title: hKSR-2, a vitamin D-regulated gene, inhibits apoptosis in arabinocytosine-treated HL60 leukemia cells.
abstract: Ras signaling can be modulated by the scaffolding activity of kinase suppressor of Ras-1 (KSR-1) and by the hKSR-2 protein, resulting in diverse phenotypic outcomes. The mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade downstream from Ras and KSRs includes Raf-1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 kinases, known to enhance survival potential of a range of cell types. Because the molecular events that increase survival of HL60 cells induced to differentiate toward monocytic phenotype by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] are not known, we investigated if KSR proteins provide a survival function in these cells. We found that whereas kinase suppressor of Ras-1 had no detectable effect on cell survival in the system studied here, 1,25-(OH)2D3-induced up-regulation of hKSR-2 enhanced the resistance of HL60 cells to arabinocytosine. Knockdown of hKSR-2 by either small interfering RNA or antisense oligonucleotides increased arabinocytosine-induced apoptosis, which was accompanied by reduced Bcl-2/Bax and Bcl-2/Bad ratios, and increased caspase-3 activating cleavage. In contrast, up-regulation of Mcl-1 was not abrogated by anti-sense (AS) AS-hKSR-2, pointing to a specific role of Bcl-2 in control of 1,25-(OH)2D3-induced increased cell survival. These findings are consistent with the previously shown lack of fully differentiated monocytic cells in HL60 cultures exposed to 1,25-(OH)2D3 in which hKSR-2 was knocked down, suggesting that optimal differentiation of these cells requires enhanced antiapoptotic mechanisms provided, at least in part, by hKSR-2. Collectively, these results suggest that hKSR-2 may offer a new target for novel therapies of acute myelogenous leukemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
authors.forename: Xuening
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Studzinski
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000633:toxicity*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D009336:Necrosis; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000975:Antioxidants; C479421:CNKSR2 protein, human; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C118756:dihydroxy-vitamin D3; D003561:Cytarabine; D014807:Vitamin D; D000111:Acetylcysteine
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