title: In vivo nonmelanoma skin cancer diagnosis using Raman microspectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonmelanoma skin cancers, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), are the most common skin cancers, presenting nearly as many cases as all other cancers combined. The current gold-standard for clinical diagnosis of these lesions is histopathologic examination, an invasive, time-consuming procedure. There is thus considerable interest in developing a real-time, automated, noninvasive tool for nonmelanoma skin cancer diagnosis. In this study, we explored the capability of Raman microspectroscopy to provide differential diagnosis of BCC, SCC, inflamed scar tissue, and normal tissue in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on the results of previous in vitro studies, we developed a portable confocal Raman system with a handheld probe for clinical study. Using this portable system, we measured Raman spectra of 21 suspected nonmelanoma skin cancers in 19 patients with matched normal skin spectra. These spectra were input into nonlinear diagnostic algorithms to predict pathological designation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the BCC (9/9), SCC (4/4), and inflamed scar tissues (8/8) were correctly predicted by the diagnostic algorithm, and 19 out of 21 normal tissues were correctly classified. This translates into a 100% (21/21) sensitivity and 91% (19/21) specificity for abnormality, with a 95% (40/42) overall classification accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings reveal Raman microspectroscopy to be a viable tool for real-time diagnosis and guidance of nonmelanoma skin cancer resection.
authors: CHOC Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California 92868, USA. clieber@choc.org
authors: Chad A
authors: CA
authors: Lieber
authors: Shovan K
authors: SK
authors: Majumder
authors: Darrel L
authors: DL
authors: Ellis
authors: D Dean
authors: DD
authors: Billheimer
authors: Anita
authors: A
authors: Mahadevan-Jansen
mesh_terms: D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*