title: Elevated total cholesterol: its prevalence and population attributable fraction for mortality from coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke in the Asia-Pacific region.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  About half of the world's cases of cardiovascular disease occur in the Asia-Pacific region. The contribution of serum total cholesterol (TC) to this burden is poorly quantified.
  
  
  METHODS
  The most recent nationally representative data on TC distributions for countries in the region were sought. Individual participant data from 380,483 adults in the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration were used to estimate associations between TC and cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  High TC was defined as > or =6.2 mmol/l, and nonoptimal TC as > or =3.8 mmol/l. Hazard ratios for fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischaemic stroke (IS) were found from Cox models. Sex-specific population attributable fractions for high TC and nonoptimal TC were estimated for each country. The former used conventional methods, based on single measures of TC and a fixed dichotomy of risk strata; the latter took account of the continuous positive association between TC and both CHD and IS and regression dilution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were available from 16 countries. Where reported, the prevalence of high TC ranged from 4 to 27%. The fraction of fatal CHD and IS attributable to high TC ranged from 0 to 14% and 0 to 15%, respectively. Although leaving the relative ranking of countries much the same, the fractions estimated for nonoptimal TC were typically at least twice as big, ranging from 0 to 47% and 0 to 35%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conventional methods for estimating disease burden severely underestimate the effect of TC. Cholesterol-lowering strategies could have a tremendous effect in reducing cardiovascular deaths in this populous region.
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for International Health, University of Sydney, Australia. mwoodward@george.org.au
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martiniuk
authors.forename: Crystal Man Ying
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Tai Hing
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vanderhoorn
authors.forename: Hirotsugu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueshima
authors.forename: Xianghua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Hyeon Chang
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: Anushka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jamrozik
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huxley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001210:Asia, Southeastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol