title: Effects of chronic caffeine exposure on adenosinergic modulation of the discriminative-stimulus effects of nicotine, methamphetamine, and cocaine in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adenosine receptors are involved in cocaine and methamphetamine discrimination and exposure to caffeine can affect behavioral effects of nicotine in rats.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Here we investigated the relative involvement of adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors in nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine discrimination, before and/or during chronic caffeine exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  The nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine, the A(1)-receptor antagonist cyclopentyltheophylline (CPT), and the A(2A)-receptor antagonist MSX-3 were evaluated in rats trained to discriminate 0.4 mg/kg nicotine from saline under a fixed-ratio schedule of food delivery. Effects of adenosine receptor antagonists were then compared in rats discriminating nicotine, methamphetamine, or cocaine from saline during chronic caffeine exposure in their drinking water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caffeine, CPT, and MSX-3 partially generalized to nicotine and shifted nicotine dose-response curves leftwards. During chronic caffeine exposure, however, all three ligands failed to generalize to nicotine and failed to shift nicotine dose-response curves. In previous experiments, CPT and MSX-3 partially generalized to methamphetamine and cocaine and shifted dose-response curves leftwards. In the present experiments, CPT neither generalized nor shifted dose-response curves for methamphetamine or cocaine during chronic caffeine exposure. However, MSX-3 partially generalized to both psychostimulants and shifted their dose-response curves leftwards. Caffeine partially generalized to cocaine, but not methamphetamine, and shifted both dose-response curves leftwards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors are capable of modulating the discriminative-stimulus effects of nicotine. Chronic caffeine exposure produces complete tolerance to both A(1)- and A(2A)-mediated effects in nicotine-trained rats. In contrast, chronic caffeine exposure produces tolerance to adenosine A(1)-mediated, but not A(2A)-mediated, effects in methamphetamine- and cocaine-trained rats.
authors.affiliation: Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. zjustino@intra.nida.nih.gov
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Justinova
authors.forename: Sergi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferré
authors.forename: Chanel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Carrie E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wertheim
authors.forename: Lara A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Le Foll
mesh_terms: D058907:Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists; D058916:Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; D058908:Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists; D058917:Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D058907:Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists; D058916:Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; D058908:Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists; D058917:Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1; D043705:Receptor, Adenosine A2A; D002110:Caffeine; D008694:Methamphetamine; D009538:Nicotine; D003042:Cocaine