title: PAH biomarkers for human health risk assessment: a review of the state-of-the-art.
abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are widely distributed in the environment, and some are carcinogenic to human beings. The study of biomarkers has helped clarify the nature and magnitude of the human health risks posed by such substances. This article provides a review of the state-of-the-art on PAH biomarkers for human health risk assessment and also discusses their applicability within the context of environmental management in Brazil. The article discusses the methodologies for determination of some biomarkers such as 1-hydroxypyrene and PAH-DNA adducts. Cytogenetic markers, frequency of chromosomal aberrations, and micronucleus induction were considered for the evaluation of cancer risk. The current stage of studies on validation of such biomarkers was also approached.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. francoss@usp.br
authors.forename: Sérgio Silveira
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.forename: Adelaide Cássia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Nardocci
authors.forename: Wanda Maria Risso
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Günther
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D001938:Brazil; D004249:DNA Damage; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons