title: Virulence of Hypocreales fungi to pecan aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the laboratory.
abstract: There is need for efficacious biocontrol agents for aphids in commercial orchards. As a preliminary step to this end we determined the virulence of several Hypocreales fungi to pecan aphids. In the first experiment we tested the virulence of Isaria fumosorosea (ARSEF 3581) blastospores to three pecan aphids Monellia caryella, Melanocallis caryaefoliae, and Monelliopsis pecanis under laboratory conditions. Rates of 1x10(7) or 1x10(8) spores per ml were applied in 2 ml via a spray tower to 90 mm Petri dishes containing 10 aphids each. Mortality and mycosis were determined after 24, 48 and 72 h. Treatment effects were observed by 48 h post-application, and by 72 h the higher application rate caused >90% mortality and mycosis in M. caryella and M. caryaefoliae, whereas <70% was observed in M. pecanis. We conducted two subsequent experiments (Experiments 2 and 3), using the same methodology, to compare the virulence of several Hypocreales species and strains against the aphid of primary economic concern to most pecan growers, M. caryaefoliae. In Experiment 2, we compared blastospores and conidia of two I. fumosorosea strains (ARSEF 3581 and ATCC 20874 [= strain 97]). The blastospores of ARSEF 3581 and conidia of ATCC 20874 showed higher virulence than other treatments and thus were included in Experiment 3, which also compared the virulence of conidia of Beauveria bassiana (GHA strain) and Metarhizium anisopliae (F52 strain). Results in Experiment 3 indicated the highest virulence in I. fumosorosea 3581 blastospores and M. anisopliae (F52) followed by I. fumosorosea (20874) conidia. The detection of pathogenicity to pecan aphids establishes the potential for commercial usage and additional study. Results reported here will narrow treatments to test in future greenhouse and field trials.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, SE Fruit and Nut Tree Research Laboratory, Byron, GA 31008, USA. David.Shapiro@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Shapiro-Ilan
authors.forename: Ted E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Cottrell
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Bruce W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000382:microbiology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000502:physiology; D035901:Hypocrea / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D006999:Hypocreales / Q000145:classification / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D008136:Longevity; D009181:Mycoses / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000635:transmission; D010143:Paecilomyces / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000502:physiology; D014774:Virulence