title: AMP-activated protein kinase signaling results in cytoplasmic sequestration of p27.
abstract: Tuberin, the Tsc2 gene product, integrates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (mitogenic) and LKB1/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK; energy) signaling pathways, and previous independent studies have shown that loss of tuberin is associated with elevated AMPK signaling and altered p27 function. In Tsc2-null tumors and tumor-derived cells from Eker rats, we observed elevated AMPK signaling and concordant cytoplasmic mislocalization of p27. Cytoplasmic localization of p27 in Tsc2-null cells was reversible pharmacologically using inhibitors of the LKB1/AMPK pathway, and localization of p27 to the cytoplasm could be induced directly by activating AMPK physiologically (glucose deprivation) or genetically (constitutively active AMPK) in Tsc2-proficient cells. Furthermore, AMPK phosphorylated p27 in vitro on at least three sites including T170 near the nuclear localization signal, and T170 was shown to determine p27 localization in response to AMPK signaling. p27 functions in the nucleus to suppress cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (Cdk2) activity and has been reported to mediate an antiapoptotic function when localized to the cytoplasm. We found that cells with elevated AMPK signaling and cytoplasmic p27 localization exhibited elevated Cdk2 activity, which could be suppressed by inhibiting AMPK signaling. In addition, cells with elevated AMPK signaling and cytoplasmic p27 localization were resistant to apoptosis, which could be overcome by inhibition of AMPK signaling and relocalization of p27 to the nucleus. These data show that AMPK signaling determines the subcellular localization of p27, and identifies loss of integration of pathways controlling energy balance, the cell cycle, and apoptosis due to aberrant AMPK and p27 function as a feature of cells that have lost the Tsc2 tumor suppressor gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Short
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.forename: Ruhee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dere
authors.forename: Sheng-Li
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Jinhee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Russell R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Broaddus
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Susie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Fuyuhiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tamanoi
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kwiatkowski
authors.forename: Gordon B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Cheryl Lyn
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 / Q000378:metabolism*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000502:physiology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013347:Subcellular Fractions; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C493961:Cdkn1b protein, mouse; C493962:Cdkn1b protein, rat; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; C000624653:TSC2 protein, human; C000624654:Tsc2 protein, mouse; C000624655:Tsc2 protein, rat; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases