title: Transcriptional responses to biologically relevant doses of UV-B radiation in the model archaeon, Halobacterium sp. NRC-1.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most studies of the transcriptional response to UV radiation in living cells have used UV doses that are much higher than those encountered in the natural environment, and most focus on short-wave UV (UV-C) at 254 nm, a wavelength that never reaches the Earth's surface. We have studied the transcriptional response of the sunlight-tolerant model archaeon, Halobacterium sp. NRC-1, to low doses of mid-wave UV (UV-B) to assess its response to UV radiation that is likely to be more biologically relevant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Halobacterium NRC-1 cells were irradiated with UV-B at doses equivalent to 30 J/m2 and 5 J/m2 of UV-C. Transcriptional profiling showed that only 11 genes were up-regulated 1.5-fold or more by both UV-B doses. The most strongly up-regulated gene was radA1 (vng2473), the archaeal homologue of RAD51/recA recombinase. The others included arj1 (vng779) (recJ-like exonuclease), top6A (vng884) and top6B (vng885) (coding for Topoisomerase VI subunits), and nrdJ (vng1644) (which encodes a subunit of ribonucleotide reductase). We have found that four of the consistently UV-B up-regulated genes, radA1 (vng2473), vng17, top6B (vng885) and vng280, share a common 11-base pair motif in their promoter region, TTTCACTTTCA. Similar sequences were found in radA promoters in other halophilic archaea, as well as in the radA promoter of Methanospirillum hungatei. We analysed the transcriptional response of a repair-deficient DeltauvrA (vng2636) DeltauvrC (vng2381) double-deletion mutant and found common themes between it and the response in repair proficient cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show a core set of genes is consistently up-regulated after exposure to UV-B light at low, biologically relevant doses. Eleven genes were up-regulated, in wild-type cells, after two UV-B doses (comparable to UV-C doses of 30 J/m2 and 5 J/m2), and only four genes were up-regulated by all doses of UV-B and UV-C that we have used in this work and previously. These results suggest that high doses of UV-C radiation do not necessarily provide a good model for the natural response to environmental UV. We have found an 11-base pair motif upstream of the TATA box in four of the UV-B up-regulated genes and suggest that this motif is the binding site for a transcriptional regulator involved in their response to UV damage in this model archaeon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.|Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, UAS, 148 Zabolotnogo Street, Kiev, 03143, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Boubriak
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
authors.forename: Wooi Loon
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 701 E. Pratt St., Suite 236, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: DasSarma
authors.affiliation: Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 701 E. Pratt St., Suite 236, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.|Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Shiladitya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: DasSarma
authors.affiliation: Natural Sciences Department, Assumption College, 500 Salisbury Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Crowley
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
authors.forename: Shirley J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: McCready