title: Neurocognitive decline in early-onset schizophrenia compared with ADHD and normal controls: evidence from a 13-year follow-up study.
abstract: The issue of neurodegeneration in schizophrenia is controversial. Although most studies indicate that neurocognitive deficits are relatively stable over the course of the illness, conclusions are limited by relatively short follow-up periods and absence of age-matched control groups. Furthermore, nearly all studies deal with adult-onset schizophrenia, and few studies have considered the possible effect of age of onset. The current study represents the first attempt to compare groups of adolescents with schizophrenia, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and normal controls on a comprehensive neurocognitive test battery in a longitudinal design over 13 years. In the baseline study, adolescents with schizophrenia were examined with a broad battery of neurocognitive tests. The comparison groups consisted of adolescents with ADHD and adolescents without a psychiatric diagnosis, between 12 and 18 years of age. In the follow-up study, the schizophrenia group consisted of 15 of the initial 19 individuals, the ADHD group of 19 of the 20 individuals, and the normal comparison group of all 30 individuals. They were reevaluated with the neurocognitive test battery and clinical measures. Subjects with schizophrenia showed a significant decline or arrest in neurocognitive functioning compared with the other 2 groups, particularly in verbal memory, attention, and processing speed. The impairments may be specific to early-onset schizophrenia due to interaction between ongoing brain maturation during adolescence and disease-related mechanisms and/or secondary to neuroleptic treatment in young age and/or social isolation.
authors.affiliation: Division Mental Health Care, Innlandet Hospital Trust Lillehammer, Anders Sandvigsgate 17, 2629 Lillehammer, Norway. oei-me@online.no
authors.forename: Merete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Øie
authors.forename: Kjetil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sundet
authors.forename: Bjørn Rishovd
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Rund
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012016:Reference Values; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D014888:Wechsler Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Dec 4;104(49):19649-54
references.pmid: 18024590
references.citation: Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2006;2:389-409
references.pmid: 17716076
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2008 Jan;34(1):60-71
references.pmid: 17923452
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2008 Jan;34(1):52-9
references.pmid: 18024468
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2008 Jan;34(1):15-7
references.pmid: 18048380
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2008 Nov;106(1):29-32
references.pmid: 18207703
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 1999 Nov;37(12):1351-8
references.pmid: 10606010
references.citation: Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Jan;17(1):41-4
references.pmid: 11800506
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2003 Oct 1;63(3):261-71
references.pmid: 12957705
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2003 Dec 15;65(2-3):75-86
references.pmid: 14630300
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Mar;161(3):466-72
references.pmid: 14992972
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2004 May 30;126(3):229-39
references.pmid: 15157749
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 1975 Jun;84(3):205-9
references.pmid: 1133249
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976 Jun;33(6):766-71
references.pmid: 938196
references.citation: Psychopharmacol Bull. 1985;21(2):222-31
references.pmid: 3923527
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Jun;51(6):469-76
references.pmid: 8192549
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1994 Nov 15;36(10):641-53
references.pmid: 7661935
references.citation: J Comp Neurol. 1996 Mar 4;366(2):223-30
references.pmid: 8698883
references.citation: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996 Feb;93(2):144-50
references.pmid: 8686485
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Sep;153(9):1154-7
references.pmid: 8780418
references.citation: Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1996;246(5):249-55
references.pmid: 8863003
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Aug;156(8):1216-22
references.pmid: 10450263
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Oct 1;46(7):892-8
references.pmid: 10509172
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2004 Dec 15;72(1):41-51
references.pmid: 15531406
references.citation: Am Psychol. 2005 Apr;60(3):229-42
references.pmid: 15796677
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2005 Oct 1;78(1):27-34
references.pmid: 15964177
references.citation: Clin Psychol Rev. 2006 Aug;26(4):466-85
references.pmid: 16473440
references.citation: Clin Psychol Rev. 2006 Aug;26(4):433-44
references.pmid: 16480802
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Sep 1;60(5):463-71
references.pmid: 16566898
references.citation: Schizophr Res. 2007 Mar;91(1-3):132-40
references.pmid: 17258891
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 May;64(5):532-42
references.pmid: 17485605
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;64(6):633-47
references.pmid: 17548746
references.citation: Schizophr Bull. 2008 Jan;34(1):30-6
references.pmid: 17906336