[Description of biological elements involved in new organism beginning. Review of contemporary investigations about early embryonary development].
The development of the mammalian embryo begins with the fertilization of the mature oocyte by the sperm. However, many processes that lead to the production of functional gametes precede this event. First of all, both male and female germ cells form during gametogenesis. The gametogenesis comprises four different steps: a) the specification and migration of primordial germ cells, b) the increase in the number of germ cells through mitotic divisions, c) the reduction in chromosomal number through meiosis, and d) a final structural and functional maturation of the oocyte and the sperm. Once the oocyte and the sperm have matured, the newly formed gametes are released from the gonads upon the appropriate hormonal stimulus and are subsequently transported to the oviduct, where the oocyte awaits to be fertilized by the sperm. The fertilized oocyte, now called zygote, undergoes the maternal-to-zygotic transition, characterized by the degradation of maternal transcripts and the concomitant synthesis of transcripts by the newly formed zygote. The production of these new transcripts is the result of the genome activation of the zygote. At the same time, the sperm and egg's chromatin experience a series of changes that will result in the formation of the male and female pronuclei. In the male pronucleus an exchange of protamines for histones takes place. Furthermore, the parental genomes are subject to modification through DNA demethylation, and the proteins, around which the DNA is 'packed', the histones, are also subject to covalent modifications. These modifications constitute some of the most prominent changes involved in the epigenetic reprogramming of the two gametes. Finally, the animal-vegetal poles that will begin the first divisions or 'cleavage' to give rise to the blastocyst, where we can already distinguish an embryonic-abembryonic axis. The blastocyst will then implant in the uterus previously prepared for implantation.
Huerta Zepeda
Alejandra
A
Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF. ahuertaz@yahoo.com
Torres Padilla
María Elena
ME
Guerra López
Rodrigo
R
D001755:Blastocyst / Q000502:physiology; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D015053:Zygote / Q000502:physiology