title: Chromium supplementation enhances insulin signalling in skeletal muscle of obese KK/HlJ diabetic mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chromium is an essential nutrient required for glucose and lipid metabolism. Laboratory and clinical evidences indicate that chromium supplementation may improve insulin sensitivity by enhancing intracellular signalling. Considerable evidence suggests that serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) at 307 residue (IRS1-Ser307) inhibits insulin signalling and results in peripheral insulin resistance. Therefore, we investigated whether chromium-associated insulin action was mediated by modulation of IRS1-Ser307 phosphorylation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male KK/HlJ mice (genetically obese and insulin resistant) were supplemented daily with chromium-containing milk powder or placebo for 7 weeks. In analysing functionally characterized insulin resistance, the changes of blood biochemicals, inflammatory factors and insulin signalling molecules in skeletal muscle were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using KK mice model, we demonstrated that daily supplementation of trivalent chromium-containing milk powder reduced serum levels of glucose, insulin and triglycerides, and improved glucose and insulin tolerance. Mechanistic study showed that chromium supplementation activated postreceptor insulin signalling such as increasing IRS1, IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation, p85alpha regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and glucose transporter 4 expression, stimulating Akt activity, downregulating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity and decreasing IRS1 ubiquitinization and insulin resistance-associated IRS1 phosphorylation (IRS1-Ser307) in skeletal muscle. In addition, chromium supplementation attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in both blood circulation and skeletal muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that chromium-containing milk powder supplementation can provide a beneficial effect in diabetic subjects by enhancing insulin signalling in skeletal muscle. The improvement in insulin signalling by chromium was associated with the decreased IRS1-Ser307 phosphorylation, JNK activity and pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
authors: Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors: W-Y
authors: WY
authors: Chen
authors: C-J
authors: CJ
authors: Chen
authors: C-H
authors: CH
authors: Liu
authors: F C
authors: FC
authors: Mao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002857:Chromium / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D008892:Milk; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D002857:Chromium