title: Clathrin- and caveolae-independent entry of feline infectious peritonitis virus in monocytes depends on dynamin.
abstract: Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), a coronavirus that causes a lethal chronic disease in cats, enters feline monocytes via endocytosis. In this study, the pathway of internalization is characterized by evaluating the effect of chemical inhibitors and/or expression of dominant-negative (DN) proteins on the percentage of internalized virions per cell and infection. Further, co-localization studies were performed to determine the involvement of certain cellular internalization proteins. FIPV is not internalized through a clathrin-mediated pathway, as chlorpromazine, amantadine and DN eps15 did not influence virus uptake and FIPV did not co-localize with clathrin. The caveolae-mediated pathway could be excluded based on the inability of genistein and DN caveolin-1 to inhibit virus uptake and lack of co-localization between FIPV and caveolin-1. Dynamin inhibitory peptide and DN dynamin effectively inhibited virus internalization. The inhibitor strongly reduced uptake to 20.3+/-1.1% of uptake in untreated cells. In the presence of DN dynamin, uptake was 58.7+/-3.9% relative to uptake in untransduced cells. Internalization of FIPV was slightly reduced to 85.0+/-1.4 and 87.4+/-6.1% of internalization in control cells by the sterol-binding drugs nystatin and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, respectively. Rho GTPases were inhibited by Clostridium difficile toxin B, but no effect was observed. These results were confirmed with infection studies showing that infection was not influenced by chlorpromazine, amantadine and genistein, but was significantly reduced by dynamin inhibition and nystatin. In conclusion, these results indicate that FIPV enters monocytes through a clathrin- and caveolae-independent pathway that strongly depends on dynamin and is slightly sensitive to cholesterol depletion.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Evelien
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Hamme
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Hannah L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Dewerchin
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Els
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cornelissen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Verhasselt
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Hans J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Nauwynck