title: Individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status characteristics and prevalence of metabolic syndrome: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine the association of individual socioeconomic status (iSES) and neighborhood SES (nSES) on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (1987-1999).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 2932 black and 9777 white men and women aged 45 to 64 years without diabetes at baseline. Total combined family income for the past 12 months and six census tract socioeconomic measures combined into a composite index were used to quantify iSES and nSES, respectively. Poisson regression was used to assess associations of the joint contribution of iSES and nSES on the MetS, stratified by gender and race and adjusting for multiple covariates. For analyses that included nSES, hierarchical modeling techniques were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using 2005 Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults criteria, MetS was identified in 40% of black women, 30% of white women, 28% of black men, and 35% of white men. Among black and white men, there was no association between MetS and iSES or nSES. In contrast, after adjustment for risk factors, black and white women with low (L)-iSES and medium (M)-iSES were more likely to have MetS than those with high (H)-iSES. Similar but weaker patterns were noted for L-nSES and M-nSES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, both iSES and nSES were independently associated with an increased prevalence of MetS among women but not men. Efforts aimed at understanding the causes of these gender differences may offer insight into avenues for reducing the prevalence of the MetS and its chronic disease sequelae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. raymon@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: Kristal L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Chichlowska
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Ana V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Diez-Roux
authors.forename: Sherita H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Golden
authors.forename: Annie M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McNeill
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heiss
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D015995:Prevalence; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
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