title: Reading abilities after cochlear implantation: the effect of age at implantation on outcomes at 5 and 7 years after implantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The reading skills of deaf children have typically been delayed and this delay has been found to increase with age. This study explored the reading ability of a large group of children who had received cochlear implants 7 years earlier and investigated the relationship between reading ability and age at implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The reading ages of 105 children, with age at implantation less than 7 years and onset of deafness below the age of three, were assessed 5 and 7 years after implantation using the Edinburgh reading test. Net reading age was calculated by using the difference between chronological age and reading age. Non-verbal intelligence was measured for a subset of 71 children, using Raven's coloured progressive matrices. Further investigation of this subset looked at the association of nonverbal intelligence, age at implantation and reading ability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a strong negative correlation at both 5 and 7 years after implant between net reading score and age at implantation. In the subset of 71 children who had an IQ score within normal range, those implanted at or before 42 months had age-appropriate reading both 5 and 7 years post-implant. This was not the case for children implanted after 42 months. Reading progress at the two post-implant assessment intervals were found to be highly related.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age at implantation was a significant factor in the development of reading skills in this group. In children implanted below the age of 42 months, reading progress was in line with chronological age, which has not been the case previously with profoundly deaf children. With earlier implantation more common in present groups, and improved technology, there is every reason to be optimistic about the influence of cochlear implantation on the development of reading skills in deaf children.
authors.affiliation: The Ear Foundation, 83 Sherwin Road, Nottingham NG7 2FB, UK. sue@earfoundation.org.uk
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Archbold
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: O'Donoghue
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nikolopoulos
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Hazel Lloyd
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Richmond
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019929:Cochlear Implantation; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D011932:Reading; D016896:Treatment Outcome