title: Use of the rat postimplantation embryo culture to assess the embryotoxic potency within a chemical category and to identify toxic metabolites.
abstract: The implementation of in vitro alternatives in the safety evaluation of chemicals in the animal intensive area of reproductive toxicity testing is highly desirable, but has been limited by issues around predictivity and applicability domains. The validation of alternatives may gain from a category approach, in which, rather than validating a test for the universe of chemicals, its predictive value is assessed for each class of chemicals for which the test represents relevant end point(s). We studied the embryotoxicity in rodent postimplantation whole embryo culture (WEC) of a series of phthalates and their metabolites. Phthalate diesters are widely applied industrial chemicals, their monoester derivatives being considered as their embryotoxic metabolites. The relative in vitro potency of three out of four monophthalates was found to mimick that of corresponding diphthalates tested in vivo. The phthalate that deviated from this ranking, monoethylhexylphthalate (MEHP), showed a relatively high in vitro toxicity as compared to in vivo data. This deviation could be explained through kinetic differences among phthalates, as shown between MEHP and monobutylphthalate. In addition, in vitro testing of specific secondary MEHP metabolites showed that they were all less potent than MEHP. This finding confirmed that MEHP in vitro embryotoxicity is most likely the best correlate to DEHP in vivo embryotoxicity. This study shows that a category approach in the assessment of the validation of in vitro alternatives is feasible, and can be improved when kinetic considerations are taken into account.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Janer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verhoef
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Gilsing
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Piersma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D004952:Esters / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004952:Esters; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate; C016599:mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate