title: Nicotine differentially inhibits the acoustic startle reflex in African American and Caucasian American smokers.
abstract: Research suggests that there are racial disparities in smoking behaviors, cessation rates, mortality, and morbidity. However, little is known regarding racial differences in affect regulation by smoking. The purpose of this study was to examine racial differences in the effects of nicotine deprivation and administration on smokers' startle responding to smoking and affective cues. 104 African American (AA) and Caucasian American (CA) smokers completed 4 laboratory sessions crossing nicotine deprivation (12-hour deprived vs. nondeprived) with nicotine nasal spray (active vs. placebo). Participants viewed affective (positive, neutral, and negative) and smoking slides while startle probes were administered. The results showed that relative to placebo, AA smokers given nicotine spray exhibited significantly lower startle responses when they were exposed to smoking cues and CA smokers given nicotine spray exhibited significantly lower startle responses when they were exposed to negative and neutral cues. Although nicotine suppresses startle responding in both AA and CA smokers, the effect is modulated by different cue conditions, suggesting that there may be racial differences in components of smoking motivation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230-1439, USA. cholam@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Cho Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Wetter
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Minnix
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Cinciripini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D044383:Black People; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012022:Reflex, Acoustic / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000208:ethnology*; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine
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