title: Advances in immunotherapy of castration-resistant prostate cancer: bisphosphonates, phosphoantigens and more.
abstract: Medical progress has prolonged life expectancy in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer; however, the lack of effective therapies has fuelled an intensive search for novel modalities, including immunotherapy. Human gammadelta T-cells can be activated by endogenous pyrophosphates (phosphoantigens), or by agents that provoke their accumulation. Among the latter, aminobisphosphonates are well-established in the clinic. In this review, the possibility that the intentional activation of gammadelta T-cells in vivo by phosphoantigens, or aminobisphosphonates and interleukin-2, may represent a promising target for the design of novel and highly innovative immunotherapy in patients with prostate cancer is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Corso Tukory 211, 90134, Palermo, Italy. dieli@unipa.it
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dieli
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Caccamo
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meraviglia
mesh_terms: D000941:Antigens / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017321:Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D004164:Diphosphonates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds