title: Durability of hand-sewn valves in the right ventricular outlet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to compare the medium- and long-term outcomes for pericardial monocusp valves, polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex, WL Gore and Associates Inc, Flagstaff, Ariz) 0.1-mm monocusp valves, and bileaflet 0.l-mm polytetrafluoroethylene valves and their efficiency in the right ventricular outlet.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed all hand-sewn right ventricular outlet valves created by the author (Graham R. Nunn) in the setting of repaired tetralogy of Fallot or equivalent right ventricular outlet pathology when the native pulmonary valve could not be preserved. The valves were assessed by serial transthoracic echocardiography and more recently by magnetic resonance imaging angiography for late valve function. The bileaflet polytetrafluoroethylene valves were constructed in a standardized fashion from a semicircle of 0.1-mm polytetrafluoroethylene (the radius of which equaled the length of the outflow tract incision) that gave a lengthened free edge to the leaflets, central fixation of the free edge posteriorly just proximal to the branch pulmonary arteries, and generous augmentation of the outflow tract with polytetrafluoroethylene patch-plasty. The bileaflet configuration shortens the closing time against the posterior wall, and the leaflets are forced to maintain their configuration without prolapse into the right ventricular outlet. The valve can be generously oversized in young children to try to avoid the need for replacement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 54 patients met the selection criteria--22 patients received fresh autologous pericardial monocusps, 7 patients received polytetrafluoroethylene (0.1-mm) monocusps, and 25 patients received bileaflet polytetrafluoroethylene (0.1-mm) outlet valves. The pericardial valves have the longest follow-up, and all valves developed free pulmonary incompetence. Polytetrafluoroethylene monocusps had reliable competence early after surgery but progressed to pulmonary incompetence. The bileaflet polytetrafluoroethylene (0.1-mm) valves have remained competent with regurgitant fractions of only 5% to 30% (magnetic resonance imaging angiography), and this has remained stable with time. The maximum follow-up for these valves is 5 years. No stenosis or peripheral emboli have been recognized, and no valves have been replaced to date.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hand-sewn bileaflet polytetrafluoroethylene valves in the right ventricular outlet can reliably provide competence and maintain function in the medium term. Their shape and size allow placement in young children with a reasonable expectation that they will remain competent with growth of the native annulus and not require replacement. Their durability is superior to the pericardial and polytetrafluoroethylene monocusp valves in this series.
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia. gnunn@tpg.com.au
authors.forename: Graham R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Nunn
authors.forename: Jayme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bennetts
authors.forename: Ella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Onikul
mesh_terms: D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010496:Pericardium / Q000637:transplantation; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011664:Pulmonary Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000601:surgery; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene