title: The status of HIV-1 resistance to antiretroviral drugs in sub-Saharan Africa.
abstract: Access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for persons infected with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa has greatly improved over the past few years. However, data on long-term clinical outcomes of Africans receiving HAART, patterns of HIV resistance to antiretroviral drugs and implications of HIV type-1 (HIV-1) subtype diversity in Africa for resistance, are limited. In resource-limited settings, concerns have been raised that deficiencies in health systems could create the conditions for accelerated development of resistance. Coordinated surveillance systems are being established to assess the emergence of resistance and the factors associated with resistance development, and to create the possibility for adjusting treatment guidelines as necessary. The purpose of this report is to review the literature on HIV-1 resistance to antiretroviral drugs in sub-Saharan Africa, in relation to the drug regimens used in Africa, HIV-1 subtype diversity and overall prevalence of resistance. The report focuses on resistance associated with treatment, prevention of mother-to-child transmission and transmitted resistance. It also outlines priorities for public health action and research.
authors.affiliation: PharmAccess Foundation, Center for Poverty-Related Communicable Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. r.hamers@pharmaccess.org
authors.forename: Raph L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hamers
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Derdelinckx
authors.forename: Michèle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Vugt
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Tobias F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Rinke de Wit
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schuurman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents