title: An outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium 9 at a school camp linked to contamination of rainwater tanks.
abstract: In March 2007, an outbreak of gastroenteritis was identified at a school camp in rural Victoria, Australia, affecting about half of a group of 55 students. A comprehensive investigation was initiated to identify the source. Twenty-seven attendees were found to have abdominal pain, diarrhoea and nausea (attack rate 49%). Of 11 faecal specimens tested all were positive for Salmonella Typhimurium definitive phage type 9 (DT9). Of four samples taken from the untreated private water supply, two were positive for DT9. Drinking water from containers filled from rainwater tanks [relative risk (RR) 3.2, P=0.039] and participation in two recreational activities - flying fox (RR 5.3, P=0.011), and beam-balance (RR 3.9, P=0.050) - were indicative of a link with illness. Environmental and epidemiological investigations suggested rainwater collection tanks contaminated with DT9 as being the cause of the outbreak. Increased use of rainwater tanks may heighten the risk of waterborne disease outbreaks unless appropriate preventative measures are undertaken.
authors.affiliation: Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Public Health Branch, Victorian Government Department of Human Services, Melbourne, Australia. lucinda.franklin@gmail.com
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fielding
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gregory
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gullan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lightfoot
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Poznanski
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vally
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011891:Rain; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012574:Schools; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014739:Victoria / Q000453:epidemiology; D014871:Water Microbiology