title: Inflammation, insulin resistance, and diabetes--Mendelian randomization using CRP haplotypes points upstream.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Raised C-reactive protein (CRP) is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. According to the Mendelian randomization method, the association is likely to be causal if genetic variants that affect CRP level are associated with markers of diabetes development and diabetes. Our objective was to examine the nature of the association between CRP phenotype and diabetes development using CRP haplotypes as instrumental variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We genotyped three tagging SNPs (CRP + 2302G > A; CRP + 1444T > C; CRP + 4899T > G) in the CRP gene and measured serum CRP in 5,274 men and women at mean ages 49 and 61 y (Whitehall II Study). Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were measured at age 61 y. Diabetes was ascertained by glucose tolerance test and self-report. Common major haplotypes were strongly associated with serum CRP levels, but unrelated to obesity, blood pressure, and socioeconomic position, which may confound the association between CRP and diabetes risk. Serum CRP was associated with these potential confounding factors. After adjustment for age and sex, baseline serum CRP was associated with incident diabetes (hazard ratio = 1.39 [95% confidence interval 1.29-1.51], HOMA-IR, and HbA1c, but the associations were considerably attenuated on adjustment for potential confounding factors. In contrast, CRP haplotypes were not associated with HOMA-IR or HbA1c (p = 0.52-0.92). The associations of CRP with HOMA-IR and HbA1c were all null when examined using instrumental variables analysis, with genetic variants as the instrument for serum CRP. Instrumental variables estimates differed from the directly observed associations (p = 0.007-0.11). Pooled analysis of CRP haplotypes and diabetes in Whitehall II and Northwick Park Heart Study II produced null findings (p = 0.25-0.88). Analyses based on the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (1,923 diabetes cases, 2,932 controls) using three SNPs in tight linkage disequilibrium with our tagging SNPs also demonstrated null associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Observed associations between serum CRP and insulin resistance, glycemia, and diabetes are likely to be noncausal. Inflammation may play a causal role via upstream effectors rather than the downstream marker CRP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimäki
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.forename: Debbie A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lawlor
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davey Smith
authors.forename: Jackie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Gordon D O
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rumley
authors.forename: Juan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Casas
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Steve E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Humphries
authors.forename: Aroon D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hingorani
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Marmot
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Timpson
authors.forename: Meena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000235:genetics*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006239:Haplotypes; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D012044:Regression Analysis; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin