title: Low plasma progranulin levels predict progranulin mutations in frontotemporal lobar degeneration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mutations in the progranulin gene (PGRN) were identified as the causal mechanism underlying frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Most of these mutations are predicted to create null alleles leading to a 50% loss of progranulin transcript.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients underwent clinical and neurologic examination at the Memory Clinic of the IRCCS S. Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy. We enrolled affected (n = 6) and unaffected at risk members (n = 73) of families carrying the FTLD associated progranulin Leu271LeufsX10 mutation; additionally, we included subjects affected by sporadic/familial FTLD (n = 65), controls (n = 75), and a family carrying the tau P301L mutation. The presence of mutations in PGRN and MAPT genes was investigated by direct sequencing of exonic and flanking intronic regions. Progranulin plasma and CSF levels were measured using ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated that progranulin protein is strongly reduced (up to 3.93-fold) both in plasma and CSF of affected and unaffected subjects carrying mutations in progranulin gene (PGRN Leu271LeufsX10 and Q341X). We established a plasma progranulin protein cutoff level of 74.4 ng/mL that identifies, with specificity and sensitivity of 100%, mutation carriers among unaffected subjects. In FTLD, values <or=110.9 ng/mL give a specificity of 92.8% and a sensitivity of 100% for PGRN mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose the dosage of plasma progranulin as a useful tool for a quick and inexpensive large-scale screening of carriers of progranulin mutations and for monitoring future treatments that might boost the level of this protein.
authors.affiliation: NeuroBioGen Lab-Memory Clinic, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, via Pilastroni 4, 25125 Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghidoni
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benussi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glionna
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franzoni
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Binetti