title: Musculoskeletal training for orthopaedists and nonorthopaedists in China.
abstract: No diploma for orthopaedic surgery is available in the current medical education and licensing system in China. The orthopaedist generally receives on-the-job training in a clinical practice after getting a license to practice surgery. There are multiple training pathways to and opportunities in orthopaedic surgery, and these vary from hospital to hospital and from region to region. These include on-the-job training, academic visits, rotation through different departments based on local medical needs, fellowship training in large general or teaching hospitals (locally, regionally, nationally, or internationally), English language training, postgraduate diploma training, and Internet CME. Due to the current training system, orthopaedic techniques and skill levels vary greatly from hospital to hospital.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China. mazhensheng@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Zhen-Sheng
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Hong-Ju
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Lu-Yu
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000191:economics; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005257:Fellowships and Scholarships; D017048:Health Care Costs; D015276:Health Care Rationing; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006302:Health Services Research; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008004:Licensure; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000293:injuries*; D009313:National Health Programs; D009390:Nepal; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000191:economics / Q000193:education* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016730:Program Development; D019035:Rural Health Services; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*