title: Endogenous polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule enhances the survival of retinal ganglion cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During development, all retinal cells express polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM). PSA is localized only on glia in the adult retina, but as Müller glial processes ensheathe most retinal neurons, PSA remains in the extracellular environment of adult neurons. The authors sought to investigate the influence of endogenous PSA on the survival of neonatal as well as adult normal and injured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Endogenous retinal PSA was selectively degraded by application of endoneuraminidase. PSA presence and removal were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and levels were assessed by Western Blot analysis. Neonatal RGC survival after PSA removal was assessed in vitro in RGCs immunopanned from rat pups. Adult RGC survival was assessed in vivo in mice by investigating RGC densities after removal of PSA in normal retinas and after optic nerve transection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Virtually all neonatal RGCs express PSA-NCAM and survive well in vitro; however, removal of PSA resulted in a 42% loss of these cells 3 days after the treatment. Similarly, removal of PSA in the adult retina in vivo induced a loss of 25% of RGCs at 14 days, and significantly reduced RGC densities after optic nerve transection by an additional 27% (relative to injured retinas with a vehicle injection) at 7 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, these findings demonstrate that endogenous PSA supports the survival of neonatal as well as injured and normal adult RGCs and provide the first functional evidence of a role for PSA in the adult retina.
authors.affiliation: Neuron Survival and Regeneration Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeremy A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Andrew T E
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hartwick
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rutishauser
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Clarke