title: Accuracy of cranial coplanar beam therapy using an oblique, stereoscopic x-ray image guidance system.
abstract: A system for measuring two-dimensional (2D) dose distributions in orthogonal anatomical planes in the cranium was developed and used to evaluate the accuracy of coplanar conformal therapy using ExacTrac image guidance. Dose distributions were measured in the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes using a CIRS (Computerized Imaging Reference Systems, Inc.) anthropomorphic head phantom with a custom internal film cassette. Sections of radiographic Kodak EDR2 film were cut, processed, and digitized using custom templates. Spatial and dosimetric accuracy and precision of the film system were assessed. BrainScan planned a coplanar-beam treatment to conformally irradiate a 2-cm-diameter x 2-cm-long cylindrical planning target volume. Prior to delivery, phantom misalignments were imposed in combinations of +/- 8 mm offsets in each of the principal directions. ExacTrac x-ray correction was applied until the phantom was within an acceptance criteria of 1 mm/1 degrees (first two measurement sets) or 0.4 mm/0.4 degrees (last two measurement sets). Measured dose distributions from film were registered to the treatment plan dose calculations and compared. Alignment errors, displacement between midpoints of planned and measured 70% isodose contours (Deltac), and positional errors of the 80% isodose line were evaluated using 49 2D film measurements (98 profiles). Comparison of common, but independent measurements of Deltac showed that systematic errors in the measurement technique were 0.2 mm or less along all three anatomical axes and that random error averaged [formula: see text] 0.29+/-0.06 mm for the acceptance criteria of 1 mm/1 degrees and 0.15 +/- 0.02 mm for the acceptance criteria of 0.4 mm/0.4 degrees. The latter was consistent with independent estimates that showed the precision of the measurement system was 0.3 mm (2sigma). Values of Deltac were as great as 0.9, 0.3, and 1.0 mm along the P-A, R-L, and I-S axes, respectively. Variations in Deltac along the P-A axis were correlated to misalignments between laser isocenter and radiation isocenter as documented by daily clinical Lutz tests. Based on results of comparisons of measured with calculated positions of the 80% dose lines along the major anatomical axes, a 1.25, 1.0, and 1.0 mm (0.75, 0.5, and 0.25 mm) gross tumor volume (GTV)-planning target volume (PTV) margin to account for delivery error would be appropriate for the P-A, R-L, and I-S axes, respectively, for an acceptance criteria of 1 mm/1 degrees (0.4 mm/0.4 degrees). It typically took 2 (3) ExacTrac x-ray image sets to achieve and verify acceptance criteria of 1 mm/1 degrees (0.4 mm/0.4 degrees). Our results demonstrated a measurement technique using a CIRS anthropomorphic head phantom with a modified film cassette, radiographic film (Kodak EDR2) with a custom film cutting template, and film dosimetry software has been developed and successfully applied to our clinic. It is recommended that a third party offer this service. Our goal of achieving accuracy of delivery of 1 mm or better in each of the three major anatomical axes was almost, but not quite achieved, not because of the accuracy of the image guidance system, but likely due to inaccuracy of laser isocenter and other systematic errors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
authors.forename: Justin P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vinci
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Hogstrom
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Neck
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D016371:Cranial Irradiation; D003389:Cranial Nerve Diseases / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014965:X-Rays