title: Withdrawal symptoms as a predictor of mortality in patients HIV-infected through drug use and receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
abstract: Even in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, individuals HIV-infected through injecting drug use (IDUs) are at increased risk of death due to the burden of competing events such as liver disease, overdose and suicide. The objective of this study was to explore the role which life events' experience, in particular drug-related events such as detoxification or withdrawal symptoms, may play on the risk of death in HIV-infected IDUs. Our analysis was based on longitudinal data of 296 HIV-infected IDUs from when they started HAART. Data collection included medical records and patient's self-reports detailing, among other information, life events including drug-related problems. Multiple imputations for missing data in the explanatory variables together with Cox models were used to identify predictors of death. During HAART follow-up, 26 deaths occurred, corresponding to 1.8 deaths per 100 person-years. The majority (N=8) were attributable to liver disease while 5 were from unknown causes (found deceased at home or in a car). After adjustment for age and time-dependent viral load (>10,000 cp/ml) individuals experiencing withdrawal symptoms had a fivefold increased risk of death with respect to the others. Withdrawal symptoms in IDUs living with HIV reflect physicians' difficulties in managing their patients' opioid dependence. Early detection and increasing substitution dosages or switching to a more adequate treatment could prevent possible drug-related deaths.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U669, Paris, France. laurent.michel@erx.aphp.fr
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Roch
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giorgi
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Villes
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Poizot-Martin
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dellamonica
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spire
authors.forename: Camelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Protopopescu
authors.forename: M Patrizia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Carrieri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires