title: Beneficial effects of dimethyl fumarate on experimental autoimmune myocarditis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fumaric acid esters (FAE) have been proven to be effective for the systemic treatment of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis, Th1 cell-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases, but their effect on autoimmune myocarditis has not yet been addressed. We investigated the effect of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) on myosin-induced experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Dark Agouti (DA) rats immunized with porcine cardiac myosin were orally treated with 5 and 15 mg/kg body weight (bw) DMF either from days 0-10 (early treatment groups) or from days 10-21 (late treatment groups) after induction of EAM. All rats were sacrificed on day 21 after immunization and hearts were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically. Levels of TNF-alpha and IL-10 in serum and lymph node cells culture supernatants were detected by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both early and late treatment with 15 mg/kg body weight (bw) DMF markedly reduced the severity of myocarditis by comparing the incidence, heart weight/bw ratio, macroscopic and microscopic scores, and number of OX-6+ cells in the myocardium. Further, levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in serum and culture supernatants of lymph node cells stimulated with ConA or myosin were significantly lower in DMF-treated EAM animals compared with vehicle-treated EAM rats. There was no significant difference in serum levels of interleukin-10 between DMF- and vehicle-treated EAM rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show for the first time that DMF ameliorates experimental autoimmune myocarditis and may be acted, at least in part, by interfering with the production of TNF-alpha.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, Serbia. marinama@pharmacy.bg.ac.yu
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milenković
authors.forename: Nevena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arsenović-Ranin
authors.forename: Dragana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vucićević
authors.forename: Biljana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bufan
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jancić
authors.forename: Zorica
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Stojić-Vukanić