Pharmacogenomics: the promise of personalized medicine for CNS disorders.
This review focuses first on the concept of pharmacogenomics and its related concepts (biomarkers and personalized prescription). Next, the first generation of five DNA pharmacogenomic tests used in the clinical practice of psychiatry is briefly reviewed. Then the possible involvement of these pharmacogenomic tests in the exploration of early clinical proof of mechanism is described by using two of the tests and one example from the pharmaceutical industry (iloperidone clinical trials). The initial attempts to use other microarray tests (measuring RNA expression) as peripheral biomarkers for CNS disorders are briefly described. Then the challenge of taking pharmacogenomic tests (compared to drugs) into clinical practice is explained by focusing on regulatory oversight, the methodological/scientific issues concerning diagnostic tests, and cost-effectiveness issues. Current information on medicine-based evidence and cost-effectiveness usually focuses on average patients and not the outliers who are most likely to benefit from personalized prescription. Finally, future research directions are suggested. The future of 'personalized prescription' in psychiatry requires consideration of pharmacogenomic testing and environmental and personal variables that influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug response for each individual drug used by each patient.
de Leon
Jose
J
Mental Health Research Center, Eastern State Hospital, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA. jdeleon@uky.edu
D000818:Animals; D001689:Biological Psychiatry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods; D004345:Drug Industry; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
D015415:Biomarkers