title: Dermal absorption of inorganic germanium in rats.
abstract: So-called germanium 'health' products including dietary supplements, cosmetics, accessories, and warm bath service containing germanium compounds and metalloid are popular in Japan. Subchronic and chronic oral exposure of germanium dioxide (GeO(2)), popular chemical form of inorganic germanium causes severe germanium toxicosis including death and kidney dysfunction in humans and experimental animals. Intestinal absorption of neutralized GeO(2) or germanate is almost complete in humans and animals. However, it is not known whether germanium is cutaneously absorbed. We tested dermal absorption of neutralized GeO(2) or germanate using male F344/N rats. Three groups of rats were treated with a 3-h topical application of hydrophilic ointment containing graded level of neutralized GeO(2) (pH 7.4): 0, 0.21 and 0.42 mg GeO(2)/g. Germanium concentration in blood and tissues sampled from rats after topical application of inorganic germanium was measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Animals topically applied 0.42 mg GeO(2)/g ointment had significantly higher germanium concentrations in plasma, liver, and kidney than those of rats that received no topical germanium. The results indicate that skin is permeable to inorganic germanium ion or germanate and recurrent exposure of germanium compounds may pose a potential health hazard.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Seitoku University Graduate School, 550 Iwase, Matsudo, Chiba 271-855, Japan. KatsuhikoY@aol.com
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.forename: Takae
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawaai
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Konomi
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uchida
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005857:Germanium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007564:Japan; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D009824:Ointments; D010539:Permeability; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D009824:Ointments; D005857:Germanium; C040516:germanium oxide