title: Prevalence and risk factor analysis of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole- and fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli infection among emergency department patients with pyelonephritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High rates of resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) among uropathogenic Escherichia coli are recognized, and concerns exist about emerging fluoroquinolone resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults presenting to 11 US emergency departments with (1) flank pain and/or costovertebral tenderness, (2) temperature >38 degrees C, and (3) a presumptive diagnosis of pyelonephritis were enrolled; patients for whom 1 uropathogen grew on culture were analyzed. Epidemiologic and clinical data were collected at the time of care. The prevalence of E. coli in vitro antibiotic resistance and risk factors associated with TMP-SMX-resistant E. coli infection were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 403 women with uncomplicated pyelonephritis caused by E. coli, the mean site rate of E. coli resistance to TMP-SMX was 24% (range, 13%-45%). Mean site rates of E. coli resistance to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were 1% and 3%, respectively. Only TMP-SMX exposure within 2 days before presentation and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with E. coli resistance to TMP-SMX (compared with resistance rates of approximately 20% among women lacking these risk factors); antibiotic exposure within 3-60 days before presentation, health care setting exposure within 30 days before presentation, history of urinary tract infections, and age >55 years were not associated with E. coli resistance to TMP-SMX. Among 207 patients with complicated pyelonephritis, mean site rates of E. coli resistance to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were 5% and 6%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the prevalence of TMP-SMX-resistant infection among patients with uncomplicated pyelonephritis is > or =20% in many areas of the United States, and risk stratification cannot identify patients at low risk of infection. Rates of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli infection appear to be low among patients with uncomplicated pyelonephritis but higher among those with complicated infections. Fluoroquinolones should remain to be the preferred empirical treatment for women with uncomplicated pyelonephritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, 14445 Olive View Dr., North Annex, Sylmar, CA 91342, USA. idnet@ucla.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Talan
authors.forename: Anusha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krishnadasan
authors.forename: Fredrick M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Abrahamian
authors.forename: Walter E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Stamm
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Moran
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004630:Emergencies; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D064704:Levofloxacin; D008875:Middle Aged; D015242:Ofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D011704:Pyelonephritis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000494:pharmacology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D064704:Levofloxacin; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; D015242:Ofloxacin