title: Autochthonous bacterial flora indicated by PCR-DGGE of 16S rRNA gene fragments from the alimentary tract of Costelytra zealandica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To locate and identify putative autochthonous bacteria within the grass grub gut that may have a role in symbiosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting was used to investigate bacterial diversity in the grass grub larval gut. The microbial community profiles from five geographically distinct populations were compared and the influence of feeding was analysed. Bacterial community in the midgut was highly variable between locations and was affected by feeding. The hindgut contained a more diverse but stable bacterial community that was less affected by external conditions. Forty-seven distinct DGGE bands, representing different bacterial genotypes, could be distinguished from all samples, with 34 different bands occurring in the hindgut. The 22 most common bands were isolated and DNA was sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed that most bacteria (16/22) were affiliated to the Clostridiales with the predominant bacteria affiliated to the genus Clostridium. The remaining bacteria were aligned to the Betaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The grass grub larva has an autochthonous microflora with predominance of Clostridium spp. in the hindgut.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Occurrence of an autocthonous microflora in the grass grub hindgut suggests a symbiotic relationship which could help explain the ability of larval scarabs to feed on recalcitrant organic matter.
authors: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Urban Pests, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, The People's Republic of China. hongyu.zhang@mail.hzau.edu.cn
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Zhang
authors: T A
authors: TA
authors: Jackson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel / Q000379:methods; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D020459:Genes, rRNA; D007814:Larva / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017421:Sequence Analysis; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S