Vitamin D receptor, UVR, and skin cancer: a potential protective mechanism.
More than 1 million skin cancers occur annually in the United States--of which 80% are basal-cell carcinoma (BCC), 16% are squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC), and 4% are melanomas--making skin cancer by far the most common cancer (Greenlee et al., 2001). UVR is the major etiologic agent. UV wavelengths shorter than 280 nm (UVC) are absorbed by the ozone layer and do not reach the earth. UV wavelengths longer than 320 nm (UVA) have limited ability to induce the characteristic mutations in DNA seen in epidermal cancers. Thus, UVB, with a spectrum between 280 and 320 nm, is the major cause of these cancers (Freeman et al., 1989), but this is the same spectrum required for vitamin D production in the skin. Is there a link?
Bikle
Daniel D
DD
Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco/VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA. daniel.bikle@ucsf.edu
D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism
D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D014807:Vitamin D
J Invest Dermatol. 2001 May;116(5):739-42
11348463
J Invest Dermatol. 2002 Jan;118(1):11-6
11851870
Nature. 2007 Feb 15;445(7129):761-5
17230190
J Cutan Pathol. 1995 Oct;22(5):427-34
8594075
Cancer Res. 2000 Jun 1;60(11):2858-63
10850428
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Apr;87(8):3132-6
2326271
Lancet. 1979 Dec 22-29;2(8156-8157):1335-6
92676
J Invest Dermatol. 2008 Oct;128(10):2508-17
18509362
J Cutan Pathol. 2005 Mar;32(3):191-205
15701081
J Invest Dermatol. 2007 Mar;127(3):707-15
17170736
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Dec;86(23):9441-5
2687881
J Cell Physiol. 2006 May;207(2):340-53
16419036
CA Cancer J Clin. 2001 Jan-Feb;51(1):15-36
11577478
Cell. 1996 Jun 14;85(6):841-51
8681379
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Nov 15;88(22):10124-8
1946433
Mol Endocrinol. 2005 Nov;19(11):2685-95
16002434
Oncogene. 2002 Aug 15;21(36):5529-39
12165851
Prev Med. 1990 Nov;19(6):614-22
2263572
Science. 2001 Feb 16;291(5507):1284-9
11181991
J Invest Dermatol. 1992 May;98(5):809-11
1569330
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Mar 28;97(7):3438-43
10725363
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 May 1;90(9):4216-20
8483937
Oncogene. 2004 Feb 12;23(6):1263-74
14691458
J Cell Biol. 2001 Jul 23;154(2):369-87
11470825
Lancet. 1985 Feb 9;1(8424):307-9
2857364
Ann Epidemiol. 1992 May;2(3):231-9
1342273
J Invest Dermatol. 1998 Jun;110(6):885-8
9620294
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 Oct;97(1-2):137-43
16039116
Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jan;71(1):135-41
10617958
Br J Dermatol. 2005 Jan;152(1):43-51
15656799
Mutat Res. 1979 Sep;62(2):311-23
503098
J Invest Dermatol. 2007 May;127(5):1250-60
17301838
Nature. 2005 Apr 14;434(7035):864-70
15829956
Carcinogenesis. 2002 Dec;23(12):2103-9
12507934
Endocrinology. 1981 Mar;108(3):1083-6
6257495
PLoS One. 2008 Jan 23;3(1):e1483
18213391
Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):817-21
9115210
Am J Epidemiol. 1993 Jun 15;137(12):1302-17
8333412
Nat Med. 1997 Jul;3(7):788-92
9212109
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 28;103(48):18238-42
17108085
Cancer Res. 2004 Nov 1;64(21):7724-31
15520176
Nature. 1994 Dec 22-29;372(6508):773-6
7997263
Pathol Int. 1999 Aug;49(8):687-94
10504535
Mutat Res. 2005 Apr 1;571(1-2):43-56
15748637
Mol Cell. 2006 Mar 17;21(6):799-809
16543149
Nat Genet. 2000 Mar;24(3):216-7
10700170
J Cell Biochem. 2007 Feb 15;100(3):574-92
16960875
Recent Results Cancer Res. 2003;164:259-69
12899528
J Invest Dermatol. 2006 May;126(5):1152-8
16484983
Cancer. 1992 Dec 15;70(12):2861-9
1451068
Nature. 2001 May 17;411(6835):366-74
11357144
J Cell Biochem. 2003 Jul 1;89(4):663-73
12858333
J Cell Physiol. 1999 Feb;178(2):188-96
10048583
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jul;86(14):5605-9
2748607
Nature. 2006 Nov 30;444(7119):633-7
17136093
Am J Epidemiol. 1996 May 1;143(9):907-17
8610704
Nat Med. 1999 Nov;5(11):1285-91
10545995
Science. 1996 Jun 14;272(5268):1668-71
8658145
Photochem Photobiol. 1991 Sep;54(3):393-402
1784640