title: Uncovering G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5 as a histone deacetylase kinase in the nucleus of cardiomyocytes.
abstract: G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) are critical regulators of cellular signaling and function. In cardiomyocytes, GRK2 and GRK5 are two GRKs important for myocardial regulation, and both have been shown to be up-regulated in the dysfunctional heart. We report that increased levels and activity of GRK5 in failing myocardium may have unique significance due to its nuclear localization, a property not shared by GRK2. We find that transgenic mice with elevated cardiac GRK5 levels have exaggerated hypertrophy and early heart failure compared with control mice after pressure overload. This pathology is not present in cardiac GRK2-overexpressing mice or in mice with overexpression of a mutant GRK5 that is excluded from the nucleus. Nuclear accumulation of GRK5 is enhanced in myocytes after aortic banding in vivo and in vitro in myocytes after increased G alpha q activity, the trigger for pressure-overload hypertrophy. GRK5 enhances activation of MEF2 in concert with Gq signals, demonstrating that nuclear localized GRK5 regulates gene transcription via a pathway critically linked to myocardial hypertrophy. Mechanistically, we show that this is due to GRK5 acting, in a non-GPCR manner, as a class II histone deacetylase (HDAC) kinase because it can associate with and phosphorylate the myocyte enhancer factor-2 repressor, HDAC5. Moreover, significant HDAC activity can be found with GRK5 in the heart. Our data show that GRK5 is a nuclear HDAC kinase that plays a key role in maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy apparently independent of any action directly on GPCRs.
authors: George Zallie and Family Laboratory for Cardiovascular Gene Therapy, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors: Jeffrey S
authors: JS
authors: Martini
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Raake
authors: Leif E
authors: LE
authors: Vinge
authors: Brent R
authors: BR
authors: DeGeorge
authors: Brent
authors: B
authors: DeGeorge
authors: J Kurt
authors: JK
authors: Chuprun
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Harris
authors: Erhe
authors: E
authors: Gao
authors: Andrea D
authors: AD
authors: Eckhart
authors: Julie A
authors: JA
authors: Pitcher
authors: Walter J
authors: WJ
authors: Koch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000201:enzymology*; D054774:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 5 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology; D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D064326:MEF2 Transcription Factors; C578036:Mef2a protein, mouse; D018006:Myogenic Regulatory Factors; D054774:G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 5; C517895:Grk5 protein, mouse; C498618:Hdac5 protein, mouse; D006655:Histone Deacetylases