title: [Study of venous drainage in retrograde island flaps by fluorescence tracing technique in a rabbit model].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the venous drainage in retrograde island flaps by fluorescence tracing technique and to observe the pathway of venous drainage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 0.1 mL venous blood was collected from the marginal ear vein of every rabbit (n=20), respectively, and erythrocytes were separated by centrifugation and then were labeled with FITC. Positive rate and fluorescence intensity of FITC-labeled RBC were detected by flow cytometry. RBC amorphous was observed under the inverted fluorescence microscope. Saphenous retrograde island fasciocutaneous flap and antegrade island fasciocutaneous flap (4.0 cm x 3.0 cm in size with vascular pedicle length of 3.0 cm) were successfully established in hind limbs of 20 New Zealand white rabbits. One hind limb of each rabbit was randomly assigned as the experimental group and the contralateral side was assigned as the control. The same flap was established in the control group without any fluorescence tracer. According to retrograde or antegrade flaps, the experimental group was divided into 2 groups with 10 rabbits in each group. And then, according to different pathways of tracer-giving, each group was divided into 2 subgroups of artery and vein, with 5 rabbits in each subgroup. The labeled erythrocytes (5 microL) were injected into artery or vein and then flaps were cut down 5 seconds later. The flaps were immediately frozen and chipped (5-7 microm). Consecutive three frozen sections were made and two of them were stained with HE and GENMED, respectively, but the third one was squashed without staining. All frozen sections were observed under the microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive rate of FITC-labeled RBC was beyond 99% and fluorescence intensity was more than or equal to 10(3). FITC-labeled RBC showed steady green fluorescence under the inverted fluorescence microscope. Fluorescence appeared in all experimental groups, but none was found in the control groups. In antegrade island flap group, fluorescence appeared mainly in lumen of vein, wall of vein and inner membrane and outer membrane of artery. In retrograde island flap group, fluorescence distributed principally in inner membrane and outer membrane of artery and wall of vein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fluorescence tracing is applicable to the research of venous drainage. Venous drainage in the antegrade island flaps is mainly through lumen of vein, wall of vein and inner membrane and outer membrane of artery. While, venous drainage in retrograde island flaps is principally through inner membrane and outer membrane of artery and wall of vein.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhizhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jing
authors.forename: Guangrong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Murong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Shimin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004431:Ear, External / Q000098:blood supply*; D004906:Erythrocyte Count; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011817:Rabbits; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*; D014680:Veins / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes