title: Expression and alterations of the PTEN / AKT / mTOR pathway in ameloblastomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently, an allelic loss of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) was shown to occur in ameloblastomas. In carcinogenesis, loss of PTEN allows for overactivity of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K / AKT) pathway inducing an upregulation of mammalian-target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its downstream effector ribosomal-subunit-6 kinase (S6K); allowing for uncontrolled cell proliferation, apoptosis inhibition and cell cycle deregulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty ameloblastomas and five dental follicles were studied, looking at the immunohistochemical expression of total PTEN and AKT, as well as their phosphorylated (p) active forms, and the downstream effector and indicator of mTOR activity p70 ribosomal-subunit-6 kinase (pS6K). Also assessed was the expression of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which cross talks with AKT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total PTEN was absent in 33.3% of ameloblastomas, while its stabilized, phosphorylated(ser380 / thr382 / thr383) form was absent in 83.3% of tumors. In contrast, AKT was expressed in 83.3% of ameloblastomas, showing high expression of the p-thr(308)AKT and p-ser(473) AKT forms in 93.3% and 56.6% of cases, respectively. Further, the mTOR activated pS6K(ser240 / 244) was detected in 86.7% of ameloblastomas, while ERK was overexpressed in 70.0% of the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunohistochemical analysis of aberrant signaling in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in ameloblastomas may represent a valuable tool for elucidating pathogenesis, aggressiveness and selecting optimal therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. mscheper@umaryland.edu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Scheper
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chaisuparat
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Nikitakis
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sauk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000564:Ameloblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003795:Dental Sac / Q000473:pathology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D005887:Gingival Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019656:Loss of Heterozygosity / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008339:Mandibular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D008441:Maxillary Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000032:analysis*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000032:analysis*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000032:analysis*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000032:analysis*; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa / Q000032:analysis; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000473:pathology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011494:Protein Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; C448959:ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kD, polypeptide 2; C494929:PTEN protein, human