title: Oily fish consumption, dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid intakes, and associations with neovascular age-related macular degeneration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fish intake, the major source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), may reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the association of oily fish and dietary DHA and EPA with neovascular AMD (NV-AMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants aged >/=65 y in the cross-sectional population-based EUREYE study underwent fundus photography and were interviewed by using a food-frequency questionnaire. Fundus images were graded by the International Classification System for Age Related Maculopathy. Questionnaire data were converted to nutrient intakes with the use of food-composition tables. Survey logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs of energy-adjusted quartiles of EPA or DHA with NV-AMD, taking into account potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary intake data and fundus images were available for 105 cases with NV-AMD and for 2170 controls without any features of early or late AMD. Eating oily fish at least once per week compared with less than once per week was associated with a halving of the odds of NV-AMD (OR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.33, 0.68; P = 0.002). Compared with the lowest quartile, there was a significant trend for decreased odds with increasing quartiles of either DHA or EPA. ORs in the highest quartiles were 0.32 (95% CI: 0.12, 0.87; P = 0.03) for DHA and 0.29 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.73; P = 0.02) for EPA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eating oily fish at least once per week compared with less than once per week was associated with a halving of the OR for NV-AMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Augood
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Chakravarthy
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vioque
authors.forename: Paulus T V M
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bentham
authors.forename: Mati
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahu
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seland
authors.forename: Gisele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Soubrane
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tomazzoli
authors.forename: Fotis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Topouzis
authors.forename: Johannes R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Vingerling
authors.forename: Astrid E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Fletcher
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D005395:Fish Oils; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid