title: Children are likely to suffer most from our fossil fuel addiction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The periods of fetal and child development arguably represent the stages of greatest vulnerability to the dual impacts of fossil fuel combustion: the multiple toxic effects of emitted pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, particles, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, metals) and the broad health impacts of global climate change attributable in large part to carbon dioxide released by fossil fuel burning.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this commentary I highlight current scientific evidence indicating that the fetus and young child are at heightened risk of developmental impairment, asthma, and cancer from fossil fuel pollutants and from the predicted effects of climate disruption such as heat waves, flooding, infectious disease, malnutrition, and trauma. Increased risk during early development derives from the inherently greater biologic vulnerability of the developing fetus and child and from their long future lifetime, during which early insults can potentially manifest as adult as well as childhood disease. I cite recent reports concluding that reducing dependence on fossil fuel and promoting clean and sustainable energy is economically feasible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although much has been written separately about the toxicity of fossil fuel burning emissions and the effects of climate change on health, these two faces of the problem have not been viewed together with a focus on the developing fetus and child. Adolescence and old age are also periods of vulnerability, but the potential for both immediate and long-term adverse effects is greatest when exposure occurs prenatally or in the early years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consideration of the full spectrum of health risks to children from fossil fuel combustion underscores the urgent need for environmental and energy policies to reduce fossil fuel dependence and maximize the health benefits to this susceptible population. We do not have to leave our children a double legacy of ill health and ecologic disaster.
authors: Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. fpp1@columbia.edu
authors: Frederica P
authors: FP
authors: Perera
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects; D005579:Fossil Fuels / Q000633:toxicity*; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D011287:Prejudice; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005579:Fossil Fuels; D002245:Carbon Dioxide