title: High resolution array-comparative genomic hybridization profiling reveals deoxyribonucleic acid copy number alterations associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activating mutations in the RET protooncogene have been demonstrated in multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). However, the complete genetic etiology underlying MTC tumorigenesis remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objective was to define more precisely the chromosomal regions and uncover novel genes associated with MTC tumorigenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we used high resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization to define tumor-associated copy number alterations (CNA) in 30 primary MTCs: 20 sporadic tumors (50% of which harbored RET mutation), and 10 hereditary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 98 CNA, including 76 genomic allelic losses, two gains, and 20 copy number variations associated with MTC. Across sporadic and hereditary groups, there was a similar and overlapping pattern of predominant allelic loss. There were 29 regions containing at least 30% CNA in the 30 tumor samples. The most frequent allelic loss occurred in four loci, 7q36.1, 12p13.31, 13q12.11, and 19p13.3-11. No regions were found to be uniquely altered in the hereditary tumors. There were 21 CNA specific to sporadic MTC, with loss of 11q23.3 uniquely altered in RET negative tumors. Pathway analysis found cellular growth and proliferation as the most significant overall target, and cell death as the most significant pathway targeted in sporadic MTC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings underscore the importance of candidate tumor suppressor genes together with RET alterations in MTCs. Despite of RET status, all MTC might share similar oncogenetic mechanisms. Dysfunction of cell proliferation and cell death may both be involved in MTC tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Unit 433, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Libero
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santarpia
authors.forename: Gilbert J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Cote
authors.forename: Adel K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: El-Naggar
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Gagel