title: PD-1 ligand expression by human colonic myofibroblasts/fibroblasts regulates CD4+ T-cell activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A prominent role for inhibitory molecules PD-L1 and PD-L2 in peripheral tolerance has been proposed. However, the phenotype and function of PD-L-expressing cells in human gut remains unclear. Recent studies suggest that colonic myofibroblasts (CMFs) and fibroblasts are important in the switch from acute inflammation to adaptive immunity. In the normal human colon, CMFs represent a distinct population of major histocompatibility complex class II(+) cells involved in the regulation of mucosal CD4(+) T-cell responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression on human CMFs was determined using Western blot, fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis and confocal microscopy. Lymphoproliferation assays and cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to evaluate the role of B7 costimulators expressed by CMFs with regard to the regulation of preactivated T-helper cell responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate here the expression of PD-L1/2 molecules by normal human CMF and fibroblasts in situ and in culture. Both molecules support suppressive functions of CMFs in the regulation of activated CD4(+) T-helper cell proliferative responses; blocking this interaction reverses the suppressive effect of CMFs on T-cell proliferation and leads to increased production of the major T-cell growth factor, interleukin (IL)-2. PD-L1/2-mediated CMF suppressive functions are mainly due to the inhibition of IL-2 production, because supplementation of the coculture media with exogenous IL-2 led to partial recovery of activated T-cell proliferation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that stromal myofibroblasts and fibroblasts may limit T-helper cell proliferative activity in the gut and, thus, might play a prominent role in mucosal intestinal tolerance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0366, USA.
authors.forename: Irina V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Pinchuk
authors.forename: Jamal I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Saada
authors.forename: Ellen J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Beswick
authors.forename: Gushyalatha
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boya
authors.forename: Sumin M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Randy C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Mifflin
authors.forename: Gottumukkala S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.forename: Victor E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Don W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Powell