title: Bioelectrical phase angle values in a clinical sample of ambulatory rehabilitation patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phase angle (PhA) is derived from the resistance and reactance measurements obtained from bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and is considered indicative of cellular health and membrane integrity. This study measured PhA values of rehabilitation patients and compared them to reference values, measures of functional ability and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels to explore their utility as a clinical tool to monitor disease progression and treatment efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 215 ambulatory rehabilitation patients aged 20 - 94 years. All participants had been hospitalised for a stroke, orthopaedic or other condition resulting in a functional limitation. PhA was derived from BIA analysis and functional ability characterised using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), timed up and go (TUG) and maximal quadriceps strength (MQS). Serum levels of CRP were also collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stroke patients had the highest PhA (5.3 degrees) followed by elective orthopaedic surgery (5.0 degrees) with the other group (4.3 degrees) significantly lower than both previous categories (p < 0.001). Ambulatory rehabilitation patients' PhA values were dependent on age and sex (p < 0.001), lower than published age matched healthy reference values (p < or = 0.05) and similar to other hospitalised or sick groups, but also higher than values reported in critically ill patients. Patients with CRP values less than 10 mg.L-1 had significantly (p = 0.005) higher mean PhA values. Furthermore, the highest functional status quartiles had significantly higher PhAs (p < or = 0.04) for the FIM, MQS and TUG measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the phase angles of rehabilitation patients are between those of healthy individuals and seriously ill patients, thereby supporting claims that PhA is indicative of general health status. Phase angles are a potentially useful indicator of functional status in patients commencing an ambulatory rehabilitation program with a normal hydration status.
authors.affiliation: Flinders University Department of Rehabilitation and Aged Care, Repatriation General Hospital, Adelaide, Australia. simon.gunn@flinders.edu.au
authors.forename: Simon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Halbert
authors.forename: Lynne C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stepien
authors.forename: Michelle D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crotty
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