title: Heterologous expression and characterization of choline oxidase from the soil bacterium Arthrobacter nicotianae.
abstract: In the course of a microbial screening of soil samples for new oxidases, different enrichment strategies were carried out. With choline as the only carbon source, a microorganism was isolated and identified as Arthrobacter nicotianae. From this strain, a gene coding for a choline oxidase was isolated from chromosomal DNA. This gene named codA was cloned in Escherichia coli BL21-Gold and the protein (An_CodA) heterologously overexpressed as a soluble intracellular protein of 59.1 kDa. Basic biochemical characterization of purified protein revealed a pH optimum of 7.4 and activity over a broad temperature range (15-70 degrees C). Specific activities were determined toward choline chloride (4.70 +/- 0.12 U/mg) and the synthetic analogs bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-dimethylammonium chloride (0.05 +/- 0.45 x 10(-2) U/mg) and tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)-methylammonium methylsulfate (0.01 +/- 0.12 x 10(-2) U/mg). With increasing number of oxidizable groups, a significant decrease in activity was noted. Determination of kinetic parameters in atmorspheric oxygen resulted in K (M) = 1.51 +/- 0.09 mM and V (max) = 42.73 +/- 0.42 mU/min for choline chloride and K (M) = 4.77 +/- 0.76 mM and V (max) = 48.40 +/- 2.88 mU/min for the reaction intermediate betaine aldehyde respectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of the products formed during the enzyme reaction with choline chloride showed that in vitro the intermediate betaine aldehyde exists also free in solution.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ribitsch
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wehrschütz-Sigl
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tutz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Remler
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stehr
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bessler
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hoven
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sauter
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schwab
mesh_terms: D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001173:Arthrobacter / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001622:Betaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D002794:Choline / Q000378:metabolism; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004795:Enzyme Stability; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008970:Molecular Weight; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D001622:Betaine; C026820:betaine aldehyde; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; C019888:choline oxidase; D002794:Choline