title: Perinatal exposure to antiretroviral therapy is associated with increased blood mitochondrial DNA levels and decreased mitochondrial gene expression in infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of perinatal antiretroviral therapy (ART) on infant mitochondrial function are not well known. We compared blood mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels and mtDNA gene expression (mtRNA) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected, ART-exposed infants born to HIV-positive mothers with mtDNA levels and mtDNA gene expression in control infants born to uninfected women.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective cohort study, longitudinal mtDNA:nuclear DNA and mtRNA:beta-actin mRNA ratios were compared in blood samples obtained at various time points from birth to 8 months, using generalized estimating equation linear regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Log(10) mtDNA levels at birth were higher in ART-exposed infants, compared with levels in control infants, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = .07 for comparison of samples obtained 0-3 days after birth). ART-exposed infants' mtDNA levels increased further during the zidovudine prophylaxis period-from age 4 days to age 6 weeks-(P = .001) and remained significantly higher than the levels observed in control infants until the end of the study. In contrast, log(10) mtRNA levels at birth were lower in ART-exposed infants than in control infants (P = .03), but were not statistically different later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When control infants and ART-exposed infants were compared, the mtDNA level was increased but mitochondrial gene expression was decreased in ART-exposed infants. These differences persisted after zidovudine was discontinued, suggesting that changes in mitochondrial proliferation and/or expression take place during and after ART exposure. These changes are likely the effects of the antiretroviral drugs on mitochondria. The clinical relevance and long-term impact of these alterations must be studied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. helene.cote@ubc.ca
authors.forename: Hélène C F
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Côté
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raboud
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bitnun
authors.forename: Ariane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alimenti
authors.forename: Deborah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Money
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maan
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costei
authors.forename: Izabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gadawski
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Diong
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: P Richard
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Harrigan
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Burdge
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Forbes
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000097:blood* / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology*; D012313:RNA / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D000077278:RNA, Mitochondrial; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D000077278:RNA, Mitochondrial; D012313:RNA