title: Phylogenetic characterization of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated in Switzerland in 2006.
abstract: In the winter 2005/2006 H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) reached Western Europe and caused numerous deaths primarily in migratory water birds. Between February and April 2006 34 cases of H5N1 HPAIV-infected dead water fowl were identified in Switzerland, almost exclusively occurring in the Lake Constance area, a large overwintering area for migratory birds in the eastern part of the country. In total, 13 of these virus isolates were genetically characterized in the present study by full-length nucleotide sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase-coding region. All viruses could be confirmed as HPAIV based on the amino acid sequence of their hemagglutinin cleavage site. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the virus isolates were highly similar to each other and to other H5N1 strains found in neighboring countries. All analyzed Swiss virus isolates belonged to the influenza virus subclade 2.2.1.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, CH-3147, Mittelhaeusern, Switzerland. martin.hofmann@ivi.admin.ch
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Renzullo
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baumer
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D046090:Anseriformes / Q000821:virology*; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000235:genetics; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000235:genetics; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D009439:Neuraminidase
references.citation: J Virol. 2008 Jan;82(2):596-601
references.pmid: 17942553
references.citation: Avian Pathol. 2008 Feb;37(1):15-23
references.pmid: 18202945
references.citation: Avian Dis. 2008 Mar;52(1):100-5
references.pmid: 18459304
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007 Apr;20(2):243-67
references.pmid: 17428885
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 1997 Oct;35(10):2623-7
references.pmid: 9316919
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Sep;40(9):3256-60
references.pmid: 12202562
references.citation: Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2007 Nov;149(11):501-9
references.pmid: 18085164
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Dec 19;103(51):19368-73
references.pmid: 17158217
references.citation: Avian Dis. 2007 Mar;51(1 Suppl):355-8
references.pmid: 17494582
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2007 Feb;88(Pt 2):554-558
references.pmid: 17251574
references.citation: J Gen Virol. 2006 Jul;87(Pt 7):1823-1833
references.pmid: 16760384
references.citation: Avian Dis. 2007 Mar;51(1 Suppl):373-7
references.pmid: 17494587
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 May;13(5):713-8
references.pmid: 17553249
references.citation: Arch Virol. 1993;130(1-2):209-17
references.pmid: 8503786
references.citation: Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Jul;14(7):e1
references.pmid: 18598616
references.citation: Vet Microbiol. 2008 Apr 30;128(3-4):243-52
references.pmid: 18031958
references.citation: J Vet Diagn Invest. 2007 May;19(3):279-82
references.pmid: 17459857
references.citation: Mol Biol Evol. 2007 Aug;24(8):1596-9
references.pmid: 17488738