title: Small, dense low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are predictors of cardio- and cerebro-vascular events in subjects with the metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Small, dense low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are a feature of the metabolic syndrome (MS) but their predictive role still remains to be established. We performed a 2-year follow-up study in 124 subjects with MS (63 +/- 6 years), as defined by the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute guidelines, to assess clinical and biochemical predictors of cerebro- and cardio-vascular events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors, we measured LDL size and subclasses by gradient gel electrophoresis. Clinical events were registered in the 25% of subjects. At univariate analysis subjects with events had increased prevalence of elevated fasting glucose (P = 0.0117), smoking (P = 0.0015), family history of coronary artery disease (P = 0.0033) and higher levels of total- and LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.0027 and P = 0.0023, respectively); LDL size was lower (P < 0.0001), due to reduced larger subclasses and increased small, dense LDL (all P < 0.0001). At multivariate analysis the following were independent predictors of events (univariate odd ratios were calculated): low HDL-cholesterol (OR 15.4, P = 0.0238), elevated fasting glucose (OR 12.1, P = 0.0102), elevated small, dense LDL (OR 11.7, P = 0.0004), elevated blood pressure (OR 9.2, P = 0.0392), smoking (OR 4.8, P = 0.0054).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study that assessed the predictive role of small, dense LDL beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Emerging Diseases, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. mrizzo@unipa.it
authors.forename: Manfredi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pernice
authors.forename: Arian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frasheri
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.forename: Giovam Battista
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Rini
authors.forename: Giatgen A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Spinas
authors.forename: Kaspar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berneis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL