title: Occupational risk associated with Toscana virus infection in Tuscany, Italy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sandfly fever virus serotype Toscana is endemic in Mediterranean countries and is a widespread public health problem as it may be associated with acute neurological diseases such as aseptic meningitis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether Toscana virus infection is associated with occupational exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the summer of 2001, a total of 678 blood samples were taken from healthy subjects residing in Tuscany (349 agricultural and forestry workers and 329 control subjects living in the same areas). Information on age, type of job and lifestyle was collected in a questionnaire, and sera were analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Toscana virus-specific antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seropositivity to antibodies to Toscana virus was 30% in the control group and 23% in the agricultural and forestry workers (P<0.05). Questionnaire responses suggested that, although the agricultural and forestry workers had a potentially greater continuous exposure to sandfly fever virus (outdoor activities, rural residence and at-risk lifestyle), these risk factors did not add significant information about greater susceptibility to disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate a need for better understanding of the best preventive measures to avoid the risk related to sandfly bites, especially for people who live or work in areas at risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine, Istituto Superiore per la Prevenzione e Sicurezza del Lavoro, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Concetta
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: D'Ovidio
authors.forename: Giulietta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Venturi
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fiorentini
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barbati
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Renzi
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vonesch
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ciufolini
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tomao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000383:Agriculture; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D016468:Forestry; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008587:Meningitis, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D010217:Phlebotomus Fever / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D011481:Protective Clothing; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D029301:Sandfly fever Naples virus / Q000276:immunology; D012698:Serologic Tests; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral