title: Acute treatment costs of intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke in Argentina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke is the third leading cause of death in Argentina, yet little information exists on the acute treatment provided for stroke or its costs. This study estimates the national costs of the acute treatment of first-ever intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and ischemic stroke (IS) in Argentina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective hospital-based inception study design using data on resource use and costs from high-volume stroke centers in Argentina, and published population-based incidence data. Treatment provided at two large urban hospitals were evaluated in all patients admitted with a first-ever stroke between 1 January 2004 and 31 August 2006, and costs were assigned using appropriate unit cost data for all resource use. Cost estimates in Argentinian pesos were converted to US dollars ($) using the 2005 purchasing power parity index. National costs of acute treatment for incident strokes were estimated by extrapolation of average costs estimates to national incidence data. Assumptions of the average cost of stroke treatment on a national scale were examined in sensitivity analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The acute care of 167 patients with stroke was thoroughly evaluated from hospital admission to hospital discharge. Mean length of hospital stay was 35.4 days for ICH and 13.0 days for IS. Ninety-one percent of the patients with ICH and 68% of the patients with IS were admitted to an ICU for a mean length of stay (LOS) of 12.9 +/- 20.3 and 3.6 +/- 5.9 days respectively. Mean total costs of initial hospitalization were $12,285 (SD +/-14,336) for ICH and $3888 (SD +/-4018) for IS. Costs differed significantly by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at admission, development of pneumonia and infections during hospitalization, and functional outcome at hospital discharge. Aggregate national healthcare expenditures for acute treatment of incident ICH were $194.2m (range 97.1-388.4) and $239.9m for IS (range 119.9-479.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The direct hospital costs of incident ICH and IS in Argentina are substantial and primarily driven by stroke severity, in-hospital complications and clinical outcomes. With the expected increase in the incidence of stroke over the coming decades, these results emphasize the need for effective preventive and acute medical care.
authors.affiliation: Global Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark. mcrc@novonordisk.com
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Previgliano
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Capparelli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Wainsztein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001118:Argentina; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003428:Cross Infection; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome