title: Tobacco use induces anti-apoptotic, proliferative patterns of gene expression in circulating leukocytes of Caucasian males.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Strong epidemiologic evidence correlates tobacco use with a variety of serious adverse health effects, but the biological mechanisms that produce these effects remain elusive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed gene transcription data to identify expression spectra related to tobacco use in circulating leukocytes of 67 Caucasian male subjects. Levels of cotinine, a nicotine metabolite, were used as a surrogate marker for tobacco exposure. Significance Analysis of Microarray and Gene Set Analysis identified 109 genes in 16 gene sets whose transcription levels were differentially regulated by nicotine exposure. We subsequently analyzed this gene set by hyperclustering, a technique that allows the data to be clustered by both expression ratio and gene annotation (e.g. Gene Ontologies).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that tobacco use affects transcription of groups of genes that are involved in proliferation and apoptosis in circulating leukocytes. These transcriptional effects include a repertoire of transcriptional changes likely to increase the incidence of neoplasia through an altered expression of genes associated with transcription and signaling, interferon responses and repression of apoptotic pathways.
authors: Carolina Cardiovascular Biology Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA. pcharles@med.unc.edu
authors: Peter C
authors: PC
authors: Charles
authors: Brian D
authors: BD
authors: Alder
authors: Eleanor G
authors: EG
authors: Hilliard
authors: Jonathan C
authors: JC
authors: Schisler
authors: Robert E
authors: RE
authors: Lineberger
authors: Joel S
authors: JS
authors: Parker
authors: Sabeen
authors: S
authors: Mapara
authors: Samuel S
authors: SS
authors: Wu
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Portbury
authors: Cam
authors: C
authors: Patterson
authors: George A
authors: GA
authors: Stouffer