title: A three-dimensional look for facial differences between males and females in a British-Caucasian sample aged 151/2 years old.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optical surface scanning accurately records the three-dimension (3D) shape of the face non-invasively. Many software programs have been developed to process and analyze the 3D data, enabling the clinicians to create average templates for groups of subjects to provide a comparison of facial shape.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Differences in facial morphology of males and females were identified using a laser scan imaging technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was undertaken on 380 British-Caucasian children aged 15 and a half year old, recruited from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). 3D facial images were obtained for each individual using two high resolution Konica/Minolta laser scanners. The scan quality was assessed and any unsuitable scans were excluded from the study. Average facial templates were created for males and females, and a registration technique was used to superimpose the facial shells of males and females so that facial differences can be quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty unsuitable scans were excluded from the study. The final sample consisted of 350 subjects (166 females, 184 males). Females tend to have more prominent eyes and cheeks in relation to males with a maximum difference of 2.4 mm. Males tend to have more prominent noses and mouths with a maximum difference of 2.7 mm. About 31% of the facial shells match exactly (no difference), mainly in the forehead and chin regions of the face.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in facial morphology can be accurately quantified and visualized using 3D imaging technology. This method of facial assessment can be recommended and applied for future research studies to assess facial soft tissue changes because of growth or healthcare intervention.
authors: Department of Applied Clinical Research & Public Health (Orthodontic Department), Dental School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK. TomaA@cardiff.ac.uk
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Toma
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Zhurov
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Playle
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Richmond
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D010781:Photography; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D006113:United Kingdom; D044465:White People