title: Eating the enemy within: autophagy in infectious diseases.
abstract: Autophagy is emerging as a central component of antimicrobial host defense against diverse viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. In addition to pathogen degradation, autophagy has other functions during infection such as innate and adaptive immune activation. As an important host defense pathway, microbes have also evolved mechanisms to evade, subvert, or exploit autophagy. Additionally, some fungal pathogens harness autophagy within their own cells to promote pathogenesis. This review will highlight our current understanding of autophagy in infection, focusing on the most recent advances in the field, and will discuss the potential implications of these studies in the design of anti-infective therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orvedahl
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000276:immunology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D005075:Biological Evolution; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D009181:Mycoses / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy
references.citation: Autophagy. 2007 Nov-Dec;3(6):581-5
references.pmid: 17700057
references.citation: J Virol. 2008 Mar;82(5):2241-9
references.pmid: 18077704
references.citation: Cell Microbiol. 2005 Jul;7(7):981-93
references.pmid: 15953030
references.citation: J Cell Biol. 2003 Dec 8;163(5):1123-31
references.pmid: 14662750
references.citation: PLoS Biol. 2005 May;3(5):e156
references.pmid: 15884975
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Apr 3;104(14):6031-6
references.pmid: 17389386
references.citation: Science. 2006 Apr 28;312(5773):580-3
references.pmid: 16645096
references.citation: Cell Microbiol. 2003 Jul;5(7):455-68
references.pmid: 12814436
references.citation: J Immunol. 2006 Oct 15;177(8):5163-8
references.pmid: 17015701
references.citation: J Virol. 1998 Nov;72(11):8586-96
references.pmid: 9765397
references.citation: Autophagy. 2007 Nov-Dec;3(6):620-2
references.pmid: 17786022
references.citation: Autophagy. 2008 Jan;4(1):20-7
references.pmid: 17932459
references.citation: Autophagy. 2007 May-Jun;3(3):245-8
references.pmid: 17224624
references.citation: Cell Res. 2006 Nov;16(11):895-901
references.pmid: 17088896
references.citation: Mol Cell. 2008 Jun 20;30(6):678-88
references.pmid: 18570871
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Sep 26;103(39):14578-83
references.pmid: 16983090
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2006 Sep;116(9):2366-77
references.pmid: 16955139
references.citation: Cell. 2008 Jan 11;132(1):27-42
references.pmid: 18191218
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2007 Jan 22;204(1):25-31
references.pmid: 17190837
references.citation: Autophagy. 2006 Apr-Jun;2(2):91-5
references.pmid: 16874104
references.citation: Science. 2007 Mar 9;315(5817):1398-401
references.pmid: 17272685
references.citation: Cell Microbiol. 2008 Mar;10(3):593-605
references.pmid: 17979984
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2008 Feb 8;4(2):e25
references.pmid: 18248095
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Apr 21;281(16):11384-96
references.pmid: 16497676
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2007 Feb;39(2):207-11
references.pmid: 17200669
references.citation: Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1438-41
references.pmid: 16888103
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2007 Dec;6(12):2437-47
references.pmid: 17921348
references.citation: Immunity. 2008 Jun;28(6):799-809
references.pmid: 18513998
references.citation: Autophagy. 2008 Jan;4(1):46-53
references.pmid: 18340111
references.citation: Microbiology (Reading). 2007 Jan;153(Pt 1):51-8
references.pmid: 17185534
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2007 Aug 10;3(8):e111
references.pmid: 17696608
references.citation: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004 Apr;2(4):301-14
references.pmid: 15031729
references.citation: Science. 2008 Feb 15;319(5865):921-6
references.pmid: 18187620
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Apr 21;281(16):11374-83
references.pmid: 16495224
references.citation: Autophagy. 2007 Sep-Oct;3(5):442-51
references.pmid: 17568179
references.citation: Autophagy. 2007 Mar-Apr;3(2):117-25
references.pmid: 17204850
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Dec 20;450(7173):1253-7
references.pmid: 18097414
references.citation: Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):350-4
references.pmid: 18202661
references.citation: Science. 2005 Feb 4;307(5710):727-31
references.pmid: 15576571
references.citation: Autophagy. 2007 Sep-Oct;3(5):472-3
references.pmid: 17495517
references.citation: Autophagy. 2008 Apr;4(3):280-5
references.pmid: 18059171
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 26;105(34):12497-502
references.pmid: 18713860
references.citation: Nat Immunol. 2008 Aug;9(8):908-16
references.pmid: 18604211
references.citation: Cell. 2004 Dec 17;119(6):753-66
references.pmid: 15607973
references.citation: Immunity. 2007 Jan;26(1):79-92
references.pmid: 17182262
references.citation: Autophagy. 2006 Jan-Mar;2(1):24-9
references.pmid: 16874088
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Feb 6;104(6):1829-34
references.pmid: 17267617
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2003 Jan;47(2):321-33
references.pmid: 12519185
references.citation: Autophagy. 2008 Aug;4(6):744-53
references.pmid: 18483470
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2007 May;39(5):596-604
references.pmid: 17435756
references.citation: Cell. 2005 Jan 28;120(2):159-62
references.pmid: 15680321
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2006 Aug;116(8):2161-72
references.pmid: 16886061
references.citation: Cell. 2005 Sep 23;122(6):927-39
references.pmid: 16179260
references.citation: Eur J Immunol. 2003 May;33(5):1250-9
references.pmid: 12731050
references.citation: Cell Microbiol. 2007 Apr;9(4):1073-85
references.pmid: 17166233
references.citation: J Virol. 2007 Oct;81(19):10815-7
references.pmid: 17670838
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2007 Jun;6(6):997-1005
references.pmid: 17416896
references.citation: Cell. 2006 Feb 24;124(4):783-801
references.pmid: 16497588
references.citation: Immunity. 2007 Sep;27(3):505-17
references.pmid: 17892853
references.citation: Virology. 2008 May 10;374(2):240-8
references.pmid: 18353420
references.citation: Cell Host Microbe. 2007 Mar 15;1(1):23-35
references.pmid: 18005679
references.citation: Development. 2008 Aug;135(14):2347-60
references.pmid: 18567846
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2006 Jul;8(7):688-99
references.pmid: 16799551
references.citation: AIDS. 2008 Mar 30;22(6):695-9
references.pmid: 18356598
references.citation: EMBO J. 2008 Apr 9;27(7):1110-21
references.pmid: 18337753
references.citation: Science. 2005 Jan 28;307(5709):593-6
references.pmid: 15591165
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jan 8;99(1):190-5
references.pmid: 11756670
references.citation: Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2007;52(6):631-6
references.pmid: 18450226
references.citation: Virology. 2006 Jun 5;349(2):254-63
references.pmid: 16643977
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Jun 7;447(7145):661-78
references.pmid: 17554300
references.citation: Mol Microbiol. 2006 Aug;61(3):655-74
references.pmid: 16803590
references.citation: Nat Genet. 2007 Jul;39(7):830-2
references.pmid: 17554261
references.citation: Immunity. 2007 Jul;27(1):135-44
references.pmid: 17658277
references.citation: Immunity. 2007 Jul;27(1):11-21
references.pmid: 17663981
references.citation: PLoS Pathog. 2006 Oct;2(10):e102
references.pmid: 17040126
references.citation: Cell Cycle. 2007 Aug 1;6(15):1837-49
references.pmid: 17671424
references.citation: Nat Cell Biol. 2007 Oct;9(10):1102-9
references.pmid: 17909521
references.citation: Eukaryot Cell. 2005 Nov;4(11):1765-74
references.pmid: 16278443
references.citation: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007 Apr;6(4):304-12
references.pmid: 17396135
references.citation: J Exp Med. 2006 Sep 4;203(9):2063-71
references.pmid: 16940170
references.citation: Cell Death Differ. 2007 Feb;14(2):230-9
references.pmid: 16794605
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2008 Feb 8;283(6):3454-3464
references.pmid: 18039653
references.citation: J Virol. 2008 Sep;82(18):9143-53
references.pmid: 18596087
references.citation: Science. 2004 Nov 5;306(5698):1037-40
references.pmid: 15528445
references.citation: Cell Res. 2007 Jun;17(6):520-30
references.pmid: 17563756
references.citation: Nat Rev Immunol. 2007 Oct;7(10):767-77
references.pmid: 17767194
references.citation: J Mol Med (Berl). 2007 Aug;85(8):811-23
references.pmid: 17340132
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 May 31;102(22):7922-7
references.pmid: 15894616
references.citation: Autophagy. 2008 Apr;4(3):309-14
references.pmid: 18188005
references.citation: Infect Immun. 2008 Jan;76(1):278-88
references.pmid: 17923513
references.citation: J Virol. 2007 Nov;81(22):12543-53
references.pmid: 17804493
references.citation: Cell. 2005 May 20;121(4):567-577
references.pmid: 15907470
references.citation: Nature. 2007 Apr 12;446(7137):745-7
references.pmid: 17429391
references.citation: Autophagy. 2008 Apr;4(3):361-3
references.pmid: 18212533
references.citation: J Biochem. 2006 Aug;140(2):161-6
references.pmid: 16954534
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2007 Jan 26;282(4):2695-706
references.pmid: 17135247
references.citation: Cell. 2007 Mar 9;128(5):931-46
references.pmid: 17350577
references.citation: Autophagy. 2007 Sep-Oct;3(5):527-36
references.pmid: 17617735
references.citation: J Clin Invest. 2008 Mar;118(3):1186-97
references.pmid: 18259613
references.citation: J Biol Chem. 2006 Oct 13;281(41):30373-82
references.pmid: 16857678