title: Should EMS-paramedics perform paediatric tracheal intubation in the field?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence and success rate of out-of-hospital tracheal intubation (TI) and ventilation of children, taking account of the type of healthcare provider involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study to analyse a consecutive group of children for which a helicopter-transported medical team (HMT) was called. In all cases, the emergency medical service (EMS)-paramedics arrived at the scene first. Data regarding type of incident, physiological parameters, treatment, and survival until hospital discharge were collected and subsequently analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 300 children examined and treated by the HMT on scene, 155 (52%) children required out-of-hospital tracheal intubation. Ninety-five children had an initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) rating of 3-4: the EMS-paramedics performed bag-valve-mask-ventilation (BVMV) until arrival with subsequent TI carried out by the HMT (54 children, survival 63%) or the EMS-paramedics performed TI themselves (41 children, subsequent correction of tube/ventilation by HMT in 37% and survival rate 5%). Two hundred and five children had an initial GCS of 5-15, from which 60 children required TI (survival rate 67%) and 145 children required no TI (survival rate 100%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We do not recommend early TI by EMS-paramedics in children with a GCS of 3-4. The rate of complications of this procedure is unacceptably high. BVMV is the preferred choice for ventilation by paramedics, whenever possible. Out-of-hospital TI performed by HMT is safe and effective. The HMT has skills in advanced airway management not provided by the EMS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Amphia Hospital, Postbus 90158, 4800 RK Breda, The Netherlands. bgerritse@amphia.nl
authors.forename: Bastiaan M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Gerritse
authors.forename: Jos M Th
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Draaisma
authors.forename: Annelies
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schalkwijk
authors.forename: Pierre M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: van Grunsven
authors.forename: Gert Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Scheffer
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D017732:Air Ambulances; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015996:Survival Rate