title: Glycemia management and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes: an evolving perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review recent glycemia trials focused on reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in patients with type 2 diabetes and to describe how the results of these studies have altered our approach to the management of glycemia in patients with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Results of some of the previous as well as recent trials, including the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD), Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease (ADVANCE), and Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT), are reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrate that the establishment of glycemia (hemoglobin A1c) goals in patients with type 2 diabetes aimed at reducing CVD events is complex, should be highly individualized, and should probably be varied depending on the duration of diabetes as well as the presence or absence of CVD and microvascular complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VADT studies have considerably increased our knowledge and refined our approach to establishing glycemia goals in patients with type 2 diabetes. In patients with recently recognized diabetes with no prior CVD events, glycemic control to normal or near-normal levels appears to be effective in preventing CVD events and mortality. In patients with established diabetes (8 to 10 or more years) and recognized CVD, however, glycemic control to normal or near-normal levels does not reduce the risk of further CVD events or mortality. Importantly, strict control of all known risk factors for CVD and microvascular complications by aggressive management of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and glycemia, use of aspirin, and cessation of smoking in patients with type 2 diabetes has proved to be highly beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4951, USA.
authors.forename: Faramarz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ismail-Beigi
authors.forename: Etie S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Moghissi