title: Effect of microneedle design on pain in human volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To design microneedles that minimize pain, this study tested the hypothesis that microneedles cause significantly less pain than a 26-gauge hypodermic needle, and that decreasing microneedle length and the number of microneedles reduces pain in normal human volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single microneedles with lengths ranging from 480 to 1450 microm, widths from 160 to 465 microm, thicknesses from 30 to 100 microm, and tip angles from 20 to 90 degrees; and arrays containing 5 or 50 microneedles were inserted into the volar forearms of 10 healthy, human volunteers in a double-blinded, randomized study. Visual analog scale pain scores were recorded and compared with each other and to the pain from a 26-gauge hypodermic needle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All microneedles investigated were significantly less painful than the hypodermic needle with microneedle pain scores varying from 5% to 40% of the hypodermic needle. Microneedle length had the strongest effect on pain, where a 3-fold increase in length increased the pain score by 7-fold. The number of microneedles also affected the pain score, where a 10-fold increase in the number of microneedles increased pain just over 2-fold. Microneedle tip angle, thickness, and width did not significantly influence pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microneedles are significantly less painful than a 26-gauge hypodermic needle over the range of dimensions investigated. Decreasing microneedle length and number of microneedles reduces pain.
authors: Center for Drug Design, Development and Delivery, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, USA.
authors: Harvinder S
authors: HS
authors: Gill
authors: Donald D
authors: DD
authors: Denson
authors: Brett A
authors: BA
authors: Burris
authors: Mark R
authors: MR
authors: Prausnitz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement