title: Assessment of adherence to antiretroviral therapy in perinatally HIV-infected children and youth using self-report measures and pill count.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parent/caregiver or child/youth self-report and pill counts are commonly used methods for assessing adherence to antiretroviral therapy among children and youth with HIV. The purpose of this study was to compare these different methods with one another and with viral load.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomly selected parent/caregiver and child/youth dyads were interviewed using several adherence self-report measures and an announced pill count was performed. Adherence assessment methods were compared with one another and their relative validity was assessed by comparison with the child's viral load close to the time of the interview or pill count, adjusting for primary caregiver, child age, and child disclosure of the diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 151 evaluable participants. Adherence rate by pill count was >or=90% in 52% of participants, was significantly associated with log(RNA) viral load (p = .032), and had significant agreement with viral load <400 copies/mL. However, pill count data were incomplete for 26% of participants. With similar proportions considered adherent, a variety of self-report adherence assessment methods also were associated with log(RNA) viral load including: "no dose missed within the past 1 month" (p = .054 child/youth interview, p = .004 parent/caregiver interview), and no barrier to adherence identified (p = .085 child/youth interview, p = .015 parent/caregiver interview). Within-rater and inter-rater agreement was high among self-report methods. Three day recall of missed doses was not associated with viral load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings demonstrate the validity of adherence assessment strategies that allow the parent/caregiver or child/youth to report on adherence over a longer period of time and to identify adherence barriers. Adherence assessed by announced pill count was robustly associated with viral load, but there was incomplete data for many participants.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. jfarley@peds.umaryland.edu
authors: John J
authors: JJ
authors: Farley
authors: Grace
authors: G
authors: Montepiedra
authors: Deborah
authors: D
authors: Storm
authors: Patricia A
authors: PA
authors: Sirois
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Malee
authors: Patricia
authors: P
authors: Garvie
authors: Betsy
authors: B
authors: Kammerer
authors: Sylvie
authors: S
authors: Naar-King
authors: Sharon
authors: S
authors: Nichols
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017028:Caregivers; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010290:Parents; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D019562:Viral Load; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents