title: Causal relationship of Helicobacter pylori with iron-deficiency anemia or failure of iron supplementation in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated Helicobacter pylori (H pylori)-infection as a cause of iron deficiency (ID) and iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) or treatment failure of iron supplementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomized 200 Hp-infected children (positive urea breath test) 2-5 years of age with IDA (hemoglobin level <110 g/L; serum ferritin level <12 microg/L; and soluble transferrin receptor >8.3 mg/L) or ID (serum ferritin level <12 microg/L or soluble transferrin receptor level >8.3 mg/L) to 1 of 4 regimens: 2-week anti-Hp therapy (amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and omeprazole) plus 90-day oral ferrous sulfate (anti-Hp plus iron), 2-week anti-Hp therapy alone, 90-day oral iron alone, or placebo. Sixty noninfected children with IDA received iron treatment as negative control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hp-infected children receiving iron had significantly less frequent treatment failure compared with those with no iron in correcting IDA (11% [95% confidence interval (CI), 2%-20%] for anti-Hp plus iron, 0% for iron alone vs 33% [95% CI, 26%-46%] for anti-Hp and 45% [95% CI, 31%-59%] for placebo; chi(2) = 127; P < .0001), ID (19% [95% CI, 8%-30%] for anti-Hp plus iron, 7% [95% CI, 0%-14%] for iron alone vs 65% [95% CI, 52%-78%] for anti-Hp alone, and 78% [95% CI, 66%-90%] for placebo; chi(2) = 124; P < .0001), or anemia (34% [95% CI, 20%-40%] for anti-Hp plus iron, 27% [95% CI, 14%-40%] for iron alone vs 65% [95% CI, 52%-78%] for anti-Hp alone and 78% [95% CI, 66%-90%] for placebo; chi(2) = 46; P < .0001). Cure rates of IDA, ID, or anemia with iron were comparable with that of the negative control group. Improvements in iron status also were significantly greater in groups with iron.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  H pylori is neither a cause of IDA/ID nor a reason for treatment failure of iron supplementation in young Bangladeshi children.
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh. sasarker@icddrb.org
authors.forename: Shafiqul A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sarker
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mahmud
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Davidsson
authors.forename: Nur H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: Tahmeed
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Nurul
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Salam
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beglinger
authors.forename: Niklaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gyr
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Fuchs
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014508:Urea / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D014508:Urea