title: In vitro biologic activities of the antimicrobials triclocarban, its analogs, and triclosan in bioassay screens: receptor-based bioassay screens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concerns have been raised about the biological and toxicologic effects of the antimicrobials triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) in personal care products. Few studies have evaluated their biological activities in mammalian cells to assess their potential for adverse effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we assessed the activity of TCC, its analogs, and TCS in in vitro nuclear-receptor-responsive and calcium signaling bioassays.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the biological activities of the compounds in in vitro, cell-based, and nuclear-receptor-responsive bioassays for receptors for aryl hydrocarbon (AhR), estrogen (ER), androgen (AR), and ryanodine (RyR1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Some carbanilide compounds, including TCC (1-10 muM), enhanced estradiol (E(2))-dependent or testosterone-dependent activation of ER- and AR-responsive gene expression up to 2.5-fold but exhibited little or no agonistic activity alone. Some carbanilides and TCS exhibited weak agonistic and/or antagonistic activity in the AhR-responsive bioassay. TCS exhibited antagonistic activity in both ER- and AR-responsive bioassays. TCS (0.1-10 muM) significantly enhanced the binding of [(3)H]ryanodine to RyR1 and caused elevation of resting cytosolic [Ca(2+)] in primary skeletal myotubes, but carbanilides had no effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carbanilides, including TCC, enhanced hormone-dependent induction of ER- and AR-dependent gene expression but had little agonist activity, suggesting a new mechanism of action of endocrine-disrupting compounds. TCS, structurally similar to noncoplanar ortho-substituted poly-chlorinated biphenyls, exhibited weak AhR activity but interacted with RyR1 and stimulated Ca(2+) mobilization. These observations have potential implications for human and animal health. Further investigations are needed into the biological and toxicologic effects of TCC, its analogs, and TCS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Ki Chang
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Jiangang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Gennady
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cherednichenko
authors.forename: Enio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sanmarti
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Denison
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lasley
authors.forename: Isaac N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Pessah
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kültz
authors.forename: Daniel P Y
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Shirley J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hammock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001681:Biological Assay; D002224:Carbanilides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008958:Models, Molecular; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000187:drug effects; D014260:Triclosan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002224:Carbanilides; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D014260:Triclosan; C009540:triclocarban
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