title: Economic and clinical impact of multiple myeloma to managed care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because of the development of novel agents such as immunomodulators, proteasome inhibitors, and bisphosphonates, the standards of care for the multiple myeloma (MM) patient have changed. The costs associated with current and emerging therapies, as well as supportive care, are significant and pose a tremendous financial burden to both patients and managed care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the economic impact of MM and to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of current treatments in bringing value for prolonged life versus the cost of treatment. This chapter will also discuss the need for thorough data review and pharmacoeconomic analyses to determine the most cost-effective therapies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although MM accounts for only a small percentage of all cancer types, the costs associated with treating and managing it are among the highest. Recent developments in diagnosing, treating, and managing myeloma have led to novel treatment strategies. Immunomodulators, proteasome inhibitors, and bisphosphonates are improving response rates and preserving quality of life. However, these agents are not replacing older treatment modalities, but being used in addition to them. Intensive chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, and supportive care are all important components in achieving treatment goals. Costs associated with stem cell transplants and complications of the disease add to the economic burden of myeloma. Additional costs for routine diagnostics to measure the progression of the disease or response to treatment need to be considered. Complications (e.g., lytic bone disease, infection, anemia, and renal failure) also add to morbidity and mortality, thus increasing the burden to the patient and the health care system as a whole. Financial and time constraints of caregivers must also be considered, as well as the added administrative burdens to health care providers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New standards of care in the treatment and management of myeloma are likely to lead to significant increases in costs. Although costs are not the only elements to be considered, they are crucial in the management of this already costly disease. All aspects of myeloma treatment and supportive care must be evaluated and analyzed. Cost of pharmaceuticals alone must not be a driving factor in treatment decisions. Economic analyses can be used to demonstrate that the least expensive alternative is not always the most economical, and that it may not produce an optimal outcome for both the health plan and the patient. Although cost containment is clearly an important objective, quality of care is the first priority, and managed care organizations have the challenge of making balanced cost and benefit assessments.
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Quality Programs, Pharmacy Services, Blue Care Network of Michigan, Grand Rapids, MI 49516, USA. rcook1@bcbsm.com
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000191:economics*; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents