title: Systematic review of interventions for reducing occupational stress in health care workers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effectiveness of interventions in reducing stress at work among health care workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search was conducted of the literature on reducing stress or burnout in health care workers. The quality of the studies found was then appraised and the results combined. A meta-analysis was performed when appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether 14 randomized controlled trials, three cluster-randomized trials, and two crossover trials, comprising 2812 participants, were included. Only two trials were of high quality. The following comparisons were possible: person-directed interventions versus no intervention, person-work interface interventions versus no intervention, and organizational interventions versus no intervention. Person-directed interventions can reduce stress [standardized mean difference (SMD) -0.85, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) -1.21 - -0.49] and burnout, measured as emotional exhaustion [weighted mean difference (WMD) -5.82, 95% CI -11.02 - -0.63) and lack of personal accomplishment (WMD -3.61; 95% CI -4.65 - -2.58). They also reduce anxiety, measured as state anxiety (WMD -9.42, 95% CI -16.92 - -1.93) and trait anxiety (WMD -6.91, 95% CI -12.80 - -1.01). Person-work interface interventions can reduce burnout, measured as depersonalization [mean difference (MD) -1.14, 95% CI -2.18 - -0.10]. Organizational interventions can also reduce stress symptoms (MD -0.34; 95% CI -0.62 - -0.06) and general symptoms (MD -2.90, 95% CI -5.16 - -0.64). No harmful effects were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited evidence is available for a small, but probably relevant reduction in stress levels from person-directed, person-work interface, and organizational interventions among health care workers. This finding should lead to a more-active stress management policy in health care institutions. Before large-scale implementation can be advised, larger and better quality trials are needed.
authors: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Cochrane Occupational Health Field, Neulaniementie 4, PO Box 93, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland. jani.ruotsalainen@ttl.fi
authors: Jani
authors: J
authors: Ruotsalainen
authors: Consol
authors: C
authors: Serra
authors: Albert
authors: A
authors: Marine
authors: Jos
authors: J
authors: Verbeek
mesh_terms: D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D016272:Occupational Health; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology