title: Characteristics of TIA and its management in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is described as a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal brain ischemia, with clinical symptoms typically lasting less than an hour, and without evidence of acute infarction. Recent studies depict TIA as a particularly unstable condition. Risk of stroke is greater than 10% in the first 90 days after an index TIA. The presentation, prognosis and intervention for TIA have not been reported in South-Asians in a developing country.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was done for 158 patients who were admitted with the diagnosis of TIA, as defined by ICD 9 code 435, from January 2003 to December 2005 at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. The data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 14.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 158 patients, 57.6% were male and 41.1% were female. The common presenting symptoms were motor symptoms (51.3%), speech impairment (43%), sensory impairment (34.8%) and loss of balance/vertigo (29.1%). The median delay in presenting to the hospital was 4 hours. Those with motor symptoms were found to present earlier. The study showed that only 60.8% of all the patients presenting with TIA received any immediate treatment out of which 44.7% received aspirin. Neuroimaging was used in 91.1% of the patients. Of all the TIA patients 9.1% converted to stroke with 50% doing so within the first 24 hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The natural history of TIA from this developing nation is comparable to international descriptions. A large percentage of patients are still not receiving any immediate treatment as recommended in available guidelines, even in a tertiary care hospital.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor Neurology, Director Stroke Service, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. ayeesha.kamal@aku.edu
authors.forename: Ayeesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamal
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khimani
authors.forename: Rushna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: Sahar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zafar
authors.forename: Salman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bandeali
authors.forename: Sayeedullah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jan