title: Elucidating the mechanisms and loci of neuronal excitation by transcranial magnetic stimulation using a finite element model of a cortical sulcus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work aims to elucidate by what physical mechanisms and where stimulation occurs in the brain during transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), taking into account cortical geometry and tissue heterogeneity.
  
  
  METHODS
  An idealized computer model of TMS was developed, comprising a stimulation coil, a cortical sulcus, and surrounding tissues. The distribution of the induced electric field was computed, and estimates of the relevant parameters were generated to predict the locus and type of neurons stimulated during TMS, assuming three different stimulation mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tissue heterogeneity strongly affects the spatial distribution of the induced electric field and hence which stimulation mechanism is dominant and where it acts. Stimulation of neurons may occur in the gyrus, in the lip of the gyrus, and in the walls of the sulcus. The stimulated cells can be either pyramidal cells having medium to large caliber axons, or intracortical fibers of medium caliber.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results highlight the influence of cortical folding on the action of magnetic and electric fields on cortical tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tissue geometry and heterogeneity in electrical conductivity both must be taken into account to predict accurately stimulation loci and mechanism in TMS.
authors.affiliation: Physics Department, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal. ssilva@fc.ul.pt
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Basser
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Miranda
mesh_terms: D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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