title: The effectiveness of aerosolized intraperitoneal bupivacaine in reducing postoperative pain in children undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of aerosolized intraperitoneal bupivacaine in reducing postoperative pain in children. Laparoscopic surgery has decreased the severity of postoperative pain in children. However, children often experience abdominal and shoulder pain requiring significant amounts of opioids, potentially prolonging their hospitalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one consecutive patients undergoing unilateral robotic-assisted pyeloplasty between December 2005 and December 2007 were retrospectively reviewed to assess perioperative opioid requirements and length of hospitalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to standard-of-care perioperative analgesia, five patients received intraperitoneal aerosolized bupivacaine just prior to trocar removal, 17 patients received aerosolized bupivacaine just prior to incising the perirenal fascia, and 19 patients received no intervention. There was a significant reduction in postoperative opioid utilization when bupivacaine was administered at the beginning of the surgery (0.1mg/kg vs 0.4mg/kg, P=0.04), but not at the end (0.3mg/kg, P=0.25), as compared to controls. All patients receiving aerosolized bupivacaine had a significantly shorter time in hospital (2.4 vs 1.4 days, P=<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The administration of intraperitoneal aerosolized bupivacaine just prior to incising the perirenal fascia appears to be a simple, effective and low-cost method to reduce postoperative pain in children undergoing laparoscopic pyeloplasty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Hunnewell-353, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Freilich
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Houck
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Passerotti
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Retik
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010537:Peritoneum; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012371:Robotics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine