title: Tissues from routine pathology archives are suitable for microRNA analyses by quantitative PCR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MicroRNAs have recently taken centre stage as short non-coding RNAs that regulate mRNA expression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility of using microRNA techniques on routinely processed tissues, the accessibility of two representative microRNAs was examined by real-time quantitative PCR in 86 human formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from liver, breast, bone marrow, lymphatic tissues and colon. Murine liver was used to analyse the influence of fixation time and different fixatives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-quality microRNA was successfully extracted from routinely processed formalin-fixed tissues, resembling PCR amplification results from snap-frozen material analysed in parallel. While fixation time did not affect microRNA accessibility, non-buffered formalin or fixative supplements such as glutaraldehyde influenced PCR results. Storage of human tissues for up to 7 years did not cause a significant deterioration of microRNA. However, microRNA quality in human archival material following routine processing 10-20 years ago was decreased. Oxidation by ambient air during storage and fixation in non-buffered formalin is a possible reason for loss of microRNA quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The assessment of microRNAs in readily obtained formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples is a highly promising tool in molecular pathology when similarly treated samples are analysed. Therefore, microRNA analyses will gain wider acceptance as an adjunct to morphological tissue assessment in routine pathology and retrospective studies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Siebolts
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Varnholt
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Drebber
authors.forename: H-P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Dienes
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wickenhauser
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Odenthal