title: Tip-enhanced near-field Raman spectroscopy with a scanning tunneling microscope and side-illumination optics.
abstract: Conventional Raman spectroscopy (RS) suffers from low spatial resolution and low detection sensitivity due to the optical diffraction limit and small interaction cross sections. It has been reported that a highly localized and significantly enhanced electromagnetic field could be generated in the proximity of a metallic tip illuminated by a laser beam. In this study, a tip-enhanced RS system was developed to both improve the resolution and enhance the detection sensitivity using the tip-enhanced near-field effects. This instrument, by combining RS with a scanning tunneling microscope and side-illumination optics, demonstrated significant enhancement on both optical sensitivity and spatial resolution using either silver (Ag)-coated tungsten (W) tips or gold (Au) tips. The sensitivity improvement was verified by observing the enhancement effects on silicon (Si) substrates. Lateral resolution was verified to be below 100 nm by mapping Ag nanostructures. By deploying the depolarization technique, an apparent enhancement of 175% on Si substrates was achieved. Furthermore, the developed instrument features fast and reliable optical alignment, versatile sample adaptability, and effective suppression of far-field signals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0511, USA.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: X N
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Y F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004867:Equipment Design; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D007834:Lasers; D008027:Light; D008670:Metals; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016252:Microscopy, Scanning Tunneling / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D012825:Silicon / Q000737:chemistry; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D014414:Tungsten / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D012834:Silver; D006046:Gold; D014414:Tungsten; D012825:Silicon