title: Plasminogen activators are involved in the degradation of bone by osteoclasts.
abstract: Osteoclastic bone degradation depends on the activity of several proteolytic enzymes, in particular to those belonging to the classes of cysteine proteinases and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Yet, several findings suggest that the two types of plasminogen activators (PA), the tissue- and urokinase-type PA (tPA and uPA, respectively) are also involved in this process. To investigate the involvement of these enzymes in osteoclast-mediated bone matrix digestion, we analyzed bone explants of mice that were deficient for both tPA and uPA and compared them to wild type mice. The number of osteoclasts as well as their ultrastructural appearance was similar for both genotypes. Next, calvarial and metatarsal bone explants were cultured for 6 or 24 h in the presence of selective inhibitors of cysteine proteinases or MMPs and the effect on osteoclast-mediated bone matrix degradation was assessed. Inhibition of the activity of cysteine proteinases in explants of control mice resulted in massive areas of non-digested demineralized bone matrix adjacent to the ruffled border of osteoclasts, an effect already maximal after 6 h. However, at that time point these demineralized areas were not observed in bone explants from uPA/tPA deficient mice. After prolonged culturing (24 h), a comparable amount of demineralized bone matrix adjacent to actively resorbing osteoclasts was observed in the two genotypes, suggesting that degradation was delayed in uPA/tPA deficient bones. The activity of cysteine proteinases as assessed in bone extracts, proved to be higher in extracts from uPA/tPA(-/-) bones. Immunolocalization of the integrin alpha(v)beta(3) of in vitro generated osteoclasts demonstrated a more diffuse labeling of osteoclasts derived from uPA/tPA(-/-) mice. Taken together, our data indicate that the PAs play a hitherto unrecognized role in osteoclast-mediated bone digestion. The present findings suggest that the PAs are involved in the initial steps of bone degradation, probably by a proper integrin-dependent attachment to bone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Research Institute MOVE, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. v.everts@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Everts
authors.forename: Evis
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Daci
authors.forename: Wikky
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tigchelaar-Gutter
authors.forename: Kees A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hoeben
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torrekens
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carmeliet
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Beertsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001862:Bone Resorption; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D039661:Integrin beta3 / Q000378:metabolism; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000502:physiology*; D012886:Skull / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D039661:Integrin beta3; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases