Pediatric kidney transplantation in Thailand: experience in a developing country.
From July 1996 to November 2006, 46 patients received kidney transplants at five pediatric centers in Thailand. The male-female ratio was 1.9:1. The primary causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) included hypoplastic or dysplastic kidney, chronic glomerulonephritis, reflux nephropathy, pyelo nephritis or interstitial nephritis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Mean (SD) age at onset of ESRD was 10.1 (3.1) years, and at transplantation was 11.1 (2.9) years. Preemptive transplantation was performed in 2 patients. Cadaveric donors were used in 67.4% of procedures. Induction of immunosuppression with interleukin (IL)-2 monoclonal antibody was used in 41.3% of the patients. At 1 year posttransplantation, maintenance therapy included corticosteroids in 100% of patients, cyclosporine in 81.6%, tacrolimus in 15.8%, azathioprine in 31.6%, and mycophenolate mofetil in 57.9%. Standardized height z scores at transplantation and last follow-up (mean [SD], 40.0 [28.3] months) remained the same at -1.9. Mean (SD) serum creatinine level at the last follow-up was 1.3 (0.8) mg/dL. Patient survival at 1 and 5 years was 96% and 88%, respectively. Graft survival at 1 and 5 years was 98% and 84%, respectively. The medical expenses at 1, 6, and 12 months were US$601, US$464, and US$384 per month, respectively. The Thai per gross domestic product per capita was US$758 per month. Medical expenses were paid by the government in 44.2% of cases, charity foundations in 39.5%, and the patients' parents in 16.3%. Although the causes, management, and outcomes of ESRD were not different from those in other countries, access to treatment and medical expenses may be substantial barriers in developing countries.
Sumboonnanonda
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Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. siasb@mahidol.ac.th
Lumpaopong
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Kingwatanakul
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Tangnararatchakit
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Jiravuttipong
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D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000145:classification; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013785:Thailand; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology; D014850:Waiting Lists
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents