title: Mineral density and biomechanical properties of bone tissue from male Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) exposed to organochlorine contaminants and emaciation.
abstract: We investigated the impact from dietary OC (organochlorine) exposure and restricted feeding (emaciation) on bone mineral density (BMD; g hydroxy-apatite cm(-2)) in femoral, vertebrate, skull and baculum osteoid tissue from farmed Arctic blue foxes (Vulpes lagopus). For femur, also biomechanical properties during bending (displacement [mm], load [N], energy absorption [J] and stiffness [N/mm]) were measured. Sixteen foxes (EXP) were fed a wet food containing 7.7% OC-polluted minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) blubber in two periods of body fat deposition (Aug-Dec) and two periods of body fat mobilisation (Jan-July) in which the food contained less energy and only 2% blubber. SigmaOC food concentration in the food containing 7.7% whale blubber was 309 ng/g wet mass. This corresponded to a SigmaOC exposure of ca. 17 microg/kg body mass/d and a responding SigmaOC residue in subcutaneous adipose tissue of ca. 1700 ng/g live mass in the 8 EXP fat foxes euthanized after 16 months. A control group (CON) composed of 15 foxes were fed equal daily caloric amounts of clean pork (Sus scrofa) fat. After 16 months, 8 EXP and 7 CON foxes were euthanized (mean body mass=9.25 kg) while the remaining 8 EXP and 8 CON foxes were given restricted food rations for 6 months resulting in a body weight reduction (mean body mass=5.46 kg). The results showed that only BMD(skull) vs. BMD(vertebrae) were significantly correlated (R=0.68; p=0.03; n=10) probably due to a similar composition of trabecular and cortical osteoid tissue. No difference in any of the BMD measurements or femoral biomechanical properties was found between EXP and CON foxes although BMD baculum was 1.6-folds lower in the EXP group. However, lean summer foxes had significantly lower femoral biomechanical properties measured as displacement (mm), energy absorption (J) and time (s) biomechanical properties than fat winter foxes (all p<0.004). This indicates lower stiffness and softer bones from fasting which is in agreement with previous studies. Further, it should be kept in mind when studying bone tissues in Arctic mammals also in order to avoid confounding effects from body condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Arctic Environment, National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark. csh@dmu.dk
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sonne
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wolkers
authors.forename: Frank F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Rigét
authors.forename: Jens-Erik Beck
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Jenni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Teilmann
authors.forename: Bjørn Munro
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Jenssen
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fuglei
authors.forename: Øystein
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Ahlstrøm
authors.forename: Rune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: Derek C G
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.forename: Even H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Jørgensen