title: Imaging of patent foramen ovale with 64-section multidetector CT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the feasibility of 64-section multidetector computed tomography (CT) by using CT angiography (a) to demonstrate anatomic detail of the interatrial septum pertinent to the patent foramen ovale (PFO), and (b) to visually detect left-to-right PFO shunts and compare these findings in patients who also underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this institutional review board-approved HIPAA-compliant study, electrocardiographically gated coronary CT angiograms in 264 patients (159 men, 105 women; mean age, 60 years) were reviewed for PFO morphologic features. The length and diameter of the opening of the PFO tunnel, presence of atrial septal aneurysm (ASA), and PFO shunts were evaluated. A left-to-right shunt was assigned a grade according to length of contrast agent jet (grade 1, <or=1 cm; grade 2, >1 cm to 2 cm; grade 3, >2 cm). In addition, 23 patients who underwent both modalities were compared (Student t test and linear regression analysis). A difference with P < .05 was significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A flap valve, seen in 101 (38.3%) patients, was patent at the entry into the right atrium (PFO) in 62 patients (61.4% of patients with flap valve, 23.5% of total patients). A left-to-right shunt was detected in 44 (16.7% of total) patients (grade 1, 61.4%; grade 2, 34.1%; grade 3, 4.5%). No shunt was seen in patients without a flap valve. Mean length of PFO tunnel was 7.1 mm in 44 patients with a shunt and 12.1 mm in 57 patients with a flap valve without a shunt (P < .0001). In patients with a tunnel length of 6 mm or shorter, 92.6% of the shunts were seen. ASA was seen in 11 (4.2%) patients; of these patients, a shunt was seen in seven (63.6%). In 23 patients who underwent CT angiography and TEE, both modalities showed a PFO shunt in seven.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multidetector CT provides detailed anatomic information about size, morphologic features, and shunt grade of the PFO. Shorter tunnel length and septal aneurysms are frequently associated with left-to-right shunts in patients with PFO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, UCI Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868-3298, USA. fsaremi@uci.edu
authors.forename: Farhood
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saremi
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Channual
authors.forename: Aidan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raney
authors.forename: Swaminatha V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Gurudevan
authors.forename: Jagat
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Narula
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abolhoda
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Milliken
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D005260:Female; D054092:Foramen Ovale, Patent / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007472:Iohexol; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007472:Iohexol