title: Display dimensionality and conflict geometry effects on maneuver preferences for resolving in-flight conflicts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Two experiments explored the effects of display dimensionality, conflict geometry, and time pressure on pilot maneuvering preferences for resolving en route conflicts.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  With the presence of a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) that provides graphical airspace information, pilots can use a variety of conflict resolution maneuvers in response to how they perceive the conflict. Inconsistent preference findings from previous research on conflict resolution using CDTIs may be attributable to inherent ambiguities in 3-D perspective displays and/or a limited range of conflict geometries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pilots resolved predicted conflicts using CDTIs with three levels of display dimensionality; the first had two 2-D orthogonal views, the second depicted the airspace in two alternating 3-D perspective views, and the third had a pilot-controlled swiveling viewpoint.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pilots demonstrated the same preferences that have been observed in previous research for vertical over lateral maneuvers in low workload and climbs over descents for level-flight conflicts. With increasing workload the two 3-D perspective displays, but not the 2-D displays, resulted in an increased preference for lateral over vertical maneuvers. Increased time pressure resulted in increased vertical maneuvers, an effect again limited to the two 3-D perspective displays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resolution preferences were more affected by workload and time pressure when the 3-D perspective displays were used, as compared with the 2-D displays, although overall preferences were milder than in previous studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Investigating maneuver preferences using the strategic flight planning paradigm employed in this study may be the key to better ensure pilot acceptance of computer-generated resolution maneuvers.
authors.affiliation: Boeing Phantom Works, Seattle, Washington, USA. lcthoma1@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Lisa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wickens