Screening asymptomatic adolescent men for Chlamydia trachomatis in school-based health centers using urine-based nucleic acid amplification tests.
BACKGROUND
Urine-based screening for Chlamydia trachomatis using highly sensitive and specific nucleic acid amplification tests offers a unique opportunity to screen men attending school-based health centers.


METHODS
As part of a large multicenter chlamydia screening project in men, 1434 students were enrolled; 1090 in high schools in Baltimore and 344 middle and high-school students in Denver. Students were screened for chlamydia using urine-based nucleic acid amplification tests at well adolescent visits, acute care visits, or visits for other reasons, such as sports physicals. A self-administered survey to ascertain sexual risk behaviors was used. Data were analyzed separately for Baltimore and Denver, with univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.


RESULTS
The overall prevalence in asymptomatic adolescent men was 6.8% (7.5% in Baltimore and 4.7% in Denver, P = n.s.). Students in Denver were older, more racially diverse, and more likely to have had intercourse in the previous 2 months than students in Baltimore. Students in Baltimore were more likely than those in Denver to have used a condom at last intercourse with casual and main partners. Among men in Denver but not Baltimore, condom use at last intercourse with both casual (OR 0.15, 95% CI, 0.03, 0.78) and main partners (OR 0.30, 95% CI, 0.10, 0.91) was protective against infection. The only risk factor for CT infection in Baltimore students was age (OR 1.47, 95% CI, 1.23, 1.75). In multivariate analysis that included age (as a continuous variable), race, history of an STI, any sex partner in the last 2 months, >1 sex partner in the past 12 months, a new partner in the last 2 months, and condom use with last main and last casual partner, age (adjusted odds ratio 1.34, 95% CI, 1.11, 1.62) and black race (adjusted odds ratio 2.37, 95% CI, 1.21, 4.63) were the only variables associated with testing chlamydia positive.


CONCLUSIONS
School-based health centers are important venues in which to perform urine-based screening for chlamydia in sexually active, asymptomatic males, especially in high prevalence communities, and such screening provides the opportunity to identify and treat substantial numbers of chlamydia infections.
Joffe
Alain
A
Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
Rietmeijer
Cornelis A
CA
Chung
Shang-En
SE
Willard
Nancy
N
Chapin
Johanna B
JB
Lloyd
Laura V
LV
Waterfield
Gerry A
GA
Ellen
Jonathan M
JM
Gaydos
Charlotte
C
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D015142:Baltimore; D002648:Child; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003120:Colorado; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012572:School Health Services; D012574:Schools; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D013334:Students; D014556:Urine / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult