title: HA14-1 is able to reconstitute the impaired mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in renal cell carcinoma cell lines.
abstract: Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) exhibit a marked resistance towards apoptosis. Although most apoptotic stimuli converge at the level of the mitochondria, little is known about the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in renal cell carcinomas. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to investigate the functionality of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in renal cell carcinoma cell lines by exposure to TRAIL, etoposide, HA14-1 and betulinic acid activating the mitochondria by different mechanisms. Sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis correlated with cleavage of the initiator caspase-8, but the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was not induced. Similarly, etoposide and betulinic acid could not induce mitochondrial damage. In contrast, HA14-1 was able to activate mitochondrial apoptosis, thereby demonstrating functionally inducible signalling pathways downstream of the mitochondria. The intactness of the pathways upstream of the mitochondria was shown by pretreatment of TRAIL-sensitive cell lines with HA14-1, which could reconstitute TRAIL-induced mitochondrial damage and resulted in a synergistic apoptosis induction. Our results demonstrate that the apoptotic pathways upstream and downstream of the mitochondria are intact and inducible in renal cell carcinoma cell lines. However, resistance towards mitochondrial apoptosis is located on the level of the mitochondria themselves.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University Hospital, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. seb.heikaus@gmx.de
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heikaus
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kempf
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mahotka
authors.forename: Helmut Erich
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Gabbert
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ramp
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000502:physiology*; D005047:Etoposide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000494:pharmacology; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000094062:Betulinic Acid
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001578:Benzopyrans; D009570:Nitriles; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; D014315:Triterpenes; C456800:ethyl 2-amino-6-bromo-4-(1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate; D005047:Etoposide; D053181:Caspase 8; D053453:Caspase 9; D000094062:Betulinic Acid