title: Updates on improvement of human athletic performance: focus on world records in athletics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Progression of world records (WRs) in athletics is a reliable mean to assess the potentiality of the human body, which also reflects how society has evolved over time and will continue to evolve. We conducted a quantitative analysis of WRs in measurable Olympic events from nine representative disciplines (100, 400, 1500, 10,000 m, marathon, long jump, high jump, shot put and javelin throw) in order to identify progression and trends.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were gathered for the years 1900-2007 from the database of the International Olympic Committee.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the relative improvement of athletic performance was higher in women than in men, being nearly doubled across the different specialities. The biggest increases were observed for javelin throw and shot put, in both men and women, respectively. Conversely, the improvement in race time was directly related to the race distance. We also observed a consistent significant linear model of WRs progression in time, although the improvement has substantially stopped or reached a plateau in several specialities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The observed trend might be explained by a variety of factors, including social and environmental changes, natural selection, advances in training and sport physiology, ergogenic aids and, possibly, doping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are discussed in a multifaceted approach, taking into account several biological, environmental and technological issues that might explain the trends observed.
authors: Sezione di Chimica Clinica, Università degli Studi di Verona, Ospedale Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy. giuseppe.lippi@univr.it; ulippi@tin.it
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Lippi
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Banfi
authors: Emmanuel J
authors: EJ
authors: Favaloro
authors: Joern
authors: J
authors: Rittweger
authors: Nicola
authors: N
authors: Maffulli
mesh_terms: D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000266:history / Q000502:physiology*; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D005260:Female; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010807:Physical Endurance; D012737:Sex Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000266:history / Q000502:physiology*