title: Clinical, pathological, and molecular correlates in ferroportin disease: a study of two novel mutations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinico-pathological manifestations of ferroportin (Fpn) disease (FD) are heterogeneous, with some patients presenting with iron overload predominantly in macrophages ("M" phenotype), others predominantly in hepatocytes ("H" phenotype). This appears to reflect functional heterogeneity of Fpn mutants, with loss-of-function generally resulting in the M type.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two unrelated probands with "non-HFE" hemochromatosis were screened for Fpn mutations. Mutants were functionally characterized by immunofluorescence microscopy, evaluation of their ability to bind hepcidin and export iron, and by expressing them in zebrafish.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two novel Fpn mutations were identified: I152F in patient-1, presenting with typical M phenotype; and L233P in patient-2, presenting with ambiguous features (massive overload in both macrophages and hepatocytes). Molecular studies suggested loss of function in both cases. The I152F, normally localized on cell membrane and internalized by hepcidin, showed a unique "primary" deficit of iron export capability. The L233P did not appropriately traffic to cell surface. Loss of function was confirmed by expressing both mutants in vivo in zebrafish, resulting in iron limited erythropoiesis. Clinical manifestations were likely enhanced in both patients by non-genetic factors (HCV, alcohol).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of careful review of clinico-pathological data with molecular studies can yield compelling explanations for phenotype heterogeneity in FD.
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Verona, Italy. domenico.girelli@univr.it
authors: Domenico
authors: D
authors: Girelli
authors: Ivana
authors: I
authors: De Domenico
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: Bozzini
authors: Natascia
authors: N
authors: Campostrini
authors: Fabiana
authors: F
authors: Busti
authors: Annalisa
authors: A
authors: Castagna
authors: Nadia
authors: N
authors: Soriani
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Cremonesi
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: Ferrari
authors: Romano
authors: R
authors: Colombari
authors: Diane
authors: D
authors: McVey Ward
authors: Jerry
authors: J
authors: Kaplan
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Corrocher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D001706:Biopsy; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006432:Hemochromatosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D064451:Hepcidins; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D015027:Zebrafish; D000098742:Ferroportin
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; C578702:HAMP protein, human; D064451:Hepcidins; D000098742:Ferroportin; D007501:Iron