title: A novel dominant negative mutation of OTX2 associated with combined pituitary hormone deficiency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) is characterized by deficiencies in more than one anterior pituitary hormone. Mutations in developmental factors responsible for pituitary cell specification and gene expression have been found in CPHD patients. OTX2, a bicoid class homeodomain protein, is necessary for both forebrain development and transactivation of the HESX1 promoter, but as of yet, has not been associated with CPHD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to identify and characterize novel mutations in pituitary specific transcription factors from CPHD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA was isolated from patients with hypopituitarism to amplify and sequence eight pituitary specific transcription factors (HESX1, LHX3, LHX4, OTX2, PITX2, POU1F1, PROP1, and SIX6). Characterization of novel mutations is based on structural and functional studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We describe two unrelated children with CPHD who presented with neonatal hypoglycemia, and deficiencies of GH, TSH, LH, FSH, and ACTH. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed anterior pituitary hypoplasia with an ectopic posterior pituitary. A novel heterozygous OTX2 mutation (N233S) was identified. Wild-type and mutant OTX2 proteins bind equivalently to bicoid binding sites, whereas mutant OTX2 revealed decreased transactivation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A novel mutation in OTX2 binds normally to target genes and acts as a dominant negative inhibitor of HESX1 gene expression. This suggests that the expression of HESX1, required for spaciotemporal development of anterior pituitary cell types, when disrupted, results in an absent or underdeveloped anterior pituitary with diminished hormonal expression. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism for CPHD and extend our knowledge of the spectrum of gene mutations causing CPHD.
authors: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, CMSC 406, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Diaczok
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Romero
authors: Janice
authors: J
authors: Zunich
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: Marshall
authors: Sally
authors: S
authors: Radovick
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D017931:DNA Primers; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000150:complications; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D006932:Hyperbilirubinemia / Q000150:complications; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000150:complications; D007018:Hypopituitarism / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D051857:Otx Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; C489736:HESX1 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C497659:OTX2 protein, human; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D051857:Otx Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors