title: Unchanged heart rate-respiratory frequency ratio in preterm infants during spontaneous arousals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To find out whether a correlation of heart rate (HR) and respiratory frequency (RF) defined as HR-RF-ratio (HRR) may be helpful to identify arousals in term and preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polygraphic recordings were performed in 25 term infants (gestational age 40.1 +/- 1.1 weeks) and 25 preterm infants (gestational age 31.1 +/- 1.3 weeks) during undisturbed daytime sleep. Arousals were scored as suggested by the 'International Paediatric Work Group on Arousals' and divided into cortical arousals and subcortical arousals. HRR was defined as HR over RF. Arousals were compared to a 30-sec period preceding an arousals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred arousals were scored (100 cortical arousals and 100 subcortical arousals). HRR increased during arousals in term infants (p < 0.001). This was true for cortical arousals (p < 0.001) and subcortical arousals (p < 0.05) of term infants. In contrast, in preterm infants HRR remained unchanged during cortical arousals and subcortical arousals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increase of HRR during arousals is a simple parameter to identify arousals in term infants, but not in preterm infants suggesting that an unchanged HRR might be an indicator of an immature arousal response.
authors: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 30, Graz, Austria. heinz.zotter@klinikum-graz.at
authors: Heinz
authors: H
authors: Zotter
authors: Reinhold
authors: R
authors: Kerbl
authors: Friedrich
authors: F
authors: Reiterer
authors: Gerhard
authors: G
authors: Pichler
authors: Marie
authors: M
authors: Hanzer
authors: Wilhelm
authors: W
authors: Mueller
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001143:Arousal; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012119:Respiration; D012307:Risk Factors; D012890:Sleep; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors