title: Recurrent postnatal infections are associated with progressive white matter injury in premature infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to identify clinical predictors of progressive white matter injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 133 infants of <34 weeks of gestation at birth from 2 university hospitals. Infants underwent MRI twice, initially when in stable condition for transport and again at term-equivalent age or before transfer or discharge. Two neuroradiologists who were blinded to the clinical course graded MRI white matter injury severity by using a validated scale. Potential risk factors were extracted from medical charts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve neonates (9.0%) had progressive white matter injury. In the unadjusted analysis of 10 newborns without Candida meningoencephalitis, recurrent culture-positive postnatal infection and chronic lung disease were associated with progressive white matter injury. Exposure to multiple episodes of culture-positive infection significantly increased the risk of progressive white matter injury. Of the 11 neonates with >1 infection, 36.4% (4 infants) had progressive injury, compared with 5.0% (6 infants) of those with <or=1 infection. Of the 35 infants with chronic lung disease, 17.1% (6 infants) had progressive injury, compared with 4.3% (4 infants) of those without chronic lung disease. After adjustment for gestational age at birth, the association between infection and white matter injury persisted, whereas chronic lung disease was no longer a statistically significant risk factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recurrent postnatal infection is an important risk factor for progressive white matter injury in premature infants. This is consistent with emerging evidence that white matter injury is attributable to oligodendrocyte precursor susceptibility to inflammation, hypoxia, and ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Hannah C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Sonia L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bonifacio
authors.forename: Vann
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Glidden
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Poskitt
authors.forename: A James
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barkovich
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ferriero
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001720:Birth Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015984:Causality; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D007969:Leukomalacia, Periventricular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009186:Myelin Sheath / Q000473:pathology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012008:Recurrence; D012016:Reference Values; D012720:Severity of Illness Index