title: Prognostic factors in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: analysis of 196 patients treated at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the role of primary tumor histopathological features for predicting regional metastasis and the prognosis in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  From April 1996 to January 2007, 202 consecutive patients with penile carcinoma underwent surgical treatment at our institution. Of these patients 196 were studied to identify prognostic factors. All histological specimens were examined by the same pathologist. We considered certain histological parameters, including histological grade, invasion depth, lymphovascular embolization, perineural infiltration, infiltration of the corpus cavernosum or spongiosum, urethral infiltration and koilocytosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Variables significantly associated with regional metastasis on univariate analysis were stage stratification (p = 0.0338), histological grade (p = 0.0112), invasion depth (0.0114), lymphovascular embolization (p <0.0001), perineural infiltration (p = 0.0092), corpora cavernosa infiltration (p = 0.0005) and koilocytosis (p = 0.0013). In the multivariable model lymphovascular embolization and absent koilocytosis were independent risk factors for lymphatic metastasis (p = 0.001 and 0.009, respectively). We also found a better survival rate in patients with koilocytosis and without lymphovascular embolization (p = 0.001 and 0.005, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lymphovascular embolization and absent koilocytosis were independent prognostic factors for the risk of lymphatic metastasis. Patients with koilocytosis and without lymphovascular embolization had better 5-year survival.
authors: Department of Urology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ornellasa@hotmail.com
authors: Antonio Augusto
authors: AA
authors: Ornellas
authors: Bernardo Lindenberg Braga
authors: BL
authors: Nóbrega
authors: Eduardo
authors: E
authors: Wei Kin Chin
authors: Aristóteles
authors: A
authors: Wisnescky
authors: Paulo Cesar Barbosa
authors: PC
authors: da Silva
authors: Aline Barros
authors: AB
authors: de Santos Schwindt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001938:Brazil; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality* / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor