title: Affective context interferes with cognitive control in unipolar depression: an fMRI investigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by aberrant amygdala responses to sad stimuli and poor cognitive control, but the interactive effects of these impairments are poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate brain activation in MDD in response to cognitive control stimuli embedded within sad and neutral contexts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen adults with MDD and fifteen matched controls participated in a mixed block/event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task that presented oddball target stimuli embedded within blocks of sad or neutral images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Target events activated similar prefrontal brain regions in both groups. However, responses to target events embedded within blocks of emotional images revealed a clear group dissociation. During neutral blocks, the control group demonstrated greater activation to targets in the midfrontal gyrus and anterior cingulate relative to the MDD group, replicating previous findings of prefrontal hypo-activation in MDD samples to cognitive control stimuli. However, during sad blocks, the MDD group demonstrated greater activation in a number of prefrontal regions, including the mid-, inferior, and orbito-frontal gyri and the anterior cingulate, suggesting that relatively more prefrontal brain activation was required to disengage from the sad images to respond to the target events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A larger sample size would have provided greater statistical power, and more standardized stimuli would have increased external validity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This double dissociation of prefrontal responses to target events embedded within neutral and sad context suggests that MDD impacts not only responses to affective events, but extends to other cognitive processes carried out in the context of affective engagement. This implies that emotional reactivity to sad events in MDD may impact functioning more broadly than previously understood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, CB# 3366, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, United States. dichter@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Gabriel S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Dichter
authors.forename: Jennifer N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Felder
authors.forename: Moria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Smoski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D014796:Visual Perception; D055815:Young Adult