title: Urinary 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid, an alkylresorcinol metabolite, is a potential biomarker of whole-grain intake in a U.S. population.
abstract: 5-n-Alkylresorcinols (AR) are a major group of phenolic compounds in whole-grain wheat, rye, and barley. As such, they may serve as potential biomarkers of whole-grain intake, because they are quantifiable intact in plasma and as metabolites in urine. We examined relationships between 12-h urinary excretion of AR metabolite 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid (DHPPA) and self-reported habitual intake of whole-grain foods measured by 3-d food record (3DFR) and FFQ. Urine samples from 100 men and women were analyzed for DHPPA using HPLC with coularray detection. DHPPA excretion ranged from 1.3 to 99.4 (mean +/- SE, 14.0 +/- 1.5) mumol/12 h. Whole-grain food intake, as determined by 3DFR and FFQ and adjusted for BMI and energy and fiber intake, was significantly associated with 12-h urinary DHPPA excretion. Based on 3DFR, whole-grain wheat + rye consumers had a 44% higher DHPPA excretion than nonconsumers [ratio of excretion (95% CI) = 1.44 (1.04, 1.97); P = 0.029]. Using whole-grain intake estimated by FFQ, a serving increase in whole-grain wheat + rye intake increased DHPPA excretion by 94% [ratio of excretion (95% CI) = 1.94 (1.35, 2.78); P = 0.001] and a serving increase in whole grains as defined more broadly in epidemiologic studies of whole-grain intake and disease risk (whole-grain wheat, rye, oats, and corn) increased DHPPA by 67% [ratio of excretion (95% CI) = 1.67 (1.28, 2.17); P < 0.0001]. This study supports the potential utility of urinary DHPPA as a biomarker of whole-grain intake in a U.S. population.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3410, USA.
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Guyman
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adlercreutz
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koskela
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shirley A A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Beresford
authors.forename: Johanna W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lampe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D004032:Diet; D002523:Edible Grain; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010636:Phenols; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D011422:Propionates / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine*; D012016:Reference Values; D012434:Secale; D014908:Triticum; D014481:United States; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: C532605:3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid; D015415:Biomarkers; D010636:Phenols; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D011422:Propionates