title: Congenital myopathies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present review aims to discuss the pathological and clinical heterogeneity of congenital myopathies, and the overlap between the different variants highlighted by recent studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The spectrum of pathological changes associated with known gene defects has widened, and new genes responsible for rare structural defects have been identified. The complexity of the classification of these conditions is highlighted by the realization that defects in the same gene can result in diverse phenotypes, including disorders traditionally classified as congenital myopathies with structural abnormalities, adult-onset disorders, conditions characterized by distal weakness and wasting, or distal arthrogryposis. There is a wider appreciation of the complexities of inheritance and of the value of noninvasive assessment, such as muscle MRI. New animal models provide a better understanding of pathogenesis and are highlighting therapeutic possibilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overlap of clinical and pathological features in the congenital myopathies has led to the recognition that diverse disorders are often associated with the same causative gene, and is challenging traditional classifications. Identification of further causative genes and development of new models will further the understanding of pathogenesis and development of therapies.
authors.affiliation: Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Nationally Commissioned Centre for Congenital Muscular Dystrophies and Congenital Myopathies Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK. c.sewry@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Caroline A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sewry
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jimenez-Mallebrera
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Muntoni