title: The role of Amicar in same-day anterior and posterior spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis.
abstract: METHODS
  A retrospective study of the effectiveness of Amicar (epsilon aminocaproic acid).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate the effectiveness of Amicar in decreasing perioperative blood loss and transfusion requirements in same-day anterior (ASF) and posterior spinal fusion (PSF) with segmental spinal instrumentation (SSI) for idiopathic scoliosis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Preliminary prospective, prospective randomized double-blind, and fibrinogen studies have demonstrated Amicar to be effective in decreasing perioperative blood loss in patients with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing PSF with SSI. Increased fibrinogen secretion is a possible explanation.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 73 consecutive patients divided into 3 study groups based on the administration of Amicar: Group 1 (n = 16), no Amicar; Group 2 (n = 18), Amicar for the PSF with SSI only; and Group 3 (n = 39), Amicar for both ASF and PSF with SSI. All patients were managed using the same general anesthesia technique, intraoperative procedure, postoperative care path, and indications for transfusion (hemoglobin <7 g/dL). Total perioperative blood loss (estimated intraoperative blood loss for both procedures and measured postoperative chest tube and PSF wound suction drainage) and total transfusion requirements between groups were compared using one-way ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were statistically significant decreases in mean estimated intraoperative PSF with SSI, total perioperative blood loss, and transfusion requirements in the 2 Amicar groups. However, Amicar had no significant effect on estimated intraoperative ASF blood loss, chest tube drainage, or PSF wound suction drainage. Total perioperative blood loss and transfusion requirements (cell saver, autologous, directed, and allogeneic blood) were: 3442.8 +/- 1344.0 mL and 1537.1 +/- 905.1 mL in Group 1; 2089.8 +/- 684.0 mL and 485.2 +/- 349.8 mL in Group 2; and 2184.1 +/- 1163.7 mL and 531.5 +/- 510.5 mL in Group 3. There were no Amicar related complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amicar was highly effective in decreasing total perioperative blood loss and transfusion requirements in same-day ASF and PSF with SSI for idiopathic scoliosis. It results in less preoperative autologous blood donation, perioperative blood transfusion, costs, and potential transfusion-related complications. It was most effective in decreasing intraoperative estimated PSF with SSI blood loss. It had no significant effect during the ASF, postoperative chest tube, or PSF wound suction drainage. We now recommend that it be used for the PSF with SSI procedure only.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, University Hospital Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. ght@po.cwru.edu
authors.forename: George H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Florentino-Pineda
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poe-Kochert
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Jochen P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Son-Hing
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015119:Aminocaproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D015119:Aminocaproic Acid