title: Reduction in incidence of lymphocele following extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection by bilateral peritoneal fenestration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In our series of 1,900 endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomies (EERPE) the incidence of symptomatic lymphocele following simultaneous pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) is between 3 and 14% depending on the extent of lymph node dissection. We report the impact of bilateral peritoneal fenestration after completion of extraperitoneal prostatectomy and PLND on the incidence of lymphocele, postoperative pain and complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 100 consecutive patients undergoing EERPE and extended PLND were allocated into two groups. In Group A (n = 50) a 4-6 cm incision was performed bilaterally over the external iliac vessels down to the obturator fossa after completion of the main procedure. In Group B (n = 50) no peritoneal incisions were made. The postoperative assessment protocol included a visual analogue pain scale administered three times daily for 6 days, analgesia requirement, and ultrasound examination on 4th and 8th days, and 3 months postoperatively. CRP and leucocyte counts were measured on 1st and 2nd postoperative days. Complications were recorded according to our standard protocol using the Clavien classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three patients (6%) in Group A were found to have lymphoceles, none of which were symptomatic. Significantly more patients in Group B developed a lymphocele, (n = 16, 32%, P < 0.001) of which a significant number were symptomatic (n = 7, 14%, P < 0.001) and required laparoscopic fenestration. No significant difference was observed between the pain score in either group. Mean pain scores were 3.4 versus 3.8 at 6 h, and 0.8 versus 1.1 at 6 days, respectively. No difference in analgesia requirement, serum inflammatory markers and return to normal bowel activity was observed between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that peritoneal fenestration significantly reduces the incidence of both symptomatic and asymptomatic lymphocele, without an increase in postoperative morbidity. As symptomatic lymphocele is one of the most common complications of extraperitoneal PLND requiring reintervention, we recommend that peritoneal fenestration should be performed routinely after extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy and PLND.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. stolj@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: Jens-Uwe
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Stolzenburg
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wasserscheid
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rabenalt
authors.forename: Minh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: Thilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schwalenberg
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McNeill
authors.forename: Costantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Constantinides
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kallidonis
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ganzer
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liatsikos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008210:Lymphocele / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010537:Peritoneum / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
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