title: Clinimetric analyses of the Modified Parkinson Activity Scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Parkinson Activity Scale (PAS) is designed for functional assessment in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the scale has - in its current form - several drawbacks. The objectives of the present study are to (a) introduce a Modified PAS, with unambiguous scoring options and without ceiling effect; (b) evaluate the inter-rater agreement, using physiotherapists with and without PD-specific expertise; and (c) examine the concurrent validity with the VAS-Global Functioning and the UPDRS-III.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Modified PAS was developed based on the results of a recent pilot feasibility study [Keus SHJ, Bloem BR, van Hilten JJ, Ashburn A, Munneke M. Effectiveness of physiotherapy in Parkinson's disease: The feasibility of a randomised controlled trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007; 13(2):115-21.]. To evaluate inter-rater agreement, the Modified PAS was scored by a large number of raters (n=13) in 15 patients (Hoehn and Yahr stage 2-4), thus yielding a high number of observations (n=195) and creating adequate power. To ascertain broad applicability of the results, both physiotherapists with and without PD-specific expertise participated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The interquartile range of the Modified PAS total scores was 40-51, within a possible range of 0 (optimal performance) to 56 (worst performance), suggesting lack of ceiling effect. The precision of these scores was 2.6 points, with an inter-rater error of 1.3 and a patient-induced error of 2.3. There were no differences between experts and non-experts. Correlation to Global Functioning (0.79) and UPDRS-III (0.64) was good.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Modified PAS showed no ceiling effect, good concurrent validity, good inter-rater agreement and no differences between experts and non-experts.
authors.affiliation: Parkinson Centre Nijmegen, Department of Neurology, 935, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S H J
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Keus
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nieuwboer
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bloem
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Borm
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Munneke
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010808:Physical Examination; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index