title: Coregulation of genes in the mouse brain following treatment with clozapine, haloperidol, or olanzapine implicates altered potassium channel subunit expression in the mechanism of antipsychotic drug action.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antipsychotic drugs are the most effective treatment for the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia, yet their mechanism of action remains largely unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Earlier studies have shown gene expression changes in rodent brains after treatment with antipsychotic drugs. We aimed to further characterize these changes using whole-genome transcript profiling to explore coregulation of genes after multiple antipsychotic drug treatment studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study involved transcript profile analysis after 7-day treatment of inbred C57BL/6 mice with conventional (haloperidol) or atypical (clozapine or olanzapine) antipsychotic drugs. Microarray analysis was undertaken using whole-brain mRNA on Affymetrix 430v2 arrays, with quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR used to confirm gene expression changes. Western blotting was also used to explore translation of gene dysregulation to protein changes and to explore anatomical specificity of such changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen genes showed verified regulation by multiple antipsychotic drugs - three genes significantly upregulated and 10 genes significantly downregulated by treatment. These genes encode proteins that function in various biological processes including neurogenesis, cell adhesion, and four genes are involved in voltage-gated ion channels: neural precursor cell developmentally downregulated gene 4 (Nedd4), Kv channel interacting protein 3 (KChip3), potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related subfamily, alpha1 (Kcna1) encoding Kv1.1 protein and beta1 (Kcnab1) encoding Kvbeta1 protein. The translation of these gene expression changes to protein dysregulation for Kv1.1, KCHIP3, and NEDD4 was confirmed by western blot, with regional protein analyses undertaken for Kv1.1 and KCHIP3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that transcriptional regulation of ion channels, crucial for neurotransmission, may play a role in mediating antipsychotic drug effects.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Carlotta E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Albert F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Chetcuti
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Schofield
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017931:DNA Primers; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D023421:Models, Animal; D000077152:Olanzapine; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D017931:DNA Primers; D015221:Potassium Channels; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol; D000077152:Olanzapine