title: Heart disease, other circulatory diseases, and onset of major depression among community residents in Japan: results of the World Mental Health Survey Japan 2002-2004.
abstract: We examined whether selected circulatory diseases (heart disease, stroke, diabetes and hypertension) were associated with an increased risk of major depression in the Japanese community population. Face-to-face household surveys were carried out in 7 areas, and a total of 2,436 persons participated (overall response rate: 58.4%) from 2002 to 2004. The WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0 was used to diagnose major depression according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, and additional interviews assessed the presence of circulatory diseases. Using data from a random subsample of the respondents (n=832), we conducted Cox proportional hazards models to calculate hazard ratios for the onset of major depression with comorbid circulatory diseases as a time-dependent covariate. Heart attack was significantly associated with the onset of major depression (hazard ratio [HR], 7.51 [95% Confidential Interval (CI), 1.36-41.45]) after adjusting for sex, birth cohort, smoking, alcohol intake, and education. Heart disease (HR, 2.12 [95% CI, 0.79-5.70]), diabetes (HR, 2.36 [95% CI, 0.42-13.34]) and hypertension (HR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.37, 2.50]) were not significantly associated. There were no subjects who developed major depression after stroke. These results suggest that heart attack, and maybe also heart disease and diabetes, affect the onset of major depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan. takasaki@yoh.jp
authors.forename: Yohsuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takasaki
authors.forename: Norito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Yoshibumi
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authors.lastname: Nakane
authors.forename: Yosikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Hisateru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tachimori
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uda
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakane
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Naganuma
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: Masayo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeshima
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kikkawa