title: Rituximab in highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy, depletes B cells and suppresses antibody production. This study sought to describe the efficacy and safety of rituximab among seven highly sensitized kidney transplant patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A highly sensitized patient was defined as panel-reactive antibody (PRA) >30%, more than three pregnancies, or history of positive tissue crossmatch. Demographics, immunological risk profile, and immunosuppression were collected on all highly sensitized patients transplanted from March to July 2007 and given rituximab. We noted graft function as well as clinical events posttransplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The seven patients included in the study showed a mean age of 39 years (range = 17-60) and a mean follow-up of 3 months (range = 1.5-5). Their average PRA was 62% with mean HLA mismatches of three. Five patients (71%) were retransplantations; one had a history of a positive crossmatch, and two had multiple pregnancies. Two had donor-specific antibody, but negative tissue crossmatches. All had living donors. Six patients received a single dose of rituximab (375 mg/m2) 1 day prior to transplantation and one received two doses after 19 sessions of plasmapheresis. All were given tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and steroids combined with induction therapy using 30 mg alemtuzumab in 33%; two doses of 20 mg basiliximab in 33%; and seven doses of 1 mg/kg/dose of daclizumab in 14%. Mean shown creatinine levels were 1.1 and 1.2 mg/dL at 1 and 6 months posttransplantation. Two recipients experienced acute humoral rejections within 1 month after transplantation. Both were given steroid pulsing, one of whom was steroid-resistant necessitating alemtuzumab therapy and plasmapheresis. Graft function of both improved with creatinine values of 1.3 mg/dL on discharge. No episodes of infection were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rituximab can be safely administered and may be effective to improve outcomes among highly sensitized kidney transplant patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult Nephrology, National Kidney and Transplant Institute, Quezon City, Philippines.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rioveros
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Cabanayan-Casasola
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Danguilan
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Ona
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000074323:Alemtuzumab; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077552:Basiliximab; D000077561:Daclizumab; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D000069283:Rituximab
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D000912:Antibodies, Neoplasm; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000074323:Alemtuzumab; D000069283:Rituximab; D000077552:Basiliximab; D000077561:Daclizumab