title: Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness provides valid estimates in a short period of time to assess the magnitude and causes of avoidable blindness. The study determined magnitude and causes of avoidable blindness in India in 2007 among the 50+ population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen randomly selected districts where blindness surveys were undertaken 7 to 10 years earlier were identified for a follow up survey. Stratified cluster sampling was used and 25 clusters (20 rural and 5 urban) were randomly picked in each district.. After a random start, 100 individuals aged 50+ were enumerated and examined sequentially in each cluster. All those with presenting vision <6/18 were dilated and examined by an ophthalmologist. 42722 individuals aged > = 50 years were enumerated, and 94.7% examined. Based on presenting vision,, 4.4% (95% Confidence Interval[CI]: 4.1,4.8) were severely visually impaired (vision<6/60 to 3/60 in the better eye) and 3.6% (95% CI: 3.3,3.9) were blind (vision<3/60 in the better eye). Prevalence of low vision (<6/18 to 6/60 in the better eye) was 16.8% (95% CI: 16.0,17.5). Prevalence of blindness and severe visual impairment (<6/60 in the better eye) was higher among rural residents (8.2%; 95% CI: 7.9,8.6) compared to urban (7.1%; 95% CI: 5.0, 9.2), among females (9.2%; 95% CI: 8.6,9.8) compared to males (6.5%; 95% CI: 6.0,7.1) and people above 70 years (20.6%; 95% CI: 19.1,22.0) compared to people aged 50-54 years (1.3%; 95% CI: 1.1,1.6). Of all blindness, 88.2% was avoidable. of which 81.9% was due to cataract and 7.1% to uncorrected refractive errors/uncorrected aphakia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cataract and refractive errors are major causes of blindness and low vision and control strategies should prioritize them. Most blindness and low vision burden is avoidable.
authors.affiliation: Community Ophthalmology Unit, Dr RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi State, India.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neena
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rachel
authors.forename: Vashist
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Praveen
authors.forename: Gudlavalleti V S
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Murthy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001766:Blindness / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002386:Cataract / Q000175:diagnosis; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis; D012424:Rural Population; D014505:Urban Population