title: Sympathetic activation in chronic renal failure.
abstract: The potential involvement of sympathetic overactivity has been neglected in this population despite accumulating experimental and clinical evidence suggesting a crucial role of sympathetic activation for both progression of renal failure and the high rate of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease. The contribution of sympathetic neural mechanisms to the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias, the development of hypertension, and the progression of heart failure are well established; however, the exact mechanisms contributing to heightened sympathetic tone in patients with chronic kidney disease are unclear. This review analyses potential mechanisms underlying sympathetic activation in chronic kidney disease, the range of adverse consequences associated with this activation, and potential therapeutic implications resulting from this relationship.
authors.affiliation: Neurovascular Hypertension & Kidney Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart Research Institute, P.O. Box 6492 St. Kilda Road Central, Melbourne VIC 8008, Australia. markus.schlaich@baker.edu.au
authors.forename: Markus P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Schlaich
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Socratous
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hennebry
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eikelis
authors.forename: Elisabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Straznicky
authors.forename: Murray D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Esler
authors.forename: Gavin W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000097:blood; D003000:Clonidine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003647:Debrisoquin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D007668:Kidney / Q000294:innervation; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000502:physiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase; C521557:renalase; D003000:Clonidine; D003647:Debrisoquin; D009638:Norepinephrine