Mechanisms for recycling and biosynthesis of endogenous cannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol.
The mechanisms of endogenous cannabinoid biosynthesis are not completely understood. We hypothesized that anandamide could be recycled by the cell to form new endocannabinoid molecules and released into the extracellular space. We determined that new endocannabinoids derived from exogenous anandamide or arachidonic acid were synthesized and released from RBL-2H3 cells in response to ionomycin. Treatment of RBL-2H3 cells with nystatin and progesterone, agents that disrupt organization of lipid raft/caveolae, resulted in the attenuation of anandamide and 2-arachidonyl glycerol synthesis and/or release in response to stimulation with ionomycin suggesting a role for these membrane microdomains in endocannabinoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, anandamide synthesis may be independent of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D as expression of the enzyme was not detected in RBL-2H3 cells. We also established that extracellular calcium is necessary for endocannabinoid biosynthesis because release of intracellular calcium stores alone does not promote endocannabinoid biosynthesis. Next, we examined the role of calcium as a 'switch' to activate the synthesis of anandamide and simultaneously reduce uptake. Indeed, [(3)H] anandamide uptake was reduced in the presence of calcium. Our findings suggest a mechanism indicative of calcium-modulated activation of anandamide synthesis and simultaneous termination of uptake.
Placzek
Ekaterina A
EA
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47904, USA.
Okamoto
Yasuo
Y
Ueda
Natsuo
N
Barker
Eric L
EL
D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D021941:Caveolae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005989:Glycerides / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007476:Ionophores / Q000494:pharmacology; D007783:Lactones / Q000378:metabolism; D009761:Nystatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000378:metabolism; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011374:Progesterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D011372:Progestins / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D019284:Thapsigargin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013997:Time Factors; D014316:Tritium / Q000378:metabolism
D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005989:Glycerides; D007476:Ionophores; D007783:Lactones; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D011372:Progestins; C406526:SKM 4-45-1; D014316:Tritium; D009761:Nystatin; D011374:Progesterone; D015759:Ionomycin; D019284:Thapsigargin; C094503:glyceryl 2-arachidonate; D010739:Phospholipase D; D002118:Calcium; C078814:anandamide
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