title: Species and sex identification of the Korean goral (Nemorhaedus caudatus) by molecular analysis of non-invasive samples.
abstract: Korean long-tailed goral (Nemorhaedus caudatus) is one of the most endangered species in South Korea. However, detailed species distribution and sex ratio data on the elusive goral are still lacking due to difficulty of identification of the species and sex in the field. The primary aim of this study was to develop an economical PCR-RFLP method to identify species using invasive or non-invasive samples from five Korean ungulates: goral (N. caudatus), roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), feral goat (Capra hircus), water deer (Hydropotes inermis) and musk deer (Moschus moschiferus). The secondary aim was to find more efficient molecular sexing techniques that may be applied to invasive or non-invasive samples of ungulate species. We successfully utilized PCR-RFLP of partial mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (376 bp) for species identification, and sex-specific amplification of ZFX/Y and AMELX/Y genes for sexing. Three species (goral, goat and water deer) showed distinctive band patterns by using three restriction enzymes (XbaI, StuI or SspI). Three different sexing primer sets (LGL331/335 for ZFX/Y gene; SE47/48 or SE47/53 for AMELX/Y gene) produced sex-specific band patterns in goral, goat and roe deer. Our results suggest that the molecular analyses of non-invasive samples might provide us with potential tools for the further genetic and ecological study of Korean goral and related species.
authors.affiliation: Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB), College of Veterinary Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
authors.forename: Baek Jun
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yun-Sun
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jung-hwa
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Han-Chan
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okumura
authors.forename: Hang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mi-Sook
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Min
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000032:analysis; D003670:Deer / Q000235:genetics; D006041:Goats / Q000235:genetics; D007723:Korea; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012732:Sex Determination Analysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D045303:Cytochromes b