title: Gender differences in the risk of HIV infection among persons reporting abstinence, monogamy, and multiple sexual partners in northern Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monogamy, together with abstinence, partner reduction, and condom use, is widely advocated as a key behavioral strategy to prevent HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. We examined the association between the number of sexual partners and the risk of HIV seropositivity among men and women presenting for HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) in northern Tanzania.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clients presenting for HIV VCT at a community-based AIDS service organization in Moshi, Tanzania were surveyed between November 2003 and December 2007. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, reasons for testing, sexual behaviors, and symptoms were collected. Men and women were categorized by number of lifetime sexual partners, and rates of seropositivity were reported by category. Factors associated with HIV seropositivity among monogamous males and females were identified by a multivariate logistic regression model. Of 6,549 clients, 3,607 (55%) were female, and the median age was 30 years (IQR 24-40). 939 (25%) females and 293 (10%) males (p<0.0001) were HIV seropositive. Among 1,244 (34%) monogamous females and 423 (14%) monogamous males, the risk of HIV infection was 19% and 4%, respectively (p<0.0001). The risk increased monotonically with additional partners up to 45% (p<0.001) and 15% (p<0.001) for women and men, respectively with 5 or more partners. In multivariate analysis, HIV seropositivity among monogamous women was most strongly associated with age (p<0.0001), lower education (p<0.004), and reporting a partner with other partners (p = 0.015). Only age was a significant risk factor for monogamous men (p = 0.0004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among women presenting for VCT, the number of partners is strongly associated with rates of seropositivity; however, even women reporting lifetime monogamy have a high risk for HIV infection. Partner reduction should be coupled with efforts to place tools in the hands of sexually active women to reduce their risk of contracting HIV.
authors: Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors: Keren Z
authors: KZ
authors: Landman
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Ostermann
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Crump
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Mgonja
authors: Meghan K
authors: MK
authors: Mayhood
authors: Dafrosa K
authors: DK
authors: Itemba
authors: Alison C
authors: AC
authors: Tribble
authors: Evaline M
authors: EM
authors: Ndosi
authors: Helen Y
authors: HY
authors: Chu
authors: John F
authors: JF
authors: Shao
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Bartlett
authors: Nathan M
authors: NM
authors: Thielman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012746:Sexual Abstinence; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology