title: Clinical utility of 3-dimensional echocardiography in the evaluation of tricuspid regurgitation caused by pacemaker leads.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study evaluated the usefulness of 3-dimensional echocardiography (3-DE) for identifying permanent pacemaker (PPM) or implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) lead-related symptomatic tricuspid regurgitation (TR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-seven patients underwent 3-DE examination: 50 patients with PPM, 17 with ICD, and 20 with cardiac resynchronization therapy devices. TR severity was classified as trivial/mild, moderate, or severe according to the ratio of TR area to right atrium area. The 3-DE identified the lead route and position at the tricuspid valve in 82 patients (94.2%). In 5 patients, images without lead-induced artifacts could not be obtained. TR severity was trivial/mild in 50 patients, moderate in 20 patients, and severe in 12 patients. In all patients with trivial/mild TR and all but 1 patient with moderate TR, leads were positioned on the annulus side between leaflets. Lead-induced obstruction to tricuspid valve closing was identified in 1 patient with moderate TR and in 7 of 12 patients with severe TR: 4 patients had septal leaflet obstruction, and 4 had posterior leaflet obstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 3-DE can identify the lead route and position at the tricuspid valve and lead-related severe TR, so may be a useful technique of diagnosing the cause of severe TR in patients with PPM or ICD.
authors: Cardiovascular Division, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Clinical Laboratory, Tsukuba University Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan. yo-seo@md.tsukuba.ac.jp
authors: Yoshihiro
authors: Y
authors: Seo
authors: Tomoko
authors: T
authors: Ishizu
authors: Hideki
authors: H
authors: Nakajima
authors: Yukio
authors: Y
authors: Sekiguchi
authors: Shigeyuki
authors: S
authors: Watanabe
authors: Kazutaka
authors: K
authors: Aonuma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy