title: Incidence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis at two large medical centers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence and associated risk factors of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in patients who undergo gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA)-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Institutional review board approval was obtained for retrospective review of the medical records from two hospitals to identify all cases of biopsy-confirmed NSF and all patients administered a GBCA from January 1, 1997, to June 30, 2007. Informed patient consent was not required. The incidence of NSF was calculated for patients who received a standard dose of GBCA, patients who received a high dose, and subgroups of patients with renal impairment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen patients developed NSF after gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. All of them had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) lower than 30 mL/min, and 11 had acute renal failure or acute deterioration of chronic renal failure. The incidence of NSF after gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging without screening for renal function was zero of 74,124 patients with the standard dose of GBCA and 15 (0.17%) of 8997 patients with the high dose (P < .001). The NSF incidence associated with a high dose of GBCA increased to 0.4% in patients in a chronic hemodialysis program and to 8.8% in those who had an eGFR lower than 15 mL/min but were not undergoing hemodialysis (P < .001). The NSF incidence in the patients with acute renal failure who received a high dose when their creatinine level was increasing was 19% (11 of 58 patients) when hemodialysis was delayed for longer than 2 days. More patients with NSF had proinflammatory events, and compared with patients without NSF, these patients had lower pH, younger age, lower eGFR, elevated serum phosphorus levels, and a longer delay between GBCA injection and hemodialysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients with an eGFR lower than 15 mL/min, hemodialysis helped to prevent NSF. For patients with an eGFR lower than 30 mL/min who received a high dose of GBCA, acute renal failure, delayed hemodialysis after contrast agent injection, proinflammatory events, and hyperphosphatemia were associated with increased risk of NSF.
authors: Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA. map2008@med.cornell.edu
authors: Martin R
authors: MR
authors: Prince
authors: Honglei
authors: H
authors: Zhang
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Morris
authors: Jennifer L
authors: JL
authors: MacGregor
authors: Marc E
authors: ME
authors: Grossman
authors: Jeffrey
authors: J
authors: Silberzweig
authors: Robert L
authors: RL
authors: DeLapaz
authors: Henry J
authors: HJ
authors: Lee
authors: Cynthia M
authors: CM
authors: Magro
authors: Anthony M
authors: AM
authors: Valeri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002614:Chelating Agents; D015897:Comorbidity; D005682:Gadolinium; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D005682:Gadolinium