title: Autonomic nervous function during whole-body cold exposure before and after cold acclimation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cold habituation could affect sympatho-vagal balance, which modulates cold stress responses. The study examined cardiovascular autonomic function at the sinus node level during controlled breathing and while undertaking isometric exercise during whole-body cold exposure before and after cold acclimation.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 10 male subjects who were exposed to control (25 degrees C) and cold (10 degrees C) environments for 2 h on 10 successive days in a laboratory. Time and frequency domain heart rate variability (HRV) in terms of root mean square of successive differences in RR intervals, total, high, and low frequency power were determined from controlled breathing at the beginning and end of cold acclimation. Heart rate and blood pressure during an isometric handgrip test (30% MVC for 3 min) were recorded at the beginning and end of cold acclimation. Catecholamines (NE and E), mean skin (Tsk), and rectal temperatures (Trect) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute cold exposure increased total (36%), low (16%), and high frequency power (25%) and RMSSD (34%). Cold acclimation resulted in higher Tsk (0.6 degrees C) and lower NE (24%) response in cold. The cold-induced elevation in high frequency power became significant after cold acclimation, while other HRV parameters remained unchanged. A smaller increase in heart rate and blood pressure occurred at 10 degrees C during the handgrip test after cold acclimation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cold exposure increased sympathetic activity, which was blunted after cold acclimation. Parasympathetic activity showed a minor increase in cold, which was enhanced after cold acclimation. In conclusion, cold habituation lowers sympathetic activation and causes a shift toward increased parasympathetic activity.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. tiina.makinen@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Tiina M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Mäkinen
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mäntysaari
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pääkkönen
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jokelainen
authors.forename: Lawrence A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Palinkas
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hassi
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leppäluoto
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tahvanainen
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rintamäki
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000208:Acute Disease; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015444:Exercise; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects