title: Non-invasive product temperature determination during primary drying using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy.
abstract: The goal of this work was to demonstrate the application of Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) as a non-invasive method to determine the average product temperature of the batch during primary drying. The TDLAS sensor continuously measures the water vapor concentration and the vapor flow velocity in the spool connecting the freeze-dryer chamber and condenser. Vapor concentration and velocity data were then used to determine the average sublimation rate (g/s) which was subsequently integrated to evaluate the amount of water removed from the product. Position dependent vial heat transfer coefficients (K(v)) were evaluated using the TDLAS sensor data for 20 mL vials during sublimation tests with pure water. TDLAS K(v) data showed good agreement to K(v) data obtained by the traditional gravimetric procedure. K(v) for edge vials was found to be about 20-30% higher than that of center vials. A weighted K(v) was then used to predict a representative average product temperature from TDLAS data in partial and full load freeze drying runs with 5%, 7.5%, or 10% (w/w) sucrose, mannitol, and glycine solutions. TDLAS product temperatures for all freeze-drying runs were within 1-2 degrees C of "center vial" steady state thermocouple data.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutics, University of Erlangen, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Schneid
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gieseler
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pikal
mesh_terms: D005612:Freeze Drying / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013696:Temperature