Persistent organochlorines in human breast milk from major metropolitan cities in India.
The present study was carried out to understand the current contamination status of organochlorine compounds (OCs) in human breast milk from three metropolitan cities in India (New Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata). Among the OCs analyzed, DDTs were predominant followed by HCHs and PCBs. CHLs and HCB levels were much lower. Contamination patterns were different in human milk found in our previous study in Chennai, a metropolitan city in southern India, indicating region specific exposure routes and variable sources. In comparison with previous data, levels of DDTs and HCHs generally declined with time, implying the effect of various bans and restrictions on their usage. No association between concentrations of OCs and demographic characteristics such as parity and age of mothers was observed which might be due to narrow range of mother's age. Estimated daily intake shows that some infants are exposed to OCs to a greater extent, particularly HCHs than the guideline standard.
Devanathan
Gnanasekaran
G
Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
Subramanian
Annamalai
A
Someya
Masayuki
M
Sudaryanto
Agus
A
Isobe
Tomohiko
T
Takahashi
Shin
S
Chakraborty
Paromita
P
Tanabe
Shinsuke
S
D000328:Adult; D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis; D002947:Cities; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006581:Hexachlorobenzene / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis*; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated / Q000032:analysis; D007194:India; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D002713:Chlorine; D006581:Hexachlorobenzene; D003634:DDT; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls