title: Dual-frequency ultrasound technique minimizes errors induced by soft tissue in ultrasound bone densitometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most bone ultrasound devices are designed for through-transmission measurements of the calcaneus. In principle, ultrasound backscattering measurements are possible at more typical fracture sites of the central skeleton. Unfortunately, soft tissue overlying the bones diminishes reliability of these measurements.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To apply the single-transducer dual-frequency ultrasound (DFUS) technique to eliminate the errors induced by soft tissue on the measurements of integrated reflection coefficient (IRC) in human distal femur in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasound and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examinations were conducted on a bodybuilder during a 21-week training and dieting period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant changes in quantity and composition of soft tissue took place during the diet. However, DXA measurements showed no significant effects on bone density measurements. The single transducer DFUS technique enabled the determination of local soft-tissue composition, as verified by comparison with the DXA (r=0.91, n=8, p<0.01). Further, the technique eliminated the soft-tissue-induced error from IRC measured for the bone. The uncorrected IRC associated significantly with the change in local soft-tissue composition (r=-0.83, n=8, p<0.05), whereas the corrected IRC values showed no significant dependence (r=-0.30, n=8, p=0.46) on local soft-tissue composition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DFUS technique may significantly enhance the accuracy of clinical ultrasound measurements of bone.
authors: Department of Physics, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Karjalainen
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Toyras
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Rikkonen
authors: J S
authors: JS
authors: Jurvelin
authors: O
authors: O
authors: Riekkinen
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003720:Densitometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014463:Ultrasonography