title: Speciation of heavy metals in untreated sewage sludge by using microwave assisted sequential extraction procedure.
abstract: A fast microwave assisted extraction procedure was developed and optimized for their eventual exploitation in the three-stage sequential extraction procedure proposed by modified BCR protocol (the community Bureau of Reference now the European Union "Measurement and Testing Programme"). The effects of the microwave treatment on the extraction of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn from untreated sewage sludge collected from Hyderabad city (Pakistan) were compared with those obtained from sequential BCR extraction procedure. In sequential BCR method, each extraction step takes 16 h, where as with the use of compromised microwave conditions, extraction steps could be completed in about 120 s, for each step, respectively. Extractable Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni obtained by both comparable methodologies were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), while for Cu and Zn flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was used. The validations of both extraction techniques were compared by the analysis of certified reference material of soil amended with sewage sludge (BCR 483). The results of the partitioning study of untreated waste water sewage sludge, indicate that more easily mobilized forms (step 1) were predominant for Cd, Ni and Zn (28.3, 28.4 and 43.7%), in contrast, the largest amount of Cd and Pb (66.4 and 72.8%) was associated with the iron/manganese oxide while Cr and Ni (71.2 and 38.7%) in organic matter/sulphide fractions. The overall metal recoveries in steps 1-3 (excluding residual step) were 95.3-104% of those obtained with the sequential BCR protocol. The accuracy of the proposed microwave extraction method (expressed as %R.S.D.) was lower than 10% for all metals.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. mkhanjamali@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Muhammad K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Jamali
authors.forename: Tasneem G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: Muhammad B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Arain
authors.forename: Hassan I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.forename: Nusrat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jalbani
authors.forename: Ghulam A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kandhro
authors.forename: Abdul Q
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Jameel A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baig