title: Urinary glycosaminoglycans excretion and the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide in an experimental model of non-bacterial cystitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We reproduced a non-bacterial experimental model to assess bladder inflammation and urinary glycosaminoglycans (GAG) excretion and examined the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Female rats were instilled with either protamine sulfate (PS groups) or sterile saline (control groups). At different days after the procedure, 24 h urine and bladder samples were obtained. Urinary levels of hyaluronic acid (HA) and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (S-GAG) were determined. Also to evaluate the effect of DMSO animals were instilled with either 50% DMSO or saline 6 hours after PS instillation. To evaluate the effect of DMSO in healthy bladders, rats were instilled with 50% DMSO and controls with saline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the PS groups, bladder inflammation was observed, with polymorphonuclear cells during the first days and lymphomononuclear in the last days. HA and S-GAG had 2 peaks of urinary excretion, at the 1st and 7th day after PS injection. DMSO significantly reduced bladder inflammation. In contrast, in healthy bladders, DMSO produced mild inflammation and an increase in urinary HA levels after 1 and 7 days and an increase of S-GAG level in 7 days. Animals instilled with PS and treated with DMSO had significantly reduced levels of urinary HA only at the 1st day. Urinary S-GAG/Cr levels were similar in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased urinary levels of GAG were associated with bladder inflammation in a PS-induced cystitis model. DMSO significantly reduced the inflammatory process after urothelial injury. Conversely, this drug provoked mild inflammation in normal mucosa. DMSO treatment was shown to influence urinary HA excretion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soler
authors.forename: Homero
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bruschini
authors.forename: Jose C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Truzzi
authors.forename: Joao R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Niels O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Camara
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: Katia R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.forename: Helena B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Nader
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srougi
authors.forename: Valdemar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ortiz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000652:urine*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000652:urine*; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000652:urine*; D011479:Protamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D011479:Protamines; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide