title: A prospective blinded evaluation of deep brain stimulation for the treatment of secondary dystonia and primary torticollis syndromes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to provide an objective assessment of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for groups of patients with mixed secondary dystonia and primary torticollis syndromes by a blinded evaluation of 13 consecutive patients who underwent ineffective medical treatment and botulinum toxin injections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine patients with secondary dystonia and 4 with cranial dystonia involving prominent spasmodic torticollis were selected for a DBS implant after they underwent unsuccessful medical treatment. Preoperative videos and neurological assessments were obtained and the DBS implant was inserted into the globus pallidus internus. Postoperatively, DBS parameters were adjusted to provide optimal benefit. Postoperative videotapes and quality of life scores were obtained. Blinded randomized evaluation of videotapes was performed by a neurologist specializing in movement disorders. Videos were scored using the Unified Dystonia Rating Scale, Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale, Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale, or Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale. Quality of life scoring was assessed using a standardized 7-point Global Rating Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 13 patients completed preoperative videotaping, medical assessment, and surgery. Optimal DBS programming was completed in 6.5 visits over 5.9 months. Seven patients reported marked improvement, 3 reported moderate improvement, 2 reported slight improvement or no change, and 1 was lost to follow-up. Examiner scores on the Global Rating Scale reflected patient self-reported scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Global subjective gains and notable objective improvement were observed in 11 of 13 patients. Although the benefits were variable and not fully predictable, they were of sufficient magnitude to justify offering the procedure when medications and botulinum toxin injections have failed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. tpretto@surgery.bsd.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: Theresa E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Pretto
authors.forename: Arif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dalvi
authors.forename: Un Jung
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Penn