title: Pathological role of CD44 on NKT cells in carbon tetrachloride-mediated liver injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  CD44 has a variety of functions in immune regulation and signal transduction. Although CD44 is involved in the induction of several inflammatory diseases, it remains unknown whether CD44-targeting therapies are useful for liver diseases. Here, we examined whether CD44 blockade is effective in a chemical-induced liver injury model.
  
  
  METHODS
  We injected CD44 knock out (KO) or wild type mice with carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) and examined the difference of liver injury by immunological or histological analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although CD44KO mice exhibited suppressed liver injury at 6 h after CCl(4) injection with decreased inflammatory cell numbers and cytokine production, these mice showed severe liver injury at 24 h. We found that NKT cells played an important role in liver injury with increased infiltration of theliver after migration, which was independent of the CD44 pathway. In CD44NKT double-KO mice, liver injury was suppressed with reduced cytokine production and macrophage infiltration compared with CD44KO mice. Furthermore, MIP-2 derived from NKT cells or tumor necrosis factor alpha from macrophages contributed to exacerbation of the liver injury, since neutralization of MIP-2 provided significant protection against liver injury in CD44KO mice. Finally, we found that CD44KO mice exhibited excessive liver fibrosis compared with wild-type mice after repeated CCl(4) injections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that CD44 has unique characteristics for inflammatory liver diseases associated with NKT cell infiltration and activation. Furthermore, CD44-targeting therapies may need to be viewed with caution for liver diseases due to the actions of the liver immune system.
authors: Division of Hepatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious diseases Center Komagome Hospital, 18-22-3, Honkomagome, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan.
authors: Kiminori
authors: K
authors: Kimura
authors: Masahito
authors: M
authors: Nagaki
authors: Tomokazu
authors: T
authors: Matsuura
authors: Hisataka
authors: H
authors: Moriwaki
authors: Kazuhiro
authors: K
authors: Kakimi