title: Effects of the addition of remifentanil to propofol anesthesia on seizure length and postictal suppression index in electroconvulsive therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Propofol is a widely used anesthetic agent for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). However, there are concerns that its anticonvulsant effect may interfere with the efficacy of ECT. We aimed to investigate the effects on seizure activity of the addition of the opiate remifentanil to propofol anesthesia for ECT.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of 633 treatments in 73 patients was conducted. At each treatment, patients had received anesthesia with propofol alone or propofol plus remifentanil, depending on which anesthetist was providing anesthesia. Analysis of variance was performed to examine the effects of the anesthetic used, the electrode placement, the dose of electricity administered, and the stage in the course of treatment. Dependent variables were electroencephalogram seizure length and postictal suppression index (PSI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of remifentanil resulted in a small but significantly lower dose of propofol being used to induce unconsciousness. Addition of remifentanil affected seizure length, mainly related to an effect when placement was right unilateral (F = 5.70; P = 0.017). There was also a significantly increased PSI (F = 4.3; P = 0.039), which was not dependent on dose or on placement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that addition of remifentanil to propofol anesthesia significantly alters seizure indices. This may be secondary to a reduction in the amount of propofol required or to an independent effect of remifentanil. The increase in PSI in particular suggests that addition of remifentanil may improve clinical response. However, this can only be examined in a randomized controlled trial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand. richard.porter@otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.forename: Hamish
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frampton
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000758:Anesthesia; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D010880:Piperidines; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015742:Propofol