Gene-environment interplay between cannabis and psychosis.
Cannabis use is considered a contributory cause of schizophrenia and psychotic illness. However, only a small proportion of cannabis users develop psychosis. This can partly be explained by the amount and duration of the consumption of cannabis and by its strength but also by the age at which individuals are first exposed to cannabis. Genetic factors, in particular, are likely to play a role in the short- and the long-term effects cannabis may have on psychosis outcome. This review will therefore consider the interplay between genes and exposure to cannabis in the development of psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia. Studies using genetic, epidemiological, experimental, and observational techniques will be discussed to investigate gene-environment correlation gene-environment interaction, and higher order interactions within the cannabis-psychosis association. Evidence suggests that mechanisms of gene-environment interaction are likely to underlie the association between cannabis and psychosis. In this respect, multiple variations within multiple genes--rather than single genetic polymorphisms--together with other environmental factors (eg, stress) may interact with cannabis to increase the risk of psychosis. Further research on these higher order interactions is needed to better understand the biological pathway by which cannabis use, in some individuals, may cause psychosis in the short- and long term.
Henquet
Cécile
C
Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht, The Netherlands. cecile.henquet@sp.unimaas.nl
Di Forti
Marta
M
Morrison
Paul
P
Kuepper
Rebecca
R
Murray
Robin M
RM
D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000633:toxicity*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012931:Social Environment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications
D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D013759:Dronabinol; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase