title: In vivo linear microcracks of human femoral cortical bone remain parallel to osteons during aging.
abstract: Previous studies have examined the density of microdamage within the cortex of long bones mostly from the viewpoint that is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone. The goal of the present work is to conduct a systematic characterization of the microcracks from a viewpoint that is parallel to the long axis of a load-bearing bone, the femur, so as to gain a better understanding of the size, shape and orientation of the microdamage. Longitudinal cross sections were taken at the mid-diaphysis of femurs from 13 male donors (23-85 years old) after being stained with basic fuchsin. The number of cracks, their lengths and orientation with respect to osteons were characterized using brightfield and UV-epifluorescent imaging. The mean crack density was 0.1118+/-0.0417 mm(-2) in the longitudinal plane and it significantly increased with age. The median crack length along the longitudinal plane did not change with age. The crack length in the posterior quadrant was significantly lower than anterior, medial and lateral quadrants. Less than 3% of the cracks were longer than 1 mm, indicating the presence of 'in vivo macroscopic' cracks in bone tissue. It was observed that the 99% of the cracks had angles that were less than 25 degrees with the osteons (median angle of 4.2 degrees with an interquartile range of 5.8 degrees ), indicating that the majority in vivo linear microcracks are parallel to osteons. This parallelism did not differ between quadrants nor changed with age. The remarkably stagnant crack length and crack orientation across decades of aging suggest that either physiological loading profile leading to these in vivo microcracks are not changing notably with age, or, microcrack and osteonal orientations may be relatively insensitive to age-related changes in locomotion. In conclusion, in vivo linear microcracks of the femoral mid-shaft grow in planes parallel to osteons and their lengths do not increase with age.
authors: Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2032, USA.
authors: Nicholas
authors: N
authors: Wasserman
authors: Brandon
authors: B
authors: Brydges
authors: Shane
authors: S
authors: Searles
authors: Ozan
authors: O
authors: Akkus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D006253:Haversian System / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D055815:Young Adult