title: The association between panic disorder and coronary artery disease among primary care patients presenting with chest pain: an updated literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although panic disorder is linked to hypertension and smoking, the relationship between panic disorder and coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To extend our understanding about the strength of the association between panic disorder and coronary artery disease and known cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Potential studies were identified via a computerized search of MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases and review of bibliographies. MeSH headings used included panic disorder with chest pain, panic disorder with coronary disease or cardiovascular disorders or heart disorders, and panic disorder with cholesterol or essential hypertension or tobacco smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  The diagnosis of panic disorder in eligible studies was based on DSM-IV criteria, and studies must have used objective criteria for CAD and risk factors. Only case-control and cohort studies were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concerning the relationship between panic disorder and CAD, studies conducted in emergency departments found a relative risk [RR] of 1.25 (95% CI = 0.87 to 1.80), while those conducted in cardiology settings found an inverse relationship (RR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.37). However, there is an inverse relationship between the prevalence of CAD in the study and the RR (r = -.554, p = .097), suggesting that, in primary care settings in which the prevalence of CAD is low, there may be a significant association between panic disorder and CAD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between panic disorder and CAD has several implications for primary care physicians managing patients with chest pain. When comorbid, the panic attacks may cause the patient with coronary disease to seek care but could also provoke a cardiac event. If one condition is recognized, a search for the other may be warranted because of the potential consequences if left undetected. The treatment approach to the panic disorder should be adjusted in the presence of comorbid CAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family And Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA. katerndahl@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Katerndahl
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