title: Endolymphatic immunotherapy in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We report the preliminary results of endolymphatic immunotherapy in patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2003 to 2005 we enrolled 31 patients with inoperable HCC. The patients underwent monthly endolymphatic injections of 15-30 x 10(6) interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated peripheral autologous lymphocytes (LAK) and 250 IU of IL-2. Follow-up included blood biochemistry every 3 months and imaging studies every 6 months. To assess therapy efficacy we considered 12 biochemical parameters, vascular invasion or thrombosis, Child-Pugh scoring system, histological grading, lymphadenopathy, viral state, and alpha-fetoprotein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen patients completed at least 3 cycles, and 10 patients completed more than 6. No clinically significant adverse reactions occurred. Imaging studies showed no significant decrease in tumor mass. However, the survival of patients who completed 12 therapy cycles was significantly higher than survival of patients with fewer than 12 cycles. Both are significantly higher than that of untreated patients. All patients with 12 completed cycles showed an improvement of 9 parameters or more.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endolymphatic immunotherapy is safe, easily performed, inexpensive, and effective in terms of survival. This study should encourage future large-scale investigations so as to reach a firmer conclusion and define uniform inclusion criteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery and Transplantations, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bertelli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Neri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsivian
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ruhrman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cavallari
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beltempo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Puviani
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: DeVinci
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pizza
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nardo
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015979:Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated / Q000637:transplantation*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2