title: Presenting health risk information in different formats: the effect on participants' cognitive and emotional evaluation and decisions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Effective communication of health risks plays an important role in enabling patients to make adequate decisions. There is little--though contradictory--evidence to indicate which format is most effective for communicating risks, and which risk format is preferred by counselees.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an experiment, subjects were presented health scenarios and risk information in different formats (percentages, frequencies, and population figures) and asked to evaluate the risks and make a decision based on these.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different risk formats had different effects on respondents' evaluation of the health risks presented. Contrary to our expectation, population figures were not evaluated as being the easiest format for all decision problems. Population figures were shown to have the biggest affective impact, and risks presented as population figures were also evaluated as significantly greater than the risks presented in other formats. The format of the presented risks influenced their decision in only one out of four decision-making situations, although in a second situation there was a similar trend.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that the risk format plays a role in the decision-making process, although it remains unclear which format is the most effective in terms of understanding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More experimental studies based on a theoretical analysis of the factors that promote effective risk communication are needed in the general population as well as in clinical settings with patients actually experiencing the risks and making the decisions.
authors: Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. drm.timmermans@vumc.nl
authors: Daniëlle R M
authors: DR
authors: Timmermans
authors: Caroline F
authors: CF
authors: Ockhuysen-Vermey
authors: Lidewij
authors: L
authors: Henneman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D003071:Cognition; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003657:Decision Making; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006938:Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000523:psychology; D009426:Netherlands; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D018579:Patient Selection; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D014495:Universities