title: Successful angiographic embolization of recurrent elbow and knee joint bleeds in seven patients with severe haemophilia.
abstract: In haemophilic joints with high-grade arthropathy, bleeds occur that do not respond to replacement therapy of the deficient coagulation factor. The reason may be pathologically reactive angiogenesis in chronic synovitis. Seven patients with severe haemophilia A or haemophilia B experienced recurrent massive bleeds of one elbow joint or knee joint in the absence of trauma. After initial application of factor VIII or IX (fVIII/fIX; 50 IU kg(-1) bodyweight), there was only slow and never complete relief of symptoms. Despite intensive secondary prophylaxis maintaining the plasma level of factor concentrate at minimum 50%, new massive bleeds at the same location occurred. Vascular bleeding was suspected. Angiography of the arteries was performed via the femoral artery. Vessels identified as potential bleeding sources were embolized with embolization fluid (ONYX) in eight joints (six elbow and two knee joints). Under low-dose prophylactic treatment (15 IU fVIII or fIX per kg bodyweight for three times per week), no recurrent severe bleed unresponsive to coagulation factor replacement occurred after a mean observation time of 16 months after embolization. The consumption of factor concentrate decreased to one-third of the amount consumed before embolization. In conclusion, angiographic embolization with a non-adhesive liquid embolic agent might be considered as a promising therapeutic and coagulation factor saving option in joint bleeds not responding to replacement of coagulation factor to normal levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology and Clotting disorders, Haemophilia treatment center, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany. robert.klamroth@vivantes.de
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klamroth
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gottstein
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Essers
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Landgraf
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilaschek
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oldenburg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000379:methods; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006395:Hemarthrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000150:complications*; D002836:Hemophilia B / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult