title: Midkine as a prognostic biomarker in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate serum midkine (S-MK) concentrations as a prognostic tumour marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We measured S-MK concentrations in patients with OSCC and healthy volunteers. In addition, we performed real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis and immunohistochemistry with fresh tumour samples. To determine whether S-MK concentrations have prognostic value, we performed survival analyses with clinical information by using the log-rank test. Serum midkine concentrations were significantly higher in patients with OSCC than in healthy controls (P<0.001). Serum midkine concentrations were also significantly increased in early-stage OSCC compared with those of healthy individuals (P<0.001). In addition, immunohistochemistry allowed identification of overexpressed MK protein in OSCC tissues. MK mRNA showed higher expression in OSCC samples compared with normal mucosal samples. Patients in high S-MK groups showed a significantly lower 5-year survival rate compared with patients in low S-MK groups (P<0.05). The increased S-MK concentrations in early-stage OSCC were strongly associated with poor survival. Serum midkine concentrations may thus be a useful marker not only for cancer screening but also for predicting prognosis of OSCC patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujimori
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiniriki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jono
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukuyoshi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugiuchi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iwase
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ando
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000078792:Midkine; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000078792:Midkine