title: Aetiology of stillbirths and neonatal deaths in rural Ghana: implications for health programming in developing countries.
abstract: In developing countries many stillbirths and neonatal deaths occur at home and cause of death is not recorded by national health information systems. A community-level verbal autopsy tool was used to obtain data on the aetiology of stillbirths and neonatal deaths in rural Ghana. Objectives were to describe the timing and distribution of causes of stillbirths and neonatal deaths according to site of death (health facility or home). Data were collected from 1 January 2003 to 30 June 2004; 20,317 deliveries, 696 stillbirths and 623 neonatal deaths occurred over that time. Most deaths occurred in the antepartum period (28 weeks gestation to the onset of labour) (33.0%). However, the highest risk periods were during labour and delivery (intrapartum period) and the first day of life. Infections were a major cause of death in the antepartum (10.1%) and neonatal (40.3%) periods. The most important cause of intrapartum death was obstetric complications (59.3%). There were significantly fewer neonatal deaths resulting from birth asphyxia in the home than in the health facilities and more deaths from infection. Only 59 (20.7%) mothers of neonates who died at home reported that they sought care from an appropriate health care provider (doctor, nurse or health facility) during their baby's illness. The results from this study highlight the importance of studying community-level data in developing countries and the high risk of intrapartum stillbirths and infectious diseases in the rural African mother and neonate. Community-level interventions are urgently needed, especially interventions that reduce intrapartum deaths and infection rates in the mother and infant.
authors.affiliation: Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana. karen.edmond@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Edmond
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quigley
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zandoh
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Danso
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hurt
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Owusu Agyei
authors.forename: Betty R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Kirkwood
mesh_terms: D002423:Cause of Death; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000453:epidemiology*