title: Time-dependent observation of individual cellular binding events to field-effect transistors.
abstract: Electrolyte-gate field-effect transistors (EG-FETs) gained continuously more importance in the field of bioelectronics. The reasons for this are the intrinsic properties of these FETs. Binding of analysts or changes in the electrolyte composition are leading to variations of the drain-source current. Furthermore, due to the signal amplification upon voltage-to-current conversion even small extracellular signals can be detected. Here we report about impedance spectroscopy with an FET array to characterize passive components of a cell attached to the transistor gate. We developed a 16-channel readout system, which provides a simultaneous, lock-in based readout. A test signal of known amplitude and phase was applied via the reference electrode. We monitored the electronic transfer function of the FETs with the attached cell. The resulting frequency spectrum was used to investigate the surface adhesion of individual HEK293 cells. We applied different chemical treatments with either the serinpeptidase trypsin or the ionophor amphotericin B (AmpB). Binding studies can be realized by a time-dependent readout of the lock-in amplifier at a constant frequency. We observed cell detachment upon trypsin activity as well as membrane decomposition induced by AmpB. The results were interpreted in terms of an equivalent electrical circuit model of the complete system. The presented method could in future be applied to monitor more relevant biomedical manipulations of individual cells. Due to the utilization of the silicon technology, our method could be easily up-scaled to many output channels for high throughput pharmacological screening.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems (IBN-2) and Center of Nanoelectronic Systems for Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eick
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dufaux
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stockmann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wrobel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Offenhäusser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ingebrandt
mesh_terms: D001681:Biological Assay / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002460:Cell Line; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014173:Transistors, Electronic