title: Contaminant accumulation and biomarker responses in caged mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, to evaluate bioavailability and toxicological effects of remobilized chemicals during dredging and disposal operations in harbour areas.
abstract: Remobilization of chemicals from contaminated sediments is a major risk associated with dredging and disposal operations in harbour areas. In this work caged mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, were chosen as bioindicator organisms to reveal the impact and recovery of organisms from these activities in the harbour of Piombino (Tuscany, Italy) where approximately 100,000 m(3) of sediments were removed and disposed in a local confined disposal facility (CDF). Organisms were deployed before, during and after the end of operations, selecting sites differently impacted by these activities. Temporal changes in environmental bioavailability and biological effects of pollutants were assessed by integrating analyses of trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulated in tissues of caged mussels with a wide array of biomarkers reflecting exposure to specific classes of pollutants and different levels of cellular unbalance or toxicity. Such biological responses included levels of metallothioneins, activity of acyl CoA oxidase (AOX) as a marker of peroxisome proliferation, oxidative stress biomarkers (content of glutathione, enzymatic activities of catalase, glutathione S-transferases, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidases), total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) toward peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals, lysosomal membrane stability and genotoxic effects measured as DNA strand breaks and frequency of micronuclei. Obtained results indicated that a general disturbance was already present in the whole harbour area and especially in the inner site before the beginning of operations, when caged mussels exhibited a significant accumulation of PAHs and Pb, lower TOSC values and higher levels of both lysosomal and genotoxic damages. Bioavailability of trace metals and PAHs markedly increased during dredging activities with values up to 40 microg/g for Pb and up to 2200 ng/g for PAHs in tissues of caged mussels, a significant inhibition of antioxidant efficiency and increase of oxidative damages. While bioavailability of trace metals returned to the pre-dredging values after the end of operations, the accumulation of PAHs, oxidative effects and genotoxic damages remained elevated in mussels caged in the inner area and in front of CDF. Overall this study confirmed the utility of caged mussels to assess the remobilization of chemicals from dredged sediments and the onset of potentially harmful biological effects.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Biologia e Genetica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bocchetti
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fattorini
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pisanelli
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Macchia
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oliviero
authors.forename: Fabiano
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pilato
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pellegrini
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Regoli
mesh_terms: D042962:Acyl-CoA Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000379:methods*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D000075322:Heavy Metal Poisoning; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000506:poisoning; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000506:poisoning*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008668:Metallothionein; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D042962:Acyl-CoA Oxidase; D005978:Glutathione