title: Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. infections in humans, animals and the environment in Poland.
abstract: Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. are intestinal protozoan parasites that are prevalent and widespread pathogens of humans and many other species of mammals. The aim of this review is to summarise the last 20 years of research on the epidemiology of these parasites, with a particular emphasis on the environment and the role played by different groups of animals in Poland. The prevalence of both species has been studied in different groups of humans, in wildlife, pets and farm animals and in environmental samples. Additionally, current knowledge on the distribution of zoonotic and non-zoonotic species/genotypes has been reviewed. The usefulness of different methods for the detection and identification of the parasites in different types of samples has been evaluated. Finally, because of the wide distribution and high prevalence of both species in a range of hosts and possible vectors involved in mechanical transmission, the overall risk of outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis and giardiosis in Poland has been assessed as relatively high.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland. anabena@biol.uw.edu.pl
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bajer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000469:parasitology; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000469:parasitology; D002415:Cats; D002417:Cattle; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004285:Dogs; D004777:Environment; D005872:Giardia / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005873:Giardiasis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007411:Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Jun;70(6):3742-4
references.pmid: 15184182
references.citation: Wiad Parazytol. 2002;48(4):383-90
references.pmid: 16894721
references.citation: Wiad Parazytol. 2001;47(4):747-53
references.pmid: 16886421
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006 Sep;12(9):918-21
references.pmid: 16882299
references.citation: Parasitology. 2008 Dec;135(14):1629-49
references.pmid: 18992178
references.citation: Parasitology. 2002 Jul;125(Pt 1):21-34
references.pmid: 12166517
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 1998 Sep;85(3):429-40
references.pmid: 9750273
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2008 Jun;103(1):37-42
references.pmid: 18301922
references.citation: Trends Parasitol. 2005 Sep;21(9):430-7
references.pmid: 16046184
references.citation: Wiad Parazytol. 1999;45(2):125-8
references.pmid: 16886452
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007 Oct;13(10):1001-7
references.pmid: 17714523
references.citation: J Infect Dis. 2001 Feb 1;183(3):492-7
references.pmid: 11133382
references.citation: Ann Agric Environ Med. 2005;12(2):237-45
references.pmid: 16457480
references.citation: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1996 Jul;284(2-3):302-6
references.pmid: 8837391
references.citation: Przegl Epidemiol. 2004;58(3):459-65
references.pmid: 15730010
references.citation: Euro Surveill. 2007 May 01;12(5):E13-4
references.pmid: 17991392
references.citation: Wiad Parazytol. 2004;50(3):393-6
references.pmid: 16865943
references.citation: J Appl Microbiol. 2004;96(2):409-17
references.pmid: 14723702
references.citation: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Oct;45(4):458-64
references.pmid: 18030213
references.citation: Exp Parasitol. 2008 Sep;120(1):21-8
references.pmid: 18522859
references.citation: Parasitol Int. 2007 Sep;56(3):201-5
references.pmid: 17383227
references.citation: Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999 Apr;65(4):1455-8
references.pmid: 10103236
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2004 Jul;93(4):274-8
references.pmid: 15156396
references.citation: Medicine (Baltimore). 2003 Nov;82(6):373-84
references.pmid: 14663287
references.citation: Microbes Infect. 2002 Aug;4(10):1059-66
references.pmid: 12191656
references.citation: J Med Microbiol. 2006 Jun;55(Pt 6):703-707
references.pmid: 16687587
references.citation: Trends Parasitol. 2006 Apr;22(4):160-7
references.pmid: 16503418
references.citation: Trends Parasitol. 2008 Feb;24(2):55-9
references.pmid: 18165154
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004 Jan;17(1):72-97
references.pmid: 14726456
references.citation: J Dairy Sci. 1998 Nov;81(11):3036-41
references.pmid: 9839243
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2007 Feb;100(3):455-60
references.pmid: 17004098
references.citation: Parasitol Res. 2007 Oct;101(5):1169-82
references.pmid: 17593392
references.citation: Int J Parasitol. 1999 Aug;29(8):1269-87
references.pmid: 10576578
references.citation: Wiad Parazytol. 2004;50(2):243-7
references.pmid: 16859030
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Mar;45(3):915-20
references.pmid: 17251402
references.citation: Ann Agric Environ Med. 1998;5(2):135-8
references.pmid: 9860815
references.citation: Trends Parasitol. 2005 Aug;21(8):370-6
references.pmid: 15982929
references.citation: Ann Agric Environ Med. 2003;10(2):163-9
references.pmid: 14677907
references.citation: Vet Parasitol. 2000 May 17;89(4):269-75
references.pmid: 10799840
references.citation: Adv Parasitol. 1998;40:37-85
references.pmid: 9554070
references.citation: J Infect. 2001 May;42(4):243-50
references.pmid: 11545566
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006 Jul;75(1):78-82
references.pmid: 16837712
references.citation: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2007 Aug;37(2 Suppl):765-74
references.pmid: 17926813
references.citation: Ann Agric Environ Med. 2007;14(2):265-70
references.pmid: 18247463
references.citation: Ann Agric Environ Med. 1999;6(2):161-5
references.pmid: 10607998
references.citation: J Parasitol. 2003 Oct;89(5):1053-5
references.pmid: 14627156
references.citation: Pol J Vet Sci. 2005;8(2):137-40
references.pmid: 15989133
references.citation: Wiad Parazytol. 2006;52(4):311-5
references.pmid: 17432624
references.citation: Infect Genet Evol. 2003 Nov;3(4):233-44
references.pmid: 14636685