title: Malaria transmission in Dakar: a two-year survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to entomological studies conducted over the past 30 years, there was low malaria transmission in suburb of Dakar but little evidence of it in the downtown area. However; there was some evidence of local transmission based on reports of malaria among permanent residents. An entomological evaluation of malaria transmission was conducted from May 2005 to October 2006 in two areas of Dakar.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mosquitoes were sampled by human landing collection during 34 nights in seven places in Bel-air area (238 person-nights) and during 24 nights in five places in Ouakam area (120 person-nights). Mosquitoes were identified morphologically and by molecular methods. The Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoïte indexes were measured by ELISA, and the entomological inoculation rates (EIR) were calculated for both areas. Molecular assessments of pyrethroid knock down resistance (Kdr) and of insensitive acetylcholinesterase resistance were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From May 2005 to October 2006, 4,117 and 797 Anopheles gambiae s.l. respectively were caught in Bel-air and Ouakam. Three members of the complex were present: Anopheles arabiensis (> 98%), Anopheles melas (< 1%) and An. gambiae s.s. molecular form M (< 1%). Infected mosquitoes were caught only during the wintering period between September and November in both places. In 2005 and 2006, annual EIRs were 9,5 and 4, respectively, in Bel-air and 3 and 3, respectively, in Ouakam. The proportion of host-seeking An. gambiae s.l. captured indoors were 17% and 51% in Bel air and Ouakam, respectively. Ace 1 mutations were not identified in both members of the An. gambiae complex. Kdr mutation frequency in An. arabiensis was 12% in Bel-air and 9% in Ouakam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malaria is transmitted in Dakar downtown area. Infected mosquitoes were caught in two subsequent years during the wintering period in two distant quarters of Dakar. These data agree with clinical data from a Senegalese military Hospital of Dakar (Hospital Principal) where most malaria cases occurred between October and December. It was the first detection of An. melas in Dakar.
authors.affiliation: Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut de Médecine Tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, Marseille, France. frederic_pages@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pagès
authors.forename: Gaetan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Texier
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pradines
authors.forename: Libasse
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gadiaga
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Machault
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jarjaval
authors.forename: Kristell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Penhoat
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Trape
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rogier
authors.forename: Cheikh
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sokhna
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology*; D006801:Humans; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008288:Malaria / Q000635:transmission*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D012675:Senegal; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000235:genetics; D034101:Sporozoites; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D011722:Pyrethrins; D015222:Sodium Channels; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase
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