title: Nitric oxide interacts with salicylate to regulate biphasic ethylene production during the hypersensitive response.
abstract: C(2)H(4) is associated with plant defense, but its role during the hypersensitive response (HR) remains largely uncharacterized. C(2)H(4) production in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) following inoculation with HR-eliciting Pseudomonas syringae pathovars measured by laser photoacoustic detection was biphasic. A first transient rise (C(2)H(4)-I) occurred 1 to 4 h following inoculation with HR-eliciting, disease-forming, and nonpathogenic strains and also with flagellin (flg22). A second (avirulence-dependent) rise, at approximately 6 h (C(2)H(4)-II), was only seen with HR-eliciting strains. Tobacco leaves treated with the C(2)H(4) biosynthesis inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinylglycine, suggested that C(2)H(4) influenced the kinetics of a HR. Challenging salicylate hydroxylase-expressing tobacco lines and tissues exhibiting systemic acquired resistance suggested that C(2)H(4) production was influenced by salicylic acid (SA). Disrupted expression of a C(2)H(4) biosynthesis gene in salicylate hydroxylase tobacco plants implicated transcriptional control as a mechanism through which SA regulates C(2)H(4) production. Treating leaves to increase oxidative stress or injecting with SA initiated monophasic C(2)H(4) generation, but the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside initiated biphasic rises. To test whether NO influenced biphasic C(2)H(4) production during the HR, the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester was coinoculated with the avirulent strain of P. syringae pv phaseolicola into tobacco leaves. The first transient C(2)H(4) rise appeared to be unaffected by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, but the second rise was reduced. These data suggest that NO and SA are required to generate the biphasic pattern of C(2)H(4) production during the HR and may influence the kinetics of HR formation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3DA, United Kingdom. lum@aber.ac.uk
authors.forename: Luis A J
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mur
authors.forename: Lucas J J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Laarhoven
authors.forename: Frans J M
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Harren
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Aileen R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D005030:Ethylenes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D044224:Pseudomonas syringae / Q000502:physiology; D012459:Salicylates / Q000378:metabolism*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D005030:Ethylenes; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D012459:Salicylates; D009599:Nitroprusside; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C036216:ethylene; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C022619:salicylate 1-monooxygenase; C088137:aminoethoxyvinylglycine; D005998:Glycine
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