title: Sodium bicarbonate vs sodium chloride for the prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sodium bicarbonate has been suggested as a possible strategy for prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy, a common cause of renal failure associated with prolonged hospitalization, increased health care costs, and substantial morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if sodium bicarbonate is superior to sodium chloride for preventing contrast medium-induced nephropathy in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney dysfunction who are undergoing coronary angiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled, single-blind study conducted between January 2, 2006, and January 31, 2007, and enrolling 353 patients with stable renal disease who were undergoing coronary angiography at a single US center. Included patients were 18 years or older and had an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) or less and 1 or more of diabetes mellitus, history of congestive heart failure, hypertension, or age older than 75 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to receive either sodium chloride (n = 178) or sodium bicarbonate (n = 175) administered at the same rate (3 mL/kg for 1 hour before coronary angiography, decreased to 1.5 mL/kg per hour during the procedure and for 4 hours after the completion of the procedure).
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary end point was a 25% or greater decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate on days 1 through 4 after contrast exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median patient age was 71 (interquartile range, 65-76) years, and 45% had diabetes mellitus. The groups were well matched for baseline characteristics. The primary end point was met in 13.3% of the sodium bicarbonate group and 14.6% of the sodium chloride group (relative risk, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.55-1.60; P = .82). In patients randomized to receive sodium bicarbonate vs sodium chloride, the rates of death, dialysis, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular events did not differ significantly at 30 days (1.7% vs 1.7%, 0.6% vs 1.1%, 0.6% vs 0%, and 0% vs 2.2%, respectively) or at 30 days to 6 months (0.6% vs 2.3%, 0.6% vs 1.1%, 0.6% vs 2.3%, and 0.6% vs 1.7%, respectively) (P > .10 for all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study do not suggest that hydration with sodium bicarbonate is superior to hydration with sodium chloride for the prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease who are undergoing coronary angiography.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00312117.
authors.affiliation: Center for Interventional Vascular Therapy, Columbia University Medical Center, 161 Fort Washington Ave, Fifth Floor, New York, NY 10032, USA. sbrar@cvri.org
authors.forename: Somjot S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Brar
authors.forename: Albert Yuh-Jer
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Jorgensen
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotlewski
authors.forename: Vicken J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Aharonian
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ree
authors.forename: Ahmed Ijaz
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Raoul J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Burchette