title: Post-injury baicalein improves histological and functional outcomes and reduces inflammatory cytokines after experimental traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers a complex series of inflammatory responses that contribute to secondary tissue damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of baicalein, a flavonoid possessing potent anti-inflammatory properties, on functional and histological outcomes and inflammatory cytokine expression, following TBI in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats subjected to controlled cortical impact injury were injected with baicalein (30 mg kg(-1)) or vehicle immediately after injury or daily for 4 days. Neurological status was evaluated using the rotarod, adhesive removal, modified neurological severity scores and beam walk tests. Contusion volume and neuronal degeneration were measured using cresyl violet and FluoroJade B (FJB) histochemistry. Levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA and protein were assessed by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Single-dose and multiple-dose treatment with baicalein significantly improved functional recovery and reduced contusion volumes up to day 28 post-injury, although multiple-dose baicalein was the more effective treatment. Single-dose baicalein also significantly reduced the number of degenerating neurons (31%) on post-injury day 1 as indicated by FJB staining. These changes were associated with significantly decreased levels, at the contusion site, of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 mRNA at 6 h, and cytokine protein on day 1 post-injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Post-injury treatment with baicalein improved functional and histological outcomes and reduced induction of proinflammatory cytokines in rat TBI. The neuroprotective effect of baicalein may be related to a decreased inflammatory response following the injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin Rehabilitation Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: S-F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: C-W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: W-H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: J-Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D044950:Flavanones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D044950:Flavanones; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; C006680:baicalein
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