title: Genomic instability demonstrates similarity between DCIS and invasive carcinomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess telomere DNA content (TC) and the number of sites of allelic imbalance (AI) as a function of breast cancer progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  TC and AI were determined in 54 histologically normal tissues, 10 atypical ductal hyperplasias (ADH), 122 in situ ductal carcinomas (DCIS) and 535 invasive carcinomas (Stage I-IIIA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  TC was altered in ADH lesions (20%), DCIS specimens (53%) and invasive carcinomas (51%). The mean number of sites of AI was 0.26 in histologically normal group tissue, increased to 1.00 in ADH, 2.94 in DCIS, and 3.07 in invasive carcinomas. All groups were statistically different from the histologically normal group (P < 0.001 for each); however, there was no difference between DCIS and the invasive groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genomic instability increases in ADH and plateaus in DCIS without further increase in the invasive carcinomas, supporting the notion that invasive carcinomas evolve from or in parallel with DCIS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87131-0001, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Heaphy
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bisoffi
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Joste
authors.forename: Kathy B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: Richard N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.forename: Jeffrey K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Griffith
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D042822:Genomic Instability; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016615:Telomere / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: Ann Surg Oncol. 2005 Dec;12(12):1054-60
references.pmid: 16228814
references.citation: Mol Cancer Res. 2005 Sep;3(9):503-9
references.pmid: 16179497
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Mar;20(5):1659-68
references.pmid: 10669743
references.citation: Cancer Cell. 2002 Aug;2(2):149-55
references.pmid: 12204535
references.citation: Oncogene. 2002 Jan 21;21(4):532-40
references.pmid: 11850778
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 1999 Feb 22;144(4):589-601
references.pmid: 10037783
references.citation: Nature. 1998 Dec 17;396(6712):643-9
references.pmid: 9872311
references.citation: J Pathol. 2005 Jan;205(2):248-54
references.pmid: 15641021
references.citation: J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2004 Jul;9(3):285-96
references.pmid: 15557801
references.citation: Mutat Res. 1995 Oct;338(1-6):25-34
references.pmid: 7565878
references.citation: Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Feb;10(2):518-27
references.pmid: 2300052
references.citation: EMBO J. 1992 May;11(5):1921-9
references.pmid: 1582420
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998 May 6;90(9):697-703
references.pmid: 9586667
references.citation: Cancer Detect Prev. 2002;26(6):426-34
references.pmid: 12507227
references.citation: Science. 1994 Dec 23;266(5193):2011-5
references.pmid: 7605428
references.citation: Neoplasia. 2002 Nov-Dec;4(6):531-8
references.pmid: 12407447
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Dec 1;13(23):7037-43
references.pmid: 18056180
references.citation: Endocr Relat Cancer. 2001 Mar;8(1):47-61
references.pmid: 11350726
references.citation: Am J Pathol. 2004 Mar;164(3):925-35
references.pmid: 14982846
references.citation: Biotechniques. 1997 Sep;23(3):476-8, 480, 482, passim
references.pmid: 9298219
references.citation: Oncogene. 2002 Jan 21;21(4):643-9
references.pmid: 11850791
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Dec 1;160(11):1087-97
references.pmid: 15561988
references.citation: Chromosoma. 1993 Jan;102(2):121-8
references.pmid: 8432193
references.citation: J Theor Biol. 1973 Sep 14;41(1):181-90
references.pmid: 4754905
references.citation: Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006 Sep;99(2):193-202
references.pmid: 16752076
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2003 Mar;33 Suppl:238-44
references.pmid: 12610533
references.citation: J Pathol. 2002 Mar;196(3):280-6
references.pmid: 11857490
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2004 Sep;36(9):984-8
references.pmid: 15300252
references.citation: Cancer Res. 2000 May 1;60(9):2562-6
references.pmid: 10811140
references.citation: Diagn Mol Pathol. 2000 Mar;9(1):14-9
references.pmid: 10718208
references.citation: Eur J Cancer. 2001 Jul;37(11):1372-80
references.pmid: 11435067
references.citation: Science. 1996 Dec 20;274(5295):2057-9
references.pmid: 8953032
references.citation: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003 Sep;12(9):915-9
references.pmid: 14504204
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Sep;85(18):6622-6
references.pmid: 3413114
references.citation: J Mol Diagn. 2007 Apr;9(2):266-71
references.pmid: 17384220
references.citation: Int J Cancer. 2006 Jul 1;119(1):108-16
references.pmid: 16450377
references.citation: Ann Surg Oncol. 2007 Nov;14(11):3070-7
references.pmid: 17549568
references.citation: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002 Jun 5;94(11):858-60
references.pmid: 12048275
references.citation: Annu Rev Biochem. 2004;73:177-208
references.pmid: 15189140
references.citation: Clin Cancer Res. 2004 May 15;10(10):3317-26
references.pmid: 15161685
references.citation: Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2004 Nov;88(2):131-9
references.pmid: 15564796