Leptin-induced endothelial dysfunction in obesity.
Hyperleptinemia accompanying obesity affects endothelial nitric oxide (NO) and is a serious factor for vascular disorders. NO, superoxide (O(2)(-)), and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) nanosensors were placed near the surface (5+/-2 microm) of a single human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) exposed to leptin or aortic endothelium of obese C57BL/6J mice, and concentrations of calcium ionophore (CaI)-stimulated NO, O(2)(-), ONOO(-) were recorded. Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression and L-arginine concentrations in HUVEC and aortic endothelium were measured. Leptin did not directly stimulate NO, O(2)(-), or ONOO(-) release from HUVEC. However, a 12-h exposure of HUVEC to leptin increased eNOS expression and CaI-stimulated NO (625+/-30 vs. 500+/-24 nmol/l control) and dramatically increased cytotoxic O(2)(-) and ONOO(-) levels. The [NO]-to-[ONOO(-)] ratio ([NO]/[ONOO(-)]) decreased from 2.0+/-0.1 in normal to 1.30+/-0.1 in leptin-induced dysfunctional endothelium. In obese mice, a 2.5-fold increase in leptin concentration coincided with 100% increase in eNOS and about 30% decrease in intracellular L-arginine. The increased eNOS expression and a reduced l-arginine content led to eNOS uncoupling, a reduction in bioavailable NO (250+/-10 vs. 420+/-12 nmol/l control), and an elevated concentration of O(2)(-) (240%) and ONOO(-) (70%). L-Arginine and sepiapterin supplementation reversed eNOS uncoupling and partially restored [NO]/[ONOO(-)] balance in obese mice. In obesity, leptin increases eNOS expression and decreases intracellular l-arginine, resulting in eNOS an uncoupling and depletion of endothelial NO and an increase of cytotoxic ONOO(-). Hyperleptinemia triggers an endothelial NO/ONOO(-) imbalance characteristic of dysfunctional endothelium observed in other vascular disorders, i.e., atherosclerosis and diabetes.
Korda
Mykhaylo
M
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701-2979, USA.
Kubant
Ruslan
R
Patton
Stephen
S
Malinski
Tadeusz
T
D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000378:metabolism; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D036103:Nanotechnology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007476:Ionophores; D020738:Leptin; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine; C496314:NOS3 protein, human; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496315:Nos3 protein, mouse; D002118:Calcium