title: Impaired action knowledge in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative condition affecting the motor system, but recent work also shows more widespread cognitive impairment. This study examined performance on measures requiring knowledge of actions, and related performance to MRI cortical atrophy in ALS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 34 patients with ALS performed measures requiring word-description matching and associativity judgments with actions and objects. Voxel-based morphometry was used to relate these measures to cortical atrophy using high resolution structural MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with ALS were significantly more impaired on measures requiring knowledge of actions than measures requiring knowledge of objects. Difficulty on measures requiring action knowledge correlated with cortical atrophy in motor cortex, implicating degraded knowledge of action features represented in motor cortex of patients with ALS. Performance on measures requiring object knowledge did not correlate with motor cortex atrophy. Several areas correlated with difficulty for both actions and objects, implicating these brain areas in components of semantic memory that are not dedicated to a specific category of knowledge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are impaired on measures involving action knowledge, and this appears to be due to at least two sources of impairment: degradation of knowledge about action features represented in motor cortex and impairment on multicategory cognitive components contributing more generally to semantic memory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology-2 Gibson, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA. mgrossma@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Avants
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Elman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McCluskey
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment / Q000502:physiology; D019359:Knowledge; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D020774:Pick Disease of the Brain / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology
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