title: Overestimation of infant and toddler energy intake by 24-h recall compared with weighed food records.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls have been used in large surveys of infant and toddler energy intake, but the accuracy of the method for young children is not well documented.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to determine the accuracy of infant and toddler energy intakes by a single, telephone-administered, multiple-pass 24-h recall as compared with 3-d weighed food records.
  
  
  METHODS
  A within-subjects design was used in which a 24-h recall and 3-d weighed food records were completed within 2 wk by 157 mothers (56 non-Hispanic white, 51 non-Hispanic black, and 50 Hispanic) of 7-11-mo-old infants or 12-24-mo-old toddlers. Child and caregiver anthropometrics, child eating patterns, and caregiver demographics and social desirability were evaluated as correlates of reporting bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intakes based on 3-d weighed food records were within 5% of estimated energy requirements. Compared with the 3-d weighed food records, the 24-h recall overestimated energy intake by 13% among infants (740 +/- 154 and 833 +/- 255 kcal, respectively) and by 29% among toddlers (885 +/- 197 and 1140 +/- 299 kcal, respectively). Eating patterns (ie, frequency and location) did not differ appreciably between methods. Macronutrient and micronutrient intakes were higher by 24-h recall than by 3-d weighed food record. Dairy and grains contributed the most energy to the diet and accounted for 74% and 54% of the overestimation seen in infants and toddlers, respectively. Greater overestimation was associated with a greater number of food items reported by the caregiver and lower child weight-for-length z scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of a single, telephone-administered, multiple-pass 24-h recall may significantly overestimate infant or toddler energy and nutrient intakes because of portion size estimation errors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA. jfisher@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Nancy F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Butte
authors.forename: Patricia M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.forename: Theresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hodges
authors.forename: Kathleen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Reidy
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deming
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003710:Demography; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity