title: High glucose increases RAW 264.7 macrophages activation by lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and accelerated atherosclerosis, which has been associated to hyperglycemia and chronic inflammation. Activated macrophages are described to participate in atherosclerosis due to foam cell formation and pro-inflammatory mediators production. Bacterial infections are described to accelerate atherosclerosis, moreover, gram-positive and negative bacterial DNA was described in atherosclerotic plaques.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the glucose modulation of RAW 264.7 macrophages activation by the gram-positive bacterial antigen lipoteichoic acid (LTA), evaluating nitrite production, tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion and matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High glucose increased macrophages activation by LTA, evidenced by exacerbated nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor alpha production, as well matrix metalloproteinase 9 secretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These effects could contribute to atherosclerotic risk parameters, like atherome plaque instability, and participate in chronic inflammation present in type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. lzfsouza@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Luiz Fernando
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Fernanda Rafaela
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Jardim
authors.forename: Ismael Pretto
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Sauter
authors.forename: Marcela Moreira
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Elena Aida
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Bernard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000737:chemistry*; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D013682:Teichoic Acids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C009900:lipoteichoic acid; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D005947:Glucose