title: Differential roles of NMDA receptor subtypes in ischemic neuronal cell death and ischemic tolerance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Activation of NMDA subtypes of glutamate receptors is implicated in cell damage induced by ischemia as well as for the establishment of ischemic tolerance after ischemic preconditioning in animal models. We investigated the contributions of NR2A- and NR2B-containing NMDA receptors to ischemic cell death and ischemic tolerance in a rat model of transient global ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transient global ischemia was produced in rats by 4-vessel occlusion. Neuronal injury was analyzed by Fluoro-Jade B and Nissl staining. Phosphorylation of CREB was detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were used to evaluate the mRNA level of cpg15 and bdnf.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NR2A subtype-specific antagonist NVP-AAM077 enhanced neuronal death after transient global ischemia and abolished the induction of ischemic tolerance. In contrast, NR2B subtype-specific antagonist ifenprodil attenuated ischemic cell death and enhanced preconditioning-induced neuroprotection. Furthermore, selectively blocking NR2A-, but not NR2B-, containing NMDA receptors inhibited ischemia-induced phosphorylation of CREB and the subsequent upregulation of CREB target genes such as cpg15 and bdnf.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that NR2A- and NR2B-containing NMDA receptor subtypes play differential roles in ischemic neuronal death and ischemic tolerance, suggesting attractive new strategies for the development of drugs for patients with stroke.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ting-Jia
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xiao-Jing
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xiao-Yan
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Wen-Hu
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Zhi-Qi
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Xiong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000378:metabolism*; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C498554:5-(alpha-methyl-4-bromobenzylamino)phosphonomethyl-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; C114622:Cpg15 protein, rat; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C120997:NR2A NMDA receptor; C121001:NR2B NMDA receptor; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D010880:Piperidines; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011810:Quinoxalines; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; C010739:ifenprodil