title: Cytotoxic effect of saffron stigma aqueous extract on human transitional cell carcinoma and mouse fibroblast.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Saffron has been suggested to have inhibitory effects on tumoral cells. We evaluated the cytotoxic effect of aqueous extract of saffron on human transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and mouse non-neoplastic fibroblast cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human TCC 5637 cell line and mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) were cultivated and incubated with different concentrations of aqueous extract of saffron stigma (50 microg/mL to 4000 microg/mL). Cytotoxic effect of saffron was evaluated by morphologic observation and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay after 24, 48, 72, and 120 hours in each cell line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 24 hours, morphological observations showed growth inhibitory effects at saffron extract concentrations higher than 200 microg/mL for L929 cells and at concentrations of 50 microg/mL to 200 microg/mL for the TCC cells. These changes became more prominent after 48 hours. However, significant growth inhibitory effects of the extract were shown at concentrations of 400 microg/mL and 800 microg/mL. Higher concentrations of saffron correlated inversely with cell population of both cell lines. Significant reduction of the survived cells was seen at concentrations of 400 microg/mL and 2000 microg/mL for TCC and L929 cell lines, respectively. After 120 hours, decrease in the percentage of survived cells at higher concentrations of saffron extract was seen in both cell lines. At a concentration of 800 microg/mL, the survived L929 cells plummeted to less than 60% after 120 hours, while no TCC cells survived at this time. No L929 cells survived at 2000 microg/mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Saffron aqueous extract has inhibitory effects on the growth of both TCC 5637 and normal L929 cell lines. This effect is dose dependent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. behzadfeizzadeh@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Feizzadeh
authors.forename: Jalil Tavakkol
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Afshari
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rakhshandeh
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahimi
authors.forename: Azam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brook
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Doosti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D027622:Crocus; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D035264:Flowers; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts