title: Chemical leucoderma: a clinico-aetiological study of 864 cases in the perspective of a developing country.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemical leucoderma, often clinically mimicking idiopathic vitiligo and other congenital and acquired hypopigmentation, has been increasing rapidly in incidence in developing countries such as India.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study attempts to detect clinical and epidemiological patterns of chemical leucoderma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detailed history-taking, especially of exposure to contributory chemicals, clinical examination, relevant investigations, data recording and analysis were done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a total of 864 cases of chemical leucoderma, 65.6% cases started de novo and vitiligo patches were pre-existing in the remaining cases. Patches were limited to the contact area in 73.7% but had spread to remote areas in 26.3% cases. The face (41.1%) and scalp (5.9%) were the commonest and least involved sites. Confetti macules were seen in 89% and pruritus was complained of in 21.8%. Aetiological agents identified were hair dye 27.4% (21% self-use; 6.4% not self-use), deodorant and spray perfume 21.6%, detergent and cleansers 15.4%, adhesive bindi 12%, rubber chappal 9.4%, black socks and shoes 9.1%, eyeliner 8.2%, lipliner 4.8%, rubber condoms 3.5%, lipstick 3.3%, fur toys 3.1%, toothpaste 1.9%, insecticides 1.7%, 'alta' 1.2%, amulet string colour 0.9%. Therapeutic response was much better in 'pure' chemical leucoderma (73.4%) than in those with co-existing vitiligo (20.9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chemical leucoderma, a disease of mostly industrial origin in developed countries, may be induced by common domestic products in developing countries. Diagnosis and differentiation from other causes of hypopigmentation can be done confidently by following the clinical criteria as proposed. The therapeutic response of chemical leucoderma is better than that of vitiligo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Institute of Allergic and Immunologic Skin Diseases, 27/2 C Bakultala Lane, Kasba, Kolkata, West Bengal 700042, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003376:Counseling; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006795:Household Products / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D017496:Hypopigmentation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011701:PUVA Therapy / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014820:Vitiligo / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones