title: MRI assessment of superior temporal gyrus in Williams syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate volumes and asymmetry of superior temporal gyrus (STG) and correlate these measures with a neurocognitive evaluation of verbal performance in Williams syndrome (WS) and in a typically developing age-matched and sex-matched group.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Despite initial claims of language strength in WS, recent studies suggest delayed language milestones. The STG is implicated in linguistic processing and is a highly lateralized brain region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we examined STG volumes and asymmetry of STG in WS patients and in age-matched controls. We also correlated volume of STG with a subset of verbal measures. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained on a GE 1.5-T magnet with 1.5-mm contiguous slices, and were used to measure whole gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid volumes, and also STG volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results revealed significantly reduced intracranial volume in WS patients, compared with controls. Right and left STG were also significantly smaller in WS patients. In addition, compared with normal controls, a lack of normal left >right STG asymmetry was evident in WS. Also of note was the finding that, in contrast to controls, WS patients did not reveal a positive correlation between verbal intelligence quotient and left STG volume, which further suggests a disruption in this region of the brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, atypical patterns of asymmetry and reduced STG volume in WS were observed, which may, in part, contribute to some of the linguistic impairments found in this cohort of WS patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sampaio
authors.forename: Nuno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.forename: Montse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Férnandez
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.forename: Martha E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Shenton
authors.forename: Oscar F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D018980:Williams Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology
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