title: Clitoral sexual arousal: neuronal tracing study from the clitoris through the spinal tracts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although genital tactile stimulation is regarded as a precursor to sexual arousal and a recognized initiator of central nervous system arousal, specific afferent neural pathways transmit sensory stimuli of arousal, beginning at the epithelial level on the clitoris and following the course of arousal stimuli through the central nervous system. Limited knowledge exists of the pathway from the cutaneous receptors of nerves originating in the epithelial tissue of the clitoris and continuing to spinal cord afferents. Such information may contribute to an understanding of sexual arousal, particularly in female vertebrates. We further defined the neural pathways and mechanisms responsible for arousal originating in the epithelium of the clitoris as well as related neural pathways to the spinal cord in a murine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a comprehensive review of the published relevant clinical and histological material from human and nonhuman vertebrate studies. In 29 adult female C57B1/6 mice the distribution of pelvic nerves and vessels was mapped. Gross dissection of 4 female mice was facilitated by resin injection of the vascular system in 2. Neuronal tracing was performed in 25 mice that received clitoral injection of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the clitoris and were sacrificed after 72 to 96 hours. The spinal cord and periclitoral tissue were removed and fixed. Immunohistochemistry was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gross anatomy of the mouse clitoris showed that pudendal and hypogastric nerves have a major role in the innervation of the external genitalia. Neuronal tracing revealed that the greatest nerve density was noted in the L5/6 spinal cord. The distribution extended from S1 to L2 with no labeling seen in the L3 spinal cord. Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase labeling was seen caudal in levels S1 through L4 and rostral in L2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding the neuroanatomy of the clitoris using a murine model may provide a valuable tool for the study of sexual arousal disorders and the further understanding of sexual function related to neural pathologies and trauma.
authors: Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.
authors: Nieves
authors: N
authors: Martin-Alguacil
authors: Justine M
authors: JM
authors: Schober
authors: Dale R
authors: DR
authors: Sengelaub
authors: Donald W
authors: DW
authors: Pfaff
authors: Deborah N
authors: DN
authors: Shelley
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D002987:Clitoris / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D004210:Dissection; D005260:Female; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D023421:Models, Animal; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000502:physiology; D009948:Orgasm / Q000502:physiology*; D010784:Photomicrography; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D014909:Wheat Germ Agglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D014909:Wheat Germ Agglutinins; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase