title: Effects of a low concentration hypochlorous Acid nasal irrigation solution on bacteria, fungi, and virus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Saline irrigation would be more effective for chronic sinusitis patients if it had bactericidal effects. Low concentrations of hypochlorous acid may be used as a nasal irrigation solution. First, we developed a 0.85% NaCl solution by adding NaCl to tap water (pH 7.0 and 8.4) and measuring the concentration of free chlorine and hypochlorous acid after giving the solution a short electrical impulse of 20 seconds. Then we investigated whether the derived hypochlorous acid had a toxic effect on human primary nasal epithelial cells, if and what effect it had on the expression of mucin genes, and, finally, if it had bactericidal, fungicidal, or virucidal effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro biochemical experiment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated human primary nasal epithelial cells with 3.5 ppm of hypochlorous acid and then examined the cells for cytotoxicity. We also investigated the bactericidal, fungicidal, and virucidal effects by challenging the cells with the following microorganisms Aspergillus fumigatus, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Rhizopus oryzae, Candida albicans, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes. To study the virucidal effects of HOCl, we used the human influenza A virus to challenge the cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : In the cytotoxicity assay and in the morphological examination, the cells did not show anytoxicity at 30 minute or 2 hours after treatment with HOCl. More than 99% of bactericidal or fungicidal activity was noted for all species, except for Candida albicans, in tap water at either pH 7.0 or 8.4. In addition, a 3.2-log10 reduction was achieved in cells challenged with the human influenza A virus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A low concentration HOCl solution can be used as an effective nasal irrigation solution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Jik
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jeung-Gweon
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ju Wan
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Hyung-Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Hyun Su
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyung Kwon
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Byeon
authors.forename: Joo-Heon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009077:Mucins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009666:Nose / Q000382:microbiology*; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D014780:Viruses / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D009077:Mucins; D019999:Pharmaceutical Solutions; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid