title: Parallels between the development of therapeutic drugs and cancer health disparity programs: implications for Disparities Reduction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are analogies between the development of therapeutic drugs for cancer and the development of interventions for reducing cancer health disparities. In both cases, it can take between 12 and 15 years for the benefits to become apparent.
  
  
  METHODS
  The initial preclinical phase of drug development is analogous to the development of community partnerships and helping the community learn about cancer. The preclinical phase of in vitro and in vivo testing is analogous to identifying the disparities in the community. Then clinical testing begins with phase 1, toxicity, and dose-establishing studies. Analogously, community-based participatory research is used to develop disparities-reducing interventions (DRIs) within the community.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The phase 2 clinical studies to determine whether the drug has activity are analogous to the DRI being implemented in the community to determine whether it can cause behavioral changes that will reduce cancer health disparities. If a drug passes phase 1 and 2 studies, phase 3 clinical trials are initiated. These are controlled studies to examine the efficacy of the drug. The similar activity for disparities research is to determine whether the DRI is better than the current standard/usual practice in controlled trials. If the drug is beneficial, the final phase is the dissemination and adoption of the drug. Analogously in disparities, if the DRI is beneficial, it is disseminated and is culturally adapted to other racial/ethnic groups and finally adopted as standard practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The process of creating an effective DRI can be envisioned to have 4 stages, which can be used to aid in measuring the progress being made in reducing cancer health disparities.
authors.affiliation: Disparities Research Branch, Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Moon S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Dignan
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Partridge
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D055808:Drug Discovery; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D054547:National Cancer Institute (U.S.); D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
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