title: Regulation of macrophage nitric oxide production by the protein tyrosine phosphatase Src homology 2 domain phosphotyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1).
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent molecule involved in the cytotoxic effects mediated by macrophages (MØ) against microorganisms. We previously reported that Src homology 2 domain phosphotyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1)-deficient cells generate a greater amount of NO than wild-type cells in response to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). We also reported that the Leishmania-induced MØ SHP-1 activity is needed for the survival of the parasite within phagocytes through the attenuation of NO-dependent and NO-independent mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated the role of SHP-1 in regulating key signalling molecules important in MØ NO generation. Janus tyrosine kinase 2 (JAK2), mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase kinase (MEK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Erk1/Erk2) mitogen-activated protein kinases, p38 and stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinases/c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) were examined in immortalized bone marrow-derived MØ (BMDM) from both SHP-1-deficient motheaten mice (me-3) and their respective littermates (LM-1). The results indicated that Erk1/Erk2 and SAPK/JNK are the main kinases regulated by SHP-1 because the absence of SHP-1 caused an increase in their phosphorylation. Moreover, only Apigenin, the specific inhibitor of Erk1/Erk2, was able to block IFN-gamma-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) transcription and translation in me-3 cells. Transcription factor analyses revealed that in the absence of SHP-1, activator protein-1 (AP-1) was activated. The activation of AP-1, and not nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) or signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 alpha (STAT-1 alpha), may explain the enhanced NO generation in SHP-1-deficient cells. These observations emphasize the involvement of the MAPKs Erk1/Erk2 and SAPK/JNK in NO generation via AP-1 activation. Collectively, our findings suggest that SHP-1 plays a pivotal role in the negative regulation of signalling events leading to iNOS expression and NO generation. Furthermore, our observations underline the importance of SHP-1-mediated negative regulation in maintaining NO homeostasis and thus preventing the abnormal generation of NO that can be detrimental to the host.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche du CHUL, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blanchette
authors.forename: Issa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Abu-Dayyeh
authors.forename: Kasra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hassani
authors.forename: Lorie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Whitcombe
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olivier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000276:immunology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D053824:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000276:immunology*; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014178:Translocation, Genetic / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D053824:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6; C509248:Ptpn6 protein, mouse
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