Cross-species virus transmission and the emergence of new epidemic diseases.
Host range is a viral property reflecting natural hosts that are infected either as part of a principal transmission cycle or, less commonly, as "spillover" infections into alternative hosts. Rarely, viruses gain the ability to spread efficiently within a new host that was not previously exposed or susceptible. These transfers involve either increased exposure or the acquisition of variations that allow them to overcome barriers to infection of the new hosts. In these cases, devastating outbreaks can result. Steps involved in transfers of viruses to new hosts include contact between the virus and the host, infection of an initial individual leading to amplification and an outbreak, and the generation within the original or new host of viral variants that have the ability to spread efficiently between individuals in populations of the new host. Here we review what is known about host switching leading to viral emergence from known examples, considering the evolutionary mechanisms, virus-host interactions, host range barriers to infection, and processes that allow efficient host-to-host transmission in the new host population.
Parrish
Colin R
CR
Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. crp3@cornell.edu
Holmes
Edward C
EC
Morens
David M
DM
Park
Eun-Chung
EC
Burke
Donald S
DS
Calisher
Charles H
CH
Laughlin
Catherine A
CA
Saif
Linda J
LJ
Daszak
Peter
P
D000818:Animals; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004285:Dogs; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011817:Rabbits; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D018406:Virus Physiological Phenomena; D014780:Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity
D011991:Receptors, Virus
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