title: Good laboratory practice: preventing introduction of bias at the bench.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As a research community, we have failed to demonstrate that drugs which show substantial efficacy in animal models of cerebral ischemia can also improve outcome in human stroke. Summary of Review- Accumulating evidence suggests this may be due, at least in part, to problems in the design, conduct and reporting of animal experiments which create a systematic bias resulting in the overstatement of neuroprotective efficacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here, we set out a series of measures to reduce bias in the design, conduct and reporting of animal experiments modeling human stroke.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Malcolm R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Macleod
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: O'Collins
authors.forename: Emily S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Sena
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dirnagl
authors.forename: Philip M W
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bath
authors.forename: Alistair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buchan
authors.forename: H Bart
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: van der Worp
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Traystman
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Minematsu
authors.forename: Geoffrey A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Donnan
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Howells
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015982:Bias; D016265:Conflict of Interest; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004345:Drug Industry; D006801:Humans; D011897:Random Allocation; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D018401:Sample Size; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome