title: Changes in GABAA receptor properties in amygdala kindled animals: in vivo studies using [11C]flumazenil and positron emission tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present investigation was to quantify alterations in GABA(A) receptor density in vivo in rats subjected to amygdala kindling.
  
  
  METHODS
  The GABA(A) receptor density was quantified by conducting a [(11)C]flumazenil (FMZ) positron emission tomography (PET) study according to the full saturation method, in which each animal received a single injection of FMZ to fully saturate the GABA(A) receptors. Subsequently, the concentration-time curves of FMZ in blood [using high-pressure liquid chromatography with UV detector (HPLC-UV) or high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)] and brain (with PET-scanning) were analyzed by population modeling using a pharmacokinetic model, containing expressions to describe the time course of FMZ in blood and brain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GABA(A) receptor density (B(max)) in kindled rats was decreased by 36% compared with controls. This is consistent with a reduction of 28% in electroencephalography (EEG) effect of midazolam in the same animal model, suggesting that a reduced number of GABA(A) receptors underlies the decreased efficacy of midazolam. Furthermore, receptor affinity (K(D)) was not changed, but the total volume of distribution in the brain (V(Br)), is increased to 178% of control after kindling, which might indicate an alteration in the transport of FMZ across the blood-brain barrier.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the GABA(A) receptor density (B(max)), and possibly also the blood-brain barrier transport of FMZ (V(Br)) are altered after kindling. Furthermore, this study indicates the feasibility of conducting PET studies for quantifying moderate changes in GABA(A) receptor density in a rat model of epilepsy in vivo.
authors: Division of Pharmacology, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: Lia C
authors: LC
authors: Liefaard
authors: Bart A
authors: BA
authors: Ploeger
authors: Carla F M
authors: CF
authors: Molthoff
authors: Hugo W A M
authors: HW
authors: de Jong
authors: Jouke
authors: J
authors: Dijkstra
authors: Louise
authors: L
authors: van der Weerd
authors: Adriaan A
authors: AA
authors: Lammertsma
authors: Meindert
authors: M
authors: Danhof
authors: Rob A
authors: RA
authors: Voskuyl
mesh_terms: D000679:Amygdala / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007696:Kindling, Neurologic / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018757:GABA Modulators; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D005442:Flumazenil