title: C4b-binding protein is present in affected areas of myocardial infarction during the acute inflammatory phase and covers a larger area than C3.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During myocardial infarction reduced blood flow in the heart muscle results in cell death. These dying/dead cells have been reported to bind several plasma proteins such as IgM and C-reactive protein (CRP). In the present study we investigated whether fluid-phase complement inhibitor C4b-binding protein (C4BP) would also bind to the infarcted heart tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial studies using immunohistochemistry on tissue arrays for several cardiovascular disorders indicated that C4BP can be found in heart tissue in several cardiac diseases but that it is most abundantly found in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This condition was studied in more detail by analyzing the time window and extent of C4BP positivity. The binding of C4BP correlates to the same locations as C3b, a marker known to correlate to the patterns of IgM and CRP staining. Based on criteria that describe the time after infarction we were able to pinpoint that C4BP binding is a relatively early marker of tissue damage in myocardial infarction with a peak of binding between 12 hours and 5 days subsequent to AMI, the phase in which infiltration of neutrophilic granulocytes in the heart is the most extensive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C4BP, an important fluid-phase inhibitor of the classical and lectin pathway of complement activation binds to jeopardized cardiomyocytes early after AMI and co-localizes to other well known markers such as C3b.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Protein Chemistry, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Leendert A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Trouw
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okroj
authors.forename: Koba
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kupreishvili
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Landberg
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Hans W M
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Niessen
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Blom
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002102:Cadaver; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003176:Complement C3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D050716:Complement C4b-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: C038245:C3 protein, human; D003176:Complement C3; D050716:Complement C4b-Binding Protein