title: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 contributes to resistance to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor drugs in human cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The resistance to selective EGFR inhibitors involves the activation of alternative signaling pathways, and Akt activation and VEGF induction have been described in EGFR inhibitor-resistant tumors. Combined inhibition of EGFR and other signaling proteins has become a successful therapeutic approach, stimulating the search for further determinants of resistance as basis for novel therapeutic strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We established human cancer cell lines with various degrees of EGFR expression and sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors and analyzed signal transducers under the control of EGFR-dependent and EGFR-independent pathways.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multitargeted inhibitor vandetanib (ZD6474) inhibited the growth and the phosphorylation of Akt and its effector p70S6 kinase in both wild-type and EGFR inhibitor-resistant human colon, prostate, and breast cancer cells. We found that the resistant cell lines exhibit, as common feature, VEGFR-1/Flt-1 overexpression, increased secretion of VEGF and placental growth factor, and augmented migration capabilities and that vandetanib is able to antagonize them. Accordingly, a new kinase assay revealed that in addition to VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2, RET, and EGFR, vandetanib efficiently inhibits also VEGFR-1. The contribution of VEGFR-1 to the resistant phenotype was further supported by the demonstration that VEGFR-1 silencing in resistant cells restored sensitivity to anti-EGFR drugs and impaired migration capabilities, whereas exogenous VEGFR-1 overexpression in wild-type cells conferred resistance to these agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that VEGFR-1 contributes to anti-EGFR drug resistance in different human cancer cells. Moreover, vandetanib inhibits VEGFR-1 activation, cell proliferation, and migration, suggesting its potential utility in patients resistant to EGFR inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Cattedra di Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Molecolare e Clinica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Damiano
authors.forename: Gennaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Daniele
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gelardi
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garofalo
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tarallo
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Falco
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Melisi
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benelli
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albini
authors.forename: Anderson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Fortunato
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ciardiello
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tortora
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000502:physiology*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D034622:RNA Interference; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014162:Transfection; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D011799:Quinazolines; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; C452423:vandetanib