title: Tracheostomy: how and when should it be done in cardiovascular surgery ICU?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to assess the effect of timing and techniques of tracheostomy on mortality and morbidity in cardiovascular surgery patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2000 and October 2007, a total of 19,559 cardiac and vascular operations were performed in our hospital, and 205 of these patients (1.04%) who underwent a tracheostomy procedure were included in this retrospective study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgical tracheostomy (ST) was employed in 134 (65.4%) and percutaneous tracheostomy (PT) in 71 (34.6%) of the cases. There were 17 complications related to all tracheostomy procedures in 15 (7.3%) patients. Bleeding, requiring surgical intervention, occurred in five (3.7%) ST patients and in one (1.4%) PT patient. Cardiac arrest related to the procedure occurred in two (1.5%) ST patients. Pneumothorax occurred in three (2.2%) ST patients and in one (1.4%) PT patient, subcutaneous emphysema in three (2.2%) ST patients and in one (1.4%) PT patient, and tracheoesophageal fistula in one (0.7%) ST patient (p>0.05). The postoperative infection rate was significantly lower, and cooperation of the patients, postoperative patient mobilization, and oral feeding rates were higher in the early tracheostomy group. The multifactorial mortality rates of early (<seven days) and late tracheostomies were 71.4% and 88.1%, respectively (p=0.037).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that both techniques can be performed safely in the ICUs. Although the need of tracheostomy is one of the foremost causes of mortality and morbidity in cardiovascular surgery patients, an early application of the procedure may have favorable effects on the expected mortality and overall infection rates of the critically ill patients.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. soneryavasmd@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Soner
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yavas
authors.forename: Seyhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yagar
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mavioglu
authors.forename: Erdem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cetin
authors.forename: Hakki Zafer
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Iscan
authors.forename: Ahmet Tulga
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Ulus
authors.forename: Cemal Levent
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Birincioglu
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D014139:Tracheostomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology