title: Vitamin D and chronic widespread pain in a white middle-aged British population: evidence from a cross-sectional population survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identified aetiological factors for chronic widespread pain (CWP) are largely related to emotional and behavioural factors, but current management leads to modest improvement in symptoms. Vitamin D deficiency has been suggested as a new modifiable risk factor for CWP.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between vitamin D status (measured by 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)) and CWP in a nationwide population sample of white British adults, accounting for potential mediating and confounding lifestyle factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  9377 participants born 1 week in March 1958, in England, Scotland or Wales and completing a biomedical assessment at age 45; 6824 eligible participants had data on 25(OH)D and completed pain manikins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of CWP varied by 25(OH)D concentration in women but not in men, with the lowest prevalence observed for women with 75-99 nmol/l (14.4% for <25 nmol/l, 14.8% for 25-49 nmol/l, 11.6% for 50-74 nmo/l, 8.2% for 75-99 nmol/l and 9.8% for participants with > or =100 nmol/l). There was an interaction between 25(OH)D concentration and gender in relation to CWP (interaction, p = 0.006), which was not fully explained by differences in lifestyle or social factors (adjusted interaction, p = 0.03). For women, the association between 25(OH)D concentration and CWP persisted after full adjustment (odds ratio (OR) for <75 nmol/l vs 75-99 nmol/l 1.57, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.26), while no evidence for an association was apparent in men (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.43).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current vitamin D status was associated with CWP in women but not in men. Follow-up studies are needed to evaluate whether higher vitamin D intake might have beneficial effects on the risk of CWP.
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Atherton
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Power
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hyppönen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D