title: Feasibility of randomized controlled trials on seclusion and mechanical restraint.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In psychiatry seclusion and mechanical restraint are most commonly used in the management of violence and self-directed aggression. Both interventions are considered as efficacious and indispensable. Yet, these measures can have deleterious effects on patients. The least restrictive alternative is recommended. Evidence about what kind of intervention is least restrictive is only scarcely available. Up to now, no randomized controlled trial (RCT) on this subject has been conducted.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe ethical, methodological and legal problems of RCTs on coercive interventions and to suggest possible solutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature research on possible study designs, ethical considerations and legal regulations was conducted in PubMed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Corresponding to the procedures in emergency medicine informed consent can be obtained after the intervention when the patients are capable again. Informed consent refers only to participation in an interview and utilization of data. Randomization can be ethically approved, if exclusion criteria for randomization are defined. A comprehensive cohort study seems to be the most practicable study design. As primary outcome variable an assessment of subjective experiences of the patients' restrictions to human rights.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry I, University of Ulm, Weingartshofe str. 2, 88214 Ravensburg, Germany. jan.bergk@zfp-weissenau.de
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergk
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Einsiedler
authors.forename: Tilman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steinert
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D001523:Mental Disorders; D010356:Patient Isolation; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000941:ethics*; D012107:Research Design; D012149:Restraint, Physical; D014754:Violence