title: Trends in use of opioids by noncancer pain type 2000-2005 among Arkansas Medicaid and HealthCore enrollees: results from the TROUP study.
abstract: Use of prescription opioids for noncancer pain has increased significantly in recent years, but it is not known if trends differ among the most common noncancer pain conditions. We examined trends in opioid prescribing for the years 2000 through 2005 for individuals with arthritis/joint pain, back pain, neck pain, and headaches by type and number of pain diagnoses, using data from claims records from 2 health insurers: HealthCore commercially insured members (N = 3,768,223) and Arkansas Medicaid (N = 127,866). Rates of headache, back pain, and neck pain diagnoses increased significantly in Arkansas Medicaid enrollees but more modestly among HealthCore enrollees. Rates of opioid use increased in both groups, with long-term use (>90 days' supply per year) increasing at twice the rate of any use. Rates of opioid use did not differ widely between noncancer pain conditions, but long-term opioid use rates doubled with each additional pain diagnosis. Mean days supply and cumulative yearly dose increased between 2000 and 2005 for all pain types and with increasing number of pain diagnoses, but dose per day supply remained relatively stable. The greatest increases in dose among all the pain conditions were seen in short-acting DEA Schedule II opioids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates increased use of opioids, particularly long-term use, in noncancer pain over a 6-year period among those with multiple pain types. These results appear to reflect a general increase in use of prescription opioids for noncancer pain rather than a condition-specific change in prescribing practices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195-6560 , USA. jkbrenn@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer Brennan
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Braden
authors.forename: Ming-Yu
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Edlund
authors.forename: Bradley C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: DeVries
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001416:Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid