title: Promoting Acute Thrombolysis for Ischaemic Stroke (PRACTISE).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thrombolysis with intravenous rtPA is an effective treatment for patients with ischaemic stroke if given within 3 h from onset. Generally, more than 20% of stroke patients arrive in time to be treated with thrombolysis. Nevertheless, in most hospitals, only 1-8% of all stroke patients are actually treated. Interorganisational, intraorganisational, medical and psychological barriers are hampering broad implementation of thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of a high-intensity implementation strategy for intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke, compared with regular implementation; to identify success factors and obstacles for implementation and to assess its cost-effectiveness, taking into account the costs of implementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PRACTISE study is a national cluster-randomised-controlled trial. Twelve hospitals have been assigned to the regular or high-intensity intervention by random allocation after pair-wise matching. The high-intensity implementation consists of training sessions in conformity with the Breakthrough model, and a tool kit. All patients who are admitted with acute stroke and onset of symptoms not longer than 24 h are registered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary outcome measure is treatment with thrombolysis. Secondary outcomes are admission within 4 h after onset of symptoms, death or disability at 3 months, the rate of haemorrhagic complications in patients treated with thrombolysis, and costs of implementation and stroke care in the acute setting. Tertiary outcomes are derived from detailed criteria for the organisational characteristics, such as door-to-needle time and protocol violations. These can be used to monitor the implementation process and study the effectiveness of specific interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study will provide important information on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of actively implementing an established treatment for acute ischaemic stroke. The multifaceted aspect of the intervention will make it difficult to attribute a difference in the primary outcome measure to a specific aspect of the intervention. However, careful monitoring of intermediate parameters as well as monitoring of accomplished SMART tasks can be expected to provide useful insights into the nature and role of factors associated with implementation of thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke, and of effective acute interventions in general.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. m.dirks@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Maaike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dirks
authors.forename: Louis W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Niessen
authors.forename: Robbert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huijsman
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Wijngaarden
authors.forename: Mirella M N
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Minkman
authors.forename: Cees L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: van Oostenbrugge
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Koudstaal
authors.forename: Diederik W J
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dippel
mesh_terms: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D012107:Research Design; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator