title: Pentanucleotide repeat polymorphism, lipoprotein(a) levels, and risk of ischemic heart disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lipoprotein(a) is a cardiovascular risk factor. Levels of lipoprotein(a) are predominantly determined by apolipoprotein(a) gene variation, including a pentanucleotide repeat promoter polymorphism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypothesis that apolipoprotein(a) pentanucleotide repeat genotype predicts elevated lipoprotein(a) levels and risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a cohort study of the Danish general population, The Copenhagen City Heart Study, including 10,276 individuals of which 860 and 1,781 developed MI and IHD, respectively, during up to 31 yr of follow-up, and a case-control study including 1,814 IHD patients and 5,076 controls. Follow-up was 100% complete.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Allele frequencies were 0.0018, 0.0018, 0.6750, 0.1596, 0.1465, 0.0146, and 0.0004 for 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 repeats, respectively. Mean lipoprotein(a) levels were 40, 36, and 27 mg/dl for individuals with 14-15, 16, and 17-22 repeats (sum of repeats on both alleles), respectively (trend, P < 0.001). Cumulative incidence of MI and IHD was increased for individuals with 14-15 vs. at least 16 repeats (log rank, P < 0.001 and P = 0.002). Multifactorially adjusted hazard ratios for 14-15 and 17-22 vs. 16 repeats were 3.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.6-5.8) and 1.0 (0.9-1.2) for MI and 2.2 (1.3-3.6) and 1.0 (0.9-1.1) for IHD. In the case-control study, multifactorially adjusted odds ratios for 14-15 and 17-22 vs. 16 repeats were 2.9 (1.1-7.8) and 0.9 (0.8-1.0) for MI and 2.5 (1.0-6.0) and 0.9 (0.8-1.0) for IHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apolipoprotein(a) 14-15 pentanucleotide repeats predict elevated levels of lipoprotein(a) and a 3- and 2-fold increased risk of MI and IHD in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Pia R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kamstrup
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tybjaerg-Hansen
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steffensen
authors.forename: Børge G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Nordestgaard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D017270:Lipoprotein(a)