title: Binomial mitotic segregation of MYCN-carrying double minutes in neuroblastoma illustrates the role of randomness in oncogene amplification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amplification of the oncogene MYCN in double minutes (DMs) is a common finding in neuroblastoma (NB). Because DMs lack centromeric sequences it has been unclear how NB cells retain and amplify extrachromosomal MYCN copies during tumour development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that MYCN-carrying DMs in NB cells translocate from the nuclear interior to the periphery of the condensing chromatin at transition from interphase to prophase and are preferentially located adjacent to the telomere repeat sequences of the chromosomes throughout cell division. However, DM segregation was not affected by disruption of the telosome nucleoprotein complex and DMs readily migrated from human to murine chromatin in human/mouse cell hybrids, indicating that they do not bind to specific positional elements in human chromosomes. Scoring DM copy-numbers in ana/telophase cells revealed that DM segregation could be closely approximated by a binomial random distribution. Colony-forming assay demonstrated a strong growth-advantage for NB cells with high DM (MYCN) copy-numbers, compared to NB cells with lower copy-numbers. In fact, the overall distribution of DMs in growing NB cell populations could be readily reproduced by a mathematical model assuming binomial segregation at cell division combined with a proliferative advantage for cells with high DM copy-numbers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Binomial segregation at cell division explains the high degree of MYCN copy-number variability in NB. Our findings also provide a proof-of-principle for oncogene amplification through creation of genetic diversity by random events followed by Darwinian selection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lundberg
authors.forename: Anders H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Rosengren
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Håkanson
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stewénius
authors.forename: Yuesheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Ylva
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stewénius
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Påhlman
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gisselsson