title: Caffeine improves physical and cognitive performance during exhaustive exercise.
abstract: Caffeine is thought to act as a central stimulant and to have effects on physical, cognitive, and psychomotor functioning.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of ingesting a performance bar, containing caffeine, before and during cycling exercise on physical and cognitive performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four well-trained cyclists consumed the products [a performance bar containing 45 g of carbohydrate and 100 mg of caffeine (CAF), an isocaloric noncaffeine performance bar (CHO), or 300 mL of placebo beverage (BEV)] immediately before performing a 2.5-h exercise at 60% VO2max followed by a time to exhaustion trial (T2EX) at 75% VO2max. Additional products were taken after 55 and 115 min of exercise. Cognitive function measures (computerized Stroop and Rapid Visual Information Processing tests) were performed before exercise and while cycling after 70 and 140 min of exercise and again 5 min after completing the T2EX ride.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants were significantly faster after CAF when compared with CHO on both the computerized complex information processing tests, particularly after 140 min and after the T2EX ride (P < 0.001). On the BEV trial, performance was significantly slower than after both other treatments (P < 0.0001). There were no speed-accuracy tradeoffs (P > 0.10). T2EX was longer after CAF consumption compared with both CHO and BEV trials (P < 0.05), and T2EX was longer after CHO than after BEV (P < 0.05). No differences were found in the ratings of perceived exertion, mean heart rate, and relative exercise intensity (% VO2max; P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caffeine in a performance bar can significantly improve endurance performance and complex cognitive ability during and after exercise. These effects may be salient for sports performance in which concentration plays a major role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Sciences, Loughborough University, UK.
authors.forename: Eef
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hogervorst
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bandelow
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jentjens
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Allgrove
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gleeson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance; D001628:Beverages; D001642:Bicycling; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D010807:Physical Endurance; D005082:Physical Exertion; D010919:Placebos; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014785:Vision, Ocular
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D010919:Placebos; D002110:Caffeine