title: A new method for quantifiable and controlled dosage of particulate matter for in vitro studies: the electrostatic particulate dosage and exposure system (EPDExS).
abstract: An exposure chamber is described for the quantifiable addition of fine and ultrafine aerosol particulate matter directly to cells and used to demonstrate the in vitro cytotoxicity of fine 1,4-naphthoquinone particles to murine lung epithelial cells. The electrostatic particulate dosage and exposure system (EPDExS) operates on the principle of electrostatic precipitation and is shown to deposit fine and ultrafine aerosol particles directly to cells with 100% efficiency for particle diameters in the range of 40-530nm. This range is not limited by the EPDExS, but rather by the aerosolization method used for this study. Numbers of particles deposited onto the cells are counted with a condensation particle counter, negating any need to calculate or estimate particle exposure. The process of particle introduction, assessed using Trypan blue dye exclusion, had no effect on cell viability. In combination with a differential mobility classifier, the EPDExS can deliver select particle diameters to cells. The ability to control the diameter and number of particles deposited permits in vitro toxicity studies of particulate matter using different particle dosage metrics, i.e., particle number and size, surface area and mass. Finally, because EPDExS introduces particles directly from the aerosol, it can be used to expose cells grown at air/liquid interfaces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington VT 05405, USA.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zahardis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: MacPherson
authors.forename: B T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Mossman
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Petrucci
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D055672:Static Electricity; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D052638:Particulate Matter; C035342:1,4-naphthoquinone