primers; D006626:Hippurates; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; C022050:phenylacetylglycine; D014640:Vancomycin; C030514:hippuric acid; D005998:Glycine