title: Hop polyphenols suppress production of water-insoluble glucan by Streptococcus mutans and dental plaque growth in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study determined the effect of Hop polyphenols (HPP) on water-insoluble glucan (WIG), which is a major component of dental plaque along with microorganisms, and the effect of HPP-containing tablets on the growth of dental plaque.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of HPP on Streptococcus mutans MT8148 were determined. HPP concentrations employed in this study were 0% (as the HPP control), 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, and 0.5%. The average result of six independent experiments was obtained at each concentration of HPP. Suppression of plaque formation in vivo was examined by a clinical trial that was designed as a randomized, single-blind, three-treatment study using 28 healthy subjects. The subjects used either 20 mg or seven mg HPP-containing tablets representing high and low dosages, respectively. The composition of each tablet was similar, except for the level of HPP; the control tablet had none. For the treatment period, subjects took one tablet seven times a day (before breakfast, after each meal, between meals, and at bedtime) for three days. The tablets were dissolved in the mouth and naturally swallowed. Plaque levels were then assessed for the subjects in the three groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, after 24-hour incubation, 0.5% HPP significantly reduced the growth of S. mutans compared to the control (p < 0.01). After 18-hour incubation, HPP at 0.1% and 0.5% significantly reduced lactic acid production (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively), and HPP at 0.01%, 0.1%, and 0.5% also suppressed WIG production (p < 0.01, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). In vivo, the effect of HPP-containing tablets (seven times a day) on three-day dental plaque regrowth was assessed by the plaque scoring system (PSS). The high-dosage group using 20 mg HPP tablets exhibited a reduction in PSS (1.37 +/- 0.48 vs. 2.41 +/- 1.15 in the control group, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that HPP tablets might be a significant means of delivering HPP onto tooth surfaces to prevent dental plaque formation.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Dentistry, Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. yaegaki-k@tky.ndu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yaegaki
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Takatoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: Motoyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tagashira
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akazome
authors.forename: Nobuaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohtake