title: Peri-implant diseases: diagnosis and risk indicators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peri-implant diseases include peri-implant mucositis, describing an inflammatory lesion of the peri-implant mucosa, and peri-implantitis, which also includes loss of supporting bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search of the Medline database (Ovid), up to 21 January 2008 was carried out using a systematic approach, in order to review the evidence for diagnosis and the risk indicators for peri-implant diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental and clinical studies have identified various diagnostic criteria including probing parameters, radiographic assessment and peri-implant crevicular fluid and saliva analyses. Cross-sectional analyses have investigated potential risk indicators for peri-implant disease including poor oral hygiene, smoking, history of periodontitis, diabetes, genetic traits, alcohol consumption and implant surface. There is evidence that probing using a light force (0.25 N) does not damage the peri-implant tissues and that bleeding on probing (BOP) indicates presence of inflammation in the peri-implant mucosa. The probing depth, the presence of BOP, and suppuration should be assessed regularly for the diagnosis of peri-implant diseases. Radiographs are required to evaluate supporting bone levels around implants. The review identified strong evidence that poor oral hygiene, a history of periodontitis and cigarette smoking, are risk indicators for peri-implant disease. Future prospective studies are required to confirm these factors as true risk factors.
authors: Centre for Rural and Remote Oral Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. heitz.mayfield@iinet.net.au
authors: Lisa J A
authors: LJ
authors: Heitz-Mayfield
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants