Newcastle disease virus: propagation, quantification, and storage.
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a prototype paramyxovirus used to define basic steps in the life cycle of this family of viruses. NDV is also an ideal virus system for elucidating determinants of viral pathogenicity. Some strains of this virus are important agricultural pathogens that cause disease in poultry with a high mortality while other strains are avirulent and used for vaccines. Methods for preparation and titration of virus stocks are essential for all of these purposes. Procedures for growth and purification of NDV stocks in embryonated chicken eggs as well as in tissue culture cells are described. Use of embryonated chicken eggs to grow the virus is the superior method since infectious stocks of all strains of NDV result. Stocks of avirulent NDV prepared in tissue culture are noninfectious. Virus stocks are routinely titered using plaque assays or hemagglutination assays, both of which are described.
McGinnes
Lori W
LW
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
Pantua
Homer
H
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
Reitter
Julie
J
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
Morrison
Trudy G
TG
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002642:Chick Embryo; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D014776:Virus Cultivation / Q000379:methods*
Alexander, D.J. 1997. Newcastle disease and other avian paramyxoviruses. In Diseases of Poultry (B.W. Cainek, H.J. Barnes, C.W. Beard, L.R. McDougald, and L.J. Saif, eds.) pp. 541-570. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
Beard, C.W. and Hanson, R.P. 1984. Newcastle disease. In Disease of Poultry (M.S. Hofstad, ed.) pp. 452-470. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
Garten, W., Berk, W., Nagai, R., Rott, R., and Klenk, H.D. 1980. Mutational changes of the protease susceptibility of glycoprotein F of Newcastle disease virus: Effects on pathogenicity. J. Gen. Virol. 50:135-147.
Glickman, R.L., Syddall, R.J., Sheehan, R.M., and Bratt, M.A. 1988. Quantitative basic residue requirements in the cleavage activation site of the fusion glycoprotein as a determinant of virulence of Newcastle disease virus. J. Virol. 62:354-356.
Gotoh, B., Ogasawara, T., Toyoda, T., Inocencio, N.M., Hamaguchi, M., and Nagai, Y. 1990. An endoprotease homologous to the blood clotting factor X as a determinant of viral tropism in chick embryo. EMBO J. 9:4189-4195.
Gotoh, B., Ohnishi, Y., Inocencio, N.M., Esaki, E., Nakayama, K., Barr, P.J., Thomas, G., and Nagai, Y. 1992. Mammalian subtilisin-related proteinases in cleavage activation of the paramyxovirus fusion glycoprotein: Superiority of furin/PACE to PC2 or PC1/PC3. J. Virol. 66:6391-6397.
Hanson, R.P. and Brandly, C.A. 1955. Identification of vaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus. Science 122:156-157.
Lamb, R.A. and Kolakofsky, D. 2001. Paramyxoviridae: The viruses and their replication. In Fields Virology, Vol. 1, 3rd ed., (D.M. Knipe and P.M. Howley, eds.) pp. 1305-1340. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
Morrison, T.G. 2003. Structure and function of a paramyxovirus fusion protein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1614:73-84.
Nagai, Y. 1993. Protease-dependent virus tropism and pathogenicity. Trends Microbiol. 1:81-87.
Nagai, Y. and Klenk, H.D. 1977. Activation of precursors to both glycoproteins of Newcastle disease virus by proteolytic cleavage. Virology 77:125-134.
Nagai, Y., Klenk, H.D., and Rott, R. 1976. Proteolytic cleavage of the viral glycoproteins and its significance for the virulence of Newcastle disease virus. Virology 72:494-508.
Nagai, Y., Hamaguchi, M., and Toyoda, T. 1989. Molecular biology of Newcastle disease virus. Prog. Vet. Microbiol. Immunol. 5:16-64.
Pedersen, J.C., Senne, D.A., Woolcock, P.R., Kinde, H., King, D.J., Wise, M.G., Panigrahy, B., and Seale, B.S. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among virulent Newcastle disease virus isolates from the 2002-2003 outbreak in California and other recent outbreaks in North America. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:2329-2334.
Rott, R. and Klenk, H.D. 1988. Molecular basis of infectivity and pathogenicity of Newcastle disease virus. In Newcastle Disease (D.J. Alexander, ed.) pp. 98-112. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
Toyoda, T., Sakaguchi, T., Imai, K., Inocencio, N.M., Gotoh, G., Hamaguchi, M., and Nagai, Y. 1987. Structural comparison of the cleavage-activation site of the fusion glycoprotein between virulent and avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus. Virology 158:242-247.
Toyoda, T., Sakaguchi, T., Hirota, H., Gotoh, B., Kuma, K., Miyata, T., and Nagai, Y. 1989. Newcastle disease virus evolution. II. Lack of gene recombination in generating virulent and avirulent strains.Virology 169:273-82.
Waterson, A.P., Pennington, T.H., and Allan, W.H. 1967. Virulence in Newcastle disease virus: A preliminary study. British Med. Bull. 23: 138-143.