title: Neuropeptide Y and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone: interaction in obesity and possible role in the development of hypertension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity and hypertension frequently coexist and both represent important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms implicated in the regulation of food intake have not been completely elucidated. Recent data suggests that peripheral and central neuropeptides play an important role in the maintenance of energy balance. More specifically, leptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH) appear to be implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and also contribute to the development of hypertension in obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of the pertinent bibliography published in PubMed database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leptin is produced in the adipose tissue directly correlated with fat tissue mass. Leptin acts on two distinct neural populations in the hypothalamus: the first expresses the orexigenic peptides NPY and agouti-related protein (AgRP), the second pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). The activation of POMC neurons increases the production of the anorexigenic hormone a-MSH and inhibits the release of NPY and AgRP. In addition, the hypothalamus integrates the neuroendocrine systems with the autonomic nervous system and controls the activity of the latter. Stimulation of hypothalamic nuclei elicits sympathetic responses including blood pressure elevation. Both NPY and a-MSH appears to be implicated in the hypothalamic regulation of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alterations in leptin, NPY and a-MSH are frequently observed in obesity and might stimulate SNS activity, contributing to the development of hypertension in obese patients. These neuropeptides might provide a pathophysiologic link between excess weight and hypertension. However, more research is needed before the pharmacologic manipulation of these complex neuroendocrine systems can be applied in the treatment of obesity and hypertension.
authors.affiliation: 1st Propedeutic Medical Department, AXEPA Hospital, Aristotles University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baltatzi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hatzitolios
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tziomalos
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Iliadis
authors.forename: Ch
authors.initials: Ch
authors.lastname: Zamboulis
mesh_terms: D001069:Appetite Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D020738:Leptin / Q000502:physiology*; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000502:physiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D000521:alpha-MSH / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin; D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D000521:alpha-MSH