title: Hand function in multiple sclerosis: force coordination in manipulation tasks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the methodology for exploring the specific aspects of functional impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS) through the pattern of forces exerted in various manipulation tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve mildly involved MS patients (EDSS 2.5-5.5) and 12 healthy controls performed various static and dynamic manipulation tasks with an instrumented device that recorded the grip (G; normal to the digit device contact area) and load force (L; tangential force that causes lifting).
  
  
  RESULTS
  MS patients consistently displayed lower indices of task performance (as assessed by the ability to produce the required L profiles) and force coordination (as assessed by G/L ratio, coupling of G and L, and G modulation) than the healthy controls across all tested tasks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The applied methodology could be sensitive enough to detect the hand dysfunction in mildly involved individuals with MS. Particularly recommended for future evaluations of the impairment of hand function could be a simple lifting task and the static task of tracing a gradually changing L, as well as the variables depicting both the task performance and G/L ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The applied methodology could be developed into a standard clinical test for the assessment of hand function in MS and, possibly, in other neurological diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Human Performance Lab, University of Delaware, 541 S. College Avenue, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
authors.forename: Vennila
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Slobodan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jaric