title: Region-specific gene expression profiling: novel evidence for biological heterogeneity of the human amnion.
abstract: The amnion plays an important role during pregnancy and parturition. Though referred to as a single structure, this fetal tissue is regionally divided into placental amnion, reflected amnion, and umbilical amnion. Histological differences between placental amnion and reflected amnion led us to hypothesize that the amnion is biologically heterogeneous. The gene expression profiles of placental amnion and reflected amnion were compared in patients at term with no labor (TNL; n = 10) and in labor (TIL; n = 10). Real-time quantitative RT-PCR revealed a higher expression of IL1B mRNA in reflected amnion than in placental amnion in TNL cases but not in TIL cases. Extended screening using microarrays showed differential expression of 17 genes in labor, regardless of the region. Interestingly, 839 genes were differentially expressed between placental amnion and reflected amnion. Pathway analysis identified 19 signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase and transforming growth factor beta pathways, associated with region. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of the amnion explants showed more robust activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/1 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2) in placental amnion of TNL but not in TIL cases. Placental amnion from TNL and TIL cases showed a significant difference in the amplitude of IL1B mRNA induction by LPS. We report that the anatomical region has a substantial impact on the transcriptional program and the biological properties of the amnion. Labor-associated switching to a proinflammatory signature is a feature particular to placental amnion. The novel observations herein strongly suggest that the seemingly homogeneous amnion is biologically heterogeneous and compartmentalized, with implications for the physiology of pregnancy and parturition.
authors.affiliation: Perinatology Research Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Yu Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Jung-Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Adi L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Tarca
authors.forename: Sun Kwon
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sorin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Draghici
authors.forename: Juan Pedro
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kusanovic
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gotsch
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: Sonia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Chong Jai
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008470:Meconium / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D036801:Parturition / Q000378:metabolism*; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger