title: Effect of smoking habit on circulating adipokines in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the well-known inverse association between smoking and body weight, there have been conflicting reports on the association between smoking and adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine and compare whether tobacco smoking (cigarettes or sheesha) affects circulating levels of adiponectin and/or influences leptin and leptin receptor (sOb-R) concentrations and free leptin in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting plasma adiponectin, leptin, sOb-R, glucose, insulin, and lipid profile were determined in 236 subjects grouped as control subjects (n = 53); non-diabetic cigarette smokers (n = 34), non-diabetic sheesha smokers (n = 38), diabetic nonsmokers (n = 75) and diabetic smokers (n = 36). Uni- and multivariate regression analyses were used to determine the associations of these variables with body mass index (BMI) and smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared to control subjects, smoking cigarettes or sheesha was associated with significantly higher glucose, insulin resistance, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and lower serum leptin, sOb-R and free leptin. The effects of smoking on BMI, leptin and sOb-R were dose-dependent. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that smoking is a significant determinant of BMI; leptin, sOb-R, free leptin index, adiponectin and LDL-C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that smoking sheesha does not reduce the metabolic effects of smoking. Smoking may modify leptin receptors and modulate leptin synthesis but the weight-lowering effect may not be related to leptin-induced anorectic signals.
authors: Department of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait. san.mut@hsc.edu.kw
authors: Sana S
authors: SS
authors: Al Mutairi
authors: Olusegun A
authors: OA
authors: Mojiminiyi
authors: Aida A
authors: AA
authors: Shihab-Eldeen
authors: Ahmad
authors: A
authors: Al Sharafi
authors: Nabila
authors: N
authors: Abdella
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood*; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054411:Receptors, Leptin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D020738:Leptin; D008055:Lipids; D054411:Receptors, Leptin; D002784:Cholesterol