title: Cognitive failure in end of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cognitive failure is known to be common in patients with advanced illness and can lead to significant distress for the persons affected and their environment. To get an insight on the most recent advances concerning cognitive failure at the end of life, a literature review has been performed focusing on the syndrome in general palliative care as well as on palliative care in patients with dementia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cognitive impairment is diagnosed in varying commonness in up to 56% of patients. Reviewed research focused in part on diagnosing distress of patients being cognitively impaired. Signs and behaviours for distress were identified and observed in a high number of patients. Additionally, with focus on the caretakers distress, it could be demonstrated that for example general anxiety disorders were significantly more common when a delirium was perceived. Goals of care for the patients with end-stage dementia can be defined as quality of life, dignity and comfort. Prognostication of the disease trajectory in patients with end-stage disease remains difficult even when the reviewed research shows growing evidence on the risk factors and causes for death of these patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An overall improvement in professional care independent of the place of care for patients with cognitive impairment and dementia is still claimed by professionals and primary caretakers. In addition to further research, the lack of palliative care expertise can possibly be resolved by more specific, supportive and educational initiatives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ostgathe
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaertner
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Voltz
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives