title: The traditional knowledge on stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponina) used by the Enawene-Nawe tribe in western Brazil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper presents the Enawene-Nawe Society's traditional knowledge about stingless bees. The Enawene-Nawe are an Aruak speaking people, indigenous to the Meridian Amazon. Specifically, they live in the Jurema River hydrological basin, located in the northwestern region of the Mato Grosso state.
  
  
  METHODS
  The stingless bees were sampled from two ecologically similar regions in the interior of Enawene-Nawe Land. The first sampling took place around the village, i.e., adjacent to houses, by the edge of the Iquê River, next to food leftovers, around human excrement, and simply when the insects were found flying or reposing on a human body. The second round of sampling happened from 29/10 to 02/11/94, during an expedition for honey collection that took place throughout the ciliar bushes of the Papagaio River, an important tributary of Juruena River. We sampled bees adjacent to their nests following the beehive inspection or during the honey extraction. In this work, the main bee species of the sub tribe Meliponina, which were handled by the Enawene-Nawe, was identified, and a brief ethnographic description of the honey collection expeditions and its social-cosmologic meaning for the group was done.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar to other indigenous people in Brazil, the Enawene-Nawe recognized 48 stingless bee species. They identified each bee species by name and specified each one's ecological niche. A brief ethnographic description of the honey collection expeditions and bees' social-cosmologic meaning for the group is included.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that, as an example of other indigenous people, the Enawene-Nawe classify and identify the bees based not only on their structure and morphological aspects but also on the ecological, etiological, and social characteristics of the species.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Antropologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, UFAM. Av. Gen. Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 3000 CampusUniversitário. CEP 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil. giltonmendes@ufam.edu.br
authors.forename: Gilton Mendes
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.forename: Yasmine
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Antonini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology; D001938:Brazil; D020307:Eagles; D017753:Ecosystem; D006722:Honey; D006801:Humans; D019359:Knowledge; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D044382:Population Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012621:Seasons; D014329:Tropical Climate