title: Dietary energy density but not glycemic load is associated with gestational weight gain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most pregnant women gain more weight than the ranges recommended. Excessive weight gain is linked to pregnancy complications and to long-term maternal and child health outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to examine the impact of dietary glycemic load and energy density on total gestational weight gain and the weight gain ratio (observed weight gain/expected weight gain).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are from 1231 women with singleton pregnancies who participated in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Cohort Study. Dietary information was collected at 26-29 wk of gestation with the use of a semiquantified food-frequency questionnaire. Linear regression models were used to estimate the associations between quartiles of glycemic load and energy density with total gestational weight gain and weight gain ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary patterns of pregnant women significantly differed across many sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics, with the greatest contrasts seen for glycemic load. After adjustment for covariates, compared with women in the first quartile consuming a mean dietary energy density of 0.71 kcal/g (reference), women in the third quartile consuming a mean energy density of 0.98 kcal/g gained an excess of 1.13 kg (95% CI: 0.24, 2.01), and women in the fourth quartile consuming a mean energy density of 1.21 kcal/g gained an excess of 1.08 kg (95% CI: 0.20, 1.97) and had an increase of 0.13 (95% CI: 0.006, 0.24) units in the weight gain ratio. All other comparisons of energy intakes were not statistically significant. Glycemic load was not associated with total gestational weight gain or weight gain ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary energy density is a modifiable factor that may assist pregnant women in managing gestational weight gains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Deierlein
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Siega-Riz
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herring
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000503:physiopathology; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000378:metabolism*; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013851:Thinness / Q000503:physiopathology; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
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