title: Recombination, decreased host specificity and increased mobility may have driven the emergence of maize streak virus as an agricultural pathogen.
abstract: Maize streak virus (MSV; family Geminiviridae, genus Mastrevirus), the causal agent of maize streak disease, ranks amongst the most serious biological threats to food security in subSaharan Africa. Although five distinct MSV strains have been currently described, only one of these - MSV-A - causes severe disease in maize. Due primarily to their not being an obvious threat to agriculture, very little is known about the 'grass-adapted' MSV strains, MSV-B, -C, -D and -E. Since comparing the genetic diversities, geographical distributions and natural host ranges of MSV-A with the other MSV strains could provide valuable information on the epidemiology, evolution and emergence of MSV-A, we carried out a phylogeographical analysis of MSVs found in uncultivated indigenous African grasses. Amongst the 83 new MSV genomes presented here, we report the discovery of six new MSV strains (MSV-F to -K). The non-random recombination breakpoint distributions detectable with these and other available mastrevirus sequences partially mirror those seen in begomoviruses, implying that the forces shaping these breakpoint patterns have been largely conserved since the earliest geminivirus ancestors. We present evidence that the ancestor of all MSV-A variants was the recombinant progeny of ancestral MSV-B and MSV-G/-F variants. While it remains unknown whether recombination influenced the emergence of MSV-A in maize, our discovery that MSV-A variants may both move between and become established in different regions of Africa with greater ease, and infect more grass species than other MSV strains, goes some way towards explaining why MSV-A is such a successful maize pathogen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.|Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varsani
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
authors.forename: Dionne N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
authors.forename: Adérito L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Monjane
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
authors.forename: Betty E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Owor
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.|Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
authors.forename: Julia B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Erdmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.|Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Rybicki
authors.affiliation: CIRAD, UMR BGPI, TA A54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peterschmitt
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jhang Road, PO Box 577, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Rob W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Briddon
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Markham
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Management, Bowen University, PMB 284, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Sunday
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oluwafemi
authors.affiliation: Warwick HRI Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne CV35 9EF, UK.
authors.forename: Oliver P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Windram
authors.affiliation: CIRAD, UMR 53 PVBMT CIRAD-Université de la Réunion, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, Ligne Paradis, 97410 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lefeuvre
authors.affiliation: CIRAD, UMR 53 PVBMT CIRAD-Université de la Réunion, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, Ligne Paradis, 97410 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lett
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
authors.forename: Darren P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Martin