title: Forward scattering properties of corneal haze.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Corneal haze is a well-known pathology associated with decreased corneal transparency and increased ocular scattering. Clinically, haze is typically estimated as the amount of backscattered light observed in a slit lamp examination while the small angle forward scattering cannot be directly observed. It was the purpose of this study to demonstrate a single-pass technique to objectively measure forward scattering properties of excised rabbit corneas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six rabbits (twelve eyes) were used in this study. All eyes underwent photorefractive keratectomy for -4 D in a 6 mm ablation zone. Seven weeks later, the rabbits were examined under general anesthesia. All eyes expressed mild to severe haze. A purposely-developed single pass optical setup was used both to estimate the angular distribution and fraction of forward light scattering in excised rabbit corneas. Moreover, subjective clinical corneal haze evaluation was performed as well as corneal confocal microscopy of all corneas. Finally, the corneas were histopathologically examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Light scattering in the rabbit corneas followed a narrow forward peaked distribution. A new parameter, Ballistic Ratio, was introduced to represent a parameter for absolute quantification of forward light scatter, corresponding to the power ratio of the radiation that is not scattered by each sample. A negative correlation between clinically subjective corneal haze and forward scatter (Pearson's Coefficient = -0.23) was found, which suggests the relation between increased forward and backward scatter. Activated myofibroblasts, collagen irregularities and vacuoles present in a sub-epithelial layer over the treated area of the cornea had characteristic dimensions in accordance to the measured scatter distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Corneal light scatter associated with the increased amount of haze after excimer laser ablation has a narrowly forward distribution that can be attributed to the subepithelial structures observed in treated corneas.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vision and Optics, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. debrouwere@med.uoc.gr
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Brouwere
authors.forename: Harilaos
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ginis
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kymionis
authors.forename: Irini
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Naoumidi
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pallikaris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003315:Cornea / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003318:Corneal Opacity / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D018903:Photorefractive Keratectomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011817:Rabbits; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology