title: Errors with concentrated epinephrine in otolaryngology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obtain data on errors and adverse events with concentrated epinephrine in otolaryngology. PROJECT DESIGN: Anonymous survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confidential, voluntary, and online survey of Academy members.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred twenty-six surveys were completed. The average length of practice of respondents was 19.6 years (range 1-43 years, SD 9.37 years). In the past year, 16 (12.7%) respondents experienced a problem with misadministration of concentrated epinephrine; 18 (16.4%) additional respondents heard of such an error. Fourteen respondents noted adverse outcomes from these instances, including five mortalities. About 68.9% of respondents are concerned about a potential mix-up in the administration of concentrated epinephrine during surgery. Forty-eight respondents reported experiencing an error in their career (average 2.5, SD 4.52, range 1-30 instances).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Otolaryngologists are vulnerable to errors in the administration of concentrated epinephrine. Academy members are concerned about preventing these high risk errors. We recommend double checking epinephrine dilution before administration. We also encourage all physicians using concentrated epinephrine to participate in development, implementation, and training in systems to reduce the potential for misadministration of epinephrine. Hospitals, free standing outpatient surgery centers, and regulatory bodies should consider forcing mechanisms and redundant systems to reduce inadvertent administration of concentrated epinephrine.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20010, USA. banuandrahul@aol.com
authors.forename: Rahul K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hoy
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Roberson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D004837:Epinephrine