title: Controlling systematic perioperative anaerobic contamination during sinus-lift procedures by using metronidazole: an innovative approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Analysis of tomodensitometric controls following sinus grafts clearly demonstrates a quite systematic lack of homogeneity. Sinus contamination by anaerobic bacteria seems almost unavoidable during bone graft surgery, and this problem may jeopardize the healing process. The aim of this study was to characterize in a systematic way the nonhomogeneities observed at 1, 2, or 3 months postsurgery within allogenous sinus grafts, and to assess the possible influence of a 0.5% sterile solution of metronidazole incorporated in the sinus bone graft.
  
  
  METHODS
  This clinical study was conducted on 72 patients treated with single or bilateral sinus-lifts: 94 sinus elevations performed with freeze-dried bone allograft (Phoenix, TBF, Mions, France), with (test group) or without (control group) metronidazole. In the test group, each bone graft was hydrated with 2 mL of a 0.5% metronidazole solution, i.e., only 10 mg of metronidazole. All the patients went through a first presurgical computerized tomography (CT)-scan followed by a second scan performed at 1, 2, or 3 months postsurgery (which was used as the preimplant reference scan). For 11 patients, 2 postsurgical CT-scans were performed respectively at 10 days and 2 months. Using an arbitrary gray scale (Arbitrary Densitometric Unit) which functions according to the Hounsfield unit principle, the degree of radiographic homogeneity of the grafts was established. Density scattering provides some information on the homogeneity or nonhomogeneity of the bone graft.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 12 grafts performed without metronidazole show significant nonhomogeneities at 1, 2, or 3 months. Moreover, when a CT-scan is performed during the first postoperative days (at 10 days), the presence of air bubbles in the graft is confirmed. The tomodensitometric aspects of all grafts treated with metronidazole in this series are absolutely identical: they show a high degree of homogeneity. Sixty-three cases (76.8%) are homogeneous, and 19 cases (23.2%) are significantly homogeneous. The time at which the control scan is performed (10 days, 1, 2, or 3 months) does not seem to influence significantly the degree of homogeneity assessed. In the control group, some inflammatory events associated with facial oedema were observed in 25% of the cases. In the test group, no such event was recorded for the 82 sinus-lifts treated with metronidazole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A possible correlation may exist between the occurrence of non homogeneities within the bone grafts and the anaerobic bacterial contamination. The local use of a very small quantity of metronidazole (equivalent to only 1/20 of a common 200 mg oral tablet) could provide more security when performing sinus-lift procedures and an improved quality of the graft. This protocol should not be considered as an antibiotherapy, but only as way to limit the initial contamination of bone graft.
authors.affiliation: Pain Clinic Center, Nice, France.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choukroun
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simonpieri
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Corso
authors.forename: Ziv
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mazor
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sammartino
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dohan Ehrenfest
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000637:transplantation; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000601:surgery*; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013516:Oral Surgical Procedures, Preprosthetic; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D008795:Metronidazole