title: Transdermal nicotine patch failed to improve postoperative pain management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A single 3 mg intranasal dose of nicotine has been reported to have analgesic properties. We designed placebo-controlled study to test the hypothesis that transdermal nicotine (TDN) administered over a 3-day period would decrease postoperative pain and opioid analgesic usage and improve the recovery process after lower abdominal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-seven patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy procedures were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: (1) control group received inert (sham) patches 1 h before and for 2 days after surgery, or the (2) nicotine group received TDN 30 (21 mg nicotine) patches 1 h before induction of anesthesia and for two additional days after surgery. The anesthetic technique was identical in both groups, and the postoperative assessments included verbal rating scales for pain and sedation, IV patient-controlled analgesia morphine usage, quality of recovery assessment, recovery of bowel function, resumption of normal activities, and patient satisfaction with their pain management. Follow-up evaluations were performed at 1 and 3 mo after the operation to assess late recovery events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative patient-controlled analgesia morphine usage and pain scores while supine or sitting up, intraoperative fentanyl use, oral analgesic consumption, return of bowel sounds, and passage of flatus did not differ between the two groups. Although ambulation and hospitalization times, as well as quality of recovery scores, did not differ, resumption of oral intake was delayed in the nicotine group. Discharge eligibility scores were higher in the nicotine group at 48 and 72 h compared with the control group, but the time to return to work was 19 days in both treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perioperative administration of a high-dose TDN patch did not improve postoperative pain control or decrease the analgesic requirement after pelvic gynecological surgery. Despite delayed resumption of oral intake, more patients in the nicotine group were ready for discharge at 48 and 72 h after surgery. However, times to resuming activities of daily living were similar in both groups.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Trakya University, Turkey. alparslanturan@yahoo.com
authors: Alparslan
authors: A
authors: Turan
authors: Paul F
authors: PF
authors: White
authors: Onur
authors: O
authors: Koyuncu
authors: Beyhan
authors: B
authors: Karamanliodlu
authors: Gaye
authors: G
authors: Kaya
authors: Christian C
authors: CC
authors: Apfel
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010919:Placebos; D011184:Postoperative Period; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D010919:Placebos; D009538:Nicotine; D009020:Morphine