title: Spectro-temporal characteristics of speech at high frequencies, and the potential for restoration of audibility to people with mild-to-moderate hearing loss.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is possible for auditory prostheses to provide amplification for frequencies above 6 kHz. However, most current hearing-aid fitting procedures do not give recommended gains for such high frequencies. This study was intended to provide information that could be useful in quantifying appropriate high-frequency gains, and in establishing the population of hearing-impaired people who might benefit from such amplification.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study had two parts. In the first part, wide-bandwidth recordings of normal conversational speech were obtained from a sample of male and female talkers. The recordings were used to determine the mean spectral shape over a wide frequency range, and to determine the distribution of levels (the speech dynamic range) as a function of center frequency. In the second part, audiometric thresholds were measured for frequencies of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12.5 kHz for both ears of 31 people selected to have mild or moderate cochlear hearing loss. The hearing loss was never greater than 70 dB for any frequency up to 4 kHz.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean spectrum level of the speech fell progressively with increasing center frequency above about 0.5 kHz. For speech with an overall level of 65 dB SPL, the mean 1/3-octave level was 49 and 37 dB SPL for center frequencies of 1 and 10 kHz, respectively. The dynamic range of the speech was similar for center frequencies of 1 and 10 kHz. The part of the dynamic range below the root-mean-square level was larger than reported in previous studies. The mean audiometric thresholds at high frequencies (10 and 12.5 kHz) were relatively high (69 and 77 dB HL, respectively), even though the mean thresholds for frequencies below 4 kHz were 41 dB HL or better.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To partially restore audibility for a hearing loss of 65 dB at 10 kHz would require an effective insertion gain of about 36 dB at 10 kHz. With this gain, audibility could be (partly) restored for 25 of the 62 ears assessed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England. bcjm@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Brian C J
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Füllgrabe
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Glasberg
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Puria
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001302:Audiometry, Speech; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D005260:Female; D006310:Hearing Aids; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010700:Phonetics; D010898:Pitch Perception; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013065:Speech Intelligibility; D013067:Speech Perception; D055815:Young Adult