title: Pilot study of peripheral muscle function in primary biliary cirrhosis: potential implications for fatigue pathogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterized in 95% of patients by autoantibody responses directed against the mitochondrial antigen pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). Although anti-PDC inhibits PDC function in vitro, mitochondrial function in vivo in PBC has not been examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed in PBC patients (n = 15) and fatigued (chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis, n = 8), cholestatic (primary sclerosing cholangitis [PSC], n = 4), and normal (n = 8) controls to define mitochondrial function and pH regulation in peripheral muscle during exercise at 25% and 35% of maximum voluntary contraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal, chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis, and PSC subjects all showed close correlation between kinetics of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery after low-impact exercise, reflecting the normal tight regulation of PCr "response" by mitochondria to ADP "drive." This relationship was lost in PBC patients, indicating mitochondrial dysfunction (normal r(2) = 0.78, P < .005; PBC r(2) = 0.007, P = ns). Ratio between PCr and ADP recovery half-times (constant in controls, indicating normal mitochondrial responsivity) was significantly elevated in PBC patients (but not PSC) and was associated with anti-PDC levels. At higher levels of exercise PBC (but not PSC) patients showed excess muscle acidosis, with pH correlating with elevation of PCr/ADP recovery ratio, indicating a link to mitochondrial dysfunction. PBC patients alone also showed significant prolongation of muscle pH recovery time after exercise (unrelated to mitochondrial function), which correlated with clinical fatigue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PBC patients exhibit a variable degree of muscle mitochondrial dysfunction that manifests as excess acidosis after exercise. The extent to which patients can recover rapidly from acidosis appears to determine whether they are clinically fatigued.
authors.affiliation: Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kieren G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Hollingsworth
authors.forename: Julia L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Jeremy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Blamire
authors.forename: David E J
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D005221:Fatigue; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008105:Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010725:Phosphocreatine / Q000378:metabolism; D010865:Pilot Projects
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D010725:Phosphocreatine; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate