Venous malformations: classification, development, diagnosis, and interventional radiologic management.
Venous malformations are categorized as low-flow vascular malformations within the domain of vascular anomalies and are the most common vascular malformation encountered clinically. Venous malformations are by definition present at birth, undergo pari passu growth, and present clinically because of symptoms related to mass effect or stasis. Although diagnosis can usually be made by clinical history and examination, differentiation from other vascular and nonvascular entities often requires an imaging work-up that includes ultrasound, CT, MR imaging, and diagnostic phlebography. All decisions regarding imaging work-up and decision to treat must be coordinated though referral and discussions with a multidisciplinary team and be based on clearly defined clinical indications. Percutaneous image-guided sclerotherapy has become the mainstay of treatment for venous malformations and involves the introduction of any one of a number of endothelial-cidal sclerosants into the vascular spaces of the lesion, with each sclerosant possessing its own unique spectrum of advantages and disadvantages.
Legiehn
Gerald M
GM
Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, 899 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada. gerald@telus.net
Heran
Manraj K S
MK
D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D010690:Phlebography / Q000379:methods*; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology / Q000628:therapy; D014680:Veins / Q000002:abnormalities*