title: A population-based screening for microalbuminuria among relatives of CKD patients: the Kidney Evaluation and Awareness Program in Sheffield (KEAPS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microalbuminuria has been used to detect subjects at risk of cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with diabetes, those with hypertension, and the general population. However, relatives of patients with CKD have not been investigated for microalbuminuria in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study evaluating the prevalence of microalbuminuria in relatives of patients with CKD compared with the general population of Sheffield, England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in the Kidney Evaluation and Awareness Program in Sheffield, a population-based screening program for microalbuminuria. 274 relatives of patients with CKD were studied and compared with an age- and sex-matched control group from the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family history of CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Screening tools included a questionnaire collating information for demographics, lifestyle, and medical and family history of diabetes, hypertension, and CKD. Urine samples were collected for microalbuminuria estimation. Microalbuminuria measurements were obtained by using immunonephelometry. Microalbuminuria thresholds were defined using albumin-creatinine ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of microalbuminuria was 9.5% in those with a family history of CKD. This was significantly greater than the prevalence of 1.4% in the age- and sex-matched control group with no family history of CKD (P = 0.001). Independent determinants of microalbuminuria in the study population in an adjusted logistic regression model were family history of diabetes (odds ratio [OR], 2.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.17 to 7.04), obesity (OR, 3.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.61 to 6.69), and family history of CKD (OR, 6.96; 95% confidence interval, 3.48 to 13.92).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cross-sectional snapshot analysis, microalbuminuria measured once.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of microalbuminuria in relatives of patients with CKD is greater than in an age- and sex-matched control group from the general population. The prognostic value of microalbuminuria in this category of at-risk population remains to be determined in longitudinal studies.
authors: Sheffield Kidney Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors: Aminu K
authors: AK
authors: Bello
authors: Jean
authors: J
authors: Peters
authors: Jeremy
authors: J
authors: Wight
authors: Dick
authors: D
authors: de Zeeuw
authors: Meguid
authors: M
authors: El Nahas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics; D015995:Prevalence