title: Evaluation of a low-cost electrostatic dust fall collector for indoor air endotoxin exposure assessment.
abstract: Exposure to endotoxin in home environments has become a key issue in asthma and allergy research. Most studies have analyzed floor or mattress dust endotoxin, but its validity as a proxy for airborne exposure is unknown, while active airborne dust sampling is not feasible in large-scale population studies because of logistic and financial limitations. We therefore developed and evaluated a simple passive airborne dust collection method for airborne endotoxin exposure assessment. We explored an electrostatic dust fall collector (EDC), consisting of a 42- by 29.6-cm-sized folder with four electrostatic cloths exposed to the air. The EDC was tested during two 14-day periods in seven nonfarm and nine farm homes and in farm stables. In parallel, active airborne dust sampling was performed with Harvard impactors and floor dust collected by vacuuming, using nylon sampling socks. The endotoxin levels could be measured in all EDC cloth extracts. The levels (in EU/m(2)) between EDCs used simultaneously or in different sampling periods in the same home correlated strongly (r > 0.8). EDC endotoxin also correlated moderately to strongly (r = 0.6 to 0.8) with the endotoxin measured by active airborne dust sampling and living room floor dust sampling and-in farm homes-with the endotoxin captured by the EDC in stables. In contrast, endotoxin levels measured by floor dust sampling showed only a poor correlation with the levels measured by active airborne dust sampling. We therefore conclude that measuring endotoxin levels with the EDC is a valid measure of average airborne endotoxin exposure, while reproducibility over time is at least equivalent to that of reservoir dust analyses.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. i.noss@uu.nl
authors.forename: Ilka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Noss
authors.forename: Inge M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: Maaike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Dick J J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Heederik
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunekreef
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Doekes
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D006798:Housing; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006801:Humans; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D055672:Static Electricity; D013784:Textiles
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D004731:Endotoxins