title: A clinically relevant assessment of posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner injuries. Evaluation of isolated and combined deficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment of symptomatic posterior cruciate ligament injuries of the knee is controversial. Identification of concomitant injuries of the posterolateral corner is important to optimize surgical and clinical outcomes, although this diagnosis is sometimes difficult. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical examination and stress radiography parameters of isolated injuries of the posterior cruciate ligament and combined injuries of the posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner. Our hypothesis was that Grade-3 posterior drawer laxity is an indicator of a concomitant injury of the posterolateral corner.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten pairs of cadaver knees (a total of twenty knees) were evaluated with posterior drawer testing, dial testing, and stress radiography. Stress radiography was performed by applying a 200-N posterior drawer at 90 degrees of knee flexion. The knees were tested while intact and then retested following the sequential resection of the posterior cruciate ligament followed by the posterolateral corner structures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All intact specimens were rated as Grade 0 on posterior drawer testing. Sectioning of the posterior cruciate ligament resulted in Grade-2 posterior drawer in all specimens. The additional resection of the posterolateral corner resulted in Grade-3 posterior drawer in all specimens. Dial testing of the intact knees resulted in a mean (and standard error) of 10.5 degrees +/- 1.0 degrees and 10.5 degrees +/- 0.80 degrees of external rotation at 30 degrees and 90 degrees, respectively. This increased significantly to 15.1 degrees +/- 1.1 degrees and 16.2 degrees +/- 0.89 degrees, respectively, following sectioning of the posterior cruciate ligament (p < 0.05). After resection of the posterolateral corner, rotation was further increased to a mean of 21.6 degrees +/- 1.5 degrees at 30 degrees and 27.5 degrees +/- 1.6 degrees at 90 degrees (p < 0.05). On stress radiography, the average posterior displacements measured 2.9 +/- 0.5 mm in the intact specimens, 12.7 +/- 1.0 mm after resection of the posterior cruciate ligament, and 22.3 +/- 1.6 mm after the additional resection of the posterolateral corner (p < 0.05). The corrected posterior displacement, calculated by subtracting the displacement in the intact knees, was 9.8 mm after resection of the posterior cruciate ligament and 19.4 mm after the additional resection of the posterolateral corner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A grade of 3 on posterior drawer testing and >10 mm of posterior tibial translation on stress radiography correlate with the presence of a posterolateral corner injury in addition to a complete disruption of the posterior cruciate ligament.
authors.affiliation: Bone and Joint/Sports Medicine Institute, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia, USA. sekiya@umich.edu
authors.forename: Jon K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Sekiya
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Whiddon
authors.forename: Chad T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Zehms
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011859:Radiography; D013314:Stress, Mechanical