title: Prevalence of obesity in primary care using different anthropometric measures--results of the German Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk Project (GEMCAS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is one of the greatest challenges in primary health care. The BMI describes fat mass and waist circumference (WC) fat distribution and total metabolic and cardiovascular risk. It was aim of the present study to assess the prevalence of a) overweight and obesity and b) an increased and high WC in adults seeking primary care in Germany and to describe the associations of both measures with cardiovascular risk factors and prognosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a point prevalence study with 1,511 primary care physicians and 35,869 adult patients in 2005. Bodyweight, height and waist circumference was measured and blood samples taken to determine the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, including lipids, blood pressure, fasting glucose, low physical activity, smoking and family history of myocardial infarction. We calculated rate ratios stratified for age and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a high prevalence of overweight (45.7% male [95%CI 44.9-46.5]; 30.6% female [95%CI 30.0-31.2]) and obesity (24.7% male [95%CI 24.0-25.4]; 23.3% female [95%CI 22.8-23.9]). 36.4% of male [95%CI 35.6-37.2] and 41.5% of female [95%CI 40.8-42.1] had a high WC (male > 102, female > 88 cm). A high WC in addition to an overweight BMI identified patients with more risk factors (male: mean of 3.93 risk factors (RF) at a WC > 102 cm vs. 2.88 RF in patients < or = 94 cm; female 3.58 RF at a WC > 88 cm vs. 2.41 RF < or = 80 cm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a high prevalence of obesity (24.7% of male and 23.3% of female) and, in particular, abdominal obesity (36.4% of male and 41.5% of female) in adults attending a primary care physician in Germany. The determination of the BMI is sufficient to assess risk in normal weight and obese patients, while a high WC identifies high risk patients from within the overweight group.
authors.affiliation: Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum für Ernährungsmedizin, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany. hans.hauner@lrz.tu-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hauner
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bramlage
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lösch
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Steinhagen-Thiessen
authors.forename: Heribert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schunkert
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wasem
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jöckel
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moebus
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001824:Body Constitution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids