title: CXCL6 (granulocyte chemotactic protein-2): a novel chemokine involved in the innate immune response of the amniotic cavity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  CXCL6 is a potent pro-inflammatory neutrophil chemoattractant and activator whose activity during pregnancy is not well-established. The purpose of this study was to determine if CXCL6 is present in amniotic fluid (AF) and if CXCL6 concentrations in AF change with labor (pre-term and term) or intra-amniotic infection/inflammation (IAI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was designed including the following groups: (1) mid-trimester (n = 65); (2) term no labor (n = 20); (3) term labor (n = 44); (4) patients with pre-term labor (PTL) with subsequent term delivery (n = 57); (5) PTL without IAI who delivered pre-term (n = 47); and (6) PTL with IAI (n = 62). AF CXCL6 concentrations were determined by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CXCL6 was present in all term samples, but undetectable in 64/65 mid-trimester specimens. Patients with PTL and IAI had a significantly higher median AF CXCL6 concentration than those with PTL without IAI [228.9 pg/mL (0.0-8344.8) versus 55.7 pg/mL (0-454.4); P < 0.05] and those with PTL and term delivery [41.5 pg/mL (0-279.0); P < 0.05]. The median AF CXCL6 concentration did not change with spontaneous term labor [term no labor: 81.1 pg/mL (8.5-201.7) versus term labor: 75.2 pg/mL (6.7-378.7): P = 0.7].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) CXCL6 is detectable in AF and its concentration increases with gestational age; (2) IAI results in increased AF CXCL6 concentrations, suggesting that CXCL6 plays a role in the deployment of an inflammatory response; (3) In contrast to related chemokines, specifically IL-8, AF CXCL6 does not appear to be involved in spontaneous term parturition. These observations are novel, and suggest a role for CXCL6 in the innate immune response to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. prbchiefstaff@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Juan Pedro
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kusanovic
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Edwin
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gotsch
authors.forename: Shali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazaki-Tovi
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.forename: Offer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Erez
authors.forename: Chia-Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Nhan-Chang
authors.forename: Nandor G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Than
authors.forename: Edi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vaisbuch
authors.forename: Sonia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hassan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000650:Amnion / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D054427:Chemokine CXCL6 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007752:Obstetric Labor, Premature / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D047929:Term Birth / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054427:Chemokine CXCL6
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