title: Prosthetically driven, computer-guided implant planning for the edentulous maxilla: a model study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze computer-assisted diagnostics and virtual implant planning and to evaluate the indication for template-guided flapless surgery and immediate loading in the rehabilitation of the edentulous maxilla.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty patients with an edentulous maxilla were selected for this study. The three-dimensional analysis and virtual implant planning was performed with the NobelGuide software program (Nobel Biocare, Göteborg, Sweden). Prior to the computer tomography aesthetics and functional aspects were checked clinically. Either a well-fitting denture or an optimized prosthetic setup was used and then converted to a radiographic template. This allowed for a computer-guided analysis of the jaw together with the prosthesis. Accordingly, the best implant position was determined in relation to the bone structure and prospective tooth position. For all jaws, the hypothetical indication for (1) four implants with a bar overdenture and (2) six implants with a simple fixed prosthesis were planned. The planning of the optimized implant position was then analyzed as follows: the number of implants was calculated that could be placed in sufficient quantity of bone. Additional surgical procedures (guided bone regeneration, sinus floor elevation) that would be necessary due the reduced bone quality and quantity were identified. The indication of template-guided, flapless surgery or an immediate loaded protocol was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Model (a) - bar overdentures: for 28 patients (70%), all four implants could be placed in sufficient bone (total 112 implants). Thus, a full, flapless procedure could be suggested. For six patients (15%), sufficient bone was not available for any of their planned implants. The remaining six patients had exhibited a combination of sufficient or insufficient bone. Model (b) - simple fixed prosthesis: for 12 patients (30%), all six implants could be placed in sufficient bone (total 72 implants). Thus, a full, flapless procedure could be suggested. For seven patients (17%), sufficient bone was not available for any of their planned implants. The remaining 21 patients had exhibited a combination of sufficient or insufficient bone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the maxilla, advanced atrophy is often observed, and implant placement becomes difficult or impossible. Thus, flapless surgery or an immediate loading protocol can be performed just in a selected number of patients. Nevertheless, the use of a computer program for prosthetically driven implant planning is highly efficient and safe. The three-dimensional view of the maxilla allows the determination of the best implant position, the optimization of the implant axis, and the definition of the best surgical and prosthetic solution for the patient. Thus, a protocol that combines a computer-guided technique with conventional surgical procedures becomes a promising option, which needs to be further evaluated and improved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Joannis
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Katsoulis
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pazera
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mericske-Stern
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000175:diagnosis; D003198:Computer Simulation; D000075202:Contraindications; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported; D003826:Denture, Complete, Lower; D003828:Denture, Overlay; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007575:Jaw, Edentulous / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants