title: Heme-binding to the nuclear receptor retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) leads to the inhibition of the transcriptional activity.
abstract: Heme acts as a ligand for transcription factors and regulates the expression of several genes. The nuclear receptor retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) plays important roles in various nuclear receptor-dependent signaling pathways. We here show that heme binds to RXRalpha and impairs its DNA-binding activity. Deletion and mutation studies of RXRalpha revealed that the binding region of hemin corresponded to the ligand binding domain of mouse RXRalpha and cysteine 374 was involved in the binding. The DNA-binding activity using the DR-1 consensus sequence of RXRalpha in electrophoretic mobility shift assays was inhibited by heme. The reporter assay also showed a decrease of RXRalpha-dependent transcriptional activity. It was reported that hemin enhanced the adipocyte differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 cells, where the functions of several nuclear receptors including RXRalpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) are activated. However, the inductions of adipogenic factor mRNAs including PPAR-gamma, fatty acid binding protein-4 and glucose transporter-4 were markedly repressed by heme during adipocyte differentiation. These results suggest that heme causes the impairment of RXRalpha-dependent signal pathways and inhibits the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Saki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gotoh
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohgari
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osumi
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taketani
mesh_terms: D041721:3T3-L1 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006418:Heme / Q000378:metabolism*; D006427:Hemin / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011485:Protein Binding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D021381:Protein Transport; D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha; D006418:Heme; D006427:Hemin; D004247:DNA