title: Antibodies to cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus 1 associated with cognitive function in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive impairment in the form of decreased working memory and executive functions has been recognized as a key deficit in schizophrenia. Neurotropic viruses have been associated with focal gray matter deficits in patients with schizophrenia. We evaluated whether such agents alter cognitive function in schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 329 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. We evaluated associations between exposure to selected agents (Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2 (HSV1, HSV2 respectively) cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Toxoplasma gondii) and scores on the Trail Making Test (TMT), controlling for relevant variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serological evidence of exposure to CMV was associated with impaired performance on TMT part A time to completion (p=0.044), a measure of visual search, working memory, and psychomotor speed. Both CMV and HSV1 were significantly associated with increased errors on TMT part B (p<0.001 for both viruses). HSV2 and T. gondii exposure measures were not associated with any of the cognitive functions evaluated using TMT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both CMV and HSV1 are associated with impaired cognitive function in schizophrenia as measured by the TMT. Further analyses to evaluate the impact of other illness related variables including genetic variants are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Brian H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Shirts
authors.forename: Konasale M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Pogue-Geile
authors.forename: Faith
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dickerson
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Yolken
authors.forename: Vishwajit L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Nimgaonkar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000276:immunology; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000097:blood; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000276:immunology; D014145:Trail Making Test
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral
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