title: A diary study to open up the black box of overtime work among university faculty members.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed at opening up the black box of overtime work among university faculty members by providing information on (i) when faculty members work overtime, (ii) what activities are undertaken during overtime, and (iii) how overtime is experienced.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected among 120 Dutch faculty members who completed a general questionnaire (addressing general overtime hours, work characteristics, and well-being) and a 9-day diary study (with information on daily overtime hours, activities, and experiences). Analyses of variance were used to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overtime was very prevalent among faculty members, high overtime workers being nonfatigued, engaged employees with positive work characteristics. Overtime was unevenly distributed over the week, being common on Sunday and Monday and uncommon on Friday and Saturday. Overtime activities during the weekend differed from those during the workweek, relatively much time being spent on research during weekend overtime. Overtime activities were experienced differently than activities during regular hours, overtime work being experienced as less effortful and less stressful than regular workhours and weekend overtime being less pleasurable than regular hours and evening overtime.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This detailed day-to-day mapping and evaluation of overtime work contributes to a better understanding of overtime work by demonstrating meaningful patterns of overtime over the (work)week and meaningful associations between overtime activities and time-contingent experiences. It is suggested that worktime control plays an important role in explaining the results.
authors: Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, NL-6500 HE Nijmegen, Netherlands. d.beckers@psych.ru.nl
authors: Debby G J
authors: DG
authors: Beckers
authors: Madelon L M
authors: ML
authors: van Hooff
authors: Dimitri
authors: D
authors: van der Linden
authors: Michiel A J
authors: MA
authors: Kompier
authors: Toon W
authors: TW
authors: Taris
authors: Sabine A E
authors: SA
authors: Geurts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005178:Faculty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities / Q000458:organization & administration; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance; D000078329:Workforce; D016526:Workload / Q000706:statistics & numerical data