title: Conscious surgery: influence of the environment on patient anxiety.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper is a report of a study: (i) to investigate anxiety arising from the experience of the clinical environment during surgery under local/regional anaesthesia and (ii) to uncover the specific aspects patients find anxiety provoking and possibly dissuade them from opting for such anaesthesia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Operating theatre staff have focused historically on conducting safe, efficient surgery with unconscious patients and not primarily on the care of 'awake' patients. However, with the rise in day surgery, the volume of surgery performed under local or regional anaesthesia is increasing.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a larger study investigating anxiety in elective day surgery, a questionnaire was given to 523 patients on the day of surgery to adult patients undergoing surgery with local or regional anaesthesia between 2005 and 2007. They were asked to return this by mail 24-48 hours following surgery and 214 completed questionnaires were returned (response rate 41%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experience of being awake, possibly feeling the surgeon's touch, seeing their body cut open or surgery being more painful than expected were anxiety-provoking aspects. Using factor analysis, 'intra-operative apprehension', 'anaesthetic information provision' and 'health control' were identified as central features. Multiple regression showed that apprehension associated with the intra-operative experience and anaesthetic information provision were statistically significantly associated with an increase in overall level of anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Focusing care on managing the intra-operative experience and providing anaesthetic information in advance might help limit anxiety and expel the apparent misapprehensions associated with conscious surgery.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK. m.mitchell@salford.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000523:psychology*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000523:psychology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008347:Manifest Anxiety Scale; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D055815:Young Adult