title: Perceived participation restriction in middle-aged and older persons with schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine clinical characteristics associated with participation restriction in middle-aged and older persons with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-eight patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, ranging in age from 40 to 81 were included in the study. Participants completed an assessment consisting of sociodemographics, psychiatric symptom severity, depressive symptom severity, cognitive functioning, and participation restriction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A majority of patients reported experiencing participation restriction. Greater severity of participation restriction was predicted by more severe depressive symptoms, less severe general psychiatric symptoms, and better cognitive functioning. Together, these variables accounted for 45% of variance in participation restriction scores with depressive symptoms accounting for the largest proportion of variance. Participation restriction was not associated with age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participation restriction and depressive symptoms are related in individuals with schizophrenia; however, the direction of their relationship is unclear and requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. cmckibbi@uwyo.edu
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: McKibbin
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Twamley
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Sharokh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Golshan
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lebowitz
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feiner
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: Dilip V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Jeste