title: Accuracy of primary care clinicians in screening for diabetic retinopathy using single-image retinal photography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetic patients with limited access to ophthalmologists have low screening rates for diabetic retinopathy. We evaluated a diabetic retinopathy screening program in a community health center using single images taken with a nonmydriatic retinal camera and primary care clinicians trained to read retinal images.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted from 2001 to 2004 in a multisite community health center staffed by family physicians, advanced practice nurses, and physician's assistants. The clinic serves a primarily low-income, Hispanic population. Clinic clinicians were trained to read the retinal photographs. All images were overread by an ophthalmologist. Patients were referred to eye care specialists for severe diabetic retinopathy, unknown or other abnormality, or inadequate photographs. We analyzed agreement between the clinicians and the ophthalmologist in recognizing diabetic retinopathy and in determining which patients needed referral. We also analyzed overall screening rates based on clinic access to the camera.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One thousand forty diabetic patients were screened for diabetic retinopathy at the health center. One hundred thirteen (10.9%) were found to have diabetic retinopathy, 46 severe enough to warrant referral to an ophthalmologist. The clinicians failed to refer 35 (10.2%) of the 344 patients the ophthalmologist believed needed referral. Most cases of missed referral were due to failure to recognize an inadequate photograph or for abnormalities other than diabetic retinopathy. Screening rates were better in the clinic with a permanent camera.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary care clinicians trained to read single images from a retinal camera have acceptable accuracy in screening for diabetic retinopathy. Further training may be necessary to recognize other common abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Salud Family Health Centers, Fort Lupton, Colorado 80621, USA. tfarley1@saludclinic.org
authors.forename: Tillman F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Farley
authors.forename: Naresh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mandava
authors.forename: F Ryan
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Prall
authors.forename: Cece
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carsky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003151:Community Health Centers; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D010781:Photography / Q000379:methods; D011204:Poverty Areas; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
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