title: Reduction in the latency of action of antidepressants by 17 beta-estradiol in the forced swimming test.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antidepressants (ADs) are slow to produce their therapeutic effect. This long latency promotes the development of new strategies to short their onset of action. Previous reports indicated that 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) promotes the antidepressant-like activity of fluoxetine (FLX) and desipramine (DMI) in the forced swimming test (FST).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present work was to analyze if E(2) reduces the antidepressant-like onset of action of venlafaxine (VLX), FLX, and DMI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Independent groups of ovariectomized female Wistar rats were tested in the FST and in the open field after chronic (1 to 14 days) treatment with VLX (20 mg/kg/day), FLX (1.25 mg/kg/day), or DMI (1.25 mg/kg/day) alone or in combination with a single injection of E(2) (2.5 microg/rat sc, 8 h before FST).
  
  
  RESULTS
  VLX, FLX, or DMI by themselves at these doses did not induce changes in the FST at short intervals after their injection (from 1 to 7 days). The addition of E(2) promoted the antidepressant-like effect of VLX and DMI as early as day 1. Such action was also evident after 3, for FLX, and 14 days for both FLX and DMI, but not for VLX. The behavioral actions of these ADs combined with E(2) were not accompanied by increases in general activity in the open-field test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  E(2) clearly reduced the latency to the onset of action for these ADs in the FST. These results represent an interesting therapeutic strategy for the treatment of depression in perimenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Farmacología Conductual Dirección de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, México City, Mexico.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Estrada-Camarena
authors.forename: N M Vega
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berlanga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernández-Guasti
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000494:pharmacology; D003891:Desipramine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000494:pharmacology; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010052:Ovariectomy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects*; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D003891:Desipramine; D004958:Estradiol; D004967:Estrogens; D005473:Fluoxetine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Jan 14;578(2-3):114-22
references.pmid: 17950272
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 May 7;372(1):17-24
references.pmid: 10374710
references.citation: Lancet. 1997 May 31;349(9065):1594-7
references.pmid: 9174562
references.citation: J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999 Oct;19(5):427-34
references.pmid: 10505584
references.citation: Am Fam Physician. 2006 Feb 1;73(3):457-64
references.pmid: 16477892
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2000 Jul 24;39(10):1800-12
references.pmid: 10884561
references.citation: Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev. 2005 Mar;4(1):43-58
references.pmid: 15886402
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Apr;173(1-2):139-45
references.pmid: 14730416
references.citation: Behav Brain Res. 2001 Jul;122(1):1-9
references.pmid: 11287071
references.citation: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008 May;7(5):426-37
references.pmid: 18425072
references.citation: Behav Pharmacol. 1997 Nov;8(6-7):523-32
references.pmid: 9832966
references.citation: Brain Res Rev. 2008 Mar;57(2):332-41
references.pmid: 17669502
references.citation: Menopause. 2006 Mar-Apr;13(2):202-11
references.pmid: 16645534
references.citation: Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997 May;5(2):107-12
references.pmid: 9234045
references.citation: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997 Spring;5(2):97-106
references.pmid: 9106373
references.citation: Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002 Apr;12(2):159-71
references.pmid: 11872334
references.citation: Br J Pharmacol. 1998 Oct;125(3):526-32
references.pmid: 9806336
references.citation: Endocrine. 2001 Mar;14(2):165-74
references.pmid: 11394633
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1983 Jun;18(6):721-5
references.pmid: 6871305
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 1995 Sep 15;284(1-2):171-6
references.pmid: 8549621
references.citation: Biochem Pharmacol. 1987 Oct 1;36(19):3175-80
references.pmid: 3663233
references.citation: Brain Res. 2000 Mar 24;859(2):326-33
references.pmid: 10719081
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1988;94(2):147-60
references.pmid: 3127840
references.citation: J Neurobiol. 2003 May;55(2):247-60
references.pmid: 12672021
references.citation: JAMA. 1973 Jan 29;223(5):560
references.pmid: 4739153
references.citation: Front Neuroendocrinol. 2006 Dec;27(4):415-35
references.pmid: 17055560
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006 Feb;31(2):247-55
references.pmid: 16012533
references.citation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2005;29(4-5):547-69
references.pmid: 15893822
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006 Jun;31(6):1249-63
references.pmid: 16319920
references.citation: Psychopharmacol Bull. 1998;34(3):319-21
references.pmid: 9803763
references.citation: Neuroendocrinology. 2002 Dec;76(6):339-47
references.pmid: 12566941
references.citation: Brain Res. 1983 Oct 24;277(1):163-8
references.pmid: 6315138
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2006;138(3):1041-8
references.pmid: 16310959
references.citation: Maturitas. 1999 Jan 4;31(2):103-10
references.pmid: 10227002
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 1999 Sep;55(1):11-7
references.pmid: 10512601
references.citation: Mol Neurobiol. 1998 Oct;18(2):87-123
references.pmid: 10065876
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2005 Oct;146(10):4386-90
references.pmid: 16020475
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Dec;283(3):1305-22
references.pmid: 9400006
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 2000 Nov;12(11):1060-6
references.pmid: 11069121
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1998 Mar;136(2):190-7
references.pmid: 9551776
references.citation: CNS Drugs. 2001;15(10):797-817
references.pmid: 11602005
references.citation: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001 Fall;9(4):393-9
references.pmid: 11739065
references.citation: Neuroscience. 2004;127(2):261-7
references.pmid: 15262317
references.citation: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006 Sep;31(8):905-14
references.pmid: 16843610
references.citation: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Nov;279(2):1035-42
references.pmid: 8930214
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005 Jul;30(7):1288-301
references.pmid: 15756306
references.citation: Trends Neurosci. 2005 Feb;28(2):79-85
references.pmid: 15667930
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Aug 1;44(3):151-62
references.pmid: 9693387
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1995 Sep;121(1):66-72
references.pmid: 8539342
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Jan;28(1):53-62
references.pmid: 12496940
references.citation: Nature. 1977 Apr 21;266(5604):730-2
references.pmid: 559941
references.citation: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2000 Apr;65(4):591-7
references.pmid: 10764911
references.citation: Neuropharmacology. 2000 Jul 24;39(10):1823-32
references.pmid: 10884563
references.citation: Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Aug 15;344(2):365-72
references.pmid: 9264551
references.citation: Neuroendocrinology. 2001 Mar;73(3):166-74
references.pmid: 11307035
references.citation: Behav Pharmacol. 2007 Sep;18(5-6):391-418
references.pmid: 17762509
references.citation: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 May;28(5):830-8
references.pmid: 12637949
references.citation: J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000 Jun;20(3):373-8
references.pmid: 10831027
references.citation: J Psychopharmacol. 2004 Sep;18(3):395-403
references.pmid: 15358984
references.citation: Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006 Aug;9(4):393-406
references.pmid: 16035959
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Nov 10;95(23):13941-6
references.pmid: 9811905
references.citation: Horm Behav. 2001 Sep;40(2):169-77
references.pmid: 11534978
references.citation: Brain Res. 1993 Jan 22;601(1-2):299-302
references.pmid: 8431776
references.citation: Biol Psychiatry. 1985 May;20(5):576-9
references.pmid: 2985131
references.citation: CNS Drugs. 2001;15(3):175-84
references.pmid: 11463126
references.citation: Eur J Neurosci. 2001 Nov;14(9):1417-24
references.pmid: 11722603
references.citation: Arzneimittelforschung. 2005;55(3):153-9
references.pmid: 15819387
references.citation: J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995 Jun;15(3):217-22
references.pmid: 7636000
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005 Nov;182(3):335-44
references.pmid: 16001105
references.citation: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 Jun;186(3):351-61
references.pmid: 16249906
references.citation: Science. 2003 Aug 8;301(5634):805-9
references.pmid: 12907793
references.citation: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Mar;51(3):248-51
references.pmid: 8122960
references.citation: Brain Res. 1998 Jun 15;796(1-2):299-302
references.pmid: 9689482
references.citation: Endocrinology. 2001 Mar;142(3):1284-9
references.pmid: 11181546
references.citation: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2001 Dec;91(6):2785-801
references.pmid: 11717247
references.citation: J Neuroendocrinol. 2003 Mar;15(3):296-303
references.pmid: 12588519
references.citation: Life Sci. 1998;63(3):155-60
references.pmid: 9698044
references.citation: Synapse. 2002 Aug;45(2):143-51
references.pmid: 12112407
references.citation: Eur J Pharmacol. 1978 Feb 15;47(4):379-91
references.pmid: 204499
references.citation: Br J Psychiatry. 1991 Oct;159:510-4
references.pmid: 1836411
references.citation: J Neurosci. 1993 Aug;13(8):3448-55
references.pmid: 8101869
references.citation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Nov 9;96(23):13512-7
references.pmid: 10557352
references.citation: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Feb;7(2):137-51
references.pmid: 16429123