title: Bone marrow stromal cells promote neurite extension in organotypic spinal cord slice: significance for cell transplantation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent reports have indicated that bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) have the potential to improve neurological function when transplanted into models of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including traumatic spinal cord injury. In this study, the authors aimed to clarify the underlying mechanism through which BMSCs supported CNS regeneration in the spinal cord.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors topically applied mouse BMSCs expressing green fluorescence protein (0.4-4 x 10(4) cells) on the organotypic spinal cord slice culture prepared from 6-day-old rat pups (n = 17). They were co-cultured for 3 weeks after the slice culture started, and the behavior of the applied BMSCs was serially observed using a fluorescence bioimaging technique. The authors completed a histological analysis at the end of the co-cultures and evaluated the profiles of the cultured BMSCs using microarray and immunocytochemistry techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fluorescence bioimaging showed that the BMSCs survived and made a cluster on the slice during the experiments. They also induced a morphological change in the slice within 48 hours of co-culture. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the BMSCs promoted a marked neurite extension toward their cluster and some of the BMSCs expressed Tuj-1, an early neuronal marker. Analysis by microarray and immunocytochemistry revealed that BMSCs highly expressed the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), stromal cell-derived factor-1, and its specific receptor CXCR4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the donor BMSCs can support CNS regeneration due to their acquisition of a suitable environment for differentiation and promotion of neurite extension via MMPs and chemokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan. hshichi@med.hokudai.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shichinohe
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Shunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Jang-Bo
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Kazutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hida
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D017690:Cell Transplantation; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D016501:Neurites / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000378:metabolism; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: C514936:CXCR4 protein, mouse; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4