title: Radiation-associated urinary bladder cancer.
abstract: A few data sets have been used for assessing the risk of radiation-associated bladder cancer. The most important are the Japanese atomic bomb survivors and patients exposed to ionizing radiation for medical purposes. According to a report from the United Nations Commission on the Effect of Ionizing Radiation, there is convincing evidence of a relationship between exposure to ionizing radiation and bladder cancer. In contrast to many other malignancies it is not clear how age at exposure and gender affect the risk of bladder cancer. Furthermore, the potential interaction between smoking and radiation exposure needs to be studied in greater detail.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12, Stockholm, Sweden. per.hall@ki.se
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*