title: An anatomical study of femoral vein valves near the saphenofemoral junction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relevance of venous valves in varicose veins is still discussed controversially as, among others, the veins' wall weakness is accused to be the initial trigger of varicose veins. Thorough knowledge of their positions and frequencies will support understanding the pathogenesis of varices. Contrary to the incidences of valves in the femoral vein, no sufficient data about the positions of valves, particularly in respect to the saphenofemoral junction, are available; specifically in conjunction with the fact that terminal and preterminal valves in the great saphenous vein are missing in 10% of cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The exact positions and distances of valves in both the common femoral and the femoral vein close to the saphenofemoral junction were studied macroscopically in 32 cadavers with a total of 63 veins. Measurements were performed from the saphenofemoral junction as reference point above and below.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Valves in the common femoral vein exist in 71% of all cases with a mean distance of 3.8 cm proximally to the saphenofemoral junction. Distal valves are present in 87% of all cases with a mean distance of 5.0 cm. In more than a half, a second distal valve can be found at about 9 cm, which has not been described yet. Females have a significantly shorter mean distance of this second distal valve on the right side.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incorporating the study results on terminal and preterminal valves in the great saphenous vein, we have a well defined overview about the positions of the valves and frequencies in the coherent area of confluence of the superficial inguinal veins. More than ever, further studies, mainly about the real functions of valves, are necessary.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical-Functional Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mühlberger
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Morandini
authors.forename: Erich
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brenner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005268:Femoral Vein / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000033:anatomy & histology*