title: Caval invasion by liver tumor is limited.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Successful hepatic resection with combined inferior vena cava (IVC) resection has been reported. The necessity of a combined IVC resection for hepatic malignancies that have attached to the IVC has not been fully evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective study, 162 lesions for which preoperative CT findings suggested attachment to the IVC were evaluated. Patient survival rates were examined according to type of tumor and the operative procedure. For adenocarcinoma lesions, several CT findings, including extent of the IVC circumference attached to the tumor compared with the whole IVC circumference (E(IVC)), were evaluated in conjunction with IVC resection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 162 lesions, 18 adenocarcinoma lesions were resected in combination with an IVC resection. Histologic IVC invasion was confirmed in eight patients. None of the 67 hepatocellular carcinoma lesions required concomitant IVC resection. Overall 5-year survival rate of the patients who underwent concomitant liver and IVC resections was 33.1%. Among the adenocarcinoma lesions, the positive predictive factors for IVC resection were an E(IVC) value > 25% and a peaked deformity of the IVC wall, according to a multivariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most hepatic malignancies attached to the IVC wall can be completely removed without IVC resection. E(IVC) and deformity of the IVC on CT can be useful indicators for a concomitant liver and IVC resection. Careful separation of the liver and IVC is a key point for minimizing the size of the resected IVC and to avoid unnecessary IVC resection.
authors: Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Takuya
authors: T
authors: Hashimoto
authors: Masami
authors: M
authors: Minagawa
authors: Taku
authors: T
authors: Aoki
authors: Kiyoshi
authors: K
authors: Hasegawa
authors: Keiji
authors: K
authors: Sano
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Imamura
authors: Yasuhiko
authors: Y
authors: Sugawara
authors: Masatoshi
authors: M
authors: Makuuchi
authors: Norihiro
authors: N
authors: Kokudo
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D003536:Cystadenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery