title: Differential temporal profile of lowered blood glucose levels (3.5 to 6.5 mmol/l versus 5 to 8 mmol/l) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperglycaemia is detrimental, but maintaining low blood glucose levels within tight limits is controversial in patients with severe traumatic brain injury, because decreased blood glucose levels can induce and aggravate underlying brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 228 propensity matched patients (age, sex and injury severity) treated in our intensive care unit (ICU) from 2000 to 2004, we retrospectively evaluated the influence of different predefined blood glucose targets (3.5 to 6.5 versus 5 to 8 mmol/l) on frequency of hypoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic episodes, insulin and norepinephrine requirement, changes in intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure, mortality and length of stay on the ICU.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mortality and length of ICU stay were similar in both blood glucose target groups. Blood glucose values below and above the predefined levels were significantly increased in the 3.5 to 6.5 mmol/l group, predominantly during the first week. Insulin and norepinephrine requirements were markedly increased in this group. During the second week, the incidences of intracranial pressure exceeding 20 mmHg and infectious complications were significantly decreased in the 3.5 to 6.5 mmol/l group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maintaining blood glucose within 5 to 8 mmol/l appears to yield greater benefit during the first week. During the second week, 3.5 to 6.5 mmol/l is associated with beneficial effects in terms of reduced intracranial hypertension and decreased rate of pneumonia, bacteraemia and urinary tract infections. It remains to be determined whether patients might profit from temporally adapted blood glucose limits, inducing lower values during the second week, and whether concomitant glucose infusion to prevent hypoglycaemia is safe in patients with post-traumatic oedema.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zuerich, Raemistrasse 100, CH 8091 Zuerich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Regula
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Béchir
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sommerfeld
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keel
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Steiger
authors.forename: Reto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stocker
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Stover
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose