title: Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation during pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitamin D is essential for skeletal health and prolonged deficiency results in infantile rickets and adult osteomalacia. The aim of this study is to determine the vitamin D status in pregnancy and to evaluate the effects of daily and of single-dose vitamin D supplementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective randomized study at St Mary's Hospital London.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 180 women (Indian Asian, Middle Eastern, Black and Caucasian) were recruited at 27 weeks gestation and randomized into three treatment groups: a single oral dose of 200,000 IU vitamin D, a daily supplement of 800 IU vitamin D from 27 weeks until delivery and a no treatment group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D), PTH and corrected calcium levels in mothers at 27 weeks and at delivery and cord 25-hydroxyvitamin D and corrected calcium levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly higher in the supplemented group [daily dose (median) 42 (IQR 31-76) nmol/l, stat dose (median) 34 (IQR 30-46) nmol/l vs. median 27 (IQR 27-39) nmol/l in the no treatment; P < 0.0001] and significantly fewer women with secondary hyperparathyroidism in the supplemented group (10% in daily dose vs. 12% in stat dose vs. 27% in the no treatment; P < 0.05). Cord 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly higher with supplementation [daily dose median 26 (IQR 17-45) nmol/l, stat dose median 25 (IQR 18-34) nmol/l vs. median 17 (IQR 14-22) nmol/l in no treatment; P = 0.001].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single or daily dose improved 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels significantly. However, even with supplementation, only a small percentage of women and babies were vitamin D sufficient. Further research is required to determine the optimal timing and dosing of vitamin D in pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Paddington, London, UK. chrissieyu@aol.com
authors.forename: C K H
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sykes
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Teoh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D