title: Association between plasma levels and immunolocalization of cytokines in heart valve lesions: a possible target for treatment?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the distribution of pro-inflammatory cytokines in heart valve lesions with their plasma levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma levels of TNF-alpha and IL-10 were determined in 70 patients with heart valve lesions. TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels were also quantified in tissue specimens obtained from these patients after valve replacement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma concentrations of TNF-alpha and the extent of calcium deposits were significantly higher in patients with aortic valve stenosis compared with individuals with mitral valve stenosis. A direct relationship was demonstrated between TNF-alpha blood and tissue levels. There was an increase in TNF-alpha and IL-6 tissue immunoreactivity with the progression of heart valve disease from mild to advanced inflammation. The increased accumulation of calcium deposits in damaged heart valves correlated with plasma TNF-alpha and IL-10 levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between plasma and tissue sample cytokine concentrations suggests that plasma cytokine levels reflect the extent and severity of valvular lesions. Statins may attenuate progressive calcific valve stenosis. Statins also affect TNF-alpha and IL-10 plasma levels. These associations may help not only predict the progression but also attenuate the deterioration of valvular lesions. Verification of these results in larger scale studies is required before definite conclusions can be drawn.
authors.affiliation: General Hospital of Chalkida, Department of Cardiology, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toli
authors.forename: Kosmas I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Paraskevas
authors.forename: Maria V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Poulakou
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Agrogiannis
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kavantzas
authors.forename: Vassilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Xanthopoulos
authors.forename: Dimitrios G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Iliopoulos
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mantas
authors.forename: Antonios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papachristodoulou
authors.forename: Efstratios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patsouris
authors.forename: Dimitri P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Mikhailidis
authors.forename: Despina N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Perrea
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10