title: Near-infrared spectroscopy in patients with severe sepsis: correlation with invasive hemodynamic measurements.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinicians have begun using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to monitor tissue perfusion in hemorrhagic shock, as the technique allows continuous noninvasive monitoring of tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO(2)) and the tissue hemoglobin index (THI). We hypothesized that StO(2) measurements in patients with severe sepsis would be associated with the severity of their illness and would correlate with invasive hemodynamic measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured mean arterial pressure (MAP), serum lactate concentration, blood hemoglobin concentration, StO(2), and THI in nine healthy volunteers and ten patients with septic shock in a surgical intensive care unit (ICU). Enrolled patients had a pulmonary artery catheter, and had family able to give informed consent. The average Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score at enrollment for the patients was 19 +/- 5 (standard deviation) points. Volunteers and patients were similar with respect to age and sex. To collect NIRS data, we used the InSpectra Tissue Spectrometer, Model 325 (Hutchinson Technology, Inc., Hutchinson, MN). For three consecutive days, we obtained invasive hemodynamic measurements three times daily, simultaneously with NIRS measurements, and metabolic cart measurements once daily.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with severe sepsis had significantly lower thenar muscle StO(2) values (p = 0.031) than healthy volunteers. Near-infrared spectroscopy-derived mixed venous oxygen saturation (NIRSvO(2)) and StO(2) measured from the thenar eminence in patients with severe sepsis correlated with SvO(2) from the pulmonary artery catheter (p < 0.05). In this group of patients, StO(2) did not correlate significantly with lactate concentration, base deficit, or APACHE II score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Near-infrared spectroscopic measurements of StO(2) correlated with invasive hemodynamic measurements in patients with severe sepsis but did not correlate with severity of illness. These findings suggest that NIRStO(2) may be a clinically useful measurement in monitoring patients with severe sepsis. Further study of this device in early resuscitation of patients with sepsis is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Kristine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Mulier
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Skarda
authors.forename: Jodie H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Dean E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Michelle K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: McGraw
authors.forename: Barbara L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Gallea
authors.forename: Greg J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Beilman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003422:Critical Care; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010100:Oxygen