title: Helminth infections and intestinal inflammation.
abstract: Evidence from epidemiological studies indicates an inverse correlation between the incidence of certain immune-mediated diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and exposure to helminths. Helminth parasites are the classic inducers of Th2 responses. The Th2-polarized T cell response driven by helminth infection has been linked to the attenuation of some damaging Th1 driven inflammatory responses, preventing some Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases in the host, including experimentally induced colitis. Helminth parasites (the porcine whipworm, Trichuris suis) have been tested for treating IBD patients, resulting in clinical amelioration of the disease. As a result, there is a great deal of interest in the research community in exploring the therapeutic use of helminth parasites for the control of immune-mediated diseases, including IBD. However, recent studies have provided evidence indicating the exacerbating effects of helminths on bacterial as well as non-infectious colitis in animal models. Therefore, a better understanding of mechanisms by which helminths modulate host immune responses in the gut may reveal novel, more effective and safer approaches to helminth-based therapy of IBD.
authors.affiliation: Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 114 16th Street, Room 3504, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States.
authors.forename: Li Jian
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Hai Ning
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000473:pathology; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
references.citation: AIDS. 2005 Nov 4;19(16):1849-55
references.pmid: 16227793
references.citation: Ann Med. 2007;39(6):428-39
references.pmid: 17852030
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2003 Jan;3(1):23-35
references.pmid: 12511873
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2001 Nov;69(11):6651-9
references.pmid: 11598034
references.citation: Malar J. 2006 Nov 03;5:99
references.pmid: 17083720
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2004 Jul;5(7):752-60
references.pmid: 15184896
references.citation: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003 Jan;68(1):70-80
references.pmid: 12556152
references.citation: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2003 Mar;284(3):G385-91
references.pmid: 12431903
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 1994 Apr;106(4):1006-15
references.pmid: 7511551
references.citation: Parasite Immunol. 2006 Nov;28(11):597-603
references.pmid: 17042931
references.citation: Science. 2002 Apr 19;296(5567):490-4
references.pmid: 11964470
references.citation: Immunol Today. 1999 Dec;20(12):561-7
references.pmid: 10562707
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2005 May;5(5):420-6
references.pmid: 15864275
references.citation: Curr Opin Immunol. 2003 Aug;15(4):421-9
references.pmid: 12900274
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Feb 1;90(3):948-52
references.pmid: 8094248
references.citation: J Leukoc Biol. 2007 Dec;82(6):1365-74
references.pmid: 17711977
references.citation: Int Immunol. 2000 May;12(5):623-30
references.pmid: 10784608
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2001 Jul;69(7):4417-23
references.pmid: 11401981
references.citation: Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006 May;130(5):718-20
references.pmid: 16683891
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2005 Apr;128(4):825-32
references.pmid: 15825065
references.citation: Immunity. 2002 Aug;17(2):211-20
references.pmid: 12196292
references.citation: J Immunol. 2005 Nov 1;175(9):6107-16
references.pmid: 16237107
references.citation: J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Dec;38(12):4343-50
references.pmid: 11101562
references.citation: Nat Med. 2000 May;6(5):536-42
references.pmid: 10802709
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2005 Nov 7;202(9):1199-212
references.pmid: 16275759
references.citation: Trends Parasitol. 2005 Aug;21(8):359-62
references.pmid: 15967721
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2003 Sep;3(9):733-44
references.pmid: 12949497
references.citation: Nat Med. 2006 Aug;12(8):955-60
references.pmid: 16892038
references.citation: Gut. 2004 Jan;53(1):99-107
references.pmid: 14684583
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2004 Oct;34(10):2690-8
references.pmid: 15368285
references.citation: AIDS. 2006 Feb 28;20(4):593-600
references.pmid: 16470124
references.citation: J Immunol. 2005 Jan 1;174(1):284-93
references.pmid: 15611251
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Jul 26;448(7152):427-34
references.pmid: 17653185
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Aug;1072:356-64
references.pmid: 17057216
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2006 Jun 12;203(6):1435-46
references.pmid: 16702603
references.citation: Nature. 2003 Jul 17;424(6946):324-8
references.pmid: 12819664
references.citation: Nature. 1996 Oct 31;383(6603):787-93
references.pmid: 8893001
references.citation: Annu Rev Nutr. 2002;22:35-59
references.pmid: 12055337
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2003 May;33(5):1439-49
references.pmid: 12731071
references.citation: Immunity. 2001 Dec;15(6):985-95
references.pmid: 11754819
references.citation: Parasite Immunol. 2006 Nov;28(11):605-12
references.pmid: 17042932
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 6;357(10):1018-27
references.pmid: 17804846
references.citation: Gut. 2006 Jan;55(1):136-7
references.pmid: 16344586
references.citation: Immunity. 1999 Feb;10(2):137-42
references.pmid: 10072066
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2004 Oct;201:156-67
references.pmid: 15361239
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2007 Sep;75(9):4655-63
references.pmid: 17606601
references.citation: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2004 Nov;5(11):1184-91
references.pmid: 15573869
references.citation: J Immunol. 2017 Feb 1;198(3):981-985
references.pmid: 28115586
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2002 Apr;70(4):2070-81
references.pmid: 11895973
references.citation: Int Immunol. 1996 Jan;8(1):143-51
references.pmid: 8671598
references.citation: Vaccine. 2006 Jul 26;24(31-32):5787-99
references.pmid: 16759763
references.citation: Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1994 Oct;88(5):501-9
references.pmid: 7979640
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2003 Sep;71(9):5077-86
references.pmid: 12933850
references.citation: Curr Opin Immunol. 2002 Jun;14(3):380-3
references.pmid: 11973138
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2008 Mar;76(3):1305-13
references.pmid: 18195022
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2001 Dec;2(12):1144-50
references.pmid: 11713464
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2005 Jan 7;280(1):277-83
references.pmid: 15519998
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2002 Feb;3(2):135-42
references.pmid: 11812990
references.citation: FASEB J. 2000 Sep;14(12):1848-55
references.pmid: 10973934
references.citation: J Immunol. 2002 Feb 15;168(4):1704-9
references.pmid: 11823500
references.citation: Parasite Immunol. 2008 Sep;30(9):491-5
references.pmid: 18627506
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2005 Apr;6(4):353-60
references.pmid: 15785761
references.citation: J Immunol. 2006 Jan 1;176(1):472-83
references.pmid: 16365440
references.citation: Gastroenterology. 2007 Apr;132(4):1320-30
references.pmid: 17408663
references.citation: Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002 Oct;15(4):595-612
references.pmid: 12364371
references.citation: J Immunol. 2007 Oct 1;179(7):4721-31
references.pmid: 17878371
references.citation: Immunol Rev. 2004 Oct;201:139-55
references.pmid: 15361238
references.citation: N Engl J Med. 2002 Aug 8;347(6):417-29
references.pmid: 12167685
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2000 Apr;30(4):1127-35
references.pmid: 10760802
references.citation: Immunology. 2006 Apr;117(4):433-42
references.pmid: 16556256
references.citation: Lancet. 2004 Sep 11-17;364(9438):981-3
references.pmid: 15364190
references.citation: Parasite Immunol. 2006 Oct;28(10):535-43
references.pmid: 16965289
references.citation: J Immunol. 2004 Dec 15;173(12):7454-61
references.pmid: 15585871
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2003 Mar;3(3):253-7
references.pmid: 12658273
references.citation: Infect Immun. 1999 Oct;67(10):5372-8
references.pmid: 10496919
references.citation: J Immunol. 2003 Nov 15;171(10):4984-9
references.pmid: 14607893
references.citation: J Immunol. 2006 Jan 15;176(2):726-9
references.pmid: 16393954
references.citation: J Med Virol. 1995 Apr;45(4):423-8
references.pmid: 7545213
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2006 Mar;36(3):631-47
references.pmid: 16479545
references.citation: J Immunol. 1993 Apr 15;150(8 Pt 1):3434-41
references.pmid: 8468481
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2004 Nov;34(11):3047-59
references.pmid: 15468056
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2005 Sep;73(9):5468-81
references.pmid: 16113263
references.citation: Springer Semin Immunopathol. 2006 Jun;27(4):391-408
references.pmid: 16738952
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2000 Jul 17;192(2):303-10
references.pmid: 10899917
references.citation: Can J Gastroenterol. 2002 Nov;16(11):771-8
references.pmid: 12464970
references.citation: J Immunol. 2003 Dec 1;171(11):5837-41
references.pmid: 14634093
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2008 Apr;118(4):1311-21
references.pmid: 18382743
references.citation: Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2008 Feb;19(1):41-52
references.pmid: 18258476
references.citation: Microbes Infect. 2002 Nov;4(13):1291-300
references.pmid: 12443893
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2002 Nov;70(11):5931-7
references.pmid: 12379667