title: Nicotine effects on learning in zebrafish: the role of dopaminergic systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nicotine improves cognitive function in a number of animal models including rats, mice, monkeys, and recently, zebrafish. The zebrafish model allows higher throughput and ease in discovering mechanisms of cognitive improvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  To further characterize the neural bases of nicotine effects on learning in zebrafish, we determined changes in dopaminergic systems that accompany nicotine-enhanced learning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nicotine improved learning and increased brain levels of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), the primary dopamine metabolite. There was a significant correlation between choice accuracy and DOPAC levels. The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine blocked the nicotine-induced increase in DOPAC concentrations, in line with our previous finding that mecamylamine reversed nicotine-induced learning improvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dopamine systems are related to learning in zebrafish; nicotine exposure increases both learning rates and DOPAC levels; and nicotinic antagonist administration blocks nicotine-induced rises in DOPAC concentrations. Rapid cognitive assessment of drugs with zebrafish could serve as a useful screening tool for the development of new therapeutics for cognitive dysfunction.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box #3412, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors: Donnie
authors: D
authors: Eddins
authors: Ann
authors: A
authors: Petro
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Williams
authors: Daniel T
authors: DT
authors: Cerutti
authors: Edward D
authors: ED
authors: Levin
mesh_terms: D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology*; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D008464:Mecamylamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; D008464:Mecamylamine; D009538:Nicotine; D004298:Dopamine