title: Intracranial hemorrhage after prehospital administration of intramuscular epinephrine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The administration of epinephrine by the intramuscular route can be life-saving in cases of anaphylaxis or severe allergic reactions. However, the use of this drug can lead to a rapid rise in blood pressure, which theoretically could lead to deleterious effects in patients of any age, with elderly patients at greatest risk.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present a rare case of intracranial hemorrhage potentially resulting from the administration of intramuscular epinephrine in an elderly patient with an allergic reaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a case report of a 65-year-old woman who developed an intracranial hemorrhage after a single, therapeutic, intramuscular dose of epinephrine for a wasp sting to the tongue. The patient underwent successful craniotomy with evacuation of the intracranial hematoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In circumstances where the severity of the allergic reaction remains unclear (lack of airway compromise, cardiovascular collapse, or true anaphylaxis), careful consideration of the potential risks of intramuscular epinephrine, such as a rapid rise in blood pressure leading to intracranial hemorrhage, should be undertaken when using this medication in elderly patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaiser Santa Clara Medical Center, Santa Clara, California 95051, USA.
authors.forename: Joel T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Levis
authors.forename: Jonathan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: Albert M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kuo