title: Quantification of 19-nortestosterone sulphate and boldenone sulphate in urine from male horses using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: Following administration of the anabolic steroid 19-nortestosterone or its esters to the horse, a major urinary metabolite is 19-nortestosterone-17beta-sulphate. The detection of 19-nortestosterone in urine from untreated animals has led to it being considered a naturally occurring steroid in the male horse. Recently, we have demonstrated that the majority of the 19-nortestosterone found in extracts of 'normal' urine from male horses arises as an artefact through decarboxylation of the 19-carboxylic acid of testosterone. The aim of this investigation was to establish if direct analysis of 19-nortestosterone-17beta-sulphate by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) had potential for the detection of 19-nortestosterone misuse in the male horse. The high concentrations of sulphate conjugates of the female sex hormones naturally present in male equine urine were overcome by selective hydrolysis of the aryl sulphates using glucuronidase from Helix pomatia; this was shown to have little or no activity for alkyl sulphates such as 19-nortestosterone-17beta-sulphate. The 'free' phenolic steroids were removed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) prior to LC/MS/MS analysis. The method also allowed for the quantification of the sulphate conjugate of boldenone, a further anabolic steroid endogenous in the male equine with potential for abuse in sports. The method was applied to the quantification of these analytes in a population of samples. This paper reports the results of that study along with the development and validation of the LC/MS/MS method. The results indicate that while 19-nortestosterone-17beta-sulphate is present at low levels as an endogenous substance in urine from 'normal' male horses, its use as an effective threshold substance may be viable.
authors.affiliation: HFL Sport Science, Quotient Bioresearch Ltd., Fordham CB7 5WW, UK. pgrace@hfl.co.uk
authors.forename: Philip B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Grace
authors.forename: Erica C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Teale
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Houghton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004300:Doping in Sports / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006736:Horses / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D009277:Nandrolone / Q000652:urine*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000652:urine; D013739:Testosterone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D013431:Sulfates; D013739:Testosterone; C013915:boldenone; D009277:Nandrolone