title: Easily obtainable clinical features increase the diagnostic accuracy for latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: an evidence-based report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) represents a subgroup of diabetes mellitus. LADA is characterised by adult-onset diabetes and circulating autoimmune antibodies. LADA patients may need a different therapeutic approach than the usual type 2 diabetes mellitus. When LADA is inadequately diagnosed as type 2 diabetes mellitus, LADA patients will mistakenly be exposed to a high dose of oral glucose lowering drugs and their possible side effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess which clinical features predict the presence or absence of LADA in patients older than 25 years presenting with hyperglycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured Medline and Embase search was conducted. Titles and abstracts were screened using predetermined selection criteria. Critical appraisal was based on standardized validity criteria for diagnostic research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-hundred and eighty-four papers were retrieved of which after assessment of relevance and validity 2 studies remained for further analysis. One study reported a probability of LADA of 0.99 with one or two out of the following five clinical features: age at onset <50 years; acute symptoms; BMI<25 kg/m(2); a history of autoimmune disease; a family history positive for diabetes mellitus. The other study reported a probability of LADA of zero with none of the following clinical features and of 0.32 with one out of three: fasting blood glucose> or =15 mmol/l and/or HbA(1c)> or =10%; 10% reduction in body weight in the previous 3 months; BMI<25 kg/m(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further testing for LADA by measurement of autoimmune antibodies appears to be unnecessary in the absence of a specific set of clinical features. Before initiating therapy applying the above criteria may help to separate LADA from usual type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Utrecht, Faculty of Medicine, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maurice W M D
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Lutgens
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: Babette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Marie-Louise N F
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: Marjet J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rutten
authors.forename: Michiel L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bots
authors.forename: Geert J M G
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
authors.forename: Sabita S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Soedamah-Muthu
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents