title: The relationship of dietary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake with incident age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no. 23.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association of dietary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid and fish intake with incident neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and central geographic atrophy (CGA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Multicenter clinic-based prospective cohort study from a clinical trial including Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) participants with bilateral drusen at enrollment. Main outcome measures were incident neovascular AMD and CGA, ascertained from annual stereoscopic color fundus photographs (median follow-up, 6.3 years). We estimated nutrient and food intake from a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline, with intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), combined EPA and DHA, and fish as primary exposures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for known covariates, we observed a reduced likelihood of progression from bilateral drusen to CGA among people who reported the highest levels of EPA (odds ratio [OR], 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23-0.87) and EPA+DHA (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.23-0.90) consumption. Levels of DHA were associated with CGA in age-, sex-, and calorie-adjusted models (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.26-1.00); however, this statistical relationship did not persist in multivariable models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary lipid intake is a modifiable factor that may influence the likelihood of developing sight-threatening forms of AMD. Our findings suggest that dietary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake is associated with a decreased risk of progression from bilateral drusen to CGA.
authors.affiliation: National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: John Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: SanGiovanni
authors.forename: Emily Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Agrón
authors.forename: Traci E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Clemons
authors.forename: Frederick L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Ferris
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gensler
authors.forename: Anne S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lindblad
authors.forename: Roy C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Milton
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Seddon
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Sperduto
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001284:Atrophy / Q000517:prevention & control; D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015593:Retinal Drusen / Q000517:prevention & control; D017747:Seafood; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid
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