Trypanosoma cruzi infection is enhanced by vector saliva through immunosuppressant mechanisms mediated by lysophosphatidylcholine.
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, is transmitted by bug feces deposited on human skin during a blood meal. However, parasite infection occurs through the wound produced by insect mouthparts. Saliva of the Triatominae bug Rhodnius prolixus is a source of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Here, we tested the role of both triatomine saliva and LPC on parasite transmission. We show that vector saliva is a powerful inducer of cell chemotaxis. A massive number of inflammatory cells were found at the sites where LPC or saliva was inoculated into the skin of mice. LPC is a known chemoattractant for monocytes, but neutrophil recruitment induced by saliva is LPC independent. The preincubation of peritoneal macrophages with saliva or LPC increased fivefold the association of T. cruzi with these cells. Moreover, saliva and LPC block nitric oxide production by T. cruzi-exposed macrophages. The injection of saliva or LPC into mouse skin in the presence of the parasite induces an up-to-sixfold increase in blood parasitemia. Together, our data suggest that saliva of the Triatominae enhances T. cruzi transmission and that some of its biological effects are attributed to LPC. This is a demonstration that a vector-derived lysophospholipid may act as an enhancing factor of Chagas disease.
Mesquita
Rafael D
RD
Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 21940-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Carneiro
Alan Brito
AB
Bafica
André
A
Gazos-Lopes
Felipe
F
Takiya
Christina M
CM
Souto-Padron
Thaís
T
Vieira
Danielle P
DP
Ferreira-Pereira
Antônio
A
Almeida
Igor C
IC
Figueiredo
Rodrigo T
RT
Porto
Bárbara N
BN
Bozza
Marcelo T
MT
Graça-Souza
Aurélio V
AV
Lopes
Angela H C S
AH
Atella
Geórgia C
GC
Silva-Neto
Mário A C
MA
D000818:Animals; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000276:immunology / Q000635:transmission*; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000276:immunology; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000276:immunology*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology*; D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000276:immunology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000276:immunology; D012239:Rhodnius / Q000469:parasitology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi
D016207:Cytokines; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D008244:Lysophosphatidylcholines; D009569:Nitric Oxide
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