title: The role of HIV infection and drug and alcohol dependence in hospital mortality among critically ill patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Critical care outcomes among HIV-infected patients have improved because of advances in HIV therapy and general improvements in intensive care unit (ICU) management. There is a high co-occurrence of drug and alcohol dependence among HIV-infected patients, and the independent role of drug and alcohol dependence among patients with and without HIV infection in outcomes of critical illness is unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed a prospectively collected database of 7015 index ICU admissions at 2 teaching hospitals between January 1999 and January 2006. The ICU diagnoses were determined from prospective chart review and classified according to the dictionary of diagnoses developed by the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Council. We used logistic regression to determine the independent association of drug and alcohol dependence as well as HIV infection with in-hospital mortality. Covariates that were adjusted for included acute drug overdose, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, age, sex, hospital site, and socioeconomic variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all patients, 4.4% (309 of 7015) were HIV infected; and of these, 56% (173 of 309) had a history of drug and alcohol dependence, whereas only 7.4% (502 of 6706) of the HIV-negative group had a history of drug and alcohol dependence. Drug and alcohol dependence was not independently associated with hospital mortality in either the model including all admissions (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62-1.03) or the model including pneumonia and sepsis admissions only (AOR 0.92; 95% CI 0.59-1.41). Infection with HIV was independently associated with hospital mortality (AOR 2.16; 95% CI 1.60-2.93).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although HIV infection is associated with increased hospital mortality, drug and alcohol dependence is not associated with an increased hospital mortality independent of HIV infection.
authors: Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Palepu
authors: N A
authors: NA
authors: Khan
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Norena
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Wong
authors: D R
authors: DR
authors: Chittock
authors: P M
authors: PM
authors: Dodek
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D016638:Critical Illness; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality*