title: Toll-like receptors in inflammatory bowel disease-stepping into uncharted territory.
abstract: Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are chronic relapsing-remitting inflammatory processes of the intestinal tract. The etiology of these diseases is currently unknown. However, inflammation is hypothesized to result from inappropriate activation of mucosal immunity by luminal antigens in genetically susceptible individuals. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of transmembrane proteins that act as microbial pattern recognition receptors. They are crucial initiators of innate immune responses. The role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been fully elucidated. In this review, we aim to analyze the available data connecting individual TLRs to intestinal inflammation and IBD.
authors.affiliation: Liver Unit, Division of Medicine, POB 12000, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
authors.forename: Avi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Oren
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shibolet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000502:physiology; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
references.citation: Nature. 2000 Dec 7;408(6813):740-5
references.pmid: 11130078
references.citation: Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007 May;13(5):524-30
references.pmid: 17260364
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2003 Nov 17;198(10):1563-72
references.pmid: 14623910
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2005 Jul;129(1):50-65
references.pmid: 16012934
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2007 Dec;117(12):3909-21
references.pmid: 18008007
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 May 1;104(18):7512-5
references.pmid: 17463084
references.citation: Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Jan;12(1):1-8
references.pmid: 16374251
references.citation: Cell. 2004 Jul 23;118(2):229-41
references.pmid: 15260992
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2003 May;124(5):1202-9
references.pmid: 12730861
references.citation: J Immunol. 2000 Jan 15;164(2):966-72
references.pmid: 10623846
references.citation: Science. 2004 Mar 5;303(5663):1522-6
references.pmid: 15001781
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2002 Jul;32(7):2084-92
references.pmid: 12115630
references.citation: Immunity. 2006 Aug;25(2):319-29
references.pmid: 16879997
references.citation: Clin Exp Immunol. 2003 Nov;134(2):217-24
references.pmid: 14616780
references.citation: Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007 Jul;13(7):856-64
references.pmid: 17393379
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 Nov 17;859:85-95
references.pmid: 9928372
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2004 Jul;127(1):365-6
references.pmid: 15236225
references.citation: Digestion. 2007;76(3-4):196-202
references.pmid: 18174680
references.citation: Annu Rev Immunol. 2003;21:335-76
references.pmid: 12524386
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2003 Jun;124(7):1866-78
references.pmid: 12806620
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2008 Feb;118(2):545-59
references.pmid: 18188453
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 May 2;103(18):7048-53
references.pmid: 16632602
references.citation: Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 May;12(5):339-45
references.pmid: 16670522
references.citation: Clin Immunol. 2004 Jul;112(1):85-91
references.pmid: 15207785
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Jul 26;448(7152):427-34
references.pmid: 17653185
references.citation: Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2006 Dec;8(6):486-98
references.pmid: 17105688
references.citation: J Immunol. 2005 May 15;174(10):6416-23
references.pmid: 15879143
references.citation: J Endotoxin Res. 2000;6(5):393-6
references.pmid: 11521061
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2002 May;122(5):1428-41
references.pmid: 11984528
references.citation: Gut. 2005 Oct;54(10):1428-36
references.pmid: 15879013
references.citation: Immunity. 2006 Sep;25(3):473-85
references.pmid: 16949315
references.citation: J Immunol. 2007 Apr 1;178(7):4548-56
references.pmid: 17372013
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2004 May;113(9):1296-306
references.pmid: 15124021
references.citation: Clin Immunol. 2006 May;119(2):156-65
references.pmid: 16480927
references.citation: J Clin Lab Anal. 2002;16(1):56-8
references.pmid: 11835533
references.citation: Cell. 2006 Feb 24;124(4):783-801
references.pmid: 16497588
references.citation: Gut. 2004 Jul;53(7):987-92
references.pmid: 15194649
references.citation: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006 Jun;290(6):G1157-63
references.pmid: 16439468
references.citation: Gut. 1991 Sep;32(9):1071-5
references.pmid: 1916494
references.citation: J Immunol. 2001 Aug 15;167(4):1882-5
references.pmid: 11489966
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Nov 20;98(24):13722-7
references.pmid: 11717433
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2007 Apr;132(4):1359-74
references.pmid: 17408640
references.citation: Int Immunol. 2005 Jan;17(1):1-14
references.pmid: 15585605
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2004 Feb;126(2):520-8
references.pmid: 14762789
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2000 Dec;68(12):7010-7
references.pmid: 11083826
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2002 Aug 8;347(6):417-29
references.pmid: 12167685
references.citation: Clin Exp Immunol. 2008 Jan;151(1):34-41
references.pmid: 17991289
references.citation: J Histochem Cytochem. 2008 Mar;56(3):267-74
references.pmid: 18040078
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2006 Dec;8(12):1327-36
references.pmid: 17128265
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2005 Mar;115(3):695-702
references.pmid: 15765149
references.citation: Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Nov;102(11):2504-12
references.pmid: 17850411
references.citation: J Immunol. 2006 Jan 15;176(2):726-9
references.pmid: 16393954
references.citation: J Immunol. 2001 Jan 1;166(1):15-9
references.pmid: 11123271
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2005 Sep;129(3):913-27
references.pmid: 16143131
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Sep 20;102(38):13610-5
references.pmid: 16157881
references.citation: Nature. 1995 Apr 6;374(6522):546-9
references.pmid: 7700380