title: A long-term study on the setting reaction of glass ionomer cements by (27)Al MAS-NMR spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The main objective is the characterization of the setting reaction in glass ionomer cements (GICs) based on experimental glasses using the (27)Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) spectroscopy in order to understand the crosslinking process during the setting reaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three types of GICs which are based on fluoro-alumino-silicate glasses (LG125, ART10, and LG26Sr) were studied using (27)Al MAS-NMR to monitor the setting reaction of the cements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The result showed clearly the formation of six coordinate, aluminium Al(VI), that crosslink the carboxyl groups in the PAA. The deconvolution study was performed to quantify the amount of each Al species in the cements. The finding showed that composition of original glass has a substantial effect on the setting behavior of the cements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that the setting reaction of GICs can be followed by (27)Al MAS-NMR spectroscopy discovering the conversion of Al(IV) to Al(VI). Considerable amount of the five coordinate aluminium, Al(V), species was found in the cements aged up to one year. The presence of phosphorus has a strong influence on the setting reaction. The formation of Al-O-P species was postulated to be present in the cement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, Imperial College, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK.
authors.forename: Norhazlin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zainuddin
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karpukhina
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Robert V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Law
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D005459:Fluorides / Q000737:chemistry; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000737:chemistry; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008422:Materials Testing; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry; D013324:Strontium / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C041069:carboxyl radical; D010758:Phosphorus; D000535:Aluminum; D005459:Fluorides; D010100:Oxygen; D002118:Calcium; D013324:Strontium