title: Psychological characteristics of women who require orthognathic surgery: comparison with untreated controls.
abstract: Improvement in appearance is an important motivation for orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery, and two possible underlying causes are objective physical abnormalities, or the patient's personality type that leads them to concentrate on their appearance and request unnecessary interventions. Questionnaires that measure personality traits were given to 30 women who required orthognathic operations, and a control group of 30 other women. Traits measured were: satisfaction with the appearance of the face, head, and body; tendency to compare their appearance with that of others; the extent to which they are aware of their appearance and how they thought they should look; sense of self identity; depression; anxiety; and self-esteem. The only difference between patients and controls was that patients were more dissatisfied with their facial appearance than the others. Orthognathic patients were psychologically normal except that they had more dissatisfaction with their facial appearance. As this was the only difference, it is likely that their desire for operation was caused by a genuine physical abnormality rather than a perceived exaggerated aesthetic problem. It seems, therefore, that any patient who seeks orthognathic treatment because they have a personality that causes them to dwell on their appearance (which may lead them to hold unrealistic expectations of intervention) are screened out of the process before they begin treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Research Services and Dental Public Health, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Cobourne
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gibilaro
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Good
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huppa
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Higgins
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004955:Esthetics, Dental / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000523:psychology*; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires