title: Oxidation products of polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant formulas compared to human milk--a preliminary study.
abstract: Information about lipid oxidation in fresh and stored human milk compared with infant formulas is scarce. We aimed to assess n-6 and n-3 PUFA oxidation in these milks by measuring the 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and 4-hydroxyhexenal (4-HHE) content. Human milk samples (n = 4), obtained from volunteer mothers, were analyzed fresh and after 1 wk at 4 degrees C or 24 h at 18 degrees C. Vitamin E and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by HPLC and fatty acid profile by GC. The 4-HHE and 4-HNE contents were measured by GC-MS. Infant formulas (n = 10) were tested; their fat droplet size was measured by laser light scattering and observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Human milk samples contained 31.0 +/- 6.3 g/L of lipids and 1.14 +/- 0.26 mg/L of vitamin E. Fat droplets were smaller in infant formulas than reported in human milk. The (4-HHE/n-3 PUFA) ratio was 0.19 +/- 0.01 microg/g in fresh human milk (unchanged after storage) versus 3.6 +/- 3.1 microg/g in dissolved powder formulas and 4.3 +/- 3.8 microg/g in liquid formula. (4-HNE/n-6 PUFA) was 0.004 +/- 0.000 microg/g in fresh milk (0.03 +/- 0.01 microg/g after storage) versus 1.1 +/- 1.0 microg/g in dissolved powder formulas and 0.2 +/- 0.3 microg/g in liquid formula. Infant formulas also contained more MDA than human milk. n-3 PUFA were more prone to oxidation than n-6 PUFA. Whether threshold levels of 4-HHE and 4-HNE would be of health concern should be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. marie-caroline.michalski@sante.univ-lyon1.fr
authors.forename: Marie-Caroline
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Michalski
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Calzada
authors.forename: Asami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guichardant
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; C063409:4-hydroxyhexenal; D014810:Vitamin E; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal