title: Use of high-frequency ultrasonography for evaluation of skin thickness in relation to hydration status and fluid distribution at various cutaneous sites in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the usefulness of high-frequency diagnostic ultrasonography for evaluation of changes of skin thickness in relation to hydration status and fluid distribution at various cutaneous sites in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  10 clinically normal adult dogs (6 males and 4 females) of various breeds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultrasonographic examination of the skin was performed before and after hydration via IV administration of an isotonic crystalloid solution (30 mL/kg/h for 30 minutes). A 13-MHz linear-array transducer was used to obtain series of ultrasonographic images at 4 different cutaneous sites (the frontal, sacral, flank, and metatarsal regions). Weight and various clinicopathologic variables (PCV; serum osmolality; and serum total protein, albumin, and sodium concentrations) were determined before and after the infusion. These variables and ultrasonographic measurements of skin thickness before and after hydration were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 10 dogs, mean preinfusion skin thickness ranged from 2,211 microm (metatarsal region) to 3,249 microm (sacral region). Compared with preinfusion values, weight was significantly increased, whereas PCV; serum osmolality; and serum total protein, albumin, and sodium concentrations were significantly decreased after infusion. After infusion, dermal echogenicity decreased and skin thickness increased significantly by 21%, 14%, 15%, and 13% in the frontal, sacral, flank, and metatarsal regions, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cutaneous site and hydration were correlated with cutaneous characteristics and skin thickness determined by use of high-frequency ultrasonography in dogs. Thus, diagnostic ultrasonography may be a useful tool for the noninvasive evaluation of skin hydration in healthy dogs and in dogs with skin edema.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, I-40064 Ozzano Emilia BO, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diana
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guglielmini
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fracassi
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pietra
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balletti
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cipone