title: Computer-assisted surgery for subtalar arthrodesis. A study in cadavers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite considerable recent interest in computer navigation for orthopaedic surgery, few investigations of computer-assisted surgery for foot and ankle operations have been reported. The purpose of the present study was to compare subtalar arthrodesis with and without computer navigation in a cadaver model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subtalar arthrodesis was performed on thirty-six matched-pair cadaver lower extremities with intact soft tissues, with an attempt being made to orient two screws in the optimal configuration based on unpublished data from a preceding biomechanical study. Each matched pair was randomly assigned either to a group of surgeons who were experienced in subtalar arthrodesis or to a group of inexperienced operators. Neither surgical group was experienced in computer-assisted surgery. We compared optimal first-pass guidewire placement, fluoroscopic time, total operative time, screw placement accuracy, and adverse screw placement events between conventional (fluoroscopically guided) and computer-assisted subtalar arthrodesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of passes needed to achieve optimal guidewire placement decreased with the use of computer assistance for both experienced surgeons and inexperienced operators (p < 0.001), with ideal placement occurring on the first attempt in 95% of the procedures performed with use of computer assistance. While the experienced surgeons required less time and fewer guidewire passes during conventional subtalar arthrodesis than the inexperienced operators did (p < 0.001), both groups used less fluoroscopy with computer assistance (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in operative time between the two techniques when performed by the inexperienced operators, yet the total procedure time doubled for the experienced surgeons when the procedure was performed with use of computer assistance (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between experienced surgeons and inexperienced operators or between conventional and computer-assisted subtalar arthrodesis with respect to adverse screw placement events or the ability to accurately place both screws.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Computer-assisted subtalar arthrodesis resulted in screw placement accuracy that was equivalent to that of conventional (fluoroscopically guided) subtalar arthrodesis while decreasing the number of suboptimal guidewire passes and fluoroscopic time. The computer-assisted surgery technique increased the operative time for surgeons who were more experienced in conventional subtalar arthrodesis, but there was no difference in operative time for the group of operators who were inexperienced in subtalar arthrodesis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA. easle004@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Easley
authors.forename: Bavornrit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chuckpaiwong
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cooperman
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schuh
authors.forename: Tahir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogut
authors.forename: Ian L D
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reach
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000379:methods*; D001863:Bone Screws; D002102:Cadaver; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013628:Talus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed