title: Hyposmia in G2019S LRRK2-related parkinsonism: clinical and pathologic data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mutations in PARK8 (LRRK2) are associated with autosomal dominant parkinsonism and Parkinson disease (PD). Hyposmia is present in at least 80% of patients with PD and an accumulation of alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) is seen in the olfactory pathways. In this study we have clinically examined olfaction and pathologically examined the rhinencephalon in individuals carrying the G2019S LRRK2 mutation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The University of Pennsylvania Smell Test (UPSIT) was used to evaluate the sense of smell in 19 parkinsonian and two asymptomatic carriers of the G2019S mutation and compared with groups of patients with PD and healthy controls. Postmortem examination of alpha-syn accumulation in the rhinencephalon was also carried out in four parkinsonian carriers of the G2019S mutation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean UPSIT score in G2019S parkinsonian carriers was lower than that in healthy controls (p < 0.001) and similar to that found in patients with PD (p > 0.999). Smell tests in two asymptomatic carriers of the G2019S mutation were in the normal range. Postmortem studies of the olfactory pathways in one of the patients who had been clinically tested, and found to have hyposmia, and three other cases with the G2019S mutation, revealed alpha-syn deposition in the olfactory pathways in all cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Odor identification is diminished in LRRK2 G2019S mutation parkinsonism but the asymptomatic carriers of the mutation had normal olfaction. We found alpha-syn accumulation with Lewy bodies in the rhinencephalon in all four cases examined pathologically.
authors.affiliation: Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Silveira-Moriyama
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Guedes
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kingsbury
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ayling
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bonifati
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abou-Sleiman
authors.forename: N W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petrie
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sampaio
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Holton
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Revesz
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lees
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D000071158:Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2; D016631:Lewy Bodies / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D009833:Olfactory Pathways / Q000473:pathology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C495280:LRRK2 protein, human; D000071158:Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases