title: Impact of stepping stones on incidence of HIV and HSV-2 and sexual behaviour in rural South Africa: cluster randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of Stepping Stones, a HIV prevention programme, on incidence of HIV and herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) and sexual behaviour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cluster randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  70 villages (clusters) in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  1360 men and 1416 women aged 15-26 years, who were mostly attending schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stepping Stones, a 50 hour programme, aims to improve sexual health by using participatory learning approaches to build knowledge, risk awareness, and communication skills and to stimulate critical reflection. Villages were randomised to receive either this or a three hour intervention on HIV and safer sex. Interviewers administered questionnaires at baseline and 12 and 24 months and blood was tested for HIV and HSV-2.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  incidence of HIV. Other outcomes: incidence of HSV-2, unwanted pregnancy, reported sexual practices, depression, and substance misuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no evidence that Stepping Stones lowered the incidence of HIV (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.67 to 1.35). The programme was associated with a reduction of about 33% in the incidence of HSV-2 (0.67, 0.46 to 0.97; P=0.036)-that is, Stepping Stones reduced the number of new HSV-2 infections over a two year period by 34.9 (1.6 to 68.2) per 1000 people exposed. Stepping Stones significantly improved a number of reported risk behaviours in men, with a lower proportion of men reporting perpetration of intimate partner violence across two years of follow-up and less transactional sex and problem drinking at 12 months. In women desired behaviour changes were not reported and those in the Stepping Stones programme reported more transactional sex at 12 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stepping Stones did not reduce incidence of HIV but had an impact on several risk factors for HIV-notably, HSV-2 and perpetration of intimate partner violence.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinical Trials NCT00332878.
authors.affiliation: Gender and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Private Bag X385, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. rjewkes@mrc.ac.za
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jewkes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nduna
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dunkle
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puren
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duvvury
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012423:Rural Health; D012736:Sex Education; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D047568:Unsafe Sex / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology