title: Will Rogers phenomenon in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using different criteria for classifying patients into various stages of a disease can modify the stage-specific prognosis, even though the overall disease course remains unchanged. This is known as the "Will Rogers phenomenon," precluding the use of historical controls for treatment trials. We assessed whether the Will Rogers phenomenon may affect multiple sclerosis (MS) prognosis when applying different diagnostic criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) suggestive of MS were studied. After 1 year, each patient was classified as CIS or evolved to MS according to two diagnostic criteria (Poser and McDonald). The outcome for prognosis was the time to reach an Expanded Disability Status Scale score > or = 3.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  309 patients were studied for a median period of 84 months. After 1 year, 16% of patients had MS according to Poser and 44% according to McDonald criteria. The probability to reach Expanded Disability Status Scale score > or = 3.0 at median follow-up was 11% in CIS patients according to Poser and 7% according to McDonald criteria; it was 46% in MS patients according to Poser and 27% acccording to McDonald criteria. The group with a discordant diagnosis had a worse prognosis than that of CIS patients according to both criteria (p = 0.01), but better than that of MS patients according to both criteria (p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of different diagnostic criteria may generate spurious improvements in the medium-term prognosis of MS. This calls for caution in using historical controls for MS trials.
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Unit, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Pia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Sormani
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tintorè
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rovaris
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rovira
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bruzzi
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Filippi
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Montalban
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult