title: Angiopoietin-2 stimulates blood flow recovery after femoral artery occlusion by inducing inflammation and arteriogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently, we have shown that shear stress regulates the angiogenic potential of endothelial cells in vitro by an Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2)-dependent mechanism; however its pathophysiological significance in vivo was not clear. We hypothesized that Ang2 plays an important role in blood flow recovery after arterial occlusion in vivo by regulating angiogenesis and arteriogenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C57Bl/6J mice underwent femoral artery ligation and were injected with a specific Ang2 inhibitor, L1-10, or vehicle for 10 days. Ang2 mRNA was upregulated at day 2, and Ang2 protein was upregulated at day 2, 5, and 7 in the ligated hindlimb. L1-10 treatment significantly blunted blood flow recovery. L1-10 decreased smooth muscle cell coverage of neovessels without affecting capillary density, suggesting a specific role for Ang2 in arteriogenesis. Mechanistically, L1-10 decreased expression of intercellular and vascular cell adhesion molecules as well as infiltrating monocytes/macrophages in the ischemic tissue. Although L1-10 had no effect on the number of CD11b+ cells (monocytes/macrophages) mobilized in the bone marrow, it maintained elevated numbers of circulating CD11b+ cells in the peripheral blood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that Ang2 induced in ischemic tissue plays a critical role in blood flow recovery by stimulating inflammation and arteriogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tressel
authors.forename: Hyongbum
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Chih-Wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Kyunghwa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Velasquez-Castano
authors.forename: W Robert
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Young-Sup
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Hanjoong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jo
mesh_terms: D042683:Angiopoietin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D042702:Angiopoietin-2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000097:blood; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003097:Collateral Circulation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D007511:Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D042683:Angiopoietin-1; D042702:Angiopoietin-2; D039481:CD11b Antigen; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2
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