title: Essential contribution of CCL3 to alkali-induced corneal neovascularization by regulating vascular endothelial growth factor production by macrophages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the roles of CCL3 and its specific chemokine receptors, CCR1 and CCR5, in alkali-induced corneal neovascularization (CNV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Chemical denudation of corneal and limbal epithelium was performed on wild-type (WT) BALB/c mice and CCL3-, CCR1-, and CCR5-deficienct (knockout [KO]) counterparts. Two weeks after injury CNV was quantified by immunostaining with anti-CD31. Angiogenic factor expression and leukocyte accumulation in the early phase after injury were quantified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alkali injury augmented the intraocular mRNA expression of CCL3 and its receptors, CCR1 and CCR5, together with a transient infiltration of F4/80 positive macrophages and Gr-1 positive neutrophils. Compared with WT mice, CCL3-KO and CCR5-KO mice but not CCR1-KO mice exhibited reduced CNV two weeks after injury both macroscopically and microscopically as evidenced by CD31 positive areas. Concomitantly, the infiltration of F4/80 positive macrophages but not Gr-1 positive neutrophils was significantly attenuated in CCL3-KO mice compared with WT mice. Intracorneal infiltration of CCR5 expressing cells was significantly impaired in CCL3-KO mice compared with WT mice. Alkali injury induced a massive increase in the intraocular mRNA expression of a potent angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in WT mice whereas these increments were severely retarded in CCL3-KO mice. Moreover, CCL3 enhanced VEGF expression by murine peritoneal macrophages at both the mRNA and the protein level. Furthermore, topical CCL3 application restored CNV, which was macroscopically and microscopically reduced in CCL3-KO mice after two weeks to levels similar to those found in WT mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In alkali-induced CNV, CCL3 induced macrophages to infiltrate and produce VEGF by binding to CCR5 but not to CCR1 and eventually promoted angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Immunology Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, the First Affilated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Peirong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Longbiao
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Naofumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mukaida
authors.forename: Xueguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000468:Alkalies; D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D054405:Chemokine CCL3 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000172:deficiency; D003315:Cornea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D016510:Corneal Neovascularization / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine / Q000172:deficiency; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000468:Alkalies; D043925:Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D019707:Receptors, Chemokine; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
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