title: Arthroscopic treatment of chronic osteochondral lesions of the talus: long-term results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteochondral lesions of the talus are relatively uncommon but may be a cause of significant pain and disability in symptomatic patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus will result in good long-term clinical outcomes in the majority of patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series; Level of evidence, 4.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients with chronic osteochondral lesions of the talus underwent arthroscopic treatment. Average age was 32 years (range, 12-72 years). Average follow-up was 71 months (range, 24-152 months). Treatment consisted of either drilling of the osteochondral lesions of the talus in situ (n = 4), excision of the osteochondral lesions of the talus and abrasion arthroplasty (n = 6), or excision of the osteochondral lesions of the talus and drilling (n = 40). Preoperative and intraoperative staging of the osteochondral lesions of the talus was performed. Follow-up evaluation included 3 clinical rating systems: Alexander, modified Weber, and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle/Hindfoot scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 72% excellent/good, 20% fair, and 8% poor results on the Alexander scale. According to the modified Weber scale, there were 64% excellent/good, 30% fair, and 6% poor results. The average American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle/Hindfoot score was 84 (range, 34-100). We found no correlation between plain radiographs, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging staging and clinical results. However, there was significant correlation between arthroscopic stage and clinical outcome. Seventeen patients had been seen 5 years previously and evaluated using the same criteria; 35% demonstrated a deterioration in their result over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arthroscopic treatment of chronic symptomatic osteochondral lesions of the talus results in good clinical outcomes in the majority of patients. However, pain and functional limitation may persist in some patients, especially those noted to have unstable osteochondral defects at the time of arthroscopy.
authors.affiliation: Southern California Orthopedic Institute, 6815 Noble Avenue, Van Nuys, CA 91405, USA. rferkel@scoi.com
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Ferkel
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Zanotti
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Komenda
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sgaglione
authors.forename: Margaret S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Gregory R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Applegate
authors.forename: Ryan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Dopirak