title: Enzyme inhibition and induction in liver disease.
abstract: This article reviews the influence of liver functional status on pharmacokinetic interactions due to inhibition and induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Recent human studies have shown that the magnitude of inhibitory interactions caused by the reversible CYP1A2 inhibitor fluvoxamine decreases as liver function worsens, and virtually vanishes in patients with more advanced hepatocellular insufficiency. This effect of liver dysfunction is independent of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the CYP1A2 substrate, since it has been observed with both high- and low-clearance drugs. It is most probably due to reduced uptake of the inhibitory drug by the cirrhotic liver. In order to ascertain whether this is a general phenomenon, the following questions remain to be addressed: 1) whether the inhibition of any CYP isoform is reduced in liver disease; 2) whether the effect of liver dysfunction depends on the chemical nature of the inhibitory drug, since both reduced in vivo inhibition and in vitro uptake by the cirrhotic liver have so far been shown only for basic drugs; 3) lastly, if similar effects can also be observed with irreversible and quasi-irreversible inhibitors, as their accumulation kinetics in the hepatocyte may differ from those of a reversible inhibitor. Although many in vivo and in vitro studies have examined the inducibility of drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver disease, available data are incomplete and conflicting, since both well-preserved and severely curtailed responses to inducing agents have been reported. The reasons for these variable responses are most probably methodological, i.e., differences in the type and degree of liver dysfunction of the animals and patients examined, and in the type and dosage of the inducing agent used. Nonetheless, the results of those few studies which used pathologically homogeneous animal or patient groups suggest that, like basal enzyme expression, drug-inducible expression is also substantially preserved in mild to moderate liver disease, whereas it is lost in severe hepatic dysfunction. For a definitive conclusion, further studies are necessary which examine etiologically homogeneous patient groups and stratify patients rigorously according to their functional hepatic reserve. Such studies should also examine inducers with different physicochemical properties and acting by different mechanisms, since the expression of both hepatic transporters and nuclear receptors may be differentially affected by liver function impairment.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Farmacologia ed Anestesiologia, Università di Padova, Largo E. Meneghetti 2, 35131 Padova, Italy. pietro.palatini@unipd.it
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palatini
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Martin
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pegoraro
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Orlando
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016666:Fluvoxamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000201:enzymology*; D013806:Theophylline / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D008012:Lidocaine; D013806:Theophylline; D016666:Fluvoxamine