title: Thyroid hormones directly alter human hair follicle functions: anagen prolongation and stimulation of both hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation and hair pigmentation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both insufficient and excess levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) can result in altered hair/skin structure and function (e.g. effluvium). However, it is still unclear whether T3 and T4 exert any direct effects on human hair follicles (HFs), and if so, how exactly human HFs respond to T3/T4 stimulation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to asses the impact of T3/T4 on human HF in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human anagen HFs were isolated from skin obtained from females undergoing facelift surgery. HFs from euthyroid females between 40 and 69 yr (average, 56 yr) were cultured and treated with T3/T4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studying microdissected, organ-cultured normal human scalp HFs, we show here that T4 up-regulates the proliferation of hair matrix keratinocytes, whereas their apoptosis is down-regulated by T3 and T4. T4 also prolongs the duration of the hair growth phase (anagen) in vitro, possibly due to the down-regulation of TGF-beta2, the key anagen-inhibitory growth factor. Because we show here that human HFs transcribe deiodinase genes (D2 and D3), they may be capable of converting T4 to T3. Intrafollicular immunoreactivity for the recognized thyroid hormone-responsive keratins cytokeratin (CK) 6 and CK14 is significantly modulated by T3 and T4 (CK6 is enhanced, CK14 down-regulated). Both T3 and T4 also significantly stimulate intrafollicular melanin synthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, we present the first evidence that human HFs are direct targets of thyroid hormones and demonstrate that T3 and/or T4 modulate multiple hair biology parameters, ranging from HF cycling to pigmentation.
authors: Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
authors: Nina
authors: N
authors: van Beek
authors: Eniko
authors: E
authors: Bodó
authors: Arno
authors: A
authors: Kromminga
authors: Erzsébet
authors: E
authors: Gáspár
authors: Katja
authors: K
authors: Meyer
authors: Michal A
authors: MA
authors: Zmijewski
authors: Andrzej
authors: A
authors: Slominski
authors: Björn E
authors: BE
authors: Wenzel
authors: Ralf
authors: R
authors: Paus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006200:Hair Color / Q000187:drug effects*; D018859:Hair Follicle / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2 / Q000378:metabolism; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D013974:Thyroxine