title: Clinical review: the genetics of type 2 diabetes: a realistic appraisal in 2008.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the last few months, genome-wide association studies have contributed significantly to our understanding of the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes. If and how this information will impact clinical practice is not yet clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary papers reporting genome-wide association studies in type 2 diabetes or establishing a reproducible association for specific candidate genes were compiled. Further information was obtained from background articles, authoritative reviews, and relevant meeting conferences and abstracts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As many as 17 genetic loci have been convincingly associated with type 2 diabetes; 14 of these were not previously known, and most of them were unsuspected. The associated polymorphisms are common in populations of European descent but have modest effects on risk. These loci highlight new areas for biological exploration and allow the initiation of experiments designed to develop prediction models and test possible pharmacogenetic and other applications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although substantial progress in our knowledge of the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes is taking place, these new discoveries represent but a small proportion of the genetic variation underlying the susceptibility to this disorder. Major work is still required to identify the causal variants, test their role in disease prediction and ascertain their therapeutic implications.
authors.affiliation: Simches Research Building-CPZN 5.250, 185 Cambridge Street, Diabetes Unit/Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. jcflorez@partners.org
authors.forename: Jose C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Florez
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment
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