title: Performing nondiagnostic research biopsies in irradiated tissue: a review of scientific, clinical, and ethical considerations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent development of drugs that target specific pathways in tumors has increased scientific interest in studying drug effects on tumor tissue. As a result, biopsies have become an important part of many early-phase clinical trials. Performing nondiagnostic tumor biopsies raises technical and ethical concerns mostly related to the use of a potentially harmful procedure with no potential benefit to the patient. This issue is complicated by uncertainty about whether performing biopsies in irradiated fields adds significant risk. This article reviews the clinical, scientific, and ethical considerations involved in performing nondiagnostic tumor biopsies in competent adults for research purposes, with a focus on biopsies performed in the setting of therapeutic irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical trials that performed biopsies during or within 4 months of the completion of radiotherapy were identified with a literature review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-nine studies with 2,160 patients were identified. Sixteen of 29 studies reported adverse events (AEs) but did not report active evaluation for biopsy complications. Ten studies did not mention AEs within the study report. At least three studies actively evaluated patients for biopsy complications. Taking this into consideration, 17 (>1%) of 2,160 patients were reported to have biopsy complications, although reporting of AEs was suboptimal in most studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Limited data suggest that biopsies can be performed in irradiated tissues without clinically significant excess risk. Ongoing and future trials including nondiagnostic research biopsies should record and report AEs related to this procedure to provide additional data on safety and toxicity.
authors: Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 CRC, B2-3500, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors: Aaron P
authors: AP
authors: Brown
authors: David S
authors: DS
authors: Wendler
authors: Kevin A
authors: KA
authors: Camphausen
authors: Franklin G
authors: FG
authors: Miller
authors: Deborah
authors: D
authors: Citrin
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000941:ethics* / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects