title: Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by blocking IkappaB kinase with noraristeromycin.
abstract: Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) is one of the critical transcription factors in inflammatory responses and replication of viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In fact, it has been demonstrated that various NF-kappaB inhibitors could block HIV replication. To explore more potent NF-kappaB inhibitors, we focused on carbocyclic adenine nucleosides that had been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. We synthesized 15 carbocyclic adenine nucleoside compounds and examined their effects on the NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression using HEK293 cell line. Among these compounds, noraristeromycin (NAM) exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect on the NF-kappaB activity under the non-cytotoxic concentrations. NAM-inhibited IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation upon stimulation of cells with tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). In addition, NAM prevented p65 phoshorylation. These findings suggested that both IkappaB kinase-alpha (IKK-alpha) and -beta were targeted by NAM. Interestingly, in vitro kinase assay revealed that NAM inhibited the kinase activity of IKK-alpha more potently than that of IKK-beta. When we treated the cell lines, OM10.1 and Molt4/IIIB, in which HIV-1 is latently and chronically infected, we found a strong suppressive effect of NAM on HIV-1 viral replication upon stimulation with TNF-alpha.
authors: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan.
authors: Kaori
authors: K
authors: Asamitsu
authors: Tsuyoshi
authors: T
authors: Yamaguchi
authors: Kenji
authors: K
authors: Nakata
authors: Yurina
authors: Y
authors: Hibi
authors: Ann-Florence B
authors: AF
authors: Victoriano
authors: Kenichi
authors: K
authors: Imai
authors: Kikuo
authors: K
authors: Onozaki
authors: Yukio
authors: Y
authors: Kitade
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Okamoto
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B; C076829:5'-noraristeromycin; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D000241:Adenosine