title: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided application of a new internally gas-cooled radiofrequency ablation probe in the liver and spleen of an animal model: a preliminary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a previous study, a new flexible bipolar hybrid cryotherm probe was applied with success to the pancreas of a living pig. Here we evaluated feasibility, efficacy, and safety of its application to the porcine liver and spleen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten applications to the liver and nine to the spleen were performed in 19 pigs. Power input (16-18 W) and simultaneous cooling with CO(2) (standardized pressure: 675 psi) as the cryogenic agent were investigated. Application time varied from 120 seconds to 900 seconds. The ablation area was measured by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) after ablation (T0), and before euthanasia (T1). Gross pathology (T2) and histology after necropsy represented the gold standard. The interval from treatment to euthanasia was 1 or 2 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both organs the correlation between EUS and gross pathology was good (correlation coefficient R(liver) = 0.71; R(spleen) = 0.73). EUS tended to overestimate the area of the ablated zone. EUS observed a time-dependent ablation area: we demonstrated a positive trend of lesion size (T1) over time in liver tissue (R = 0.51 (P = 0.1)). In the spleen we found a clear correlation of lesion area T2 and application time (R = 0.75, P = 0.01). There were no complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selective EUS-guided transgastric cryotherm ablation of the liver and spleen in a pig model is feasible and safe. The new bipolar probe creates a time-dependent ablation area without any complications, and opens a field of new potential indications of RF-ablative therapies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carrara
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Arcidiacono
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Albarello
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Addis
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Enderle
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boemo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neugebauer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Campagnol
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doglioni
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Testoni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D023421:Models, Animal; D013154:Spleen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013552:Swine; D014463:Ultrasonography