title: Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in localized prostate cancer: the Scandinavian prostate cancer group-4 randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The benefit of radical prostatectomy in patients with early prostate cancer has been assessed in only one randomized trial. In 2005, we reported that radical prostatectomy improved prostate cancer survival compared with watchful waiting after a median of 8.2 years of follow-up. We now report results after 3 more years of follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  From October 1, 1989, through February 28, 1999, 695 men with clinically localized prostate cancer were randomly assigned to radical prostatectomy (n = 347) or watchful waiting (n = 348). Follow-up was complete through December 31, 2006, with histopathologic review and blinded evaluation of causes of death. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model. Statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a median of 10.8 years of follow-up (range = 3 weeks to 17.2 years), 137 men in the surgery group and 156 in the watchful waiting group died (P = .09). For 47 of the 347 men (13.5%) who were randomly assigned to surgery and 68 of the 348 men (19.5%) who were not, death was due to prostate cancer. The difference in cumulative incidence of death due to prostate cancer remained stable after about 10 years of follow-up. At 12 years, 12.5% of the surgery group and 17.9% of the watchful waiting group had died of prostate cancer (difference = 5.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.2 to 11.1%), for a relative risk of 0.65 (95% CI = 0.45 to 0.94; P = .03). The difference in cumulative incidence of distant metastases did not increase beyond 10 years of follow-up. At 12 years, 19.3% of men in the surgery group and 26% of men in the watchful waiting group had been diagnosed with distant metastases (difference = 6.7%, 95% CI = 0.2 to 13.2%), for a relative risk of 0.65 (95% CI = 0.47 to 0.88; P = .006). Among men who underwent radical prostatectomy, those with extracapsular tumor growth had 14 times the risk of prostate cancer death as those without it (RR = 14.2, 95% CI = 3.3 to 61.8; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radical prostatectomy reduces prostate cancer mortality and risk of metastases with little or no further increase in benefit 10 or more years after surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bill-Axelson
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: Frej
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Filén
authors.forename: Mirja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruutu
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Garmo
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Busch
authors.forename: Stig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nordling
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Häggman
authors.forename: Swen-Olof
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bratell
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spångberg
authors.forename: Juni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palmgren
authors.forename: Hans-Olov
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: Jan-Erik
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012107:Research Design; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012537:Scandinavian and Nordic Countries / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen