title: Corneoscleral necrosis after episcleral Au-198 brachytherapy of uveal melanoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the risk factors for the development of corneoscleral necrosis (CSN) and its management in patients with primary choroidal or ciliochoroidal melanoma who underwent episcleral Au-198 brachytherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical records of patients with symptoms of dry eye, foreign body sensation, pain, and evidence of CSN after Au-198 brachytherapy for uveal melanoma treated over a 22-year period were reviewed retrospectively. Risk factors for the development of CSN were identified and various methods of management were evaluated. The data were analyzed using multivariant analysis. A P < 0.05 was taken as a level of statistical significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 202 eyes of 202 patients treated with Au-198 radioactive plaque, 15 (7.4%) patients with symptomatic complaints of dry eye and pain showed evidence of CSN. First signs were noted as early as 1 month to as late as 5 years (median time 5 months) after the treatment. Risk factors for the development of CSN included tumor thickness greater than 6 mm and ciliary body involvement (P < 0.05). Associated risk factor included intraocular pressure greater than 21 mmHg. Four patients required conservative management, 11 patients required scleral patch and/or conjunctival flaps, and 6 eyes eventually required enucleation. Eyes which developed CSN were more likely to undergo enucleation compared with eyes having no evidence of CSN (P < 0.05). None of the eyes with CSN, which required enucleation because of the failed treatment, had histopathologic evidence of recurrent tumor or tumor invading sclera.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Corneoscleral necrosis may occur soon or several years after Au-198 brachytherapy for uveal melanoma. Risk factors for CSN include tumor thickness greater than 6 mm, ciliary body involvement, and intraocular pressure >21 mmHg. Closer follow-up, early recognition, and timely intervention may avert serious consequences.
authors: Ophthalmology Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. orbitdr@yahoo.com
authors: Imtiaz A
authors: IA
authors: Chaudhry
authors: Mimi
authors: M
authors: Liu
authors: Farrukh A
authors: FA
authors: Shamsi
authors: Yonca O
authors: YO
authors: Arat
authors: Debra J
authors: DJ
authors: Shetlar
authors: Milton
authors: M
authors: Boniuk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D005260:Female; D006050:Gold Radioisotopes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012590:Sclera / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014604:Uveal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*
chemical_list: D006050:Gold Radioisotopes