title: Common neural circuitry supporting volitional saccades and its disruption in schizophrenia patients and relatives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  People with schizophrenia and their biological relatives have deficits in executive control processes such as inhibition and working memory as evidenced by performance abnormalities on antisaccade (AS) and ocular motor delayed response (ODR) tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was conducted to investigate brain activity associated with these putative indices of schizophrenia risk by: 1) directly comparing neural functioning in 15 schizophrenia patients, 13 of their first-degree biological relatives (primarily siblings), and 14 healthy participants; and 2) assessing executive function associated with volitional saccades by using a combination of AS and ODR tasks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behavioral data showed that patients and relatives both made more volitional saccade errors. Imaging data demonstrated that within the context of preserved activity in some neural regions in patients and relatives, there were two distinct patterns of disruptions in other regions. First, there were deficits observed only in the schizophrenia group (decreased activity in lateral frontal eye field and supplementary eye field), suggesting a change associated with disease manifestation. Second, there were deficits observed in both patients and relatives (decreased activity in middle occipital gyrus, insula, cuneus, anterior cingulate, and Brodmann area 10 in prefrontal cortex), indicating a potential association with disease risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that decreased brain activation in regions involved in managing and evaluating early sensory and attention processing might be associated with poor volitional saccade control and risk for developing schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Jazmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Camchong
authors.forename: Kara A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Dyckman
authors.forename: Benjamin P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Brett A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Clementz
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McDowell
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005190:Family; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012438:Saccades / Q000502:physiology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen