title: An angiogenesis inhibitor, 2-methoxyestradiol, involutes rat collagen-induced arthritis and suppresses gene expression of synovial vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pannus may be dependent on angiogenesis and several critical growth factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2), an endogenous metabolite with low estrogen receptor affinity, has both antiangiogenic and antiproliferative activity. 2ME2 was assessed in the rat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model to determine if it could prevent or involute established synovitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were immunized on Day 0 with collagen and randomized to a vehicle control or two 2ME2 prevention arms. In additional studies, multiple parallel treatment arms were initiated at Day 10 after arthritis onset.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2ME2 in preventive protocols at 30 or 100 mg/kg significantly delayed the onset and reduced the severity of clinical and radiographic CIA. In established CIA, oral 2ME2 at 50 mg/kg/bid, 100 mg/kg/day, and 300 mg/kg/day reduced severity compared to vehicle controls. Efficacy of 2ME2 delivery by osmotic pumps at 60 mg/kg/day was equivalent to 300 mg/kg/day by daily gavage. The 3 oral treatment protocols all significantly reduced radiographic scores in a dose-dependent fashion, with the greatest benefit at 300 mg/kg. 2ME2 showed marked suppression of synovial gene expression of proangiogenic bFGF and VEGF, with parallel reduction of synovial blood vessels. Serum antibody levels to native type II collagen were not reduced, suggesting that 2ME2 did not influence humoral immunity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that 2ME2 may represent a novel agent for the treatment of inflammatory autoimmune diseases such as RA.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1670, USA. ebrahn@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brahn
authors.forename: Mona L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Banquerigo
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Eun J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Fogler
authors.forename: Stacy M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Plum
mesh_terms: D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol; D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D003094:Collagen / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005751:Gastric Lavage; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D011859:Radiography; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D050257:Tubulin Modulators / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D016228:Endothelial Growth Factors; D050257:Tubulin Modulators; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D004958:Estradiol; D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol; D003094:Collagen