title: Hazardous chemicals in synthetic turf materials and their bioaccessibility in digestive fluids.
abstract: Many synthetic turf fields consist of not only artificial grass but also rubber granules that are used as infill. The public concerns about toxic chemicals possibly contained in either artificial (polyethylene) grass fibers or rubber granules have been escalating but are based on very limited information available to date. The aim of this research was to obtain data that will help assess potential health risks associated with chemical exposure. In this small-scale study, we collected seven samples of rubber granules and one sample of artificial grass fiber from synthetic turf fields at different ages of the fields. We analyzed these samples to determine the contents (maximum concentrations) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and several metals (Zn, Cr, As, Cd, and Pb). We also analyzed these samples to determine their bioaccessible fractions of PAHs and metals in synthetic digestive fluids including saliva, gastric fluid, and intestinal fluid through a laboratory simulation technique. Our findings include: (1) rubber granules often, especially when the synthetic turf fields were newer, contained PAHs at levels above health-based soil standards. The levels of PAHs generally appear to decline as the field ages. However, the decay trend may be complicated by adding new rubber granules to compensate for the loss of the material. (2) PAHs contained in rubber granules had zero or near-zero bioaccessibility in the synthetic digestive fluids. (3) The zinc contents were found to far exceed the soil limit. (4) Except one sample with a moderate lead content of 53 p.p.m., the other samples had relatively low concentrations of lead (3.12-5.76 p.p.m.), according to soil standards. However, 24.7-44.2% of the lead in the rubber granules was bioaccessible in the synthetic gastric fluid. (5) The artificial grass fiber sample showed a chromium content of 3.93 p.p.m., and 34.6% and 54.0% bioaccessibility of lead in the synthetic gastric and intestinal fluids, respectively.
authors: School of Public Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA. jjzhang@eohsi.rutgers.edu
authors: Junfeng Jim
authors: JJ
authors: Zhang
authors: In-Kyu
authors: IK
authors: Han
authors: Lin
authors: L
authors: Zhang
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Crain
mesh_terms: D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000502:physiology*; D004063:Digestion / Q000502:physiology*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D007220:Industrial Waste; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D007220:Industrial Waste; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons