title: Prospective followup in patients after complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The new technique of complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy has offered the promise of improved bladder functional outcomes and yet longitudinal followup in patients with exstrophy who have undergone this form of closure is sparse. We present our median 5-year data on patients who have undergone complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of patients who underwent complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were followed prospectively using case report forms, radiological and clinical data, and semistructured parental and patient interviews. We reviewed parameters including clinical events, scarring on renal scan, vesicoureteral reflux, surgical procedures, urodynamic studies, urinary and fecal continence status, and episodes of urinary tract infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1994 to 2007 complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy was performed in 32 patients. Of these patients 28 underwent closure within 72 hours of life, including 20 males and 8 females, and 4 underwent it after 72 hours at ages 7 days to 12 months. One patient underwent complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy elsewhere. Median followup was 5 years (range 1 to 13). In 32 patients a total of 193 surgical procedures were done, of which 40% were minor endoscopic cases. Six of 23 males (26%) underwent bladder neck reconstruction at a median age of 4.5 years (range 4 to 10). Two boys and 1 girl received Deflux injection to the bladder neck at ages 3 to 5 years. To date no patient has undergone bladder augmentation. Nine patients (28%) had 1 to 4 episodes of pyelonephritis and 6 had cortical defects on renal scan. A total of 30 patients were voiding or incontinent via the urethra. One patient performed clean intermittent catheterization via the urethra and 1 performed it via appendicovesicostomy. All 4 children who were at least 6 months from bladder neck reconstruction after complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy had urinary continence periods of 2 to 3 hours or greater. Parents did not report any fecal incontinence or soiling in children older than 4 years. Relative to males the females had better urinary continence and a decreased need for bladder neck reconstruction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy has been shown to be safe and efficacious. Prospective followup in this small number of evaluable patients reveals that continence periods of more than 2 hours are possible in patients after bladder neck reconstruction. Long-term followup in patients after complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy continues to be necessary to establish the long-term effects of this procedure.
authors: Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors: Patricio C
authors: PC
authors: Gargollo
authors: Joseph G
authors: JG
authors: Borer
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Diamond
authors: W Hardy
authors: WH
authors: Hendren
authors: Ilina
authors: I
authors: Rosoklija
authors: Rosemary
authors: R
authors: Grant
authors: Alan B
authors: AB
authors: Retik
mesh_terms: D001746:Bladder Exstrophy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000601:surgery; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery*; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology; D014563:Urodynamics; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures