title: Trypanosoma cruzi infection is enhanced by vector saliva through immunosuppressant mechanisms mediated by lysophosphatidylcholine.
abstract: Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, is transmitted by bug feces deposited on human skin during a blood meal. However, parasite infection occurs through the wound produced by insect mouthparts. Saliva of the Triatominae bug Rhodnius prolixus is a source of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Here, we tested the role of both triatomine saliva and LPC on parasite transmission. We show that vector saliva is a powerful inducer of cell chemotaxis. A massive number of inflammatory cells were found at the sites where LPC or saliva was inoculated into the skin of mice. LPC is a known chemoattractant for monocytes, but neutrophil recruitment induced by saliva is LPC independent. The preincubation of peritoneal macrophages with saliva or LPC increased fivefold the association of T. cruzi with these cells. Moreover, saliva and LPC block nitric oxide production by T. cruzi-exposed macrophages. The injection of saliva or LPC into mouse skin in the presence of the parasite induces an up-to-sixfold increase in blood parasitemia. Together, our data suggest that saliva of the Triatominae enhances T. cruzi transmission and that some of its biological effects are attributed to LPC. This is a demonstration that a vector-derived lysophospholipid may act as an enhancing factor of Chagas disease.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 21940-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mesquita
authors.forename: Alan Brito
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Carneiro
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bafica
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gazos-Lopes
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Takiya
authors.forename: Thaís
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Souto-Padron
authors.forename: Danielle P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Antônio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferreira-Pereira
authors.forename: Igor C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Rodrigo T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.forename: Bárbara N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Porto
authors.forename: Marcelo T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bozza
authors.forename: Aurélio V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Graça-Souza
authors.forename: Angela H C S
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Geórgia C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Atella
authors.forename: Mário A C
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Silva-Neto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000635:transmission*; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000276:immunology; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000276:immunology*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology*; D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000276:immunology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000276:immunology; D012239:Rhodnius / Q000469:parasitology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines; D009569:Nitric Oxide
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