title: Modifying ICD-9-CM coding of secondary diagnoses to improve risk-adjustment of inpatient mortality rates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect on risk-adjustment of inpatient mortality rates of progressively enhancing administrative claims data with clinical data that are increasingly expensive to obtain. Data Sources. Claims and abstracted clinical data on patients hospitalized for 5 medical conditions and 3 surgical procedures at 188 Pennsylvania hospitals from July 2000 through June 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Risk-adjustment models for inpatient mortality were derived using claims data with secondary diagnoses limited to conditions unlikely to be hospital-acquired complications. Models were enhanced with one or more of 1) secondary diagnoses inferred from clinical data to have been present-on-admission (POA), 2) secondary diagnoses not coded on claims but documented in medical records as POA, 3) numerical laboratory results from the first hospital day, and 4) all available clinical data from the first hospital day. Alternative models were compared using c-statistics, the magnitude of errors in prediction for individual cases, and the percentage of hospitals with aggregate errors in prediction exceeding specified thresholds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More complete coding of a few under-reported secondary diagnoses and adding numerical laboratory results to claims data substantially improved predictions of inpatient mortality. Little improvement resulted from increasing the maximum number of available secondary diagnoses or adding additional clinical data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing the completeness and consistency of reporting a few secondary diagnosis codes for findings POA and merging claims data with numerical laboratory values improved risk adjustment of inpatient mortality rates. Expensive abstraction of additional clinical information from medical records resulted in little further improvement.
authors.affiliation: Michael Pine and Associates, Inc., 1210 Chicago Avenue, Evanston, IL 60202, USA. michaelorjoan@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pine
authors.forename: Harmon S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elixhauser
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hoaglin
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meimban
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: Junius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gonzales
mesh_terms: D002984:Clinical Laboratory Information Systems; D003933:Diagnosis; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007344:Insurance Claim Reporting; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D015233:Models, Statistical; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D010414:Pennsylvania; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D020379:Risk Adjustment