title: Plasma acrolein levels and their association with delayed ischemic neurological deficits following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The molecular mechanisms of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) remain unclear. Acrolein, a reactive metabolite produced in many models of mechanical and ischemic injury, has been shown to cause vasospasm in coronary artery and aorta models. These traits suggest it may play a role in post-aSAH cerebral vasospasm. This pilot study was designed as a preliminary investigation to determine if acrolein levels could be used as a clinical tool to predict the presence of vasospasm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients with aSAH and Hunt and Hess admission grades of III-V were prospectively enrolled. Patients were stratified according to the presence or absence of vasospasm, defined as a delayed ischaemic neurological deficit in which all other possible causes have been excluded. Soluble acrolein levels were determined at two times points: early (day 1-3 post-SAH) and late (day 8-12 post-SAH) and the change in acrolein levels over this period was computed using a Mann-Whitney test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The change in acrolein levels over this period between the vasospasm and non-vasospasm group trended toward but did not achieve statistical significance (means: 5.68 versus -5.54; medians: 5.27 versus -3.99; range: -8.067 to 22.904 versus -13.83 to 5.199 p=0.13). Five out of six vasospasm patients showed an increase in acrolein levels over the vasospasm period. Three out of four non-vasospasm patients showed a decrease over the vasospasm period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this pilot study suggest that acrolein levels increase in patients undergoing vasospasm during the vasospasm window. This suggests that acrolein may play a role in the pathways leading up to or following vasospasm. There is a need for larger more definitive studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University, New York, USA.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McCullough-Hicks
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Komotar
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Kellner
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Otten
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rynkowski
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Merkow
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Starke
authors.forename: E Sander
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Connolly
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009656:North America; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012995:Solubility; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D000171:Acrolein