title: Two-year survival and mental and psychomotor outcomes after the Norwood procedure: an analysis of the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt and right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery shunt surgical eras.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Norwood procedure for stage 1 palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome is performed with either the modified Blalock-Taussig (MBTS) or the right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery (RVPA) shunt. In our institution, surgical practice changed from use of the MBTS to use of the RVPA shunt in 2002. We analyzed survival and mental and psychomotor outcomes of the 2 consecutive surgical eras.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between September 1996 and July 2005, 94 neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome underwent the Norwood procedure. Patients were recruited as neonates and followed up prospectively. Health, mental, and psychomotor outcomes (Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II) were assessed at 2 years. The study subjects were from the Norwood-MBTS era (n=62; 1996 to 2002) or the Norwood-RVPA era (n=32; 2002 to 2005). In the MBTS era, early and 2-year mortality rates were 23% (14/62) and 52% (32/62); the mean (SD) mental and psychomotor developmental indices were 79 (18) and 67 (19). In the RVPA era, early and 2-year mortality rates were 6% (2/32) and 19% (6/32); the mean (SD) mental and psychomotor developmental indices were 85 (18) and 78 (18). The 2-year mortality rate (P=0.002) and the psychomotor developmental index (P=0.029) were improved in the more recent surgical era. On multivariable Cox regression analysis, postoperative highest serum lactate independently predicted 2-year mortality in the MBTS and RVPA eras.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of 2 consecutive surgical eras of hypoplastic left heart syndrome patients undergoing the Norwood procedure showed a significant improvement in 2-year survival and psychomotor development in the more recent era. Adverse neurodevelopmental outcome in this patient population remains a concern.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atallah
authors.forename: Irina A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Dinu
authors.forename: Ari R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Joffe
authors.forename: Charlene M T
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Reg S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sauve
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Dyck
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Ivan M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Rebeyka
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality*; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome