title: Annual screening detects celiac disease in children with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in a cohort of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) children and adolescents at the time of clinical diagnosis and to evaluate the screening procedure and possible role of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ during a 5-yr follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group was a cohort of 300 newly diagnosed T1DM children and youths younger than 20 yr followed for 5 yr at six clinical centers for pediatric diabetes in the region Skåne in Sweden. Immunoglobulin A endomysium antibodies were used to screen the patients annually to be considered for an intestinal biopsy. All patients were analyzed for HLA-DQA1-B1 genotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While 0.7% (2/300) already had a diagnosed symptomatic CD, an additional 3% (10/300) had silent CD at the diagnosis of T1DM. During follow-up, another 6% (17/300) developed CD as follows: 10 after 1 yr, 5 after 2 yr, 1 after 3 yr, and 1 after 5 yr. Therefore, the cumulative frequency of CD confirmed by intestinal biopsies was 10% (29/300). HLA genotypes among T1DM patients developing CD were not different from those among patients with T1DM alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirmed the low prevalence (0.7%) of diagnosed symptomatic CD at the time of clinical diagnosis but document by screening an increasing prevalence of silent CD during a 5-yr follow-up to reach an overall prevalence of 10%. We suggest that children with T1DM should be screened for CD at the onset of T1DM and annually for a minimum of at least 2 yr. HLA genotypes among T1DM patients developing CD were not different from those among patients with T1DM alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Kristianstad Hospital, Kristianstad, Sweden. karin.larsson@litcon.se
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Larsson
authors.forename: Annelie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cederwall
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neiderud
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.forename: Ake
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lernmark
authors.forename: Sten A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ivarsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059848:HLA-DQ alpha-Chains; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D015995:Prevalence; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D006683:HLA-DQ Antigens; D059848:HLA-DQ alpha-Chains; D059866:HLA-DQ beta-Chains; C069050:HLA-DQA1 antigen; C069051:HLA-DQB1 antigen