title: Pediatric injuries from needles discarded in the community: epidemiology and risk of seroconversion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although anxiety exists concerning the perceived risk of transmission of bloodborne viruses after community-acquired needlestick injuries, seroconversion seems to be rare. The objectives of this study were to describe the epidemiology of pediatric community-acquired needlestick injuries and to estimate the risk of seroconversion for HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus in these events.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included all of the children presenting with community-acquired needlestick injuries to the Montreal Children's Hospital between 1988 and 2006 and to Hôpital Sainte-Justine between 1995 and 2006. Data were collected prospectively at Hôpital Sainte-Justine from 2001 to 2006. All of the other data were reviewed retrospectively by using a standardized case report form.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 274 patients were identified over a period of 19 years. Mean age was 7.9 +/- 3.4 years. A total of 176 (64.2%) were boys. Most injuries occurred in streets (29.2%) or parks (24.1%), and 64.6% of children purposely picked up the needle. Only 36 patients (13.1%) noted blood on the device. Among the 230 patients not known to be immune for hepatitis B virus, 189 (82.2%) received hepatitis B immunoglobulin, and 213 (92.6%) received hepatitis B virus vaccine. Prophylactic antiretroviral therapy was offered beginning in 1997. Of the 210 patients who presented thereafter, 82 (39.0%) received chemoprophylaxis, of whom 69 (84.1%) completed a 4-week course of therapy. The use of a protease inhibitor was not associated with a significantly higher risk of adverse effects or early discontinuation of therapy. At 6 months, 189 were tested for HIV, 167 for hepatitis B virus, and 159 for hepatitis C virus. There were no seroconversions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed no seroconversions in 274 pediatric community-acquired needlestick injuries, thereby confirming that the risk of transmission of bloodborne viruses in these events is very low.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Papenburg
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blais
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Hosni
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laferrière
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tapiero
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quach
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017848:Blood-Borne Pathogens / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000821:virology; D016602:Needlestick Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011336:Probability; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014505:Urban Population