title: Anaemia and kidney dysfunction in Caribbean type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anaemia has been shown in previous studies to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disorder. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence of anaemia and kidney dysfunction in Caribbean type 2 diabetic patients that have been previously shown to have a high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  155 type 2 diabetic patients and 51 non-diabetic subjects of African origin were studied. Anthropometric parameters were measured and fasting blood samples were collected for glucose, creatinine, glycated hemoglobin and complete blood count. Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin < 12 g/dl (F) or < 13 g/dl (M). Kidney function was assessed using glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as estimated by the four-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation. Subjects were considered to have chronic kidney disease when the estimated GFR was < 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Comparisons for within- and between-gender, between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects were performed using Student's t-test while chi-square test was employed for categorical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The diabetic patients were older than the non-diabetic subjects. While male non-diabetic subjects had significantly higher red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations than non-diabetic female subjects (p < 0.001), the RBC and hematocrit concentrations were similar in male and female diabetic patients. Furthermore, irrespective of gender, diabetic patients had significantly higher prevalence rate of anemia than non-diabetic subjects (p < 0.05). Anaemic diabetes patients had significantly lower GFR (67.1 +/- 3.0 vs. 87.9 +/- 5.4 ml/min per 1.73 m2, p < 0.001) than non-anaemic patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high prevalence of anaemia was identified in this group of type 2 diabetic patients previously shown to have a high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. It is therefore recommended that diagnostic laboratories in developing countries and elsewhere should include complete blood count in routine laboratory investigations in the management of diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. ezenwaka@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Chidum E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ezenwaka
authors.forename: Altheia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jones-Lecointe
authors.forename: Emeka
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nwagbara
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Seales
authors.forename: Fidelis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Okali