title: New methods of assessing crystal growth and saturation of brushite in whole urine: effect of pH, calcium and citrate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Brushite crystallization might be important in stone formation and prevention. To explore this question new methods for the saturation and crystal growth of brushite were devised that are applicable to whole urine without any computer program.
  
  
  METHODS
  The saturation value (concentration-to-product ratio) was determined by dividing the molar concentration product of Ca ([Ca]) and phosphate ([P]), that is [Ca] x [P], of original urine by the steady state solubility obtained after incubating with an excess of brushite (10 mg/ml) for 5 hours. Crystal growth was measured from the depletion of filtrate ([Ca] x [P]) 3 hours after seeding with brushite (0.25 mg/ml). To test the effect of pH, Ca and citrate the saturation value and crystal growth were determined in 24-hour urine samples from 4 normal volunteers and 2 stone formers, and modified artificially to produce 4 ranges of pH, Ca and citrate by adding acid, base, Ca or citrate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The saturation value and crystal growth of brushite increased with an increase in pH or the Ca concentration but they decreased when the citrate concentration increased. The saturation value correlated strongly with crystal growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new methods of brushite saturation value and crystal growth should help discern how abnormalities in urinary pH, Ca and citrate interact to influence the formation of Ca stones in cases of distal renal tubular acidosis and alkali therapy.
authors: Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8885, USA. charles.pak@utsouthwestern.edu
authors: Charles Y C
authors: CY
authors: Pak
authors: Kathy
authors: K
authors: Rodgers
authors: John R
authors: JR
authors: Poindexter
authors: Khashayar
authors: K
authors: Sakhaee
mesh_terms: D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000652:urine*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000652:urine*; D003460:Crystallization; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D019343:Citric Acid; C494366:calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate