title: Microbubbles detection during cardiopulmonary bypass with transoesophageal echocardiography: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microembolic signals are usually detected with transcranial doppler during cardiac surgery.This report focuses on suggesting the transesophageal echocardiography as a different diagnostic approach to detect microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 58 year old male patient, caucasian race, was operated on video assisted minimally invasive mitral valve repair using right minithoracotomy approach. His past medical history included an uncontrolled hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, carotid arteries stenosis. The extracorporeal circulation was performed with femoral-femoral artery and venous approach. Negative pressure for vacuum assist venous drainage was applied in order to facilitate venous blood return. The patient had a brain monitoring with bilateral transcranial doppler of middle cerebral arteries and a double channels electroencephalogram. A three dimensional transesophageal echocardiography to evaluate the mitral valve repair was performed.During the cardiopulmonary bypass a significant microembolic activity was detected in the middle cerebral arteries spectrum velocities due to gas embolism from venous return. Simultaneous recording of microbubbles was also observed on the descending thoracic aorta transesophageal echo views.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the aortic cross-clamping time the transesophageal echocardiography can be useful as an alternative method to assess the amount of gas embolism coming from cardiopulmonary bypass. These informations can promote immediate interaction between perfusionist, surgeon and anesthesiologist to perform adequate manoeuvres in order to reduce the microembolism during extracorporeal circulation.
authors.affiliation: Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, Treviso Regional Hospital, Piazzale Ospedale n degrees 1, 31100 Treviso, Italy. pzanatta@mac.com.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zanatta
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bosco
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Salandin
authors.forename: Loris
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salvador
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valfrè
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sorbara
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