title: Apathy and anhedonia rating scales in Parkinson's disease: critique and recommendations.
abstract: Apathy is a common condition in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is generally defined as a lack of motivation. It is associated with more severe cognitive dysfunction and a decrease in activities of daily living (ADL) performance. Anhedonia, the inability to experience pleasure, can be a symptom of both depressive and apathetic syndromes. The Movement Disorder Society (MDS) commissioned a task force to assess the clinimetric properties of apathy and anhedonia scales in PD patients. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify scales that have either been validated or used in PD patients. Apathy scales identified for review include the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES), the Apathy Scale (AS), the Apathy Inventory (AI), and the Lille Apathy Rating Scale (LARS). In addition, item 4 (motivation/initiative) of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and item 7 (apathy) of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) were included. Anhedonia scales identified for review were the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) and the Chapman scales for physical and social anhedonia. Only the AS is classified as "recommended" to assess apathy in PD. Although item 4 of the UPDRS also meets the criteria to be classified as recommended, it should be considered for screening only because of the obvious limitations of a single item construct. For the assessment of anhedonia, only the SHAPS meets the criteria of "Suggested." Information on the validity of apathy and anhedonia scales is limited because of the lack of consensus on diagnostic criteria for these conditions.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Maastricht University Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands. a.leentjens@np.unimaas.nl
authors: Albert F G
authors: AF
authors: Leentjens
authors: Kathy
authors: K
authors: Dujardin
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Marsh
authors: Pablo
authors: P
authors: Martinez-Martin
authors: Irene H
authors: IH
authors: Richard
authors: Sergio E
authors: SE
authors: Starkstein
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Weintraub
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Sampaio
authors: Werner
authors: W
authors: Poewe
authors: Oliver
authors: O
authors: Rascol
authors: Glenn T
authors: GT
authors: Stebbins
authors: Christopher G
authors: CG
authors: Goetz
mesh_terms: D004644:Emotions; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results