title: hCG beta expression by cervical squamous carcinoma--in vivo histological association with tumour invasion and apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the correlation of beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG beta) expression by cervical carcinomas with measures of tumour apoptosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-nine cervical carcinoma patients' samples were subject to hCG beta immunohistochemistry and scored with respect to intensity of immunopositivity and percentage of positive cells. Apoptosis was evaluated by three independent parameters: morphological characteristics [haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)], terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) immunopositivity. Of the 12 adenocarcinomas, only one (8%) was hCG beta+. However, 87% (61/70) of the squamous cell and 100% (7/7) of adenosquamous cell carcinomas were hCG beta+. hCG beta reactivity and intensity was predominantly confined to peripheral tumour cells at the stromal-epithelial interface. Correlation analysis showed that H&E and PARP apoptotic immunopositivity negatively correlated with hCG beta expression (P < 0.001 and P = 0.028 respectively), whereas TUNEL did not (P = 0.12). However, immunopositivity for apoptotic cells by TUNEL was significantly less in tumours where hCG beta expression was greater (scoring >or= 6) and vice versa. hCG beta immunopositivity was also observed in newly formed blood vessels, as well as tumour cells within lymphatic vessels. When tumour vascularization was taken into account, samples with noted vascularization positively correlated with hCG beta scoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  hCG beta expression correlates with reduced tumour cell apoptosis and may be involved in tumour vascularization and dissemination.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Science, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Health and Social Science, Middlesex University, Enfield, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ghali
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Al-Shalabi
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Docherty
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Purkis
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Iles