title: The neural networks of inhibitory control in posttraumatic stress disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves deficits in information processing that may reflect hypervigilence and deficient inhibitory control. To date, however, no PTSD neuroimaging study has directly examined PTSD-related changes in executive inhibition. Our objective was to investigate the hypothesis that executive inhibitory control networks are compromised in PTSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used during a Go/No-Go inhibition task completed by a sample of patients with PTSD (n = 23), a matched sample of healthy (i.e. without trauma exposure) control participants (n = 23) and a sample of control participants with trauma exposure who did not meet criteria for PTSD (n = 17).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with PTSD showed more inhibition-related errors than did individuals without trauma exposure. During inhibition, control participants activated a right-lateralized cortical inhibitory network, whereas patients with PTSD activated only the left lateral frontal cortex. PTSD was associated with a reduction in right cortical activation and increased activation of striatal and somatosensory regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased inhibitory error and reduced right frontal cortical activation are consistent with compromised inhibitory control in PTSD, while the increased activation of brain regions associated with sensory processing and a greater demand on inhibitory control may reflect enhanced stimulus processing in PTSD, which may undermine cortical control mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Millenium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia. efalconer@psy.unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Falconer
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: Kim L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Felmingham
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Evian
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peduto
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olivieri
authors.forename: Leanne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
references.citation: Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):452-4
references.pmid: 15087550
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Apr;156(4):575-84
references.pmid: 10200737
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Apr 1;45(7):817-26
references.pmid: 10202568
references.citation: J Integr Neurosci. 2006 Mar;5(1):1-47
references.pmid: 16544365
references.citation: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Dec;1121:355-75
references.pmid: 17698989
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997 Mar;54(3):233-41
references.pmid: 9075464
references.citation: Clin Psychol Rev. 2000 Nov;20(8):1041-65
references.pmid: 11098399
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2002 Mar;15(3):661-74
references.pmid: 11848709
references.citation: Annu Rev Neurosci. 1990;13:25-42
references.pmid: 2183676
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Jul;28 Suppl 1:S2-8
references.pmid: 12827137
references.citation: Neuroimage. 2003 Sep;20(1):351-8
references.pmid: 14527595
references.citation: J Trauma Stress. 1995 Jan;8(1):75-90
references.pmid: 7712061
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2003 May;160(5):924-32
references.pmid: 12727697
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961 Jun;4:561-71
references.pmid: 13688369
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996 May;53(5):380-7
references.pmid: 8624181
references.citation: Psychiatry. 2000 Spring;63(1):65-74
references.pmid: 10855761
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Nov;158(11):1920-2
references.pmid: 11691703
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Nov;156(11):1787-95
references.pmid: 10553744
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2002 Jun 1;110(2):165-74
references.pmid: 12057828
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Feb 1;55(3):263-72
references.pmid: 14744467
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2004 Jun;19(11):3105-12
references.pmid: 15182319
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Mar 15;55(6):612-20
references.pmid: 15013830
references.citation: J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2005 Mar;30(2):127-32
references.pmid: 15798788
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;62(3):273-81
references.pmid: 15753240
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Mar 15;53(6):474-81
references.pmid: 12644352
references.citation: J Integr Neurosci. 2006 Mar;5(1):123-38
references.pmid: 16544370
references.citation: Neuron. 2000 Nov;28(2):343-7
references.pmid: 11144344
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2000 May 1;47(9):769-76
references.pmid: 10812035
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Feb 1;53(3):204-10
references.pmid: 12559652
references.citation: Learn Mem. 2006 May-Jun;13(3):245-53
references.pmid: 16741278
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2001 Dec 15;50(12):932-42
references.pmid: 11750889
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 Feb;61(2):168-76
references.pmid: 14757593
references.citation: Neuroreport. 1999 Jun 3;10(8):1683-8
references.pmid: 10501557
references.citation: Adv Pharmacol. 1998;42:764-7
references.pmid: 9328010
references.citation: Depress Anxiety. 2001;13(3):132-56
references.pmid: 11387733
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 2005 Oct 30;140(1):27-44
references.pmid: 16202566
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jul 15;58(2):111-8
references.pmid: 16038681
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jul 6;96(14):8301-6
references.pmid: 10393989
references.citation: Neuropsychologia. 2000;38(9):1280-91
references.pmid: 10865104
references.citation: Stress. 2003 Sep;6(3):151-6
references.pmid: 13129808
references.citation: Med J Aust. 2001 Jul 16;175(S1):S10-7
references.pmid: 11556430
references.citation: Psychol Med. 2002 Feb;32(2):287-97
references.pmid: 11866323
references.citation: Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002 Apr;252(2):68-75
references.pmid: 12111339