title: Temporal trends, congener patterns, and sources of octa-, nona-, and decabromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCD) in Swiss lake sediments.
abstract: With the recent ban of pentabromodiphenyl ether (technical PentaBDE) and octabromodiphenyl ether (technical OctaBDE) mixtures in the European Union (EU) and in parts of the United States, decabromodiphenyl ether (technical DecaBDE) remains as the only polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) based flame retardant available, today. The EU risk assessment report for DecaBDE identified a high level of uncertainty associated with the suitability of the current risk assessment approach for secondary poisoning by debromination of DecaBDE to toxic lower brominated diphenylethers. Addressing this still open question, we investigated concentrations and temporal trends of DecaBDE, NonaBDE, and OctaBDE congeners in the sediments of Greifensee, a small lake located in an urban area close to Zürich, Switzerland. PBDE appeared first in sediment layers corresponding to the mid 1970s. While total Tri-HeptaBDE (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154 and -183) concentrations leveled off in the mid 1990s to about 1.6 ng/g dw (dry weight), DecaBDE levels increased steadily to 7.4 ng/g dw in 2001 with a doubling time of 9 years. Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCD) appeared in Greifensee sediments in the mid 1980s. They are an important class of flame retardants that are being used in increasing amounts, today. As was observed for DecaBDE, HBCD concentrations were continuously increasing to reach 2.5 ng/g dw in 2001. Next to DecaBDE, all 3 NonaBDE congeners (BDE-208, BDE-207, and BDE-206) and at least 7 out of the 12 possible OctaBDE congeners (BDE-202, BDE-201, BDE-197/204, BDE-198/203, BDE-196/200, BDE-205, and BDE-194) were detected in the sediments of Greifensee. Highest concentrations were found in the surface sediments with 7.2, 0.26, 0.14, and 1.6 ng/g dw for Deca-, Nona-, Octa-, and the sum of Tri-HeptaBDE, respectively. While DecaBDE and NonaBDE were found to increase rapidly, the increase of OctaBDE was slower. Congener patterns of Octa- and NonaBDE present in sediments of Greifensee did not change with time. Consequently, there was no evidence for sediment mediated long-term transformation of PBDE within the observed time span of almost 30 years. Despite the high persistence of DecaBDE, environmental debromination occurs, as shown by the detection of a shift in congener patterns of Octa- and NonaBDE in sediments, compared to the respective congener patterns in technical PBDE products. The OctaBDE congener BDE-202 was detected in sediments, representing a transformation product that is not reported in any of the technical PBDE products. Comparison of OctaBDE congener patterns in sediments with OctaBDE congener patterns from known sources reveals that (i) they were distinctively different from the congener patterns in technical PBDE products and (ii) that they were similar to the OctaBDE patterns in house dust and photodegradation products of DecaBDE, suggesting contributions from these sources.
authors.affiliation: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Uberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland. martin.kohler@bluewin.ch
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zennegg
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bogdal
authors.forename: Andreas C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gerecke
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Norbert V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Heeb
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sturm
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vonmont
authors.forename: Hans-Peter E
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Kohler
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Giger
mesh_terms: D004987:Ethers; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000032:analysis*; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D013557:Switzerland; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004987:Ethers; D005411:Flame Retardants; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C089796:hexabromocyclododecane