title: A p38 MAPK-CREB pathway functions to pattern mesoderm in Xenopus.
abstract: Dorsal-ventral patterning is specified by signaling centers secreting antagonizing morphogens that form a signaling gradient. Yet, how morphogen gradient is translated intracellularly into fate decisions remains largely unknown. Here, we report that p38 MAPK and CREB function along the dorsal-ventral axis in mesoderm patterning. We find that the phosphorylated form of CREB (S133) is distributed in a gradient along the dorsal-ventral mesoderm axis and that the p38 MAPK pathway mediates the phosphorylation of CREB. Knockdown of CREB prevents chordin expression and mesoderm dorsalization by the Spemann organizer, whereas ectopic expression of activated CREB-VP16 chimera induces chordin expression and dorsalizes mesoderm. Expression of high levels of p38 activator, MKK6E or CREB-VP16 in embryos converts ventral mesoderm into a dorsal organizing center. p38 MAPK and CREB function downstream of maternal Wnt/beta-catenin and the organizer-specific genes siamois and goosecoid. At low expression levels, MKK6E induces expression of lateral genes without inducing the expression of dorsal genes. Loss of CREB or p38 MAPK activity enables the expansion of the ventral homeobox gene vent1 into the dorsal marginal region, preventing the lateral expression of Xmyf5. Overall, these data indicate that dorsal-ventral mesoderm patterning is regulated by differential p38/CREB activities along the axis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel.
authors.forename: Aviad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keren
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keren-Politansky
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bengal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008845:Microinjections; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D020897:Organizers, Embryonic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D012313:RNA / Q000494:pharmacology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D006023:Glycoproteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D014157:Transcription Factors; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C112507:ventx1.2 protein, Xenopus; C099992:ventx2.1 protein, Xenopus; D012313:RNA; C054234:chordin; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases