title: Ketamine anesthesia reduces intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of ketamine anesthesia on the motility alterations and tissue injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were used. Ischemia was induced by obstructing blood flow in 25% of the total small intestinal length (ileum) with a vascular clamp for 45 min, after which either 60 min or 24 h of reperfusion was allowed. Rats were either anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg) or ketamine (100 mg/kg). Control groups received sham surgery. After 60 min of reperfusion, the intestine was examined for morphological alterations, and after 24 h intestinal basic electrical rhythm (BER) frequency was calculated, and intestinal transit determined in all groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intestinal mucosa in rats that were anesthetized with ketamine showed moderate alterations such as epithelial lifting, while ulceration and hemorrhage was observed in rats that received pentobarbital sodium after 60 min of reperfusion. Quantitative analysis of structural damage using the Chiu scale showed significantly less injury in rats that received ketamine than in rats that did not (2.35+/-1.14 vs 4.58+/-0.50, P<0.0001). The distance traveled by a marker, expressed as percentage of total intestinal length, in rats that received pentobarbital sodium was 20%+/-2% in comparison with 25.9%+/-1.64% in rats that received ketamine (P=0.017). BER was not statistically different between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that ketamine anesthesia is associated with diminished intestinal injury and abolishes the intestinal transit delay induced by ischemia/reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Facultad de Medicina, U.A.N.L., School of Medicine, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64460, Mexico. crcamara83@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Carlos Rodrigo
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cámara
authors.forename: Francisco Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Guzmán
authors.forename: Ernesto Alexis
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Barrera
authors.forename: Andrés Jesús
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cabello
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Nancy Esthela
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Eloy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Caballero
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ancer
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D007649:Ketamine
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