title: Towards understanding the concept of risk for pregnant women: some nursing and midwifery implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper aims to explore the concept of risk in pregnancy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Notions of risk and 'not knowing' have always surrounded pregnant women, although in the last two decades trends of increased consumer confidence and midwifery activism have together promoted a greater appreciation of pregnancy as a normal life event. At the same time, advances in pregnancy-related technologies have contributed new levels of concern related to an increasing ability to detect minor abnormalities by ultrasound. This, in turn, causes a concordant rise in the number of women referred to high-risk pregnancy care to monitor suspect findings. Overall, it seems likely that this increasing emphasis on abnormality detection and risk may have serious implications for women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concept analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper, I undertake an exploration of the concept of risk as understood by health professionals and pregnant women. Then, using Deborah Lupton's understanding of a 'discourse of risk', I discuss the ways pregnant women both contribute to and are enmeshed in, this discourse. In the final section, I consider how nurses act informally to shield vulnerable women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health professionals and pregnant women understand risk differently. Women employ a subjective appraisal of risk, measuring it against their personal values and prior experience, while health professionals evaluate risk in an objective manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As increasing numbers of women are referred to 'at risk' care, it is important that health professionals understand and respond to maternal understandings of risk. Nurses and midwives particularly, have a role to play in assisting women to make sense of risk calculations. In this way, they can act to ameliorate the growing concept of risk for pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Victoria Institute of Health and Diversity, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. mary.carolan@vu.edu.au
authors.forename: Mary C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Carolan
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D008880:Midwifery / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009773:Obstetric Nursing; D018743:Perinatal Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D036301:Qualitative Research; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors