title: Activation of hepatic stellate cells is associated with cytokine expression in thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice.
abstract: The pathophysiological mechanisms of thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatic fibrogenesis are not yet fully understood. In particular, the role of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) remains unclear. We therefore examined proliferation and transdifferentiation of HSC as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms in TAA-induced fibrosis. Hepatic fibrogenesis was induced in mice by addition of TAA to drinking water. Liver damage was determined by assessment of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, and measurement of collagen deposition. Additionally, expression patterns of alpha-smooth muscle actin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, specific hepatic biomarker for HSC), cysteine- and glycine-rich protein 2 (CRP2, specific marker of HSC transdifferentiation), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), interleukins (IL-1beta, IL-6), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF-B, PDGF-D) , tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and (transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 were assessed by real-time PCR. Transcription of GFAP and CRP2 were transiently upregulated during TAA-induced fibrogenesis (punctum maxima (p.m.) week 10 for GFAP and week 14 for CRP2). Similar transient expression patterns were demonstrated for IL-1beta, IL-6, TGF-beta1, and PDGF-B (p.m. week 12) whereas TNF-alpha and PDGF-D continuously increased with ongoing liver injury. In particular, not only neutrophil granulocytes, but also macrophages and leukocytes served as a major source for MMP-9 expression. GFAP and CRP2 expression patterns demonstrated transiently increased HSC-activation during TAA-induced hepatic fibrogenesis. The rate of increase of transcription of GFAP correlated best with PDGF-B, whereas CRP2 levels correlated with PDGF-B, PDGF-D, and IL-1beta expression. This study demonstrates for the first time that transiently increased activation patterns of HSC are observed in toxically induced hepatic fibrosis. Thus, TAA in drinking water is an effective and elegant model to induce reproducible states of liver fibrosis without parenchymal damage in mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rebeca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salguero Palacios
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roderfeld
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hemmann
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rath
authors.forename: Srebrena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Atanasova
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tschuschner
authors.forename: Olav A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Gressner
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weiskirchen
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roeb
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D060588:LIM Domain Proteins; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis / Q000378:metabolism; D013853:Thioacetamide
chemical_list: C484376:Csrp2 protein, mouse; D016207:Cytokines; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D060588:LIM Domain Proteins; D008222:Lymphokines; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C498951:Pdgfd protein, mouse; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; C528900:glial fibrillary astrocytic protein, mouse; D013853:Thioacetamide