title: Teratogenic effect of lithium carbonate in early development of BALB/c mouse.
abstract: Lithium carbonate is used as a standard treatment for manic depression. While researchers have investigated the teratogenic effects of lithium carbonate on embryos of various animals in later stages of development, very limited work has been done on the probability of effects at early stages of development. In this study, the teratogenic effect of lithium carbonate was investigated at earlier preimplantation through implantation stages of development of Balb/C mouse embryos. A therapeutic dose (i.e., 300 mg/kg b.w.) was injected into mice intraperitoneally on days 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5 of pregnancy. Then, on day 15.5 of gestation, embryos were collected from the pregnant animals. Among the embryos, 71.7% were healthy, 10.7% resorbed, 3.1% showed lordosis, 8.1% were underdeveloped and 8.4% had eye malformations. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in the number of hepatic megakaryocytes and nucleated red cells were also observed among experimental embryos. Analysis of maternal serum proteins prepared from dissected animals showed a significant increase or decrease (P < 0.05) in the levels of serum proteins albumin, alpha2 globulin, beta globulin, and gamma globulin. This research on early developmental stages suggests that pregnant mothers need to be aware of possible teratogenic effects at early stages of pregnancy, although it has been thought that the egg envelope can prevent teratogens from entering. In this case, mothers may need to stop lithium carbonate treatment before they make a decision to become pregnant.
authors: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. nokhbeh@susc.ac.ir
authors: Mohsen
authors: M
authors: Nokhbatolfoghahai
authors: Kazem
authors: K
authors: Parivar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D052284:Clutch Size / Q000187:drug effects; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D005260:Female; D016651:Lithium Carbonate / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C / Q000097:blood / Q000254:growth & development*; D012712:Serum Globulins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D012712:Serum Globulins; D013723:Teratogens; D016651:Lithium Carbonate