title: Onset, prognosis and risk factors for widespread pain in schoolchildren: a prospective 4-year follow-up study.
abstract: Little is known about the epidemiology of widespread pain (WSP) in children and adolescents. This study aims to estimate the new-onset and prognosis of WSP in schoolchildren and investigate factors predicting its development. A prospective study was conducted among 1756 schoolchildren (age 10-12 years) in Southern Finland. At baseline, information was collected on WSP, regional musculoskeletal pain symptoms, depressiveness, fatigue, sleep problems, physical activity and joint hypermobility. These children were contacted again 1 year and 4 years later to determine the outcome and the new-onset of WSP. A total of 1282 children (73%) of the baseline study population were found at both follow-ups. Of the children who had WSP at baseline, 31% and 30% reported persistence/recurrence of symptoms at 1- and 4-year follow-up, respectively. However, only 10% of these children reported WSP at both 1 and 4 years. Of the children who were free of WSP at baseline, 18% reported new-onset WSP at 1-year follow-up and 3% reported these symptoms at both follow-up times. The independent baseline risk factors of WSP were older age (OR 1.3 95% CI 1.0-1.8), female gender (OR 1.4, 1.1-1.9), depressiveness (OR 1.5, 1.1-2.2) and regional back pain symptoms (Neck pain: OR 1.7, 1.1-2.4; Upper back pain: OR 2.1, 1.1-4.1; Lower back pain: OR 3.0, 1.6-5.7). Both psychological factors and somatic pain symptoms predict future development of WSP in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Centre, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Joint Authority for Päijät-Häme Social and Health Care, Keskussairaalank. 7, 15850, Lahti, Finland Epidemiology Group, Department of Public Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK Higher Colleges of Technology, University City, PO box 7947, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates The Rheumatism Foundation Hospital, Pikijärventie 1, 18120 Heinola, Finland Tampere School of Public Health, University of Tampere, FIN-33014 Tampere, Finland Pediatric Research Center, Tampere University Hospital, FIN-33014, Tampere, Finland Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital of Turku, P.O. Box 52, 20520 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mikkelsson
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Metwally
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kautiainen
authors.forename: Anssi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Auvinen
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: Jouko J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Salminen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires