title: Measuring melancholia: the utility of a prototypic symptom approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Melancholia has long resisted classification, with many of its suggested markers lacking specificity. The imprecision of depressive symptoms, in addition to self-report biases, has limited the capacity of existing measures to delineate melancholic depression as a distinct subtype. Our aim was to develop a self-report measure differentiating melancholic and non-melancholic depression, weighting differentiation by prototypic symptoms and determining its comparative classification success with a severity-based strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutively recruited depressed out-patients (n=228) rated 32 symptoms by prototypic or 'characteristic' relevance (using the Q-sort strategy) and severity [using the Severity-based Depression Rating System (SDRS) strategy]. Clinician diagnosis of melancholic/non-melancholic depression was the criterion measure, but two other formal measures of melancholia (Newcastle and DSM-IV criteria) were also tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of 'melancholia' ranged from 20.9% to 54.2% across the subtyping measures. The Q-sort measure had the highest overall correct classification rate in differentiating melancholic and non-melancholic depression (81.6%), with such decisions supported by validation analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In differentiating a melancholic subtype or syndrome, prototypic symptoms should be considered as a potential alternative to severity-based ratings.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. g.parker@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hyett
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hadzi-Pavlovic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Synnott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index