title: Impact of a subcutaneous insulin protocol in the emergency department: Rush Emergency Department Hyperglycemia Intervention (REDHI).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated a hyperglycemia treatment protocol for use in the Emergency Department (ED) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) before admission to the hospital or discharge home.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four consecutive patients with a history of DM and an ED admission blood glucose (BG) > 200 mg/dL were treated with subcutaneous (SQ) insulin aspart every 2 h until BG was < 200 mg/dL. Point-of-care BG was measured immediately on ED admission and every 2 h until discharge home or hospital admission. The intervention group was compared with 54 historical controls with DM and an ED admission BG > 200 mg/dL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred percent of intervention patients received insulin aspart, whereas only 35% of historical controls received insulin therapy. In the intervention group, mean BG declined from 333 ± 104 mg/dL on ED admission to 158 ± 68 mg/dL on ED discharge. In the historical control group, mean BG decline was significantly less, from 322 ± 126 mg/dL on admission to 242 ± 79 mg/dL on discharge (p < 0.001). Sixty-nine percent of intervention patients and 67% of controls were subsequently admitted to the hospital. Mean hospital length of stay (LOS) in the intervention group was significantly less, 3.8 ± 3.3 days, compared with 5.3 ± 4.1 days in the control group (p < 0.05). Four intervention patients (7.4%) developed a BG < 70 mg/dL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A protocol for the treatment of acute hyperglycemia in the ED can be safely implemented. Subsequent inpatient LOS was reduced. Further randomized clinical trials of this intervention are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Villanueva
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fogg
authors.forename: Tricia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hannold
authors.forename: Janyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Agruss
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baldwin
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin