title: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a novel, yet well-described, reversible cardiomyopathy triggered by profound psychological or physical stress with a female predominance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review is designed to increase general clinician awareness about the diagnosis, incidence, pathogenesis, and therapies of this entity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A complete search of multiple electronic databases (Pubmed, EMBASE, Science Citation Index) was carried out to identify all full-text, English-language articles published from 1980 to the present date and relevant to this review.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following search terms were used: takotsubo cardiomyopathy, stress-induced cardiomyopathy, and left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome. Citation lists from identified articles were subsequently reviewed and pertinent articles were further identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is typically characterized by the following: 1) acute onset of ischemic-like chest pain or dyspnea, 2) transient apical and mid-ventricular regional wall-motion abnormality, 3) minor elevation of cardiac biomarkers, 4) dynamic electrocardiographic changes, and 5) the absence of epicardial coronary artery disease. The pathogenesis of the syndrome is unknown but has mostly been associated with acute emotional or physiologic stressors. Dote, Sato, Tateishi, Uchida, Ishihara (J Cardiol. 21(2):203-214, 1991); Desmet, Adriaenssens, Dens (Heart. 89(9):1027-1031, Sep., 2003); Bybee, Kara, Prasad, et al. (Ann Intern Med. 141(11):858-865, Dec 7, 2004); Sharkey, Lesser, Zenovich, et al. (Circulation. 111(4):472-479, Feb 1, 2005) The short and long-term prognosis of these patients is overwhelmingly favorable and often only requires supportive therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whether an emotional or physical event precedes one's symptoms, it is apparent that takotsubo cardiomyopathy case presentations mimic ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and thus is an important entity to be recognized by the medical community.
authors.affiliation: The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and The Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029-4802, USA. brett.sealove@gmail.com
authors.forename: Brett A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Sealove
authors.forename: Satish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tiyyagura
authors.forename: Valentin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fuster
mesh_terms: D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D054549:Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*