title: New developments in low-dose insemination technology.
abstract: New nonsurgical procedures for inseminating swine with a low number of spermatozoa have been developed and/or evaluated over the last few years. These procedures allow the deposition of the insemination dose into the uterine body (post-cervical insemination) or directly into the uterine horn (deep intrauterine insemination). With the use of the post-cervical insemination, a threefold reduction in the number of fresh sperm has been successfully used to achieve pregnancy. Using deep intrauterine insemination (DUI), up to a 20-fold reduction in the number of fresh spermatozoa or a sixfold reduction in the number of frozen/thawed spermatozoa can be achieved, with reproductive performance very similar to that obtained after standard AI. Complementing these nonsurgical insemination techniques, a new procedure for depositing spermatozoa into the oviduct by laparoscopy has been recently described. This laparoscopic technique has proven to be applicable to diluted and sex-sorted spermatozoa. The development of new insemination procedures will help achieve more efficient application of currently available sperm technologies. Using appropriate insemination procedures, it is now feasible to achieve high fertility rates with cooled, frozen-thawed, or sex-sorted semen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, E-30071 Murcia, Spain. vazquez@um.es
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vazquez
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roca
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cuello
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Parrilla
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vazquez
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Martínez
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology; D013552:Swine / Q000502:physiology*