title: Suppression of cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macrophages by novel cationic glucosamine derivative involves down-regulation of NF-kappaB and MAPK expressions.
abstract: Exposure of macrophages to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces release of proinflammatory cytokines that play crucial roles in chronic inflammation. Glucosamine has reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties and currently is the oral supplement of choice for the management of inflammation related complications including osteoarthritis. In this study, quaternized amino glucosamine (QAGlc), a newly synthesized cationic glucosamine (Glc) derivative was found to inhibit LPS-stimulated production of IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and PGE(2) in RAW264.7, mouse macrophages more potently than its starting material Glc. Since production of cytokines is regulated mainly via activation of NF-kappaB and regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), we examined if QAGlc could be responsible for the suppression of NF-kappaB pathway and MAPKs. We used reporter gene assay and Western blotting to examine the effects of QAGlc on activation and translocation of NF-kappaB. Further, QAGlc-mediated inhibition of NF-kappaB was accompanied with a suppression of its translocation. Apparently, QAGlc was shown to attenuate LPS-induced activation of p38 MAPK and JNK in RAW264.7 cells suggesting that inhibition of MAPK-mediated LPS signaling also contribute to suppression of cytokine production following stimulation of macrophages with LPS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Eresha
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mendis
authors.forename: Moon-Moo
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Niranjan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rajapakse
authors.forename: Se-Kwon
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002412:Cations; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005944:Glucosamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D002412:Cations; D016207:Cytokines; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D005944:Glucosamine