title: Optimal C2 concentration of cyclosporin corrected with good efficacy and safety in Asian kidney transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) are known for their renal toxicity. Lower CNI exposure is a reasonable option to mitigate potential CNI-induced renal toxicity. Herein we have presented our long-term results after lower cyclosporine (CsA) exposure in the first year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1997 and 2004, 63 renal transplant recipients received CsA-based immunosuppression. CsA dosing was adjusted according to the 2-hour whole blood concentration (C2) level. We retrospectively reviewed acute rejection and graft survivals rates, as well as whole blood C2 levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Review of serial mean C2 concentrations at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months after transplantation were 1341, 1241, 1191, 1059, and 927 ng/mL, respectively. These levels were slightly lower than those suggested by the Consensus for C2 levels by Levy et al in 2002, namely, 1600 to 2000 ng/mL (mean, 1700); 1400 to 1600 ng/mL (mean, 1500); 1200 to 1400 ng/mL (mean, 1300); 1000 to 1200 ng/mL (mean, 1100), and 800 to 1000 ng/mL (mean, 900), respectively. Acute rejection rate at 3 months and 1 year are 17.5% and 23.8%. Graft survival at 1 year was 97% and at 5 years, 89%. Two patient were lost to fulminant hepatitis and acute myocardial infarction during the first year, which were not associated with underimmunosuppression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Appropriate CsA C2 levels may be lower among Taiwanese. Our C2 dosing strategy resulted in good outcomes with acceptable side effects in our single-center experience. Appropriate CsA C2 levels for Asians deserve more attention in trials of larger scale; most reference levels are presently concluded from studies of Caucasians.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chueh
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D001379:Azathioprine