title: Investigating the effect of sotalol on the repolarization intervals in healthy young individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The dissociation between a drug-induced increase of the QT interval prolongation and an increased risk for ventricular arrhythmias has been suggested by academic investigators and regulatory agencies. Yet, there are no alternative or complimentary electrocardiographic (ECG) techniques available for assessing the cardiotoxicity of novel compounds. In this study, we investigated a set of novel ECG parameters quantifying the morphology of the T-loop. In a group of healthy individuals exposed to sotalol, we compared their drug-induced changes to the drug-induced prolongations of the QTc, QTc apex and T-peak to T-end intervals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We implemented a set of parameters describing the morphology of the T loop in its preferential plane. These parameters measure the time interval needed for the heart vector amplitude to change from its maximum value to a time when its amplitude has been reduced by 30%, 50%, and 70%. These measurements are called early repolarization duration (ERD) when they are located before the T-wave apex and late repolarization duration (LRD) when measured after the apex. They depend on both the speed of the repolarization process and the morphology of the T loop. Thirty-nine healthy individuals were exposed to sotalol in a crossover-design study. Sixteen ECGs were recorded per day during 3 days. The first day (day 0) was baseline; a single dose of sotalol (160 mg) was given during day 1, and a double dose was given during day 2 (320 mg). The plasma concentration of the drug was measured just before the ECG recordings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The values of all investigated parameters revealed a dose-dependent effect of sotalol (in average between parameters, rho = 0.9, P < .001). Our investigations described profound and statistically significant changes in the morphology of the vectorial T loop for day 1 (peak effect of sotalol: DeltaERD(50%) = 23 +/- 6 msec, P < .05; DeltaLRD(50%) = 8 +/- 3 msec, P = .05) and day 2 (peak effect of sotalol: DeltaERD(50%) = 51 +/- 14 msec, P < .05; DeltaLRD(50%) = 20 +/- 12 msec, P = .05). When investigating the timing of peak drug concentration and peak effect of the drug on the various repolarization parameters, we found asynchrony between ERDs/LRDs (> or = 3.5 hours after dosing) and QTc/QTc apex profiles (< 3.5 hours after dosing), suggesting that the time of maximum prolongation on the repolarization process was not synchronized with the time of maximum drug-induced heterogeneity of repolarization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study describes the sotalol-induced changes of the T-loop morphology in healthy individuals based on novel vectocardiographic parameters. These observations might help in improving the next generation of ECG markers for the evaluation of drug cardiotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Heart Research Follow-up Program, Cardiology Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. Jean-Philippe.couderc@heart.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Couderc
authors.forename: Meijian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Nenad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sarapa
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zareba
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013015:Sotalol / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D013015:Sotalol