title: Analysis of Hawaii ironman performances in elite triathletes from 1981 to 2007.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the improvement in swimming (3.8 km), cycling (180 km), running (42.2 km), and overall performances at the Hawaii Ironman Triathlon of elite males and females between 1981 and 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trends across years, gender differences in performance times in the three disciplines, and overall winning times of the top 10 males and females were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall performance time in the ironman decreased rapidly from 1981 but has remained stable since the late 1980s. From 1988 to 2007, linear regression analysis showed that change in swimming, cycling, running, and total performance for both males and females was less than 1.4% per decade, except for females' running time, which decreased by 3.8% per decade. Since 1988, the mean (SD) gender differences in time for swimming, cycling, running, and total event were 9.8% (2.9), 12.7% (2.0), 13.3% (3.1), and 12.6% (1.3), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After an initial phase of rapid improvement of performances during the 1980s, there was a relative plateau, but at least in running and cycling, there were small improvements. Over the last two decades, gender difference in swimming remained stable while it slightly increased in cycling and decreased in running. The gender difference in ironman total performance is unlikely to change in the future.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U887, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France. romuald.lepers@u-bourgogne.fr
authors.forename: Romuald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lepers
mesh_terms: D001642:Bicycling; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010807:Physical Endurance; D012420:Running; D012737:Sex Factors; D013177:Sports; D013550:Swimming