title: The influence of caregiver depressive symptoms on proxy report of youth depressive symptoms: a test of the depression-distortion hypothesis in pediatric type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the depression-distortion hypothesis in pediatric type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a sample of 187 youth with type 1 diabetes, caregivers completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI): parent proxy report. Youth completed the CDI. To test whether caregiver depressive symptoms (CES-D) moderated the proxy report of youth depressive symptoms (CDI:P), the CDI, CES-D, and their interactions were entered as predictors in to a regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The regression was significant, F (8,178) = 9.26, p <.0001, R(2) =.29, and all three variables were significant predictors. Post-hoc probing of the interaction showed that caregivers with high CES-D scores reported high levels of youth depressive symptoms at both high and low levels of youth-reported depressive symptoms. In contrast, caregivers with low CES-D scores reported similar levels as the youth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the depression-distortion hypothesis in a pediatric chronic disease sample.
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Behavioral Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7039, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. korey.hood@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Korey K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Hood
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010469:Perceptual Distortion; D010555:Personality Inventory; D019727:Proxy / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1988 Jun;16(3):299-315
references.pmid: 3403812
references.citation: J Affect Disord. 1980 Mar;2(1):1-16
references.pmid: 6448876
references.citation: Dev Psychopathol. 1998 Spring;10(2):283-300
references.pmid: 9635225
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2006 Oct;118(4):1510-8
references.pmid: 17015542
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2007 Mar;30(3):542-8
references.pmid: 17327318
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 1997 Aug;65(4):599-610
references.pmid: 9256561
references.citation: Cogn Psychol. 2000 Feb;40(1):1-38
references.pmid: 10692232
references.citation: Lancet. 2007 Jan 13;369(9556):145-57
references.pmid: 17223478
references.citation: J Pediatr Psychol. 2002 Jan-Feb;27(1):5-18
references.pmid: 11726675
references.citation: J Pediatr Psychol. 2002 Jan-Feb;27(1):87-96
references.pmid: 11726683
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):e792-800
references.pmid: 16950968
references.citation: J Pediatr Psychol. 1992 Dec;17(6):683-704
references.pmid: 1484333
references.citation: JAMA. 2007 Jun 27;297(24):2716-24
references.pmid: 17595272
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 Jul;36(7):971-9
references.pmid: 9204676
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2006 Jun;29(6):1389-91
references.pmid: 16732028
references.citation: Child Dev. 1990 Feb;61(1):85-98
references.pmid: 2307048
references.citation: Child Care Health Dev. 2004 Jul;30(4):385-94
references.pmid: 15191430
references.citation: Child Dev. 1994 Oct;65(5):1405-14
references.pmid: 7982358
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 2005 Jul;131(4):483-509
references.pmid: 16060799
references.citation: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2004 Mar;33(1):149-57
references.pmid: 15028549
references.citation: J Psychosom Res. 2002 Oct;53(4):907-11
references.pmid: 12377302
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000 May;39(5):592-602
references.pmid: 10802977
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 1993 Jul;114(1):3-28
references.pmid: 8346328
references.citation: J Abnorm Psychol. 1980 Jun;89(3):497-500
references.pmid: 7410715
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2005 Jan;28(1):186-212
references.pmid: 15616254
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 2001 Jul;24(7):1286-92
references.pmid: 11423517
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1997 Jan;20(1):36-44
references.pmid: 9028691
references.citation: Health Psychol. 1998 Mar;17(2):107-11
references.pmid: 9548701
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000 Dec;68(6):1038-50
references.pmid: 11142538
references.citation: Am J Psychiatry. 1984 Feb;141(2):219-22
references.pmid: 6362442
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988 Dec;56(6):909-15
references.pmid: 3204202
references.citation: Soc Sci Med. 2001 Mar;52(6):839-51
references.pmid: 11234859
references.citation: Psychol Bull. 1992 Nov;112(3):485-99
references.pmid: 1438639
references.citation: J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2001 Winter;11(4):395-407
references.pmid: 11838822
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1991 Feb;19(1):75-95
references.pmid: 2030249
references.citation: J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1994 Aug;15(4):265-72
references.pmid: 7798372
references.citation: Lancet. 2001 Jul 21;358(9277):221-9
references.pmid: 11476858
references.citation: Dev Psychol. 2003 Nov;39(6):1083-94
references.pmid: 14584986
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003 Feb;71(1):62-70
references.pmid: 12602426
references.citation: J Pediatr. 2003 Apr;142(4):409-16
references.pmid: 12712059
references.citation: Child Dev. 1989 Oct;60(5):1068-75
references.pmid: 2805884
references.citation: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1988 Jul;27(4):442-50
references.pmid: 3182600
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1999 May;22(5):713-21
references.pmid: 10332671
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2008 Feb;121(2):337-44
references.pmid: 18245425
references.citation: J Pediatr. 1997 Feb;130(2):257-65
references.pmid: 9042129
references.citation: Diabetes Care. 1997 Jan;20(1):45-51
references.pmid: 9028692
references.citation: J Pediatr Psychol. 2006 Oct;31(9):928-38
references.pmid: 16401678
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2002 Aug;30(4):387-400
references.pmid: 12109489
references.citation: J Pediatr Psychol. 2008 Jun;33(5):509-19
references.pmid: 17991690
references.citation: Pediatrics. 1999 Dec;104(6):1274-80
references.pmid: 10585977
references.citation: J Consult Clin Psychol. 1994 Jun;62(3):550-9
references.pmid: 8063981
references.citation: Psychiatry Res. 1988 Jun;24(3):345-59
references.pmid: 3406244