title: Household smoking and childhood asthma in the United States: a state-level analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reason for the substantial geographic variation in the prevalence of childhood asthma is not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between exposure to cigarette smoking in the home and childhood asthma at the state-level, toward improving current understanding of geographic variation in childhood asthma rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from the National Children's Health Survey (NCHS, 2003), a representative sample (n = 102,000) of youth 0 to 17 years of age in the United States. Household smoking and asthma in children were reported by parents. Air quality for each state was obtained from Environmental Protection Act (EPA) reports, and state-level poverty reports were obtained from the US Department of Agriculture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Household smoking was associated with a statistically significant increase in risk of asthma among children at the state level (p = 0.026). This association did not appear to be influenced by outdoor air quality at the state level or socioeconomic position.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are the first to show a link between cigarette smoking in the home and childhood asthma at a state-level in the United States.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. rdg66@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Renee D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cowles
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012923:Social Class; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution