title: Early highly aggressive MS successfully treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the last 15 years, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has globally been performed for severe multiple sclerosis (MS). Most patients have been in progressive phase with long disease duration. As a rule, treatment effect has been minor or moderate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since 2004, we have performed HSCT in nine young patients with "malignant" relapsing-remitting MS. Criteria for treatment were short duration of disease; very frequent, severe relapses; recent improvement periods indicating potential for recovery after strong immunosuppression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age at treatment was 27 (range 9-34) years, MS duration 26 (4-100) months, and annualized relapse rate 10 (4-12). Median Disability Status Scale (extended disability status scale, EDSS) at HSCT was 7.0 (3.5-8.0). Median follow-up time April 2008 is 29 (23-47) months. Median EDSS improvement is 3.5 (1.0-7.0), clearly surpassing most previous reports. One patient relapsed mildly with rapid recovery 7 months after HSCT. All patients are otherwise stable, median EDSS being 2.0 (0-6.0). Before HSCT, 61 relapses occurred in 82 patient months; during follow-up, one relapse in 289 patient months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This small series of patients with "malignant" relapsing-remitting MS suggests HSCT to be an effective treatment option for this relatively rare disease course. It further suggests that future criteria for HSCT in MS should be close to the present ones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. jan.fagius@akademiska.se
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fagius
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lundgren
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oberg
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019650:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization / Q000379:methods; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents