title: Diving-related injuries in children <20 years old treated in emergency departments in the United States: 1990-2006.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to comprehensively examine diving-related injuries in the United States among children and adolescents <20 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective analysis of diving-related injury data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, including patients aged <20 years old who were seen in an emergency department for a diving-related injury from 1990 through 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An estimated 111341 patients aged <or=19 years were treated in emergency departments for diving-related injuries over the 17-year period of the study. The average annual injury rate was 8.4 injuries per 100000 US residents <20 years old. Patients aged 10 to 14 years composed the largest group (36.3%) of injured divers. Injuries to the head and/or neck (38.2%) and face (21.7%) were the most common, with the most frequent diagnoses being lacerations (33.9%) and soft tissue injuries (24.3%). Collision with a diving board and/or platform was the leading cause of injuries (43.9%). Children <10 years old had increased odds of sustaining a laceration, children <5 years old had increased odds of injury to the face, and 10- to 19-year-olds had increased odds of sustaining a fracture or an injury to the extremities. The odds of injury caused by contact with the diving board dramatically increased if the child was performing a flip and/or handstand or a backward dive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine recreational and competitive diving-related injuries among children and adolescents using a nationally representative sample. These results can help inform pediatricians, parents, coaches, and trainers regarding injuries seen during recreational and competitive diving and can help guide future prevention efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Coral
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Stolz
authors.forename: Tracy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Mehan
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Lara B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: McKenzie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004242:Diving / Q000293:injuries* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014481:United States; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology