title: Diagnosing hypersensitivity reactions to cephalosporins in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goals were to evaluate the usefulness of skin tests, patch tests, serum specific IgE assays, and challenges in diagnosing hypersensitivity reactions to cephalosporins and to clarify the pathogenic mechanism of such reactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with immediate manifestations (within 1 hour) underwent immediate-reading skin tests with penicillin reagents and any suspect cephalosporins, serum specific IgE assays, and challenges; some children underwent reevaluations. Children with nonimmediate manifestations (after >1 hour) were assessed with patch tests, delayed-reading skin tests, and challenges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated 148 children with hypersensitivity reactions to cephalosporins, mainly cefaclor and ceftriaxone; 105 had experienced nonimmediate manifestations (mostly urticarial eruptions and maculopapular rashes) and 43 immediate manifestations (anaphylactic shock, urticaria and/or angioedema, and erythema). None of the nonimmediate reactors demonstrated positive results in patch tests and/or delayed skin tests; only 1 subject displayed immediate positive responses to penicillin skin-test reagents. Among the 104 patients with negative results, 96 underwent challenges; 95 tolerated the challenges, and 1 reacted to the cefaclor pediatric suspension and tolerated the challenge with a cefaclor capsule. In the first allergologic evaluation, 33 of the 43 children with immediate reactions displayed skin-test positivity. Of the 10 patients with negative results, 7 underwent challenges, followed by therapeutic courses and reevaluations for 4. All challenges and therapeutic courses were tolerated; in the reevaluation, 1 girl demonstrated positive skin-test results for both the responsible cephalosporin and penicillin reagents. Overall, IgE-mediated hypersensitivity was diagnosed for 34 (79%) of 43 subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extremely few nonimmediate manifestations associated with cephalosporin therapy are actually hypersensitivity reactions, whereas most immediate reactions to cephalosporins are IgE-mediated. Cephalosporin skin testing is a useful tool for evaluating such reactions.
authors.affiliation: Unità di Allergologia, Complesso Integrato Columbus, Via G. Moscati, 31, 00168 Rome, Italy. antoninoromano@h-columbus.it.
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gaeta
authors.forename: Rocco Luigi
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Valluzzi
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alonzi
authors.forename: Marinella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.forename: Philippe Jean
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bousquet