title: Two coagulation factor X activators from Vipera a. ammodytes venom with potential to treat patients with dysfunctional factors IXa or VIIa.
abstract: Two activators of coagulation factor X, 58kDa VAFXA-I and 70kDa VAFXA-II, were purified from the venom of long-nosed viper (Vipera ammodytes ammodytes) by chromatography on gel filtration, affinity, ion-exchange and hydroxyapatite media. Both enzymes are glycoproteins composed of a heavy chain and two C-type lectin-like light chains all joined by disulphide bonds. LC-MS and LC-MS/MS analysis of their tryptic fragments demonstrated that the heavy chain consists of three domains, metalloproteinase, disintegrin-like and cysteine-rich domains. The partial amino acid sequences of VAFXAs are very similar to those of the known factor X activators, RVV-X from Vipera russelli and VLFXA from Vipera lebetina venoms, as well as to other members of the reprolysin family of metalloproteinases. The VAFXAs activate factor X in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner with the same specificity as physiological activators. The activators weakly hydrolyzed insulin B-chain, fibrinogen and some components of the extracellular matrix in vitro, but did not activate prothrombin or plasminogen. VAFXAs inhibit collagen-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. They activate coagulation factor X to Xa without toxic effects. Their application in treating patients with dysfunctional factors IXa or VIIa to restore the normal blood coagulation process is thus promising.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova Street 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Adrijana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leonardi
authors.forename: Jay W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Alenka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trampus-Bakija
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Krizaj