title: S100A4 overexpression proves to be independent marker for breast cancer progression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer is the most common cancer and cause of deaths in women around the world. Oncogene amplification usually occurs late in tumor progression and correlates well with aggressiveness of tumor. In fact the function of the S100A4 protein and its role in metastasis is unclear at present. The purpose of the study was to determine the expression of S100A4 protein in the invasion status and metastatic potential of breast cancer by using tissue microarray and to determine its role in breast cancer based on the expression of S100A4 gene product.
  
  
  METHODS
  S100A4 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using commercially available tissue microarray containing malignant and normal breast tissue cores from 216 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S100A4 was absent in normal breast tissues while positive in 45.1% of infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) node negative and 48.8% of infiltrating lobular carcinoma node negative. In paired samples, S100A4 protein was expressed in 13.5% of IDC node positive cases and 35.1% of matched lymph node metastasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S100A4 protein expression appears widely expressed in early and advanced breast cancer stages compared with normal breast. Our study suggests S100A4 may play a role in breast cancer progression and may prove to be an independent marker of breast cancer which appears to be down regulated in more advanced stages of breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. nofal_ishahad@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Nawfal I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Gurjeet
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authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Hasnah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.forename: Mohammed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hassan
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