The distinct role of the Runx proteins in chondrocyte differentiation and intervertebral disc degeneration: findings in murine models and in human disease.
OBJECTIVE
Runx2 is a transcription factor that regulates chondrocyte differentiation. This study was undertaken to address the role of the different Runx proteins (Runx1, Runx2, or Runx3) in chondrocyte differentiation using chondrocyte-specific Runx-transgenic mice, and to study the importance of the QA domain of Runx2, which is involved in its transcriptional activation.


METHODS
Runx expression was analyzed in the mouse embryo by in situ hybridization. Overexpression of Runx1, Runx2 (lacking the QA domain [DeltaQA]), or Runx3 was induced in chondrocytes in vivo, to produce alpha(1)II-Runx1, alpha(1)II-Runx2DeltaQA, and alpha(1)II-Runx3 mice, respectively, for histologic and molecular analyses. Runx expression was also examined in an experimental mouse model of mechanical stress-induced intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and in human patients with IVD degeneration.


RESULTS
Runx1 expression was transiently observed in condensations of mesenchymal cells, whereas Runx2 and Runx3 were robustly expressed in prehypertrophic chondrocytes. Similar to alpha(1)II-Runx2 mice, alpha(1)II-Runx2DeltaQA and alpha(1)II-Runx3 mice developed ectopic mineralization of cartilage, but this was less severe in the alpha(1)II-Runx2DeltaQA mice. In contrast, alpha(1)II-Runx1 mice displayed no signs of ectopic mineralization. Surprisingly, alpha(1)II-Runx1 and alpha(1)II-Runx2 mice developed scoliosis due to IVD degeneration, characterized by an accumulation of extracellular matrix and ectopic chondrocyte hypertrophy. During mouse embryogenesis, Runx2, but not Runx1 or Runx3, was expressed in the IVDs. Moreover, both in the mouse model of IVD degeneration and in human patients with IVD degeneration, there was significant up-regulation of Runx2 expression.


CONCLUSIONS
Each Runx protein has a distinct, yet overlapping, role during chondrocyte differentiation. Runx2 contributes to the pathogenesis of IVD degeneration.
Sato
Shingo
S
Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
Kimura
Ayako
A
Ozdemir
Jerfi
J
Asou
Yoshinori
Y
Miyazaki
Makiko
M
Jinno
Tetsuya
T
Ae
Keisuke
K
Liu
Xiuyun
X
Osaki
Mitsuhiko
M
Takeuchi
Yasuhiro
Y
Fukumoto
Seiji
S
Kawaguchi
Hiroshi
H
Haro
Hirotaka
H
Shinomiya
Ken-Ichi
K
Karsenty
Gerard
G
Takeda
Shu
S