title: Layer-specific anatomical, physiological and functional MRI of the retina.
abstract: Most retinal imaging has been performed using optical techniques. This paper reviews alternative retinal imaging methods based on MRI performed with spatial resolution sufficient to resolve multiple well-defined retinal layers. The development of these MRI technologies to study retinal anatomy, physiology (blood flow, blood volume, and oxygenation) and function, and their applications to the study of normal retinas, retinal degeneration and diabetic retinopathy in animal models are discussed. Although the spatiotemporal resolution of MRI is poorer than that of optical imaging techniques, it is unhampered by media opacity and can thus image all retinal and pararetinal structures, and has the potential to provide multiple unique clinically relevant data in a single setting and could thus complement existing retinal imaging techniques. In turn, the highly structured retina with well-defined layers is an excellent model for advancing emerging high-resolution anatomical, physiological and functional MRI technologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Radiology, Division of Neuroscience, Yerkes Research Center, Yerkes Imaging Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA. tduong@emory.edu
authors.forename: Timothy Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Duong
authors.forename: Machelle T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Pardue
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Thulé
authors.forename: Darin E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Haiying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Govind
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Yingxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Moon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012160:Retina / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen
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