title: Visual input enhancement via essay coding results in deaf learners' long-term retention of improved English grammatical knowledge.
abstract: This study explored the efficacy of visual input enhancement, specifically essay enhancement, for facilitating deaf college students' improvement in English grammatical knowledge. Results documented students' significant improvement immediately after a 10-week instructional intervention, a replication of recent research. Additionally, the results of delayed assessment documented students' significant retention of that improvement five and a half months beyond the instructional intervention period. Essay enhancement served to highlight, via a coding procedure, students' successful and unsuccessful production of discourse-required target grammatical structures. The procedure converted students' written communicative output into enhanced input for inducing noticing of grammatical form and, through essay revision, establishing form-meaning connections leading to acquisition. With its optimal design characteristics supported by theoretical and empirical research, essay enhancement is a highly effective methodology that can be easily implemented as primary or supplementary English instruction for deaf students. The results of this study hold great promise for facilitating deaf students' English language and literacy development and have broad implications for second-language research, teaching, and learning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Teacher Education, National Technical Institute for the Deaf, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623-5604, USA. gerald.berent@rit.edu
authors.forename: Gerald P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Berent
authors.forename: Ronald R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kenney