title: NK homeobox genes with choanocyte-specific expression in homoscleromorph sponges.
abstract: Data on nonbilaterian animals (sponges, cnidarians, and ctenophores) have suggested that Antennapedia (ANTP) class homeobox genes played a crucial role in the early diversification of animal body plans. Estimates of ancestral gene diversity within this important class of developmental regulators have been mostly based on recent analyses of the complete genome of a demosponge species, leading to the proposal that all ANTP families found in nonsponges animals (eumetazoans) derived from an ancestral "proto-NK" six-gene cluster. However, a single sponge species cannot reveal ancestral metazoan traits, in particular because lineage-specific gene duplications or losses are likely to have occurred during the long history of the Porifera. We thus looked for ANTP genes by degenerate polymerase chain reaction search in five species belonging to the Homoscleromorpha, a sponge lineage recently phylogenetically classified outside demosponges and characterized by unique histological features. We identified new genes of the ANTP class called HomoNK. Our phylogenetic analyses placed HomoNK (without significant support) close to the NK6 and NK7 families of cnidarian and bilaterian ANTP genes and did not recover the monophyly of the proposed "proto-NK" cluster. Our expression analyses of the HomoNK gene OlobNK in adult Oscarella lobularis showed that this gene is a strict marker of choanocytes, the most typical sponge cell type characterized by an apical flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli. These results are discussed in the light of the predominant neurosensory expression of NK6 and NK7 genes in bilaterians and of the recent proposal that choanocytes could be the sponge homologs of sensory cells.
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS-UMR 6540, Station marine d'Endoume, rue de la batterie des Lions, 13007, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Eve
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gazave
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lapébie
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Renard
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bézac
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boury-Esnault
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vacelet
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.forename: Michaël
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manuel
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Borchiellini
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D051943:Antennapedia Homeodomain Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D005801:Genes, Homeobox / Q000235:genetics*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011161:Porifera / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D051943:Antennapedia Homeodomain Protein; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger