Gadd45 in stress signaling.
Gadd45 genes have been implicated in stress signaling in response to physiological or environmental stressors, which results in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, cell survival and senescence, or apoptosis. Evidence accumulated implies that Gadd45 proteins function as stress sensors is mediated by a complex interplay of physical interactions with other cellular proteins that are implicated in cell cycle regulation and the response of cells to stress. These include PCNA, p21, cdc2/cyclinB1, and the p38 and JNK stress response kinases. What deterministic factors dictate whether Gadd45 and partner proteins function in either cell survival or apoptosis remains to be determined. An attractive working model to consider is that the extent of cellular/DNA damage, in a given cell type, dictates the association of different Gadd45 proteins with particular partner proteins, which determines the outcome.
Liebermann
Dan A
DA
Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, & Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA. lieberma@temple.edu.
Hoffman
Barbara
B
Oncogene. 1991 Jan;6(1):165-7
1899477
Oncogene. 2005 Nov 3;24(48):7170-9
16170381
Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Feb;11(2):1009-16
1990262
Blood. 1995 May 15;85(10):2691-8
7742528
J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct 15;274(42):29595-8
10514425
Oncogene. 1996 Jun 20;12(12):2579-94
8700517
Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2003 Feb;13(1):61-9
12573437
Mol Biol Cell. 1993 Sep;4(9):897-906
7903056
Nature. 2007 Feb 8;445(7128):671-5
17268471
Cancer Res. 2006 Sep 1;66(17):8448-54
16951155
Science. 1994 Nov 25;266(5189):1376-80
7973727
Oncogene. 1996 Nov 21;13(10):2255-63
8950993
Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Apr;14(4):2352-60
8139540
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992 Nov 21;663:139-53
1482047
Oncogene. 1998 Dec 24;17(25):3341-9
9916996
Oncogene. 1998 Dec 24;17(25):3359-63
9916998
Cancer Surv. 1997;29:151-82
9338101
Cell. 1998 Nov 13;95(4):521-30
9827804
Oncogene. 1999 Nov 11;18(47):6573-82
10597261
Annu Rev Biochem. 1996;65:135-67
8811177
Cell. 1992 Nov 13;71(4):587-97
1423616
Immunity. 2001 May;14(5):583-90
11371360
Leukemia. 2002 Apr;16(4):527-41
11960329
Int J Oncol. 2001 Apr;18(4):749-57
11251170
Cancer Lett. 2003 Apr 10;193(1):1-9
12691817
Anticancer Res. 1985 Jan-Feb;5(1):131-6
2986519
Science. 1989 Nov 3;246(4930):629-34
2683079
Nat Immunol. 2001 Feb;2(2):157-64
11175814
Oncogene. 1999 Dec 13;18(53):7644-55
10618704
EXS. 1996;77:273-88
8856980
Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2000 Dec;12(6):705-9
11063935
J Biol Chem. 1994 Dec 23;269(51):32672-7
7798274
Cell. 1994 Aug 26;78(4):539-42
8069905
Oncogene. 1999 May 6;18(18):2892-900
10362260
Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2002 Feb;12(1):98-104
11790562
J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 31;278(44):43001-7
12933797
J Biol Chem. 2000 Jun 2;275(22):16602-8
10747892
Annu Rev Genet. 1992;26:507-26
1482123
Genes Dev. 1999 Oct 15;13(20):2633-8
10541549
Bioessays. 1997 Nov;19(11):967-75
9394619
Oncogene. 1998 Dec 24;17(25):3301-8
9916992
Oncogene. 1995 Jul 6;11(1):199-210
7624128
Science. 1996 Dec 6;274(5293):1664-72
8939848
FEBS Lett. 1999 Mar 12;446(2-3):313-7
10100865
Nat Cell Biol. 2004 Feb;6(2):146-53
14743220
J Biol Chem. 2006 Jun 30;281(26):17552-8
16636063
Oncogene. 1998 Dec 24;17(25):3319-29
9916994
Genes Dev. 2000 Jul 1;14(13):1584-8
10887152
Cell. 1995 Aug 25;82(4):675-84
7664346
DNA Cell Biol. 1996 Oct;15(10):805-15
8892753
Cell. 1999 May 28;97(5):575-86
10367887
Mol Cell Biol. 2000 May;20(10):3705-14
10779360
Nature. 2003 Aug 14;424(6950):741; discussion 742
12917673
Nature. 2001 Nov 15;414(6861):308-13
11713530
Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Apr;14(4):2361-71
8139541
J Biol Chem. 2000 Jun 2;275(22):16810-9
10828065
Oncogene. 1999 Sep 2;18(35):4899-907
10490824
J Biol Chem. 1999 Oct 15;274(42):29599-602
10514426
Nat Genet. 1999 Oct;23(2):176-84
10508513
Science. 1994 Dec 23;266(5193):1954-6
7801120
Oncogene. 1994 Jun;9(6):1791-8
8183578
Oncogene. 1999 Dec 13;18(53):7621-36
10618702
Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Oct;9(10):4196-203
2573827
Trends Biochem Sci. 1998 Jul;23(7):236-8
9697409
J Biol Chem. 2001 Jan 26;276(4):2766-74
11022036
DNA Cell Biol. 2003 Jul;22(7):457-68
12932304
J Biol Chem. 2000 Nov 24;275(47):36892-8
10973963
Oncogene. 1999 Nov 1;18(45):6087-93
10557099
Cancer Res. 2002 Dec 15;62(24):7305-15
12499274
Cell. 1993 Nov 19;75(4):817-25
8242752
Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Jun;23(11):3859-71
12748288
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 30;96(7):3706-11
10097101
Oncogene. 1998 Dec 24;17(25):3277-85
9916990
J Clin Oncol. 2003 Mar 15;21(6):1174-9
12637487
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Apr 1;90(7):2719-23
7681987
Cell. 1993 Nov 19;75(4):805-16
8242751
DNA Cell Biol. 2001 Apr;20(4):239-47
11403721
Nature. 2003 Jan 23;421(6921):436-40
12540918
J Cell Physiol. 2002 Sep;192(3):327-38
12124778
Nature. 1993 Dec 16;366(6456):701-4
8259214
Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2002 Feb;12(1):92-7
11790561