title: Circadian genes are expressed during early development in Xenopus laevis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Circadian oscillators are endogenous time-keeping mechanisms that drive twenty four hour rhythmic changes in gene expression, metabolism, hormone levels, and physical activity. We have examined the developmental expression of genes known to regulate circadian rhythms in order to better understand the ontogeny of the circadian clock in a vertebrate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, genes known to function together in part of the core circadian oscillator mechanism (xPeriod1, xPeriod2, and xBmal1) as well as a rhythmic, clock-controlled gene (xNocturnin) were analyzed using in situ hybridization in embryos from neurula to late tailbud stages. Each transcript was present in the developing nervous system in the brain, eye, olfactory pit, otic vesicle and at lower levels in the spinal cord. These genes were also expressed in the developing somites and heart, but at different developmental times in peripheral tissues (pronephros, cement gland, and posterior mesoderm). No difference was observed in transcript levels or localization when similarly staged embryos maintained in cyclic light were compared at two times of day (dawn and dusk) by in situ hybridization. Quantitation of xBmal1 expression in embryonic eyes was also performed using qRT-PCR. Eyes were isolated at dawn, midday, dusk, and midnight (cylic light). No difference in expression level between time-points was found in stage 31 eyes (p = 0.176) but stage 40 eyes showed significantly increased levels of xBmal1 expression at midnight (RQ = 1.98+/-0.094) when compared to dawn (RQ = 1+/-0.133; p = 0.0004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We hypothesize that when circadian genes are not co-expressed in the same tissue during development that it may indicate pleiotropic functions of these genes that are separate from the timing of circadian rhythm. Our results show that all circadian genes analyzed thus far are present during early brain and eye development, but rhythmic gene expression in the eye is not observed until after stage 31 of development.
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Wisconsin, USA. currank@uww.edu
authors: Kristen L
authors: KL
authors: Curran
authors: Silvia
authors: S
authors: LaRue
authors: Brittany
authors: B
authors: Bronson
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Solis
authors: Aaron
authors: A
authors: Trow
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Sarver
authors: Haisun
authors: H
authors: Zhu
mesh_terms: D056930:ARNTL Transcription Factors; D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001683:Biological Clocks; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000235:genetics*; D015509:Developmental Biology / Q000379:methods; D005123:Eye / Q000196:embryology; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008954:Models, Biological; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009991:Oscillometry; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D056930:ARNTL Transcription Factors; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C102804:nocturnin