title: Effects of different cooking methods on antioxidant profile, antioxidant capacity, and physical characteristics of artichoke.
abstract: In this study, the effects of three common cooking practices (i.e., boiling, steaming, and frying) on the artichoke phenolic compounds pattern were evaluated by LC-MS/MS analysis. The variation of carotenoids, antioxidant capacity, and artichoke physical properties after cooking was also investigated. The major phenolic compounds present in the raw sample were 5- O-caffeoylquinic and 1,5-di- O-caffeoylquinic acids; after cooking treatments, an increase of the overall caffeoylquinic acids concentration due to the formation of different dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers was observed. Steamed and fried samples showed similar patterns of dicaffeoylquinic concentrations, which were higher with respect to the boiled samples. On the other hand, all cooking practices, particularly frying, decreased flavonoid concentration. The antioxidant capacity of cooked artichokes, measured by three different assays, enormously increased after cooking, particularly after steaming (up to 15-fold) and boiling (up to 8-fold). The observed cooking effect on the artichoke antioxidant profile is probably due to matrix softening and increased extractability of compounds, but the increase of antioxidant capacity is much higher than the increase of antioxidant concentration. These results suggest that some common cooking treatments can be used to enhance the nutritional value of vegetables, increasing bioaccessibility of health-promoting constituents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Napoli Federico II, Parco Gussone, 80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosalia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferracane
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pellegrini
authors.forename: Attilio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Visconti
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Graziani
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chiavaro
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miglio
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fogliano