title: Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for spinal metastases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pathologic fractures of the spine are extremely painful and cause significant disability and morbidity in patients suffering from metastatic cancer. Often, these patients are not candidates for open surgical procedures and cannot address mechanical instability and radiation therapy can take weeks to become effective. Minimally invasive surgical techniques have been developed over the past several years, offering a simple and effective way of managing painful pathologic fractures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty offer patients a minimally invasive, percutaneous procedure that dramatically reduces pain related to pathologic spinal fractures almost immediately with very low complication rates. Visual analog scale pain scores, narcotic usage and quality of life scales (SF-36) have all been shown to improve in a durable fashion for over 1 year. Also, these procedures can be performed before, after or concurrently with most radiation and chemotherapy protocols.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty in properly selected patients with painful pathologic fractures as early as possible. Newer biomaterials, which are softer than currently used cement, may offer better protection from adjacent level fracturing and lower complication rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. jchi7@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Ziya L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Gokaslan
mesh_terms: D005598:Fractures, Spontaneous / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D054854:Vertebroplasty / Q000379:methods