title: Cell type-specific DNA methylation patterns in the human breast.
abstract: Cellular identity and differentiation are determined by epigenetic programs. The characteristics of these programs in normal human mammary epithelium and their similarity to those in stem cells are unknown. To begin investigating these issues, we analyzed the DNA methylation and gene expression profiles of distinct subpopulations of mammary epithelial cells by using MSDK (methylation-specific digital karyotyping) and SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression). We identified discrete cell-type and differentiation state-specific DNA methylation and gene expression patterns that were maintained in a subset of breast carcinomas and correlated with clinically relevant tumor subtypes. CD44+ cells were the most hypomethylated and highly expressed several transcription factors with known stem cell function including HOXA10 and TCF3. Many of these genes were also hypomethylated in BMP4-treated compared with undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells that we analyzed by MSDK for comparison. Further highlighting the similarity of epigenetic programs of embryonic and mammary epithelial cells, genes highly expressed in CD44+ relative to more differentiated CD24+ cells were significantly enriched for Suz12 targets in ES cells. The expression of FOXC1, one of the transcription factors hypomethylated and highly expressed in CD44+ cells, induced a progenitor-like phenotype in differentiated mammary epithelial cells. These data suggest that epigenetically controlled transcription factors play a key role in regulating mammary epithelial cell phenotypes and imply similarities among epigenetic programs that define progenitor cell characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Noga
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bloushtain-Qimron
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Michail
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shipitsin
authors.forename: Lauren L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Sendurai A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mani
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Vadim
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ustyansky
authors.forename: Jessica E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Antosiewicz
authors.forename: Pedram
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Argani
authors.forename: Marc K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Halushka
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pharoah
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Porgador
authors.forename: Saraswati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sukumar
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Martha R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: Rebecca S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Gelman
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nikolskaya
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nikolsky
authors.forename: Kornelia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Polyak
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002452:Cell Count; D048430:Cell Shape; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: C112743:FOXC1 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors
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