title: Who benefits most from the cardioprotective properties of alcohol consumption--health freaks or couch potatoes?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cardioprotective properties of moderate alcohol consumption, compared with abstinence or heavy drinking, are widely reported, but whether the benefits are experienced equally by all moderate drinkers is less well known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between average alcohol intake per week and the incidence of fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction during 17 years of follow-up for 9655 men and women without prevalent disease in the general population; and to test whether the level of cardioprotection differs according to subjects' other health behaviours (healthy, moderately healthy, unhealthy) at entry to the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal, British civil service-based cohort study, baseline in 1985-8.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant benefit of moderate drinking compared with abstinence or heavy drinking was found among those with poor health behaviours (little exercise, poor diet and smokers). No additional benefit from alcohol was found among those with the healthiest behaviour profile (> or =3 hours of vigorous exercise per week, daily fruit or vegetable consumption and non-smokers).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cardioprotective benefit from moderate drinking does not apply equally to all drinkers, and this variability should be emphasised in public health messages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E6BT, UK. a.britton@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Britton
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Marmot
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shipley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012923:Social Class
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol