title: Hypothermia augments NF-kappaB activity and the production of IL-12 and IFN-gamma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The differentiation of Th1 and Th2 is strictly regulated by humoral and cellular factors. The imbalance between Th1 and Th2 is considered to be the pathogenesis of allergic and autoimmune disorders. It is important to elucidate the effect of environmental factors, such as temperature, on the expression of cytokines of Th1 and Th2.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the expression of IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-12 from LPS- or PHA-stimulated PBMCs at 30 degrees C or 37 degrees C using ELISA and Real-time PCR. We measured the change of NF-kappaB activity at 30 degrees C or 37 degrees C with LPS stimulation using the reporter gene assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IFN-gamma production from LPS-stimulated PBMCs at 30 degrees C was up-regulated compared with 37 degrees C. IL-5 and IL-10 production from PHA-stimulated PBMCs at 30 degrees C were down-regulated compared with 37 degrees C. This augmented IFN-gamma production was caused by the up-regulation of IL-12 production from CD14+ blood monocytes. Both IL-12 mRNA and IL12 protein at 30 degrees C were up-regulated compared with 37 degrees C. NF-kappaB, the key molecule for the expression of IL-12, was also augmented at 30 degrees C compared with 37 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypothermia up-regulated the expression of IL-12 and IFN-gamma due to the augmented NF-kappaB activity. It is suggested that hypothermia modifies the pattern of cytokine gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan. takahiroarai0425ver2@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.forename: Eiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukao
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.forename: Kimiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kasahara
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kondo
mesh_terms: D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000378:metabolism*; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D018664:Interleukin-12; D007371:Interferon-gamma