title: Horizontal gene transfers link a human MRSA pathogen to contagious bovine mastitis bacteria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acquisition of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance by many clinically important bacteria can be traced to horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between related or evolutionarily distant microflora. Comparative genomic analysis has become an important tool for identifying HGT DNA in emerging pathogens. We have adapted the multi-genome alignment tool EvoPrinter to facilitate discovery of HGT DNA sequences within bacterial genomes and within their mobile genetic elements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EvoPrinter analysis of 13 different Staphylococcus aureus genomes revealed that one of the human isolates, the hospital epidemic methicillin-resistant MRSA252 strain, uniquely shares multiple putative HGT DNA sequences with different causative agents of bovine mastitis that are not found in the other human S. aureus isolates. MRSA252 shares over 14 different DNA sequence blocks with the bovine mastitis ET3 S. aureus strain RF122, and many of the HGT DNAs encode virulence factors. EvoPrinter analysis of the MRSA252 chromosome also uncovered virulence-factor encoding HGT events with the genome of Listeria monocytogenes and a Staphylococcus saprophyticus associated plasmid. Both bacteria are also causal agents of contagious bovine mastitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EvoPrinter analysis reveals that the human MRSA252 strain uniquely shares multiple DNA sequence blocks with different causative agents of bovine mastitis, suggesting that HGT events may be occurring between these pathogens. These findings have important implications with regard to animal husbandry practices that inadvertently enhance the contact of human and livestock bacterial pathogens.
authors: The Neural Cell-Fate Determinants Section, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA. brodyt@ninds.nih.gov
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Brody
authors: Amarendra S
authors: AS
authors: Yavatkar
authors: Yong
authors: Y
authors: Lin
authors: Jermaine
authors: J
authors: Ross
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Kuzin
authors: Mukta
authors: M
authors: Kundu
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Fann
authors: Ward F
authors: WF
authors: Odenwald
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D002876:Chromosomes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D005260:Female; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal / Q000235:genetics*; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D008414:Mastitis, Bovine / Q000635:transmission*; D016106:Methicillin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000635:transmission* / Q000662:veterinary; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics*