title: Neuronostatin encoded by the somatostatin gene regulates neuronal, cardiovascular, and metabolic functions.
abstract: Somatostatin is important in the regulation of diverse neuroendocrine functions. Based on bioinformatic analyses of evolutionarily conserved sequences, we predicted another peptide hormone in pro-somatostatin and named it neuronostatin. Immuno-affinity purification allowed the sequencing of an amidated neuronostatin peptide of 13 residues from porcine tissues. In vivo treatment with neuronostatin induced c-Fos expression in gastrointestinal tissues, anterior pituitary, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In vitro treatment with neuronostatin promoted the migration of cerebellar granule cells and elicited direct depolarizing actions on paraventricular neurons in hypothalamic slices. In a gastric tumor cell line, neuronostatin induced c-Fos expression, stimulated SRE reporter activity, and promoted cell proliferation. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular treatment with neuronostatin increased blood pressure but suppressed food intake and water drinking. Our findings demonstrate diverse neuronal, neuroendocrine, and cardiovascular actions of a somatostatin gene-encoded hormone and provide the basis to investigate the physiological roles of this endogenously produced brain/gut peptide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA. samsonwk@slu.edu
authors.forename: Willis K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Samson
authors.forename: Jian V
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authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Orna
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authors.lastname: Avsian-Kretchmer
authors.forename: Kai
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authors.forename: Gina L C
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Yosten
authors.forename: Cindy
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authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Rong-Ming
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lyu
authors.forename: Yong Xiong
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiang Qun
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authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jun
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authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Christopher J
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authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Ted D
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authors.lastname: Hoyda
authors.forename: Alastair V
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authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: Xiao-bin
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authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Jaw Kang
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authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Aaron J W
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authors.lastname: Hsueh