title: U-shaped dose response in behavioral pharmacology: historical foundations.
abstract: This article assesses the historical foundations of U-shaped dose-responses in behavioral pharmacology and toxicology with particular emphasis on schedules of reinforcement. Quantitative features of the drug dose response, which are consistent with the hormetic dose response model, are detailed along with possible mechanistic foundations to account for low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition responses. The article provides a reinterpretation of the biphasic dose response in the fixed interval (FI) schedule of reinforcement.
authors: Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Environmental Health Sciences Division, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA. edwardc@schoolph.umass.edu
authors: Edward J
authors: EJ
authors: Calabrese
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006801:Humans; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011600:Psychopharmacology / Q000379:methods*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations