title: A review of the potential impact of increased use of housing on the health and welfare of dairy cattle in New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the likely impact on the health and welfare of dairy cattle in New Zealand of increased use of housing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published data on the effect of housing on the welfare of dairy cattle were reviewed to determine whether, under New Zealand conditions, housing was likely to increase or reduce welfare. The focus of this review was on permanent housing, and the welfare outcomes assessed were primarily those associated with biological function rather than behaviour. The five areas of focus were shelter, feeding, calving, lameness, and other diseases, and were based on the welfare concerns expressed by dairy farmers of large herds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The shelter provided by housing dairy cattle would appreciably improve welfare under a relatively small range of conditions. For feeding and calving, both advantages and disadvantages of housing were identified. For lameness and mastitis, published research and comparisons of disease levels in New Zealand with those in other developed dairying countries strongly suggest that increased use of housing will increase the risk of these diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under New Zealand conditions, housing dairy cattle is likely to have both significant welfare benefits (protection from environmental conditions) and drawbacks (increased risk of mastitis and lameness). New Zealand-based research suggests that in most areas of the country the benefits of protection from extremes of temperature and wind and rain are likely to be apparent on only a few days a year, insufficient to justify the costs associated with housing cattle. Thus, dairy cattle are likely to be housed for longer than required for shelter purposes, increasing the risk of deleterious effects without a balancing welfare advantage from environmental protection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increases in lameness and mastitis are likely to be associated with the increased use of housing and are likely to be accompanied by changes in the aetiology and presentation of these diseases, requiring better detection techniques, such as measurement of comfort or locomotion score, and new preventive regimes, such as pre-milking teat spray and routine corrective hoof-trimming.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. r.laven@massey.ac.nz
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Laven
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Holmes
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D009520:New Zealand