title: Brain dopamine response in human opioid addiction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drugs of dependence cause dopamine release in the rat striatum. Human neuroimaging studies have shown an increase in dopamine in the equivalent region in response to stimulants and other drugs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested whether opioids provoke dopamine release and its relationship to the subjective experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  In two combined studies 14 heroin addicts on methadone maintenance treatment underwent two positron emission tomography brain scans of the dopamine system using [(11)C]-raclopride following an injection of placebo and either 50 mg intravenous diamorphine or 10 mg subcutaneous hydromorphone in a double-blind, random order design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both opioids produced marked subjective and physiological effects, but no measurable change in [(11)C]-raclopride binding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absence of a dopamine response to opioid agonists contrasts with that found with stimulant drugs and suggests dopamine may not play the same role in addiction to opioids. This questions the role of dopamine in the subjective experience of heroin in opioid addicts.
authors.affiliation: Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Mark R C
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Daglish
authors.forename: Tim M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Sue J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Lindsay G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Chin B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Eap
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Augsburger
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giroud
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Judy S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Myles
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grasby
authors.forename: Anne R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Lingford-Hughes
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Nutt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000378:metabolism / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D008691:Methadone; D004298:Dopamine