title: Phospholipid membrane abnormalities and reduced niacin skin flush response in schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reduced n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content in red blood cell (RBC) membranes and abnormal membrane phospholipid metabolism were repeatedly implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prenatal and perinatal depletion of PUFAs interferes with normal brain development and function. The lack of docosahexaenoic acid - DHA in the brain is reflected in lower membrane DHA/AA (AA - arachidonic acid) ratio, increased activity of AA-metabolizing enzymes, and disturbance of downstream metabolic pathways involved in signaling, growth modulation, brain glucose uptake, immune functions, neurotransmission, synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. Preliminary high-throughput metabolomic studies revealed abnormal biochemical profile in patients with schizophrenia or brief psychotic disorder when compared to healthy controls. The results of both metabolomic and proteomic studies pointed to energy metabolism and lipid biosynthesis being impaired in schizophrenia. The usefulness of antipsychotic medication and supplementation with PUFAs in reverting to the normal metabolic state has been suggested in early treatment of the first psychotic episode. Abnormalities of phospholipid metabolism can be also detected as attenuated niacin skin flush response in the variety of neuropsychiatric disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disturbances of lipid homeostasis could represent biochemical markers in the preclinical phase of neuropsychiatric illnesses and could serve as triggers in genetically vulnerable individuals. The assessment of patients' lipid status may also help in monitoring the course of the disease and treatment response. In this regard, simple, cheap and fast niacin skin flush test might be valuable. It might help in diagnosis of adolescents and young adults with psychotic behaviour, or in defining the necessity for long-term antipsychotic therapy. Along with antipsychotic medication schizophrenic patients need specific medical nutrition therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia. alena@medri.hr
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buretić-Tomljanović
authors.forename: Jasminka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giacometti
authors.forename: Sergej
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nadalin
authors.forename: Gordana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rubesa
authors.forename: Mirjana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vulin
authors.forename: Drasko
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tomljanović
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential / Q000378:metabolism; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005483:Flushing / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008064:Lipidoses / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000378:metabolism; D009525:Niacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000378:metabolism*; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000378:metabolism; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D005228:Fatty Acids, Essential; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D010743:Phospholipids; D011453:Prostaglandins; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D009525:Niacin; D016718:Arachidonic Acid