title: The importance of obtaining conjugate views on renographic evaluation of large hydronephrotic kidneys: an in vitro and ex vivo analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is postulated that significant obstruction leads to decreased ipsilateral renal function. However, maintained or even increased differential renal function is often seen in patients with large hydronephrotic kidneys. The reason for such a phenomenon is unclear. We designed an in vitro and ex vivo experimental model that permits the controlled orientation of thinned renal parenchyma and background activity during gamma camera detection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 5-step experimental study was designed with balloons or reservoirs containing known amounts of radioisotope. A balloon was incrementally compressed between 2 Plexiglas sheets (step 1). Simultaneous measurement of radio emission was done of 5 glass beakers of varying diameters filled with the same amount of water and (99m)Tc (step 2). A single beaker containing diluted (99m)Tc was interfaced with air (step 3) or water (step 4) at different distances from the gamma camera. Pig kidneys previously injected with dimercapto-succinic acid were removed and scanned (step 5). One of the kidneys was then progressively sliced, thinning its parenchyma, and sliced and nonsliced kidneys were simultaneously scanned again.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Progressively increased counts were detected as the projected surface area of the radioactive balloons (step 1) and beakers (step 2) increased. Counts detected were inversely proportional to the amount of water interfaced between the container and the gamma camera. Significantly more radiation was detectable in sliced kidneys containing dimercapto-succinic acid than in intact control kidneys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the artifactual supranormal differential renal function that is observed during renographic evaluation of large hydronephrotic kidneys actually exists. Parenchymal proximity and distribution in relation to the pelvis are critical determinants. These findings suggest that the conjugate view technique may be more suitable for renographic evaluation of large hydronephrotic kidneys.
authors: Division of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. pippi.salle@sickkids.ca
authors: João Luiz
authors: JL
authors: Pippi Salle
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Cook
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Papanikolaou
authors: Darius
authors: D
authors: Bägli
authors: Stephen L
authors: SL
authors: Breen
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Charron
authors: Luis H P
authors: LH
authors: Braga
authors: Armando J
authors: AJ
authors: Lorenzo
authors: Antoine E
authors: AE
authors: Khoury
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015902:Gamma Cameras; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D011336:Probability; D011866:Radioisotope Renography / Q000379:methods*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D019783:Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid
chemical_list: D019783:Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid