title: Cardiac markers of pre-clinical disease in adolescents with the metabolic syndrome: the strong heart study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to evaluate the impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on cardiac phenotype in adolescents.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A high prevalence of MetS has been reported in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred forty-six nondiabetic American Indian adolescents (age 14 to 20 years, 238 girls) underwent clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and Doppler echocardiography. Age- and gender-specific partition values were used to define obesity and hypertension. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, modified for adolescents. Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and left atrial (LA) dilation were identified using age- and gender-specific partition values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred eleven participants met criteria for MetS. They had a similar age and gender distribution as non-MetS participants. Analysis of covariance, controlling for relevant confounders, demonstrated that participants with MetS had higher LV, LA, and aortic root diameters, higher LV relative wall thickness, and greater LV mass index. Accordingly, MetS participants showed higher prevalences of LV hypertrophy (43.2% vs. 11.7%) and LA dilation (63.1% vs. 21.9%, both p < 0.001) compared with non-MetS participants. In addition, MetS was associated with a reduction in midwall shortening, lower transmitral mitral early to atrial peak velocity ratio, and mildly prolonged mitral early deceleration time (all p < 0.05). In multiple regression analysis, independently of demographics, obesity, blood pressure, and single metabolic components of MetS, clustered MetS was associated with a 2.6-fold higher likelihood of LV hypertrophy and a 2.3-fold higher likelihood of LA dilation (both p < or = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a population sample of adolescents, MetS is associated with higher prevalences of LV hypertrophy and LA dilation and with reduced LV systolic and diastolic function, independently of individual MetS components.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University Hospital School of Medicine, Naples, Italy. mchinali@unina.it
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chinali
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Simone
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: Lyle G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: Elisa T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Barbara V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Devereux
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors
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