title: Effects of monoglycerides on rhodamine 123 accumulation, estradiol 17 beta-D-glucuronide bidirectional transport and MRP2 protein expression within Caco-2 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral drug development had been hindered by the bioavailability issue despite vast market popularity. Lipid excipients had shown to enhance bioavailability of a number of reformulated hydrophobic oral drugs, yet the underlying mechanisms of action by lipids are still unclear. One proposed mechanism is that lipid excipients could facilitate drug uptake by altering the activities of apical membrane intestinal efflux transporters. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of 1-monopalmitin, 1-monoolein and 1-monostearin on the efflux activity and protein expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 24-hour non-cytotoxic ranges of these monoglycerides were first determined using MTS and LDH assays in Caco-2 cells. Then, both accumulation and bidirectional transport studies were conducted using 10 microM rhodamine 123 (Rh123) and 10 nM estradiol 17 beta-D-glucuronide (E(2)17betaG), respectively, to assess the functional activities of MRP2. 50 microM MK-571, a specific MRP1 and MRP2 inhibitor, was used as the positive control in both studies. Western blotting was followed to determine the effect of these monoglycerides on MRP2 protein expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caco-2 cells were viable when treated with 1-monopalmitin, 1-monostearin and 1-monoolein at concentrations equal or less than 1000 microM, 1000 microM and 500 microM, respectively. Cells treated with 1-monoplamitin, 1-monostearin, 1-monoolein and MK571 resulted in significant increases in Rh123 accumulation and decreases in E(2)17BetaG efflux ratio compared to the control (medium treated only). MRP2 protein expressions in 1-monopalmitin and 1-monoolein treated cells were decreased by 19% and 35% compared to the control; however, there was no change of MRP2 protein expression in 1- monostearin treated cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggested that 1-monoolein, 1-monostearin and 1-monopalmitin could attenuate the activity of MRP2 and possibly other efflux transporters in Caco-2 cells. The reduction of efflux activity of MRP2 by 1-monoolein treatment could be partially accounted by the non-specific down-regulation of MRP2 protein expression.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Jessica X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Kishor M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wasan
mesh_terms: D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005079:Excipients / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005989:Glycerides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D050178:Monoglycerides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020112:Rhodamine 123 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D004958:Estradiol; D005079:Excipients; D005989:Glycerides; D050178:Monoglycerides; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D020112:Rhodamine 123; C000715087:ABCC2 protein, human; C025483:estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide; C048159:glyceryl monostearate; C005953:monoolein; C027735:palmitoyl glycerol