title: Effects of medetomidine and midazolam alone or in combination on the metabolic and neurohormonal responses in healthy cats.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a medetomidine-midazolam combination on some neurohormonal and metabolic variables in healthy cats. Five cats were used repeatedly in each of 5 groups, which were injected intramuscularly with physiological saline solution (control), 0.5 mg/kg of midazolam, 40 microg/kg of medetomidine, 80 microg/kg of medetomidine, and 40 microg/kg of medetomidine plus 0.5 mg/kg of midazolam. Blood samples were taken 10 times over 24 h from a catheter introduced into the jugular vein. Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), norepinephrine, and epinephrine were determined. In addition, the duration of lateral recumbency, rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were examined. The combination of medetomidine and midazolam enhanced the duration of lateral recumbency and reduced the hyperglycemia induced by medetomidine alone. Recovery from hypoinsulinemia induced by the medetomidine-midazolam combination tended to be more rapid than when the same dose of medetomidine was used alone. The decrease in plasma norepinephrine levels induced by medetomidine alone was diminished by the addition of midazolam. Midazolam alone did not significantly change the plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, or NEFA concentration, but increased the norepinephrine concentration. This study revealed that the combination of medetomidine and midazolam produces minimal neurohormonal and metabolic changes when compared with medetomidine alone in cats.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
authors.forename: Teppei
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kanda
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hikasa
mesh_terms: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002415:Cats / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020926:Medetomidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007328:Insulin; D020926:Medetomidine; D008874:Midazolam; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine
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