title: Monoamine oxidase A and childhood adversity as risk factors for conduct disorder in females.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies among males have reported a genotype-environment interaction (GxE) in which low-activity alleles at the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) locus conferred greater sensitivity to the effects of childhood adversity on risk for conduct disorder (CD). So far, few studies of females have controlled for gene-environment correlation or used females heterozygous for this X-linked gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Logistic regression analysis of a sample of 721 females ages 8-17 years from the longitudinal Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (VTSABD) assessed the additive effects of MAOA genotypes on risk for CD, together with the main effect of childhood adversity and parental antisocial personality disorder (ASP), as well as the interaction of MAOA with childhood adversity on risk for CD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant main effect of genotype on risk for CD was detected, where low-activity MAOA imparted the greatest risk to CD in girls while controlling for the significant effects of maternal ASP and childhood adversity. Significant GxE with weak effect was detected when environmental exposure was untransformed, indicating a higher sensitivity to childhood adversity in the presence of the high-activity MAOA allele. The interaction was no longer statistically significant after applying a ridit transformation to reflect the sample sizes exposed at each level of childhood adversity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main effect of MAOA on risk for CD in females, its absence in males and directional difference of interaction is suggestive of genotype-sex interaction. As the effect of GxE on risk for CD was weak, its inclusion is not justified.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University 23298-0126, USA. ecprom@vcu.edu
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Prom-Wormley
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Eaves
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Wormley
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Silberg