title: Th17 cytokines interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 modulate distinct inflammatory and keratinocyte-response pathways.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psoriasis vulgaris is an inflammatory skin disease mediated by Th1 and Th17 cytokines, yet the relative contribution of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 on disease pathogenesis is still unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we sought to identify the cytokines produced by skin-resident T cells in normal skin, localize the receptors for these cytokines, and examine how these cytokines alter gene expression profiles of the cells bearing cognate receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry to evaluate T cell cytokine production, and immunohistochemistry and double-label immunofluorescence to localize cytokine receptors in skin. Gene array analysis of cytokine-treated keratinocytes was performed using moderated paired t-test controlling for false discovery rate using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that T-helper cells producing IL-17, IL-22 and/or IFN-gamma, as well as the cells bearing cognate cytokine receptors, are present in normal human skin. Keratinocytes stimulated with IL-17 expressed chemokines that were different from those induced by IFN-gamma, probably contributing to the influx of neutrophils, dendritic cells and memory T cells into the psoriatic lesion. In contrast, IL-22 downregulated genes associated with keratinocyte differentiation and caused epidermal alterations in an organotypic skin model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the Th17 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 mediate distinct downstream pathways that contribute to the psoriatic phenotype: IL-17 is more proinflammatory, while IL-22 retards keratinocyte differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Nograles
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Zaba
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guttman-Yassky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fuentes-Duculan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suárez-Fariñas
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cardinale
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khatcherian
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Pierson
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pensabene
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Coats
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Novitskaya
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lowes
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Krueger
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007378:Interleukins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D000097043:Interleukin-22
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D020381:Interleukin-17; D007378:Interleukins; D000097043:Interleukin-22