title: Predictive analysis of transmissible quinolone resistance indicates Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as a potential source of a novel family of Qnr determinants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Predicting antibiotic resistance before it emerges at clinical settings constitutes a novel approach for preventing and fighting resistance of bacterial pathogens. To analyse the possibility that novel plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance determinants (Qnr) can emerge and disseminate among bacterial pathogens, we searched the presence of those elements in nearly 1000 bacterial genomes and metagenomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have found a number of novel potential qnr genes in the chromosomes of aquatic bacteria and in metagenomes from marine organisms. Functional studies of the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Smqnr gene show that plasmid-encoded SmQnr confers quinolone resistance upon its expression in a heterologous host.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Altogether, the data presented in our work support the notion that predictive studies on antibiotic resistance are feasible, using currently available information on bacterial genomes and with the aid of bioinformatic and functional tools. Our results confirm that aquatic bacteria can be the origin of plasmid-encoded Qnr, and highlight the potential role of S. maltophilia as a source of novel Qnr determinants.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, and CIBERESP, Spain.bsanchez@cnb.csic.es
authors.forename: María B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Martínez
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martínez-Martínez
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Martínez
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D002876:Chromosomes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D023061:Gene Order; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D020615:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D015363:Quinolones
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