title: The impact of modifiable family factors on glycemic control among youth with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify modifiable family factors impacting glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) beyond the anticipated physical, developmental, and behavioral issues associated with adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 153 youth (aged 8-16 yr) with T1DM duration of 6.3 +/- 3.5 yr and average hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 8.4 +/- 1.4%, we examined modifiable family factors that might impact adherence to diabetes management and, in turn, influence glycemic control. Youth and parents completed surveys that assessed diabetes-specific knowledge, negative affect related to blood glucose monitoring (BGM), and parental-perceived burden of diabetes care. Clinician report and chart review provided data on growth, pubertal development, and diabetes management tasks. Glycemic control was measured as HbA1c.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In bivariate analyses, higher parental diabetes-specific knowledge (p < 0.0001), less youth negative affect related to BGM (p = 0.0005), and less parental-perceived burden (p = 0.0008) were associated with lower HbA1c. In a multivariate model controlling for demographic and diabetes-specific variables, these three factors remained independent and significant predictors of HbA1c (R(2) = 0.31 and p < 0.0001). Higher parental knowledge, less youth negative affect, and less parental burden predicted lower HbA1c, while youth knowledge and parental negative affect did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To attain optimal glycemic control, treatment programs for youth with T1DM should include ongoing efforts to reinforce parental knowledge of diabetes tasks, promote positive youth affect related to diabetes management, and acknowledge and reduce parental-perceived burden of diabetes management.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric, Adolescent, and Young Adult Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Jessica B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Zuehlke
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tovar
authors.forename: Lisa K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Volkening
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Lori M B
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Laffel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin