title: Both amacrine and bipolar cells release glutamate in the rat retina after ischemia/reperfusion insult in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate which cells in the inner nuclear layer release glutamate after exposure through the use of a model mimicking rat retina ischemia/reperfusion induced by glucose/oxygen deprivation in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vitro retinal ischemia model was used to monitor the release of glutamate by staining with diaminobenzidine hydrochloride. Immunocytochemistry was used to identify the cells releasing glutamate during ischemic/reperfusion injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On immunocytochemistry, double-labeling of some amacrine and bipolar cells was observed, with somata being stained blue by GABA and two portions of the processes labeled brown due to glutamate reactivity. Some somata of amacrine cells were double-labeled with calbindin, while horizontal cells were single-labeled with calbindin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During ischemia/reperfusion injury in vitro, both amacrine and bipolar cells release glutamate. These results may be related to the patterns of apoptotic cell death seen in the inner retina.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yinghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirooka
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Itano
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tokuda
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shiraga
mesh_terms: D025042:Amacrine Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D064026:Calbindins; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D010100:Oxygen; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051245:Retinal Bipolar Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / Q000378:metabolism; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D064026:Calbindins; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D005947:Glucose; D010100:Oxygen