title: Do the kidneys contribute to propofol elimination?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Propofol is mainly metabolized in the liver, but extrahepatic clearance may also be important since systemic propofol clearance exceeds hepatic clearance. Recent reports suggest that the kidneys contribute to propofol elimination in humans and here we investigated renal elimination of propofol in a controlled animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen swine were anaesthetized with 5% isoflurane induction and 2% isoflurane maintenance. After a left subcostal incision, the left kidney and renal pedicle were exposed by an approach via the retroperitoneum and the renal vein was identified for blood sampling. Propofol was then administered via the right jugular vein at a rate of 2 mg kg(-1) h(-1). After 120 min of pseudo-steady-state infusion of propofol (Baseline 1), cardiac output (CO) was increased by continuous infusion of dobutamine for 30 min (high-CO state). Thirty minutes after stopping dobutamine (Baseline 2), CO was decreased by bolus administration of propranolol (low-CO state). Blood samples were collected simultaneously from the renal vein (direct puncture) and the femoral artery at Baseline 1, in the high-CO state, at Baseline 2, and in the low-CO state.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in propofol concentration between femoral arterial and renal venous blood in all states. The propofol concentration significantly decreased with increased CO, but renal extraction was not observed in any state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The kidneys are a minor site of propofol elimination in a swine model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Japan. kotaro@hama-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takata
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morishima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uraoka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
mesh_terms: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D002302:Cardiac Output; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000378:metabolism; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D023421:Models, Animal; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D015742:Propofol / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000378:metabolism; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010100:Oxygen; D015742:Propofol