Live, attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vehicles are strong inducers of immunity toward influenza B virus.
Historically, vaccines developed toward influenza viruses of the B type using methodologies developed for influenza A viruses as a blueprint have not been equally efficacious or effective. Because most influenza research and public attention concerns influenza A viruses, these shortcomings have not been adequately addressed. In this manuscript, we utilized different influenza vaccine vehicles to compare immunogenicity and protection in mice and ferrets after vaccination against an influenza B virus. We report that plasmid DNA vaccines demonstrate low immunogenicity profiles and poor protection compared to either whole, inactivated influenza virus (IIV) or, live, attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines. When mixed prime:boost regimens using LAIV and IIV were studied, we observed a boosting effect in mice after priming with LAIV that was not seen when IIV was used as the prime. In ferrets LAIV induced high antibody titers after a single dose and provided a boost in IIV-primed animals. Regimens including LAIV as a prime demonstrated enhanced protection, and adjuvantation was required for efficacy using the IIV preparation. Our results differ from generally accepted influenza A virus vaccine models, and argue that strategies for control of influenza B virus should be considered separately from those for influenza A virus.
Huber
Victor C
VC
Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA.
Kleimeyer
Loren H
LH
McCullers
Jonathan A
JA
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000534:Alum Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005289:Ferrets; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000662:veterinary*; D010957:Plasmids; D016865:Reassortant Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000276:immunology; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000276:immunology; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000534:Alum Compounds; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; C041524:aluminum sulfate