title: Hormonal regulation of the humoral innate immune response in Drosophila melanogaster.
abstract: Juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxy-ecdysone (20E) are highly versatile hormones, coordinating development, growth, reproduction and aging in insects. Pulses of 20E provide key signals for initiating developmental and physiological transitions, while JH promotes or inhibits these signals in a stage-specific manner. Previous evidence suggests that JH and 20E might modulate innate immunity, but whether and how these hormones interact to regulate the immune response remains unclear. Here we show that JH and 20E have antagonistic effects on the induction of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes in Drosophila melanogaster. 20E pretreatment of Schneider S2 cells promoted the robust induction of AMP genes, following immune stimulation. On the other hand, JH III, and its synthetic analogs (JHa) methoprene and pyriproxyfen, strongly interfered with this 20E-dependent immune potentiation, although these hormones did not inhibit other 20E-induced cellular changes. Similarly, in vivo analyses in adult flies confirmed that JH is a hormonal immuno-suppressor. RNA silencing of either partner of the ecdysone receptor heterodimer (EcR or Usp) in S2 cells prevented the 20E-induced immune potentiation. In contrast, silencing methoprene-tolerant (Met), a candidate JH receptor, did not impair immuno-suppression by JH III and JHa, indicating that in this context MET is not a necessary JH receptor. Our results suggest that 20E and JH play major roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to immune challenge.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Flatt
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heyland
authors.forename: Florentina
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rus
authors.forename: Ermelinda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Porpiglia
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sherlock
authors.forename: Rochele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Alina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garbuzov
authors.forename: Subba R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Palli
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tatar
authors.forename: Neal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D004441:Ecdysterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D020868:Gene Silencing / Q000187:drug effects; D017344:Genes, Insect; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects*; D007605:Juvenile Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008726:Methoprene / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C054756:DptA protein, Drosophila; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D007605:Juvenile Hormones; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D014157:Transcription Factors; C066030:USP protein, Drosophila; C055469:ecdysone receptor; D004441:Ecdysterone; D008726:Methoprene