title: A standardized injection technique and regimen ensures success and safety of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection for the treatment of gastric fundal varices (with videos).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate has been successfully used for the treatment of bleeding from gastric fundal varices (FV). However, significant rebleeding rates and serious complications including embolism have been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to analyze the safety and efficacy of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate for FV bleeding by using a standardized injection technique and regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two tertiary referral centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 131 patients (91 men/40 women) with FV underwent obliteration with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate by a standardized technique and regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) Dilution of 0.5 mL of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate with 0.8 mL of Lipiodol, (2) limiting the volume of mixture to 1.0 mL per injection to minimize the risk of embolism, (3) repeating intravariceal injections of 1.0 mL each until hemostasis was achieved, (4) obliteration of all tributaries of the FV, (5) repeat endoscopy 4 days after the initial treatment to confirm complete obliteration of all visible varices and repeat N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection if necessary to accomplish complete obliteration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immediate hemostasis rate, early rebleeding rate, bleeding-related mortality rate, procedure-related complications, long-term cumulative rebleeding-free rate, and cumulative survival rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial hemostasis and variceal obliteration were achieved in all patients. The mean number of sessions was 1 (range 1-3). The mean total volume of glue mixture used was 4.0 mL (range 1-13 mL). There was no occurrence of early FV rebleeding, procedure-related complications, or bleeding-related death. The cumulative rebleeding-free rate at 1, 3, and 5 years was 94.5%, 89.3%, and 82.9%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obliteration of bleeding FV with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate is safe and effective with use of a standardized injection technique and regimen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seewald
authors.forename: Tiing Leong
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Ang
authors.forename: Hiroo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imazu
authors.forename: Mazen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naga
authors.forename: Salem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Groth
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thonke
authors.forename: Nib
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soehendra