title: Antipsychotic medication utilization trends among Texas veterans: 1997-2002.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An antipsychotic utilization pattern has evolved substantially over the past 20 years or so due to the introduction of the second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and the increasing understanding of their adverse effect profile.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To understand antipsychotic utilization trends (including monotherapy, antipsychotic switching, and combination therapy) and to investigate factors associated with antipsychotic index medication selection (SGAs vs first-generation antipsychotics [FGAs]) among Texas veterans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were taken from the Veterans Administration North Texas Health Care System (VANTHCS) and South Texas Veterans Health Care System (STVHCS) from January 1996 to December 2003. Adults with continuous enrollment (1 y before and after the index date) who had newly initiated antipsychotic therapy were included. Prescriptions were followed for up to 12 months. Descriptive analyses examined utilization trends; logistic regression evaluated factors associated with antipsychotic index medication selection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 8096 patients were included in the study (VANTHCS n = 4477; STVHCS n = 3619), with the majority being male (93.6%) and white (62.6%) and nearly half aged 55 years or older (44.1%). Between 1997 and 2002, antipsychotic prescriptions changed from primarily FGAs (1997: 71.7%; 1999: 25.2%; 2002: 5.7%) to SGAs. Over the 6-year time frame, risperidone (31.0%) and olanzapine (30.7%) were most commonly prescribed. The overall combination therapy slightly increased over time (4.3%), switching to another antipsychotic remained stable (14.2%), and antipsychotic monotherapy remained dominant (81.5%). Hispanic and black patients were less likely than white patients to be initiated on SGAs. Patients who were older, had hypertension, and were in STVHCS were less likely to start on SGAs. Patients with dyslipidemia, bipolar disorder, and treatment in recent years were more likely to start on SGAs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SGAs have replaced FGAs as first-line medications for patients with mental disorders. Race, age, physical comorbidities (ie, dyslipidemia, hypertension), and treatment initiation year were important factors in index medication selection.
authors.affiliation: QualityMetric Health Outcomes Solutions, Lincoln, RI 02865, USA. myang@QualityMetric.com
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jamie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Barner
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rascati
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: M Lynn
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Crismon
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Worchel
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mascarenas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents