title: The relationship of neuropsychological functioning to adaptation outcome in adolescents with spina bifida.
abstract: Adolescents with spina bifida (SB) vary in their ability to adapt to the disease, and it is likely that numerous risk and protective factors affect adaptation outcomes. The primary aim was to test neuropsychological impairment, exemplified herein by executive dysfunction, as a risk factor in the Ecological Model of Adaptation for Adolescents with SB. Specific hypotheses were that: (1) executive functioning predicts the adaptation outcome of functional independence in adolescents with SB; (2) executive functioning mediates the impact of neurological severity on functional independence; and (3) family and adolescent protective factors are related to functional independence and moderate the relationship between executive functioning and functional independence. Forty-three adolescents aged 12-21 years completed neuropsychological measures and an interview that assessed risk, adolescent and family protective factors, and functional independence. Age, level of lesion, executive functioning, and the protective factor adolescent activities were significantly correlated with the functional independence outcome. In hierarchical regression analysis, the model accounted for 61% of the variance in functional independence outcomes. Executive functioning mediated the impact of neurological severity on functional independence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Division of Neuropsychology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. aheffelfinger@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Amy K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Heffelfinger
authors.forename: Jennifer I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Koop
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Fastenau
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Brei
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Conant
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katzenstein
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Cashin
authors.forename: Kathleen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Sawin