title: [Ultrastructural investigation of root canal dentine surface after application of active ultrasonic method].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The basic work principle of all ultrasonic techniques is the piezoelectric effect of producing high frequency ultrasounds of small length, which are transmitted over the endodontic extensions or canal instruments into the root canal. When in contact with the tissue, ultrasonic vibrations are converted into mechanical oscillations. Ultrasonic waves and the obtained oscillations along with the synergic effect of irrigation bring about the elimination of smear layer from the root canal walls.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to ultrastucturally examine the effect of smear layer removal from the walls of canals by the application of the active ultrasonic method without irrigation, that is by the application of ultrasound and irrigation using distilled water and 2.5% NaOCl.
  
  
  METHODS
  The investigation comprised 35 single-canal, extracted human teeth. After removal of the root canal content, experimental samples were divided into three groups. According to the procedure required, the first group was treated by ultrasound without irrigation; the second one by ultrasound with irrigation using distilled water; and the third group was treated by ultrasound and irrigation using 2.5% NaOCl solution. The control samples were treated by machine rotating instruments (Pro-File) and were rinsed by distilled water.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The obtained results showed that the ultrasonic treatment of the root canal without irrigation did not remove the smear layer. The dentine canals are masked, and big dentine particles are scattered on the intertubular dentine. The ultrasonic treatment by using irrigation with distilled water provides cleaner dentine walls and open dentine tubules but with smaller particles on the intertubular dentine. The ultrasound treatment by using irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl solution provides a clean intertubular dentine surface without a smear layer and clearly open dentine tubules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Instrumentation of the root canal by application of ultrasound by using NaOCl as irrigation provides a clean dentine surface of the root canal without a smear layer.
authors.forename: Aleksandar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitić
authors.forename: Nadica
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mitić
authors.forename: Ilijana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Muratovska
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stojanovska
authors.forename: Lidija
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Popovska
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mitić
mesh_terms: D003762:Dental Instruments; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D018915:Root Canal Preparation; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants