title: T2 relaxometry and fMRI of the brain in late-onset restless legs syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess in patients with late-onset idiopathic restless legs syndrome (RLS) the brain iron content with magnetic resonance relaxometry, and brain activation during dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of both feet, using fMRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was approved by the institutional review board, and informed consent was obtained. Twenty-five RLS patients (14 women, 11 men; age range 55-82 years; mean 66.5 +/- 8.9 years; disease duration 6.5 +/- 4.5 years) and 12 sex- and age-matched controls were studied. A T1-weighted high-resolution three-dimensional spoiled gradient echo sequence was used for structural imaging, a multislice spin echo Tau2-weighted sequence was used for T2 relaxometry, and a single-shot multislice gradient echo planar sequence was used for fMRI. The motor paradigm consisted of alternating periods of rest and movement, each 40 seconds in duration. Region of interest analysis was used on the T2 relaxometry maps. Statistical parametric mapping software was used for analysis of the functional data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T2 relaxation time was significantly higher in patients than in controls in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Within-group analysis showed that both patients and controls activated the primary motor cortex, the primary somatosensory cortex, the somatosensory association cortex, and the middle cerebellar peduncles. Patients also activated the thalamus, putamen, middle frontal gyrus, and cingulate gyrus. Between-group analysis showed that patients had higher activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Late-onset restless legs syndrome is associated with low iron content of the basal ganglia and increased activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical School University of Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: L G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Astrakas
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konitsiotis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Margariti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsouli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tzarouhi
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Argyropoulou
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007501:Iron