title: Internal femoral forces and moments during running: implications for stress fracture development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Femoral stress fractures tend to occur at the neck, medial proximal-shaft, and distal-shaft. The purpose of this study was to determine the internal femoral forces and moments during running. It was expected that larger loads would occur at these common sites of femoral stress fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten subjects ran at their preferred running speed over a force platform while motion capture data were collected. Static optimization in conjunction with a SIMM musculoskeletal model was used to determine individual muscle forces of the lower extremity. Joint contact forces were determined, and a quasi-static approach was used to calculate internal forces and moments along a centroid path through the femur.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The largest mean peak loads were observed at the following regions: anterior-posterior shear, 7.47 bodyweights (BW) at the distal-shaft (posteriorly directed); axial force, 11.40BW at the distal-shaft (compression); medial-lateral shear, 3.75BW at the neck (medially directed); anterior-posterior moment, 0.42BWm at the proximal-shaft (medial surface compression); torsional moment, 0.20BWm at the distal-shaft (external rotation); medial-lateral moment, 0.44BWm at the distal-shaft (anterior surface compression).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanical loading environment of the femur during running appears to explain well the redundancy in femoral stress fracture location. We observed the largest internal loads at the three femoral sites prone to stress fracture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1160, USA. edwards9@iastate.edu
authors.forename: W Brent
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Jason C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gillette
authors.forename: Joshua M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Derrick