title: Obesity is a significant risk factor for prostate cancer at the time of biopsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies suggest obesity is associated with decreased prostate cancer risk. We hypothesized obesity is biologically associated with increased risk, although this is obscured owing to hemodilution of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and larger prostate size.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively studied 441 consecutive men undergoing prostate biopsy between 1999 and 2003 at two equal access centers within the Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System. We estimated the association between obesity (body mass index >or= 30 kg/m(2)) and positive biopsy and Gleason >or=4+3 using logistic regression analysis adjusting for multiple clinical characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 123 men (28%) were obese and 149 men (34%) had cancer. Median PSA and age were 5.7 ng/mL and 63.9 years, respectively. Obese men had significantly lower PSA concentrations (P = .02) and larger prostate volumes (P = .04). Obesity was not significantly related to age (P = .19) or race (P = .37). On univariate analysis, obesity was not associated with prostate cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73-1.75, P = .58). However, after adjusting for multiple clinical characteristics, obesity was associated with significantly increased prostate cancer risk (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.17-3.32, P = .01). After multivariable adjustment, there was no significant association between obesity and high-grade disease (P = .18).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Without adjustment for clinical characteristics, obesity was not significantly associated with prostate cancer risk in this equal-access, clinic-based population. However, after adjusting for the lower PSA levels and the larger prostate size, obesity was associated with a 98% increased prostate cancer risk. These findings support the fact that current prostate cancer screening practices may be biased against obese men.
authors: Departments of Surgery and Pathology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. steve.freedland@duke.edu
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Freedland
authors: Joanne
authors: J
authors: Wen
authors: Melanie
authors: M
authors: Wuerstle
authors: Amy
authors: A
authors: Shah
authors: Dominic
authors: D
authors: Lai
authors: Bita
authors: B
authors: Moalej
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Atala
authors: William J
authors: WJ
authors: Aronson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D051517:Digital Rectal Examination; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen