title: Clomifene citrate or unstimulated intrauterine insemination compared with expectant management for unexplained infertility: pragmatic randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effectiveness of clomifene citrate and unstimulated intrauterine insemination with expectant management for the treatment of unexplained infertility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three arm parallel group, pragmatic randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four teaching hospitals and a district general hospital in Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Couples with infertility for over two years, confirmed ovulation, patent fallopian tubes, and motile sperm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expectant management, oral clomifene citrate, and unstimulated intrauterine insemination.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was live birth. Secondary outcome measures included clinical pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, miscarriage, and acceptability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  580 women were randomised to expectant management (n=193), oral clomifene citrate (n=194), or unstimulated intrauterine insemination (n=193) for six months. The three randomised groups were comparable in terms of age, body mass index, duration of infertility, sperm concentration, and motility. Live birth rates were 32/193 (17%), 26/192 (14%), and 43/191 (23%), respectively. Compared with expectant management, the odds ratio for a live birth was 0.79 (95% confidence interval 0.45 to 1.38) after clomifene citrate and 1.46 (0.88 to 2.43) after unstimulated intrauterine insemination. More women randomised to clomifene citrate (159/170, 94%) and unstimulated intrauterine insemination (155/162, 96%) found the process of treatment acceptable than those randomised to expectant management (123/153, 80%) (P=0.001 and P<0.001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In couples with unexplained infertility existing treatments such as empirical clomifene and unstimulated intrauterine insemination are unlikely to offer superior live birth rates compared with expectant management.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCT No: 71762042.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD. s.bhattacharya@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harrild
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mollison
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wordsworth
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harrold
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McQueen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lyall
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burrage
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grossett
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raja
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Templeton
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D005300:Fertility Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D007317:Insemination, Artificial, Homologous / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005300:Fertility Agents, Female; D002996:Clomiphene