title: Destructive procedures for the treatment of nonmalignant pain: a structured literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonmalignant pain has been treated in the past century with ablative, or more appropriately, destructive procedures. Although individual outcomes for these procedures have previously been described in the literature, to the authors' knowledge this is the first comprehensive and systematic review on this topic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A US National Library of Medicine PubMed search was conducted for the following ablative procedures: cingulotomy, cordotomy, DREZ (also input as dorsal root entry zone), ganglionectomy, mesencephalotomy, myelotomy, neurotomy, rhizotomy, sympathectomy, thalamotomy, and tractotomy. Articles related to pain resulting from malignancy and those not in peer-reviewed journals were excluded. In reviewing pertinent articles, focus was placed on patient number, outcome, and follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 146 articles was included in the review. The large majority of studies (131) constituted Class III evidence. Eleven Class I and 4 Class II studies were found, of which nearly all (13 of 15) evaluated radiofrequency rhizotomies for different pain origins, including lumbar facet syndrome, cervical facet pain, and Type I or typical trigeminal neuralgia. Overall, support for ablative procedures for nonmalignant pain is derived almost entirely from Class III evidence; despite a long history of use in neurosurgery, the evidence supporting destructive procedures for benign pain conditions remains limited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Newly designed prospective standardized studies are required to define surgical indications and outcomes for these procedures, to provide more systematic review, and to advance the field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
authors.forename: Justin S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cetas
authors.forename: Targol
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saedi
authors.forename: Kim J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Burchiel