title: The role of behavioral, normative and control beliefs in breast self-examination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A limited number of studies have been conducted examining the role of beliefs in the prediction of breast self-examination (BSE) behavior in Australian women, particularly women under 50 years of age for which it is the primary method of early detection of breast cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present research investigated the differences in behavioral, normative and control beliefs between BSE performers and non-performers, within a theory of planned behavior framework, to assist in the development of specific education programs aimed at increasing BSE amongst this demographic group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and fifty-three women enrolled in an undergraduate psychology course completed a questionnaire assessing beliefs regarding BSE. One month later, these women reported their BSE behavior during the previous month. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify belief-based differences between BSE performers and non-performers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Underlying behavioral and control, but not normative, beliefs about BSE distinguished between BSE performers and non-performers. Performers were more likely than non-performers to believe that engaging in BSE would be associated with identifying a lump or breast change sooner and detecting a breast cancer earlier in its course. Non-performers were more likely to perceive factors such as forgetting to perform the behavior, lack of time, lack of knowledge about how to perform the behavior, laziness, and a lack of confidence in their ability to identify lumps and breast changes as factors preventing their control over the performance of BSE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The belief-based differences between BSE performers and non-performers found in this study can be used to inform health promotion strategies aimed at increasing BSE behavior in women less than 50 years of age.
authors: School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Beams Road, Carseldine, QLD 4034, Australia. te.mason@qut.edu.au
authors: Tania E
authors: TE
authors: Mason
authors: Katherine M
authors: KM
authors: White
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016504:Breast Self-Examination / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health