title: Psychosocial treatments of behavior symptoms in dementia: a systematic review of reports meeting quality standards.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a systematic review of selected experimental studies of psychosocial treatments of behavioral disturbances in dementia. Psychosocial treatments are defined here as strategies derived from one of three psychologically oriented paradigms (learning theory, unmet needs and altered stress thresholds).
  
  
  METHODS
  English language reports published or in press by December 2006 were identified by means of database searches, checks of previous reviews and contact with recognized experts. Papers were appraised with respect to study design, participants' characteristics and reporting details. Because people with dementia often respond positively to personal contact, studies were included only if control conditions entailed similar levels of social attention or if one treatment was compared with another.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 25 of 118 relevant studies met every specification. Treatment proved more effective than an attention control condition in reducing behavioral symptoms in only 11 of the 25 studies. Effect sizes were mostly small or moderate. Treatments with moderate or large effect sizes included aromatherapy, ability-focused carer education, bed baths, preferred music and muscle relaxation training.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some psychosocial interventions appear to have specific therapeutic properties, over and above those due to the benefits of participating in a clinical trial. Their effects were mostly small to moderate with a short duration of action. This limited action means that treatments will work best in specific, time-limited situations. In the few studies that addressed within-group differences, there were marked variations in response. Some participants benefited greatly from a treatment, while others did not. Interventions proved more effective when tailored to individuals' preferences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. daniel.oconnor@med.monash.edu.au
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ames
authors.forename: Betina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Madeleine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: King
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D019341:Aromatherapy; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D009147:Music Therapy; D020380:Needs Assessment; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D012960:Socioenvironmental Therapy / Q000379:methods*