title: A study of presbycardia, with gender differences favoring ageing women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The impact of ageing on the human cardiovascular system has been the subject of several studies in recent years, but with insufficient emphasis on defining sex-specific differences. To rectify this, gender-specific differences in structure and function in the human cardiovascular system were studied in a European population during natural ageing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiac power output (CPO) was measured and integrated with changes in left ventricular (LV) mass, diastolic, systolic and limb blood flow, blood pressure and exercise capacity in 93 health-screened men and 122 women, aged 20 to 75 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlating with a 21% loss of LV mass, maximum cardiac pumping (i.e. CPOmax=QmaxxMAPmax) and reserve (CR=CPOmax-CPOrest) capacities decreased 20-25% with age in male hearts. In contrast, CPOmax, CR and LV mass were all preserved in ageing women. Maximum cardiac output (Qmax; 26-32%), peak forearm blood flow (FBFpeak; 61%) and exercise capacity (40-50%) all decreased, but more so in men than women. In contrast, systemic vascular resistance (68-75%) and mean arterial pressure (MAPmax; 14-26%) increased in both sexes. CPOrest decreased 27% in men, but was unchanged in women, despite lower early:late diastolic filling (48-51%), Qrest (19-23%) and FBFrest (56%) in both sexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding sex-specific differences in cardiovascular ageing is important for public health and biomedical research, given increasingly larger older populations and the need to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease.
authors: Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 2EF, UK. D.Goldspink@ljmu.ac.uk
authors: David F
authors: DF
authors: Goldspink
authors: Keith P
authors: KP
authors: George
authors: Paul D
authors: PD
authors: Chantler
authors: Richard E
authors: RE
authors: Clements
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Sharp
authors: Gary
authors: G
authors: Hodges
authors: Claire
authors: C
authors: Stephenson
authors: Thomas P
authors: TP
authors: Reilly
authors: Ashish
authors: A
authors: Patwala
authors: Tamas
authors: T
authors: Szakmany
authors: Lip-Bun
authors: LB
authors: Tan
authors: N Timothy
authors: NT
authors: Cable
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001823:Body Composition; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology