title: Polymorphisms affecting gene transcription and mRNA processing in pharmacogenetic candidate genes: detection through allelic expression imbalance in human target tissues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic variation in mRNA expression plays a critical role in human phenotypic diversity, but it has proven difficult to detect regulatory polymorphisms - mostly single nucleotide polymorphisms (rSNPs). Additionally, variants in the transcribed region, termed here 'structural RNA SNPs' (srSNPs), can affect mRNA processing and turnover. Both rSNPs and srSNPs cause allelic mRNA expression imbalance (AEI) in heterozygous individuals. We have used AEI to discover and characterize regulatory polymorphisms in OPRM1, TPH2, MDR1, DRD2, and VKORC1. The objective of this study was to use AEI to determine the extent of cis-regulatory factors in pharmacogenetic genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We applied a rapid and accurate AEI methodology for testing 42 genes implicated in cardiovascular and central nervous system diseases, and affecting drug metabolism and transport. Each gene was analyzed in physiologically relevant human autopsy tissues, including brain, heart, liver, intestines, and lymphocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Substantial AEI was observed in approximately 55% of the surveyed genes. Focusing on cardiovascular candidate genes in human hearts, AEI analysis revealed frequent cis-acting regulatory factors in ACE and SOD2 mRNA expression, having potential clinical significance. SNP scanning to locate regulatory polymorphisms in a number of genes failed to support several previously proposed promoter SNPs discovered with use of reporter gene assays in heterologous tissues, while srSNPs appear more frequent than expected. Computational analysis of mRNA folding indicates that approximately 90% of srSNPs affect mRNA folding, and hence potentially function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that both rSNPs and srSNPs represent a still largely untapped reservoir of variants that contribute to human phenotypic diversity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Johnsonad2@nhlbi.nih.gov
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Audrey C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Papp
authors.forename: Julia K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Pinsonneault
authors.forename: Jeong-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saffen
authors.forename: Zunyan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Danxin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sadée
mesh_terms: D022981:Allelic Imbalance; D001344:Autopsy; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012323:RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger