title: Does ketamine affect intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring in children undergoing selective posterior rhizotomy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Direct dorsal rootlet stimulation with intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring is an adjunct to clinical evaluation during selective posterior rhizotomy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of ketamine on intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring during selective posterior rhizotomy. Specifically, we sought to determine if low dose ketamine given as part of the anesthesia was associated with changes in intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring in patients who underwent selective posterior rhizotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study was conducted using anesthetic records and electrophysiological records of 32 children who had intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring during selective posterior rhizotomy under general anesthesia. Administration and dosage of ketamine preceding the stimulation of dorsal roots was determined from the anesthetic record. A pediatric neurologist, blinded to patient, and to ketamine exposure, evaluated different electrophysiological criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight children received ketamine and 24 did not receive it. The mean average dose of ketamine was 0.18 mg x kg(-1) (sd: 0.04). We did not find any statistically significant difference in intraoperative electrophysiological response between the ketamine and the control groups. However, we noted some trends: Administration of ketamine preceding the stimulation of dorsal roots was associated with a lower maximal threshold (2.7 mA vs 3.5 mA, P = 0.663) and root thresholds compared with children who did not receive ketamine. In addition, the train response following delivery of the suprastimulation tended to last longer with the presence of ketamine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of low dose ketamine preceding the stimulation of dorsal roots during selective posterior rhizotomy might be associated with lower maximal thresholds and a more sustained train response following stimulation. Physicians should be aware of this finding in order to avoid misinterpreting intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, The Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frigon
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sedeek
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poulin
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Farmer