title: The exercise redox paradigm in the Down's syndrome: improvements in motor function and increases in blood oxidative status in young adults.
abstract: Considerable evidence has indicated a pro-oxidant status in the brain of people with Down's syndrome (DS), which may contribute to motor and cognitive impairments verified in this condition. On the other hand, previous studies addressing the role of physical exercise on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in DS have indicated conflicting results. Here, we investigated the effects of a supervised judo training of controlled intensity and monitored on the basis of lactate threshold on the blood oxidative stress status and motor coordination in 21 young adults with DS. The training extended over a period of 16 weeks and consisted of three sessions per week. The exercise improved the motor function and significantly decreased lactate production in the DS subjects. However, blood markers of oxidative damage to lipids (TBARS and lipid peroxides) and proteins (carbonyls) were increased by the judo training. Moreover, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity also increased, while glutathione peroxidase activity remained unaltered after exercise. These results reinforce the notion that physical exercise can improve motor disabilities in people with DS. More importantly, our findings demonstrate that the beneficial effects are accompanied by some degree of oxidative stress, suggesting that young adults with DS may be more susceptible to physical training-induced oxidative stress than adolescents with DS, which should be taken into account in physical training programs for this population.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil. aderbalaguiar@gmail.com
authors.forename: Aderbal S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.forename: Talita
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuon
authors.forename: Mirella M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
authors.forename: Gláucia S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: Ana E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Speck
authors.forename: Júlio C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Alcir L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Dafré
authors.forename: Rui D S
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Prediger
authors.forename: Ricardo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pinho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D020739:Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D019344:Lactic Acid; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
references.citation: Gait Posture. 2008 Feb;27(2):231-8
references.pmid: 17499993
references.citation: Med Clin (Barc). 2006 Oct 14;127(14):533-4
references.pmid: 17145001
references.citation: Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2005 Dec;19(4):283-95
references.pmid: 16263961
references.citation: Anal Biochem. 2002 May 1;304(1):42-6
references.pmid: 11969187
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Jan 15;44(2):153-9
references.pmid: 18191751
references.citation: Clin Biochem. 1993 Apr;26(2):109-15
references.pmid: 8485856
references.citation: Phys Ther. 1995 Jul;75(7):603-13
references.pmid: 7604079
references.citation: Methods Enzymol. 1984;105:121-6
references.pmid: 6727660
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 1951 Nov;193(1):265-75
references.pmid: 14907713
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Apr;39(4):728-34
references.pmid: 17414812
references.citation: Dev Med Child Neurol. 1981 Aug;23(4):477-83
references.pmid: 6456165
references.citation: Methods Enzymol. 1990;186:421-31
references.pmid: 2233309
references.citation: Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993 Feb;25(2):232-6
references.pmid: 8450726
references.citation: Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2001;21(2-3):69-79
references.pmid: 12029855
references.citation: Early Hum Dev. 2004 Sep;79(2):119-30
references.pmid: 15324992
references.citation: Magnes Res. 1997 Mar;10(1):65-71
references.pmid: 9339840
references.citation: Dev Cell. 2002 Mar;2(3):255-6
references.pmid: 11879629
references.citation: Br J Sports Med. 2006 Aug;40(8):717-8
references.pmid: 16864566
references.citation: Methods Enzymol. 1990;186:464-78
references.pmid: 1978225
references.citation: Exerc Immunol Rev. 2001;7:90-107
references.pmid: 11579750
references.citation: Phys Ther. 2007 Oct;87(10):1399-406
references.pmid: 17712035
references.citation: Int J Sports Med. 2005 Dec;26(10):832-5
references.pmid: 16320166
references.citation: Nat Med. 2007 Dec;13(12):1476-82
references.pmid: 18059283
references.citation: Neurosci Lett. 2006 Oct 2;406(1-2):148-51
references.pmid: 16905254
references.citation: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001 Apr;82(4):494-500
references.pmid: 11295010
references.citation: Clin Chem. 1998 May;44(5):924-9
references.pmid: 9590363
references.citation: Life Sci. 2005 Feb 4;76(12):1407-26
references.pmid: 15670619
references.citation: J Med Genet. 1977 Feb;14(1):40-5
references.pmid: 138745
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001 Apr;928:236-47
references.pmid: 11795515
references.citation: Orv Hetil. 2006 Jun 4;147(22):1025-31
references.pmid: 16913092
references.citation: J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2007 Jun;29(3):281-309
references.pmid: 17876968
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 1993 Feb;74(2):965-9
references.pmid: 8458821
references.citation: Mayo Clin Proc. 2005 Dec;80(12):1607-11
references.pmid: 16342654
references.citation: Phys Ther. 2006 May;86(5):726-34
references.pmid: 16649895
references.citation: Sports Med. 1996 Sep;22(3):157-75
references.pmid: 8883213
references.citation: Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008 Feb;15(1):35-42
references.pmid: 18277183
references.citation: Pediatr Phys Ther. 2005 Spring;17(1):30-6
references.pmid: 16357655
references.citation: Methods Biochem Anal. 1987;32:279-312
references.pmid: 3033431
references.citation: Curr Alzheimer Res. 2006 Dec;3(5):521-8
references.pmid: 17168651
references.citation: J Neurochem. 2008 Apr;105(1):1-17
references.pmid: 18208542
references.citation: Neurobiol Aging. 2007 May;28(5):648-76
references.pmid: 16624449
references.citation: Phys Ther. 2008 Jan;88(1):114-22
references.pmid: 17940103
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2002 Jun;25(6):295-301
references.pmid: 12086747
references.citation: Physiol Res. 2000;49(2):227-31
references.pmid: 10984088
references.citation: Methods Enzymol. 1981;77:325-33
references.pmid: 7329310
references.citation: Dev Med Child Neurol. 2007 Nov;49(11):839-45
references.pmid: 17979862
references.citation: Ital J Biochem. 2003 Jun;52(2):72-9
references.pmid: 14677423
references.citation: Biol Chem. 2003 Apr;384(4):505-16
references.pmid: 12751781
references.citation: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 2003;23(1):23-30
references.pmid: 14621070
references.citation: Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Jan 15;44(2):215-23
references.pmid: 18191757
references.citation: Clin J Sport Med. 2006 Jul;16(4):355-6
references.pmid: 16858222
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1990 Oct;282(1):78-83
references.pmid: 2221920