title: Are cholesterol and depression inversely related? A meta-analysis of the association between two cardiac risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cholesterol and depression are both cardiac risk factors, but the direction and magnitude of the association between these risk factors is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Meta-analytic techniques were used to evaluate the associations among total, high-, and low-density cholesterol (TC, HDL, LDL, respectively) and depression in empirical studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and manual search strategies were used to identify descriptive studies reporting associations among TC, HDL, LDL, and depression; 30 reports were found for TC, 16 for HDL, and 11 for LDL. Effect sizes were computed and aggregated in accord with Hedges and Olkin's (Statistical methods for meta-analysis. New York: Academic Press; 1985) procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher TC was associated with lower levels of depression, d = -0.29; this association was substantially larger among medication-free samples (d = -0.51). An inverse, non-significant association was observed between LDL and depression (d = -0.17). High HDL was related to higher levels of depression, especially in women (d = 0.20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TC and depression were inversely related, with the strongest associations in medically naïve samples, which is noteworthy because such samples should involve fewer confounds. One clinical implication is that the lipids of patients treated for depression should be monitored.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Ju Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suls
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D002784:Cholesterol