title: Transcranial direct current stimulation for major depression: a general system for quantifying transcranial electrotherapy dosage.
abstract: There has been a recent resurgence of interest in therapeutic modalities using transcranial weak electrical stimulation through scalp electrodes, such as trans-cranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), as a means of experimentally modifying and studying brain function and possibly treating psychiatric conditions. A range of electrotherapy paradigms have been investigated, but no consistent method has been indicated for reporting reproducible stimulation "dosage." Anecdotal reports, case studies, and limited clinical trials with small numbers suggest that tDCS may be effective in treating some patients with depression, but methods for selecting the optimal stimulation parameters ("dosage") are not clear, and there is no conclusive indication that tDCS is an effective treatment for depression. Larger, controlled studies are necessary to determine its safety and efficacy in a clinical setting. If tDCS can be established as an effective treatment for depression, it would represent a particularly attractive electrotherapy option, as it is a relatively benign and affordable treatment modality. An accurate system for describing reproducible treatment parameters is essential so that further studies can yield evidence-based guidelines for the clinical use of transcranial current stimulation. Development of appropriate parameters requires a biophysical understanding of how electrotherapy affects brain function and should include different paradigms for different clinical applications. As with any dosage guidelines, such a system does not supersede physician judgment on safety.
authors.affiliation: Teodor T. Postolache, MD Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore, MSTF Suite 930, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Tpostola@psych.umaryland.edu.
authors.forename: Marom
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bikson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bulow
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Stiller
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: Fortunato
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.forename: Sergei V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Karnup
authors.forename: Teodor T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Postolache
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