title: Evaluation of multiple breathing states using a multiple instance geometry approximation (MIGA) in inverse-planned optimization for locoregional breast treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although previous work demonstrated superior dose distributions for left-sided breast cancer patients planned for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) at deep inspiration breath hold compared with conventional techniques with free-breathing, such techniques are not always feasible to limit the impact of respiration on treatment delivery. This study assessed whether optimization based on multiple instance geometry approximation (MIGA) could derive an IMRT plan that is less sensitive to known respiratory motions.
  
  
  METHODS
  CT scans were acquired with an active breathing control device at multiple breath-hold states. Three inverse optimized plans were generated for eight left-sided breast cancer patients: one static IMRT plan optimized at end exhale, two (MIGA) plans based on a MIGA representation of normal breathing, and a MIGA representation of deep breathing, respectively. Breast and nodal targets were prescribed 52.2 Gy, and a simultaneous tumor bed boost was prescribed 60 Gy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With normal breathing, doses to the targets, heart, and left anterior descending (LAD) artery were equivalent whether optimizing with MIGA or on a static data set. When simulating motion due to deep breathing, optimization with MIGA appears to yield superior tumor-bed coverage, decreased LAD mean dose, and maximum heart and LAD dose compared with optimization on a static representation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For left-sided breast-cancer patients, inverse-based optimization accounting for motion due to normal breathing may be similar to optimization on a static data set. However, some patients may benefit from accounting for deep breathing with MIGA with improvements in tumor-bed coverage and dose to critical structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0010, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jean M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: Robin B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Balter
authors.forename: Benedick A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fraass
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: McShan
authors.forename: Marc L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: Lori J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Pierce
mesh_terms: D001013:Aorta, Thoracic; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006321:Heart / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D012119:Respiration; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D047368:Tumor Burden
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