title: Induction of adaptive response and enhancement of PC12 cell tolerance by lipopolysaccharide primarily through the upregulation of glutathione S-transferase A3 via Nrf2 activation.
abstract: Increasing evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species and other physiologically existing oxidative stimuli upregulate the antioxidant system, thereby triggering the adaptive response. In this study, we focused on adaptive cytoprotection induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which induces oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines, in PC12 cells, a model of the neuronal cell. After treating PC12 cells with LPS at sublethal concentrations, we found that they developed resistance to subsequent oxidative stress induced by 13S-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid and 5-amino-3-(4-morpholinyl)-1,2,3-oxadiazolium. To determine the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for an adaptive response induced by LPS, we studied the changes in the antioxidant system. LPS treatment resulted in an increase in the gene expression of glutathione S-transferase A3 (GST-A3) by up to 60-fold as well as in GST enzyme activity. A GST inhibitor and GST A3 small interfering RNA effectively attenuated the adaptive response. The nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was transcriptionally activated by LPS. Nrf2 small interfering RNA effectively attenuated the increase in GST A3 mRNA level as well as the adaptive response induced by LPS. In addition, peripheral injection of LPS at sublethal concentrations increased GST enzyme activity in mouse brain. These findings, taken together, indicate that stimulation with LPS at sublethal concentrations induces an adaptive response and enhances PC12 cell tolerance, primarily through the induction of GST A3 via the transcriptional activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Human Stress Signal Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan. leafdentalclinic@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Yo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Omata
authors.forename: Yoshiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Katsuhide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishio
authors.forename: Yasukazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Etsuo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Niki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008041:Linoleic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008981:Molsidomine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D016716:PC12 Cells; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D008041:Linoleic Acids; D008054:Lipid Peroxides; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C038649:13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid; C002385:linsidomine; D008981:Molsidomine; D005982:Glutathione Transferase