title: Cytoskeletal toxicity of pectenotoxins in hepatic cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pectenotoxins are macrocyclic lactones found in dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis, which induce severe liver damage in mice after i.p. injection. Here, we have looked for the mechanism(s) underlying this hepatotoxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of pectenotoxin (PTX)-1, PTX-2, PTX-2 seco acid (PTX-2SA) and PTX-11 were measured in a hepatocyte cell line with cancer cell characteristics (Clone 9) and in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Cell morphology was assessed by confocal microscopy; F- and G-actin were selectively stained and cell viability measured by Alamar Blue fluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clone 9 cells and primary hepatocytes showed a marked depolymerization of F-actin with PTX-1, PTX-2 and PTX-11 (1-1000 nM) associated with an increase in G-actin level. However, morphology was only clearly altered in Clone 9 cells. PTX-2SA had no effect on the actin cytoskeleton. Despite the potent F-actin depolymerizing effect, PTX-1, PTX-2 or PTX-11 did not decrease the viability of Clone 9 cells after 24-h treatment. Only prolonged incubation (> 48 h) with PTXs induced a fall in viability, and under these conditions, morphology of both Clone 9 and primary hepatocytes was drastically changed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the actin cytoskeleton was clearly altered by PTX-1, PTX-2 and PTX-11 in the hepatocyte cell line and primary hepatocytes, morphological assessments indicated a higher sensitivity of the cancer-like cell line to these toxins. However, viability of both cell types was not altered.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Espiña
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Louzao
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Ares
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cagide
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Vieytes
authors.forename: F V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rubiolo
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasumoto
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Botana
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002999:Clone Cells; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D005663:Furans / Q000633:toxicity*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018942:Macrolides; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D010590:Phalloidine / Q000378:metabolism; D011714:Pyrans / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014966:Xanthenes / Q000378:metabolism; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005663:Furans; D018942:Macrolides; D010590:Phalloidine; D011714:Pyrans; D014966:Xanthenes; C420916:pectenotoxin-2-seco acid; D000095702:Polyether Toxins; C051905:pectenotoxin 1; C034657:Texas red; C098380:pectenotoxin 2
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