title: Inclusion body myositis: a view from the Caenorhabditis elegans muscle.
abstract: Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is the most common myopathy in people over 50 years of age. It involves an inflammatory process that, paradoxically, does not respond to anti-inflammatory drugs. A key feature of IBM is the presence of amyloid-beta-peptide aggregates called amyloid deposits, which are also characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. The use of animals that mimic at least some characteristics of a disease has become very important in the quest to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this and other pathogeneses. Although there are some transgenic mouse strains that recreate some aspects of IBM, in this review, we hypothesize that the great degree of similarity between nematode and human genes known to be involved in IBM as well as the considerable conservation of biological mechanisms across species is an important feature that must be taken into consideration when deciding on the use of this nematode as a model. Straightforward laboratory techniques (culture, transformation, gene knockdown, genetic screenings, etc.) as well as anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics add to the value of this model. In the present work, we review evidence that supports the use of Caenorhabditis elegans as a biological model for IBM.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología Joaquín V. Luco, MIFAB, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Daniela L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rebolledo
authors.forename: Alicia N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Minniti
authors.forename: Paula M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Grez
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fadic
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kohn
authors.forename: Nibaldo C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Inestrosa
mesh_terms: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018979:Myositis, Inclusion Body / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D008670:Metals; D010455:Peptides
references.citation: Dev Biol. 1977 Mar;56(1):110-56
references.pmid: 838129
references.citation: Aging Cell. 2007 Feb;6(1):87-94
references.pmid: 17266678
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2001 Sep 1;237(1):173-82
references.pmid: 11518514
references.citation: Brain Pathol. 2001 Apr;11(2):182-9
references.pmid: 11303793
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1996 Jul;149(1):219-27
references.pmid: 8686746
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Nov 25;100(24):14193-8
references.pmid: 14617772
references.citation: Curr Top Med Chem. 2008;8(1):2-8
references.pmid: 18220927
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2008 Jul;64(1):15-24
references.pmid: 18318434
references.citation: Exp Neurol. 2003 Feb;179(2):150-8
references.pmid: 12618121
references.citation: WormBook. 2006 Jan 16;:1-16
references.pmid: 18050483
references.citation: Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2000 Aug;33(1):1-12
references.pmid: 10967351
references.citation: Cell Stress Chaperones. 1999 Dec;4(4):235-42
references.pmid: 10590837
references.citation: Neurotherapeutics. 2008 Jul;5(3):421-32
references.pmid: 18625454
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2006 Jun;168(6):1986-97
references.pmid: 16723713
references.citation: Nat Neurosci. 2001 Sep;4(9):887-93
references.pmid: 11528419
references.citation: Neurology. 2003 Jul 22;61(2):260-2
references.pmid: 12874415
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2003 May-Jun;24(3):397-413
references.pmid: 12600716
references.citation: Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2007 Apr;33(2):238-42
references.pmid: 17359364
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1995 May;129(4):1127-41
references.pmid: 7744961
references.citation: Science. 1980 Apr 18;208(4441):297-9
references.pmid: 7367858
references.citation: Dev Biol. 2002 Nov 1;251(1):178-92
references.pmid: 12413907
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Mar 23;354(4):1040-4
references.pmid: 17276405
references.citation: Genetics. 2001 Mar;157(3):1217-26
references.pmid: 11238406
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2004 Jan;55(1):121-5
references.pmid: 14705121
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Jan 11;283(2):784-91
references.pmid: 17993648
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2006 Jul;98(2):364-71
references.pmid: 16805831
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 2003 Jun;105(6):581-5
references.pmid: 12734664
references.citation: Int Psychogeriatr. 1997;9 Suppl 1:277-88; discussion 317-21
references.pmid: 9447448
references.citation: Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2002 Dec 30;109(1-2):45-55
references.pmid: 12531514
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1990 Aug 25;265(24):14264-9
references.pmid: 2117608
references.citation: Genes Dev. 1989 Feb;3(2):131-40
references.pmid: 2714648
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jul 9;99(14):9439-44
references.pmid: 12089340
references.citation: J Neurochem. 1998 Oct;71(4):1616-25
references.pmid: 9751195
references.citation: Methods. 2003 Aug;30(4):313-21
references.pmid: 12828945
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Dec 10;93(25):14940-4
references.pmid: 8962160
references.citation: Genes Dev. 2006 Feb 15;20(4):399-410
references.pmid: 16481469
references.citation: Curr Mol Med. 2007 Nov;7(7):687-96
references.pmid: 18045146
references.citation: Neurology. 2001 Feb 13;56(3):323-7
references.pmid: 11171896
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jan 5;96(1):179-84
references.pmid: 9874792
references.citation: J Alzheimers Dis. 2006 Nov;10(2-3):179-201
references.pmid: 17119287
references.citation: J Histochem Cytochem. 2000 Sep;48(9):1223-32
references.pmid: 10950879
references.citation: Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2008 Jan-Feb;16(1):151-7
references.pmid: 18392545
references.citation: FEBS Lett. 1998 Mar 13;424(3):279-84
references.pmid: 9539167
references.citation: Neurology. 2002 Feb 12;58(3):438-45
references.pmid: 11839845
references.citation: Mol Neurodegener. 2007 Nov 15;2:22
references.pmid: 18005427
references.citation: FASEB J. 2004 Nov;18(14):1701-3
references.pmid: 15345692
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1994 Jan;144(1):177-87
references.pmid: 8291607
references.citation: Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2006 Jan;290(1):C271-81
references.pmid: 16148034
references.citation: Muscle Nerve. 2007 May;35(5):549-61
references.pmid: 17366591
references.citation: Histol Histopathol. 2008 Apr;23(4):433-9
references.pmid: 18228200
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2003 Aug;18(3):497-512
references.pmid: 12911746
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1994 Dec;145(6):1280-4
references.pmid: 7992832
references.citation: J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2007;28(1):79-87
references.pmid: 17492481
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Apr 17;104(16):6800-5
references.pmid: 17420473
references.citation: Mol Neurobiol. 1990 Spring-Summer;4(1-2):1-25
references.pmid: 2076218
references.citation: Eur Neurol. 2004;51(4):215-20
references.pmid: 15159602
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1992 Jun;117(5):1007-22
references.pmid: 1577864
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1999 Oct;155(4):1163-72
references.pmid: 10514399
references.citation: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2007 Nov;19(6):550-9
references.pmid: 17917534
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 May 23;97(11):5750-5
references.pmid: 10811890
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Sep 26;92(20):9368-72
references.pmid: 7568134
references.citation: Brain. 2004 May;127(Pt 5):1182-90
references.pmid: 15047591
references.citation: CNS Drugs. 2006;20(5):351-72
references.pmid: 16696577
references.citation: Neuromuscul Disord. 2006 Dec;16(12):839-44
references.pmid: 17056255
references.citation: J Physiol Paris. 1998 Oct-Dec;92(5-6):341-4
references.pmid: 9789834
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Apr 3;104(14):5947-52
references.pmid: 17392428
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1996 Dec;40(6):864-72
references.pmid: 9007091
references.citation: J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2001 Jan;60(1):1-14
references.pmid: 11202170
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Nov 22;277(47):44670-6
references.pmid: 12215434
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Apr;64(4):634-7
references.pmid: 15769920
references.citation: Lancet. 1994 Feb 5;343(8893):364-5
references.pmid: 7905181
references.citation: J Alzheimers Dis. 2006;9(3 Suppl):361-6
references.pmid: 16914873
references.citation: J Nutr Health Aging. 2006 Jul-Aug;10(4):247-54
references.pmid: 16886094
references.citation: Chembiochem. 2003 Aug 4;4(8):697-711
references.pmid: 12898619
references.citation: Neurology. 2006 Jan 24;66(2 Suppl 1):S49-55
references.pmid: 16432145
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 2004 Jan;107(1):59-65
references.pmid: 14513262
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 2003 Aug;141(1-2):125-31
references.pmid: 12965263
references.citation: J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2000 Oct;59(10):847-56
references.pmid: 11079774
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2000 Apr;156(4):1151-5
references.pmid: 10751338
references.citation: Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12(20):2587-95
references.pmid: 16842180
references.citation: Mol Psychiatry. 1996 Nov;1(5):359-61
references.pmid: 9154226
references.citation: Cell Signal. 1998 Nov;10(10):699-711
references.pmid: 9884021
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2005 Jul;1(1):119-28
references.pmid: 16103914
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Mar 14;380(6570):168-71
references.pmid: 8600393
references.citation: Neurology. 2006 Jan 24;66(2 Suppl 1):S123-4
references.pmid: 16432140
references.citation: Neuron. 2001 Jun;30(3):665-76
references.pmid: 11430801
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1993 Jan;33(1):36-42
references.pmid: 8257483
references.citation: Nat Med. 2004 Sep;10(9):959-65
references.pmid: 15286784
references.citation: Exp Eye Res. 2003 Feb;76(2):145-53
references.pmid: 12565801
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1995 Dec 1;201(1):49-52
references.pmid: 8830310
references.citation: Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 Dec;36(12):2531-40
references.pmid: 15325590
references.citation: Brain. 2000 Oct;123 ( Pt 10):2030-9
references.pmid: 11004120
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Dec 15;90(24):12045-9
references.pmid: 8265668
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 2003 Dec;60(12):1685-91
references.pmid: 14676042
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 1998 Jun 11;158(1):47-52
references.pmid: 9667777
references.citation: J Neurochem. 1999 Sep;73(3):1288-92
references.pmid: 10461923
references.citation: Nature. 1992 Nov 5;360(6399):65-8
references.pmid: 1436075
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2005 Oct 10;171(1):87-98
references.pmid: 16203860
references.citation: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Feb;8(2):101-12
references.pmid: 17245412
references.citation: Autophagy. 2007 Nov-Dec;3(6):569-80
references.pmid: 17675890
references.citation: J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1996 Jul;55(7):774-86
references.pmid: 8965093
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 1999 Nov;8(12):2133-43
references.pmid: 10545592
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 1993;85(4):378-82
references.pmid: 8386897
references.citation: Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1965;90:213-6
references.pmid: 5892870
references.citation: J Mol Neurosci. 2004;23(1-2):105-14
references.pmid: 15126696
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1998 Dec;153(6):1687-93
references.pmid: 9846958
references.citation: Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Aug 19;262(1):152-6
references.pmid: 10448084
references.citation: Gene. 1992 Apr 15;113(2):165-73
references.pmid: 1315299
references.citation: J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2006 Nov;113(11):1747-51
references.pmid: 16897605
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 2007 Nov;114(5):517-26
references.pmid: 17764014
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2004 Feb 25;126(7):1992-2005
references.pmid: 14971932
references.citation: J Neurochem. 1995 Nov;65(5):2146-56
references.pmid: 7595501
references.citation: PLoS Genet. 2008 Feb;4(2):e24
references.pmid: 18282106
references.citation: J Neurol. 2005 Dec;252(12):1448-54
references.pmid: 15942703
references.citation: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Jan 3;1739(2-3):198-210
references.pmid: 15615638
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1991 Sep 2;130(1):73-6
references.pmid: 1660975
references.citation: Mol Neurobiol. 1998 Winter;17(1-3):73-86
references.pmid: 9887447
references.citation: Science. 1994 Sep 2;265(5177):1464-7
references.pmid: 8073293
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1998 Aug 15;18(16):6207-17
references.pmid: 9698314
references.citation: J Physiol Paris. 1998 Oct-Dec;92(5-6):363-7
references.pmid: 9789838
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 25;277(43):40302-8
references.pmid: 12192006
references.citation: J Phys Chem B. 2008 Feb 21;112(7):2159-67
references.pmid: 18220385
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2008 Jan 31;431(2):141-5
references.pmid: 18191026
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 1997 Sep 26;272(3):348-61
references.pmid: 9325095
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2000 Jun;156(6):1835-40
references.pmid: 10854206
references.citation: FEBS J. 2008 Feb;275(4):625-32
references.pmid: 18205831
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 2002 Jan;103(1):59-65
references.pmid: 11837748
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2004 Jun;164(6):2163-74
references.pmid: 15161650
references.citation: Chembiochem. 2003 Aug 4;4(8):688-96
references.pmid: 12898618
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2000 Dec;62(6):633-48
references.pmid: 10880853
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 2;96(5):2497-502
references.pmid: 10051671
references.citation: Nutr Rev. 2007 Dec;65(12 Pt 2):S239-43
references.pmid: 18240556
references.citation: Brain Res. 1991 Feb 1;540(1-2):204-8
references.pmid: 2054612
references.citation: Aging Cell. 2007 Oct;6(5):715-21
references.pmid: 17711560
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2003 Jul;86(1):165-72
references.pmid: 12807436
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1985 Oct;101(4):1532-49
references.pmid: 2413045
references.citation: Trends Genet. 1998 Oct;14(10):410-6
references.pmid: 9820030
references.citation: Int J Exp Pathol. 2000 Aug;81(4):231-9
references.pmid: 10971744
references.citation: Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2002 Oct;4(5):427-33
references.pmid: 12217248
references.citation: J Child Neurol. 2003 Mar;18(3):185-90
references.pmid: 12731644
references.citation: Nature. 1998 Feb 19;391(6669):806-11
references.pmid: 9486653
references.citation: Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004 Jul;7(4):451-7
references.pmid: 15192449
references.citation: J Cell Sci. 2007 Dec 1;120(Pt 23):4081-91
references.pmid: 18032783
references.citation: Physiol Rev. 2001 Apr;81(2):741-66
references.pmid: 11274343
references.citation: Science. 1994 Feb 11;263(5148):802-5
references.pmid: 8303295
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 2007 May;61(5):476-83
references.pmid: 17469125
references.citation: Cell. 1994 Jun 17;77(6):817-27
references.pmid: 8004671
references.citation: Prog Neurobiol. 2004 Dec;74(6):323-49
references.pmid: 15649580
references.citation: Neurology. 2000 Mar 14;54(5):1033-41
references.pmid: 10720271
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Jan 6;281(1):334-40
references.pmid: 16260788
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jun 26;104(26):11062-7
references.pmid: 17573534
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2004 Jan;164(1):155-66
references.pmid: 14695329
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1991 Aug;114(3):465-79
references.pmid: 1860880
references.citation: Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2001 Jun;27(3):180-8
references.pmid: 11489137
references.citation: Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1993 Aug;117(8):789-93
references.pmid: 8393651
references.citation: Muscle Nerve. 2003 Dec;28(6):659-82
references.pmid: 14639580
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2006 Sep;27(9):1239-49
references.pmid: 16099075
references.citation: Neuron. 1996 Apr;16(4):881-91
references.pmid: 8608006
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Dec 9;280(49):41057-68
references.pmid: 16204253
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1993 Oct;34(4):551-60
references.pmid: 7692809
references.citation: JAMA. 2004 May 19;291(19):2367-75
references.pmid: 15150209
references.citation: Mol Aspects Med. 2005 Aug-Oct;26(4-5):405-20
references.pmid: 16112188
references.citation: Chembiochem. 2003 Aug 4;4(8):683-7
references.pmid: 12898617
references.citation: Neuroreport. 1999 Jun 3;10(8):1699-705
references.pmid: 10501560
references.citation: Neurology. 1993 Jun;43(6):1265-7
references.pmid: 8170582
references.citation: Science. 1987 Mar 27;235(4796):1641-4
references.pmid: 3029875
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1995 Feb 17;270(7):3063-7
references.pmid: 7852387
references.citation: IUBMB Life. 2005 Sep;57(9):645-50
references.pmid: 16203684
references.citation: Brain. 2007 Feb;130(Pt 2):381-93
references.pmid: 16984901
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 May;84(9):3033-6
references.pmid: 3033674
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2004 Jun 30;24(26):6021-7
references.pmid: 15229249
references.citation: Nature. 1977 Nov 10;270(5633):174-6
references.pmid: 927529
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1998 Apr;152(4):889-95
references.pmid: 9546349
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2000 Apr 12;9(6):869-77
references.pmid: 10767309
references.citation: Biochemistry. 2001 Sep 4;40(35):10447-57
references.pmid: 11523986
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2006 Mar;27(3):423-32
references.pmid: 15950323
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 1999 May-Jun;20(3):325-30; discussion 339-42
references.pmid: 10588580
references.citation: J Neurochem. 1994 Oct;63(4):1191-8
references.pmid: 7931272
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 16;279(16):15938-45
references.pmid: 14761950
references.citation: J Neurosci. 2006 Dec 13;26(50):13102-13
references.pmid: 17167099
references.citation: Brain Res. 1994 May 2;644(2):327-30
references.pmid: 8050043
references.citation: Neuroreport. 1998 Oct 5;9(14):3201-5
references.pmid: 9831451
references.citation: Curr Alzheimer Res. 2008 Apr;5(2):158-64
references.pmid: 18393800
references.citation: Ann Neurol. 1992 Mar;31(3):286-92
references.pmid: 1637136
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2005 Aug;167(2):517-26
references.pmid: 16049336
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2003 Jun;85(6):1539-46
references.pmid: 12787072
references.citation: J Am Chem Soc. 2003 Dec 17;125(50):15359-65
references.pmid: 14664580
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 30;99(9):6334-9
references.pmid: 11972038
references.citation: Neurochem Int. 2002 Nov;41(5):341-4
references.pmid: 12176076
references.citation: Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2008;40(4):731-46
references.pmid: 18060826
references.citation: Annu Rev Med. 1996;47:387-400
references.pmid: 8712790
references.citation: Clin Exp Optom. 2004 Nov;87(6):356-66
references.pmid: 15575808
references.citation: J Mol Biol. 1983 Jul 15;167(4):853-72
references.pmid: 6876168
references.citation: Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1988 Sep;8(3):315-24
references.pmid: 3224359
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1998 May 1;18(9):3213-23
references.pmid: 9547230
references.citation: Neurology. 2000 Sep 26;55(6):763-8
references.pmid: 10993992
references.citation: J Neurol Sci. 1996 Nov;143(1-2):137-42
references.pmid: 8981312
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 2005 Aug;110(2):173-7
references.pmid: 15983828
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2003 Oct;24(6):777-87
references.pmid: 12927760
references.citation: Neurology. 2006 Jan 24;66(2 Suppl 1):S20-9
references.pmid: 16432141
references.citation: Brain. 1989 Jun;112 ( Pt 3):727-47
references.pmid: 2543478
references.citation: Mol Neurobiol. 2007 Jun;35(3):203-16
references.pmid: 17917109
references.citation: Genes Brain Behav. 2005 Apr;4(3):147-56
references.pmid: 15810903
references.citation: Neurology. 1992 Apr;42(4):897-902
references.pmid: 1314344
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1994 Apr 22;269(16):12152-8
references.pmid: 8163520
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1991 Feb 11;123(1):61-4
references.pmid: 1829512
references.citation: Subcell Biochem. 2005;38:299-317
references.pmid: 15709485
references.citation: Nature. 2000 Jul 20;406(6793):306-9
references.pmid: 10917532
references.citation: Lancet. 2001 Dec 8;358(9297):1962-4
references.pmid: 11747923
references.citation: Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1993 Nov;5(6):732-41
references.pmid: 8117535
references.citation: Acta Neuropathol. 2006 May;111(5):413-21
references.pmid: 16557393
references.citation: Hum Mol Genet. 2007 Apr 15;16(8):919-28
references.pmid: 17329348
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 1998 Dec;153(6):1679-86
references.pmid: 9846957
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Nov 25;100(24):14187-92
references.pmid: 14617773
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2003 May-Jun;24(3):415-20
references.pmid: 12600717
references.citation: Mech Ageing Dev. 2001 Sep 30;122(14):1639-49
references.pmid: 11511401
references.citation: Lancet. 1986 Feb 15;1(8477):354-7
references.pmid: 2868298
references.citation: Arch Neurol. 2000 Nov;57(11):1579-83
references.pmid: 11074789
references.citation: J Neuroimmunol. 1998 Apr 15;84(2):139-42
references.pmid: 9628455