title: The proinflammatory cytokine response following resuscitation in the swine model depends on the method of ventricular fibrillation induction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A systemic inflammatory response has been reported following resuscitation from cardiac arrest. The purpose of this study was to compare the magnitude of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) response in two different swine models of ventricular fibrillation (VF) arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized comparative trial conducted with domestic swine (N = 28, mean weight 40 kg, range 34-49 kg) of both genders. Anesthetized and instrumented swine were randomized to electrically induced VF (n = 14) or spontaneous VF induced by occlusion of a coronary artery (n = 14). After 8 minutes of VF, countershocks were given and standard advanced cardiac life support was initiated. Resuscitated animals were observed for 3 hours, and hemodynamics, base excess, and TNF-alpha concentrations were measured at intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-alpha concentrations were significantly greater in the ischemic VF group throughout the postresuscitation period. Multivariate modeling demonstrated that the TNF-alpha level was dependent on the method of VF induction and correlated with ischemia time (untreated VF period plus time to restoration of circulation) and the degree of postresuscitation hypoperfusion as reflected in base excess measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that TNF-alpha concentrations increase after resuscitation from cardiac arrest and that the TNF-alpha response is more profound in animals subjected to ischemic, spontaneous VF. The observed differences may be due to a longer resuscitation time and persistent postresuscitation hypoperfusion in the ischemic VF group. These differences need to be considered in studies evaluating mechanisms of postresuscitation organ dysfunction and defining mortality markers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA. jniemann@emedharbor.edu
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Niemann
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosborough
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Youngquist
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Quynh T
authors.initials: QT
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Filler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004554:Electric Countershock; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D016014:Linear Models; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
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