title: What's the Risk? A simple approach for estimating adjusted risk measures from nonlinear models including logistic regression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate a general method (called regression risk analysis) to estimate adjusted risk measures from logistic and other nonlinear multiple regression models. We show how to estimate standard errors for these estimates. These measures could supplant various approximations (e.g., adjusted odds ratio [AOR]) that may diverge, especially when outcomes are common.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regression risk analysis estimates were compared with internal standards as well as with Mantel-Haenszel estimates, Poisson and log-binomial regressions, and a widely used (but flawed) equation to calculate adjusted risk ratios (ARR) from AOR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data sets produced using Monte Carlo simulations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression risk analysis accurately estimates ARR and differences directly from multiple regression models, even when confounders are continuous, distributions are skewed, outcomes are common, and effect size is large. It is statistically sound and intuitive, and has properties favoring it over other methods in many cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regression risk analysis should be the new standard for presenting findings from multiple regression analysis of dichotomous outcomes for cross-sectional, cohort, and population-based case-control studies, particularly when outcomes are common or effect size is large.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1077, New York, NY 10029, USA. lawrence.kleinman@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Lawrence C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: Edward C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Norton
mesh_terms: D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D018570:Risk Assessment
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