title: General practitioner empathy, patient enablement, and patient-reported outcomes in primary care in an area of high socio-economic deprivation in Scotland--a pilot prospective study using structural equation modeling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this pilot prospective study was to investigate the relationships between general practitioners (GPs) empathy, patient enablement, and patient-assessed outcomes in primary care consultations in an area of high socio-economic deprivation in Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study was carried out in a five-doctor practice in an area of high socioeconomic deprivation in Scotland. Patients' views on the consultation were gathered using the Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) Measure and the Patient Enablement Instrument (PEI). Changes in main complaint and well-being 1 month after the contact consultation were gathered from patients by postal questionnaire. The effect of GP empathy on patient enablement and prospective change in outcome was investigated using structural equation modelling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  323 patients completed the initial questionnaire at the contact consultation and of these 136 (42%) completed and returned the follow-up questionnaire at 1 month. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the construct validity ofthe CARE Measure, though omission of two ofthe six PEI items was required in order to reach an acceptable global data fit. The structural equation model revealed a direct positive relationship between GP empathy and patient enablement at contact consultation and a prospective relationship between patient enablement and changes in main complaint and well-being at 1 month.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a high deprivation setting, GP empathy is associated with patient enablement at consultation, and enablement predicts patient-rated changes 1 month later. Further larger studies are desirable to confirm or refute these findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ways of increasing GP empathy and patient enablement need to be established in order to maximise patient outcomes. Consultation length and relational continuity of care are known factors: the benefit of training and support for GPs needs to be further investigated.
authors.affiliation: Section of General Practice and Primary Care, Division of Community-based Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom. sm83z@clinmed.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: Stewart W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wirtz
authors.forename: Bridie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.forename: Gaby
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vojt