title: Activated Akt1 accelerates MMTV-c-ErbB2 mammary tumourigenesis in mice without activation of ErbB3.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  ErbB2, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, is overexpressed in 20% to 30% of human breast cancer cases and forms oncogenic signalling complexes when dimerised to ErbB3 or other EGFR family members.
  
  
  METHODS
  We crossed mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV)-myr-Akt1 transgenic mice (which express constitutively active Akt1 in the mammary gland) with MMTV-c-ErbB2 transgenic mice to evaluate the role of Akt1 activation in ErbB2-induced mammary carcinoma using immunoblot analysis, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and histological analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bitransgenic MMTV-c-ErbB2, MMTV-myr-Akt1 mice develop mammary tumours twice as fast as MMTV-c-ErbB2 mice. The bitransgenic tumours were less organised, had more mitotic figures and fewer apoptotic cells. However, many bitransgenic tumours displayed areas of extensive necrosis compared with tumours from MMTV-c-ErbB2 mice. The two tumour types demonstrate dramatically different expression and activation of EGFR family members, as well as different metabolic profiles. c-ErbB2 tumours demonstrate overexpression of EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4, and activation/phosphorylation of both ErbB2 and ErbB3, underscoring the importance of the entire EGFR family in ErbB2-induced tumourigenesis. Tumours from bitransgenic mice overexpress the myr-Akt1 and ErbB2 transgenes, but there was dramatically less overexpression and phosphorylation of ErbB3, diminished phosphorylation of ErbB2, decreased level of EGFR protein and undetectable ErbB4 protein. There was also an observable attenuation in a subset of tyrosine-phosphorylated secondary signalling molecules in the bitransgenic tumours compared with c-ErbB2 tumours, but Erk was activated/phosphorylated in both tumour types. Finally, the bitransgenic tumours were metabolically more active as indicated by increased glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression, elevated lactate production and decreased intracellular glucose (suggesting increased glycolysis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of activated Akt1 in MMTV-c-ErbB2 mice accelerates tumourigenesis with a reduced requirement for signalling through the EGFR family, as well as a reduced requirement for a subset of downstream signaling molecules with a metabolic shift in the tumours from bitransgenic mice. The reduction in signalling downstream of ErbB2 when Akt is activated suggest a possible mechanism by which tumour cells can become resistant to ErbB2-targeted therapies, necessitating therapies that target oncogenic signalling events downstream of ErbB2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Research Complex I, South Tower, Mail Stop 8104, 12801 East 17thAvenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. christian.young@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: Christian D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Erica C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Nolte
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Natalie J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Serkova
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000378:metabolism; D008324:Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008954:Models, Biological; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D020893:Receptor, ErbB-3 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D020893:Receptor, ErbB-3; C524056:Erbb2 protein, mouse; C494918:AKT1 protein, human