title: Cognitive architectures: choreographing the dance of mental operations with the task environment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this article, I present the ideas and trends that have given rise to the use of cognitive architectures in human factors and provide a cognitive engineering-oriented taxonomy of these architectures and a snapshot of their use for cognitive engineering.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Architectures of cognition have had a long history in human factors but a brief past. The long history entails a 50-year preamble, whereas the explosion of work in the current decade reflects the brief past. Understanding this history is key to understanding the current and future prospects for applying cognitive science theory to human factors practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The review defines three formative eras in cognitive engineering research: the 1950s, 1980s, and now.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first era, the fledging fields of cognitive science and human factors emphasized characteristics of the dancer the limited capacity or bounded rationality view of the mind, and the ballroom, the task environment. The second era emphasized the dance (i.e., the dynamic interaction between mental operations and task environment). The third era has seen the rise of cognitive architectures as tools for choreographing the dance of mental operations within the complex environments posed by human factors practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hybrid architectures present the best vector for introducing cognitive science theories into a renewed engineering-based human factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The taxonomy provided in this article may provide guidance on when and whether to apply a cognitive science or a hybrid architecture to a human factors issue.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Science Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA. grayw@rpi.edu
authors.forename: Wayne D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition; D006804:Ergonomics; D006801:Humans; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis