title: Patient outcome after traumatic brain injury in high-, middle- and low-income countries: analysis of data on 8927 patients in 46 countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The burden of TBI is greatest in low- and middle-income countries (LAMIC), yet little is known about patient outcomes in these settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Complete data on 8927 patients from 46 countries from the corticosteroid randomization after significant head injury (CRASH) trial were analysed to explore whether outcomes 6 months after TBI differed between high-income countries and LAMIC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Just under half of patients experienced a good recovery, one-third moderate or severe disability and one-quarter died within 6 months of their injury. Univariate analyses showed that patients in LAMIC were more likely to die following severe TBI, but were less likely to be disabled following mild and moderate TBI. These results were confirmed in multivariate analyses. Compared to patients in high-income countries, patients in LAMIC have over twice the odds of dying following severe TBI (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.51-3.30) but half the odds of disability following mild (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.23-0.72) and moderate TBI (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.35-0.81). There were no differences between settings in the odds of death following either mild or moderate TBI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced death rates following severe TBI in patients from high-income countries may be due to differences in medical care which may result in a higher proportion of patients surviving with a disability. Socio-cultural factors may explain the lower levels of disability after mild and moderate TBI in LAMIC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK. mary.desilva@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: De Silva
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perel
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kenward
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: Haleema
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shakur
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000534:rehabilitation; D019049:Developed Countries; D003906:Developing Countries; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult