title: Tolerability of N-chlorotaurine plus ammonium chloride in the rabbit and human eye--a phase 1 clinical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  N-chlorotaurine (NCT), an endogenous mild antiseptic, is well-tolerated by application to the human conjunctiva and has been shown to offer beneficial effects in infectious conjunctivitis. Animal tests revealed improved efficacy of a combination of NCT with ammonium chloride in adenoviral conjunctivitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerability of NCT plus ammonium chloride in the healthy rabbit and human eye.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, a tolerability study was performed in rabbits. In a blinded and randomized fashion, one eye was treated with the test medication, the other one with 0.9% saline. Twenty-one animals (three per concentration) were treated with one drop every 2 hours for 6 days. Second, in two volunteers one drop of a defined concentration was applied to one eye every 15 min for 1 hour, saline to the control eye. Four different concentrations were tested on different days. Third, a double-blind, randomized phase 1 study in 13 healthy volunteers was performed. One drop of 0.1% NCT plus 0.1% NH(4)Cl versus saline was applied every 15 min within the first hour, followed by four drops every 2 hours. This regimen was done daily for 5 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In rabbits, no side effects were seen with 0.1% NCT plus 0.1% NH(4)Cl, while higher concentrations sometimes caused short-time and minimal conjunctival injection and secretion after dosing. By 1% NCT plus 1% NH(4)Cl, these effects were moderate, but disappeared again without any detectable residues. In the pilot study with two volunteers, treatment with 0.5% NCT plus 0.1% NH(4)Cl caused medium-scale eye burning for 30 seconds, while 0.1% NCT plus 0.1% NH(4)Cl was very well-tolerated, with no or minimal burning for a few seconds. In the subsequent phase 1 study, 0.1% NCT plus 0.1% NH(4)Cl was well-tolerated by all subjects except for minimal eye burning for a few seconds after dropping. No objective signs of eye changes could be detected in the human beings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study clearly demonstrate the good tolerability of a promising NCT formulation with improved activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Teuchner
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Hanno
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ulmer
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gottardi
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagl
mesh_terms: D000643:Ammonium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005123:Eye / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011817:Rabbits; D013654:Taurine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D000643:Ammonium Chloride; D013654:Taurine; C043410:N-chlorotaurine