A survey of antifoulants in sediments from Ports and Marinas along the French Mediterranean coast.
Due to deleterious effects on non-target organisms, the use of organotin compounds on boat hulls of small vessels (<25 m) has been widely prohibited. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) resolved that the complete prohibition on organotin compounds acting as biocides in antifouling systems should commence in 2008. As a result of restrictions on the use of organotin based paints, other antifouling formulations containing organic biocides have been utilised. This survey was conducted to assess the contamination of replacement biocides in the marine environment following the ban of TBT-based paints. Surface sediments samples were collected in the major ports and marinas along the France Mediterranean coastline (Cote d'Azur) and analysed for organotin compounds, Irgarol 1051, Sea-nine 211, Chlorothalonil, Dichlofluanid and Folpet. Every port and marina exhibited high levels of organotin compounds, with concentrations in sediments ranging from 37 ng Sn g(-1) dry wt in Menton Garavan to over 4000 ng Sn g(-1) dry wt close to the ship chandler within the port of Villefranche-sur-Mer. TBT degradation indexes suggested that fresh inputs are still made. Among the other antifoulants monitored, only Irgarol 1051 exhibited measurable concentrations in almost every port, with concentrations ranging from 40 ng g(-1) dry wt (Cannes) to almost 700 ng g(-1) dry wt (Villefranche-sur-Mer, ship chandler).
Cassi
Roberto
R
International Atomic Energy Agency-Marine Environment Laboratories, 4, Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000, Monaco.
Tolosa
Imma
I
de Mora
Stephen
S
D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005602:France; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D010150:Paint; D012767:Ships; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
D009947:Organotin Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical