title: Medial malleolar stress fracture secondary to chronic ankle impingement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medial malleolar stress fractures are uncommon even in the sporting population. We believe that stress fractures of the medial malleolus may be the end stage of chronic anteromedial ankle impingement in elite running and jumping athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present five cases of elite athletes who presented to our institution with stress fractures of the medial malleolus over a 3-year period (2004 to 2007). In each case preoperative imaging revealed an anteromedial bony spur on the tibia. All fractures were internally fixed and at the same sitting had arthroscopic debridement of the bony spur.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All fractures united without further intervention, average time to union was 10.2 (range, 6 to 16) weeks. At most recent review (average, 18 months; range, 8 to 37 months), all patients had resumed sporting activity to their previous level. No patient had suffered a recurrent fracture of the medial malleolus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe this region of impingement to be important in the development of the stress fracture and should be addressed at the time of fracture fixation.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Department, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Southwick Hill Road, Cosham, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO6 3LY, UK. billyjowett@gmail.com
authors.forename: Andrew J L
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Jowett
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Birks
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Blackney
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001182:Arthroscopy; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D003646:Debridement; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054850:Osteophyte / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D011859:Radiography; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome