title: Residual hemothorax after chest tube placement correlates with increased risk of empyema following traumatic injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Empyema complicates tube thoracostomy following trauma in up to 10% of cases. Studies of potential risk factors of empyema have included use of antibiotics, site of injury and technique of chest tube placement. Residual fluid has also been cited as a risk factor for empyema, although the imaging technique to identify this varies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether residual hemothorax detected by chest x-ray (CXR) after one or more initial chest tubes predicts an increased risk of empyema.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study of patients admitted to two level I trauma centres between January 7, 2004, and December 31, 2004, was conducted. All patients who received a chest tube in the emergency department, did not undergo thoracotomy within 24 h, and survived more than two days were followed. Empyema was defined as a pleural effusion with positive cultures, and a ratio of pleural fluid lactate dehydrogenase to serum lactate dehydrogenase greater than 0.6 in the setting of elevated leukocyte count and fever. Factors analyzed included the presence of retained hemothorax on CXR after the most recent tube placement in the emergency room, age, mechanism of injury and injury severity score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 102 patients met the criteria. Nine patients (9%) developed empyema: seven of 21 patients (33%) with residual hemothorax developed empyema versus two of 81 patients (2%) without residual hemothorax developed empyema (P=0.001). Injury severity score was significantly higher in those who developed empyema (31.4+/-26) versus those who did not (22.6+/-13; P=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of residual hemothorax detected by CXR after tube thoracostomy should prompt further efforts, including thoracoscopy, to drain it. With increasing injury severity, there may be increased benefit in terms of reducing empyema with this approach.
authors: Department of Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98664, USA. rkarmyjo@swmedicalcenter.com
authors: Riyad
authors: R
authors: Karmy-Jones
authors: Michele
authors: M
authors: Holevar
authors: Ryan J
authors: RJ
authors: Sullivan
authors: Ani
authors: A
authors: Fleisig
authors: Gregory J
authors: GJ
authors: Jurkovich
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015505:Chest Tubes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006491:Hemothorax / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D013906:Thoracoscopy; D013907:Thoracostomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices