title: De novo biosynthesis versus sequestration: a network of transport systems supports in iridoid producing leaf beetle larvae both modes of defense.
abstract: In the larval chrysomelines the de novo synthesis of monoterpenoids (iridoids) is believed to represent the ancestral state in the evolution of chemical defenses. Here we demonstrate that the iridoid producing larvae of Plagiodera versicolora and Phratora laticollis have the potential to sequester precursors from food. In nature, iridoids may even have a dual origin, namely plant-derived and de novo produced. The ability to sequester plant-derived precursors was proved by (i) (13)C-labelling of the terpenoids in the food plant, (ii) by larval feeding on leaves impregnated with analogs and labelled putative precursors for iridoid biosynthesis; and (iii) by injection of the precursors into the hemolymph followed by mass spectroscopic analysis of their distribution in the hemolymph, defensive secretion, and faeces. The experimental findings support a network of transport systems which allows a broader range of glucosides to enter and to leave the hemocoel, while only the appropriate precursor, 8-hydroxygeraniol-8-O-beta-d-glucoside, is channelled to the reservoir and processed to iridoids. The dual system of de novo biosynthesis and sequestration of phytogenic precursors may have favoured the larvae to shift from one host plant to another without losing their defense.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Maritta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kunert
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Søe
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bartram
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Discher
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tolzin-Banasch
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: David
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pasteels
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000378:metabolism*; D017753:Ecosystem; D005216:Fat Body / Q000378:metabolism*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005960:Glucosides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000378:metabolism; D039823:Iridoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D007814:Larva / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D032107:Populus; D032108:Salix; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D005960:Glucosides; D039823:Iridoids