title: Nuclear localization of the titin Z1Z2Zr domain and role in regulating cell proliferation.
abstract: Titin (also called connectin) is a major protein in sarcomere assembly as well as providing elastic return of the sarcomere postcontraction in cardiac and striated skeletal muscle tissues. In addition, it has been speculated that titin is associated with nuclear functions, including chromosome and spindle formation, and regulation of muscle gene expression. In the present study, a short isoform of titin was detected in a human osteoblastic cell line, MG-63 cells, by both immunostaining and Western blot analysis. Confocal images of titin staining showed both cytoplasmic and nuclear localization in a punctate pattern. Therefore, we hypothesized that human titin may contain a nuclear localization signal (NLS). A functional NLS, 200-PAKKTKT-206, located in a low-complexity, titin-specific region between Z2 and Z repeats, was found by sequentially deleting segments of the NH(2)-terminal sequence in conjunction with an enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter system and confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. Overexpression of titin's amino terminal fragment (Z1Z2Zr) in human osteoblasts (MG-63) increased cell proliferation by activating the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. RT-PCR screens of tissue panels demonstrated that residues 1-206 were ubiquitously expressed at low levels in all tissues and cell types analyzed. Our data implicate a dual role for titin's amino terminal region, i.e., a novel nuclear function promoting cell division in addition to its known structural role in Z-line assembly.
authors.affiliation: Flexcell International Corporation, Hillsborough, North Carolina 27278, USA.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Liqun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Labeit
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Banes
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D064211:Connectin; D006224:Cricetinae; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051178:alpha Catenin / Q000378:metabolism; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D064211:Connectin; D009124:Muscle Proteins; C577285:TTN protein, human; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051178:alpha Catenin; D051176:beta Catenin; D011494:Protein Kinases