title: Impaired leukocyte influx in cervix of postterm women not responding to prostaglandin priming.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prolonged pregnancies are associated with increased rate of maternal and fetal complications. Post term women could be divided into at least two subgroups, one where parturition is possible to induce by prostaglandins and one where it is not. Our aim was to study parameters in cervical biopsies in women with spontaneous delivery at term (controls) and compare to those that are successfully induced post term (responders), and those that are not induced (non-responders), by local prostaglandin treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stromal parameters examined in this study were the accumulation of leukocytes (CD45, CD68), mRNAs and/or proteins for the extracellular matrix degrading enzymes (matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-8 and MMP-9), their inhibitors (tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2), interleukin-8 (IL-8), the platelet activating factor-receptor (PAF-R), syndecan-1 and estrogen binding receptors (estrogen receptor (ER)alpha, ERbeta and G-coupled protein receptor (GPR) 30) as well as the proliferation marker Ki-67.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The influx of leukocytes as assessed by CD45 was strongest in the responders, thereafter in the controls and significantly lower in the non-responders. IL-8, PAF-R and MMP-9, all predominantly expressed in leukocytes, showed significantly reduced immunostaining in the group of non-responders, while ERalpha and GPR30 were more abundant in the non-responders, as compared to the controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impaired leukocyte influx, as reflected by the reduced number of CD45 positive cells as well as decreased immunostaining of IL-8, PAF-R and MMP-9 in the non-responders, could be one explanation of the failed ripening of the cervix in post term women. If the decreased leukocyte influx is a primary explanation to absent ripening or secondary, as a result of other factors, is yet to be established.
authors.affiliation: Division for Reproductive Endocrinology, Q2:08, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Lena.Sahlin@ki.se
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sahlin
authors.forename: Ylva
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stjernholm-Vladic
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: Britt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Masironi
authors.forename: Gunvor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ekman-Ordeberg