title: Dynamics of positional warfare malaria: Finland and Korea compared.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A sudden outbreak of vivax malaria among Finnish troops in SE-Finland and along the front line in Hanko peninsula in the southwest occurred in 1941 during World War II. The common explanation has been an invasion of infective Anopheles mosquitoes from the Russian troops crossing the front line between Finland and Soviet Union. A revised explanation is presented based on recent studies of Finnish malaria.
  
  
  METHODS
  The exact start of the epidemic and the phenology of malaria cases among the Finnish soldiers were reanalyzed. The results were compared with the declining malaria in Finland. A comparison with a corresponding situation starting in the 1990's in Korea was performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The malaria cases occurred in July in 1941 when it was by far too early for infective mosquitoes to be present. The first Anopheles mosquitoes hatched at about the same time as the first malaria cases were observed among the Finnish soldiers. It takes about 3-6 weeks for the completion of the sporogony in Finland. The new explanation is that soldiers in war conditions were suddenly exposed to uninfected mosquitoes and those who still were carriers of hypnozoites developed relapses triggered by these mosquitoes. It is estimated that about 0.5% of the Finnish population still were carriers of hypnozoites in the 1940's. A corresponding outbreak of vivax malaria in Korea in the 1990's is similarly interpreted as relapses from activated hypnozoites among Korean soldiers. The significance of the mosquito induced relapses is emphasized by two benefits for the Plasmodium. There is a synchronous increase of gametocytes when new mosquitoes emerge. It also enables meiotic recombination between different strains of the Plasmodium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The malaria peak during the positional warfare in the 1940's was a short outbreak during the last phase of declining indigenous malaria in Finland. The activation of hypnozoites among a large number of soldiers and subsequent medication contributed to diminishing the reservoir of malaria and speeded up the eradication of the Finnish malaria. A corresponding evolution of Korean malaria is anticipated with relaxed tensions and decreasing troop concentrations along the border between South and North Korea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Finland. lena.hulden@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huldén
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huldén
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001694:Biological Warfare / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods*; D054045:Biological Warfare Agents / Q000266:history*; D009033:Culicidae; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history* / Q000635:transmission; D008889:Military Personnel; D014586:USSR
chemical_list: D054045:Biological Warfare Agents
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