title: Dose-related patterns of glucocorticoid-induced side effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify patterns of self-reported health problems relating to dose and duration of glucocorticoid intake in unselected patients with rheumatoid arthritis from routine practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 1066 patients were analysed. The clinical status and drug treatment were reported by the physician, health problems during the past 6 months by the patient using a comprehensive list of symptoms. Patients with ongoing glucocorticoid treatment for more than 6 months and current doses of less than 5, 5-7.5 and over 7.5 mg/day prednisone equivalent were compared with a group without any glucocorticoid treatment for at least 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of self-reported health problems was lowest in the group without glucocorticoid exposition and increased with dosage. Two distinct dose-related patterns of adverse events were observed. A "linear" rising with increasing dose was found for cushingoid phenotype, ecchymosis, leg oedema, mycosis, parchment-like skin, shortness of breath and sleep disturbance. A "threshold pattern" describing an elevated frequency of events beyond a certain threshold value was observed at dosages of over 7.5 mg/day for glaucoma, depression/listlessness and increase in blood pressure. Dosages of 5 mg/day or more were associated with epistaxis and weight gain. A very low threshold was seen for eye cataract (<5 mg/day).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The associations found are in agreement with biological mechanisms and clinical observations. As there is a paucity of real-life data on adverse effects of glucocorticoids prescribed to unselected groups of patients, these data may help the clinician to adapt therapy with glucocorticoids accordingly and improve the benefit-risk ratio.
authors.affiliation: German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, Epidemiology Unit, Berlin, Germany. huscher@drfz.de
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huscher
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thiele
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gromnica-Ihle
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hein
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Demary
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dreher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zink
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Buttgereit
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003625:Data Collection; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids