title: Aberrant gene promoter methylation in sputum from individuals exposed to smoky coal emissions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies suggested the potential for aberrant gene promoter methylation in sputum as predictive marker for lung cancer. Here, the promoter methylation of p16, MGMT, RASSF1A and DAPK genes was investigated in sputum of individuals exposed to smoky coal emissions in Xuan Wei, China, where the lung cancer rate more than 6 times the Chinese national average.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sputum DNA of 107 noncancer individuals and 58 lung cancer patients was screened for promoter methylation using methylation-specific PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Promoter methylation of the p16 gene was detected in about half [51.4% (55/107)] sputum DNA from noncancer individuals, a frequency higher than that observed for the RASSF1A (29.9%), MGMT (17.8%) and DAPK (15.9%) genes. Furthermore, the p16 gene was affected by promoter methylation at a frequency even higher among the lung cancer group, compared with the noncancer group [70.7% (41/58) versus 51.7% (55/107), p = 0.017].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals exposed to smoky coal emissions in this region harbored frequent promoter methylation of these genes in their sputum and some of such alterations may be involved in lung tumor development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Jide
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mumford
authors.forename: Dianxu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Phouthone
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Keohavong