title: Socioeconomic status, hospital volume, and stroke fatality in Canada.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low socioeconomic status is associated with stroke fatality; however, the mechanism behind this association is uncertain. We sought to determine whether residence in a low-income neighborhood was associated with admission to low-volume facilities and whether this contributed to differences in fatality after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  All hospitalizations for ischemic stroke from April 2003 to March 2004 were identified from a national administrative database containing patient-level sociodemographic, diagnostic, procedural, and administrative information. Patients were assigned to income quintiles based on the median income of their primary neighborhood of residence and then categorized as low income (quintiles 1 and 2) or high income (quintiles 3 through 5). Hospitals were categorized as low or high volume on the basis of their annual number of stroke admissions. Multivariable analyses were performed to compare stroke fatality at 7 days and at discharge in patients in low- and high-income groups seen at low- and high-volume facilities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 25,228 patients with ischemic stroke were included in the analysis. Those from high-income areas were more likely to be admitted to high-volume hospitals. Fatality at 7 days was 8.4%, 8.2%, 7.7%, 7.1, and 6.6% (chi(2)=0.002) for income quintiles 1 (lowest) to 5 (highest), respectively. Low-income patients admitted to low-volume hospitals had the highest risk-adjusted stroke fatality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients from low-income areas presenting with acute stroke are more likely to be seen in low-volume facilities. This subgroup of patients had a higher risk-adjusted fatality than those from high-income areas seen at high-volume facilities. Understanding the pathways through which socioeconomic status affects health care may lead to strategies for quality improvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Stroke Research Unit, South East Toronto Regional Stroke Center, St Michael'sHospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. saposnikg@smh.toronto.on.ca
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saposnik
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jeerakathil
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Selchen
authors.forename: Akerke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baibergenova
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hachinski
authors.forename: Moira K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kapral
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000401:mortality*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006761:Hospitals / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006780:Hospitals, Rural / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012923:Social Class