title: Birth and growth of a granular jet.
abstract: The interaction between fine grains and the surrounding interstitial gas in a granular bed can lead to qualitatively new phenomena not captured in a simple, single-fluid model of granular flows. This is demonstrated by the granular jet formed by the impact of a solid sphere into a bed of loose, fine sand. Unlike jets formed by impact in fluids, this jet is actually composed of two separate components, an initial thin jet formed by the collapse of the cavity left by the impacting object stacked on top of a second, thicker jet which depends strongly on the ambient gas pressure. This complex structure is the result of an interplay between ambient gas, bed particles, and impacting sphere. Here we present the results of systematic experiments that combine measurements of the jet above the surface varying the release height, sphere diameter, container size, and bed material with x-ray radiography below the surface to connect the changing response of the bed to the changing structure of the jet. We find that the interstitial gas trapped by the low permeability of a fine-grained bed plays two distinct roles in the formation of the jet. First, gas trapped and compressed between grains prevents compaction, causing the bed to flow like an incompressible fluid and allowing the impacting object to sink deep into the bed. Second, the jet is initiated by the gravity driven collapse of the cavity left by the impacting object. If the cavity is large enough, gas trapped and compressed by the collapsing cavity can amplify the jet by directly pushing bed material upwards and creating the thick jet. As a consequence of these two factors, when the ambient gas pressure is decreased, there is a crossover from a nearly incompressible, fluidlike response of the bed to a highly compressible, dissipative response. Compaction of the bed at reduced pressure reduces the final depth of the impacting object, resulting in a smaller cavity and in the demise of the thick jet.
authors.affiliation: James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Royer
authors.forename: Eric I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Corwin
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Conyers
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flior
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rivers
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.forename: Heinrich M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Jaeger