title: The defective seed5 (des5) mutant: effects on barley seed development and HvDek1, HvCr4, and HvSal1 gene regulation.
abstract: Barley, one of the major small grain crops, is especially important in climatically demanding agricultural areas of the world, with multiple uses within food, feed, and beverage. The barley endosperm is further of special scientific interest due to its three aleurone cell layers, with the potential of bringing forward the molecular understanding of seed development and cell specification from Arabidopsis and maize. Work done in Arabidopsis and maize indicate the presence of conserved seed developmental pathways where Crinkly4 (Cr4), Defective kernel1 (Dek1), and Supernumerary aleurone layer1 (Sal1) are key players. With the use of microscopy, a comprehensive phenotypic characterization of the barley defective seed5 (des5) mutant is presented here. The analysis further extends to molecular quantification of gene expression changes in the des5 mutant by qRT-PCR. Moreover, full-length genomic sequences of the barley orthologues were generated and these were annotated as HvDek1, HvCr4, and HvSal1. The most striking results in this study are the patchy reduction in number of aleurone cells, rudimentary anticlinal aleurone cell walls, and the specific change of HvCr4 expression compared to HvDek1 and HvSal1. The data presented support the involvement of Hvdes5 in establishing aleurone cells. Finally, how these results might affect the current model of aleurone and epidermal cell identity and development is discussed with a speculation regarding a possible role of Des5 in regulating cell division/ secondary cell wall building.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003 N-1432 As, Norway.
authors.forename: Lene T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Hege H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Divon
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al
authors.forename: Kjetil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fosnes
authors.forename: Stein Erik
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lid
authors.forename: Hilde-Gunn
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Opsahl-Sorteberg
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D001467:Hordeum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012639:Seeds / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D013213:Starch / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D013213:Starch
references.citation: Plant J. 2005 Oct;44(1):114-27
references.pmid: 16167900
references.citation: Nat Biotechnol. 2000 Jun;18(6):630-4
references.pmid: 10835600
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2006 Nov;18(11):3132-44
references.pmid: 17098812
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2003 Sep 5;278(36):34467-74
references.pmid: 12824178
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2008 Apr;146(4):1738-58
references.pmid: 18281415
references.citation: Biol Chem. 2001 May;382(5):743-51
references.pmid: 11517927
references.citation: Plant Physiol. 2001 Oct;127(2):486-96
references.pmid: 11598223
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2004;16 Suppl:S214-27
references.pmid: 15010513
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 16;99(8):5460-5
references.pmid: 11929961
references.citation: Planta. 2005 Jun;221(3):339-51
references.pmid: 15647902
references.citation: Comput Appl Biosci. 1996 Aug;12(4):357-8
references.pmid: 8902363
references.citation: Plant J. 1994 Mar;5(3):385-96
references.pmid: 8180622
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 May 27;100(11):6552-7
references.pmid: 12750475
references.citation: Microsc Acta. 1980 May;83(2):117-21
references.pmid: 6156384
references.citation: Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2000 Dec;3(6):493-502
references.pmid: 11074381
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 2001 Sep;47(1-2):209-19
references.pmid: 11554473
references.citation: Planta. 2005 Mar;220(5):645-57
references.pmid: 15549374
references.citation: Plant Mol Biol. 2006 Jul;61(4-5):589-601
references.pmid: 16897477
references.citation: Plant Cell. 1994 Sep;6(9):1241-1252
references.pmid: 12244271
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2005 Nov;17(11):2993-3006
references.pmid: 16214898
references.citation: Development. 2002 Nov;129(22):5217-25
references.pmid: 12399313
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1997 Sep 1;25(17):3389-402
references.pmid: 9254694
references.citation: Gene. 2004 Oct 27;341:49-58
references.pmid: 15474287
references.citation: Theor Appl Genet. 1987 Jun;74(2):177-87
references.pmid: 24241562
references.citation: Plant Cell. 2007 Oct;19(10):3127-45
references.pmid: 17933905
references.citation: Science. 1996 Sep 6;273(5280):1406-9
references.pmid: 8703079
references.citation: Development. 2000 Sep;127(18):4039-48
references.pmid: 10952901
references.citation: Planta. 2004 Jan;218(3):370-8
references.pmid: 14557881
references.citation: Nucleic Acids Res. 1997 Dec 15;25(24):4876-82
references.pmid: 9396791
references.citation: Plant J. 2002 Jul;31(1):97-112
references.pmid: 12100486