title: Exploring the gap between National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines and clinical practice in secondary care: results of a cross-sectional study involving over 10 000 patients followed in different specialty settings across Italy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate implementation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) control recommendations in secondary care and explore key points in the decisional workup.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a nationwide survey of secondary-care outpatients (n=11,124), we studied prevalence/predictors of (1) LDL-C value availability; (2) ongoing treatment with statins; (3) achievement of US National Cholesterol Education Program III target LDL-C values. Agreement between US National Cholesterol Education Program III risk category and physicians' personal risk assessments was also studied. LDL-C values were available for 78% evaluable patients; 71% of the patients with dyslipidema were undergoing treatment with statins; 34% patients undergoing treatment had target LDL-C values. At regression analysis, non-availability of LDL-C values was predicted by absence of diabetes, presence of normotension, and advancing age; lack of statins treatment by female sex, diabetes, overweight and northern location (southern location predicted treatment); non-achievement of target LDL-C values by age, diabetes, attending a diabetic clinic, cigarette smoking, history of cardiovascular disease, and taking less than six pills per day. Physicians provided underestimates of patients' risk (39% high-risk patients were rated as intermediate-risk patients and a further 10% as low-risk patients).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suboptimal prevention practice seems to be associated with various factors acting at different levels within the complex process running from individual risk-level ascertainment to LDL-C target achievement. Multicomponent interventions that target the different key steps need to be considered.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiology, University of Bologna and Ospedale S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy. claudio.rapezzi@unibo.it
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rapezzi
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Biagini
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bellis
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cafiero
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Velussi
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceriello
authors.forename: Robin M T
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schweiger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors