title: Non-patient related variables affecting levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in urine biospecimens.
abstract: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic protein proposed to be an important biomarker for the prediction of tumour growth and disease progression. Recent studies suggest that VEGF measurements in biospecimens, including urine, may have predictive value across a range of cancers. However, the reproducibility and reliability of urinary VEGF measurements have not been determined. We collected urine samples from patients receiving radiation treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and examined the effects of five variables on measured VEGF levels using an ELISA assay. To quantify the factors affecting the precision of the assay, two variables were examined: the variation between ELISA kits with different lot numbers and the variation between different technicians. Three variables were tested for their effects on measured VEGF concentration: the time the specimen spent at room temperature prior to assay, the addition of protease inhibitors prior to specimen storage and the alteration of urinary pH. This study found that VEGF levels were consistent across three different ELISA kit lot numbers. However, significant variation was observed between results obtained by different technicians. VEGF concentrations were dependent on time at room temperature before measurement, with higher values observed 3-7 hrs after removal from the freezer. No significant difference was observed in VEGF levels with the addition of protease inhibitors, and alteration of urinary pH did not significantly affect VEGF measurements. In conclusion, this determination of the conditions necessary to reliably measure urinary VEGF levels will be useful for future studies related to protein biomarkers and disease progression.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kirk
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hayward
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sproull
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cooley-Zgela
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Crouse
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Citrin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Camphausen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D017056:Medical Laboratory Personnel; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D011480:Protease Inhibitors; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
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