title: Fecal incontinence and biofeedback therapy.
abstract: Biofeedback as delivered in most clinical settings in Western medicine has been consistently reported to improve symptoms of fecal incontinence. Closer scrutiny of the elements of the intervention and controlled studies, however, have consistently failed to find any benefit of the biofeedback element of this complex package of care; nor has any superiority been found for one modality over another. There is a need for further well-designed and adequately powered randomized controlled trials. Meanwhile, there can be little doubt that conservative interventions improve many patients with fecal incontinence to the point where most report satisfaction with treatment and do not wish to consider more invasive options, such as surgery.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, James Clark Maxwell Building, 57 Waterloo Road, London SE1 8WA, UK. christine.s.norton@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Norton
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D010353:Patient Education as Topic