title: Medication-related pharmacological manipulations of nicotine self-administration in the rat maintained on fixed- and progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of animal models to study existing medications for smoking cessation can elucidate the mechanism(s) of action of cessation agents and further validate the models for medication development.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to evaluate the response of nicotine self-administration (NSA) to pharmacological agents related to the smoking cessation medication bupropion and to nicotine dosing mimicking nicotine replacement on fixed-ratio (FR) and progressive-ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement.
  
  
  METHODS
  NSA was maintained at a nicotine dose of 30 microg/kg/infusion i.v. in rats trained on FR5 and PR40% schedules. Pharmacological manipulations related to bupropion were examined by treating animals with a dopamine reuptake inhibitor [GBR 12909 (GBR)], a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [nisoxetine (NIS)], and a nicotinic antagonist [dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHbetaE)]. The effect of nicotine replacement was examined on the PR schedule by chronic dosing with osmotic minipumps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant treatment effects occurred with NIS and combinations of NIS-DHbetaE and with GBR on response rates. Chronic nicotine dosing reduced self-administration. The two schedules yielded different results with some treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noradrenergic-nicotinic cholinergic interactions and enhanced responding consequent to dopamine reuptake inhibition may be part of the complex behavioral pharmacology of bupropion-like compounds. Observation of differential results with the two schedules has implication for the use of self-administration techniques to elaborate the mechanisms of dependence as well as drug discovery.
authors.affiliation: Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Research Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Coen
authors.forename: K Laurel
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Adamson
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Corrigall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016642:Bupropion / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012646:Self Administration; D016540:Smoking Cessation
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D016642:Bupropion; D009538:Nicotine; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine
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