title: Evaluation of toxic metals in blood and urine samples of chronic renal failure patients, before and after dialysis.
abstract: The determination of toxic elements in the biological samples of human beings is an important clinical screening procedure. The aim of this work was to determine total content of toxic elements-aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb)-in whole blood and urine samples of male chronic renal failure patients (CRFPs) on maintenance hemodialysis from 2006 to 2007. The study included 100 CRFPs, plus 150 healthy volunteers in the control group. The concentration of toxic elements (TEs) were determined in blood sample before and after hemodialysis, while urine sample was determined once, before dialysis. Toxic elements were analyzed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer, prior to microwave-induced acid digestion. The accuracy of the total Al, Cd, and Pb measurements was tested by simultaneously analyzing certified reference materials. No significant differences were established between the analytical results and the certified values (paired t-test at p > 0.05). The levels of TEs in blood samples of patients before dialysis were found to be higher than blood samples after dialysis session. In the control group, the blood levels of Al, Cd, and Pb were significantly lower than the chronic renal failure patients. Moreover, the study shows that analyzing levels of Al, Cd, and Pb may be useful in hemodialysis patients in evaluating TEs status.
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan. tgkazi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Tasneem Gul
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: Nusrat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jalbani
authors.forename: Naveed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: Muhammad Khan
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Jamali
authors.forename: Muhammad Balal
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Arain
authors.forename: Hassan Imran
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kandhro
authors.forename: Zafar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pirzado
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000535:Aluminum / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy / Q000652:urine*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008670:Metals; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D000535:Aluminum