title: Nonspherical femoral head shape (pistol grip deformity), neck shaft angle, and risk of hip osteoarthritis: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether 2-dimensional measures of femoral head shape and angle are associated with hip osteoarthritis (OA).
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared cases with symptomatic radiographic hip OA with asymptomatic controls with no radiographic hip OA. On anteroposterior pelvis radiographs, we measured "pistol grip deformity" for each hip (visually categorized as nonspherical, indeterminate, or spherical), the femoral head-to-femoral neck ratio as an interval measure of femoral head shape, and the femoral neck shaft angle. The relative risk of hip OA associated with each feature was estimated using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), adjusted for possible confounders using a logistic regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1,007 cases, 965 had definite radiographic hip OA; of 1,123 controls, 1,111 had no radiographic OA. The prevalence of pistol grip deformity in at least 1 hip was 3.61% in controls and 17.71% in cases (OR 6.95 [95% CI 4.64-10.41]), and the prevalence of abnormal femoral head-to-femoral neck ratio in at least 1 hip was 3.70% in controls and 24.27% in cases (OR 12.08 [95% CI 8.05-18.15]). The risk of hip OA increased as the femoral head-to-femoral neck ratio decreased (P for trend<0.001) and with each extreme of neck shaft angle (P<0.05). In cases with unilateral hip OA, the prevalence of abnormal femoral head-to-femoral neck ratio in the unaffected hip was 2 times greater than that in controls (OR 1.82 [95% CI 1.07-3.07]); in contrast, an abnormally low, but not abnormally high, neck shaft angle was more common in unaffected hips than in controls (OR 1.79 [95% CI 1.03-3.14]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that pistol grip deformity is associated with hip OA. The increased prevalence of pistol grip deformity and an abnormally low neck shaft angle in unaffected hips of cases with unilateral OA suggests that they are risk factors for development of hip OA. However, both a nonspherical head shape and an increase in neck shaft angle may occur as a consequence of OA.
authors.affiliation: University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals Trust, Nottingham, UK. Michael.Doherty@nottingham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Courtney
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Rose A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Maciewicz
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.forename: Weiya
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005270:Femur Head / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005272:Femur Neck / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015207:Osteoarthritis, Hip / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors