title: Glutathione synthesis rates after amino acid administration directly after birth in preterm infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The availability of glutathione, the main intracellular antioxidant, is compromised in preterm neonates. A possible explanation is the low availability of substrate for synthesis, because many neonatologists are reluctant to administer amino acids in the direct postnatal period for fear of intolerance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to determine the effects of amino acid administration directly after birth on glutathione synthesis rates and markers of oxidative stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Premature infants (<1500 g) received from birth onward either dextrose (control group; n = 10) or dextrose plus 2.4 g amino acids . kg (- 1) . d(-1) (intervention group; n = 10). On postnatal day 2, [1-(13)C]glycine was administered to determine glutathione fractional synthesis rates (FSR(GSH)) and absolute synthesis rates (ASR(GSH)) in erythrocytes. In plasma, advanced oxidized protein products and dityrosine, both markers of oxidative stress, were measured. The results are expressed as means +/- SDs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FSR(GSH) was not different between groups: 44 +/- 6 and 48 +/- 9%/d in the control and intervention groups, respectively (P = 0.28). The concentration of erythrocyte glutathione was higher (P < 0.001) in the intervention group (2.28 +/- 0.35 mmol/L) than in the control group (1.73 +/- 0.37 mmol/L). ASR(GSH) values were 6.5 +/- 1.5 and 11.3 +/- 1.9 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1) in the control and intervention groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Advanced oxidized protein products and dityrosine concentrations were not significantly different between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amino acid administration directly after birth increases ASR(GSH) in preterm infants. Our data are consistent, however, with higher glutathione concentrations rather than a higher FSR(GSH). Greater availability of glutathione, nevertheless, did not decrease markers of oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frans W J
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Te Braake
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schierbeek
authors.forename: Karien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: de Groof
authors.forename: Andras
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vermes
authors.forename: Mariangela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Longini
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buonocore
authors.forename: Johannes B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: van Goudoever
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D006801:Humans; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D014443:Tyrosine; C007543:dityrosine; D005978:Glutathione