title: Protein import into hydrogenosomes of Trichomonas vaginalis involves both N-terminal and internal targeting signals: a case study of thioredoxin reductases.
abstract: The parabasalian flagellate Trichomonas vaginalis harbors mitochondrion-related and H(2)-producing organelles of anaerobic ATP synthesis, called hydrogenosomes, which harbor oxygen-sensitive enzymes essential to its pyruvate metabolism. In the human urogenital tract, however, T. vaginalis is regularly exposed to low oxygen concentrations and therefore must possess antioxidant systems protecting the organellar environment against the detrimental effects of molecular oxygen and reactive oxygen species. We have identified two closely related hydrogenosomal thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs), the hitherto-missing component of a thioredoxin-linked hydrogenosomal antioxidant system. One of the two hydrogenosomal TrxR isoforms, TrxRh1, carried an N-terminal extension resembling known hydrogenosomal targeting signals. Expression of hemagglutinin-tagged TrxRh1 in transfected T. vaginalis cells revealed that its N-terminal extension was necessary to import the protein into the organelles. The second hydrogenosomal TrxR isoform, TrxRh2, had no N-terminal targeting signal but was nonetheless efficiently targeted to hydrogenosomes. N-terminal presequences from hydrogenosomal proteins with known processing sites, i.e., the alpha subunit of succinyl coenzyme A synthetase (SCSalpha) and pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase A, were investigated for their ability to direct mature TrxRh1 to hydrogenosomes. Neither presequence directed TrxRh1 to hydrogenosomes, indicating that neither extension is, by itself, sufficient for hydrogenosomal targeting. Moreover, SCSalpha lacking its N-terminal extension was efficiently imported into hydrogenosomes, indicating that this extension is not required for import of this major hydrogenosomal protein. The finding that some hydrogenosomal enzymes require N-terminal signals for import but that in others the N-terminal extension is not necessary for targeting indicates the presence of additional targeting signals within the mature subunits of several hydrogenosome-localized proteins.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Botany III, Heinrich-Heine University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mentel
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zimorski
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Haferkamp
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Henze
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015388:Organelles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals; D021381:Protein Transport; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013389:Succinate-CoA Ligases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013880:Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014246:Trichomonas vaginalis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D013880:Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase; D013389:Succinate-CoA Ligases