title: Determination of priority carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater and surface water by coacervative extraction and liquid chromatography-fluorimetry.
abstract: The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the European Union (EU) have set restrictive limits for priority carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CPAHs) in surface waters (EPA 3.8 ng L(-1) and EU 2-100 ng L(-1)) in order to protect aquatic life and human health. Currently, methods meeting these sensitivity criteria are not suitable for routine analysis of CPAHs. Here, we present a simple, rapid and low-cost method for the routine monitorization of these pollutants in aquatic environments based on their extraction with coacervates of decanoic acid reverse micelles in the nano- and microscale, and determination by liquid chromatography-fluorimetry (LC-FL). The method involves the stirring of filtered aqueous samples (36 mL) with 4 mL of THF containing 70 mg of decanoic acid for 5 min, its centrifugation for 10 min and the analysis of 20 microL of the resulting coacervate containing the CPAHs by LC/FL. The method is robust, the extractions being independent on salt concentration (up to 1 M), temperature (up to 60 degrees C) and pH (below 4). Besides, the coacervate prevents the CPAHs from adsorption onto the surface of containers during sample storage. No clean-up steps are necessary and the method is matrix-independent. The quantification and detection limits of the method ranged between 0.4 and 3.5 ng L(-1) and 0.1 and 1 ng L(-1), respectively, for the seven priority CPAHs. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of these pollutants in raw and treated sewage from three mechanical-biological treatment plants, two rivers and a reservoir with frequent motorized recreational craft activities, all of them located in the South of Spain. Recoveries for spiked samples in the range 2-30 ng L(-1) were between 88 and 95% with relative standard deviations from 1 to 7%. CPAHs were present in wastewater influents at concentrations in the range 3.9-37 ng L(-1), while the treatment at the WWTPs studied reduced their concentration in their respective effluents in a percentage near 100%. Three CPAHs were present at quantifiable levels in Guadajoz river (1.8-6.6 ng L(-1)) and six in La Breña reservoir (1.39-4.8 ng L(-1)).
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Edificio Anexo Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ballesteros-Gómez
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rubio
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pérez-Bendito
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005470:Fluorometry; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical