title: Chronic inhibition of standing behaviour alters baroreceptor reflex function in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether daily orthostatic stress during development is an important factor affecting arterial baroreceptor reflex function, we examined the effect of chronic inhibition of upright standing behaviour on the baroreceptor reflex function in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Upright standing behaviour was chronically inhibited during the developmental period between 3 and 8 weeks of age in Sprague-Dawley rats and heart rate (HR) and aortic nerve activity in response to increased and decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured after the treatment period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The baroreceptor cardiac gain in the rats grown without standing behaviour was significantly lower than the control rats grown in a normal commercial cage (1.0 +/- 0.1 beats min(-1) mmHg(-1) vs. 1.6 +/- 0.2 beats min(-1) mmHg(-1), P < 0.05). The range of HR change in the MAP-HR functional curve was also lowered by chronic inhibition of orthostatic behaviour (56.2 +/- 5.9 beats min(-1)) compared with that of the control rats (76.8 +/- 6.9 beats min(-1), P < 0.05). However the aortic afferent function remained normal after the treatment period, indicating that the attenuated baroreceptor reflex function may be due to other mechanisms involving functional alterations in the cardiovascular centres, efferents and/or peripheral organs. Body weight and adrenal weight were not affected by the inhibition of orthostatic behaviour, suggesting that the animals were not exposed to specific stress by this treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that active haemodynamic changes induced by orthostatic behaviour are an important factor for setting the basal level of reflex function during development. Moreover, our experimental model may be useful for studying mechanisms of attenuated baroreceptor reflex observed after exposure to a chronic inactive condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama City, Japan. h-waki@wakayamamed.ac.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Waki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katahira
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamasaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katsuda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maeda
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000294:innervation; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000502:physiology*; D006321:Heart / Q000254:growth & development; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000254:growth & development; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology