title: Proteins and satiety: implications for weight management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To highlight the satiating background and effects of proteins and their implications for weight management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The satiating effect of protein is the key player in body-weight loss and body-weight maintenance thereafter. Specific high-protein meals or high-protein diets induced satiety require a realistic bandwidth of energy intake, protein concentrations, texture, and timing of assessment of effects. Satiety is nutrient specifically supported by elevated amino acid concentrations, responses of anorexigenic hormones or protein-induced energy expenditure. During long-term high-protein diets sustained satiety, energy expenditure, and sparing fat-free body mass are essential. For effects due to satiety, ad libitum energy intake conditions are necessary. Adverse events related to kidney damage may occur with sulphur-containing amino acids; individuals with obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus II may be susceptible groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Highly controlled medium-term studies overcoming possible differences due to texture, timing and macronutrient exchange, and assessing satiety, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation at the same time, need to be executed with a realistic bandwidth of different types of proteins in overweight individuals in different energy balances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Nutrim, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stijn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soenen
authors.forename: Margriet S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Westerterp-Plantenga
mesh_terms: D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted / Q000009:adverse effects; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins