title: Psychometric properties of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule used in the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders.
abstract: This study assessed the factor structure, internal consistency, and discriminatory validity of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) version used in the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD). In total 8796 adults were assessed using the ESEMeD WHODAS (22 severity and 8 frequency items). An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with promax rotation was done with a random 50%. The other half was used for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) comparing models (a) suggested by EFA; (b) hypothesized a priori; and (c) reduced with four items. A CFA model with covariates was conducted in the whole sample to assess invariance across Mediterranean (Spain, France and Italy) and non-Mediterranean (Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands) countries. Cronbach's alphas and discriminatory validity were also examined. EFA identified seven factors (explained variance: 80%). The reduced model (six factors, four frequency items excluded) presented the best fit [Confirmatory Fit Index (CFI) = 0.992, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.996, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.024]. The second-order factor structure also fitted well (CFI = 0.987, TLI = 0.991, RMSEA = 0.036). Measurement non-invariance was found for Embarrassment. Cronbach's alphas ranged from 0.84 for Participation to 0.93 for Mobility. Preliminary data suggest acceptable discriminatory validity. Thus, the ESEMeD WHODAS may well be a valuable shortened version of the WHODAS-II, but future users should reconsider the filter questions.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Research School of Behavior, Cognition and Neurosciences (BCN), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Buist-Bouwman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ormel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Graaf
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vilagut
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Sonderen
authors.forename: W A M
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Vollebergh
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012917:Social Adjustment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014944:World Health Organization; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2006 Jun;113(6):492-500
references.pmid: 16677226
references.citation: Ann Rheum Dis. 2003 Feb;62(2):140-5
references.pmid: 12525383
references.citation: Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;38(9):753-9
references.pmid: 15324341
references.citation: Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2002;11(2):55-67
references.pmid: 12459795
references.citation: Psychol Med. 1997 Jul;27(4):861-73
references.pmid: 9234464
references.citation: PLoS Med. 2006 Nov;3(11):e442
references.pmid: 17132052
references.citation: Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2004;(420):8-20
references.pmid: 15128383
references.citation: Trends Amplif. 2005;9(3):111-26
references.pmid: 16244758
references.citation: J Clin Epidemiol. 2003 Jun;56(6):507-14
references.pmid: 12873644
references.citation: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1997 Oct;32(7):379-86
references.pmid: 9383968
references.citation: Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;20(2):160-7
references.pmid: 15660406
references.citation: J Rehabil Res Dev. 2004 Nov-Dec;41(6A):835-46
references.pmid: 15685472
references.citation: Am J Public Health. 1994 Aug;84(8):1304-7
references.pmid: 8059890
references.citation: Disabil Rehabil. 2004 May 6;26(9):506-17
references.pmid: 15204458
references.citation: Can J Psychiatry. 1996 Nov;41(9):564-71
references.pmid: 8946079
references.citation: Med Care. 2006 Nov;44(11 Suppl 3):S78-94
references.pmid: 17060839
references.citation: J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004 Jun;192(6):405-13
references.pmid: 15167403