title: Characterization and chemical activity of Portland cement and two experimental cements with potential for use in dentistry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the chemical activity of Portland cement and two other cement types with similar chemical composition to mineral trioxide aggregate with the aim of developing these cements for further applications in dentistry.
  
  
  METHODS
  The chemical composition of the three cement types namely Portland cement, calcium sulpho-aluminate cement and calcium fluoro-aluminate cement was evaluated by elemental analysis using energy dispersive analysis with X-ray under the scanning electron microscope and by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) to determine the phases. The constituents of the hydration reaction by-products were evaluated by XRD analysis of the set cements at 1, 7, 28 and 56 days and by analysis of the leachate by ion chromatography. The pH of both cements and leachate was determined at different time intervals. Cements admixed with micro-silica were also tested to determine the effect of micro-silica on the reaction by-products.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three cement types were composed of tricalcium silicate as the main constituent phase. The hydration reaction of Portland cement produced calcium hydroxide. However, this was not present in the other cements tested at all ages. Admixed micro-silica had little or no effect on the cements with regard to reaction by-products. The pH of all cements tested was alkaline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the experimental calcium sulpho-aluminate cement and calcium fluoro-aluminate cement had different hydration reactions to that of Portland cement even though calcium silicate was the major constituent element of both cement types. No calcium hydroxide was produced as a by-product to cement hydration. Micro-silica addition to the cement had no effect on the hydration reaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Building and Civil Engineering, University of Malta, Malta. josette.camilleri@um.edu.mt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Camilleri
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002845:Chromatography; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D005461:Fluorine / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D012823:Silicate Cement / Q000737:chemistry*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013457:Sulfur Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003738:Dental Cements; D013457:Sulfur Compounds; C472247:accelerated Portland cement; C529583:calcium sulfoaluminate; D014867:Water; D012823:Silicate Cement; C053629:fluoroaluminum; D005461:Fluorine; D000535:Aluminum