Projectile interactions in granular impact cratering.
We present evidence for the interactions between a ball and the container boundaries, as well as between two balls, that are mediated by the granular medium during impact cratering. The presence of the bottom boundary affects the final penetration depth only for low drop heights with shallow filling, in which case, surprisingly, the penetration becomes deeper. By contrast the presence of the sidewall causes less penetration and also an effective repulsion. Repulsion is also found for two balls dropped side by side.
Nelson
E L
EL
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
Katsuragi
H
H
Mayor
P
P
Durian
D J
DJ