Prepulse inhibition of startle in adults with ADHD.
Prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI) is a measure of sensorimotor gating, a pre-conscious regulator of attention. PPI is impaired in adults with schizophrenia and several other neuropsychiatric disorders associated with attentional abnormalities. The core feature of ADHD involves deficits in attention and, like schizophrenia, ADHD is associated with dysregulation of cortical-striatal circuits and dopamine transmission. Therefore, PPI may be disrupted in ADHD. While ADHD persists into adulthood in approximately half the children with ADHD, there has not been any published report of PPI in ADHD adults. In this study, PPI was measured in a sample of ADHD adults and compared to a sample of healthy comparison (HC) subjects. Twenty unmedicated adults with ADHD (11 inattentive subtype, 9 combined subtype) and 17 HC subjects were administered an eyeblink startle PPI paradigm. The PPI of ADHD adults was not significantly different from that of HC subjects in any of the PPI conditions. There was no significant effect of ADHD subtype nor of gender. The lack of PPI deficits in ADHD adults has important implications and suggests that, despite the presence of PPI dysregulation in a large number of disparate neuropsychiatric disorders, it is not a general feature of all neuropsychiatric disorders with attention abnormalities. Furthermore, the attentional deficiency in ADHD may have a neurobiological substrate somewhat distinct from schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders that are associated with PPI deficits. This distinction may be related to a relative sparing of pre-conscious attentional functions in ADHD compared to other disorders with PPI impairment.
Feifel
David
D
University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA 92103-8218, USA. dfeifel@ucsd.edu
Minassian
Arpi
A
Perry
William
W
D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000145:classification / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009433:Neural Inhibition; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011930:Reaction Time; D013216:Reflex, Startle; D012737:Sex Factors