title: Effects of different LDL particles on inflammatory molecules in human mesangial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation is a mechanism of glomerular damage in chronic glomerulopathies. LDL may increase the production of inflammatory cytokines in renal tissues. However, the relative role of native, oxidised and glycated LDL in promoting this process has been only partially elucidated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested the inflammatory and proapoptotic effects of native, oxidised and glycated LDL in human mesangial cells (HMCs) by measuring levels of IL6, CD40 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) genes, MIF protein, release of IL6, soluble CD40, fibronectin and laminin, early and late apoptosis, and extracellular regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL6 and CD40 mRNA were dose-dependently upregulated by all three species; this was closely paralleled by their increased release. MIF mRNA was potently stimulated by modified LDL, as confirmed by immunostaining. Fibronectin and laminin release was stimulated by both oxidised and glycated, but not native, LDL. All LDL species induced some increase in late, but not early, apoptosis, and similarly activated JNK2/3 phosphorylation; in contrast, ERK1/2 phosphorylation was more strongly upregulated by oxidised than either native or glycated LDL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HMCs, the production and release of IL6 and CD40 is stimulated by both native and modified LDL, while MIF is more strongly stimulated by oxidised LDL. Regarding the pattern of mesangial expansion, fibronectin and laminin are upregulated by oxidised and glycated LDL. Apoptosis, if modest, is induced by all species. Intracellular signalling of native and modified LDL involves JNK2/3 and, perhaps more specifically, ERK1/2. Tight control of the lipid profile may be useful in preserving kidney function in patients with metabolic alterations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, I-56100, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lupi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baldi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madec
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chimenti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrannini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Solini