title: Retinoic acid-dependent regulation of immune responses by dendritic cells and macrophages.
abstract: Dendritic cells (DCs) control the strength and quality of antigen-specific T and B cell responses. Recent advances point to a novel mechanism, in which metabolism of vitamin A into retinoic acid (RA) in DCs, regulate critical parameters of lymphocyte differentiation. First, RA enhances the induction of Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells by DCs. Thus, specific subsets of intestinal DCs and macrophages constitutively express RA synthesizing enzymes, and induce T regulatory cells. In addition, RA programs DCs to imprint mucosal homing properties on activated T and B cells, and enhanced induction of immunoglobulin-A (IgA) by B cells. Here, we review these recent advances, in the context of the pleiotropic effects of RA in regulating diverse biological processes.
authors.affiliation: Emory Vaccine Center & Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
authors.forename: Santhakumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manicassamy
authors.forename: Bali
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pulendran
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D014212:Tretinoin
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