title: Hypertension management in outpatient visits by diabetic patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertension is a common comorbidity among patients with diabetes. Few national studies have examined hypertension management in diabetic patients and even fewer studies have examined prescribing of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), the recommended first line of treatment in hypertensive diabetic patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined hypertension management, including behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy, in a nationally representative sample of outpatient visits by diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 2003--2004 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the outpatient department portion of the 2003--2004 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were used to examine hypertension management in patients with diabetes and hypertension. Descriptive analysis was used to evaluate utilization of behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy in hypertensive diabetic patients. Multivariate analysis was used to examine prescribing variation in the use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs in hypertensive diabetic patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An estimated 34 million outpatient visits were made by hypertensive diabetic patients in 2003--2004. Blood pressure > 130/80 mmHg was found in 66% of the outpatient visits by hypertensive diabetic patients. Nearly 57% of these visits involved educational and counseling services, with 53% receiving diet and nutrition services. In 71% of these visits antihypertensive agents were used, with 49% involving 2 or more antihypertensive agents. ACE inhibitors and ARBs were prescribed in 36% and 19% of the visits, respectively. Multivariate analysis found that patients with blood pressure > 130/80 mmHg were more likely to receive ACE inhibitors or ARBs and patients of other races, especially American Indians, were less likely to receive ACE inhibitors or ARBs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study found that although behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy are often used for hypertension management in diabetic patients, optimal blood pressure was observed in only one third of the visits. Targeted efforts are needed to increase the use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs to improve hypertension management in diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences and Administration, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA. rraparasu@uh.edu
authors.forename: Rajender R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Aparasu
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aparasu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D044469:Racial Groups
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors