title: Blue-enriched white light in the workplace improves self-reported alertness, performance and sleep quality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Specifications and standards for lighting installations in occupational settings are based on the spectral sensitivity of the classical visual system and do not take into account the recently discovered melanopsin-based, blue-light-sensitive photoreceptive system. The authors investigated the effects of exposure to blue-enriched white light during daytime workhours in an office setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiment was conducted on 104 white-collar workers on two office floors. After baseline assessments under existing lighting conditions, every participant was exposed to two new lighting conditions, each lasting 4 weeks. One consisted of blue-enriched white light (17 000 K) and the other of white light (4000 K). The order was balanced between the floors. Questionnaire and rating scales were used to assess alertness, mood, sleep quality, performance, mental effort, headache and eye strain, and mood throughout the 8-week intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Altogether 94 participants [mean age 36.4 (SD 10.2) years] were included in the analysis. Compared with white light (4000 K), blue-enriched white light (17 000 K) improved the subjective measures of alertness (P<0.0001), positive mood (P=0.0001), performance (P<0.0001), evening fatigue (P=0.0001), irritability (P=0.004), concentration (P<0.0001), and eye discomfort (P=0.002). Daytime sleepiness was reduced (P=0.0001), and the quality of subjective nocturnal sleep (P=0.016) was improved under blue-enriched white light. When the participants' expectation about the effect of the light treatments was entered into the analysis as a covariate, significant effects persisted for performance, alertness, evening fatigue, irritability, difficulty focusing, concentrating, and blurred vision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to blue-enriched white light during daytime workhours improves subjective alertness, performance, and evening fatigue.
authors.affiliation: Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Clinical Research Centre, Egerton Road, Guildford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Antoine U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.forename: Lynette M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Luc J M
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Schlangen
authors.forename: Derk-Jan
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Dijk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D001248:Asthenopia / Q000517:prevention & control; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004526:Efficiency; D004739:England; D005221:Fatigue / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008029:Lighting; D008297:Male; D016272:Occupational Health; D017299:Rod Opsins / Q000378:metabolism; D012890:Sleep; D000099210:Melanopsin
chemical_list: D017299:Rod Opsins; D000099210:Melanopsin