title: Risk for death associated with medications for recently diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concerns exist regarding increased risk for mortality associated with some chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) medications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between various respiratory medications and risk for death in veterans with newly diagnosed COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nested case-control study in a cohort identified between 1 October 1999 and 30 September 2003 and followed through 30 September 2004 by using National Veterans Affairs inpatient, outpatient, pharmacy, and mortality databases; Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services databases; and National Death Index Plus data. Cause of death was ascertained for a random sample of 40% of those who died during follow-up. Case patients were categorized on the basis of all-cause, respiratory, or cardiovascular death. Mortality risk associated with medications was assessed by using conditional logistic regression adjusted for comorbid conditions, health care use, and markers of COPD severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  U.S. Veterans Health Administration health care system.
  
  
  METHODS
  32 130 case patients and 320 501 control participants in the all-cause mortality analysis. Of 11 897 patients with cause-of-death data, 2405 case patients had respiratory deaths and 3159 case patients had cardiovascular deaths.
  
  
  METHODS
  All-cause mortality; respiratory and cardiovascular deaths; and exposure to COPD medications, inhaled corticosteroids, ipratropium, long-acting beta-agonists, and theophylline in the 6 months preceding death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for all-cause mortality were 0.80 (95% CI, 0.78 to 0.83) for inhaled corticosteroids, 1.11 (CI, 1.08 to 1.15) for ipratropium, 0.92 (CI, 0.88 to 0.96) for long-acting beta-agonists, and 1.05 (CI, 0.99 to 1.10) for theophylline. Ipratropium was associated with increased cardiovascular deaths (OR, 1.34 [CI, 1.22 to 1.47]), whereas inhaled corticosteroids were associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular death (OR, 0.80 [CI, 0.72 to 0.88]). Results were consistent across sensitivity analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current smoking status and lung function were not measured. Misclassification of cause-specific mortality is unknown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The possible association between ipratropium and elevated risk for all-cause and cardiovascular death needs further study.
authors.affiliation: Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois 60141, USA. todd.lee@va.gov
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: A Simon
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pickard
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bartle
authors.forename: Kevin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002423:Cause of Death; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009241:Ipratropium / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013806:Theophylline / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D013806:Theophylline; D009241:Ipratropium