title: Paracetamol plus ibuprofen for the treatment of fever in children (PITCH): randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether paracetamol (acetaminophen) plus ibuprofen are superior to either drug alone for increasing time without fever and the relief of fever associated discomfort in febrile children managed at home.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individually randomised, blinded, three arm trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary care and households in England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged between 6 months and 6 years with axillary temperatures of at least 37.8 degrees C and up to 41.0 degrees C.
  
  
  METHODS
  Advice on physical measures to reduce temperature and the provision of, and advice to give, paracetamol plus ibuprofen, paracetamol alone, or ibuprofen alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcomes were the time without fever (<37.2 degrees C) in the first four hours after the first dose was given and the proportion of children reported as being normal on the discomfort scale at 48 hours. Secondary outcomes were time to first occurrence of normal temperature (fever clearance), time without fever over 24 hours, fever associated symptoms, and adverse effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On an intention to treat basis, paracetamol plus ibuprofen were superior to paracetamol for less time with fever in the first four hours (adjusted difference 55 minutes, 95% confidence interval 33 to 77; P<0.001) and may have been as good as ibuprofen (16 minutes, -7 to 39; P=0.2). For less time with fever over 24 hours, paracetamol plus ibuprofen were superior to paracetamol (4.4 hours, 2.4 to 6.3; P<0.001) and to ibuprofen (2.5 hours, 0.6 to 4.4; P=0.008). Combined therapy cleared fever 23 minutes (2 to 45; P=0.025) faster than paracetamol alone but no faster than ibuprofen alone (-3 minutes, 18 to -24; P=0.8). No benefit was found for discomfort or other symptoms, although power was low for these outcomes. Adverse effects did not differ between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parents, nurses, pharmacists, and doctors wanting to use medicines to supplement physical measures to maximise the time that children spend without fever should use ibuprofen first and consider the relative benefits and risks of using paracetamol plus ibuprofen over 24 hours.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN26362730.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Primary Health Care, NIHR National School for Primary Care Research, Department of Community Based Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2AA. alastair.hay@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alastair D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.forename: Céire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Costelloe
authors.forename: Niamh M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Redmond
authors.forename: Alan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hollinghurst
authors.forename: Tim J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Peters