title: Innate immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans is regulated by neurons expressing NPR-1/GPCR.
abstract: A large body of evidence indicates that metazoan innate immunity is regulated by the nervous system, but the mechanisms involved in the process and the biological importance of such control remain unclear. We show that a neural circuit involving npr-1, which encodes a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) related to mammalian neuropeptide Y receptors, functions to suppress innate immune responses. The immune inhibitory function requires a guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate-gated ion channel encoded by tax-2 and tax-4 as well as the soluble guanylate cyclase GCY-35. Furthermore, we show that npr-1- and gcy-35-expressing sensory neurons actively suppress immune responses of nonneuronal tissues. A full-genome microarray analysis on animals with altered neural function due to mutation in npr-1 shows an enrichment in genes that are markers of innate immune responses, including those regulated by a conserved PMK-1/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. These results present evidence that neurons directly control innate immunity in C. elegans, suggesting that GPCRs may participate in neural circuits that receive inputs from either pathogens or infected sites and integrate them to coordinate appropriate immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Katie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Styer
authors.forename: Varsha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Macosko
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: Cornelia I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Bargmann
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aballay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D017238:Genes, Helminth; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010100:Oxygen / Q000502:physiology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D017476:Receptors, Neuropeptide Y / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; D007473:Ion Channels; C468272:NPR-1 protein, C elegans; D017476:Receptors, Neuropeptide Y; C102183:tax-2 protein, C elegans; C102184:tax-4 protein, C elegans; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C463460:Pmk-1 protein, C elegans; C488166:GCY-35 protein, C elegans; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D010100:Oxygen
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