title: Animal-related injuries: a population-based study of a five-state region in the upper Midwest: Regional Rural Injury Study II.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While agricultural injury has been identified among the major causes of occupational injury mortality and morbidity, data have been limited pertinent to the magnitude, consequences, and potential risk factors for animal-related injuries -- a major source of morbidity among agricultural operations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographics, exposure, and injury data were collected for 1999 and 2001 among agricultural households in a five-state region. Causal models facilitated survey design, data analyses, and interpretation of results; directed acyclic graphs guided multivariate modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 7,420 households (84% response of eligible), a total of 5,045 injury events were reported; 1,016 (20.1%) were animal-related. Multivariate analyses revealed increased risks for those <20 years; residents of all states compared to Minnesota; all age groups compared to 0-4 years; >0 hours worked; and prior agricultural injury history. For those 20+ years, increased risks were identified for: South Dakota residents; males; >0 hours worked; and prior agricultural injury history. For those cases <20 and 20+ years of age, 58% and 46%, respectively, resulted in lost work time on their agricultural operations (31% and 50%, one week or more).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Animal-related injury has a major impact on the agricultural industry. Results serve as a basis for interventions and further research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact of animal-related injuries on the agricultural industry appears significant; among age groups <20 and 20+, 85% and 82%, respectively, had some resulting restriction. For all events combined, 29% and 30%, respectively, involved restriction from one week to 3+ months; 12% and 15% involved restriction for one month or more. Among those <20 and 20+ years of age, 58% and 46%, respectively, lost work time on their own agricultural operation as a result of injuries associated with their own operation; 22% and 15% lost one week or more. Moreover, of the non-agriculture-related injuries, 31% and 50% resulted in lost work time on their own operation; 15% and 28%, respectively, lost one week or more. Restrictions such as these can affect the productivity of the operation, resulting in financial impacts, especially on small operations that have few people to manage the required tasks.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sibel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erkal
authors.forename: Susan Goodwin
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Gerberich
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Colleen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Renier
authors.forename: Bruce H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009329:Nebraska / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D013023:South Dakota / Q000453:epidemiology; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology