title: The contribution of cognition and spasticity to driving performance in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the independent and combined impact of cognitive dysfunction and spasticity on driving tasks involving high cognitive workload and lower-limb mobility in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-visit cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical research center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 17 drivers with MS and 14 referent controls. The group with MS exhibited a broad range of cognitive functioning and disability. Of the 17 patients with MS, 8 had significant spasticity in the knee used to manipulate the accelerator and brake pedals (based on the Modified Ashworth Scale).
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  A brief neuropsychologic test battery and 2 driving simulations. Simulation 1 required participants to maintain a constant speed and lane position while attending to a secondary task. Simulation 2 required participants to adjust their speed to accelerations and decelerations of a lead car in front of them.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with MS showed greater variability in lane position (effect size, g=1.30), greater difficulty in maintaining a constant speed (g=1.25), and less ability to respond to lead car speed changes (g=1.85) compared with controls. Within the MS group, in a multivariate model that included neuropsychologic and spasticity measures, cognitive functioning was the strongest predictor of difficulty in maintaining lane position during the divided attention task and poor response time to lead car speed changes, whereas spasticity was associated with reductions in accuracy of tracking the lead car movements and speed maintenance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this preliminary study, cognitive and physical impairments associated with MS were related to deficits in specific components of simulated driving. Assessment of these factors may help guide the clinician regarding the types of driving behaviors that would put patients with MS at an increased risk for an automobile crash.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92119, USA. tmarcotte@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Marcotte
authors.forename: Theodore J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lampinen
authors.forename: J Cobb
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: R Wade
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Corey-Bloom