title: Principles to guide integrative oncology and the development of an evidence base.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Integrative oncology uses both conventional and complementary medicine to meet the needs of individual patients and to focus on the whole person. The core principles of integrative oncology include individualization, holism, dynamism, synergism, and collaboration, but the nature of the evidence to guide the development of integrative oncology has been given little attention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the need for evidence to support the integration of complementary therapies for integrative oncology care. To emphasize that the evidence base must be valid and respect the underlying principles of individual complementary therapies and integrative oncology practice. To suggest ways to begin developing the evidence base.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the evidence for safety and efficacy seems paramount for supporting the integration of an individual complementary therapy into mainstream cancer care, the need for evidence to support the overall practice of integrative oncology has to be considered as well. We argue that developing an evidence base for integrative oncology requires a contextual and comprehensive research approach that assesses a range of outcomes over a suitable period of time that the patient and the patient's family, in addition to the health care providers, deem important.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A whole-systems framework to the development of the evidence base for integrative oncology can guide the development of evidence that respects the complex nature of many complementary and integrative practices and their underlying principles of care delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK. anne.leis@usask.ca
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Leis
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Weeks
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Verhoef