Progress in metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The traditional use of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in alcoholic fermentation has, over time, resulted in substantial accumulated knowledge concerning genetics, physiology, and biochemistry as well as genetic engineering and fermentation technologies. S. cerevisiae has become a platform organism for developing metabolic engineering strategies, methods, and tools. The current review discusses the relevance of several engineering strategies, such as rational and inverse metabolic engineering, evolutionary engineering, and global transcription machinery engineering, in yeast strain improvement. It also summarizes existing tools for fine-tuning and regulating enzyme activities and thus metabolic pathways. Recent examples of yeast metabolic engineering for food, beverage, and industrial biotechnology (bioethanol and bulk and fine chemicals) follow. S. cerevisiae currently enjoys increasing popularity as a production organism in industrial ("white") biotechnology due to its inherent tolerance of low pH values and high ethanol and inhibitor concentrations and its ability to grow anaerobically. Attention is paid to utilizing lignocellulosic biomass as a potential substrate.
Nevoigt
Elke
E
Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Berlin University of Technology, Seestr. 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany. elke.nevoigt@bio.kuleuven.be
D001709:Biotechnology; D019649:Food Industry; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods; D007218:Industrial Microbiology; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Biochem J. 1999 Jul 1;341 ( Pt 1):15-23
10377240
Yeast. 2007 Jul;24(7):551-60
17506111
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Oct 2;104(40):15753-8
17898166
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jul;69(7):4144-50
12839792
Metab Eng. 2006 Jul;8(4):315-23
16621641
Metab Eng. 2000 Jan;2(1):69-77
10935936
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2000 Spring;84-86:617-32
10849822
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Dec 15;351(2):412-7
17069762
Methods Enzymol. 1999;306:145-53
10432452
Biotechnol J. 2006 Mar;1(3):299-307
16897710
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2000 Feb;64(2):229-36
10737174
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2000 Jun 5;68(5):531-5
10797239
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Jan;73(1):110-6
17071783
Yeast. 2005 Apr 15;22(5):359-68
15806613
Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Jan 30;5:4
16441897
Yeast. 2004 Jun;21(8):661-70
15197731
Trends Biotechnol. 2007 Aug;25(8):363-70
17576017
Yeast. 2000 Mar 30;16(5):463-74
10705374
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2004 Jan;68(1):206-14
14745185
Methods Mol Biol. 2004;267:259-66
15269429
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2001;73:53-84
11816812
J Biosci Bioeng. 2003;96(2):110-8
16233495
J Biosci Bioeng. 2007 Apr;103(4):377-80
17502281
Microbiology (Reading). 1998 Jan;144 ( Pt 1):13-24
9467897
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999 Jun;65(6):2333-40
10347010
FEMS Yeast Res. 2005 Apr;5(6-7):579-93
15780657
Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2002;49(4):483-91
12512257
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Apr;74(5):954-60
17262212
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 May;68(5):2397-403
11976114
Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Mar 15;30(6):e23
11884642
Biotechnol Adv. 2007 Sep-Oct;25(5):425-41
17524590
J Mol Biol. 1981 Oct 25;152(2):285-315
6276569
J Biol Chem. 1998 Sep 18;273(38):24529-34
9733747
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2005;100:19-51
16270655
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1990;589:1-15
2192652
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2007 May 1;97(1):170-81
17013941
J Biol Chem. 2007 Apr 6;282(14):10243-51
17251183
Metab Eng. 2004 Jul;6(3):204-11
15256210
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2007 Feb 15;96(3):550-8
16964624
Yeast. 2005 May;22(7):565-9
15942933
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Apr;69(4):1990-8
12676674
Trends Biotechnol. 1993 Sep;11(9):392-6
7764086
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006 Feb;69(6):627-42
16331454
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Oct;70(10):6086-91
15466554
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2002 Jun;66(2):300-72
12040128
Methods Mol Biol. 2006;313:145-59
16118432
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004 Dec;66(3):303-5
15278313
J Biosci Bioeng. 2001;91(5):525-7
16233034
J Biosci Bioeng. 2006 Feb;101(2):172-7
16569615
Microbiology (Reading). 2007 Sep;153(Pt 9):3044-3054
17768247
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Apr;69(4):1999-2005
12676675
Biotechnol Lett. 2005 Mar;27(5):355-62
15834798
Yeast. 2000 Apr;16(6):511-22
10790688
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2008 Jun 15;100(3):497-505
18438874
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jan;72(1):536-43
16391089
J Biol Chem. 1996 Jul 5;271(27):15928-33
8663166
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Aug;73(15):4881-91
17545317
J Biol Chem. 2000 Dec 29;275(52):40952-60
11221662
Biochem J. 2002 May 1;363(Pt 3):769-76
11964178
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Nov;68(11):5693-7
12406766
Metab Eng. 2005 Jan;7(1):10-7
15721806
Biotechnol Bioeng. 1999 Feb 20;62(4):447-54
9921153
FEMS Yeast Res. 2006 Jan;6(1):40-7
16423069
Enzyme Microb Technol. 2000 Jun 1;26(9-10):785-792
10862886
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2005 Aug;68(3):346-54
15711794
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2005 May 1;246(1):1-9
15869955
Nat Biotechnol. 2003 Feb;21(2):143-9
12514739
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2002 Sep 5;79(5):568-79
12209828
J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004 Jun;31(5):209-15
15205990
FEMS Yeast Res. 2006 Aug;6(5):726-43
16879424
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004 Feb;63(6):635-46
14586578
Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao. 2007 Aug;47(4):598-603
17944357
Metab Eng. 2006 Jan;8(1):58-65
16242982
Mol Biotechnol. 2005 Nov;31(3):245-59
16230775
Trends Biotechnol. 2002 Oct;20(10):426-32
12220905
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Nov;69(11):6527-32
14602584
Nat Biotechnol. 2002 Oct;20(10):1041-4
12219076
Metab Eng. 2004 Jul;6(3):220-8
15256212
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2007;108:263-88
17522816
Gene. 2003 Jan 16;303:121-9
12559573
Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev. 2007;24:311-46
18059640
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2005 Spring;121-124:451-60
15917621
Biotechnol Bioeng. 1998 Apr 20-May 5;58(2-3):191-5
10191389
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jan;69(1):212-9
12513997
Yeast. 2004 Jun;21(8):671-84
15197732
Biochem Soc Trans. 2005 Nov;33(Pt 5):1178-81
16246076
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Dec;71(12):8656-62
16332860
FEMS Yeast Res. 2007 May;7(3):413-21
17096665
Trends Plant Sci. 2006 Nov;11(11):559-65
17030144
J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003 Jan;30(1):22-7
12545382
Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2007 Jun;18(3):213-9
17532205
Yeast. 2004 Aug;21(11):947-62
15334558
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2004 Dec 30;88(7):797-824
15538721
Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2000 Apr;11(2):187-98
10753763
FEMS Yeast Res. 2002 May;2(2):225-32
12702310
J Bacteriol. 1999 Dec;181(24):7409-13
10601195
Yeast. 2006 Apr 30;23(6):455-64
16652391
Bioresour Technol. 2005 Dec;96(18):1994-2006
16112487
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Aug;72(8):5266-73
16885275
Metab Eng. 2006 Jul;8(4):303-14
16473032
Gene. 1995 Apr 14;156(1):119-22
7737504
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Sep;72(9):5822-8
16957200
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2006 Apr 20;93(6):1196-206
16470880
Curr Opin Biotechnol. 1994 Feb;5(2):196-200
7764800
Nat Biotechnol. 2008 Feb;26(2):169-72
18259168
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul;56(1-2):17-34
11499926
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1995 Mar;42(6):878-83
7766088
Yeast. 2002 Sep 15;19(12):1015-27
12210897
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jan;69(1):715-8
12514069
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Apr;72(4):2351-8
16597929
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Jul;73(13):4342-50
17496128
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2005 Jul;69(7):1262-9
16041128
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1998 Jan;49(1):66-71
9487712
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Dec;71(12):8249-56
16332810
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Feb;69(2):740-6
12570990
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2000 Mar 1;184(1):103-8
10689174
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2007;46(24):4434-40
17471485
Clin Transl Oncol. 2007 Apr;9(4):221-8
17462974
J Theor Biol. 1996 Oct 7;182(3):405-10
8944174
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2002 Sep;66(3):506-77, table of contents
12209002
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Jun;73(12):4011-9
17449694
Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Dec 25;22(25):5767-8
7838736
Electrophoresis. 2001 Aug;22(14):2969-82
11565791
J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 4;277(40):37001-8
12121991
J Biosci Bioeng. 2004;98(2):107-13
16233674
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004 Nov;66(1):10-26
15300416
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2001 May 5;73(3):238-45
11257606
Nutrition. 2005 Apr;21(4):520-4
15811774
Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2005 Jul;230(7):435-43
15985618
J Biotechnol. 2006 Jul 25;124(3):561-73
16530287
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2007;108:237-61
17665158
Yeast. 2006 Jul 15;23(9):641-59
16845703
Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1565-8
17158319
Nat Biotechnol. 2000 Dec;18(12):1283-6
11101808
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2000 Jun;53(6):701-8
10919330
FEMS Yeast Res. 2003 Oct;4(1):87-95
14554200
Yeast. 2005 Jul 30;22(10):775-88
16088872
BMC Bioinformatics. 2005 Dec 23;6:308
16375763
Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2003 Oct;14(5):484-90
14580577
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Oct;71(10):6185-92
16204537
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2007;108:41-65
17646946
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2003 Sep;67(3):376-99, table of contents
12966141
BMC Syst Biol. 2007 Mar 27;1:18
17408508
J Biosci Bioeng. 2002;93(3):288-95
16233202
Gene. 1992 Sep 21;119(1):49-56
1398090
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2007;108:67-93
17530205
J Biol Chem. 2001 Feb 2;276(5):3555-63
11058591
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Mar 1;102(9):3459-64
15699356
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1997 Nov;21(3):231-41
9451815
Metab Eng. 2007 Jul;9(4):364-78
17500021
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2006 Mar 5;93(4):665-73
16372361
Yeast. 2002 Mar 15;19(4):295-301
11870853
Gene. 1992 Jan 2;110(1):119-22
1544568
Biochimie. 1991 Jun;73(6):729-37
1764519
FEMS Yeast Res. 2003 Oct;4(1):69-78
14554198
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Jun;71(6):2962-9
15932991
Methods Enzymol. 2007;428:29-45
17875410
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2005;100:1-17
16270654
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jan;55(1):1-9
11234947
J Bacteriol. 2002 Jan;184(1):250-65
11741867
Biotechniques. 2001 Apr;30(4):816-20, 822-6, 828 passim
11314265
Biotechnol Prog. 2003 Jul-Aug;19(4):1368-71
12892504
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2005 Mar;66(6):622-8
15578179
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2007 Mar;136(3):361-88
17625239
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2007;108:179-204
17846724
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Apr;74(5):937-53
17294186
J Biol Chem. 2004 Sep 17;279(38):39677-85
15210723
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Feb;70(2):1207-12
14766607
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1995 Dec 15;134(2-3):121-7
8586257
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Sep 6;102(36):12678-83
16123130
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Aug;70(8):5037-40
15294847
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Sep;70(9):5407-14
15345427
Yeast. 1998 Jan 15;14(1):67-76
9483796
Trends Biotechnol. 1999 Jun;17(6):237-44
10354561
Biotechnol Adv. 2001 Jun;19(3):201-23
14538083
J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Jun;34(6):413-21
17333092
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004 Feb;63(5):495-509
14595523
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006 Jun;70(6):1408-15
16794321
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Sep;62(9):3187-95
8795209
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2007 Jan;64(2):171-80
17131056
J Appl Microbiol. 2003;94(3):432-48
12588552
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Mar;67(3):1163-70
11229906
Metab Eng. 2004 Apr;6(2):155-63
15113568
Nutrition. 1999 May;15(5):337-40
10355844
Gene. 1990 May 31;90(1):79-85
2199331
J Biotechnol. 2006 Oct 1;125(4):447-61
16644051
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2002;74:239-59
11991182
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990 Apr;56(4):997-1003
2187408
J Biotechnol. 2005 Aug 4;118(2):167-76
15963591
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Nov;71(11):6831-7
16269716
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002 Dec;60(4):469-74
12466889
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001 Sep;56(5-6):577-88
11601604
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Apr;71(4):1964-70
15812027
Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 1999;1:535-57
11701499
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2005 Feb 1;243(1):107-15
15668008
J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Dec 28;53(26):9966-70
16366681
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Dec;62(12):4441-9
8953715
Enzyme Microb Technol. 2000 Jun 1;26(9-10):706-714
10862876
Nucleic Acids Res. 1996 Jul 1;24(13):2519-24
8692690
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1990 Jun;33(3):302-6
1369269
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2005 Spring;121-124:947-61
15930573
Yeast. 2000 Jun 15;16(8):675-729
10861899
Microb Cell Fact. 2007 Feb 05;6:5
17280608
Int Microbiol. 2005 Sep;8(3):195-204
16200498
Metab Eng. 2006 Nov;8(6):532-42
16891140
Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2004 Dec;8(6):665-71
15556413
Nucleic Acids Res. 2003 Oct 15;31(20):5831-7
14530431
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2007;108:147-77
17846723
Yeast. 2003 Nov;20(15):1263-72
14618564
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001 Apr;55(3):263-83
11341306
Pediatrics. 1998 Oct;102(4 Pt 1):879-84
9755259
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1997 Sep;48(3):339-45
9352677
FEMS Yeast Res. 2005 Jul;5(10):925-34
15949975
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001 Oct;57(1-2):167-74
11693915
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2006 Nov;90(4):391-418
17033882
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Jan;73(5):1190-6
17058076
J Biotechnol. 1996 Aug 20;49(1-3):101-9
8879166
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Feb 13;104(7):2402-7
17287356
Biotechnol Prog. 1998 Jan-Feb;14(1):116-25
9496676
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 May;70(5):2898-905
15128549
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2003 Mar 20;81(6):738-47
12529889
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jul;72(7):4688-94
16820460
FEMS Yeast Res. 2008 Feb;8(1):122-31
17727659
J Biotechnol. 2006 Jun 25;124(1):4-11
16442180
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2005 Aug;68(3):292-304
15856224
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Jun;68(6):2814-21
12039737
EMBO J. 1997 May 1;16(9):2179-87
9171333
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jun;72(6):3968-74
16751504
Science. 1991 Oct 11;254(5029):293-5
1656527
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Feb;74(2):277-81
17216457
Adv Microb Physiol. 1981;22:123-83
7036694
Mol Cell Biochem. 2004 Jan-Feb;256-257(1-2):73-81
14977171
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002 Mar;58(3):291-6
11935178
Yeast. 1990 Nov-Dec;6(6):473-82
2080664
J Biol Chem. 1996 Apr 26;271(17):10017-22
8626555
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006 Jul;71(3):339-49
16222531
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Sep 12;97(19):10342-7
10962023
Metab Eng. 2001 Oct;3(4):301-12
11676566
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2005 Sep;68(5):622-9
15678305
J Biotechnol. 2005 Nov 21;120(3):284-95
16084620
Methods Mol Biol. 2004;267:241-58
15269428
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Dec;71(12):7866-71
16332761
Int J Food Microbiol. 2007 Nov 1;119(3):192-9
17881073
Microb Cell Fact. 2006 Apr 10;5:18
16606456
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 May;71(5):2789-92
15870375
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994 May;60(5):1519-24
8017934
Biotechnol Lett. 2005 Dec;27(23-24):1855-9
16328979
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2007;108:329-57
17846726
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003 Aug;62(2-3):140-50
12759790
Curr Biol. 2003 Jan 8;13(1):R31-8
12526763
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Mar;67(3):1280-3
11229922
FEMS Yeast Res. 2002 Dec;2(4):563-73
12702272
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Apr;74(7):2043-50
18263741
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001 Nov;57(4):451-9
11762589
Biotechnol Lett. 2004 Oct;26(19):1521-7
15604791
Nat Biotechnol. 2005 Mar;23(3):337-43
15723047
FEMS Yeast Res. 2003 Apr;3(2):185-9
12702451
J Microbiol Methods. 2006 Jun;65(3):585-95
16298445
Adv Appl Microbiol. 2000;47:221-68
12876799
Hum Mol Genet. 1994 May;3(5):723-8
8081358
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993 Jul;59(7):2022-8
8357243
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 1998 Spring;70-72:395-403
9627391
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Jul;75(6):1361-6
17505823
Microb Cell Fact. 2007 Oct 10;6:32
17927824
Metab Eng. 2000 Oct;2(4):328-38
11120644
Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2005 Dec;17(6):576-82
16233975
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Sep 4;104(36):14283-8
17709748
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2006 Mar;128(3):237-61
16632884
Nat Chem Biol. 2006 Dec;2(12):674-81
17108985
Biotechnol Lett. 2006 Dec;28(24):2033-8
17043906
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2001 Jan;25(1):15-37
11152939
Biochem J. 2006 May 1;395(3):543-9
16402921
Yeast. 1995 Dec;11(16):1613-27
8720067
Genetics. 2006 Apr;172(4):2025-32
16636111
J Appl Microbiol. 2007 Dec;103(6):2248-57
18045408
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Feb;74(2):273-6
17216458
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006 Oct;72(6):1136-43
16575564
Science. 1996 Oct 25;274(5287):546, 563-7
8849441
Microbiology (Reading). 2003 Mar;149(Pt 3):557-567
12634325
Gene. 1989 Jul 15;79(2):199-206
2676725
Metab Eng. 2007 Mar;9(2):160-8
17196416
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004 Nov;66(1):108-14
15127164
FEMS Yeast Res. 2005 Feb;5(4-5):399-409
15691745
Science. 1999 Aug 6;285(5429):901-6
10436161
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Nov;70(11):6816-25
15528549
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1999 Dec;53(1):30-5
10645622
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 Dec;62(12):4309-13
8953702
J Biosci Bioeng. 2002;94(6):536-44
16233347
J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004 Sep;31(8):345-52
15338422
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2000 May;53(5):568-74
10855717
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004 Jul;65(1):68-73
14758521
Lett Appl Microbiol. 2007 Feb;44(2):212-7
17257263
Crit Rev Microbiol. 1986;13(3):219-80
3533426
Biochem J. 1992 Oct 15;287 ( Pt 2):473-9
1445205
Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2003 Aug;18(4):215-9
12823796
Trends Biotechnol. 2006 Feb;24(2):55-6
16380177
Yeast. 1997 Jul;13(9):783-93
9234667
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Jan 27;339(4):1224-31
16343443
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Nov;68(11):5326-35
12406721
Science. 1991 Jun 21;252(5013):1668-75
2047876
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006 Nov;73(1):27-36
17028874
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jan;69(1):495-503
12514033
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2001;73:129-69
11816810
Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2006 Jun;17(3):320-6
16713243
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2003 Dec 20;84(6):639-46
14595776
Biotechnol Prog. 1999 Oct 1;15(5):777-793
10514248
Biotechnol Lett. 2007 Feb;29(2):191-200
17120088
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006 May;70(5):573-9
16133340
J Bacteriol. 1970 Sep;103(3):671-8
5474882
Nucleic Acids Res. 2001 Feb 1;29(3):799-808
11160904
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2005 Spring;121-124:1119-31
15930585
Curr Genet. 2001 May;39(3):150-5
11409176
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Sep;70(9):5323-30
15345416
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2005 Apr;67(1):19-25
15599517
Metab Eng. 2007 Mar;9(2):142-51
17204442
Metab Eng. 2004 Oct;6(4):352-63
15491864
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Mar;74(3):524-34
17225102
J Biosci Bioeng. 2000;90(4):374-80
16232875
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003 Jun;61(5-6):502-11
12764565
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006 Mar 29;361(1467):477-82
16524836
Bioresour Technol. 2007 Jul;98(9):1767-73
16934451
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2004 May;28(2):201-23
15109785
Yeast. 2002 Apr;19(6):475-84
11921096
Braz J Med Biol Res. 2005 Aug;38(8):1239-45
16082465
Yeast. 2001 Jan 15;18(1):19-32
11124698
Mol Microbiol. 2000 Jun;36(6):1381-90
10931288
FEMS Yeast Res. 2005 Apr;5(6-7):569-78
15780656
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004 Feb;63(5):537-42
12879304
Yeast. 1997 Aug;13(10):903-15
9271106
J Biotechnol. 1995 May 1;39(3):193-203
7766401
Crit Rev Biotechnol. 1990;9(4):287-304
2178780
Biotechnol Prog. 2004 May-Jun;20(3):688-91
15176869
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2007;108:303-27
17541520
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Dec;68(12):5981-9
12450819
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Feb;73(3):815-24
17158628
J Biosci Bioeng. 2007 Apr;103(4):318-24
17502272
Dermatol Surg. 2006 Apr;32(4):526-31
16681660
J Biol Chem. 2005 Jul 1;280(26):24723-30
15855158
J Theor Biol. 2000 Nov 21;207(2):265-82
11034833
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2005 Jun;69(6):1162-71
15973048
Metab Eng. 2005 Sep-Nov;7(5-6):329-36
16095939
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Nov;71(11):6465-72
16269670
J Biol Chem. 2005 Dec 23;280(51):41805-10
16221686
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Jan;70(1):159-66
14711638
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2000 Spring;84-86:1147-61
10849865
Toxicol Pathol. 2002 Jan-Feb;30(1):126-8
11890464
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2000 Mar;64(1):34-50
10704473
Yeast. 1996 Oct;12(13):1331-7
8923738
Nature. 1990 Mar 15;344(6263):186
2179727
Nature. 2006 Apr 13;440(7086):940-3
16612385
Metab Eng. 2006 Mar;8(2):102-11
16289778
Science. 2008 Feb 22;319(5866):1090-2
18292341
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006 Feb;69(6):704-10
16010571
Cell. 2004 Jul 9;118(1):31-44
15242642
Yeast. 1997 Sep 30;13(12):1155-66
9301022
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jun;72(6):4001-6
16751508
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999 Jan;65(1):143-9
9872772
Metab Eng. 2007 Jan;9(1):87-94
17112757
Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2005 Oct;16(5):577-83
16154338
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Jun;70(6):3377-82
15184134
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1999 Sep;52(3):289-97
10531640
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Aug;72(8):5492-9
16885303
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Apr;70(4):2307-17
15066826
J Biotechnol. 2007 Jan 30;128(1):24-31
17079043
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2007;108:205-35
17846725
Curr Opin Microbiol. 2001 Jun;4(3):336-40
11378489
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2006 Feb 5;93(2):212-24
16161138
J Bacteriol. 1998 Aug;180(16):4177-83
9696767
Biomol Eng. 2007 Dec;24(6):638-42
18032102
Biotechnol Prog. 1996 Sep-Oct;12(5):591-5
8879153
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2004 Spring;113-116:403-16
15054267
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Sep;73(17):5471-6
17630301
Trends Biotechnol. 2007 Mar;25(3):132-7
17254656
Science. 2006 Jan 27;311(5760):506-8
16439656
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1987;53(2):77-84
3662481