title: Pediatric thyroid-associated orbitopathy: the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia experience and literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As Graves' disease is uncommon in children, Graves' eye disease should be even more unusual. Here we report our experience with Graves' eye disease at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and review the literature on ophthalmic findings in children with Graves' disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A retrospective review identified 152 children with Graves' disease seen in the endocrinology clinic of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia over a 3-year period. Of this cohort, only 26 (17%) were referred to ophthalmology because of prominent ophthalmic manifestations. The ages of the patients ranged from 4 months to 17 years. Sixteen of 26 patients were female. Most patients had mild findings consistent with Graves' disease. Proptosis was noted in 10 of 26 (38%). Lid retraction was present in 6 of 26 (23%). Mild corneal punctuate staining was identified in only 3 of the 26 patients (12%). No patients had strabismus or optic neuropathy. Three newly diagnosed Graves' patients who were seen as the retrospective review was being completed were all girls. All three had normal vision, motility, and fundus exams. Two had mild proptosis, lid retraction, and lid lag on down gaze. None had corneal, motility, or optic nerve pathology. These findings are consistent with previous studies in the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eye findings in pediatric Graves' disease are usually mild and typically respond to local measures and control of disturbed thyroid function. Surgery is indicated in a small number of patients for cornea exposure or appearance issues. Graves' disease-associated optic neuropathy has never been reported in the pediatric population.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 18966, USA. scottygmd@comcast.net
authors: Scott M
authors: SM
authors: Goldstein
authors: William R
authors: WR
authors: Katowitz
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Moshang
authors: James A
authors: JA
authors: Katowitz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000379:methods; D009901:Optic Nerve Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D009915:Orbit / Q000473:pathology*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000502:physiology