title: Clinical spectrum of patients presenting with bronchiectasis in Nepal: evidence of linkage between tuberculosis, tobacco smoking and toxic exposure to biomass smoke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to describe the clinical spectrum of the patients presenting with bronchiectasis at the referral clinic for the respiratory diseases in eastern Nepal. An attempt would also be made to provide an overview of factors responsible for poor lung health in the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective observational study conducted at the Adult chest clinic of the department of internal medicine at the B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Dharan Nepal. The medical records of all the consecutive patients presenting with the diagnosis of bronchiectasis in the adult chest clinic of department of medicine from January 2003 to December 2004 (two years) were reviewed for patient characteristics (age, gender, place of residence, occupation, smoking history, exposure to indoor air pollution due to use of biomass smoke, past and family history related to tuberculosis, and clinical characteristics such as clinical features and duration of symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period of two years, 100 patients presented with the diagnosis of bronchiectasis, 80 (80%) patients were smokers and 50 (50%) patients had history of significant exposure to indoor air pollution. Abnormal Chest X-ray was seen in 85(85%) patients. Post tubercular bronchiectasis was the most common etiological diagnosis Smoking status and exposure to indoor air pollution were important determinant for hospitalisation in patients with post tubercular bronchiectasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Nepal bronchiectasis remains one of the important chronic respiratory diseases, post tubercular variety being the commonest type. Tuberculosis, tobacco smoking and exposure to indoor air pollution contributes towards higher morbidity of this diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal. narendrabhatta@yahoo.com
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhatta
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dhakal
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rizal
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kralingen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niessen