title: Social integration, a sense of belonging and the Cenotaph Service: old soldiers reminisce about Remembrance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study explored how war commemorations such as the Cenotaph Service in the UK enable older veterans to benefit from a feeling of integration and belonging gained from both comradeship and acknowledgement from wider society.
  
  
  METHODS
  Focus groups preceded by a video clip of the Cenotaph Service with 45 veterans were used to discuss the significance of collective commemorations for older veterans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings indicated that social integration and a sense of belonging are fostered both by comradeship and societal support during collective commemorations allowing veterans to reminisce safely. Spontaneous reminiscences involving troubling memories may be processed more easily with the support, social integration and sense of belonging which occurs at collective commemorations. Many Korean War and female World War II veterans felt forgotten and socially isolated, but described gaining vicarious support via collective commemorations. Cohen and Wills' (1985) main-effects and buffering models of social support are used to discuss the findings further.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collective commemorations can be important sources of support for many older veterans. Both comradeship and societal support promote social integration and a sense of belonging (main-effects), which enabled reminiscing and processing (buffering) to occur.
authors.affiliation: HertNet/CRIPACC, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK. ds_barron@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Duncan S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Barron
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wiggins
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D047869:Korean War; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D012933:Social Identification; D006113:United Kingdom; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*; D047789:World War II