title: The effect of supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on markers of oxidative stress in elderly exposed to PM(2.5).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanisms of particulate matter (PM)-induced health effects are believed to involve inflammation and oxidative stress. Increased intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) appears to have anti-inflammatory effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  As part of a trial to evaluate whether n-3 PUFA supplementation could protect against the cardiac alterations linked to PM exposure, we measured biomarkers of response to oxidative stimuli [copper/zinc (Cu/Zn) superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, lipoperoxidation (LPO) products, and reduced glutathione (GSH)] and evaluated the impact of supplementation on plasma levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited residents from a nursing home in Mexico City chronically exposed to PM < or = 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(2.5)) and followed them from 26 September 2001 to 10 April 2002. We randomly assigned subjects in a double-blind fashion to receive either fish oil (n-3 PUFA) or soy oil. We measured PM(2.5) levels indoors at the nursing home, and measured Cu/Zn SOD activity, LPO products, and GSH at different times during presupplementation and supplementation phases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Supplementation with either fish or soy oil was related to an increase of Cu/Zn SOD activity and an increase in GSH plasma levels, whereas exposure to indoor PM(2.5) levels was related to a decrease in Cu/Zn SOD activity and GSH plasma levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Supplementation with n-3 PUFA appeared to modulate the adverse effects of PM(2.5) on these biomarkers, particularly in the fish oil group. Supplementation with n-3 PUFA could modulate oxidative response to PM(2.5) exposure.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. iromieu@correo.insp.mx
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Romieu
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garcia-Esteban
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunyer
authors.forename: Camilo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.forename: Mireya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alcaraz-Zubeldia
authors.forename: Silvia Ruiz
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Velasco
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Holguin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005978:Glutathione
references.citation: Chem Biol Interact. 2006 Mar 10;160(1):1-40
references.pmid: 16430879
references.citation: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Dec 15;172(12):1534-40
references.pmid: 16210665
references.citation: Stat Med. 1999 Feb 15;18(3):255-64
references.pmid: 10070672
references.citation: Br J Nutr. 2006 Jan;95(1):18-26
references.pmid: 16441913
references.citation: Curr Hypertens Rep. 2003 Feb;5(1):32-9
references.pmid: 12530933
references.citation: Mutat Res. 2005 Dec 30;592(1-2):119-37
references.pmid: 16085126
references.citation: Circulation. 2002 Nov 19;106(21):2747-57
references.pmid: 12438303
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2005 Mar;6(3):223-6
references.pmid: 15716966
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May;114(5):684-90
references.pmid: 16675421
references.citation: Salud Publica Mex. 1998 Mar-Apr;40(2):133-40
references.pmid: 9617194
references.citation: J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2003;17(1):24-38
references.pmid: 12616644
references.citation: Circulation. 2003 Jun 3;107(21):2646-52
references.pmid: 12782616
references.citation: Lipids. 2001;36 Suppl:S107-10
references.pmid: 11837982
references.citation: Stat Methods Med Res. 1995 Sep;4(3):187-96
references.pmid: 8548102
references.citation: Inhal Toxicol. 2005 Aug;17(9):467-73
references.pmid: 16020041
references.citation: Environ Sci Technol. 2006 Apr 15;40(8):2805-11
references.pmid: 16683627
references.citation: Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2000 Jun;94(Pt 2):5-70; discussion 71-9
references.pmid: 11354823
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Mar;113(3):304-9
references.pmid: 15743719
references.citation: Mol Aspects Med. 2004 Feb-Apr;25(1-2):169-82
references.pmid: 15051325
references.citation: Brain Res Bull. 2001 May 15;55(2):277-9
references.pmid: 11470327
references.citation: Chest. 2005 Apr;127(4):1102-7
references.pmid: 15821181
references.citation: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2000 Jul 15;166(2):101-10
references.pmid: 10896851
references.citation: Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2002 Jul;283(1):L211-8
references.pmid: 12060579
references.citation: Lancet. 1999 Aug 7;354(9177):447-55
references.pmid: 10465168
references.citation: Eur Respir J Suppl. 2003 May;40:76s-80s
references.pmid: 12762579
references.citation: Epidemiology. 2003 Sep;14(5):521-7
references.pmid: 14501266
references.citation: Eur Respir J Suppl. 2003 May;40:28s-33s
references.pmid: 12762571
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jan;71(1 Suppl):213S-23S
references.pmid: 10617974
references.citation: J Biopharm Stat. 2001 Nov;11(4):253-73
references.pmid: 12018779
references.citation: Environ Res. 2005 Sep;99(1):40-7
references.pmid: 16053926
references.citation: Brain Res. 1998 Apr 6;789(1):32-9
references.pmid: 9602043
references.citation: Circulation. 2000 Mar 21;101(11):1267-73
references.pmid: 10725286
references.citation: Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000 Aug;23(2):182-7
references.pmid: 10919984
references.citation: J Neurochem. 1984 Apr;42(4):976-80
references.pmid: 6699647
references.citation: Arch Med Res. 1999 May-Jun;30(3):224-39
references.pmid: 10427874
references.citation: Eur Respir J. 2006 Jul;28(1):219-42
references.pmid: 16816350
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jun;83(6 Suppl):1505S-1519S
references.pmid: 16841861
references.citation: Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Nov;115(11):1617-22
references.pmid: 18007994
references.citation: Toxicol Ind Health. 2006 Jun;22(5):223-9
references.pmid: 16898265
references.citation: Methods Enzymol. 1994;233:380-5
references.pmid: 8015473
references.citation: J Intern Med. 2001 Jun;249(6):545-52
references.pmid: 11422661