title: Post-laryngectomy speech respiration patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to determine whether speech breathing changes over time in laryngectomy patients who use an electrolarynx, to explore the potential of using respiratory signals to control an artificial voice source.
  
  
  METHODS
  Respiratory patterns during serial speech tasks (counting, days of the week) with an electrolarynx were prospectively studied by inductance plethysmography in 6 individuals across their first 1 to 2 years after total laryngectomy, as well as in an additional 8 individuals who had had a laryngectomy at least 1 year earlier.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In contrast to normal speech that is only produced during exhalation, all individuals were found to engage in inhalation during speech production, and those studied longitudinally displayed increased occurrences of inhalation during speech production with time after laryngectomy. These trends appear to be stronger for individuals who used an electrolarynx as their primary means of oral communication rather than tracheoesophageal speech, possibly because of continued dependence on respiratory support for the production of tracheoesophageal speech.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that there are post-laryngectomy changes in the speech breathing behaviors of electrolarynx users. This has implications for designing improved electrolarynx communication systems, which could use signals derived from respiratory function as one of many potential physiologically based sources for more natural control of electrolarynx speech.
authors.affiliation: Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Cara E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Stepp
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Heaton
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hillman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D007825:Laryngectomy; D007831:Larynx, Artificial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010991:Plethysmography; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012119:Respiration; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D013071:Speech, Alaryngeal; D013072:Speech, Esophageal
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