title: Construction of a natural looking inverted umbilicus for bladder exstrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most attempts to create an umbilicus in the exstrophy abdomen eventually leave the end result of a flat scar rather than an inverted structure. We describe a technique that allows the creation of a better looking inverted umbilicus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 19 patients between 5 days and 7 years old underwent umbilicoplasty. At the apex of the vertical midline wound the skin and superficial fascia are elevated off the anterior rectus sheath well beyond the top of the skin incision. The skin edge at the most superior apex of the wound is sutured to the linea alba, thereby inverting the skin and fixing it to the sheath. Two skin flaps based superiorly are cut from the margin of the inverted skin. The flaps are then rotated medial and sutured to the linea alba to form the base of the new umbilicus. The superficial fascia inferior to the umbilicus is opposed and the skin edges are approximated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 18 patients had bladder exstrophy and 1 had cloacal exstrophy. Of the patients 11 underwent bladder/cloacal exstrophy closure, 3 underwent epispadias repair, 3 underwent bladder neck repair, and 2 underwent bladder augmentation and continent cutaneous diversion. Mean +/- SD followup was 6 +/- 4 months. The technique allowed the creation of an inverted umbilicus in all patients. None experienced infection or dehiscence. The cosmetic result obtained was excellent and durable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend the creation of an inverted umbilicus in the exstrophy population at bladder closure or later in life if umbilicoplasty is required.
authors: Department of Paediatric Urology, Central Manchester and Manchester Children's University Hospitals, Manchester, United Kingdom. cervellione@doctors.org.uk
authors: Raimondo Maximilian
authors: RM
authors: Cervellione
authors: Iason
authors: I
authors: Kyriazis
authors: Alan Peden
authors: AP
authors: Dickson
mesh_terms: D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D014472:Umbilicus / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*