title: A successful, sustainable and low cost control-programme for bovine hypodermosis in France.
abstract: Bovine hypodermosis affecting livestock performance and the leather industry was still widespread in France up to the nineties despite successive directives from the Ministry of Agriculture since 1941, encouraging livestock owners to treat, on a voluntary basis. In 1969 the French Ministry of Agriculture, asked the national Farmers' Animal Health Organisation (FAHO), to plan a durable hypodermosis control programme and a working group including all the partners in cattle production was set up, under the coordination of the national FAHO. Improved systems of hypodermosis control, including new treatment and surveillance methods were developed. Among the main benefits obtained from this original work, were (i) the identification of scientific data which allowed inexpensive and accurate immuno-surveillance procedures, and a highly effective low-cost treatment, Ivomec, administered at the micro dose rate (2 microg/kg), which is environmentally non-threatening, and (ii) the development of a new strategy to manage the control programmes progressively, on a regional basis, in two to three concentric zones over three successive years at a maximum. The current programme, coordinated at the National level since 1998, has been implemented in each region of France. The compulsory systemic winter treatments directed against the endo-parasitic stage, carried out by technicians and veterinarians involved the entire bovine population in controlled zones. As each zone reached a hypodermosis herd prevalence of under 5%, usually after two years, the treatments were suspended. However treatments of the infected farms and contiguous farms were maintained. An immuno-survey was carried out, each winter, to evaluate the prevalence of the disease and detect any residual foci or re-infestations. Since 2002, bovine hypodermosis in France is under control with immuno-surveillance maintained at a very low cost. In 2006 hypodermosis became a notifiable disease.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Immunopathology INRA, IASP, 213, 37380 Nouzilly, France. cboulard@voila.fr
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boulard
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvinerie
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Argenté
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Languille
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paget
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Petit
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004175:Diptera / Q000254:growth & development*; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D007000:Hypodermyiasis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D007300:Insect Control / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D007306:Insecticides / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology; D012621:Seasons; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance / Q000662:veterinary; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D007559:Ivermectin