Upper cervicothoracic sympathetic block increases blood supply of unipedicled TRAM flap.
A prospective clinical study was conducted to evaluate the impact of upper cervicothoracic sympathetic block (CTGB) on blood supply of the unipedicled transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap. The use of the technique is first reported herein, as a manipulation improving arterial blood flow within the flap in high-risk patients, thus reducing postoperative morbidity. From March 2003 to September 2006, 28 heavy smokers, who underwent delayed breast reconstruction with unipedicled TRAM flap, were included in the study. Intraoperative upper cervicothoracic block (ganglia C5,6,7 and T1,2) was performed in 16 patients (group A), while 12 patients, who did not consent to have the blockade (group B), were the control. Clinical evaluation and thermographic monitoring of skin temperature, using the Thermacam A40 (FLIR systems, Wilsonville, OR), was used in all patients and determined the blood flow within the flap. All patients were monitored for early and late complications. In all group A patients, CTGB resulted in TRAM flap temperature increase within 9.5 to 16 min. Flap temperature elevation was found to be significantly higher (P < 0.001) and hospital stay was significantly shorter (P = 0.004) in group A patients. No CTGB or TRAM flap complications were recorded in group A patients. However, in group B, major fat necrosis occurred in 2 patients and partial (1/3) flap necrosis in 1 patient. Upper cervicothoracic sympathetic block is a reliable, safe, and useful technique for increasing blood flow within TRAM flaps in high-risk patients, like heavy smokers, and it minimizes postoperative morbidity.
Tsoutsos
Dimosthenis
D
Department of Plastic Surgery, Athens General State Hospital "G. Gennimatas," Athens, Greece.
Kakagia
Despoina
D
Gravvanis
Andreas
A
Iconomou
Thomais
T
Tsagkarakis
Myron
M
Zogogiannis
Ioannis
I
Dimitriou
Vassilios
V
D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block; D005218:Fat Necrosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012881:Skin Temperature; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000098:blood supply*; D013817:Thermography / Q000191:economics