title: Molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis in metabolic syndrome: role of reduced IRS2-dependent signaling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanisms underlying accelerated atherosclerosis in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients remain poorly defined. In the mouse, complete disruption of insulin receptor substrate-2 (Irs2) causes insulin resistance, MetS-like manifestations, and accelerates atherosclerosis. Here, we performed human, mouse, and cell culture studies to gain insight into the contribution of defective Irs2 signaling to MetS-associated alterations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In circulating leukocytes from insulin-resistant MetS patients, Irs2 and Akt2 mRNA levels inversely correlate with plasma insulin levels and HOMA index and are reduced compared to insulin-sensitive MetS patients. Notably, a moderate reduction in Irs2 expression in fat-fed apolipoprotein E-null mice lacking one allele of Irs2 (apoE(-/-)Irs2(+/-)) accelerates atherosclerosis compared to apoE-null controls, without affecting plaque composition. Partial Irs2 inactivation also increases CD36 and SRA scavenger receptor expression and modified LDL uptake in macrophages, diminishes Akt2 and Ras expression in aorta, and enhances expression of the proatherogenic cytokine MCP1 in aorta and primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and macrophages. Inhibition of AKT or ERK1/2, a downstream target of RAS, upregulates Mcp1 in VSMCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhanced levels of MCP1 resulting from reduced IRS2 expression and accompanying defects in AKT2 and Ras/ERK1/2 signaling pathways may contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis in MetS states.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Spain.
authors.forename: Herminia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: González-Navarro
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vinué
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vila-Caballer
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fortuño
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Beloqui
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zalba
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burks
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Díez
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Andrés
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; C526297:IRS2 protein, human; D007328:Insulin; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; C526298:Irs2 protein, mouse; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C494921:AKT2 protein, human; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt