title: The association between metabolic syndrome and prostate-specific antigen levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels are affected by many factors. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a common metabolic disorder related to the increasing prevalence of obesity. The relationship between MS and PSA is currently unknown, however. The aim of this study was to examine whether PSA levels were affected by MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the association between MS and PSA in a group of 2007 men (aged 30 to 79 years) without prostate cancer who received a general health checkup. Men with abnormal digital rectal examination findings or PSA values higher than 3.0 ng/mL were considered abnormal and excluded from the study. MS was defined according to the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Third Adult Treatment Panel guidelines. Eligible men were classified according to the number of each component and the presence or absence of MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PSA levels, as a whole, were inversely correlated with MS (P = 0.043). An increased number of MS components was significantly associated with linear decreasing trends of PSA levels (P-trend < 0.001). When a multivariate analysis was performed with age and each MS, age (P < 0.001), abdominal obesity (P = 0.001), and an impaired fasting glucose level (P = 0.047) were strongly associated with PSA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MS is associated with decreased PSA levels. When determining whether to perform prostate biopsy as part of early prostate cancer detection, MS should be considered as a factor associated with reduced PSA in men presenting with marginal PSA levels.
authors: Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, South Korea. urokyj@cbnu.ac.kr
authors: Yong-June
authors: YJ
authors: Kim
authors: Yong-Jin
authors: YJ
authors: Cho
authors: Jung-Eun
authors: JE
authors: Oh
authors: Youn-Soo
authors: YS
authors: Jeon
authors: Sang-Cheol
authors: SC
authors: Lee
authors: Wun-Jae
authors: WJ
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen