title: A life-span extending form of autophagy employs the vacuole-vacuole fusion machinery.
abstract: While autophagy is believed to be beneficial for life-span extension, it is controversial which forms or aspects of autophagy are responsible for this effect. We addressed this topic by analyzing the life span of yeast autophagy mutants under caloric restriction, a longevity manipulation. Surprisingly, we discovered that the majority of proteins involved in macroautophagy and several forms of microautophagy were dispensable for life-span extension. The only autophagy protein that is critical for life-span extension was Atg15, a lipase that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transported to vacuoles for disintegrating membranes of autophagic bodies. We further found that vacuole-vacuole fusion was required for life-span extension, which was indicated by the shortened life span of mutants missing proteins (ypt7Delta, nyv1Delta, vac8Delta) or lipids (erg6Delta) involved in fusion. Since a known function of vacuole-vacuole fusion is the maintenance of the vacuole membrane integrity, we analyzed aged vacuoles and discovered that aged cells had altered vacuolar morphology and accumulated autophagic bodies, suggesting that certain forms of autophagy do contribute to longevity. Like aged cells, erg6Delta accumulated autophagic bodies, which is likely caused by a defect in lipase instead of proteases due to the existence of multiple vacuolar proteases. Since macroautophagy is not blocked by erg6Delta, we propose that a new form of autophagy transports Atg15 via the fusion of vacuoles with vesicles derived from ER, and we designate this putative form of autophagy as secretophagy. Pending future biochemical studies, the concept of secretophagy may provide a mechanism for autophagy in life-span extension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204-1099, USA. fxtang@ualr.edu
authors.forename: Fusheng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Joseph W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bermudez
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gaban
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Portie
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grace
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleve
authors.forename: Gheorghe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Craciun
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D004875:Ergosterol / Q000378:metabolism; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D008136:Longevity; D008561:Membrane Fusion; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D008780:Methyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D050600:SNARE Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000502:physiology*; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins
chemical_list: D008074:Lipoproteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D050600:SNARE Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; C111373:VAC8 protein, S cerevisiae; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins; D008780:Methyltransferases; C022670:delta 24-sterol methyltransferase; D004875:Ergosterol