title: Therapeutic effectiveness of electric stimulation of the upper-limb poststroke using implanted microstimulators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the therapeutic effect of functional exercise augmented by programmable implanted microstimulators on arm and hand function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Before and after study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Implantation was performed in a neurosurgery unit, systems were programmed, and tests were conducted in a university laboratory and subjects exercised at home.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hemiparetic subjects (N=7) with reduced upper-limb function who were at least 12 months poststroke were recruited from the community. No subjects withdrew.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microstimulators were implanted into the arms and forearms to activate elbow, wrist, and finger extension, and thumb abduction. After training and programming of the system, subjects underwent 12 weeks of functional home-based exercise with stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary functional measure was the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT). Impairment measures included upper-limb Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and tests of motor control (tracking index), spasticity (electromyography stretch index) strength, and active range of motion (AROM). The assessor was not blinded, but scores were validated by an independent blinded observer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects were able to perform functional activities at home by using the system. Compliance was excellent, and there were no serious adverse events. Statistically significant improvements were measured (P<.05) in the tracking index (57.3 degrees(2)+/-48.65 degrees(2)), FMA score (6.3+/-3.59), wrist-extensor strength (5.5+/-4.37 N), and wrist AROM (19.3 degrees +/-18.96 degrees). The mean improvement in ARAT score +/- SD of 4.9+/-7.89 was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has shown the feasibility of a programmable implanted microstimulator system used at home to perform functional exercises and a reduction in impairment after 12 weeks.
authors.affiliation: University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. r.turk@soton.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Turk
authors.forename: Jane H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Burridge
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Gregoire
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cosendai
authors.forename: Owen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sparrow
authors.forename: Helen C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Ann-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schulman