title: Gender differences among hardcore smokers: an analysis of the tobacco use supplement of the current population survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite significant declines in smoking rates in the United States, a substantial percentage of adults continue to smoke. Improved understanding of current smokers and their contact with sources of cessation support future tobacco control efforts. Recent evidence suggests that hardcore smokers, established smokers without a history of quit attempts, have less contact with cessation support. Although gender is among the major factors that influence smoking cessation, no research is available on gender differences among hardcore smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic, environmental, and smoking-related characteristics of female hardcore smokers and male hardcore smokers and other female smokers were examined. Data from 17,777 smokers from the 2003 Current Population Survey Tobacco Use Supplement were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with female hardcore smokers, male hardcore smokers were more likely to have contact with smoking restrictions at work (OR = 1.69) and at home (OR = 1.45). Compared with female hardcore smokers, female other smokers were more likely to have seen a healthcare provider during the past year who advised them to quit smoking (OR = 1.39) and more likely to have smoking restrictions at work (OR = 1.25) and at home (OR = 2.32)). Measures of nicotine dependence suggested that female hardcore smokers were less dependent than male hardcore smokers but more dependent than other female smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sociodemographic and healthcare access variations in tobacco use identified in our analyses have significant public health implications and underscore the vital need for clinical and scientific advances in tobacco use prevention and control efforts.
authors: Tobacco Control Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7337, USA. augustse@mail.nih.gov
authors: Erik M
authors: EM
authors: Augustson
authors: Dilyara
authors: D
authors: Barzani
authors: Lila J Finney
authors: LJ
authors: Rutten
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Marcus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine