Status of immune mediators in complex regional pain syndrome type I.
Complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I) can affect an extremity after minor trauma or operation. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is unclear. It has clinical signs of severe local inflammation as a result of an exaggerated inflammatory response, but neurogenic dysregulation is also a contributor. Several studies investigated the role of inflammatory mediators and cytokines thus far; however, the results are heterogeneous and vary between different settings. This review summarizes recent study results that show a clear underlying inflammatory response at the local site, where systemic responses seem to be inconsistent. An induction of CRPS-like symptoms by application of neuroinflammatory mediators was shown recently. Local inflammation is involved in the pathophysiology of CRPS-I. We must expand our knowledge of pathophysiologic mechanisms, and we are still far away from using inflammatory markers in diagnosis and follow-up of CRPS-I.
Schinkel
Christian
C
Berufsgenossenschaftliche Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Department of Surgery, Ruhr University Bochum, Buerkle-de-la-Camp-Pl.1, Bochum, Germany. christian.schinkel@ruhr-uni-bochum.de
Kirschner
Martin H
MH
D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000502:physiology*; D012019:Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
D007155:Immunologic Factors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
Brain Behav Immun. 2007 Jul;21(5):668-76
17129705
J Immunol. 1991 May 15;146(10):3478-82
2026876
Pain. 2007 Nov;132(1-2):195-205
17890011
Mediators Inflamm. 2002 Feb;11(1):47-51
11930962
Neuropeptides. 2000 Oct;34(5):303-13
11049734
Mediators Inflamm. 2006;2006(1):28398
16864900
Pain. 2001 Apr;91(3):259-261
11275382
Ann Vasc Surg. 1994 Jul;8(4):372-9
7947064
Acta Orthop Belg. 1998 Dec;64(4):448-51
9922551
Clin Auton Res. 1994 Jun;4(3):113-6
7994163
Peptides. 1989 Sep-Oct;10(5):957-62
2481848
Pain. 2005 Aug;116(3):213-219
15964681
J Vasc Surg. 1991 Oct;14(4):488-92; discussion 492-5
1920646
Hand Clin. 1997 Aug;13(3):373-85
9279543
Neuroscience. 2007 Sep 7;148(3):757-65
17686587
Mediators Inflamm. 2005 Dec 14;2005(6):366-72
16489257
BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Nov 30;7:91
17137491
Chest. 1994 Mar;105(3 Suppl):95S-98S
8131628
J Hand Surg Br. 1997 Apr;22(2):178-82
9149982
Pain. 2001 Apr;91(3):251-257
11275381
Arch Neurol. 2003 Nov;60(11):1524-34
14623723
Pain. 2001 Sep;93(3):279-293
11514087
Crit Care Med. 1994 Oct;22(10):1595-602
7924371
Allergy. 2000 Apr;55(4):321-37
10782516
J Vasc Res. 2001 Sep-Oct;38(5):453-61
11561147
J Immunol. 1997 Dec 1;159(11):5654-60
9548509
Clin J Pain. 2001 Mar;17(1):94-100
11289093
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995 Dec 29;771:472-84
8597423
J Immunol. 1997 Apr 15;158(8):3895-901
9103459
Mayo Clin Proc. 1995 Nov;70(11):1029-40
7475332
World J Surg. 1998 Feb;22(2):197-202
9451936
Free Radic Res Commun. 1987;3(1-5):13-8
3508426
Clin J Pain. 2006 Mar-Apr;22(3):235-9
16514322
N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 27;348(13):1223-32
12660386
J Neuroimmunol. 1998 Mar 1;82(2):175-81
9585814
Pain. 1995 Oct;63(1):127-133
8577483
Ann Intern Med. 1993 Apr 15;118(8):619-21
8383935
Acta Chir Scand. 1982;148(8):653-5
6763435
J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990 Jan;72(1):105-10
2298766
Pain. 1993 Nov;55(2):151-157
8309706
Anaesthesist. 2003 Oct;52(10):883-95
14618244