title: Impact of Giardia intestinalis on vitamin a status in schoolchildren from northwest Mexico.
abstract: We conducted a cross-sectional study in northwest Mexico in order to investigate the association between giardiasis and serum vitamin A in 40 Giardia-infected and 70 Giardia-free schoolchildren who were covered by a regional school breakfast program. There were no significant differences in age, Z-scores for nutritional indices of height for age, weight for age, or weight for height, socioeconomic conditions (employment and education of the parents, household conditions, sanitation facilities, type of drinking water, and family income), and mean daily intakes of vitamin A in the Giardia-free (899 +/- 887 microg) and the Giardia-infected (711 +/- 433 microg) groups. A higher concentration of serum retinol was found in the Giardia-free group than in the Giardia-infected group (0.75 micromol/L versus 0.61 micromol/L, respectively; p < 0.0001). Giardia-infected children were more likely to be vitamin A-deficient than the Giardia-free children (OR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.2-8.5). Although 95% of the children met the daily-recommended intakes of vitamin A, half of them showed subclinical vitamin A deficiency. It is recognized that vitamin A deficiency is multifactorial and giardiasis was a factor significantly associated with this deficiency in this study. Mexican program developers and policymakers should be aware about the distinction between dietary deficiencies and deficiency diseases when current national program strategies for parasitic control and vitamin A supplementation are redesigned.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Hermosillo, Sonora, México. lquihui@ciad.mx
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quihui-Cota
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Astiazarán-García
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Valencia
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Morales-Figueroa
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lopez-Mata
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vazquez Ortiz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000886:Anthropometry; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000254:growth & development*; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood*; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A