title: Effects of replacing the habitual consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages with milk in Chilean children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the nutrition transition in Chile, dietary changes were marked by increased consumption of high-energy, nutrient-poor products, including sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Obesity is now the primary nutritional problem in posttransitional Chile.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a randomized controlled trial to examine the effects on body composition of delivering milk beverages to the homes of overweight and obese children to displace SSBs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 98 children aged 8-10 y who regularly consumed SSBs to intervention and control groups. During a 16-wk intervention, children were instructed to drink 3 servings/d (approximately 200 g per serving) of the milk delivered to their homes and to not consume SSBs. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis according to the intention-to-treat principle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the intervention group, milk consumption increased by a mean (+/- SEM) of 452.5 +/- 37.7 g/d (P < 0.0001), and consumption of SSBs decreased by -711.0 +/- 33.7 g/d (P < 0.0001). For the control group, milk consumption did not change, and consumption of SSBs increased by 71.9 +/- 33.6 g/d (P = 0.04). Changes in percentage body fat, the primary endpoint, did not differ between groups. Nevertheless, the mean (+/- SE) accretion of lean body mass was greater (P = 0.04) in the intervention (0.92 +/- 0.10 kg) than in the control (0.62 +/- 0.11 kg) group. The increase in height was also greater (P = 0.01) in the intervention group (2.50 +/- 0.21 cm) than in the control group (1.77 +/- 0.20 cm) for boys but not for girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Replacing habitual consumption of SSBs with milk may have beneficial effects on lean body mass and growth in children, despite no changes in percentage body fat. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00149695.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de Alimentos, INTA), University of Chile, Santiago,Chile.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Albala
authors.forename: Cara B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Ebbeling
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cifuentes
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lera
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bustos
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ludwig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002241:Carbohydrates; D002648:Child; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002677:Chile; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000517:prevention & control; D008892:Milk; D012574:Schools; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates
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