title: Sustained changes in lipid profile and macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels after anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has recently emerged as an important cytokine possibly linking rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and atherogenesis. Because atherogenesis is accelerated in RA this study was conducted to investigate whether anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) therapy could lead to sustained downregulation of systemic MIF levels and improvement in lipid profiles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty RA patients with active disease (disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28) >or=3.2), who started adalimumab therapy at 40 mg every other week, were included. At baseline, weeks 16 and 52 serum levels of MIF and lipids were assessed. In addition, the DAS28 and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 16 weeks of adalimumab therapy, both DAS28 and MIF levels were significantly decreased (p<0.001 and p = 0.020, respectively). This was sustained up to week 52 (p<0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively). CRP levels and ESR were significantly reduced after 16 and 52 weeks of adalimumab therapy (p<0.001). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased at week 16 (p<0.001), but returned to baseline at week 52. Apolipoprotein (apo) A-I levels increased at week 16 (p<0.001) and remained stable (p = 0.005). This resulted in an improved apo B/A-I ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results underline the sustained downregulation of MIF as a potential new mechanism by which anti-TNF therapy might reduce vascular inflammation, and as such perhaps cardiovascular morbidity in RA patients. This hypothesis is supported by an improved apo B/A-I ratio as well as reduced CRP levels in these patients.
authors: Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: C A
authors: CA
authors: Wijbrandts
authors: S I
authors: SI
authors: van Leuven
authors: H D
authors: HD
authors: Boom
authors: D M
authors: DM
authors: Gerlag
authors: E G S
authors: EG
authors: Stroes
authors: J J P
authors: JJ
authors: Kastelein
authors: P P
authors: PP
authors: Tak
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000097:blood; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008055:Lipids; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D000068879:Adalimumab