Screening of in vitro synthesised metabolites of 4,9,11-trien-3-one steroids by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.
The aim of the work was to develop a flexible in vitro synthesis procedure, which can be applied in order to study and predict the metabolic patterns of new derivatives of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) with respect to most prominent target compounds for doping control purposes. Microsomal and S9 fraction of human liver preparations were used as a source of metabolising enzymes and the co-substrates of the synthesis mixture were selected to favour phase-I metabolic reactions and glucuronidation as phase-II conjugation reactions. Model compounds within the study were 4,9,11-trien-3-one steroids, structural derivatives of gestrinone and trenbolone, which both are included in the list of prohibited compounds in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The correlation between in vitro metabolism of human microsomes and in vivo excretion studies in human was compared with gestrinone and subsequently, the applicability of the in vitro model for prediction of AAS metabolic pathways for new doping agents was evaluated. All the AAS examined within this study were successfully metabolised using the developed in vitro model, hydroxylation, reduction and glucuronide conjugation being the most prominent reaction pathways. Hydroxylated and glucuronide-conjugated metabolites of in vivo experiment with gestrinone were the same metabolites formed in the enzyme-driven process, thus showing good in vitro-in vivo correlation. Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric and tandem mass spectrometric methods were developed, relying on the positive polarity of electrospray ionisation, which also allowed the direct detection of intact glucuronide-conjugated AAS metabolites. Due to charge delocalisation and high proton affinity, the developed method was proven effective in the analysis of AAS metabolites bearing extensive conjugated double bond systems in their structures.
Kuuranne
Tiia
T
Doping Control Laboratory, United Laboratories Ltd, Höyläämötie 14, 00380 Helsinki, Finland. tiia.kuuranne@yhtyneetlaboratoriot.fi
Pystynen
Kati-Henna
KH
Thevis
Mario
M
Leinonen
Antii
A
Schänzer
Wilhelm
W
Kostiainen
Risto
R
D000328:Adult; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004300:Doping in Sports; D005867:Gestrinone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine*; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D006900:Hydroxylation; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D000091243:Ribosomal Protein S9; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D014204:Trenbolone Acetate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine*
D045930:Anabolic Agents; D020719:Glucuronides; D000091243:Ribosomal Protein S9; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins; D005867:Gestrinone; D014204:Trenbolone Acetate