title: Interference of short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and short-interval intracortical facilitation (SICF).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) is a widely used paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measure to assess inhibition in human motor cortex. However, facilitatory processes may contaminate SICI under certain conditions. Here, we specifically address the contribution of short-interval intracortical facilitation (SICF).
  
  
  METHODS
  A SICF interstimulus interval (ISI) curve was obtained in nine healthy subjects according to an established paired-pulse TMS protocol [Ziemann U, Tergau F, Wassermann EM, Wischer S, Hildebrandt J, Paulus W. Demonstration of facilitatory I-wave interaction in the human motor cortex by paired transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Physiol (Lond) 1998a;511:181-190]. The individual ISI leading to SICF peak1, trough1, peak2, trough2 and peak3 was selected for the subsequent measurement of SICI intensity curves (SICI(peak1), SICI(trough1), SICI(peak2), SICI(trough2), SICI(peak3)) using intensity variation of the first stimulus (S1) from 50% to 120% of active motor threshold (AMT) in the first dorsal interosseous muscle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SICI(peak1) (mean ISI, 1.54ms) and SICI(trough1) (mean ISI, 1.97ms) showed a sigmoid SICI increase with S1 intensity. SICI(trough1) reached the strongest SICI and was therefore chosen for comparison with the other SICI curves. SICI(peak2) (mean ISI, 2.61ms) was U-shaped with a similar increase at low S1 intensities, but a decrease when S1 intensity exceeded 90% AMT. Correlation analyses suggested that this decrease was caused by SICF. SICI(trough2) (mean ISI, 3.50ms) and SICI(peak3) (mean ISI, 4.26ms) showed considerably less inhibition than SICI(trough1) over the whole range of S1 intensities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings show that commonly accepted protocols of testing SICI (ISI of 2-3ms, S1 intensity approximately 95% AMT) bear the risk of measuring net inhibition contaminated by SICF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SICF may contribute to apparently reduced SICI in patients with neurological or psychiatric disorders.
authors: Motor Cortex Group, Department of Neurology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors: Sinikka H
authors: SH
authors: Peurala
authors: J Florian M
authors: JF
authors: Müller-Dahlhaus
authors: Noritoshi
authors: N
authors: Arai
authors: Ulf
authors: U
authors: Ziemann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004056:Differential Threshold / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000528:radiation effects; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods