title: Reduction of pain-related fear and disability in post-traumatic neck pain: a replicated single-case experimental study of exposure in vivo.
abstract: For patients with acute post-traumatic neck pain (PTNP), pain-related fear has been identified as a potential predictor of chronic disability. If such is the case, fear reduction should enhance the prevention of further pain disability and distress after traumatic neck pain disability. However, exposure-based treatments have not been tested in patients with PTNP. Using a replicated single-case crossover phase design with multiple measurements, this study examined whether the validity of a graded exposure in vivo, as compared with usual graded activity, extends to PTNP. Eight patients who reported substantial pain-related fear were included in the study. Daily changes in pain intensity, pain-related fear, pain catastrophizing, and activity goal achievement were assessed. Before and after each intervention, and at 6-month follow-up, standardized questionnaires of pain-related fear and pain disability were administered, and, to quantify daily physical activity level, patients carried an ambulatory activity monitor. The results showed decreasing levels of self-reported pain-related fear, pain intensity, disability, and improvements in physical activity level only when graded exposure in vivo was introduced, and not in the graded activity condition. The results are discussed in the context of the search for customized treatments for PTNP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study showing that the effects of graded exposure in vivo generalize to patients with chronic PTNP reporting elevated levels of pain-related fear. This could help clinicians to customize treatments for PTNP.
authors: Department of Rehabilitation, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. jeroen.dejong@dep.unimaas.nl
authors: Jeroen R
authors: JR
authors: de Jong
authors: Karoline
authors: K
authors: Vangronsveld
authors: Madelon L
authors: ML
authors: Peters
authors: Mariëlle E J B
authors: ME
authors: Goossens
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Onghena
authors: Isis
authors: I
authors: Bulté
authors: Johan W S
authors: JW
authors: Vlaeyen
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000502:physiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003887:Desensitization, Psychologic; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome