The split keyboard: an ergonomics success story.
OBJECTIVE
The author reviews the paper by Kroemer (1972) on the design of the split geometry keyboard and the subsequent 35 years of research on the topic.


BACKGROUND
It was first suggested in the 1920s that arm strain in the typist could be reduced by splitting the keyboard into two halves and inclining the two halves laterally. The first systematic research on the split keyboard was conducted by Kroemer in the 1960s and published in his 1972 article.


METHODS
The literature on split geometry keyboards was identified, and the progression of the research was reviewed.


RESULTS
The Kroemer article marked the beginning of a prolonged, worldwide research effort to determine whether and how the split keyboard design might improve comfort and prevent pain in keyboard users.


CONCLUSIONS
In the early 1990s, split keyboard designs began to be broadly commercially available. Clear evidence of a health benefit of the split keyboards emerged in the late 1990s. By 2006, a split keyboard was the number one-selling keyboard, of all keyboards sold, in the U.S. retail market.


CONCLUSIONS
The history of research on this topic, the challenges to changing the conventional design, and the broader acceptance of the split design are a success story with lessons for all of us.
Rempel
David
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Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94804, USA. david.rempel@ucsf.edu
D016287:Computer Peripherals; D004867:Equipment Design; D006804:Ergonomics; D006801:Humans; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D012106:Research; D014584:User-Computer Interface