title: Associations of circulating C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 with cancer risk: findings from two prospective cohorts and a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the associations of circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) with cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the associations of CRP and IL-6 with incident cancer in two prospective cohorts, the British Women's Heart and Health Study (4,286 women aged 60-80) and the Caerphilly Cohort (2,398 men aged 45-59) using Cox regression and pooled our findings with previous prospective studies' in fixed and random effects meta-analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CRP and IL-6 were associated with some incident cancers in our cohorts, but the numbers of cancer cases were small. In our meta-analyses elevated CRP was associated with an increased overall risk of cancer (random effects estimate (RE): 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.18) and lung cancer (RE: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.61). Its associations with colorectal (RE: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.21) and breast cancer risks (RE: 1.10, 95% CI: 0.97, 1.26) were weaker. CRP appeared unrelated to prostate cancer risk (RE: 1.00 0.88, 1.13). IL-6 was associated with increased lung and breast cancer risks and decreased prostate cancer risk, and was unrelated to colorectal cancer risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest an etiological role for CRP and IL-6 in some cancers. Further large prospective and genetic studies would help to better understand this role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Whiteladies Road, Bristol, BS8 2PR, UK.
authors.forename: Katriina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heikkilä
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rumley
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yarnell
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gallacher
authors.forename: Yoav
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ben-Shlomo
authors.forename: Shah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebrahim
authors.forename: Debbie A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lawlor
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D002097:C-Reactive Protein