title: Responses of the murine esophageal microcirculation to acute exposure to alkali, acid, or hypochlorite.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although ingestion of alkali-based and/or hypochlorite-based household cleaners as well as strong acids remains a major cause of esophageal wall injury, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the injury response to these toxic agents. This study examined the roles of vascular dysfunction and inflammation to the esophageal injury response to different caustic substances in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The esophageal responses to sodium hydroxide (10%, 5%, and 2.5%), potassium hydroxide (10%, 5%, and 2.5%), sodium hypochlorite (5.25%), and hydrochloric acid (10%, pH 2) were evaluated by intravital videomicroscopy and histopathology. Intravital microscopy was used to monitor changes in the diameter of arterioles and venules, the adhesion and movement of leukocytes in venules, and the time of cessation of arteriolar blood flow in mouse esophagus. The esophageal mucosa was exposed to caustic substances for 0 to 60 minutes before evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The higher concentrations of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide elicited rapid stasis in both arterioles and venules, which was accompanied by arteriolar constriction and thrombosis. An accumulation of adherent leukocytes in venules was not observed with any agent. Histopathological evaluation revealed marked cellular and interstitial edema in the mucosa with alkali, whereas hydrochloric acid and sodium hypochlorite decreased the thickness epithelial layer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that ischemia and thrombosis are dominant processes, whereas inflammation is less important in the pathogenesis of acute corrosive injury to the esophageal mucosa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103-3932, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Deepty
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: Mana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moghadamfalahi
authors.forename: D Neil
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Granger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002424:Caustics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D006878:Hydroxides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects*; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002424:Caustics; D006878:Hydroxides; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; C029943:potassium hydroxide
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