title: Panax ginseng natural populations: their past, current state and perspectives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mating system of Panax ginseng, genetics and ontogenetic structure of its natural populations of Primorye (Russia) were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genetic diversity was assessed using allozyme and the fluorescently based automated amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total genetic diversity at species level is low with allozyme assay (0.023), and high with AFLP (0.255) and SSR (0.259) methods. It is observed within populations according to allozyme (> 99%), AFLP (> 85%), and SSR (> 73%) assays. The indices of genetic variability distribution point out the re-colonization of the Sikhote-Alin by ginseng plants from southern refuges during the warming period in the early Holocene. The capability of ginseng plants to cross- and self-pollinate was shown and the assumption that Panax ginseng is a facultative apomictic plant was confirmed. The reproductive system of ginseng possesses high plasticity and stability of the fertilization process that help the species to survive in stress conditions. Disturbances caused by external or internal factors can be reduced due to the morphogenetic potential of ginseng ovule or apomictic embryo development. Analysis of life stages structure of ginseng populations demonstrates that all of them are not full-constituents because some life stages are absent or occur rarely.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In all 3 populations, virgin and young generative individuals are predominant. This means that populations studied are viable and the reintroduction of natural ginseng population is possible yet.
authors: Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia zhuravlev@ibss.dvo.ru
authors: Yuri N
authors: YN
authors: Zhuravlev
authors: Olga G
authors: OG
authors: Koren
authors: Galina D
authors: GD
authors: Reunova
authors: Tamara I
authors: TI
authors: Muzarok
authors: Tatiyana Yu
authors: TY
authors: Gorpenchenko
authors: Irina L
authors: IL
authors: Kats
authors: Yuliya A
authors: YA
authors: Khrolenko
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D011058:Pollen / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D012426:Russia