title: Local mild hypothermia induced by intra-arterial cold saline infusion prolongs the time window of onset of reperfusion injury after transient focal ischemia in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to determine the effects of intra-arterial local hypothermia on infarct volume in rats with different durations of ischemia and to determine whether hypothermia can prolong the therapeutic time window compared with reperfusion without hypothermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 260-300 g were divided into control group (permanent MCA occlusion), normothermia groups (NT groups) and hypothermia groups (HT groups). NT groups included rats induced with blood reperfusion for 1.5, 2, 2.5 or 3 hour ischemia. In the HT groups with ischemia of 1.5, 2, 2.5 or 3 hours, 6 ml 20 degrees C normal saline solution was flushed at a speed of 0.6 ml/min, beginning 10 minutes before blood reperfusion. The infarct volumes of brains stained by TTC were observed 48 hours later. Brain temperature, blood flow and neurological scores were also recorded during this procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 hour ischemic groups, cold saline (20 degrees C infusion via the MCA) rapidly reduced the temperature of the MCA-supplied ischemic territory in the cortex from 37.0-37.1 to 32.8-33.2 degrees C and in the striatum from 37.3-37.5 to 33.2-33.3 degrees C. In NT groups, the average total infarct volumes of 1.5 and 2 hour ischemia (29.80 +/- 2.20 and 34.29 +/- 2.14%, respectively) were significantly less than that of the control group (48.41 +/- 5.82%), but the average total infarct volumes of the 2.5 and 3 hour ischemia groups (47.31 +/- 4.72 and 50.17 +/- 8.08%, respectively) did not change. Compared with the ischemia groups without local saline infusion, the average total infarct volumes of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 hours with local saline infusion to the ischemic territory (16.79 +/- 2.51, 23.09 +/- 4.63% and 25.19 +/- 7.82%, respectively) decreased significantly, but the average total infarct volume of 3 hour ischemia with local saline infusion (43.30 +/- 2.62%) was not different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local cold saline infusion to the ischemic territory before reperfusion can lead to mild hypothermia of the ischemic territory and can prolong the therapeutic time window of reperfusion from 2 to 2.5 hours. Refinements of the cooling process, optimal target temperature, duration of the therapy and most importantly, clinical efficacy, require further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital at Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wo-Hua
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Xun-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Yu-Chuan
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Chang-Hong
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xuan
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Ling-Ling
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020127:Recovery of Function; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride