title: Oral and nasal malodor in patients with and without cleft lip and palate who had undergone orthodontic therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare oral and nasal malodor in patients with and without cleft lip and palate (CLP) who had undergone orthodontic therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  University of Cumhuriyet, Sivas, Turkey.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 33 patients. Group 1 was composed of 11 patients with CLP. Measurements were taken while they were undergoing treatment with orthodontic fixed appliances. Group 2 included 11 individuals without CLP; measurements were taken during fixed orthodontic therapy. Group 3 consisted of 11 individuals without CLP who did not receive orthodontic therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral malodor, nasal malodor, Gingival Index, Plaque Index, and probing depths were evaluated in each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plaque Index, Gingival Index, and probing depths showed no significant differences between groups 1 and 2. In contrast, oral malodor was significantly different between the two groups (p < .05). Groups 2 and 3 showed differences in gingival and plaque indices but not in probing depths and oral malodor. All healthy nostrils in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 were significantly different from affected nostrils in the CLP patients. There was significant malodor in affected nostrils when compared with nonaffected nostrils in group 1 (p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral malodor was increased in patients with CLP. Nasal malodor level was also higher in affected nostrils of the CLP patients compared to nostrils of healthy subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University of Cumhuriyet, Sivas, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cenk
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doruk
authors.forename: Firat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oztürk
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozdemir
authors.forename: Ruhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nalçaci
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000150:complications*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000145:classification; D006209:Halitosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000628:therapy*; D009668:Nose Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000145:classification; D013440:Sulfides / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D013440:Sulfides