title: Parenteral ascorbic acid in haemodialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Parenteral ascorbic acid has been frequently used to overcome problems of vitamin C deficiency in haemodialysis patients. The benefits of vitamin C supplementation in clinical studies have been controversial and did not consider toxicological aspects. The review summarizes recent findings of the effects of parenteral ascorbic acid and discusses toxicological effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitamin C deficiency in haemodialysis patients, which has been frequently described, cannot be improved with oral supplementation due to limited absorption of high dosages. To avoid consequences of vitamin C deficiency, parenteral vitamin C solutions should be administered because this intervention is the only way to guarantee a sufficient supply to the cells. A beneficial consequence of parenteral vitamin C on the recombinant human erythropoietin resistance is an additional therapeutic effect, which contributes to the prevention of iron deficiency anaemia in haemodialysis patients. Thus, large amount of supplemental vitamin C are required for extended periods of time (up to 500 mg 3 times a week). To avoid hyperoxaluria, plasma oxalate levels should be monitored on a regular basis, for example, once a week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parenteral administration of ascorbic acid may be an approach that can overcome problems of vitamin C deficiency in haemodialysis patients - in particular problems of iron overload, erythropoetin resistance, and chronic inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. biesal@uni-hohenheim.de
authors.forename: Hans K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Biesalski
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity*; D001206:Ascorbic Acid Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006486:Hemosiderosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D004921:Erythropoietin; D001205:Ascorbic Acid