title: Quantitative pediatric vision screening in primary care settings in Alabama.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alabama Medicaid reimburses "objective" vision screening (VS), i.e., by acuity or similar quantitative method, and well child checks (WCCs) separately. We analyzed the frequency of each service obtained.
  
  
  METHODS
  Claims for WCC and VS provided between October 1, 2002 and September 30, 2003 for children aged 3 to 18 years, and summary data for all enrolled children, were obtained from Alabama Medicaid. We used univariate analysis followed by logistic regression to explore the potential influence of factors (patient age, provider type, and provider's volume of WCCs) on the receipt of VS at pre-school ages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children receiving WCCs were 55% black, 40% white, and 5% other. Percentages of children with WCC claims were highest at 4 years (57%) and thereafter declined to 30% at 6 to 14 years and to <10% at 18 years. Nearly all VS (>98% at each age) occurred the same day as the WCC. Pediatricians provided 68% of all WCCs. Multivariate analysis, after adjusting for nesting of pre-school patients within provider, showed the odds ratios (ORs) of VS were increased by patient age (5 years vs. 3 years, OR = 3.57, p < 0.0001), nonphysician provider type (nonphysician vs. pediatrician, OR = 1.80, p = 0.0004) and high WCC volume (at or above vs. below the median number (n = 8) of WCC per provider per year (OR = 7.11, p < 0.0001)). Because VS rates were high when attendance to WCC visits was low, few enrolled children received VS at any age (6% at the age of 3, 13% at the age of 4, and a maximum of 20% at the age of 5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  National efforts to reduce preventable vision loss from amblyopia are hampered because children are not available for screening and because providers miss many opportunities to screen vision at pre-school age. Efforts to improve VS should target pediatrician-led practices, because these serve greater numbers of children.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA. wmarsht@uab.edu
authors.forename: Wendy L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Marsh-Tootle
authors.forename: Terry C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tootle
authors.forename: Sharina D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Person
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Kristofco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000407:Alabama; D000550:Amblyopia / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
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