title: Selective axillary node sampling and radiotherapy to the axilla in the management of breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Axillary treatment for patients with early-stage breast cancer can be associated with considerable morbidity. Techniques, such as axillary node sampling (ANS) and, more recently, sentinel node biopsy, in combination with radiotherapy have the potential to reduce toxicity. A retrospective review of axillary treatment in patients with early-stage breast cancer treated at our institution between 1997 and 2003 was carried out to assess the outcome and morbidity of ANS in combination with radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The treatment policy was to carry out four-node, Edinburgh-style ANS except in those cases with either palpably enlarged nodes or cytological confirmation of involvement or with clinically obvious node involvement at surgery when level 2 axillary node clearance (ANC) was carried out. Patients with involved nodes after ANS received postoperative axillary radiotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 381 patients were included, 331 received ANS and 50 received ANC. The median follow-up was 6.5 years and overall survival at 5 years was 84%. Pathologically involved nodes were found in 152/331 (50%) ANS patients and 43/50 (86%) ANC patients. The rate of local recurrence (breast or chest wall) at 5 years was 4% (95% confidence interval 1-17%) in the ANC group and 2% (95% confidence interval 1-4%) in the ANS group. The nodal recurrence rate of those undergoing ANS was 3% (11/331) compared with 6% (3/50) for those treated by ANC. The rate of clinically significant lymphoedema at 5 years was significantly higher (P=0.01) in the ANC arm: 18% (95% confidence interval 9-32%) compared with 5% (95% confidence interval 3-8%) in those treated by ANS. Thirty-one cases received additional supraclavicular fossa irradiation because of the involvement of more than four nodes on ANS, which may not have been available with sentinel node biopsy and has implications for current practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selective ANS with the removal of a minimum of four nodes guides optimal locoregional treatment with good local control rates, low overall morbidity and may obviate the need for a second surgical procedure.
authors: University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. jaketanguay@aol.com
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Tanguay
authors: D R
authors: DR
authors: Ford
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Sadler
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Buckley
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Uppal
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Cross
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Holmes
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Fortes Mayer
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Fernando
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011182:Postoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods*