title: Comparison of the in vitro hemolytic effects produced by alkoxyacetic acids on human and rat erythrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The alkoxyacetic acids (AAAs) are urinary metabolites of alkoxyethanol solvents. It is well documented that these chemicals can cause acute hemolytic anemia in humans and laboratory animals. There are scarce data on the relative hemolytic activity of these acids. Likewise, information is lacking on the relationship between their hemolytic activity and physicochemical properties. The aim of this study was to compare the hemolytic activity of five AAAs in red blood cells (RBCs) derived from donors' blood and male Wistar rats. Moreover, the possible relationship between lipophilic and hemolytic activity of AAAs was also investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The RBCs washed in TRIS buffer, pH 7.4, were adjusted to a packed cell volume (PCV) of about 20% and incubated in a water bath at 37 degrees C for 0-3 h in the presence of different concentrations of AAAs. The hemolytic effects, in terms of the changes in RBCs, PCV, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and free hemoglobin (HGBfree) in incubation medium, were evaluated. Based on the dose-response relationship for RBCs, PCV and MCV, the effective concentration values (EC50) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. The octanol-water partition coefficient (log P) and distribution coefficient (log D) of AAAs were computed using PALLAS software. The correlation between log P and log D values for AAAs at pH 7.4 and their EC50 was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human RBCs were 1.9-3.1 times more resistant to the hemolytic activity of AAAs than rat erythrocytes. Also, the hemolytic activity of individual AAAs did not differ considerably; the maximum differences ranging from 2.0 to 3.3. The EC50 values of AAAs highly correlated with their log P and log D values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relatively small differences between the hemolytic effects of AAAs on rat and human erythrocytes may be associated with the strong acidity and relatively similar lipophilicity of these chemicals.
authors: Department of Biochemical Toxicology Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland. mfstarek@cyf-kr.edu.pl
authors: Andrzej
authors: A
authors: Starek
authors: Jolanta
authors: J
authors: Szabla
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Kieć-Kononowicz
authors: Wiesław
authors: W
authors: Szymczak
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000506:poisoning / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates