title: Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the blood of children and adolescents with juvenile bipolar disorder.
abstract: Reduced long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been reported in adult patients suffering from depression and bipolar disorder (BD). LCn-3PUFA status has not previously been examined in children and adolescents with BD compared with healthy controls. Fifteen children and adolescents (9-18 years, M +/- SD = 14.4 +/- 3.48) diagnosed with juvenile bipolar disorder (JBD) and fifteen healthy age and sex-matched controls were assessed for dietary intake and fasting red blood cell (RBC) membrane concentrations of LCn-3PUFA. Fatty acid concentrations were compared between participants diagnosed with JBD and controls after controlling for dietary intake. RBC membrane concentrations of EPA and DHA were not significantly lower in participants diagnosed with JBD compared with healthy controls (M +/- sem EPA = 3.37 +/- 0.26 vs. 3.69 +/- 0.27 microg/mL, P = 0.458; M +/- sem DHA = 22.08 +/- 2.23 vs. 24.61 +/- 2.38 microg/mL, P = 0.528) after controlling for intake. Red blood cell DHA was negatively (r = -0.55; P = 0.044) related to clinician ratings of depression. Although lower RBC concentrations of LCn-3PUFA were explained by lower intakes in the current study, previous evidence has linked reduced LCn-3PUFA to the aetiology of BD. As RBC DHA was also negatively related to symptoms of depression, a randomised placebo-controlled study examining supplementation with LCn-3PUFA as an adjunct to standard pharmacotherapy appears warranted in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Pine Gully Rd, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia. edward.clayton@dpi.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Clayton
authors.forename: Tanya L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Hanstock
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hirneth
authors.forename: Colin J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kable
authors.forename: Manohar L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Hazell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000097:blood; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000097:blood; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid
references.citation: Neurochem Res. 1999 Mar;24(3):399-406
references.pmid: 10215514
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2001 Aug;3(4):202-10
references.pmid: 11552959
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 1999 Mar 22;85(3):275-91
references.pmid: 10333380
references.citation: Lancet. 1998 Apr 18;351(9110):1213
references.pmid: 9643729
references.citation: J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;66(6):726-9
references.pmid: 15960565
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 1996 Dec 20;220(3):171-4
references.pmid: 8994220
references.citation: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000 Sep;102(3):162-70
references.pmid: 11008850
references.citation: Pharmacol Res. 2007 Mar;55(3):217-23
references.pmid: 17324586
references.citation: JAMA. 1997 Mar 19;277(11):925-6
references.pmid: 9062334
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 2003 Nov;77(2):179-90
references.pmid: 14607396
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 1997 Dec 5;73(3):159-71
references.pmid: 9481807
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 2006 Jan;47(1):172-80
references.pmid: 16210728
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2006 Aug;189:109-17
references.pmid: 16880479
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 1994 Aug;31(4):281-94
references.pmid: 7989643
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995 Apr;34(4):454-63
references.pmid: 7751259
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 1998 Mar;48(2-3):149-55
references.pmid: 9543204
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1996 Feb 15;97(4):1129-33
references.pmid: 8613538
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2001 May;77(3):796-803
references.pmid: 11331408
references.citation: J Lipid Res. 1986 Jan;27(1):114-20
references.pmid: 3958609
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Nov;86(5):1278-85
references.pmid: 17991636
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 1996 Apr 26;38(1):35-46
references.pmid: 8735157
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 1978 Nov;133:429-35
references.pmid: 728692
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;188:46-50
references.pmid: 16388069
references.citation: Nutr J. 2008 Feb 14;7:8
references.pmid: 18275609
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Mar 1;43(5):315-9
references.pmid: 9513745
references.citation: Int J Epidemiol. 2001 Apr;30(2):334-40
references.pmid: 11369739
references.citation: J Psychiatr Res. 2003 Jan-Feb;37(1):61-73
references.pmid: 12482471
references.citation: Prev Med. 2006 Jan;42(1):4-13
references.pmid: 16337677
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 Sep;36(9):1168-76
references.pmid: 9291717
references.citation: J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;68(7):1056-61
references.pmid: 17685742
references.citation: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960 Feb;23:56-62
references.pmid: 14399272
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jul;59(7):817-25
references.pmid: 15900310
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 May;57(5 Suppl):801S-805S; discussion 805S-806
references.pmid: 8475898
references.citation: Neurochem Int. 1981 Mar;3(1):37-42
references.pmid: 20487806
references.citation: J Anim Sci. 1998 Apr;76(4):1216-31
references.pmid: 9581947
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;58(5):761-70
references.pmid: 15116079
references.citation: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003 Mar;13(2):99-103
references.pmid: 12650953
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983 Nov;40(11):1228-31
references.pmid: 6639293
references.citation: Bipolar Disord. 2000 Sep;2(3 Pt 2):281-93
references.pmid: 11249806
references.citation: BMJ. 1996 Feb 3;312(7026):287-92
references.pmid: 8611787
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Oct 1;56(7):490-6
references.pmid: 15450784
references.citation: J Chromatogr A. 1997 Aug 22;778(1-2):435-9
references.pmid: 9299750
references.citation: Lipids Health Dis. 2007 Sep 18;6:21
references.pmid: 17877810
references.citation: Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2007 Apr;19(2):92-103
references.pmid: 26952820
references.citation: Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1994;377:7-10
references.pmid: 8053370
references.citation: Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Oct;54(4):668-73
references.pmid: 1832813
references.citation: Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Nov;61(11):1312-7
references.pmid: 17299483
references.citation: Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(3):515-24
references.pmid: 17045757
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Dec;160(12):2222-7
references.pmid: 14638594
references.citation: Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1999 Apr;60(4):217-34
references.pmid: 10397403
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001 Apr;40(4):450-5
references.pmid: 11314571