title: Pathophysiology of peripheral nerve injury during regional anesthesia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite attention to technical details in performance of regional anesthetics, damage to nerves continues to be a concern. Understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms may aid in decreasing the incidence and severity of such injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies from both clinical and basic science perspective are reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure of peripheral nerves to local anesthetics may result in axonal damage, particularly if the solution is injected intrafascicularly, if the concentration is high, and if duration of exposure is prolonged. Disruption of numerous cellular functions may contribute to neuronal damage by local anesthetics, but elevated intracellular calcium levels may play a central role. Needle penetration of a nerve results in minimal lasting damage unless this is combined with local anesthetic administration within the nerve fascicle. Direct compression by a pronged tourniquet application may damage axons particularly of large myelinated fibers. Ischemia may also contribute to neuronal injury in proportion to the duration of blood flow interruption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relative importance of these pathogenic factors in cases of nerve injury after regional anesthesia is not resolved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509, USA. qhogan@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Quinn H
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Hogan
mesh_terms: D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020760:Spinal Cord Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013129:Spinal Puncture / Q000009:adverse effects; D014111:Tourniquets / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local
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