title: Neuropsychological course in the prodrome and first episode of psychosis: findings from the PRIME North America Double Blind Treatment Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is uncertainty regarding the onset timing of the cognitive deficiencies of schizophrenia. We investigated whether conversion to psychosis and/or olanzapine altered the neuropsychological course of subjects within the first-ever double blind medication study of the putative schizophrenia first episode prodrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty participants in a double blind trial of olanzapine as a treatment for putative prodromal states were assessed at entry (pre-randomization), and again at 6 and 12 months (if they remained non-psychotic), or at any of these points prior to psychosis followed by post-psychosis and 6 months post-psychosis assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants who converted to psychosis did not differ from placebo non-converters in pre-randomization global neuropsychological status. Early converters did not differ from later converters in entry neuropsychological status. Subjects who converted after 6 months did not show neuropsychological declines during the initial, pre-psychosis, 6 months. Neuropsychological course did not differ between converters to psychosis and non-converters, or between olanzapine and placebo-assigned subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neither the onset of frank psychosis nor olanzapine treatment of the prodrome significantly alters neuropsychological course in persons considered to be at high risk at their initial (pre-psychosis) assessment. These findings suggest that the neuropsychological deficiencies associated with psychotic conditions largely pre-exist the first frank psychotic episode.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. keith.hawkins@yale.edu
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.forename: Richard S E
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.forename: Bruce K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Addington
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Callahan
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Zipursky
authors.forename: Diana O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tohen
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Breier
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: McGlashan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009656:North America; D000077152:Olanzapine; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D010919:Placebos; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000077152:Olanzapine