title: Efficacy and safety of Technosphere inhaled insulin compared with Technosphere powder placebo in insulin-naive type 2 diabetes suboptimally controlled with oral agents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, multicenter, parallel-group study compared the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of Technosphere insulin with Technosphere powder as placebo in insulin-naive type 2 diabetic patients whose diabetes was suboptimally controlled with oral antidiabetic agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (n = 126) were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of therapy with Technosphere insulin or Technosphere powder after lifestyle education on nutrition, exercise, and instructions on inhaler use. The primary efficacy outcome was change in A1C from baseline to study end, and the secondary efficacy outcome was area under the curve for postprandial glucose levels during a meal test at treatment weeks 4, 8, and 12.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A1C reduction from a mean baseline of 7.9% was greater with Technosphere insulin than with Technosphere powder (-0.72 vs. -0.30%; P = 0.003). Postprandial glucose excursions were reduced by 56% with Technosphere insulin compared with baseline, and maximal postprandial glucose levels were reduced by 43% compared with Technosphere powder. Incidences of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, cough, and other adverse events were low in both groups. Body weight was unchanged in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Technosphere insulin was well tolerated and demonstrated significant improvement in glycemic control with clinically meaningful reductions in A1C levels and postprandial glucose concentrations after 12 weeks of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Dallas Diabetes and Endocrine Center at Medical City, Dallas, Texas, USA. juliorosenstock@dallasdiabetes.com.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenstock
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergenstal
authors.forename: Ralph A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Defronzo
authors.forename: Irl B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klonoff
authors.forename: Anders H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Boss
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Petrucci
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin