title: Discovery of novel mechanisms and molecular targets for the inhibition of activated thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is an important regulator of fibrinolysis and an attractive target to develop profibrinolytic drugs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the (inhibitory) properties of five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed towards rat TAFI (i.e. MA-RT13B2, MA-RT30D8, MA-RT36A3F5, MA-RT36B2 and MA-RT82F12).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Direct interference of the mAb with rat activated TAFI (TAFIa) activity was assayed using a chromogenic activity assay. This revealed reductions of 79% +/- 1%, 54% +/- 4%, and 19% +/- 2% in activity in the presence of a 16-fold molar excess of MA-RT13B2, MA-RT36A3F5, and MA-RT82F12, respectively whereas MA-RT30D8 and MA-RT36B2 had no direct inhibitory effect. Additionally, MA-RT13B2 and MA-RT36A3F5 reduced rat TAFIa half-life by 56% +/- 2% and 61% +/- 3%. Tissue-type plasminogen activator mediated in vitro clot lysis was determined using rat plasma. Compared to potato tuber carboxypeptidase inhibitor, MA-RT13B2, MA-RT30D8, MA-RT36A3F5, and MA-RT82F12 reduced clot lysis times by 86% +/- 14%, 100% +/- 5%, 100% +/- 10%, and 100% +/- 11%, respectively. During epitope mapping, Arg(227) and Ser(251) were identified as major residues interacting with MA-RT13B2. Arg(188) and His(192) contribute to the interaction with MA-RT36A3F5. Arg(227), Ser(249), Ser(251), and Tyr(260) are involved in the binding of MA-RT30D8 and MA-RT82F12 with rat TAFI(a). The following mechanisms of inhibition have been deduced: MA-RT13B2 and MA-RT36A3F5 have a destabilizing effect on rat TAFIa whereas MA-RT30D8 and MA-RT82F12 partially block the access to the active site of TAFIa or interact with the binding of TAFIa to the blood clot.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described inhibitory mAb towards rat TAFIa will facilitate TAFI research in murine models. Additionally, we reveal novel molecular targets for the direct inhibition of TAFIa through different mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hillmayer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vancraenenbroeck
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Maeyer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Compernolle
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Declerck
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gils