title: Calibration of fundus images using spectral domain optical coherence tomography.
abstract: Measurements performed on fundus images using current software are not accurate. Accurate measurements can be obtained only by calibrating a fundus camera using measurements between fixed retinal landmarks, such as the dimensions of the optic nerve, or by relying on a calibrated model eye provided by a reading center. However, calibrated spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT) could offer a convenient alternative method for the calibration of any fundus image.
  
  
  
  The ability to measure exact distances on SD-OCT fundus images was tested by measuring the distance between the center of the fovea and the optic nerve. Calibrated SD-OCT scans measuring 6 X 6 X 2 mm centered on the fovea and the optic nerve were analyzed in 50 healthy right eyes. The foveal center was identified using cross-sectional SD-OCT images, and the center of the optic nerve was identified manually. The SD-OCT scans were registered to each other, and the distances between the center of the optic nerve and fovea were calculated. The overlay of these SD-OCT fundus images on photographic fundus images was performed.
  
  
  
  Any image of the fundus could be calibrated by overlaying the SD-OCT fundus image, and the measurements were consistent with previously defined calibration methods. The mean distance between the center of the fovea and the center of the optic nerve was 4.32 +/-0.32 mm. The line from the center of the optic nerve to the foveal center had a mean declination of 7.67 +/- 3.88 degrees. Mean horizontal displacement and vertical displacement were 4.27 +/- 0.29 mm and 0.58 +/- 0.29 mm, respectively.
  
  
  
  The overlay of the SD-OCT fundus image provides a convenient method for calibrating any image of the fundus. This approach should provide a uniform standard when comparing images from different devices and from different reading centers.
authors.affiliation: Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
authors.forename: Brandon J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lujan
authors.forename: Fenghua
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gregori
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Knighton
authors.forename: Carmen A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Puliafito
authors.forename: Ronald P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Danis
authors.forename: Larry D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Budenz
authors.forename: Michael I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Seider
authors.forename: O'Rese
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Knight
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002138:Calibration; D005260:Female; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000592:standards*; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000473:pathology*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000592:standards*