title: Is the incidence of psychotic disorder in decline? Epidemiological evidence from two decades of research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unclear whether the incidence of first episode psychoses is in decline. We had the opportunity to determine whether incidence had changed over a 20-year period in a single setting, and test whether this could be explained by demographic or clinical changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The entire population at-risk aged 16-54 in Nottingham over three time periods (1978-80, 1993-95 and 1997-99) were followed up. All participants presenting with an ICD-9/10 first episode psychosis were included. The remainder of the population at-risk formed the denominator. Standardized incidence rates were calculated at each time period with possible change over time assessed via Poisson regression. We studied six outcomes: substance-induced psychoses, schizophrenia, other non-affective psychoses, manic psychoses, depressive psychoses and all psychotic disorders combined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and forty-seven participants with a first episode psychosis during 1.2 million person-years of follow-up over three time periods were identified. The incidence of non-affective or affective psychoses had not changed over time following standardization for age, sex and ethnicity. We observed a linear increase in the incidence of substance-induced psychosis, per annum, over time (incidence rate ratios: 1.15; 95% CI 1.05-1.25). This could not be explained by longitudinal changes in the age, sex and ethnic structure of the population at-risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest psychotic disorders are not in decline, though there has been a change in the syndromal presentation of non-affective disorders, away from schizophrenia towards other non-affective psychoses. The incidence of substance-induced psychosis has increased, consistent with increases in substance toxicity over time, rather than changes in the prevalence or vulnerability to substance misuse. Increased clinical and popular awareness of substance misuse could also not be excluded.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK. jbk25@cam.ac.uk
authors: J B
authors: JB
authors: Kirkbride
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Croudace
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Brewin
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Donoghue
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Mason
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Glazebrook
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Medley
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Harrison
authors: J E
authors: JE
authors: Cooper
authors: G A
authors: GA
authors: Doody
authors: P B
authors: PB
authors: Jones
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D012931:Social Environment; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult