title: Intramuscular pressures in antigravity muscles using gravity-independent, pneumatic hardware.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resistive exercise helps prevent muscle atrophy in microgravity, but better exercise equipment is needed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if a pneumatic, gravity-independent leg-press device (LPD) provides sufficient force to leg musculature. We hypothesized that intramuscular pressure (IMP), a quantitative index of muscle force, is greater in the antigravity superficial posterior and deep posterior compartments than in the non-antigravity anterior compartment during bilateral leg-press exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  Millar pressure transducers were inserted into the anterior, lateral, superficial posterior, and deep posterior muscle compartments of the left leg of eight healthy subjects (three women, five men). Subjects were supine on the Keiser SX-1, a pneumatic LPD. Then maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was determined; each subject performed three consecutive voluntary contractions at approximately 18%, 50%, and 100% MVC while continuously measuring IMP. Repeated measures ANOVA were used to determine differences of IMPs between compartments and loads.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The magnitudes of IMP (mean +/- SEM) at 18 - 3% (abbreviated approximately 18%), 50%, and 100% MVC in the superficial and deep posterior compartments were significantly greater than that in the anterior compartment during exercise (P < 0.05). Additionally, IMPs in all four compartments significantly rose as resistance increased at approximately 18%, 50%, and 100% MVC (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The LPD provides significantly increased resistance to all four compartments, but with greater loading of the antigravity compartments as compared to the non-antigravity compartment. Since antigravity muscles of the leg are contained primarily in the superficial and deep posterior compartments, the LPD may help prevent muscle atrophy associated with microgravity.
authors: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, 350 Dickinson Street, Suite #121, San Diego, CA 92103-8894, USA.
authors: Brandon R
authors: BR
authors: Macias
authors: Ranjeet
authors: R
authors: Minocha
authors: Adnan A
authors: AA
authors: Cutuk
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Hill
authors: Jonathon
authors: J
authors: Shiau
authors: Alan R
authors: AR
authors: Hargens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004867:Equipment Design; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011312:Pressure; D014893:Weightlessness