title: Snapback primer genotyping with saturating DNA dye and melting analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  DNA hairpins have been used in molecular analysis of PCR products as self-probing amplicons. Either physical separation or fluorescent oligonucleotides with covalent modifications were previously necessary.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed asymmetric PCR for 40-45 cycles in the presence of the saturating DNA dye, LCGreen Plus, with 1 primer including a 5' tail complementary to its extension product, but without any special covalent modifications. Samples were amplified either on a carousel LightCycler for speed or on a 96/384 block cycler for throughput. In addition to full-length amplicon duplexes, single-stranded hairpins were formed by the primer tail "snapping back" and hybridizing to its extension product. High-resolution melting was performed on a HR-1 (for capillaries) or a LightScanner (for plates).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCR products amplified with a snapback primer showed both hairpin melting at lower temperature and full-length amplicon melting at higher temperature. The hairpin melting temperature was linearly related to the stem length (6-28 bp) and inversely related to the log of the loop size (17-135 bases). We easily genotyped heterozygous and homozygous variants within the stem, and 100 blinded clinical samples previously typed for F5 1691G>A (Leiden) were completely concordant by snapback genotyping. We distinguished 7 genotypes in 2 regions of CFTR exon 10 with symmetric PCR using 2 snapback primers followed by product dilution to favor intramolecular hybridization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Snapback primer genotyping with saturating dyes provides the specificity of a probe with only 2 primers that are free of special covalent labels in a closed-tube system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Luming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Roscoe J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Errigo
authors.forename: Hongzhe
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Poritz
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Seipp
authors.forename: Carl T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Wittwer
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D017931:DNA Primers; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D017931:DNA Primers; D004247:DNA