title: Long-term consequences of intracranial haemorrhage in children with haemophilia.
abstract: Intracranial haemorrhages (ICH) in children with haemophilia are rare, and the outcome is variable, ranging from no apparent impairment to death. The aim of this investigation was to identify if children with haemophilia and ICH, have any long-term problems with motor function, visual motor integration or strengths and difficulties compared with a control group. A review of the Haemophilia Database at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust was undertaken to identify boys with haemophilia and a history of ICH, as well as a control group of peers with no such history. Boys were born between January 1994 and December 2002. All boys were assessed using the movement Assessment Battery for Children, the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration and The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as standardized assessments of motor competence, visual motor integration and behavioural difficulties. Six boys with haemophilia and ICH and 11 controls (mean age: 7 years; range: 4-12 years) were assessed. Children with ICH were significantly more likely to have problems with motor function and visual motor integration (Fisher's exact: P < 0.05). In addition, they had a tendency towards more problems with strengths and difficulties than their peer group (Fisher's exact: P = 0.06). Five of the six boys who had sustained an ICH were in mainstream schools; four requiring assistance with their education. The results of this small study suggest that ICH may signify long-term consequences for boys with haemophilia. The multidisciplinary team need to be aware of the rare but potentially important impact on motor function, visual motor integration and behaviour, which may inhibit the child from functioning optimally. An agreed comprehensive battery of assessments in collaboration with schools and healthcare workers is required to identify impairments to enable prompt interventions to be co-ordinated.
authors.affiliation: Haemophilia Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children NHS Trust, London, UK. bladem@gosh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bladen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khair
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liesner
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Main
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000209:etiology; D004519:Education, Special; D005556:Form Perception; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D002836:Hemophilia B / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D011596:Psychomotor Disorders / Q000209:etiology