title: Nurses' opinions on appropriate administration of PRN range opioid analgesic orders for acute pain.
abstract: The use of "as needed" or "pro re nata" (PRN) range opioid analgesic orders is a common clinical practice in the management of acute pain, designed to provide flexibility in dosing to meet an individual's unique needs. Range orders enable necessary adjustments in doses based on individual response to treatment. However, PRN range opioid orders have recently come under scrutiny as a source of confusion and as a medication management safety issue. How nurses administer range orders may vary based on their interpretation of the intent of an order, inadequate knowledge of analgesic titration, or exaggerated concerns about opioid safety. The purpose of this study was to investigate nurses' opinions of the appropriate implementation of range orders. Six hundred two nurses from one large academic medical center and one multihospital system completed an online survey using theoretic clinical vignettes to examine their opinions of appropriate analgesic administration practices. The majority of participants chose appropriate responses to the vignettes; however, there was a great deal of variability in responses. Those who had attended pain management courses were more likely to have a higher percentage of appropriate responses than those who had not attended courses. Years in practice and educational level were not significantly related to percentage of appropriate responses; however, there was a trend for nurses with a master's degree to have a higher percentage than nurses with other educational preparation. Consideration of opioid pharmacokinetics can provide logic to develop a new paradigm where range orders are replaced with orders that provide more explicit instructions to titrate an opioid to the most effective dose.
authors.affiliation: Hospital & Clinics, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53792, USA. dgordon@uwhealth.org
authors.forename: Debra B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Teresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Pellino
authors.forename: Gerry Ann
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pasero
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murphy-Ende
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009726:Nurses; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics