title: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of a vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist in patients with schizophrenia and hyponatremia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyponatremia (serum sodium [Na+] concentration <136 mmol/L) is a prevalent and potentially life-threatening medical comorbidity for schizophrenic patients. No definitive pharmacological treatments have been established. Tolvaptan (OPC-41061), an oral non-peptide V2-receptor antagonist, was recently shown to correct hyponatremia in a diverse population of 448 hyponatremic patients. Efficacy in a sub-set of 19 schizophrenic patients with idiopathic hyponatremia included in that sample is specifically examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen subjects were randomly assigned to receive placebo (n = 12) or tolvaptan (n = 7) once daily for 30 days. Dosage adjustment was based on serum Na+ changes, initially 15 mg, titratable to 30 or 60 mg. The average daily area under the curve (AUC) changes in serum Na+ from baseline to Day 4 and Day 30 were co-primary end points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increases in serum Na+ concentrations were significantly greater with tolvaptan than placebo at Day 4 (p = .0055) and at Day 30 (p < .0001). Two subjects receiving tolvaptan (28.6%) became dehydrated and experienced hypotension, and five subjects receiving placebo (41.7%) experienced symptoms associated with dilutional hyponatremia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that tolvaptan effectively normalizes idiopathic hyponatremia in schizophrenic patients. Clinicians are advised to carefully monitor fluid status especially at the beginning of treatment to prevent dehydration.
authors.affiliation: Arthur P. Noyes Research Foundation, Norristown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19401, USA. richardjosiassen@noyesfoundation.net
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Josiassen
authors.forename: Morris
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Meera
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jessani
authors.forename: Rita A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Shaughnessy
authors.forename: Ala
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albazzaz
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Orlandi
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Czerwiec
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001552:Benzazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D000077602:Tolvaptan
chemical_list: D065092:Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; D001552:Benzazepines; D000077602:Tolvaptan