title: Review of compartment syndrome due to group A streptococcal infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present a case of nontraumatic compartment syndrome secondary to group A streptococcal infection and review the literature regarding this unusual clinical entity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case reports of compartment syndrome due to group A streptococci in the English language literature were identified through a computer-generated search using MEDLINE 1950-2007. Reviews of the cited literature in pertinent articles were also undertaken to find additional cases. Cases with evidence of chronic infection or trauma were excluded; cases were included for analysis if enough demographic information was available to allow identification of individual patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen cases, including the current case of group A streptococcus, were identified. The average age was 34 years (range 2-76). The majority of patients (77%) were previously healthy with no significant medical history or evidence of immunosuppression. All patients presented with either fever, or hypotension, or white blood cells >10,000 cells/mm and 77% presented with at least 2 of these signs. All patients received prompt surgical intervention and antibiotic therapy with gram-positive activity. The mortality rate was 15%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nontraumatic acute compartment syndrome presenting with fever, or hypotension, or leukocytosis may be associated with infection such as group A streptococcus. Prompt surgical and antibiotic therapy was associated with a relatively low mortality rate. A high clinical index of suspicion should occur for the possibility of infection with an organism such as group A streptococcus in patients presenting with acute extremity pain and tense compartments without trauma and with signs of a systemic inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614-2598, USA. James.Kleshinki@utoledo.edu
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kleshinski
authors.forename: Samih
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bittar
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wahlquist
authors.forename: Nabil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ebraheim
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Duggan
mesh_terms: D003161:Compartment Syndromes / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000209:etiology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D007964:Leukocytosis / Q000209:etiology; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016896:Treatment Outcome