title: Association of vegetable, fruit, and grain intakes with colorectal cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is uncertain whether or not vegetables, fruit, or grains protect against colorectal cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In a large prospective study, we investigated the association of vegetable, fruit, and grain intakes with colorectal cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1993 and 1996, 85 903 men and 105 108 women completed a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire that included approximately 180 foods and beverages in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. A diagnosis of colorectal cancer was made in 1138 men and 972 women after an average follow-up of 7.3 y. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate multivariate-adjusted relative risks and 95% CIs for colorectal cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men, multivariate adjustment for energy intake, dietary, and nondietary variables resulted in relative risks in the highest quintile group of 0.74 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.93; P for trend = 0.02) for vegetables and fruit combined, 0.80 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.99; P for trend = 0.09) for fruit alone, and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.69, 1.05; P for trend = 0.05) for vegetables alone. When colon and rectal cases were separated among men, the inverse associations were stronger for colon than for rectal cancer. In women, none of the associations with vegetables, fruit, or vegetables and fruit combined were significant. Grain intake was not associated with colorectal cancer for either men or women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intake of vegetables and fruit was inversely related to colorectal cancer risk among men but not among women. The association appears stronger for colon than for rectal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA. abe@crch.hawaii.edu
authors.forename: Abraham M Y
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: Lynne R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Wilkens
authors.forename: Suzanne P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Jean H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hankin
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Malcolm C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pike
authors.forename: Laurence N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Kolonel
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002523:Edible Grain; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014675:Vegetables
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