title: Randomized placebo-controlled trial assessing a treatment strategy consisting of pravastatin, vitamin E, and homocysteine lowering on plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine concentration in mild to moderate CKD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The Anti-oxidant Therapy In Chronic Renal Insufficiency (ATIC) Study showed that a multistep treatment strategy improved carotid intima-media thickness, endothelial function, and microalbuminuria in patients with stages 2 to 4 CKD. Increased plasma concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, have been linked to greater CVD risk in patients with CKD. The aim of this study is to assess effects of the multistep intervention on plasma ADMA concentrations in the ATIC Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analysis of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  93 patients with creatinine clearance of 15 to 70 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (according to the Cockcroft-Gault equation) from 7 outpatient clinics in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  The treatment group received sequential treatment consisting of pravastatin, 40 mg/d. After 6 months, vitamin E, 300 mg/d, was added, and after another 6 months, homocysteine-lowering therapy (folic acid, 5 mg/d; pyridoxine, 100 mg/d; and vitamin B(12), 1 mg/d, all in 1 tablet) were added and continued for another year. The control group received matching placebos.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma ADMA levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  36 participants (77%) in the treatment group and 38 (83%) in the placebo group completed the study. Mean ADMA and symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations in the total study population were 0.53 +/- 0.07 (SD) and 1.14 +/- 0.46 mumol/L, respectively. After 24 months, there was no overall effect of the treatment strategy on ADMA concentrations (beta = -0.006; P = 0.27). Analysis of separate treatment effects suggested that vitamin E significantly decreased ADMA levels by 4% in the treatment group compared with the placebo group (multiple adjusted P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study was a secondary analysis, power calculation was based on the primary end point of carotid intima-media thickness, mean plasma ADMA levels were relatively low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, a multistep treatment strategy consisting of pravastatin, vitamin E, and B vitamins had no effect on plasma ADMA levels in a stage 2 to 4 CKD population. This suggests that the beneficial effects of the intervention were not mediated by changes in ADMA levels. Possible ADMA-lowering effects of vitamin E deserve further attention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p.nanayakkara@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Prabath W B
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Nanayakkara
authors.forename: Jessica C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kiefte-de Jong
authors.forename: Piet M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: ter Wee
authors.forename: Coen D A
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Stehouwer
authors.forename: Frans J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Ittersum
authors.forename: Margreet R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Olthof
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Teerlink
authors.forename: Jos W R
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Twisk
authors.forename: Coen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Guldener
authors.forename: Yvo M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Smulders
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017035:Pravastatin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D006710:Homocysteine; D014810:Vitamin E; C024917:symmetric dimethylarginine; C018524:N,N-dimethylarginine; D025101:Vitamin B 6; D005492:Folic Acid; D001120:Arginine; D003404:Creatinine; D017035:Pravastatin; D014805:Vitamin B 12