title: Citrus products decrease growth of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium in pure culture and in fermentation with mixed ruminal microorganisms in vitro.
abstract: Orange peel and orange pulp are by-products that are included in feedlot and dairy cattle diets because of their low cost and high nutritional quality. The antimicrobial activity of citrus oils has been reported previously. The present study was carried out to determine whether these citrus by-products exert antimicrobial effects on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium populations that are found in cattle gastrointestinal tracts. The growth of pure cultures (n = 3) of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium were reduced (p < 0.05) by addition of 2% (w/v) orange pulp and orange peel. Ruminal fluid was collected from cattle (n = 2) and E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella Typhimurium were added. The addition of orange pulp and peel to in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentations (n = 3) demonstrated that both orange pulp and peel reduced E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium populations at least 2 log(10) in mixed ruminal fluid fermentations. Addition of orange pulp reduced (p < 0.05) E. coli O157:H7 populations from 10(5) to 10(2) colony-forming units (CFU)/mL and Salmonella Typhimurium populations (p < 0.05) from 10(4) to 10(2) CFU/mL. These results indicate that orange pulp and/or peel included in ruminant diets could decrease ruminal populations of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Further research is needed to determine whether the antimicrobial activity of orange products against E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella Typhimurium is expressed in the lower gastrointestinal tract.
authors.affiliation: Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas 77845, USA. callaway@ffsru.tamu.edu
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Callaway
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Arthington
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Edrington
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Galyean
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ricke
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crandall
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Nisbet
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002417:Cattle; D002957:Citrus; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005516:Food Microbiology; D012417:Rumen / Q000382:microbiology*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents