title: Na+/H+ exchanger-1 inhibitors decrease myocardial superoxide production via direct mitochondrial action.
abstract: The possibility of a direct mitochondrial action of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger-1 (NHE-1) inhibitors decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was assessed in cat myocardium. Angiotensin II and endothelin-1 induced an NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent increase in anion superoxide (O(2)(-)) production detected by chemiluminescence. Three different NHE-1 inhibitors [cariporide, BIIB-723, and EMD-87580] with no ROS scavenger activity prevented this increase. The mitochondria appeared to be the source of the NOX-dependent ROS released by the "ROS-induced ROS release mechanism" that was blunted by the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel blockers 5-hydroxydecanoate and glibenclamide, inhibition of complex I of the electron transport chain with rotenone, and inhibition of the permeability transition pore (MPTP) by cyclosporin A. Cariporide also prevented O(2)(-) production induced by the opening of mK(ATP) with diazoxide. Ca(2+)-induced swelling was evaluated in isolated mitochondria as an indicator of MPTP formation. Cariporide decreased mitochondrial swelling to the same extent as cyclosporin A and bongkrekic acid, confirming its direct mitochondrial action. Increased O(2)(-) production, as expected, stimulated ERK1/2 and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase phosphorylation. This was also prevented by cariporide, giving additional support to the existence of a direct mitochondrial action of NHE-1 inhibitors in preventing ROS release. In conclusion, we report a mitochondrial action of NHE-1 inhibitors that should lead us to revisit or reinterpret previous landmark observations about their beneficial effect in several cardiac diseases, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Further studies are needed to clarify the precise mechanism and site of action of these drugs in blunting MPTP formation and ROS release.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasces, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNLP 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
authors.forename: Carolina D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Garciarena
authors.forename: Claudia I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Caldiz
authors.forename: María V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Guillermo R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Schinella
authors.forename: Susana M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mosca
authors.forename: Gladys E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Chiappe de Cingolani
authors.forename: Horacio E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Cingolani
authors.forename: Irene L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Ennis
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D002415:Cats; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008929:Mitochondria, Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008933:Mitochondrial Swelling / Q000187:drug effects; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D038744:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa / Q000378:metabolism; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D006146:Guanidines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D013450:Sulfones; C069139:growth factor-activatable Na-H exchanger NHE-1; D013481:Superoxides; D000804:Angiotensin II; C093373:cariporide; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D038744:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D002122:Calcium Chloride