title: Calibration of reference KAP-meters at SSDL and cross calibration of clinical KAP-meters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the summer of 2007 the secondary standard dosimetry laboratory (SSDL) in Norway established a calibration service for reference air-kerma product meter (KAP-meter). The air-kerma area product, P(KA), is a dosimetric quantity that can be directly related to the patient dose and used for risk assessment associated with different x-ray examinations. The calibration of reference KAP-meters at the SSDL gives important information on parameters influencing the calibration factor for different types of KAP-meters. The use of reference KAP-meters calibrated at the SSDL is an easy and reliable way to calibrate or verify the P(KA) indicated by the x-ray equipment out in the clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve KAP-meters were calibrated at the SSDL by use of the substitution method at five diagnostic radiation qualities (RQRs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The calibration factors varied from 0.94 to 1.18. The energy response of the individual KAP-meters varied by a total of 20% between the different RQRs and the typical chamber transmission factors ranged from 0.78 to 0.91.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is important to use a calibrated reference KAP-meter and a harmonised calibration method in the P(KA) calibration in hospitals. The obtained uncertainty in the P(KA) readings is comparable with other calibration methods if the information in the calibration certificate is correct used, corrections are made and proper positioning of the KAP-chamber is performed. This will ensure a reliable estimate of the patient dose and a proper optimisation of conventional x-ray examinations and interventional procedures.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås, Norway. per.otto.hetland@nrpa.no
authors.forename: Per O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Hetland
authors.forename: Eva G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Friberg
authors.forename: Kirsti M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ovrebø
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Bjerke