title: Prevalence and clinical characteristics of psychotic versus nonpsychotic major depression in a general psychiatric outpatient clinic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychotic major depression (PMD) is a severe mental disorder characterized by high levels of illness severity, chronicity, impairment, and treatment resistance. However, most past research on PMD has been conducted in inpatient hospital samples, and relatively little is known about PMD patients presenting for treatment in the community specifically.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we examined the prevalence and clinical characteristics of PMD in a large sample (n=2,500) of treatment-seeking outpatients who were administered structured clinical interviews by trained diagnosticians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the patients diagnosed with major depression, 5.3% had psychotic features. PMD patients were more likely to be members of a racial/ethnic minority and to have lower educational attainment compared to those with nonpsychotic major depression. In addition, PMD patients were found to have greater current depression severity, suicidal ideation, and social and work impairment. These patients also were more likely to have histories of suicide attempts and psychiatric hospitalizations, to report an earlier age of illness onset, and to meet criteria for chronic depression. In terms of psychiatric comorbidity, PMD patients had higher rates of certain anxiety disorders as well as more somatoform and cluster A personality disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicated that PMD was present in a relatively small percentage of treatment-seeking outpatients but was associated with disproportionately high levels of severity and impairment. Similarities and differences between the current findings and those from past research are discussed, including clinical implications for the identification and treatment of PMD in routine practice settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 345 Blackstone Boulevard,Providence, RI 02906, USA. Brandon_Gaudiano@brown.edu
authors.forename: Brandon A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Gaudiano
authors.forename: Kristy L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Dalrymple
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000341:Affective Disorders, Psychotic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012237:Rhode Island; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology
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