title: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in ANKK1 and the dopamine D2 receptor gene affect cognitive outcome shortly after traumatic brain injury: a replication and extension study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The two objectives of this study were (1) to replicate the previous finding that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the ANKK1 gene (SNP rs1800497 formerly known as the DRD2 TAQ1 A allele) is associated with measures of learning and response latency after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and (2) to further characterize the genetic basis of the effect by testing the strength of association and degree of linkage disequilibrium between the cognitive outcome measures and a selected ensemble of 31 polymorphisms from three adjacent genes in the region of rs1800497.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 54 patients with TBI and 21 comparison subjects were genotyped for the DRD2 TAQ1 A polymorphism (rs1800497). Ninety-three patients with TBI and 48 comparison subjects (the current cohort and an earlier independent cohort) were also genotyped for 31 additional neighbouring polymorphisms in NCAM, ANKK1 and DRD2. TBI patients were studied 1 month after injury. All subjects completed memory and attention tests, including the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) recognition task and the Gordon Continuous Performance Test (CPT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As in a previous study the T allele of TAQ1 A (rs1800497) was associated with poorer performance on the CVLT recognition trial in both TBI and control subjects. There was also a significant diagnosis-by-allele interaction on CPT measures of response latency, largely driven by slower performance in the TBI participants with the T allele. Analysis of 31 additional neighbouring polymorphisms from NCAM, ANKK1 and DRD2 in the TBI patients showed four haploblocks. A haploblock of three SNPs in ANKK1 (rs11604671, rs4938016 and rs1800497 (TAQ1A)) showed the greatest association with cognitive outcome measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results confirm a previously published association between the TAQ1 A (rs1800497) T allele and cognitive outcome measures 1 month after TBI and suggest that a haploblock of polymorphisms in ANKK1, rather than the adjacent DRD2 gene, has the highest association with these measures after TBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Section of Neuropsychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. thomas.w.mcallister@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: McAllister
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Flashman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harker Rhodes
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Tyler
authors.forename: Jason H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Saykin
authors.forename: Brenna C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Tor D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Tosteson
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tsongalis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004261:DNA Replication; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000235:genetics; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; C489948:ANKK1 protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases