title: Coffee intake and risk of incident diabetes in Puerto Rican men: results from the Puerto Rico Heart Health Program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study prospectively the association of coffee intake with incident diabetes in the Puerto Rico Heart Health Program cohort, comprising 9824 middle-aged men (aged 35-79 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 9824 men, 3869 did not provide a fasting blood sample at baseline, 1095 had prevalent diabetes and 131 were not given fasting glucose tests at any subsequent study visit. Thus, the present analysis includes 4685 participants. Diabetes was ascertained at baseline and at two study visits between 1968 and 1975 using fasting glucose tests and self-reports of physician-diagnosed diabetes or use of insulin or hypoglycaemic medication. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of coffee intake with risk of incident diabetes while adjusting for covariates (age, BMI, physical activity, smoking, education, alcohol intake, family history of diabetes, intakes of milk and sugar).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred and nineteen participants met the criteria for incident diabetes. Compared with those reporting intake of 1-2 servings of coffee/d, coffee abstainers were at reduced risk (OR = 0.64; 95 % CI 0.43, 0.94). Among coffee drinkers, there was a significant trend of decreasing risk by intake (P = 0.02); intake of >/=4 servings/d was associated with an odds ratio of 0.75 (95 % CI 0.58, 0.97).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study findings support a protective effect of coffee intake on diabetes risk, while also suggesting that abstainers may be at reduced risk.
authors.affiliation: Health Behaviors, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Fuhrman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Crespo
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Garcia-Palmieri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003069:Coffee; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004326:Drinking; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D003069:Coffee