title: Ultrasonic synthesis of stable, functional lysozyme microbubbles.
abstract: High-intensity ultrasound induces emulsification and cross-linking of protein molecules in aqueous medium. The stability and the functionality of the resultant protein-coated microbubbles are crucial in many of their applications. For example, the stability of drug-loaded microbubbles should be sufficiently long enough, in vivo, so that they can be ruptured only at specific sites for release of the drugs. In this study, we report the synthesis of stable and functional microbubbles, coated with chemically reduced lysozyme, using high-intensity ultrasound in aqueous solution. In the absence of chemical reduction, stable microbubbles were not produced with native lysozyme, indicating the importance of free -SH functional groups for protein cross-linking. The degree of cross-linking between lysozyme molecules was controlled by manipulating both the extent of chemical reduction of the intramolecular disulfide bonds and sonication time. The lysozyme-coated microbubbles are stable for several months and retain the enzymatic (antimicrobial) activity of lysozyme. The layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of polyelectrolytes onto the protein-shell air-core template has been used as a versatile procedure to modify the surface properties of the microbubbles, indicating the possibility of adsorbing potential drugs and/or biolabels on the surface of these microbubbles for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
authors: Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. francesca.cavalieri@uniroma2.it
authors: Francesca
authors: F
authors: Cavalieri
authors: Muthupandian
authors: M
authors: Ashokkumar
authors: Franz
authors: F
authors: Grieser
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Caruso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002645:Chickens; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D004573:Electrolytes; D045423:Microbubbles; D008837:Micrococcus / Q000378:metabolism; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D009113:Muramidase / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D004573:Electrolytes; D009113:Muramidase