title: ADHD subtypes and comorbid anxiety, depression, and oppositional-defiant disorder: differences in sleep problems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sleep problems were analyzed in children with ADHD (Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder).
  
  
  METHODS
  Scales were completed by parents of 135 control children and 681 children with ADHD combined type (ADHD-C) or inattentive type (ADHD-I) with or without comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), anxiety, or depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with ADHD-I alone had the fewest sleep problems and did not differ from controls. Children with ADHD-C had more sleep problems than controls and children with ADHD-I. Comorbid anxiety/depression increased sleep problems, whereas ODD did not. Daytime sleepiness was greatest in ADHD-I and was associated with sleeping more (not less) than normal. Medicated children had greater difficulty falling asleep than unmedicated children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in sleep problems were found as a function of ADHD subtype, comorbidity, and medication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, PO Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. smayes@psu.edu
authors.forename: Susan Dickerson
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Mayes
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.forename: Edward O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Bixler
authors.forename: Alexandros N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Vgontzas
authors.forename: Fauzia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mahr
authors.forename: Jolene
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hillwig-Garcia
authors.forename: Belal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Elamir
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Edhere-Ekezie
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parvin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D012737:Sex Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors