title: Redox, iron, and nutritional status of children during swimming training.
abstract: Effects of exercise training on important determinants of children's long-term health, such as redox and iron status, have not been adequately investigated. The aim of the present study was to examine changes in markers of the redox, iron and nutritional status of boy and girl swimmers during a prolonged period of training. 11 boys and 13 girls, aged 10-11 years, were members of a swimming club. They were assessed at the beginning of the training season, at 13 weeks and at 23 weeks through blood sampling and recording of the diet. Reduced glutathione increased at 13 and 23 weeks, whereas oxidised glutathione decreased at 13 weeks, resulting in an increase of the reduced/oxidised glutathione ratio at 13 and 23 weeks. Total antioxidant capacity, catalase, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, hemoglobin, transferrin saturation and ferritin did not change significantly. Carbohydrate intake was below 50% of energy and fat intake was above 40% of energy. Intakes of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol were excessive. Iron intake was adequate but intakes of folate, vitamin E, calcium and magnesium did not meet the recommended daily allowances. No significant differences were found between sexes in any of the parameters measured. In conclusion, child swimmers improved the redox status of glutathione during training, although the intake of antioxidant nutrients did not change. The iron status was not impaired by training. Suboptimal intake of several nutrients suggests the need for nutritional monitoring and education of children athletes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kabasakalis
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalitsis
authors.forename: Michalis G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Nikolaidis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsalis
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kouretas
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Loupos
authors.forename: Vassilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mougios