title: Screening for resistant gram-negative microorganisms to guide empiric therapy of subsequent infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the potential of resistant gram-negative colonization surveillance to predict etiology of subsequent infection and improve adequacy of empiric antimicrobial treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed medical-surgical six-bed intensive care unit (ICU), from November 2003 to December 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients having at least one episode of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) or bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by a resistant gram-negative pathogen during the study period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Colonization surveillance of the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract was systematically performed in all ICU patients. Tracheal aspirates were obtained twice weekly and rectal swabs once weekly. Both tracheal and rectal samples were cultured in antibiotic-enriched media (containing ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, imipenem or piperacillin/tazobactam), to focus on resistant gram-negative pathogen isolation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Colonization concordance between resistant, gram-negative pathogens of infectious episodes and previous, recent (<or=7 days) colonization of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract was determined, based on species identity and antimicrobial susceptibility. Concordance was 82% in VAP and 86% in BSI cases and was further confirmed by molecular testing of 15 randomly selected cases by REP-PCR. Previous colonization had high sensitivity and specificity in VAP, but was less specific in BSI cases. Knowledge of previous colonization improved the rate of adequate empiric antimicrobial treatment (91 vs. 40% in VAP and 86 vs. 50% in BSI cases, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Colonization surveillance for resistant gram-negative microorganisms is predictive of subsequent infection etiology and can improve empiric antimicrobial treatment adequacy in a critical care setting.
authors: 2nd Critical Care Department, Athens University Medical School, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Rimini 1, Athens 12462, Greece. edpapado@in.gr
authors: Evangelos
authors: E
authors: Papadomichelakis
authors: Flora
authors: F
authors: Kontopidou
authors: Anastasia
authors: A
authors: Antoniadou
authors: Garifalia
authors: G
authors: Poulakou
authors: Evangelos
authors: E
authors: Koratzanis
authors: Petros
authors: P
authors: Kopterides
authors: Irini
authors: I
authors: Mavrou
authors: Apostolos
authors: A
authors: Armaganidis
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: Giamarellou
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002353:Carrier State; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents