title: [Effects of preoperative ketamine on postoperative pain in patients undergoing laparotomy].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effects of preoperative ketamine on postoperative pain in patients undergoing laparotomy have been controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two patients undergoing elective laparotomy were enrolled in this retrospective study. Patients were classified into 3 groups according to anesthetic management; patients received general anesthesia alone with preoperative ketamine (n = 20), patients received epidural blockade and general anesthesia with preoperative ketamine (n = 15), and patients received epidural blockade and general anesthesia without preoperative ketamine (n = 17). Among the three groups, we compared the parameters concerning postoperative pain managements; frequency of complaining about pain, opioid consumption, incidence of nausea and vomiting in the first 24 hours after laparotomy, and ability of ambulation on the first postoperative day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the three groups, there were no significant differences in all parameters concerning postoperative pain management described above.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study imply that preoperative ketamine may elicit preemptive analgesic effects, and can be an efficient adjuvant to postoperative pain management for patients undergoing laparotomy.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655.
authors: Takayuki
authors: T
authors: Kitamura
authors: Gaku
authors: G
authors: Kawamura
authors: Shoko
authors: S
authors: Iwanaga
authors: Nagara
authors: N
authors: Ohno
authors: Makoto
authors: M
authors: Ogawa
authors: Yoshitsugu
authors: Y
authors: Yamada
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007813:Laparotomy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D007649:Ketamine