title: The role of cystoscopy in the diagnosis of Hunner's ulcer disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interstitial cystitis can be classified into Hunner's ulcer and nonulcer disease, which are easily distinguished by cystoscopic examination. Although therapeutic options may differ between these 2 groups, the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis is currently established by many clinicians in the absence of cystoscopy. We determined whether clinical parameters alone without cystoscopic evaluation could reliably distinguish the patient with Hunner's ulcer vs nonHunner's ulcer disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected on 184 women and 39 men who met National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases criteria for interstitial cystitis and who were evaluated at our institution between 1990 and 2005. A total of 86 patients with Hunner's ulcer were consecutively identified. Of patients with nonHunner's ulcer disease seen during that period a cohort of 137 who were consecutively identified were selected as a comparison group. Clinical data on each patient were collected. The groups were compared by the 2-sample t test, the Mann-Whitney test when appropriate and the chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in clinical parameters were found between women and men in either group. The female-to-male ratio was 6:1 and 3:1 in the nonHunner's and Hunner's ulcer groups, respectively. The mean age of patients with Hunner's ulcer was significantly higher than that of patients with nonHunner's ulcer disease (60 vs 47 years, t test p <0.001). No significant differences in symptom duration, history of gross hematuria, history of comorbid disease or visual analog pain scores were found between the 2 groups. Microscopic hematuria was present in 27 (31%) and 29 patients (21%) with Hunner's ulcer and nonHunner's ulcer disease, respectively (chi-square test p <0.086).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there have been recently published methods and markers by which to differentiate Hunner's ulcer vs nonHunner's ulcer interstitial cystitis, our data demonstrate that standard clinical evaluation cannot reliably distinguish these groups. These findings suggest that cystoscopy is needed to accurately identify patients with Hunner's ulcer.
authors: Arthur Smith Institute for Urology, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, New York 11040, USA.
authors: Rebecca
authors: R
authors: Braunstein
authors: Edan
authors: E
authors: Shapiro
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Kaye
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Moldwin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014456:Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis