title: Overexpression of von Hippel-Lindau protein in skeletal muscles of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A significant number of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exhibit skeletal muscle wasting and decreased capillary area formation, which correlate with increased mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the molecular mechanisms mediating decreased capillary formation in COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  24 patients with COPD and 12 matching controls were recruited. Patients with COPD were classified into mild, moderate and severe groups according to GOLD (global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease) criteria. Biopsy specimens were obtained from the tibialis anterior muscle. Fibre typing and capillary formation, together with messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF1alpha and HIF3alpha), vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF-A, VEGF-B and VEGF-C isoforms) and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein, were determined. VHL expression and localisation were further studied by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Skeletal muscle capillary formation decreased significantly with increasing disease severity. Compared with controls, a tendency to mRNA overexpression of HIF1alpha, HIF3alpha and VEGF isoforms was observed in mild and moderate COPD, which decreased at the severe stage. In contrast, skeletal muscle biopsy samples from patients with COPD exhibited significant overexpression of VHL at both the mRNA and protein level by immunohistochemistry. VHL protein was further determined to be localised to satellite cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overexpression of VHL was identified in the skeletal muscle of patients with COPD. Increased VHL activity may have a negative effect on transduction of the hypoxic signal and may contribute to decreased capillarisation in skeletal muscles of patients with COPD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Orebro University, Sweden.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jatta
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eliason
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Portela-Gomes
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grimelius
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Caro
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nilholm
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sirjsö
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Piehl-Aulin
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Abdel-Halim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000886:Anthropometry; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D001706:Biopsy; D002196:Capillaries / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042442:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; D051794:Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; C116973:HIF3A protein, human; C497446:VHL protein, human