title: Mania: psychiatric manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a prothrombotic condition characterized by recurrent vascular thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity in the presence of circulating antiphospholipid antibodies. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is a prominent feature of APS, and many neurological manifestations have been described in published reports. There are limited data on psychiatric syndromes occurring in association with APS, and there have been no previous reports of mania associated with APS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors present the case of a 31-year-old man who experienced an acute manic episode in association with APS. They review the literature on psychiatric manifestations of APS, discuss potential mechanisms of CNS pathogenesis, and consider diagnostic and treatment implications of the co-occurrence of APS and psychiatric symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA. haniyaraza@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Haniya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Maryland
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pao
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rosenstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D000077152:Olanzapine
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018020:Lithium Compounds; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D006220:Haloperidol; D000077152:Olanzapine
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