title: The identification of disease-induced biomarkers in the urine of BSE infected cattle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic and the emergence of a new human variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) have led to profound changes in the production and trade of agricultural goods. The rapid tests currently approved for BSE monitoring in slaughtered cattle are all based on the detection of the disease related isoform of the prion protein, PrPd, in brain tissue and consequently are only suitable for post-mortem diagnosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In instances such as assessing the health of breeding stock for export purposes where post-mortem testing is not an option, there is a demand for an ante-mortem test based on a matrix or body fluid that would permit easy access and repeated sampling. Urine and urine based analyses would meet these requirements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two dimensional differential gel eletrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry analyses were used to identify proteins exhibiting differential abundance in the urine of BSE infected cattle and age matched controls over the course of the disease. Multivariate analyses of protein expression data identified a single protein able to discriminate, with 100% accuracy, control from infected samples. In addition, a subset of proteins were able to predict with 85% +/- 13.2 accuracy the time post infection that the samples were collected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that in principle it is possible to identify biomarkers in urine useful in the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of disease progression of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases (TSEs).
authors.affiliation: Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada. sharon_simon@phac-aspc.gc.ca
authors.forename: Sharon L R
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lamoureux
authors.forename: Margot
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Plews
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stobart
authors.forename: Jillian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: LeMaistre
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Czub
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Groschup
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Knox
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