title: A novel method for determination of low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids in background atmospheric aerosol using ion chromatography.
abstract: This paper describes a novel gradient elution ion chromatographic method using a Dionex AS11 system for the determination of low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids (low-M(w) DCAs) in background atmospheric aerosol. Interference with the oxalic acid peak from sulfate in background PM(2.5) aerosol, 15.8 times the oxalic acid concentration, was remedied by removing sulfate using a barium cartridge, whilst interference with the malonic acid peak from carbonate was reduced by using a carbonate removal device. An alternative remedy to sulfate interference was use of an AS14 system using isocratic eluent, and this produced good resolution of oxalic acid from a high sulfate peak. In both the AS11 and the AS14 system, linear correlation coefficients were at all times >0.9990 with excellent linear range, the recoveries ranged from 92.8 to 106%, with relative standard deviation of 3.67-6.30%, whilst method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.36microgL(-1) for malic acid to 3.87microgL(-1) for maleic acid. These data indicate that the analytical methods developed herein produce excellent separation efficiency and good determination of low-M(w) DCAs with satisfactory accuracy, recoveries, and MDLs. Samples left at room temperature (20 degrees C) for 300min in a simulation of the 'waiting time' involved in the proposed IC analysis decayed to between 86% (oxalic acid) and 39% (succinic and malonic acids) of their original concentration, whilst at 4 degrees C concentrations remained at 96-101% of original, indicating that maintaining samples at a low temperature prior to injection into the IC analyzer is vital for obtaining accurate results when analyzing low-M(w) DCAs. Oxalic acid was found to be the most prevalent low-M(w) DCA in background aerosol, comprising 57% of the total low-M(w) DCAs and 0.959% of the PM(2.5) aerosol mass, followed by succinic acid and malonic acid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erh-Jen Road, Jen-Te, Tainan 717, Taiwan. mtsaiyi@mail.chna.edu.tw
authors.forename: Ying I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Li-Ying
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Tzu-Hsiang
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: Yu-Chien
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Su-Ching
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kuo