Estimating community drug abuse by wastewater analysis.
BACKGROUND
The social and medical problems of drug abuse are a matter of increasing global concern. To tackle drug abuse in changing scenarios, international drug agencies need fresh methods to monitor trends and patterns of illicit drug consumption.


OBJECTIVE
We tested a sewage epidemiology approach, using levels of excreted drug residues in wastewater, to monitor collective use of the major drugs of abuse in near real time.


METHODS
Selected drug target residues derived from use of cocaine, opiates, cannabis, and amphetamines were measured by mass spectrometry in wastewater collected at major sewage treatment plants in Milan (Italy), Lugano (Switzerland), and London (United Kingdom). The amounts of drug residues conveyed to the treatment plants, reflecting the amounts collectively excreted with urine, were used to estimate consumption of the active parent drugs.


RESULTS
Reproducible and characteristic profiles of illicit drug use were obtained in the three cities, thus for the first time quickly revealing changes in local consumption (e.g., cocaine consumption rose significantly on weekends in Milan). Profiles of local drug consumption based on waste-water measurements are in line with national annual prevalence estimates.


CONCLUSIONS
Patterns and trends of drug abuse in local communities can be promptly monitored by this tool, a convenient new complement to more complex, lengthy survey methods. In principle, searching the sewage for excreted compounds relevant to public health issues appears to have the potential to become a convenient source of real-time epidemiologic information.
Zuccato
Ettore
E
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy.
Chiabrando
Chiara
C
Castiglioni
Sara
S
Bagnati
Renzo
R
Fanelli
Roberto
R
D000662:Amphetamines / Q000032:analysis; D002188:Cannabis / Q000737:chemistry; D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D003932:Heroin / Q000032:analysis; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
D000662:Amphetamines; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003932:Heroin; D013759:Dronabinol; D003042:Cocaine