title: Methylphenidate improves response inhibition but not reflection-impulsivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Impulsivity is a cardinal feature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is thought to underlie many of the cognitive and behavioural symptoms associated with the disorder. Impairments on some measures of impulsivity have been shown to be responsive to pharmacotherapy. However, impulsivity is a multi-factorial construct and the degree to which different forms of impulsivity contribute to impairments in ADHD or respond to pharmacological treatments remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of the study were to assess the effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on the performance of children with ADHD on measures of reflection-impulsivity and response inhibition and to compare with the performance of healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one boys (aged 7-13 years) diagnosed with ADHD underwent a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of MPH (0.5 mg/kg) during which they performed the Information Sampling Task (IST) and the Stop Signal Task. A healthy age- and education-matched control group was tested on the same measures without medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with ADHD were impaired on measures of response inhibition, but did not demonstrate reflection-impulsivity on the IST. However, despite sampling a similar amount of information as their peers, the ADHD group made more poor decisions. MPH improved performance on measures of response inhibition and variability of response, but did not affect measures of reflection-impulsivity or quality of decision-making.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MPH differentially affected two forms of impulsivity in children with ADHD and failed to ameliorate their poor decision-making on the information sampling test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, P.O. Box 189, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB22QQ, UK. eed24@medschl.cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Elise E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: DeVito
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Blackwell
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dezsery
authors.forename: Danielle C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Michael R F
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Aitken
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Sahakian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003657:Decision Making / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate