title: Management of non-united four-corner fusions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Wrist degeneration, resulting from scaphoid nonunion or scapholunate ligamentous disruption, is widely managed with scaphoid excision with four-corner fusion. There are no specific details in the literature regarding "salvage" of nonunion after attempted "four-corner fusions" or the patient outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of patients who underwent treatment for nonunion after four-corner fusion, the subsequent surgeries done for wrist salvage and the functional results.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed, retrospectively, 37 patients who underwent limited wrist fusion using circular plate fixation, of which eight cases (22%) went on to nonunion and necessitated revision surgeries with plate exchange and bone graft. (Table 1) Five of eight patients were available to return to the clinic, and the wrist range of motion and the disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) score were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average DASH score was 46 (range, 15 to 60.8). Grip on the affected limb was, on the average, 62% of the contralateral limb. Average arc of wrist motion was 70 degrees (35.7 degrees of flexion and 34.3 degrees of extension). Three of the five patients were laborers, and two returned to the previous employment. The remaining two patients returned to their previous sedentary jobs. All patients reported difficulty with recreational activities involving heavy activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complications of four-corner arthrodesis using circular plate fixation were recorded, revealing a high number of nonunions and hardware failures. All nonunions were salvaged with allograft or autogenous grafting with plate revision; however, the patients did have considerable limitations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo-Health Science Campus, 3065 Arlington Ave, Dowling Hall, Toledo, Ohio, 43614, USA.
authors.forename: Martin C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Skie
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gove
authors.forename: Despina E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Ciocanel
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Smith
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