title: The prevalence of hepatitis B co-infection in a South African urban government HIV clinic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are an estimated 350 million hepatitis B carriers worldwide. In South Africa the prevalence of mono-infection with hepatitis B has been estimated to range from 1% in urban areas to approximately 10% in rural areas. The exact prevalence of hepatitis B in the HIV-infected population has not been well established. Hepatitis B screening is not standard practice in government HIV clinics. Co-infection with hepatitis B and HIV can influence antiretroviral treatment and prognosis of both diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis B/HIV coinfection.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is believed to be the first prospective observational report on the prevalence of hepatitis B/HIV co-infection in South Africa. Patients on whom hepatitis B serological tests could not have been done previously were recruited from an HIV clinic in a regional hospital in Johannesburg. Standard hepatitis B serological tests were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred and two participants were screened. The cohort's average age was 37 +/- 9 years and the average CD4 count was 128 cells/pi. Twenty-four (4.80%) were hepatitis B surface antigen positive. Nearly half (47%) of the participants showed some evidence of hepatitis B exposure. The risk of hepatitis B co-infection was not significantly different when analysed in terms of sex, race, CD4 count or age. Liver function tests were not a good predictor of hepatitis B infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of hepatitis B infection, as defined by hepatitis B surface antigen positivity in HIV-infected individuals in urban South Africa was 5 times the rate in people who were not HIV-infected. A 5% rate of hepatitis B/HIV co-infection is a reason to increase the accessibility of tenofovir/emtricitabine (Truvada) for first-line treatment for this population.
authors.affiliation: Clinical HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. cfirnhaber@witshealth.co.za
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Firnhaber
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reyneke
authors.forename: Doreen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: Babatyi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Malope
authors.forename: Mhairi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maskew
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: MacPhail
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sanne
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Bisceglie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens
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