title: Erythropoietin as a neuroprotective agent in traumatic brain injury Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the United States, TBI remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children and young adults. A total of 1.5 million Americans experience head trauma every year, and the yearly economic cost of this exceeds $56 billion. The magnitude of this problem has generated a great deal of interest in elucidating the complex molecular mechanism underlying cell death and dysfunction after TBI and in the development of neuroprotective agents that will reduce morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of recent literature on EPO, TBI, and apoptosis is conducted with analysis of pathophysiologic mechanisms of TBI. In addition, animal experiments and clinical trials pertaining to mechanisms of cell death in TBI and EPO as a neuroprotective agent are reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The literature and evidence for EPO as a potent inhibitor of apoptosis and promising therapeutic agent in a variety of neurological insults, including trauma, are mounting. With the recent interest in clinical trials of EPO in human stroke, it is both timely and prudent to consider the use of this pharmaceutical avenue in TBI in man.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, UMDNJ New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA. mammisan@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Antonios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mammis
authors.forename: Tracy K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: Allen H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Maniker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D004921:Erythropoietin