title: Partial duplication of the PRLR and SPEF2 genes at the late feathering locus in chicken.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the loci responsible for feather development in chickens is K. The K allele is partially dominant to the k+ allele and causes a retard in the emergence of flight feathers at hatch. The K locus is sex linked and located on the Z chromosome. Therefore, the locus can be utilized to produce phenotypes that identify the sexes of chicks at hatch. Previous studies on the organization of the K allele concluded the integration of endogenous retrovirus 21 (ev21) into one of two large homologous segments located on the Z chromosome of late feathering chickens. In this study, a detailed molecular analysis of the K locus and a DNA test to distinguish between homozygous and heterozygous late feathering males are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The K locus was investigated with quantitative PCR by examining copy number variations in a total of fourteen markers surrounding the ev21 integration site. The results showed a duplication at the K allele and sequence analysis of the breakpoint junction indicated a tandem duplication of 176,324 basepairs. The tandem duplication of this region results in the partial duplication of two genes; the prolactin receptor and the gene encoding sperm flagellar protein 2. Sequence analysis revealed that the duplication is similar in Broiler and White Leghorn. In addition, twelve late feathering animals, including Broiler, White Leghorn, and Brown Layer lines, contained a 78 bp breakpoint junction fragment, indicating that the duplication is similar in all breeds. The breakpoint junction was used to develop a TaqMan-based quantitative PCR test to allow distinction between homozygous and heterozygous late feathering males. In total, 85.3% of the animals tested were correctly assigned, 14.7% were unassigned and no animals were incorrectly assigned.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The detailed molecular analysis presented in this study revealed the presence of a tandem duplication in the K allele. The duplication resulted in the partial duplication of two genes; the prolactin receptor and the gene encoding sperm flagellar protein 2. Furthermore, a DNA test was developed to distinguish between homozygous and heterozygous late feathering males.
authors: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands. martin.elferink@wur.nl
authors: Martin G
authors: MG
authors: Elferink
authors: Amélie A A
authors: AA
authors: Vallée
authors: Annemieke P
authors: AP
authors: Jungerius
authors: Richard P M A
authors: RP
authors: Crooijmans
authors: Martien A M
authors: MA
authors: Groenen
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D053960:DNA Breaks; D005241:Feathers / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D018628:Gene Dosage; D020440:Gene Duplication; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006720:Homozygote; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011981:Receptors, Prolactin / Q000235:genetics*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016324:Sequence Tagged Sites; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012730:Sex Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D011981:Receptors, Prolactin; D004247:DNA