title: Hepatic and renal protection during cardiac surgery.
abstract: Hepatic injury in cardiac surgery is a rare complication but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A high index of suspicion postoperatively will lead to earlier treatment directed at eliminating or minimizing ongoing hepatic injury while preventing additional metabolic stress from ischemia, hemorrhage, or sepsis. The evidence-basis for perioperative renal risk factors remains hampered by the inconsistent definitions for renal injury. Although acute kidney injury (as defined by the Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-stage criteria) has become accepted, it does not address pathogenesis and bears little relevance to cardiac surgery. Although acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy after cardiac surgery is rare, it has a devastating impact on morbidity and mortality, and further studies on protective strategies are essential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
authors.forename: Geraldine C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moitra
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Sladen