title: The importance of chromogranin A in the development and function of endocrine pancreas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chromogranin (Cg) A is expressed in neuroendocrine and neuronal tissues. It is involved in the generation of secretory granules and is cleaved to form biologically active peptides. Targeted ablation of the Chga gene resulted in increased plasma catecholamines, high blood pressure, and decreased size and number of adrenal medullary chromaffin granules. The aim of this study was to determine whether Chga null mice display changes in the morphology and function of the endocrine pancreas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sections of pancreata from Chga-/-, Chga+/- and Chga+/+ mice, were immunostained with antibodies against synaptophysin, CgA, CgB, secretogranin II and the four major pancreatic islet hormones. Plasma was analysed for glucose, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CgA epitopes were undetectable in the islets of Chga-/- animals. CgB and secretogranin II epitopes were expressed in the islets of all animal groups albeit with decreased expression in Chga-/- islets. The islet number and size were decreased in the Chga-/- animals compared with Chga+/+. The proportion of insulin cells was decreased but somatostatin and PP cells were increased in Chga-/- mice compared to Chga+/+ mice. The nuclear size was decreased in insulin cells and increased in somatostatin cells in Chga-/- mice. Plasma insulin level was markedly decreased in the Chga-/- mice although fasting plasma glucose and glucagon were normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ablation of the Chga gene affected the islet volume, the composition, distribution and nuclear size of islet cell types and plasma insulin concentration. Our data indicate decreased insulin cell function and increased glucagon cell function. Our study shows that CgA exerts a significant influence on the endocrine pancreas with importance in maintaining islet volume, cellular composition and function.
authors: Department of Genetics and Pathology, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden. portela_gomes@yahoo.com
authors: G M
authors: GM
authors: Portela-Gomes
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Gayen
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Grimelius
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Stridsberg
authors: S K
authors: SK
authors: Mahata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D048429:Cell Size; D053379:Chromogranin A / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D053378:Chromogranin B / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010187:Pancreatic Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D053381:Secretogranin II / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053379:Chromogranin A; D053378:Chromogranin B; D007328:Insulin; D010187:Pancreatic Hormones; D053381:Secretogranin II; C506155:chromogranin A, mouse; C506137:chromogranin B, mouse; C506138:secretogranin 2, mouse