title: Estrogens, oral contraceptives and hormonal replacement therapy increase the incidence of cutaneous melanoma: a population-based case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple studies showed conflicting results on the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and the development of cutaneous melanoma (CM). We investigated the association between estrogen use and CM incidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from PHARMO Pharmacy database and PALGA, the pathology database in The Netherlands, were linked. Women, >or=18 years, with a pathology report of a primary CM from 1 January 1991 to 14 December 2004 and >or=3 years of follow-up before CM diagnosis were eligible cases. Controls were matched for age and geographic region. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between CM incidence and estrogen use, OCs and hormonal replacement therapy (HRT), separately.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 778 cases and 4072 controls were included. CM risk was significantly associated with estrogen use (>or=0.5 year; adjusted OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.19-1.69). This effect was cumulative dose dependent (P trend < 0.001). CM risk was also significantly associated with the use of HRT (>or=0.5 year: OR = 2.08; 95% CI 1.37-3.14) and OC (>or=0.5 year: OR = 1.28; 95% CI 1.06-1.54).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests a cumulative dose-dependent increased risk of CM with the use of estrogens.
authors: Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands. e.r.koomen@lumc.nl
authors: E R
authors: ER
authors: Koomen
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Joosse
authors: R M C
authors: RM
authors: Herings
authors: M K
authors: MK
authors: Casparie
authors: H J
authors: HJ
authors: Guchelaar
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Nijsten
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008545:Melanoma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D004967:Estrogens