Coffee consumption, genetic susceptibility and bladder cancer risk.
OBJECTIVE
We evaluated the bladder cancer risk associated with coffee consumption in a case-control study in Spain and examined the gene-environment interactions for genetic variants of caffeine-metabolizing enzymes.


METHODS
The analyses included 1,136 incident cases with urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder and 1,138 controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were adjusted for area, age, gender, amount of cigarette smoking, and years since quitting among former smokers.


RESULTS
The OR (95% CI) for ever consumed coffee was 1.25 (0.95-1.64). For consumers of 1, 2, 3, and 4 or more cups/day relative to never drinkers, OR were, respectively, 1.24 (0.92-1.66), 1.11 (95% CI 0.82-1.51), 1.57 (1.13-2.19), and 1.27 (0.88-1.81). Coffee consumption was higher in smokers compared to never smokers. The OR for drinking at least 4 cups/day was 1.13 (0.61-2.09) in current smokers, 1.57 (0.86-2.90) in former smokers, and 1.23 (0.55-2.76) in never smokers. Gene-coffee interactions evaluated in NAT2, CYP1A2, and CYP2E1-02 and CYP1A1 were not identified after adjusting for multiple testing.


CONCLUSIONS
We observed a modest increased bladder cancer risk among coffee drinkers that may, in part, be explained by residual confounding by smoking. The findings from the gene-coffee interactions need replication in further studies.
Villanueva
Cristina M
CM
Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), PRBB Building, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. cvillanueva@creal.cat
Silverman
Debra T
DT
Murta-Nascimento
Cristiane
C
Malats
Núria
N
Garcia-Closas
Montserrat
M
Castro
Francesc
F
Tardon
Adonina
A
Garcia-Closas
Reina
R
Serra
Consol
C
Carrato
Alfredo
A
Rothman
Nathaniel
N
Real
Francisco X
FX
Dosemeci
Mustafa
M
Kogevinas
Manolis
M
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001191:Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003069:Coffee / Q000633:toxicity*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000235:genetics; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*
D003069:Coffee; C504573:CYP1A2 protein, human; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D001191:Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase; C478900:NAT2 protein, human
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