title: Combining winter hardiness and forage yield in white clover (Trifolium repens) cultivated in northern environments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  White clover (Trifolium repens) is an important component of sustainable livestock systems around the world. Its exploitation for agriculture in the northern, marginal areas is, however, currently limited by the lack of cultivars that combine persistence and high production potential. The aims are to investigate whether it is feasible to create breeding material of white clover for these areas by combining winter hardiness of northerly populations with good yielding ability of more southerly cultivars.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 166 crosses of 14 different parental combinations between winter-hardy, low-yielding populations of northern origin and high-yielding commercial cultivars of more southerly origin were tested under field conditions in Iceland and Norway and the parental populations were compared in Norway. Spaced plants were transplanted into a smooth meadow grass (Poa pratensis) sward. Dry matter yield was estimated for 2 years after planting in Norway and morphological characters associated with yielding capacity were measured at both sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that southerly cultivars had larger leaves and higher yielding potential than northern types but suffered more winter damage. Significant variation was found between full-sib families within the different parental combinations for all morphological characteristics measured in all three trials. However, it was difficult to detect any consistent morphological patterns between progeny groups across trial sites. No significant correlations were found between leaflet area and survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study has confirmed that it should be possible to simultaneously select for good winter survival and larger leaves and, hence, higher yielding ability under marginal conditions.
authors.affiliation: Agricultural University of Iceland, Keldnaholt, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland. aslaug@lbhi.is
authors.forename: Aslaug
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helgadóttir
authors.forename: Petter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marum
authors.forename: Sigrídur
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dalmannsdóttir
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Daugstad
authors.forename: Thórdís Anna
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kristjánsdóttir
authors.forename: Tor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lunnan
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000383:Agriculture; D000388:Air; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004777:Environment; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007055:Iceland; D009664:Norway; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011891:Rain; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D029921:Trifolium / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*
references.citation: Ann Bot. 2002 Mar;89(3):283-92
references.pmid: 12096740