title: The prevalence of joint contractures, pressure sores, painful shoulder, other pain, falls, and depression in the year after a severely disabling stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Complications after stroke have been shown to impede rehabilitation, lead to poor functional outcome, and increase cost of care. This inception cohort study sought to investigate the prevalence of immobility-related complications during the first year after severely disabling stroke in relation to functional independence and place of residence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a 7-month period, 600 stroke survivors were identified in the hospital through the Nottingham Stroke Register. Those who had a Barthel Index score <or=10 3 months poststroke and did not have a primary diagnosis of dementia were eligible to participate in the study. Assessments of complications were carried out at 3, 6, and 12 months poststroke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complications were recorded for 122 stroke survivors (mean age, 76 years; 57% male). Sixty-three (52%) had significant language impairment and of the remaining 59 who were able to complete an assessment of cognitive function, 10 (8%) were cognitively impaired. The numbers of reported complications over 12 months, in rank order, were falls, 89 (73%); contracture, 73 (60%); pain, 67 (55%); shoulder pain, 64 (52%); depression, 61 (50%); and pressure sores, 26 (22%). A negative correlation was found between Barthel Index score and the number of complications experienced (low scores on the Barthel Index correlate with a high number of complications). The highest relative percentages of complications were experienced by patients who were living in a nursing home at the time of their last completed assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immobility-related complications are very common in the first year after a severely disabling stroke. Patients who are more functionally dependent in self-care are likely to experience a greater number of complications than those who are less dependent. Trials of techniques to limit and prevent complication are required.
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Clinical Sciences, School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. C.M.SACKLEY@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sackley
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brittle
authors.forename: Smitaa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ellins
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Cristine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Dewey
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003286:Contracture / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*