title: Transcriptional profiling of myotubes from patients with type 2 diabetes: no evidence for a primary defect in oxidative phosphorylation genes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Microarray-based studies of skeletal muscle from patients with type 2 diabetes and high-risk individuals have demonstrated that insulin resistance and reduced mitochondrial biogenesis co-exist early in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes independently of hyperglycaemia and obesity. It is unknown whether reduced mitochondrial biogenesis or other transcriptional alterations co-exist with impaired insulin responsiveness in primary human muscle cells from patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using cDNA microarray technology and global pathway analysis with the Gene Map Annotator and Pathway Profiler (GenMapp 2.1) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA 2.0.1), we examined transcript levels in myotubes established from obese patients with type 2 diabetes and matched obese healthy participants, who had been extensively metabolically characterised both in vivo and in vitro. We have previously reported reduced basal lipid oxidation and impaired insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidation in these diabetic myotubes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No single gene was differently expressed after correction for multiple testing, and no biological pathway was differently expressed using either method of global pathway analysis. In particular, we found no evidence for differential expression of genes involved in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Consistently, there was no difference in mRNA levels of genes known to mediate the transcriptional control of mitochondrial biogenesis (PPARGC1A and NRF1) or in mitochondrial mass between diabetic and control myotubes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the hypothesis that impaired mitochondrial biogenesis is not a primary defect in the sequence of events leading to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
authors: Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervaenget 6, 5000, Odense C, Denmark.
authors: C M
authors: CM
authors: Frederiksen
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Højlund
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Hansen
authors: E J
authors: EJ
authors: Oakeley
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Hemmings
authors: B M
authors: BM
authors: Abdallah
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Brusgaard
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Beck-Nielsen
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Gaster
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D051266:Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; C495633:NRF1 protein, human; D051266:Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D014157:Transcription Factors; D012313:RNA