Proteins and satiety: implications for weight management.
OBJECTIVE
To highlight the satiating background and effects of proteins and their implications for weight management.


RESULTS
The satiating effect of protein is the key player in body-weight loss and body-weight maintenance thereafter. Specific high-protein meals or high-protein diets induced satiety require a realistic bandwidth of energy intake, protein concentrations, texture, and timing of assessment of effects. Satiety is nutrient specifically supported by elevated amino acid concentrations, responses of anorexigenic hormones or protein-induced energy expenditure. During long-term high-protein diets sustained satiety, energy expenditure, and sparing fat-free body mass are essential. For effects due to satiety, ad libitum energy intake conditions are necessary. Adverse events related to kidney damage may occur with sulphur-containing amino acids; individuals with obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus II may be susceptible groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Highly controlled medium-term studies overcoming possible differences due to texture, timing and macronutrient exchange, and assessing satiety, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation at the same time, need to be executed with a realistic bandwidth of different types of proteins in overweight individuals in different energy balances.
Soenen
Stijn
S
Department of Human Biology, Nutrim, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Westerterp-Plantenga
Margriet S
MS
D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted / Q000009:adverse effects; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015431:Weight Loss
D004044:Dietary Proteins