title: Infant growth and child cognition at 3 years of age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infancy is a critical period for brain development. Few studies have examined the extent to which infant weight gain is associated with later neurodevelopmental outcomes in healthy populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to examine associations of infant weight gain from birth to 6 months with child cognitive and visual-motor skills at 3 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 872 participants in Project Viva, an ongoing prospective, longitudinal, prebirth cohort. We abstracted birth weight from the medical chart and weighed infants at 6 months of age. We used the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts to derive weight-for-age z scores. Our primary predictor was infant weight gain, defined as the weight-for-age z score at 6 months adjusted for the weight-for-age z score at birth. At 3 years of age, we measured child cognition with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test III and visual-motor skills with the Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test III score was 104.2, and mean Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities test score was 102.8. Mean birth weight z score was 0.21, and mean 6-month weight z score was 0.39. In multiple linear regression adjusted for child age, gender, gestational age, breastfeeding duration, primary language, and race/ethnicity; maternal age, parity, smoking status, and cognition; and parental education and income level, we found no association of infant weight gain with child Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test III score (-0.4 points per z score weight gain increment, 95% confidence interval -1.3, 0.6) or total Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities standard score (-0.4 points, 95% confidence interval -1.2, 0.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Slower infant weight gain was not associated with poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes in healthy, term-born 3-year-old children. These results should aid in determining optimal growth patterns in infants to balance risks and benefits of health outcomes through the life course.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Boston, Division of Newborn Medicine, Hunnewell 437, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA. mandy.belfort@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Mandy B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Belfort
authors.forename: Sheryl L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rifas-Shiman
authors.forename: Janet W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Rich-Edwards
authors.forename: Ken P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oken
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gillman