title: Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta induces lung cancer growth via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator gamma-1alpha.
abstract: We previously demonstrated that a selective agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta), GW501516, stimulated human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) growth, partly through inhibition of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 expression. Here, we show that GW501516 also decreases the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKalpha), a major regulator of energy metabolism. This was mediated through specific activation of PPARbeta/delta, as a PPARbeta/delta small interfering RNA inhibited the effect. However, AMPKalpha did not mediate the growth-promoting effects of GW501516, as silencing of AMPKalpha did not inhibit GW501516-induced cell proliferation. Instead, we found that GW501516 stimulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator gamma (PGC)-1alpha, which activated the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3-K)/Akt mitogenic pathway. An inhibitor of PI3-K, LY294002, had no effect on PGC-1alpha, consistent with PGC-1alpha being upstream of PI3-K/Akt. Of note, an activator of AMPKalpha, 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide riboside, inhibited the growth-promoting effects of GW501516, suggesting that although AMPKalpha is not responsible for the mitogenic effects of GW501516, its activation can oppose these events. This study unveils a novel mechanism by which GW501516 and activation of PPARbeta/delta stimulate human lung carcinoma cell proliferation, and suggests that activation of AMPKalpha may oppose this effect.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Bioresearch Building, 615 Michael Street, Suite 205-M, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. shan2@emory.edu
authors.forename: Shouwei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ritzenthaler
authors.forename: Xiaojuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roman
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D047494:PPAR delta / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048068:PPAR-beta / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012265:Ribonucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D047494:PPAR delta; D048068:PPAR-beta; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D012265:Ribonucleotides; D013844:Thiazoles; D014157:Transcription Factors; C425931:GW 501516; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human; C526180:PRKAA1 protein, human; C031143:AICA ribonucleotide
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