title: Recruitment of minority and underserved populations in the United States: the Centers for Population Health and Health Disparities experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The recruitment of minority and underserved individuals to research studies is often problematic. The purpose of this study was to describe the recruitment experiences of projects that actively recruited minority and underserved populations as part of The Centers for Population Health and Health Disparities (CPHHD) initiative.
  
  
  METHODS
  Principal investigators and research staff from 17 research projects at eight institutions across the United States were surveyed about their recruitment experiences. Investigators reported the study purpose and design, recruitment methods employed, recruitment progress, problems or challenges to recruitment, strategies used to address these problems, and difficulties resulting from Institutional Review Board (IRB) or Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) requirements. Additionally, information was collected about participant burden and compensation. Burden was classified on a three-level scale. Recruitment results were reported as of March 31, 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recruitment attainment ranged from 52% to 184% of the participant recruitment goals. Commonly reported recruitment problems included administrative issues, and difficulties with establishing community partnerships and contacting potential participants. Long study questionnaires, extended follow-up, and narrow eligibility criteria were also problematic. The majority of projects reported difficulties with IRB approvals, though few reported issues related to HIPAA requirements. Attempted solutions to recruitment problems varied across Centers and included using multiple recruitment sites and sources and culturally appropriate invitations to participate. Participant burden and compensation varied widely across the projects, however, accrual appeared to be inversely associated with the amount of participant burden for each project.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recruitment of minority and underserved populations to clinical trials is necessary to increase study generalizbility and reduce health disparities. Our results demonstrate the importance of flexible study designs which allow adaptation to recruitment challenges. These experiences also highlight the importance of involving community members and reducing participant burden to achieve success in recruiting individuals from minority and underserved populations.
authors: College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Electra.Paskett@osumc.edu
authors: Electra D
authors: ED
authors: Paskett
authors: Katherine W
authors: KW
authors: Reeves
authors: John M
authors: JM
authors: McLaughlin
authors: Mira L
authors: ML
authors: Katz
authors: Ann Scheck
authors: AS
authors: McAlearney
authors: Mack T
authors: MT
authors: Ruffin
authors: Chanita Hughes
authors: CH
authors: Halbert
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Merete
authors: Faith
authors: F
authors: Davis
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Gehlert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D055812:Community-Based Participatory Research; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008507:Medically Underserved Area; D008875:Middle Aged; D008913:Minority Groups; D018579:Patient Selection; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult