title: [Development and testing of an instrument to measure family's emotional response toward physically restrained patients].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This was a methodological research to develop an instrument to assess the emotional response of family members of physically restrained patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A primary instrument with 68 questions was developed based on literature review and semi-structured interviews with family members. A group of experts revised individual questions and removed 4 irrelevant questions. This secondary instrument, then, was tested with 199 family members of physically restrained patients in intensive care units of a university hospital. The validity and reliability of the instrument were tested by factor analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After item analysis, 3 questions with a correlation coefficient under .30 were discarded and the questions with a factor loading under .45 on Varimax Rotation were also removed. After factor analysis on the final 37 questions, 7 factors were identified; avoidance, shock, helplessness, grudge, depression, anxiousness, and acceptance. The total variance explained was 55.63%. The reliability of this instrument was 0.93 of Cronbach's alpha.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This instrument was statistically reliable and valid to measure family's emotional response to physical restraints of the patients. This instrument can be useful in assessing the effects of nursing interventions for family members of restrained patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Dong-A University, Seo-gu, Busan, Korea. enlee@dau.ac.kr
authors.forename: Eun-Nam
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Su-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.forename: Ji-Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kang