title: Vitamin A depletion causes oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and PARP-1-dependent energy deprivation.
abstract: A significant unresolved question is how vitamin A deprivation causes, and why retinoic acid fails to reverse, immunodeficiency. When depleted of vitamin A, T cells undergo programmed cell death (PCD), which is enhanced by the natural competitor of retinol, anhydroretinol. PCD does not happen by apoptosis, despite the occurrence of shared early events, including mitochondrial membrane depolarization, permeability transition pore opening, and cytochrome c release. It also lacks caspase-3 activation, chromatin condensation, and endonuclease-mediated DNA degradation, hallmarks of apoptosis. PCD following vitamin A deprivation exhibits increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), drastic reductions in ATP and NAD(+) levels, and activation of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) -1. These latter steps are causative because neutralizing ROS, imposing hypoxic conditions, or inhibiting PARP-1 by genetic or pharmacologic approaches prevents energy depletion and PCD. The data highlight a novel regulatory role of vitamin A in mitochondrial energy homeostasis.
authors.affiliation: Ulrich Hammerling, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Immunology Program, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Haw-Jyh
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fischman
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hammerling
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000378:metabolism; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009243:NAD; D014801:Vitamin A; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; C499320:PARP1 protein, human; C499321:Parp1 protein, mouse; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases