title: The immunological and metabolic responses to exercise of varying intensities in normoxic and hypoxic environments.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of varying intensities of exercise in normoxic and hypoxic environments on selected immune regulation and metabolic responses. Using a within-subjects design, subjects performed maximal tests on a cycle ergometer in both normoxic (PiO2 = 20.94%) and hypoxic (PiO2 = 14.65%) environments to determine [latin capital V with dot above]O2max. On separate occasions, subjects then performed four randomly assigned, 1-hour exercise bouts on a cycle ergometer (two each in normoxic and hypoxic environments). The hypoxic environment was created by reducing the O2 concentration of inspired air using a commercially available hypoxic chamber. The intensities for the exercise bouts were predetermined as 40 and 60% of their normoxic [latin capital V with dot above]O2max for the normoxic exercise bouts and as 40 and 60% of their hypoxic [latin capital V with dot above]O2max for the hypoxic exercise bouts. Blood samples were collected preexercise, postexercise, 15 minutes postexercise, 2 hours postexercise, and 24 hours postexercise for the determination of interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-[alpha] (TNF-[alpha]), glucose, glycerol, free fatty acids, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol. There were no significant differences (p < 0.05) between condition or intensity for IL-1 or TNF-[alpha]. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between intensities were demonstrated for epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol (p < 0.05). A significant difference was identified between normoxic and hypoxic environments with respect to nonesterifed fatty acids (0.45 +/- 0.37 vs. 0.58 +/- 0.31 mEq x L-1, respectively; p = 0.012). During prolonged exercise at 40 and 60% of their respective [latin capital V with dot above]O2max values, hypoxia did not seem to dramatically alter the response of the selected immune system or metabolic markers. Exercise training that uses acute hypoxic environments does not adversely affect immune regulation system status and may be beneficial for those individuals looking to increase endurance performance.
authors: Department of Exercise and Sport Science, College of St. Catherine, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. mblegen@stkate.edu
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Blegen
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Cheatham
authors: Natalie
authors: N
authors: Caine-Bish
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Woolverton
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Marcinkiewicz
authors: Ellen
authors: E
authors: Glickman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D004777:Environment; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005990:Glycerol / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007375:Interleukin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005990:Glycerol; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine