title: Characterization of mouse orofacial pain and the effects of lesioning TRPV1-expressing neurons on operant behavior.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rodent models of orofacial pain typically use methods adapted from manipulations to hind paw; however, limitations of these models include animal restraint and subjective assessments of behavior by the experimenter. In contrast to these methods, assessment of operant responses to painful stimuli has been shown to overcome these limitations and expand the breadth of interpretation of the behavioral responses. In the current study, we used an operant model based on a reward-conflict paradigm to assess nociceptive responses in three strains of mice (SKH1-Hrhr, C57BL/6J, TRPV1 knockout). We previously validated this operant model in rats and hypothesized in this study that wild-type mice would demonstrate a similar thermal stimulus-dependent response and similar operant pain behaviors. Additionally, we evaluated the effects on operant behaviors of mice manipulated genetically (e.g., TRPV1 k.o.) or pharmacologically with resiniferatoxin (RTX), a lesioning agent for TRPV1-expressing neurons. During the reward-conflict task, mice accessed a sweetened milk reward solution by voluntarily position their face against a neutral or heated thermode (37-55 degrees C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As the temperature of the thermal stimulus became noxiously hot, reward licking events in SKH1-Hrhr and C57BL/6J mice declined while licking events in TRPV1 k.o. mice were insensitive to noxious heat within the activation range of TRPV1 (37-52 degrees C). All three strains displayed nocifensive behaviors at 55 degrees C, as indicated by a significant decrease in reward licking events. Induction of neurogenic inflammation by topical application of capsaicin reduced licking events in SKH1-Hrhr mice, and morphine rescued this response. Again, these results parallel what we previously documented using rats in this operant system. Following intracisternal treatment with RTX, C57BL/6J mice demonstrated a block of noxious heat at both 48 and 55 degrees C. RTX-treated TRPV1 k.o. mice and all vehicle-treated mice displayed similar reward licking events as compared to the pre-treatment baseline levels. Both TRPV1 k.o. and RTX-treated C57BL/6J had complete abolishment of eye-wipe responses following corneal application of capsaicin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these results indicate the benefits of using the operant test system to investigate pain sensitivity in mice. This ability provides an essential step in the development of new treatments for patients suffering from orofacial pain disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. jneubert@dental.ufl.edu
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Neubert
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Wendi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Malphurs
authors.forename: Fong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Alan C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Heather L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Caudle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009474:Neurons / Q000737:chemistry*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; C493921:TRPV1 protein, mouse; C024353:resiniferatoxin