title: Retinoic acid increases Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and inhibits development of Th17 cells by enhancing TGF-beta-driven Smad3 signaling and inhibiting IL-6 and IL-23 receptor expression.
abstract: The de novo generation of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in the peripheral immune compartment and the differentiation of Th17 cells both require TGF-beta, and IL-6 and IL-21 are switch factors that drive the development of Th17 cells at the expense of Treg cell generation. The major vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (RA) not only enforces the generation of Treg cells but also inhibits the differentiation of Th17 cells. Herein we show that RA enhances TGF-beta signaling by increasing the expression and phosphorylation of Smad3, and this results in increased Foxp3 expression even in the presence of IL-6 or IL-21. RA also inhibits the expression of IL-6Ralpha, IRF-4, and IL-23R and thus inhibits Th17 development. In vitro, RA significantly promotes Treg cell conversion, but in vivo during the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis it does not increase the frequency of Treg cells in the face of an ongoing inflammation. However, RA suppresses the disease very efficiently by inhibiting proinflammatory T cell responses, especially pathogenic Th17 responses. These data not only identify the signaling mechanisms by which RA can affect both Treg cell and Th17 differentiation, but they also highlight that in vivo during an autoimmune reaction, RA suppresses autoimmunity mainly by inhibiting the generation of effector Th17 cells.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Hulin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Korn
authors.forename: Sue M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oukka
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Vijay K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Kuchroo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000502:physiology; D007378:Interleukins / Q000502:physiology; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D017260:Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000502:physiology; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000502:physiology*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000502:physiology*; D000098546:Interleukin-21
chemical_list: D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C498833:Foxp3 protein, mouse; D020381:Interleukin-17; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007378:Interleukins; D017260:Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell; D018123:Receptors, Interleukin; D019947:Receptors, Interleukin-6; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C497791:Smad3 protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C528688:interleukin-23 receptor, mouse; D014212:Tretinoin; D000098546:Interleukin-21