title: Direct electrochemistry of horseradish peroxidase immobilized in a chitosan-[C4mim][BF4] film: determination of electrode kinetic parameters.
abstract: The direct electrochemistry of a HRP-chi-[C(4)mim][BF(4)] film (where HRP = horseradish peroxidase, chi = chitosan, and [C(4)mim][BF(4)] = the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) has been studied by cyclic voltammetry on a glassy carbon electrode. The mechanism for the electrochemical reaction of HRP is suggested to be EC for the reduction, and CE for the following re-oxidation, as the oxidative peak potential remained approximately unchanged across the scan rate range. The half wave potential of HRP reduction was found to be pH dependent, suggesting that a concomitant proton and electron transfer is occurring. Using theoretical simulations of the experimentally obtained peak positions, the standard electron transfer rate constant, k(0), was found to be 98 (+/-16) s(-1) at 295 K in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution, which is very close to the value reported in the absence of ionic liquid. This suggests that the ionic liquid used here in the HRP-chi-[C(4)mim][BF(4)]/GC electrode does not enhance the rate of electron transfer. k(0) was found to increase systematically with increasing temperature and followed a linear Arrhenius relation, giving an activation energy of 14.20 kJ mol(-1). The electrode kinetics and activation energies obtained are identical to those reported for HRP films in aqueous media. This leads us to question if the use of RTIL films provide any unique benefits for enzyme/protein voltammetry. Rather the films may likely contain aqueous zones in which the enzymes are located and undergo electron transfer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jenny S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Debbie S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Silvester
authors.forename: Gregory G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Wildgoose
authors.forename: Annette-E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Surkus
authors.forename: Gerd-Uwe
authors.initials: GU
authors.lastname: Flechsig
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Compton
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods; D001881:Borates; D048271:Chitosan; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004566:Electrodes / Q000592:standards; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D007700:Kinetics; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: C419324:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; D001881:Borates; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D048271:Chitosan; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase