Cryptosporidium source tracking in the Potomac River watershed.
To better characterize Cryptosporidium in the Potomac River watershed, a PCR-based genotyping tool was used to analyze 64 base flow and 28 storm flow samples from five sites in the watershed. These sites included two water treatment plant intakes, as well as three upstream sites, each associated with a different type of land use. The uses, including urban wastewater, agricultural (cattle) wastewater, and wildlife, posed different risks in terms of the potential contribution of Cryptosporidium oocysts to the source water. Cryptosporidium was detected in 27 base flow water samples and 23 storm flow water samples. The most frequently detected species was C. andersoni (detected in 41 samples), while 14 other species or genotypes, almost all wildlife associated, were occasionally detected. The two common human-pathogenic species, C. hominis and C. parvum, were not detected. Although C. andersoni was common at all four sites influenced by agriculture, it was largely absent at the urban wastewater site. There were very few positive samples as determined by Environmental Protection Agency method 1623 at any site; only 8 of 90 samples analyzed (9%) were positive for Cryptosporidium as determined by microscopy. The genotyping results suggest that many of the Cryptosporidium oocysts in the water treatment plant source waters were from old calves and adult cattle and might not pose a significant risk to human health.
Yang
Wenli
W
National Center for Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA.
Chen
Plato
P
Villegas
Eric N
EN
Landy
Ronald B
RB
Kanetsky
Charles
C
Cama
Vitaliano
V
Dearen
Theresa
T
Schultz
Cherie L
CL
Orndorff
Kenneth G
KG
Prelewicz
Gregory J
GJ
Brown
Miranda H
MH
Young
Kim Roy
KR
Xiao
Lihua
L
D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000662:veterinary*; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008396:Maryland; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D045483:Rivers / Q000469:parasitology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014768:Virginia
D016054:DNA, Protozoan
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Aug;72(8):5428-35
16885295
Vet Parasitol. 2004 Jun 21;122(2):103-17
15177715
J Med Microbiol. 2006 Jun;55(Pt 6):703-707
16687587
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004 Jan;17(1):72-97
14726456
Parasitology. 2007 Mar;134(Pt 3):339-50
17076923
Scand J Public Health. 2001 Sep;29(3):200-7
11680772
Fed Regist. 2002 Jan 14;67(9):1811-44
11800007
J Vet Med Sci. 2001 Mar;63(3):233-6
11307921
Water Sci Technol. 2006;54(3):119-26
17037142
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991 Sep;57(9):2610-6
1822675
J Microbiol Methods. 1999 Feb;35(1):65-71
10076632
J Water Health. 2007 Dec;5(4):573-84
17878568
Vet Parasitol. 2006 Jan 30;135(2):105-12
16159697
J Appl Microbiol. 2000 Jul;89(1):5-10
10945772
Vet Parasitol. 2007 May 15;146(1-2):17-24
17335979
Water Res. 2006 Jul;40(13):2527-32
16790257
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Aug;71(8):4446-54
16085835
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Nov;61(11):3849-55
8526496
J Vet Med Sci. 2003 Jan;65(1):121-3
12576717
Vet Parasitol. 2004 Jul 14;122(3):183-92
15219359
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Dec;66(12):5492-8
11097935
Methods Mol Biol. 2004;268:163-76
15156028
Parasitology. 2002 Apr;124(Pt 4):359-68
12003060
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Mar;71(3):1135-41
15746310
Vet Parasitol. 2007 Sep 30;148(3-4):231-5
17683866
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Jan;70(1):87-95
14711629
J Water Health. 2008 Mar;6(1):23-34
17998605
J Water Health. 2007 Mar;5(1):163-9
17402287
J Appl Microbiol. 2005;99(6):1455-62
16313418
Am J Public Health. 2000 Jun;90(6):847-53
10846499
Epidemiol Infect. 2001 Dec;127(3):545-53
11811889
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Apr;74(7):2069-78
18281429
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Dec;71(12):8991-4
16332907
Water Res. 2002 Feb;36(3):519-26
11827314
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Feb;68(2):569-75
11823192
Water Res. 2008 May;42(10-11):2803-13
18367230
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2005;208(3):163-71
15971855
Water Sci Technol. 2002;46(11-12):297-301
12523769
Vet Parasitol. 2007 Apr 30;145(3-4):260-6
17287086
J Water Health. 2006;4 Suppl 1:23-6
16493896
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jul;69(7):3970-4
12839769
J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2006;53 Suppl 1:S24-5
17169057
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Sep;71(9):4992-7
16151078
Epidemiol Infect. 2007 Nov;135(8):1307-15
17224087
J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Nov;41(11):5254-7
14605176
Mar Pollut Bull. 2007 Sep;54(9):1441-50
17631359
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2002 Jun;26(2):113-23
12069877
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Jun;73(12):3945-57
17483276
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Sep;72(9):5942-7
16957214
J Toxicol Environ Health A. 1999 Jun 11;57(3):149-60
10376882
Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2001 Mar-Apr;43(2):109-11
11340486
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Mar;67(3):1097-101
11229897
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Sep;67(9):3832-6
11525974
J Med Microbiol. 2000 Sep;49(9):779-85
10966225
J Appl Microbiol. 2007 Mar;102(3):619-29
17309610
Vet Rec. 2005 Jan 8;156(2):49-50
15675524
J Microbiol Methods. 2003 Dec;55(3):575-83
14607401
Vet Parasitol. 2007 Nov 10;149(3-4):213-8
17825491