title: Comparison between adult and infant lung injury in a rabbit ischemia-reperfusion model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ischemia-reperfusion causes lung damage to patients with congenital heart disease who undergo open surgery under total cardiopulmonary bypass. The aim of the present study was to compare ischemia-reperfusion-induced lung damage between adults and infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both infant (15 to 21-day-old) and adult (5 to 6-month-old) rabbits were subjected to either ischemia-reperfusion or sham operation. Ischemia-reperfusion was induced by clamping the right pulmonary hilum for 1 hour and then removing the clamp for 4 hours. The lung tissue samples were collected for histologic examination by light and electron microcopies and for biological evaluation of mitochondrial alterations. Blood samples were taken for measurement of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Differences among the groups were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison with adult lungs, the infant lungs had increased neutrophil infiltration, edema, swollen alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells, and severe mitochondrial impairment reflected by reduced swelling rate and membrane potential, intramitochondrial free Ca(2+) levels after ischemia-reperfusion. The infant lungs produced higher levels of hydroxyl radical and malondialdehyde and lower levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase than adult lungs, especially after ischemia-reperfusion. The circulating levels of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were elevated during ischemia-reperfusion, particularly in the infants, which appeared to be associated with the expression of myeloid differentiation factor-88 and nuclear factor-kappaB in the lungs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lung ischemia-reperfusion causes more severe lung damage in infants than in adults, probably because of the combination of low antioxidant capacity and overproduction of reactive oxygen species in infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Wanshan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Haiyong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Duan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yijiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000473:pathology; D008933:Mitochondrial Swelling; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase