title: Psychosocial functioning among bipolar youth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence indicates that children and adolescents with bipolar disorder (BP) experience significant functional impairment. However, little is known about the association between psychosocial functioning and episodes of illness, demographic, and clinical variables in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects included 446 patients aged 7 to 17 diagnosed with DSM-IV bipolar disorder via the K-SADS for the Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth (COBY) study. The Psychosocial Functioning Schedule of the Adolescent Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Assessment (A-LIFE) was administered at study intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mild to moderate levels of psychosocial impairment were evident in work (includes academics), interpersonal, and overall domains of functioning among BP youth. Multivariate analyses indicated that the strongest predictors of psychosocial impairment were adolescence (regardless of age of onset), current mood episode, current affective symptom severity, current psychotic symptoms, and current comorbid conduct disorder. Bipolar youth in-episode were significantly more impaired than those in partial remission/recovery in every functional domain examined and were less satisfied with their functioning. Yet, BP youth in partial remission/recovery reported significant psychosocial impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limitations include the reliance on patient and parent retrospective report of psychosocial functioning. Additionally, we did not account for the impact of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions on functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest pediatric BP is associated with significant impairment in psychosocial functioning during and between episodes, with greater impairment during mood episodes than during partial remission/recovery. Additionally, functional impairment in BP appears to increase during adolescence regardless of age of onset. Clinicians should carefully assess and address psychosocial impairment during and between mood episodes, with particular attention to the functioning of BP adolescents.
authors: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. goldsteintr@upmc.edu
authors: Tina R
authors: TR
authors: Goldstein
authors: Boris
authors: B
authors: Birmaher
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Axelson
authors: Benjamin I
authors: BI
authors: Goldstein
authors: Mary Kay
authors: MK
authors: Gill
authors: Christianne
authors: C
authors: Esposito-Smythers
authors: Neal D
authors: ND
authors: Ryan
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Strober
authors: Jeffrey
authors: J
authors: Hunt
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Keller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires