title: Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy with bevacizumab for tuberous sclerosis with macular oedema.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe two patients with macular oedema secondary to tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) who were treated with intravitreal bevacizumab injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interventional case reports. Bevacizumab 1.25 mg was injected into the vitreous of two patients with TSC-associated macular oedema / exudative retinal detachment. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration in the vitreous fluid was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in one of these patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient 1: a 22-year-old woman with TSC was diagnosed as having multiple retinal hamartomas in both eyes. Eleven years later, the patient developed macular oedema with epiretinal membrane formation in the right eye. The patient underwent pars-plana vitrectomy with retinal photocoagulation for retinal tumours. VEGF concentration in the vitreous fluid was high compared to that in patients without retinal vascular diseases. Recurrent macular oedema disappeared by intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Patient 2: a 32-year-old woman with TSC-associated retinal hamartoma, temporally showing macular exudative retinal detachment, developed neovascularization originated from the tumour. By intravitreal bevacizumab injection, the tumour size reduced markedly with regression of neovascularization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that VEGF derived from retinal hamartomas causes macular oedema associated with TSC. Intravitreal injections of bevacizumab may be a useful therapeutic option for macular oedema secondary to TSC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. wsaito@med.hokudai.ac.jp <wsaito@med.hokudai.ac.jp>
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kase
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohgami
authors.forename: Shohei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Shigeaki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014402:Tuberous Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000068258:Bevacizumab