title: 12(R)-Hydroxy-5(Z),8(Z),10(E),14(Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid [12(R)-HETE], an arachidonic acid derivative, is an activator of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
abstract: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor that can be activated by structurally diverse chemicals, ranging from environmental carcinogens to dietary metabolites. Evidence supporting a necessary role for the AHR in normal biology has been established; however, identification of key endogenous ligand/activator remains to be established. Here, we report the ability of 12(R)-hydroxy-5(Z),8(Z),10(E), 14(Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid [12(R)-HETE], an arachidonic acid metabolite produced by either a lipoxygenase or cytochrome P-450 pathway, to act as a potent indirect modulator of the AHR pathway. In contrast, structurally similar HETE isomers failed to demonstrate significant activation of the AHR. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays, together with ligand competition binding experiments, have demonstrated the inability of 12(R)-HETE to directly bind or directly activate the AHR to a DNA binding species in vitro. However, cell-based xenobiotic-responsive element-driven luciferase reporter assays indicate the ability of 12(R)-HETE to modulate AHR activity, and quantitation of induction of an AHR target gene confirmed 12(R)-HETE's ability to activate AHR-mediated transcription, even at high nanomolar concentrations in human hepatoma (HepG2)- and keratinocyte (HaCaT)-derived cell lines. One explanation for these results is that a metabolite of 12(R)-HETE is acting as a direct ligand for the AHR. However, several known metabolites failed to exhibit AHR activity. The ability of 12(R)-HETE to activate AHR target genes required receptor expression. These results indicate that 12(R)-HETE can serve as a potent activator of AHR activity and suggest that in normal and inflammatory disease conditions in skin, 12(R)-HETE is produced, perhaps leading to AHR activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences,Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Chiaro
authors.forename: Rushang D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Gary H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Perdew
mesh_terms: D019377:12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D002460:Cell Line; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D065633:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000819:agonists*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D019377:12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C585496:CYP1B1 protein, human; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D065633:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1