title: Six Sigma tympanostomy tube insertion: achieving the highest safety levels during residency training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a protocol designed to avoid complications during tympanostomy tube insertion by residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten-year consecutive cases series by a single surgeon supervising residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children 6 weeks to 21 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residents followed a defined protocol for tube insertion. A resident operated until the tube was placed or he/she committed one major or two minor errors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence of 1) major complications: profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), injury to major vascular structures, or disruption of the ossicular chain; and 2) minor complications: tube loss into the middle ear, tympanic membrane tears, or tube occlusion by blood clot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no major complications in 10,000 tube insertions. Two children had unilateral profound SNHL; both were found to have Mondini malformations. Five tubes were recovered from the middle ear. Eight tympanic membrane tears healed with gelatin patches. Three tubes were occluded by blood clots.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By following a defined protocol, major complications of a common operation can be reduced to the five-sigma level and minor complications minimized.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA. glenn.isaacson@temple.edu
authors: Glenn
authors: G
authors: Isaacson
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008876:Middle Ear Ventilation / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000193:education*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D014432:Tympanic Membrane / Q000601:surgery