title: Effect of ormeloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, on biomarkers of endometrial receptivity and pinopode development and its relation to fertility and infertility in Indian subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare expression of endometrial estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors, beta(3)-integrin subunit, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and pinopodes in Indian women using ormeloxifene as a contraceptive with fertile and infertile subjects during the window of implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled, prospective, clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital-based reproductive health unit and research laboratories.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen fertile women, 6 using ormeloxifene (30 mg/week), 29 with primary and 10 with secondary infertility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transvaginal ultrasonography, midluteal endometrial biopsies, and blood samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histologic dating, endometrial thickness, immunohistochemical localization of ER, PR, beta(3)-integrin subunit, LIF, and IL-6 and scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ormeloxifene significantly reduced endometrial thickness, pinopode density, and caused histologic delay with increased epithelial ER and PR and unaltered epithelial beta(3)-integrin subunit expression. Appearance of fully developed pinopodes, down-regulation of epithelial PR, and increased epithelial beta(3)-integrin subunit expression was observed in in-phase endometrium from fertile and infertile women. LIF and IL-6 expression and serum estradiol and progesterone levels remained unaltered between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ormeloxifene-induced effects might produce asynchrony between endometrial and embryo development resulting in implantation failure. Based on unaltered luteal phase serum progesterone concentration, ormeloxifene did not appear to prevent ovulation in any participant.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Annu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makker
authors.forename: Indu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.forename: Madhu Mati
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: Mastan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Man Mohan
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007194:India; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000503:physiopathology*; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3 / Q000235:genetics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor / Q000235:genetics; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000235:genetics; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001578:Benzopyrans; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3; D015850:Interleukin-6; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; C508548:ormeloxifene