title: Two anomalous cardiovascular responses to active standing in essential hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a previous work we studied, non-invasively, autonomic nervous system control of circulation in healthy subjects, observing the hemodynamic reaction to active standing. We now propose to extend this analysis to essential hypertension (EH), investigating possible autonomic dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cardiovascular response to postural change from the supine position to active standing of 48 EH patients, of both sexes, with and without medication, was compared with that obtained for healthy subjects. We evaluated arterial systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, stroke volume (SV), inotropic index (INOI), total vascular resistance (TVR), cardiac work (W), stroke work (SW), arterial compliance (AC) and heart rate (HR), using the entirely non-invasive BoMed NCCOM3 thoracic electrical bioimpedance monitor and sphygmomanometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found two patient groups characterized by different linear relationships between values of cardiovascular variables in active standing and in supine positions. Except for HR, in both groups these regression lines differed from normal. Compared to the supine position, in active standing, one group (EH-I) presented increased TVR, diminished SV, INOI, W, SW, and AC, and normal HR; the other group (EH-II) presented diminished TVR and HR and increased SV, INOI, W, SW and AC. The two patient groups could be separated on the basis of their age, but not on the basis of their systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures, gender or medication. The younger patient group (EH-I) included 28 subjects aged 24 to 69 years (50+/-10), of whom 11 were unmedicated, and the older patient group (EH-II) included 20 subjects aged 35 to 75 years (62+/-11), of whom 7 were unmedicated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show a depressed response in postural change for older patients, which in the autonomic control of circulation expresses carotid baroreflex impairment, and conversely an enhanced response for younger patients, which can be caused by a maladjustment of the influence of cardiopulmonary mechanoreflexes in the alance with arterial baroreflexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work suggests the existence of two different levels of dysautonomia in EH, according to age. The deterministic changes in cardiovascular variables after postural change show that, regarding autonomic nervous system control to maintain homeostasis, certain circulatory statuses are favored.
authors: Laboratório Moniz de Bettencourt, Instituto de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors: M Joaquina
authors: MJ
authors: Bettencourt
authors: Basílio Gomes
authors: BG
authors: Pinto
authors: E Infante
authors: EI
authors: de Oliveira
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Silva-Carvalho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult