title: Staphylococcus aureus in nasal lavage and biopsy of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylococcus aureus may play a relevant etiologic role in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and may explain the T(H2) shift observed in CRS with nasal polyps (CRSNP(+)). Naturally occurring S. aureus small colony variants (SASCV) escape immune surveillance, antibiotic treatment and microbiologic routine diagnostic techniques. The frequency of S. aureus and SASCV in CRS patients and S. aureus-related effects on the local immune response should be prospectively investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasal lavages and mucosal biopsies of CRS patients were examined with bacterial culture suitable for detecting SASCV, real time PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization. To assess the effects of S. aureus positivity, interleukin-5 (IL-5), interferon-gamma, total immunoglobulin E (IgE), eotaxin, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and eosinophil cationic protein in nasal lavages were determined and gene transcription analysis of nasal biopsies from S. aureus positive and negative CRSNP(+) patients was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one CRSNP(+) patients, 13 CRS patients without polyps, and 21 control patients were evaluated. Staphylococcus aureus was detected by any method in 25 patients (39%). Staphylococcus aureus detection rates did not differ between the three disease groups (P = 0.3). Staphylococcus aureus small colony variants were not found. In nasal lavages, IL-5 and total IgE levels were higher in CRSNP(+) patients than in CRSNP(-) patients or controls (P < 0.05). Staphylococcus aureus positivity did not influence biomarker concentrations in nasal lavages. Genes for T(H2) cytokines were not differentially transcribed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We could not observe a higher prevalence of S. aureus in CRS patients with or without nasal polyps than in controls. We could not substantiate that S. aureus intensifies the T(H2) shift in CRSNP(+) patients. Staphylococcus aureus small colony variants were not detected in any sample.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Niederfuhr
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kirsche
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deutschle
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poppert
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Riechelmann
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wellinghausen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001706:Biopsy; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology