title: Kinetic isotope effect studies on the de novo rate of chromophore formation in fast- and slow-maturing GFP variants.
abstract: The maturation process of green fluorescent protein (GFP) entails a protein oxidation reaction triggered by spontaneous backbone condensation. The chromophore is generated by full conjugation of the Tyr66 phenolic group with the heterocycle, a process that requires C-H bond scission at the benzylic carbon. We have prepared isotope-enriched protein bearing tyrosine residues deuterated at the beta carbon, and have determined kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) on the GFP self-processing reaction. Progress curves for the production of H 2O 2 and the mature chromophore were analyzed by global curve fitting to a three-step mechanism describing preoxidation, oxidation and postoxidation events. Although a KIE for protein oxidation could not be discerned ( k H/ k D = 1.1 +/- 0.2), a full primary KIE of 5.9 (+/-2.8) was extracted for the postoxidation step. Therefore, the exocyclic carbon is not involved in the reduction of molecular oxygen. Rather, C-H bond cleavage proceeds from the oxidized cyclic imine form, and is the rate-limiting event of the final step. Substantial pH-dependence of maturation was observed upon substitution of the catalytic glutamate (E222Q), indicating an apparent p K a of 9.4 (+/-0.1) for the base catalyst. For this variant, a KIE of 5.8 (+/-0.4) was determined for the intrinsic time constant that is thought to describe the final step, as supported by ultra-high resolution mass spectrometric results. The data are consistent with general base catalysis of the postoxidation events yielding green color. Structural arguments suggest a mechanism in which the highly conserved Arg96 serves as catalytic base in proton abstraction from the Tyr66-derived beta carbon.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Pouwels
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Nam H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Pieter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Dorrestein
authors.forename: Rebekka M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Wachter