title: Parthenocarpy and seed predation by insects in Bursera morelensis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While parthenocarpy (meaning the production of fruits without seeds) may limit fecundity in many plants, its function is not clear; it has been proposed, however, that it might be associated with a strategy to avoid seed predation. Bursera morelensis is a dioecious endemic plant that produces fruits with and without seeds, and its fruits are parasitized by insects. Its reproductive system is not well described and no published evidence of parthenocarpy exists for the species. The purpose of this work was to describe the breeding system of B. morelensis and its relationship to seed predation by insects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The breeding system was described using pollination experiments, verifying the presence of parthenocarpic fruits and apomictic seeds. Reproductive structures from flower buds to mature fruits were quantified. For fruits, an anatomical and histological characterization was made. The number of fruits in which seeds had been predated by insects was correlated with parthenocarpic fruit production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The major abortion of reproductive structures occurred during fruit set. The results discard the formation of apomictic seeds. Flowers that were not pollinated formed parthenocarpic fruits and these could be distinguished during early developmental stages. In parthenocarpic fruits in the first stages of development, an unusual spread of internal walls of the ovary occurred invading the locule and preventing ovule development. Unlike fruits with seeds, parthenocarpic fruits do not have calcium oxalate crystals in the ovary wall. Both fruit types can be separated in the field at fruit maturity by the presence of dehiscence, complete in seeded and partial in parthenocarpic fruits. Trees with more parthenocarpic fruits had more parasitized fruits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first time the anatomy of parthenocarpic fruits in Burseraceae has been described. Parthenocarpic fruits in B. morelensis might function as a deceit strategy for insect seed predators as they are unprotected both chemically and mechanically by the absence of calcium oxalate crystals.
authors.affiliation: FES Iztacala UNAM, Laboratorio de Ecología UBIPRO, Av. De los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Edo. México, CP 54090, México.
authors.forename: María F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ramos-Ordoñez
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Márquez-Guzmán
authors.forename: Ma
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Coro Arizmendi