title: Enumeration of aromatic oxygenase genes to evaluate biodegradation during multi-phase extraction at a gasoline-contaminated site.
abstract: Multi-phase extraction (MPE) is commonly used at petroleum-contaminated sites to volatilize and recover hydrocarbons from the vadose and saturated zones in contaminant source areas. Although primarily a physical treatment technology, the induced subsurface air flow can potentially increase oxygen supply and promote aerobic biodegradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), the contaminants of concern at gasoline-contaminated sites. In this study, real-time PCR enumeration of aromatic oxygenase genes and PCR-DGGE profiles were used to elucidate the impact of MPE operation on the aquifer microbial community structure and function at a gasoline-contaminated site. Prior to system activation, ring-hydroxylating toluene monooxygenase (RMO) and naphthalene dioxygenase (NAH) gene copies were on the order of 10(6) to 10(10)copies L(-1) in groundwater samples obtained from BTEX-impacted wells. Aromatic oxygenase genes were not detected in groundwater samples obtained during continuous MPE indicating decreased populations of BTEX-utilizing bacteria. During periods of pulsed MPE, total aromatic oxygenase gene copies were not significantly different than prior to system activation, however, shifts in aromatic catabolic genotypes were noted. The consistent detection of RMO, NAH, and phenol hydroxylase (PHE), which catabolizes further oxidation of hydroxylated BTEX metabolites indicated the potential for aerobic biodegradation of dissolved BTEX during pulsed MPE.
authors.affiliation: Microbial Insights Inc., Rockford, TN 37853-3044, USA. bbaldwin@microbe.com
authors.forename: Brett R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: Cindy H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Nakatsu
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nebe
authors.forename: Gene S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Wickham
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.forename: Loring
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nies
mesh_terms: D001554:Benzene / Q000378:metabolism; D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D049308:Dioxygenases; D005742:Gasoline / Q000382:microbiology*; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism*; D007220:Industrial Waste; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D010105:Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism*; D014050:Toluene / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism; D014992:Xylenes / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D005742:Gasoline; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D007220:Industrial Waste; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014992:Xylenes; D014050:Toluene; D010105:Oxygenases; D049308:Dioxygenases; C038703:naphthalene dioxygenase; D001554:Benzene; C004912:ethylbenzene