title: How to use a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article introduces practicing urologists to the critical appraisal of systematic reviews and meta-analyses to guide their evidence-based clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a urological clinical case scenario we introduce a 3-step process in evaluating systematic reviews and meta-analyses by considering 1) the validity of the review results, 2) what the results are, and 3) the extent to which the results can and should be applied to patient care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A systematic review seeks to synthesize the medical literature about a specific clinical question using explicit methods to perform a comprehensive literature search, identify and select eligible studies, critically appraise their methods, and judiciously summarize the results considering how they vary with study characteristics. When this summary involves statistical methods, ie a meta-analysis, reviewers can offer a pooled estimate that will have greater precision and will apply more broadly than the individual studies. The quality of the underlying studies, the consistency of results across studies and the precision of the pooled estimate can considerably affect the strength of inference from systematic reviews.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Valid systematic reviews of high quality studies can increase the confidence with which urologists and patients make evidence-based decisions. Thus, urologists need to recognize the inherent limitations, understand the results and apply them judiciously to patient care.
authors: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. tseng003@mc.duke.edu
authors: Timothy Y
authors: TY
authors: Tseng
authors: Philipp
authors: P
authors: Dahm
authors: Rudolf W
authors: RW
authors: Poolman
authors: Glenn M
authors: GM
authors: Preminger
authors: Benjamin J
authors: BJ
authors: Canales
authors: Victor M
authors: VM
authors: Montori
mesh_terms: D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D014572:Urology / Q000193:education*