title: Relationship between silent brain infarction and chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The presence of silent brain infarction (SBI) increases the risk of symptomatic stroke and dementia. The association between SBI and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been clarified. Moreover, little is known about what factors are related to SBI in CKD patients and whether the prevalence of SBI differs in CKD stage or cause of CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study. A total of 375 subjects-335 with CKD and 40 with essential hypertension-were included. All subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain to detect SBI. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation, and cardiovascular risk factors were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of SBI was 56.5% in all subjects. Among causes of CKD, hypertensive nephrosclerosis had a strong association with SBI. According to the estimated GFR (eGFR) stage, the more severe the stage of eGFR, the higher the prevalence of SBI (age-adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] for eGFR 30-59, 15-29 and <15 versus >or=60 mL/min/1.73 m(2): 1.34 [0.68-1.99], 1.94 [1.30-2.57] and 2.51 [1.91-3.10]). In multivariate logistic analysis, eGFR was related to SBI independently, in addition to age and blood pressure (P = 0.025). However, other traditional and non-traditional risk factors were not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was an independent association between eGFR and SBI. CKD patients should receive active detection of SBI and more intensive preventive management, especially for hypertension, should be needed in CKD patients to prevent SBI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Science, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine and School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Mayumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Nobuhito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hirawa
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yatsu
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Sanae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saka
authors.forename: Daisaku
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andoh
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Toya
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Umemura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000150:complications*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents