title: Retinal function in best macular dystrophy: relationship between electrophysiological, psychophysical, and structural measures of damage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish structure-function correlations across the visual field, to investigate disease progression in Best macular dystrophy (BMD), by correlating structural damage with retinal function as assessed by the combination of psychophysics and multifocal electrophysiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Spatial achromatic and chromatic contrast sensitivities (probing red-green and blue-yellow pathways) were assessed using custom-made psychophysical software to evaluate retinal damage in BMD and age-matched control eyes (n = 19 and n = 22, respectively). Neurosensory retinal dysfunction was also evaluated by means of multifocal electroretinography (mfERG). Correlation analysis was performed between functional parameters in BMD, clinical measures, and morphologic data obtained by optical coherence tomography (OCT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant peripheral impairment of retinal function, as measured by mfERG and spatial achromatic contrast sensitivity (CS) methods, was found in BMD. Furthermore, changes in thickness of the neurosensory retina, as measured by OCT, and reduced mfERG responses were also indicators of early loss in BMD and often occurred even with preserved visual acuity. Disease duration was significantly correlated with psychophysical deterioration in chromatic and achromatic tasks but not with mfERG measures. Interestingly, partial correlation analysis revealed a significant independent correlation with our CS measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Novel topographic achromatic and chromatic CS methods can detect and quantify functional impairment in early stages of BMD, including the involvement of the peripheral retina and the central chromatic pathway, and can provide new pathophysiological information with added value in relation to electrophysiological and structural measures of damage.
authors.affiliation: Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maia-Lopes
authors.forename: Eduardo Duarte
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Aldina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: Maria Fátima
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mateus
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castelo-Branco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000075002:Bestrophins; D002648:Child; D018118:Chloride Channels / Q000235:genetics; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004596:Electroretinography; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000503:physiopathology; D011601:Psychophysics; D012160:Retina / Q000503:physiopathology*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014794:Visual Fields; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C113133:BEST1 protein, human; D000075002:Bestrophins; D018118:Chloride Channels; D005136:Eye Proteins