title: Testing the measurement equivalence of paper and touch-screen versions of the EQ-5D visual analog scale (EQ VAS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the measurement equivalence of the original paper-based vertical format of the EQ-5D visual analog scale (EQ VAS) with a touch-screen computer-based horizontal format.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 314 subjects were administered two modes of the EQ VAS in a randomized crossover design. One mode was the original paper-based 20 cm vertical EQ VAS; the other mode was touch-screen-based. Measurement equivalence was assessed by testing the 95% confidence interval of the mean differences from an equivalence threshold of -3 to +3 points on the VAS and evaluating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adjusted mean (SE) EQ VAS score was 80.96 (0.87) on the paper and 79.59 (0.85) on the touch-screen. The mean (CI) difference between scores on the two formats was 1.37 with a confidence interval of 0.175-2.559, wholly contained within the equivalence interval. The ICC was 0.75, indicating acceptable agreement between the two modes. Almost a third (30.1%) of the respondents reported identical scores on both formats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide evidence for the measurement equivalence of this EQ VAS touch-screen administration mode with the original paper mode.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics and Outcomes Research, AstraZeneca LP, PO Box 15437, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE, 19850, USA. Sulabha.Ramachandran@astrazeneca.com
authors.forename: Sulabha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
authors.forename: J Jason
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lundy
authors.forename: Stephen Joel
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Coons
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010209:Paper; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014584:User-Computer Interface
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