title: Predictors of parenting stress in a diverse sample of parents of early adolescents in high-risk communities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parenting stress is associated with negative parenting practices, which have been linked to increased youth health risk behaviors. It is important, therefore, to understand the most salient contributors to parenting stress in families who live in communities considered at high risk of the development of youth problem behaviors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  On the basis of a model derived from the model of parenting stress of R. R. Abidin (1995), the contributions to parenting stress of child factors (age, social skills, and problem behaviors), parent factors (gender, health, and race or ethnicity), and contextual factors (family structure, conflict, social support, education, and income) were explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  A secondary data analysis using bivariate correlations and multiple and hierarchical regression was conducted to identify the relative influence of these factors on parenting stress in a national sample of 824 parents (primarily mothers, those from racial or ethnic minorities, and those who have low income) of adolescents aged 10-18 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses indicated strong associations between child behavior and parenting stress (p < .001). There was a positive association between youth age and parenting stress. Single parents and parents in poor health reported significantly high levels of parenting stress; families with high levels of involvement and cohesion reported significantly less stress. The data support the multivariate model of parenting stress of R. R. Abidin (1995).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parents of adolescents experience a high level of parenting stress that can compromise their ability to parent effectively. Identification of child, parent, and contextual characteristics that are associated with parenting stress may facilitate our understanding of how healthcare, social service, and education providers can prepare and support parents to reduce the risk of problem behavior.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792-2455, USA. lsanderson@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Lori S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D015406:Single Parent / Q000523:psychology; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
references.citation: Infant Ment Health J. 2005 May;26(3):177-190
references.pmid: 28682501
references.citation: J Drug Educ. 2004;34(2):197-212
references.pmid: 15638219
references.citation: J Nurs Res. 2002 Mar;10(1):43-56
references.pmid: 11923900
references.citation: J Fam Psychol. 2000 Sep;14(3):436-57
references.pmid: 11025934
references.citation: Child Dev. 1995 Feb;66(1):80-97
references.pmid: 7497831
references.citation: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2003 Aug;38(8):442-9
references.pmid: 12910340
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1997 Apr;25(2):83-94
references.pmid: 9109025
references.citation: Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;19(2):184-9
references.pmid: 16612201
references.citation: J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2006 Jun;34(3):303-19
references.pmid: 16705498
references.citation: Pediatrics. 2007 Feb;119 Suppl 1:S68-76
references.pmid: 17272588
references.citation: J Adolesc Res. 2006 Mar;21(2):185-204
references.pmid: 16528407
references.citation: J Fam Psychol. 2000 Sep;14(3):380-400
references.pmid: 11025931
references.citation: Fam Process. 1998 Spring;37(1):83-94
references.pmid: 9589283
references.citation: J Marriage Fam. 2007 Mar 2;63(4):941-953
references.pmid: 19829752
references.citation: J Pediatr Psychol. 2002 Jan-Feb;27(1):5-18
references.pmid: 11726675
references.citation: JAMA. 1997 Sep 10;278(10):823-32
references.pmid: 9293990