title: Evaluation of shooting distance by AFM and FTIR/ATR analysis of GSR.
abstract: The techniques of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR/ATR) spectroscopy are applied to the analysis of gun-shot residue (GSR) to test their ability to determine shooting distance and discrimination of the powder manufacturers. AFM is a nondestructive technique that is capable of characterizing the shapes and size distributions of GSR particles with resolution down to less than a nanometer. This may be useful for estimation of the shooting distance. Our AFM images of GSR show that the size distribution of the particles is inversely proportional to the shooting distance. Discrimination of powder manufacturers is tested by FTIR/ATR investigation of GSR. Identifying the specific compounds in the GSR by FTIR/ATR was not possible because it is a mixture of the debris of several compounds that compose the residue. However, it is shown that the GSR from different cartridges has characteristic FTIR/ATR bands that may be useful in differentiating the powder manufacturers. It appears promising that the development of AFM and FTIR/ATR databases for various powder manufacturers may be useful in analysis and identification of GSR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Physics, Lamar University, PO Box 10022, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA.
authors.forename: Yongyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mou
authors.forename: Jyoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lakadwar
authors.forename: J Wayne
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Rabalais