title: Population substructure in Finland and Sweden revealed by the use of spatial coordinates and a small number of unlinked autosomal SNPs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite several thousands of years of close contacts, there are genetic differences between the neighbouring countries of Finland and Sweden. Within Finland, signs of an east-west duality have been observed, whereas the population structure within Sweden has been suggested to be more subtle. With a fine-scale substructure like this, inferring the cluster membership of individuals requires a large number of markers. However, some studies have suggested that this number could be reduced if the individual spatial coordinates are taken into account in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We genotyped 34 unlinked autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), originally designed for zygosity testing, from 2044 samples from Sweden and 657 samples from Finland, and 30 short tandem repeats (STRs) from 465 Finnish samples. We saw significant population structure within Finland but not between the countries or within Sweden, and isolation by distance within Finland and between the countries. In Sweden, we found a deficit of heterozygotes that we could explain by simulation studies to be due to both a small non-random genotyping error and hidden substructure caused by immigration. Geneland, a model-based Bayesian clustering algorithm, clustered the individuals into groups that corresponded to Sweden and Eastern and Western Finland when spatial coordinates were used, whereas in the absence of spatial information, only one cluster was inferred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that the power to cluster individuals based on their genetic similarity is increased when including information about the spatial coordinates. We also demonstrate the importance of estimating the size and effect of genotyping error in population genetics in order to strengthen the validity of the results.
authors: Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden. ulf.hannelius@ki.se
authors: Ulf
authors: U
authors: Hannelius
authors: Elina
authors: E
authors: Salmela
authors: Tuuli
authors: T
authors: Lappalainen
authors: Gilles
authors: G
authors: Guillot
authors: Cecilia M
authors: CM
authors: Lindgren
authors: Ulrika
authors: U
authors: von Döbeln
authors: Päivi
authors: P
authors: Lahermo
authors: Juha
authors: J
authors: Kere
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005387:Finland; D018703:Founder Effect; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers