title: Endothelial/lymphocyte activation leads to prominent CD4+ T cell infiltration in the gastric mucosa of patients with systemic sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although gastrointestinal tract dysfunction is a common feature in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma), few studies have addressed the pathogenetic mechanisms of gastrointestinal tract involvement in SSc. We previously showed that severe fibrosis and increased expression of profibrotic cytokines are important hallmarks in the gastric wall of patients with SSc. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether immune and/or microvascular abnormalities may account for tissue damage in gastric wall specimens obtained from patients with SSc.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gastric biopsy samples from 27 patients with SSc and 15 healthy control subjects were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for CD45/leukocyte common antigen, CD3/T cells, CD4/T helper cells, CD8/cytotoxic T cells, CD20/B cells, CD14/monocytes, CD68/macrophages, cell adhesion molecules CD11a/lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1), CD49d/very late activation antigen 4 (VLA-4), CD54/intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), CD106/vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), CD31/platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  T cell infiltration was a prominent finding in gastric specimens from patients with SSc. The CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio was significantly increased in SSc specimens compared with controls. T cells were found in both lymphocyte aggregates and diffuse infiltrates and strongly expressed the activation markers VLA-4, LFA-1, and ICAM-1. Endothelial cells showed corresponding surface activation with strong expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. Mature B cells were frequently observed arranged in aggregates and rarely were seen in a diffuse pattern. Most lymphocyte aggregates lacked monocyte/macrophages. No difference in microvascular density was observed between SSc specimens and controls. Both SSc and control specimens showed weak or no expression of VEGF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings provide the first evidence that endothelial/lymphocyte activation leading to prominent CD4+ T cell infiltration may play a key pathogenetic role within the gastric wall of patients with SSc and may represent an important therapeutic target.
authors.affiliation: University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manetti
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Adelheid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmeiser
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saar
authors.forename: Anna Franca
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Milia
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Endlicher
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roeb
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Messerini
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matucci-Cerinic
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ibba-Manneschi
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Müller-Ladner