title: Urease activity in aged copper and zinc-spiked soils: relationship to CaCl2-extractable metals and Cu2+ activity.
abstract: In the present study, the utilization of dilute CaCl2 extraction and free metal ion activity was tested for its ability to predict urease activity in soils that was measured by a simple and rapid urease assay. Two soil series (an Arkport sandy loam and a Hudson silty clay loam) were spiked with Cu and Zn, both singly and in combination, and then field aged for over a year prior to use. For both the metal-spiked Arkport and Hudson soils, much of the inhibition in measured urease activity was explained by increased CaCl2-extractable Cu, with a lesser effect from increased Zn extractability. A positive but weak interaction between Cu and Zn suggested by regression analysis indicates the toxicity of Cu-Zn mixtures to soil urease is slightly less than additive (antagonistic). Copper extractability using CaCl2 was able to predict urease activity in only one of the tested soils. By contrast, measurements of Cu2+ activity were predictive of reduced urease activity in both soils (R2adj = 0.726, p < 0.0001), indicating that Cu2+ activity is a more useful predictor of urease inhibition in soils than CaCl2-extractable Cu. The present study also highlighted the importance that clay mineral content had on controlling the availability of added metals in soils over time since a greater aging effect on Cu toxicity was found for the fine-textured Hudson than the coarse-textured Arkport soil.
authors.affiliation: Center for NanoBioEarth, Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Bojeong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Murray B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.forename: Anthony G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Hay
mesh_terms: D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008670:Metals / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014510:Urease / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003300:Copper; D014510:Urease; D015032:Zinc; D002122:Calcium Chloride