title: Postradiation sensitization of the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preclinical studies evaluating histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor-induced radiosensitization have largely focused on the preirradiation setting based on the assumption that enhanced radiosensitivity was mediated by changes in gene expression. Our previous investigations identified maximal radiosensitization when cells were exposed to HDAC inhibitors in both the preradiation and postradiation setting. We now expand on these studies to determine whether postirradiation exposure alone affects radiosensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of the HDAC inhibitor valproic acid (VA) on postirradiation sensitivity in human glioma cell lines were evaluated using a clonogenic assay, exposing cells to VA up to 24 h after irradiation. DNA damage repair was evaluated using gammaH2AX and 53BP1 foci and cell cycle phase distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blot of acetylated gammaH2AX was done following histone extraction on AUT gels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VA enhanced radiosensitivity when delivered up to 24 h after irradiation. Cells accumulated in G(2)-M following irradiation, although they returned to baseline at 24 h, mitigating the role of cell cycle redistribution in postirradiation sensitization by VA. At 12 h after irradiation, significant gammaH2AX and 53BP1 foci dispersal was shown in the control, although cells exposed to VA after irradiation maintained foci expression. VA alone had no effect on the acetylation or phosphorylation of H2AX, although it did acetylate radiation-induced gammaH2AX.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that VA enhances radiosensitivity at times up to 24 h after irradiation, which has direct clinical application.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. prakash.chinnaiyan@moffitt.org
authors.forename: Prakash
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chinnaiyan
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cerna
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Burgan
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beam
authors.forename: Eli S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Camphausen
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Tofilon