title: Non-homogeneous separation of triglycerides, gamma-glutamyltransferase, C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase after centrifugation of lithium-heparin tubes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical chemistry testing is influenced by a variety of preanalytical variables, including sample preparation. The presence of a diluted plasma layer at the top of primary tubes containing plasma citrate has recently been reported. However, no indication is available so far on the potential non-homogeneous distribution of clinical chemistry analytes during centrifugation of primary tubes containing lithium-heparin as an additive.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 lithium-heparin plasma samples were collected from volunteers and immediately centrifuged. An aliquot was obtained from the upper 0.4 mL of plasma (upper aliquot), 1.0 mL of plasma was discarded, and a second aliquot (lower aliquot) was obtained from the remaining plasma. The concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, amylase pancreatic, aspartate aminotransferase, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, calcium, chloride, cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine, creatine kinase, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), glucose, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, iron, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), magnesium, phosphate, potassium, total protein, sodium, triglycerides and uric acid were assayed on a Roche/Hitachi Modular System P according to the manufacturer's specifications and using proprietary reagents. Sodium, chloride and potassium were measured on a Roche/Hitachi Modular System using indirect ion-selective electrode methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a statistically significant difference between the upper and lower aliquots for CRP (3.88+/-0.67 vs. 3.94+/-0.68 mg/L; p=0.025), GGT (32.1+/-8.0 vs. 31.8+/-8.0 U/L; p=0.013), LDH (395+/-19 vs. 386+/-20 U/L; p=0.010) and triglycerides (1.29+/-0.09 vs. 1.27+/-0.09 mmol/L; p=0.001); results for the other analytes were not significantly different. In no case did the mean percentage bias recorded between aliquots exceed the current analytical quality specifications for desirable bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our investigation show that plasma layer stratification might occur in primary lithium-heparin tubes for a limited number of routine clinical chemistry tests, introducing a statistically significant bias in the measurement of GGT, LDH, triglycerides and CRP in the upper vs. the bottom section. When delayed testing is necessary for these parameters, we suggest that plasma should be separated after centrifugation and appropriately mixed before delayed/repeated analysis or aliquoting.
authors: 1Sezione di Chimica Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors: Gian Luca
authors: GL
authors: Salvagno
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Lippi
authors: Martina
authors: M
authors: Montagnana
authors: Giorgio
authors: G
authors: Brocco
authors: Gian Cesare
authors: GC
authors: Guidi
mesh_terms: D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods / Q000379:methods*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002498:Centrifugation; D006493:Heparin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008094:Lithium / Q000378:metabolism*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides; D006493:Heparin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D008094:Lithium; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase