title: Molecular detection of exercise-induced free radicals following ascorbate prophylaxis in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus are more susceptible than healthy individuals to exercise-induced oxidative stress and vascular endothelial dysfunction, which has important implications for the progression of disease. Thus, in the present study, we designed a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test the original hypothesis that oral prophylaxis with vitamin C attenuates rest and exercise-induced free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  All data were collected from hospitalised diabetic patients. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic detection of spin-trapped alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) adducts was combined with the use of supporting markers of lipid peroxidation and non-enzymatic antioxidants to assess exercise-induced oxidative stress in male patients with type 1 diabetes (HbA(1c) 7.9 +/- 1%, n = 12) and healthy controls (HbA(1c) 4.6 +/- 0.5%, n = 14). Following participant randomisation using numbers in a sealed envelope, venous blood samples were obtained at rest, after a maximal exercise challenge and before and 2 h after oral ingestion of 1 g ascorbate or placebo. Participants and lead investigators were blinded to the administration of either placebo or ascorbate treatments. Primary outcome was the difference in changes in free radicals following ascorbate ingestion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six diabetic patients and seven healthy control participants were randomised to each of the placebo and ascorbate groups. Diabetic patients (n = 12) exhibited an elevated concentration of PBN adducts (p < 0.05 vs healthy, n = 14), which were confirmed as secondary, lipid-derived oxygen-centred alkoxyl (RO.) radicals (a(nitrogen) = 1.37 mT and abeta(hydrogen) = 0.18 mT). Lipid hydroperoxides were also selectively elevated and associated with a depression of retinol and lycopene (p < 0.05 vs healthy). Vitamin C supplementation increased plasma vitamin C concentration to a similar degree in both groups (p < 0.05 vs pre-supplementation) and attenuated the exercise-induced oxidative stress response (p < 0.05 vs healthy). There were no selective treatment differences between groups in the primary outcome variable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are the first to suggest that oral vitamin C supplementation provides an effective prophylaxis against exercise-induced free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation in human diabetic blood.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN96164937.
authors.affiliation: University of Ulster at Jordanstown, County Antrim, BT37 OQB, UK gw.davison@ulster.ac.uk
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Davison
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McEneny
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bailey