title: Bicarbonate kinetics and predicted energy expenditure in critically ill children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine nutrient requirements by the carbon oxidation techniques, it is necessary to know the fraction of carbon dioxide produced during the oxidative process but not excreted. This fraction has not been described in critically ill children. By measuring the dilution of (13)C infused by metabolically produced carbon dioxide, the rates of carbon dioxide appearance can be estimated. Energy expenditure can be determined by bicarbonate dilution kinetics if the energy equivalents of carbon dioxide (food quotient) from the diet ingested are known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a 6-h, primed, continuous tracer infusion of NaH(13)CO(3) in critically ill children fed parenterally or enterally or receiving only glucose and electrolytes, to determine bicarbonate fractional recovery, bicarbonate rates of appearance, and energy expenditure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one critically ill children aged 1 mo-20 y who were admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit at a tertiary-care center were studied. Patients were stratified by age, BMI, and severity score (PRISM III).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fractional bicarbonate recovery was 0.69, 0.70, and 0.63, respectively, for the parenterally fed, enterally fed, and glucose-electrolytes groups, and it correlated with the severity of disease in the parenteral (P < 0.01) and glucose-electrolytes (P < 0.05) groups. Rates of appearance varied between 0.17 and 0.19 micromol . kg(-1) . h(-1) With these data and estimates of the energy equivalents of carbon dioxide (a surrogate for respiratory quotient), energy expenditure was determined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 2001 World Health Organization and Schofield predictive equations overestimated and underestimated, respectively, energy requirements compared with those obtained by bicarbonate dilution kinetics. Bicarbonate kinetics allows accurate determination of energy needs in critically ill children.
authors.affiliation: Critical Care Section, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Jama
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sy
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gourishankar
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurakowski
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coss-Bu
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jefferson
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heird
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Castillo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016638:Critical Illness; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010289:Parenteral Nutrition, Total; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate