title: Postnatal ascent of the cerebellar tonsils in Chiari malformation Type II following surgical repair of myelomeningocele.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postnatal improvement in Chiari malformation type II (CM-II) following surgical repair of myelomeningocele was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors reviewed data obtained in 20 cases in which patients underwent postnatal myelomeningocele repair within the first 48 hours after birth between October 2002 and September 2006. In 14 patients (Group 1), myelomeningocele was diagnosed in utero and the infants were delivered by cesarean section at 35-39 weeks' gestation (mean 36.4). The 6 infants in Group 2 were born after full-term gestation (39-41 weeks), and their myelomeningoceles were diagnosed postnatally. In all 20 patients, the myelomeningoceles were surgically repaired postnatally. Dynamic change of the herniated cerebellar tonsils in CM-II before and after the myelomeningocele repair, associated hydrocephalus, and symptomatic CM-II were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Group 1, the CM-II was confirmed before myelomeningocele repair in 13 cases (93%). The spinal level of the caudal end of the cerebellar tonsils ranged from C-2 to C-7. Ascent of the cerebellar tonsils was observed in 11 patients (range 1-4 spinal levels, mean 2 levels) and continued even after ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement in most patients. A VP shunt was required for the treatment of hydrocephalus in 12 patients (86%). Symptomatic CM-II developed in 8 of 13 patients (61%), 3 of whom required surgical decompression. In Group 2, CM-II was confirmed in 5 infants (83%), with the cerebellar tonsils at a spinal level of C-2 to C-4 or C-5. Ascent of the cerebellar tonsils was observed in 4 patients (range 1-1.5 spinal levels, average 1.1 levels), and no patient had symptomatic CM-II. A VP shunt was placed in 5 patients (83%). No patient was lost to follow-up during the 18-month follow-up period. The only statistically significant difference between the 2 groups was the presence of symptomatic CM-II in Group 2 (p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients showed ascent of the cerebellar tonsils after postnatal myelomeningocele repair. Placement of a VP shunt helped promote the ascent. However, postnatal myelomeningocele repair in the patients in Group 1 failed to consistently prevent development of symptomatic CM-II. This limited experience suggests that postnatal repair of myelomeningocele can partially reverse the anatomical CM-II, but symptomatic CM-II cannot be prevented in some patients when the repair is performed after 36 weeks' gestation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, National Children's Medical Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan. morota-n@ncchd.go.jp
authors.forename: Nobuhito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morota
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ihara