title: Effect of ileal fat perfusion on satiety and hormone release in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ileal brake is a feedback mechanism activated by nutrients, especially fat, with marked effects on satiety. The effects of low doses of ileal fat on satiety are largely unknown. We therefore studied the effect of ileal vs oral delivery of low doses of fat on satiety and gut peptide secretion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, single-blind crossover design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen healthy, normal-weight volunteers (6 male; mean age 26 years, mean body mass index 22.4).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were intubated with a 290-cm-long nasoileal tube and consumed, on 3 consecutive days, either a liquid breakfast with 3 g fat followed by an ileal placebo infusion at t=105-150 min (treatment C) or a fat-free liquid breakfast followed by an ileal infusion of either an emulsion of 3 g (treatment 13 g) or 9 g (treatment 19 g) fat (safflower oil).
  
  
  METHODS
  Satiety parameters by visual analog scales and plasma concentrations of CCK and PYY.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C significantly increased satiety and CCK secretion compared with the fat-free breakfast. Ileal fat perfusion of both 3 and 9 g 13 g and 19 g) significantly increased satiety during and after fat perfusion, without differences in satiety between 13 g and 19 g. During ileal fat infusion, CCK increased dose dependently, whereas PYY concentrations increased significantly only after 9 g of fat. Secretion of CCK but not of PYY correlated to satiety levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postprandial satiety following a liquid breakfast can be effectively and significantly increased by small amounts (as little as 3 g) of fat perfused into the ileum. Ileal fat dose-dependently increased CCK but not PYY secretion. The satiating effect of ileal fat may be partly mediated by CCK.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. pwj.maljaars@intmed.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: P W J
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Maljaars
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Symersky
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Kee
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haddeman
authors.forename: H P F
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: A A M
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Masclee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology*; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000378:metabolism*; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D010477:Perfusion; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012450:Safflower Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D019894:Peptide YY; D012450:Safflower Oil; D002766:Cholecystokinin