title: Pharmacokinetic and metabolic effects of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in healthy volunteers receiving the HIV protease inhibitor indinavir.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use is prevalent among HIV-infected patients to reduce the toxicity of antiretroviral therapy. Ginseng has been used for treatment of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, a common side effect of some HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PI). However, it is unknown whether American ginseng (AG) can reverse insulin resistance induced by the PI indinavir (IDV), and whether these two agents interact pharmacologically. We evaluated potential pharmacokinetic interactions between IDV and AG, and assessed whether AG improves IDV-induced insulin resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  After baseline assessment of insulin sensitivity using the insulin clamp technique, healthy volunteers received IDV 800 mg q8 h for 3 days and then IDV and AG 1g q8h for 14 days. IDV pharmacokinetics and insulin sensitivity were assessed before and after AG co-administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no difference in the area-under the plasma-concentration-time curve after the co-administration of AG, compared to IDV alone (n = 13). Although insulin-stimulated glucose disposal per unit of insulin (M/I) decreased by an average of 14.8 +/- 5.9% after 3 days of IDV (from 0.113 +/- 0.012 to 0.096 +/- 0.014 mg/kgFFM/min per muU/ml of insulin, p = 0.03, n = 11), M/I remained unchanged after co-administration of IDV and AG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IDV decreases insulin sensitivity, which is unaltered by AG co-administration. AG does not significantly affect IDV pharmacokinetics.
authors: Division of Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. aandrade@jhmi.edu
authors: Adriana S A
authors: AS
authors: Andrade
authors: Craig
authors: C
authors: Hendrix
authors: Teresa L
authors: TL
authors: Parsons
authors: Benjamin
authors: B
authors: Caballero
authors: Chun-Su
authors: CS
authors: Yuan
authors: Charles W
authors: CW
authors: Flexner
authors: Adrian S
authors: AS
authors: Dobs
authors: Todd T
authors: TT
authors: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D019469:Indinavir / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D005894:Panax; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019469:Indinavir