title: Association between maternal diabetes in utero and age at offspring's diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine age of diabetes diagnosis in youth who have a parent with diabetes by diabetes type and whether the parent's diabetes was diagnosed before or after the youth's birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cohort comprised SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study participants (diabetes diagnosis 2001-2005) with a diabetic parent. SEARCH is a multicenter survey of youth with diabetes diagnosed before age 20 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Youth with type 2 diabetes were more likely to have a parent with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes (mother 39.3%; father 21.2%) than youth with type 1 diabetes (5.3 and 6.7%, respectively, P < 0.001 for each). Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed 1.68 years earlier among those exposed to diabetes in utero (n = 174) than among those whose mothers' diabetes was diagnosed later (P = 0.018, controlled for maternal diagnosis age, paternal diabetes, sex, and race/ethnicity). Age at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for 269 youth with and without in utero exposure did not differ significantly (difference 0.96 year, P = 0.403 after adjustment). Controlled for the father's age of diagnosis, father's diabetes before the child's birth was not associated with age at diagnosis (P = 0.078 for type 1 diabetes; P = 0.140 for type 2 diabetes).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed at younger ages among those exposed to hyperglycemia in utero. Among youth with type 1 diabetes, the effect of the intrauterine exposure was not significant when controlled for mother's age of diagnosis. This study helps explain why other studies have found higher age-specific rates of type 2 diabetes among offspring of women with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, California, USA. dpettitt@sansum.org
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pettitt
authors.forename: Jean M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: Teresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Hillier
authors.forename: Angela D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Liese
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mayer-Davis
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Loots
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Imperatore
authors.forename: Lenna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lawrence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dolan
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dabelea
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics; D012044:Regression Analysis