title: The relationship of retinol binding protein 4 to changes in insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk in overweight black adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess, among overweight non-hispanic black adolescents the relationship of changes in plasma retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) over 3 years to changes in insulin resistance (IR) and 4 associated cardiometabolic risks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nested, retrospective study of 51 overweight, post-pubertal non-Hispanic black participants in the Princeton School District Study. Participants were in the top (worsening IR) or bottom (improved IR) quartile for 3-year change in IR. RBP4 was measured by quantitative Western blot with frozen plasma. Regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, and adiposity (baseline and change). Three measures of adiposity were assessed (waist circumference, body mass index, and weight) in separate regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RBP4 increased in one third (n = 17). In logistic regression analyses, increased RBP4 was associated with significantly higher odds of worsening as opposed to improved IR independent of age, sex, or adiposity. Odds ratios were 5.6 (weight, P = .024), 6.0 (BMI, P = .025) and 7.4 (waist circumference, P = .015). Initial RBP4 (beta = 0.81, P = .005) and change in RBP4 (beta = 0.56, P = .046) also predicted change in triglycerides, but not change in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, or fibrinogen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This retrospective cohort study provides evidence that RBP4 may be a mechanism through which obesity influences insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia in overweight postpubertal black youth and suggests utility of RBP4 as a biomarker of risk.
authors.affiliation: The Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA. egoodman@tuftsmedicalcenter.org
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Lawrence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dolan
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Barbara B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Kahn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American; D015153:Blotting, Western; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D015228:Hypertriglyceridemia / Q000503:physiopathology; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight / Q000503:physiopathology*; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: C101326:RBP4 protein, human; D054839:Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2005 Apr;115(4):e500-3
references.pmid: 15741351
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Aug;92(8):3224-9
references.pmid: 17550959
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2006 Nov;29(11):2427-32
references.pmid: 17065679
references.citation: Diabetologia. 2007 Apr;50(4):814-23
references.pmid: 17294166
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1991 Mar;14(3):173-94
references.pmid: 2044434
references.citation: Nature. 2005 Jul 21;436(7049):356-62
references.pmid: 16034410
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 May;92(5):1971-4
references.pmid: 17341558
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 28;355(13):1393-4; author reply 1394-5
references.pmid: 17014043
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 15;354(24):2552-63
references.pmid: 16775236
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980;348:378-90
references.pmid: 6994566
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 1968 Sep;47(9):2025-44
references.pmid: 5675424
references.citation: Cell Metab. 2007 Jul;6(1):79-87
references.pmid: 17618858
references.citation: Metabolism. 2007 Mar;56(3):327-31
references.pmid: 17292720
references.citation: JAMA. 2007 Jun 27;297(24):2716-24
references.pmid: 17595272
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2007 Jan;69(1):61-7
references.pmid: 17167128
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jul;92(7):2590-7
references.pmid: 17595259
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Mar;92(3):1168-71
references.pmid: 17164313
references.citation: Am J Epidemiol. 1993 Dec 15;138(12):1023-36
references.pmid: 8266905
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jul;92(7):2712-9
references.pmid: 17440021
references.citation: J Pediatr. 2004 Jan;144(1):47-55
references.pmid: 14722518
references.citation: J Pediatr. 2004 Oct;145(4):445-51
references.pmid: 15480365
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1992 Jan 25;267(3):1805-10
references.pmid: 1370481
references.citation: Diabetes. 2007 Dec;56(12):3095-100
references.pmid: 17728376
references.citation: Diabet Med. 2008 Mar;25(3):282-8
references.pmid: 18279410
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2002 Nov;25(11):2081-7
references.pmid: 12401760
references.citation: Psychosom Med. 2005 Jan-Feb;67(1):9-15
references.pmid: 15673618
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Nov;92(11):4359-65
references.pmid: 17726085
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 28;355(13):1392; author reply 1394-5
references.pmid: 17005964
references.citation: Obes Res. 2003 Aug;11(8):1018-26
references.pmid: 12917508
references.citation: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Dec;92(12):4827-34
references.pmid: 17878249
references.citation: Mol Genet Metab. 2007 Mar;90(3):338-44
references.pmid: 17174134
references.citation: Diabetologia. 1985 Jul;28(7):412-9
references.pmid: 3899825