Cold immersion recovery responses in the diabetic foot with neuropathy.
The aim of this article was to investigate the effectiveness of testing cold immersion recovery responses in the diabetic foot with neuropathy using a contact thermography system based on thermochromic liquid crystals. A total of 81 subjects with no history of diabetic foot ulceration were assigned to neuropathy, non neuropathy and healthy groups. Each group received prior verbal and written description of the test objectives and subsequently underwent a comprehensive foot care examination. The room temperature and humidity were consistently maintained at 24 degrees C and less than 50%, respectively, with air conditioning. The right foot for each subject was located on the measurement platform after cold immersion in water at 18-20 degrees C. Whole-field thermal images of the plantar foot were recorded for 10 minutes. Patients with diabetes with neuropathy show the highest 'delta temperature', that is difference between the temperature after 10-minute recovery period and baseline temperature measured independently at all the three sites tested, that is first metatarsal head (MTH), second MTH and heel. This clinical study showed for the first time the evidence of poor recovery times for the diabetic foot with neuropathy when assessing the foot under load. A temperature deficit (because of poor recovery to baseline temperature) suggests degeneration of thermoreceptors, leading to diminished hypothalamus-mediated activity in the diabetic neuropathic group.
Bharara
Manish
M
Southern Arizona Limb Salvage Alliance (SALSA), University of Arizona and Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs, Health Care System, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724-5072, USA. manish.bharara@gmail.com
Viswanathan
Vijay
V
Cobb
Jonathan E
JE
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003080:Cold Temperature; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000502:physiology; D007101:Immersion / Q000503:physiopathology; D050866:Liquid Crystals; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D013823:Thermoreceptors / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
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