title: Advancing paternal age and bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Advancing paternal age has been reported as a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether advanced paternal age is associated with an increased risk of BPD in the offspring and to assess if there was any difference in risk when analyzing patients with early-onset BPD separately.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nationwide nested case-control study based on Swedish registers was performed. Risk for BPD in the offspring of older fathers was estimated using conditional logistic regression analysis controlling for potential confounding of parity, maternal age, socioeconomic status, and parental family history of psychotic disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Identification of 7,328,100 individuals and their biological parents by linking the nationwide Multigeneration Register and the Hospital Discharge Register.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 13,428 patients with a BPD diagnosis on at least 2 separate hospital admissions was identified. Five healthy control subjects matched for sex and year of birth were randomized to each case. Main Outcome Measure Bipolar disorder based on ICD codes at discharge from hospital treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An association between paternal age and risk for BPD in the offspring of older men was noted. The risk increased with advancing paternal age. After controlling for parity, maternal age, socioeconomic status, and family history of psychotic disorders, the offspring of men 55 years and older were 1.37 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.84) times more likely to be diagnosed as having BPD than the offspring of men aged 20 to 24 years. The maternal age effect was less pronounced. For early-onset (<20 years) cases, the effect of paternal age was much stronger (odds ratio, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.19-5.81), whereas no statistically significant maternal age effect was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advanced paternal age is a risk factor for BPD in the offspring. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that advancing paternal age increases the risk for de novo mutations in susceptibility genes for neurodevelopmental disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Emma.Frans@ki.se
authors.forename: Emma M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Frans
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sandin
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reichenberg
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Långström
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hultman