title: [Chronic kidney disease (CKD) as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)].
abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been shown to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a number of recent epidemiological studies. There are possible explanations for the independent association of CKD with CVD. Reduced renal function is associated with a high prevalence of traditional CVD risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and left ventricular hypertrophy. In addition, reduced renal function may be associated with increased levels of nontraditional risk factors, such as inflammation and oxidative stress. Subjects with CKD should be considered a high-risk population for CVD and be recommended for more intensive preventive management of CVD, including active detection and strict treatment of CVD risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hypertension and Cardiorenal Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University.
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishimitsu
authors.forename: Yasuyo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sudo
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D050171:Dyslipidemias; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; D007249:Inflammation; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012307:Risk Factors