title: Cognitive and adaptive outcome in extracerebellar low-grade brain tumors in children: a report from the Children's Oncology Group.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether pediatric patients treated with surgery only for low-grade tumors in the cerebral hemispheres, supratentorial midline, and exophytic brainstem evidence neurocognitive, academic, adaptive, or emotional/behavioral sequelae.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-three patients from a natural history study of low-grade astrocytomas were tested an average of 111 days after surgery. Rates of below average (< or = 25th percentile) scores in this sample were compared with test norms, and performances were compared across anatomic sites. Finally, the relationships of pre-, peri-, and postsurgical complications to outcome were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the entire sample, there was a significantly elevated rate of below average scores across intelligence quotient, achievement, and adaptive behavior, but not behavioral/emotional adjustment measures. Patients with hemispheric, midline, and brainstem tumors did not differ significantly. Patients with left hemisphere tumors generally performed worse than those with right hemisphere tumors. Finally, neurobehavioral outcome was unrelated to pre-, peri-, or postsurgery complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After surgery for low-grade brain tumors, a significant number of patients was found to function below average, by as much as 55% compared with 25% in the normative population. Moreover, these results suggest greater risk for patients with lesions situated in the left cerebral hemisphere. Routine neuropsychological follow-up of children after treatment for low-grade tumors is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA. douglas.ris@cchmc.org
authors.forename: M Douglas
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Ris
authors.forename: Dean W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Beebe
authors.forename: F Daniel
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fontanesi
authors.forename: Emi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sanford
authors.forename: Jeffrey H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Wisoff
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000601:surgery*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*
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