title: Environmental factors as predictors of alcohol use among ninth-grade adolescents in Pitkaranta (Russian Karelia) and in eastern Finland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Russia, tobacco and alcohol use by adolescents are serious problems. In Finland, as in many other European countries, alcohol use is a growing concern.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to find out whether similar environmental factors predict adolescents' alcohol use among 15-year old adolescents in two politically and economically different cultures: in the Pitkäranta district in Russian Karelia and in eastern Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research data gathered by self-administered questionnaires from the second North Karelia Youth Study and the Pitkäranta Youth Study were analysed. Path models using the structural equation modelling (SEM) approach were constructed to test whether similar path structures fit for boys and girls in both countries, and to test whether regression coefficients are similar between the cultures and by gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that alcohol use by family members and best friend is positively related to adolescents' alcohol use both directly and indirectly. The best friend's alcohol use was the most important predictor of adolescents' own alcohol use in every sub-sample. When indirect influences were also identified, the significance of parents' and siblings' alcohol use, in addition to alcohol use by the best friends, was strongly supported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results highlighted the importance of the process of peer selection for adolescents' choices, and the importance of offering support to the parents and to the health personnel working with children and adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, University of Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kemppainen
authors.forename: Kerttu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tossavainen
authors.forename: Erkki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vartiainen
authors.forename: Veikko
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jokela
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Puska
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pantelejev
authors.forename: Mihail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uhanov
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010379:Peer Group; D011379:Prognosis; D012426:Russia; D035781:Siblings / Q000523:psychology; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires