title: Early detection of white spot lesions with digital camera and remineralization therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this paper, the characteristics of the early stage of dental caries are discussed and the methods we used to treat the early stage of dental caries to increase the number of caries-free patients are presented. Studies from in vitro to in situ experiments and a clinical study were carried out to support clinical remineralization therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To clarify the effect of time for remineralization, the degree of remineralization was assessed at 2 days, 6 days, and 10 days after 2-day demineralization in 0.01 M/L lactic acid buffer (pH 4.0 at 37 degrees ). The remineralization solution contained 3.0 mM/L Ca, 1.8 mM/L P, and 3 ppm fluoride adjusted to pH 7.0. A 10-day continuous remineralization with a 3 ppm fluoride resulted in a high fluoride concentration. To evaluate mineral loss from sound tooth structure and white spot lesions, thin sections (about 90 microm) including white spots (WS) were prepared and exposed to oral conditions for 2 weeks continuously. The mineral loss from sound tooth structure was found to be twice that from WS. In another experiment during the remineralization period, enamel samples were immersed in three different bicarbonate solutions; 0.5, 5.0 and 50 mM/L for 30 minutes, two times per day. Both the bicarbonate and fluoride applied groups showed higher improvement in acid resistance and the amount of remaining mineral was almost two times higher than the controls (p < 0.01). In a clinical study we demonstrated remineralization in patients who followed professional mechanical tooth cleaning and fluoride prophylaxis paste. Using this regime, in patients with deciduous caries present at baseline, over 80 per cent of permanent teeth were caries free at the age of 12 years. In these studies the digital camera with CasMaTCH and an image analysis system showed several advantages for monitoring in de- and remineralization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  White spot lesions, rather than intact tooth surfaces, can be mineralized through the daily clinical procedures described in this paper.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health, Unit of Social Medical Science, Nagasaki University, Japan. lijima@nagasaki-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iijima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002417:Cattle; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003732:Dental Caries Activity Tests; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005453:Fluorescence; D005459:Fluorides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008027:Light; D023861:Photography, Dental; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014089:Tooth Remineralization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D005459:Fluorides