title: The role of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 on reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production by macrophage cells stimulated with root canal pathogens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periapical lesions arise as a result of the activation and interaction of the host immune responses against root canal infection. Recently identified Toll-like receptors (TLR) seem to be involved in the recognition and development of immune responses against a myriad of microorganisms. However, very little information is available on the role of TLR in the induction of periapical lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The role of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in the activation of murine macrophages stimulated using Fusobacterium nucleatum and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius was investigated. The production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results demonstrate that TLR-2 and TLR-4 are involved in the production of ROS by activated macrophages. The microorganisms induced similar levels of NO production by TLR-2-competent and TLR-2-deficient macrophages, regardless of the addition of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), ruling out a role for TLR-2 in the NO production induced by these bacteria. Only P. anaerobius induced NO production by TLR-4-competent macrophages without the addition of IFN-gamma. However, after IFN-gamma addition, F. nucleatum induced macrophage NO production. Therefore, NO production stimulated by IFN-gamma and these microorganisms seems to be TLR-4-independent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TLR-2 seems to be involved in the induction of ROS production by macrophages in response to prevalent root canal bacteria, while only F. nucleatum induced ROS production by TLR-4-competent macrophages. Both microorganisms significantly induced large amounts of NO independent of TLR-2 and TLR-4. We conclude that microorganisms may participate in the induction and progression of periapical lesions through NO and ROS production by activated macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Marcato
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ferlini
authors.forename: R C F
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bonfim
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ramos-Jorge
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ropert
authors.forename: L F C
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Afonso
authors.forename: L Q
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: A P R
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Sobrinho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000276:immunology*; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000276:immunology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000276:immunology*; D010462:Peptostreptococcus / Q000276:immunology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000276:immunology*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000276:immunology*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma