title: Relation of dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, added sugar intake, or fiber intake to the development of body composition between ages 2 and 7 y.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Observational studies in adults suggest that a diet with a high glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL), a high intake of sugary foods, or a low fiber intake may increase the risk of overweight.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to examine prospectively whether dietary GI, GL, added sugar intake, or fiber intake between age 2 and 7 y are associated with the development of body composition. If so, we aimed to ascertain whether these associations are modified by meal frequency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Linear mixed-effect regression analyses were performed in 380 participants of the DOrtmund Nutrition and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study for whom 4-6 weighed 3-d dietary records and anthropometric data were obtained between ages 2 and 7 y.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in dietary GI, GL, or added sugar intake between ages 2 and 7 y were not associated with concurrent changes in percentage body fat (%BF, as estimated from skinfold thicknesses) or body mass index SD scores. An increase in fiber intake was related to a concurrent decrease in %BF between ages 2 and 7 y only in children who consumed <6 meals/d as toddlers (beta +/- SE from fully adjusted model: -0.26 +/- 0.09%BF per 1-SD increase in fiber intake, P = 0.005), whereas children with a higher meal frequency had no concurrent change (0.07 +/- 0.07%BF per 1-SD increase in fiber intake, P = 0.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary GI, GL, or added sugar intake between ages 2 and 7 y does not appear to influence the development of body composition. Potential benefits associated with increasing fiber intake throughout childhood may be limited to toddlers with a lower meal frequency.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Dortmund, Germany. buyken@fke-do.de
authors.forename: Anette E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Buyken
authors.forename: Guo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Anke Lb
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Günther
authors.forename: Angela D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Liese
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Remer
authors.forename: Nadina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karaolis-Danckert
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002241:Carbohydrates; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000494:pharmacology*; D038321:Glycemic Index / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber