title: Relationships of religion and spirituality to glycemic control in Black women with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although religion and spirituality are prominent in the lives of Black women with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), there is little research on the relationships of religion and spirituality to glycemic control (GC) in this population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relations of religion and spirituality to GC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational design, a convenience sample of 109 Black women with T2DM was recruited. Measures of demographic (age, income, and education), clinical (body mass index and use of diabetes medications), psychosocial (emotional distress and social support), religion and spirituality (religious and existential well-being), and GC (hemoglobin A1c) factors were collected. A theoretical model, based on the work of Koenig, McCullough, and Larson (2001), informed linear regression analyses to examine the relations of religion and spirituality to GC, with psychosocial factors as putative mediators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With age (beta = -.133, SE = .020, p = .145), income (beta = .020, SE = .139, p = .853), education (beta = -.221, SE = .204, p = .040), body mass index (beta = -.237, SE = .031, p = .011), and diabetes medications (beta = .338, SE = .216, p < .001) held constant, religion and spirituality demonstrated significant relations with GC (beta = .289, SE = .032, p = .028 and beta = - .358, SE = .030, p = .006, respectively). Evidence of emotional distress and social support as mediators in the relationships of religion and spirituality to GC was lacking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Religion and spirituality were related to GC, with evidence of psychosocial mediation lacking, thereby forcing revision of the model for the study population. Research is warranted to validate the findings, with further examination of theoretical mediators linking religion and spirituality to GC. Findings suggest that religion and spirituality be addressed in diabetes care to improve GC in Black women with T2DM.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA. knewlin@fau.edu
authors.forename: Kelley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Newlin
authors.forename: Gail D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Melkus
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tappen
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chyun
authors.forename: Harold G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Koenig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000193:education / Q000208:ethnology; D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009511:New England; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D029181:Spirituality; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014930:Women / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin