title: The application of Russell and Burch 3R principle in rodent models of neurodegenerative disease: the case of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Currently, the accepted ethical standards for the regulation of animal experimentation are provided by the 3R principle (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement). The development of alternative methods to the use of animals (Replacement), the design of adequate experimental protocols to reduce the number of animals (Reduction), the application of refinement practices (Refinement) are all aspects to be considered to ensure ethical and scientific validity to animal experimentation. This review intends to address these issues, using experimental research on Parkinson's disease (PD) as a paradigmatic example of the use of animal models to improve knowledge on a devastating human pathology. In particular, current rodent models of PD and their validity are reviewed and discussed, and methodologies that may ultimately reduce animal's suffering emphasized. Although procedures referring to with 3R principle can be traced in the literature reviewed, they are not considered yet an important part of the methodological information. The formal inclusion in scientific papers of a section devoted to 3Rs may increase knowledge and eventually adherence to this principle by scientists.
authors.affiliation: Section of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome I-00161, Italy.
authors.forename: Arianna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manciocco
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiarotti
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Calamandrei
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Laviola
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alleva
mesh_terms: D032761:Animal Experimentation / Q000941:ethics*; D017087:Animal Rights; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases; D012106:Research / Q000592:standards*; D012107:Research Design; D012377:Rodentia