title: Selective progesterone receptor modulators 1: use during pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A large number of synthetic compounds known as selective progesterone receptor modulators can bind to progesterone receptors: the ligands exhibit a spectrum of activities ranging from pure antagonism to a mixture of agonism and antagonism.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Only a dozen or so selective progesterone receptor modulators have been tested to any significant extent: among them are mifepristone (RU 486), asoprisnil (J867), onapristone (ZK 98 299), ulipristal (CDB 2914), Proellex() (CDB 4124), ORG 33628 and ORG 31710. Their clinical applications during pregnancy are discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A careful evaluation of existing major review papers and recently published articles was carried out focusing on mifepristone, the most widely studied selective progesterone receptor modulator, which was first used for the voluntary interruption of an early gestation. Other selective progesterone receptor modulators, especially those with partial agonist action, have shown little activity during pregnancy in animal models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Besides early and late voluntary interruption of gestation, selective progesterone receptor modulators have been tested in a variety of obstetrical situations: to obtain a ripening of the cervix, for the medical management of early embryonic loss and foetal death, for the induction of labour at term and for the medical treatment of extra-uterine pregnancies. The only applications that seem worthy of large-scale utilisation during pregnancy are voluntary interruption of early and late gestation, medical management of early delayed miscarriage and late foetal demise.
authors.affiliation: Dean University 'la Sapienza', Postgraduate School of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Policlinico Umberto I degrees , Viale Regina Margherita 245, 00161 Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benagiano
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bastianelli
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farris
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000187:drug effects*; D018456:Reproductive Medicine
chemical_list: D011980:Receptors, Progesterone