Spinal injection procedures: a review of concepts, controversies, and complications.
The field of spinal injection procedures is growing at a tremendous rate. Many disciplines are involved, including radiology, anesthesiology, orthopedics, physiatry and rehabilitation medicine, as well as other specialties. However, there remains tremendous variability in the assessment of patients receiving these therapies, methods for evaluation of outcome, and in the understanding of where these procedures belong in the triaging of those who require surgery. In this article, we attempt to highlight the biologic concepts on which these therapies are based, controversies that have arisen with their increasing use, and a description of complications that have been reported.
Heran
Manraj K S
MK
Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, 899 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada. manraj.heran@vch.ca
Smith
Andrew D
AD
Legiehn
Gerald M
GM
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000379:methods; D007278:Injections, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013581:Synovial Cyst / Q000175:diagnosis; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18