title: Effectiveness of maternal influenza immunization in mothers and infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Young infants and pregnant women are at increased risk for serious consequences of influenza infection. Inactivated influenza vaccine is recommended for pregnant women but is not licensed for infants younger than 6 months of age. We assessed the clinical effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine administered during pregnancy in Bangladesh.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this randomized study, we assigned 340 mothers to receive either inactivated influenza vaccine (influenza-vaccine group) or the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (control group). Mothers were interviewed weekly to assess illnesses until 24 weeks after birth. Subjects with febrile respiratory illness were assessed clinically, and ill infants were tested for influenza antigens. We estimated the incidence of illness, incidence rate ratios, and vaccine effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mothers and infants were observed from August 2004 through December 2005. Among infants of mothers who received influenza vaccine, there were fewer cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza than among infants in the control group (6 cases and 16 cases, respectively), with a vaccine effectiveness of 63% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5 to 85). Respiratory illness with fever occurred in 110 infants in the influenza-vaccine group and 153 infants in the control group, with a vaccine effectiveness of 29% (95% CI, 7 to 46). Among the mothers, there was a reduction in the rate of respiratory illness with fever of 36% (95% CI, 4 to 57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inactivated influenza vaccine reduced proven influenza illness by 63% in infants up to 6 months of age and averted approximately a third of all febrile respiratory illnesses in mothers and young infants. Maternal influenza immunization is a strategy with substantial benefits for both mothers and infants. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00142389.)
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zaman
authors.forename: Eliza
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Shams E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Arifeen
authors.forename: Mahbubur
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Rubhana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raqib
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Saad B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Omer
authors.forename: Nigar S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Shahid
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Breiman
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Breiman
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Steinhoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: C414006:23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; C510903:fluarix