Status of immune mediators in fibromyalgia.
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a form of nonarticular rheumatism characterized by long-term (> 3 months) and widespread musculoskeletal pain. However, the biophysiology of FM has remained elusive, and the treatment remains mainly empirical. There are numerous hypotheses about the pathophysiology of chronic widespread pain and FM; one includes a possible role of cytokines. Cytokines play a role in diverse clinical processes and phenomena such as fatigue, fever, sleep, pain, stress, and aching. Cytokines related to acute or repetitive tissue injuries may be responsible for long-term activation of spinal cord glia and dorsal horn neurons, thus resulting in central sensitization. Pain, stiffness, and depression in FM could be associated with some signs of inflammatory response system activation. Illumination of the pathophysiologic secrets of FM will result in more effective treatment regimens. We review the role of immune mediators in the pathophysiology of FM.
Gur
Ali
A
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey. alig@dicle.edu.tr
Oktayoglu
Pelin
P
D000818:Animals; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000502:physiology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods
D007155:Immunologic Factors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
Arthritis Rheum. 1991 Jul;34(7):866-72
1676263
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Jun;966:343-54
12114291
Clin Exp Immunol. 2003 May;132(2):360-5
12699429
Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1989 Feb;15(1):169-86
2644675
Arthritis Rheum. 1994 Nov;37(11):1593-601
7526868
J Neurosci. 1997 Aug 1;17(15):5949-55
9221791
Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Nov;63(11):1504-6
15479904
Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12(1):29-35
16454722
Am J Physiol. 1995 May;268(5 Pt 2):R1310-8
7771595
Ann Intern Med. 1998 Jan 15;128(2):127-37
9441573
Med Hypotheses. 2007;69(6):1169-78
17728071
Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2007 Apr;11(2):98-103
17367587
J Immunol. 1997 May 1;158(9):4454-64
9127011
Br J Pharmacol. 1991 Nov;104(3):765-7
1797337
Z Rheumatol. 1998;57 Suppl 2:63-6
10025086
Eur J Pharmacol. 1996 Mar 28;299(1-3):113-8
8901013
Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Aug;54(8):2656-64
16871547
Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001 Jul;40(7):743-9
11477278
Am J Physiol. 1999 Apr;276(4):R1132-40
10198395
Scand J Rheumatol. 1997;26(4):308-13
9310112
BioDrugs. 2001;15(8):521-31
11543693
Arthritis Res Ther. 2004;6(3):R232-8
15142269
J Rheumatol. 2002 Feb;29(2):358-61
11838856
Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1997 May-Jun;76(3):231-4
9207710
Pain. 1988 Jan;32(1):21-26
2448729
Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Apr;43(4):872-80
10765933
Psychol Med. 1998 Jul;28(4):957-65
9723150
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999 Sep;21(3):388-94
10460756
Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000 Oct;39(10):1126-31
11035134
Ann Intern Med. 1993 Dec 1;119(11):1113-24
8239231
Rheumatol Int. 2006 May;26(7):598-603
16283318
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;521:1-21
12617561
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Jan;107(1):165-70
11150007
Mol Pain. 2006 Feb 17;2:6
16503976
Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Sep 10;334(2-3):133-40
9369341
Ann Intern Med. 1988 Jun;108(6):909
3259412
J Rheumatol. 1997 Dec;24(12):2273-5
9415626
Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12(1):17-22
16454720
Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 Nov-Dec;20(6):753-60
12508765
Brain Behav Immun. 2003 Feb;17 Suppl 1:S112-8
12615196
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Jan;304(1):102-8
12490580
J Neurochem. 2004 Dec;91(6):1493-500
15584925
J Neuroimmunol. 2007 Aug;188(1-2):159-66
17602758
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1992 Nov;17(6):593-8
1287679
J Rheumatol. 1987 Oct;14(5):1022-5
3480954
Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2004 Mar;16(2):157-63
14770104
Pain. 1999 Jan;79(1):75-82
9928779
Psychiatry Res. 1994 Nov;54(2):143-60
7761549
Annu Rev Biochem. 1985;54:729-64
2862841
J Clin Invest. 1994 May;93(5):1930-9
7910171
Brain Res. 1994 Aug 15;654(1):15-26
7982088
Pain. 2001 Mar;91(1-2):165-75
11240089
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1999 May;24(4):371-83
10341365
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001 Mar;933:201-10
12000021
Ann Rheum Dis. 2001 Jan;60(1):61-4
11114284
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jun 24;100(13):7947-52
12808141
Stress. 2003 Mar;6(1):19-32
12637204
J Affect Disord. 1998 Feb;48(1):75-82
9495605
Redox Rep. 2007;12(3):134-8
17623520