title: QM/MM-PBSA method to estimate free energies for reactions in proteins.
abstract: We have developed a method to estimate free energies of reactions in proteins, called QM/MM-PBSA. It estimates the internal energy of the reactive site by quantum mechanical (QM) calculations, whereas bonded, electrostatic, and van der Waals interactions with the surrounding protein are calculated at the molecular mechanics (MM) level. The electrostatic part of the solvation energy of the reactant and the product is estimated by solving the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation, and the nonpolar part of the solvation energy is estimated from the change in solvent-accessible surface area (SA). Finally, the change in entropy is estimated from the vibrational frequencies. We test this method for five proton-transfer reactions in the active sites of [Ni,Fe] hydrogenase and copper nitrite reductase. We show that QM/MM-PBSA reproduces the results of a strict QM/MM free-energy perturbation method with a mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 8-10 kJ/mol if snapshots from molecular dynamics simulations are used and 4-14 kJ/mol if a single QM/MM structure is used. This is appreciably better than the original QM/MM results or if the QM energies are supplemented with a point-charge model, a self-consistent reaction field, or a PB model of the protein and the solvent, which give MADs of 22-36 kJ/mol for the same test set.
authors.affiliation: Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, Chemical Centre, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaukonen
authors.forename: Pär
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Söderhjelm
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heimdal
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ryde
mesh_terms: D003901:Desulfovibrio / Q000201:enzymology; D006864:Hydrogenase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008024:Ligands; D008670:Metals / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D050901:Nitrate Reductase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011522:Protons; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013499:Surface Properties; D013816:Thermodynamics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D008670:Metals; D011506:Proteins; D011522:Protons; C043296:nickel-iron hydrogenase; D006864:Hydrogenase; D050901:Nitrate Reductase