title: Target gene-specific regulation of androgen receptor activity by p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase.
abstract: Evidence that the androgen receptor (AR) is not only important in androgen-dependent prostate cancer, but also continues to play a role in tumors that become resistant to androgen deprivation therapies, highlights the need to find alternate means to block AR activity. AR, a hormone-activated transcription factor, and its coactivators are phosphoproteins. Thus, we sought to determine whether inhibition of specific cell signaling pathways would reduce AR function. We found that short-term inhibition of p42/p44 MAPK activity either by a MAPK kinase inhibitor, U0126, or by depletion of kinase with small interfering RNA caused target gene-specific reductions in AR activity. AR enhances histone H3 acetylation of target genes that are sensitive to U0126 including prostate-specific antigen and TMPRSS2, but does not increase histone H3 acetylation of the U0126-resistant PMEPA1 gene. Thus, although AR induces transcription of many target genes, the molecular changes induced by AR at the chromatin level are target gene specific. Long-term treatment (24-48 h) with U0126 causes a G1 cell cycle arrest and reduces AR expression both through a decrease in AR mRNA and a reduction in AR protein stability. Thus, treatments that reduce p42/p44 MAPK activity in prostate cancer have the potential to reduce AR activity through a reduction in expression levels as well as by target gene-selective inhibition of AR function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Irina U
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Agoulnik
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Bingman
authors.forename: Manjula
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakka
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Qianben
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: X Shirley
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Myles
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Weigel
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D002070:Butadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D006657:Histones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008297:Male; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D055550:Protein Stability; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002070:Butadienes; D006657:Histones; D009570:Nitriles; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; C113580:U 0126; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
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