title: Prevalence of dry eye disease among Japanese visual display terminal users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) and risk factors among young and middle-aged Japanese office workers using visual display terminals (VDTs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional prevalence survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four thousand three hundred ninety-three Japanese young and middle-aged office workers using VDTs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Office workers completed questionnaires sent by e-mail designed to detect dry eye diagnosis and risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinically diagnosed DED was defined as the presence of a previous clinical diagnosis of DED by dry eye specialists or severe symptoms of DED (both dryness and irritation constantly or often). Current symptoms of DED and possible risk factors such as age, duration of VDT use, type of VDT work, environmental factors, presence of systemic diseases, systemic medicine use, smoking history, and contact lens (CL) use were the main outcome measures. We used logistic regression to examine associations between DED and other demographic factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 4393 office workers, 3549 (80.1%) completed the questionnaire. Clinically diagnosed DED was present in 266 (10.1%) of 2640 male subjects and in 195 (21.5%) of 909 female subjects. Severe symptoms of DED were observed in 711 male and in 436 female participants. More than 4 hours of VDT use was associated with an increased risk of DED (odds ratio [OR], 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40-2.02). In addition, CL use (OR, 3.91; 95% CI, 3.37-4.53) increased the risk of severe dry eye symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dry eye disease leading to a clinical diagnosis or severe symptoms is prevalent among young and middle-aged Japanese office workers. The condition is more prevalent among females, CL wearers, and prolonged VDT users. Relevant measures directed against the modifiable risks could provide a positive impact on public health and quality of life of office workers.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Ryogoku Eye Clinic, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Miki
authors: M
authors: Uchino
authors: Debra A
authors: DA
authors: Schaumberg
authors: Murat
authors: M
authors: Dogru
authors: Yuichi
authors: Y
authors: Uchino
authors: Kazumi
authors: K
authors: Fukagawa
authors: Shigeto
authors: S
authors: Shimmura
authors: Toshihiko
authors: T
authors: Satoh
authors: Toru
authors: T
authors: Takebayashi
authors: Kazuo
authors: K
authors: Tsubota
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016288:Computer Terminals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014937:Work