title: The combined effects of celecoxib and minocycline hydrochloride on inhibiting the osseous metastasis of breast cancer in nude mice.
abstract: Breast carcinomas show a trend toward bone metastasis that is prevalent worldwide. Celecoxib (CX) and minocycline hydrochloride (MH) have both been widely used in treating breast cancer; however, their combined effects on the osseous metastasis of breast cancer have not yet been studied. In the present study, breast cancer cells were injected into the back of the femoral bone of nude mice, and CX and MH were intraperitoneally administered every other day at doses of 30 and 40 mg/kg/day, respectively, for 30 days. Tumor weights and volumes were significantly lower and the tumor inhibition rate was significantly higher in the CX + MH group than those of the control and CX or MH alone groups (p < 0.05). The cell density in the tumor tissue was significantly decreased and apoptotic and necrotic cell death was significantly increased in the CX + MH group, as compared with those of the control and CX or MH alone groups. Microvessel density and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in the tumor tissues of the CX + MH group were significantly lower than those of the CX, MH, and control groups. The serum alkaline phosphatase level of the CX + MH group was significantly lower than those of the other groups (p < 0.01). These results suggest that a combined use of CX and MH has better inhibitory effects on the osseous metastasis of breast cancer, as compared to CX or MH alone. They exerted their combined effects by increasing tumor-cell death and decreasing the tumor expression of MMP-9 and VEGF systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Guangfeng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Zhichao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Renxiong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008911:Minocycline / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000187:drug effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D008911:Minocycline; D000068579:Celecoxib