title: Susceptibility testing and resistance phenotype detection in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis, with apparent and recurrent skin colonization.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Staphylococcus aureus colonization is accepted to be an important triggering factor in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and antibiotic resistance has been recognized to be a serious problem as a consequence and for the management of AD treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern of S. aureus strains isolated from patients with AD with apparent (lesional and nonlesional skin areas) and recurrent skin colonization and strains obtained from healthy nasal carriers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-seven patients (age 23+/-11.5 years) with mild to severe AD (SCORAD 46.9+/-16.6), 21 patients (age 19.8+/-6.7 years) before antistaphylococcal treatment and 177 healthy nasal carriers (age 27.5+/-8.4 years) were microbiologically assessed for carriage of S. aureus. Colonization of lesional and nonlesional skin areas was quantified by counting the number of colony forming units on the skin surface (log(10) CFU cm(-2)). Antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance phenotypes of 179 S. aureus strains were assessed with the agar disc-diffusion method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 87% of lesional and 44% of nonlesional skin samples from patients with AD. The colonization density of S. aureus was markedly higher in lesional than in nonlesional skin (P<0.001), and was positively correlated with AD severity (P<0.001) and total serum IgE (P<0.05). Patients with AD had a significantly higher prevalence of chloramphenicol-resistant S. aureus than nasal carriers (P<0.01). Similar rates of resistance were expressed to tetracycline, erythromycin, mupirocin, clindamycin and penicillin. Nearly 35% of S. aureus strains from the lesional skin demonstrated different antimicrobial sensitivity pattern compared with strains from nonlesional skin of the same patients with AD. The trend of increasing resistance to chloramphenicol, erythromycin and fusidic acid was observed among S. aureus strains recovered from patients after approximately 75 days of antibiotic treatment. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates were cultured from two patients, one during exacerbation and the other after subsequent bacterial recolonization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Discrepancies in antibiotic sensitivity pattern were observed among S. aureus strains colonizing different sites of AD skin (lesional and nonlesional areas), and also in AD patients with prior antibiotic treatment. Therefore, clinicians should consider repeat microbial susceptibility testing on different body sites of patients with AD when clinically indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Polish-American Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, and Department of Microbiology, University Hospital, 265 Wielicka Street, 30-663 Cracow, Poland. mmkedzie@cyf-kr.edu.pl
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kedzierska
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kapińska-Mrowiecka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czubak-Macugowska
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wójcik
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kedzierska
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008712:Methicillin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D013207:Staphylococcal Skin Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008712:Methicillin