title: The antioxidant activity of chondroitin-4-sulphate, in carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatitis in mice, involves NF-kappaB and caspase activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reactive oxygen species (ROC) are the main causes of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. Chondroitin-4-sulphate (C4S) is known to inhibit lipid peroxidation through antioxidant mechanisms. Activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and caspases may strongly intensify inflammation and cell damage, in addition to that directly exerted by ROS. We investigated whether treatment with C4S, besides exerting antioxidant activity, was able to modulate NF-kappaB and apoptosis activation in CCl4-induced liver injury in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute hepatitis was induced in mice by an i.p. injection of CCl(4). Varying doses of C4S were administered i.p. 1 h before, 6 and 12 h after CCl4 injection. 24 h after CCl4 injection, the mice were killed for biochemical and histological analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CCl4 injection produced: marked elevation of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase; hepatic membrane lipid peroxidation, assayed by 8-isoprostane levels; and depletion of reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase. CCl4 also decreased NF-kappaB translocation and IkBalpha, and increased gene expression of mRNA and protein of metalloproteases (MMP)-2 and -9, and of pro- and cleaved forms of caspases-3 and -7. There was also increased liver polymorphonuclear infiltration, evaluated by elastase assay, and hepatic cell disruption.C4S treatment inhibited lipid peroxidation; blocked NF-kappaB activation and IkBalpha protein loss; decreased mRNA and proteins for MMPs and caspases; restored endogenous antioxidants; limited hepatic polymorphonuclear accumulation and tissue damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As antioxidants may inhibit NF-kappaB and caspase activation, we hypothesize that treatment with C4S was able to inhibit NF-kappaB and apoptosis activation in hepatic injury.
authors: Department of Biochemical, Physiological and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Messina, Italy. gcampo@unime.it
authors: G M
authors: GM
authors: Campo
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Avenoso
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Campo
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Nastasi
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Traina
authors: A
authors: A
authors: D'Ascola
authors: C A
authors: CA
authors: Rugolo
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Calatroni
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002252:Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016328:NF-kappa B; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D020169:Caspases