title: Functional MRI of auditory responses in the zebra finch forebrain reveals a hierarchical organisation based on signal strength but not selectivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Male songbirds learn their songs from an adult tutor when they are young. A network of brain nuclei known as the 'song system' is the likely neural substrate for sensorimotor learning and production of song, but the neural networks involved in processing the auditory feedback signals necessary for song learning and maintenance remain unknown. Determining which regions show preferential responsiveness to the bird's own song (BOS) is of great importance because neurons sensitive to self-generated vocalisations could mediate this auditory feedback process. Neurons in the song nuclei and in a secondary auditory area, the caudal medial mesopallium (CMM), show selective responses to the BOS. The aim of the present study is to investigate the emergence of BOS selectivity within the network of primary auditory sub-regions in the avian pallium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI, we investigated neural responsiveness to natural and manipulated self-generated vocalisations and compared the selectivity for BOS and conspecific song in different sub-regions of the thalamo-recipient area Field L. Zebra finch males were exposed to conspecific song, BOS and to synthetic variations on BOS that differed in spectro-temporal and/or modulation phase structure. We found significant differences in the strength of BOLD responses between regions L2a, L2b and CMM, but no inter-stimuli differences within regions. In particular, we have shown that the overall signal strength to song and synthetic variations thereof was different within two sub-regions of Field L2: zone L2a was significantly more activated compared to the adjacent sub-region L2b.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our results we suggest that unlike nuclei in the song system, sub-regions in the primary auditory pallium do not show selectivity for the BOS, but appear to show different levels of activity with exposure to any sound according to their place in the auditory processing stream.
authors.affiliation: Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tiny
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boumans
authors.forename: Sharon M H
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gobes
authors.forename: Colline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Poirier
authors.forename: Frederic E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Theunissen
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vandersmissen
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pintjens
authors.forename: Marleen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verhoye
authors.forename: Johan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bolhuis
authors.forename: Annemie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van der Linden
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000819:Animal Communication; D000818:Animals; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D046369:Finches / Q000502:physiology*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D013016:Sound; D013687:Telencephalon / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000502:physiology
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