title: Treatment options for insomnia--pharmacodynamics of zolpidem extended-release to benefit next-day performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insomnia can manifest as difficulty in falling asleep, in maintaining sleep throughout the night, or waking up too early, with symptoms often unpredictably changing over time. Pharmacologic options for insomnia treatment include prescription hypnotics, such as gamma-amino butyric acid-receptor agonists, sedating antidepressants, over-the-counter antihistamines, melatonin-receptor agonists, and alternative therapies. A concern with insomnia medications is the risk of next-day residual effects, which can impair memory and ability to perform certain tasks, such as driving, and may increase the risk of accidents and falls, especially in the elderly.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the impact of current insomnia treatments on next-day performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The longer-acting benzodiazepines are associated with next-day "hangover" effects and, as a result, have been largely replaced by agents in the nonbenzodiazepine class, which typically have shorter half-lives. The hypnotic, sedative activities of these classes of drugs depend on variations in binding characteristics to the alpha1 subunit of the gamma-amino butyric acidA-receptor, which inhibits neuronal activity in broad areas of the brain and is found in areas of the brain responsible for sleep/wakefulness and sedation. However, nonbenzodiazepines with a rapid onset of action and short half-life have shown limited efficacy for maintaining sleep throughout the night. These properties have contributed to the development of modified-release formulations. Zolpidem extended-release is a bilayer tablet that retains the fast onset of action of its parent compound zolpidem while extending the duration of hypnotic activity, owing to a slower-release portion of the tablet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on clinical evidence, the risk of residual next-day effects of zolpidem extended-release is limited, mainly due to the similarly short half-life in its extended-release formulation.
authors.affiliation: SleepMed Inc., Columbia, SC 29201, USA. rbogan@sleepmed.md
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Bogan
mesh_terms: D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D011725:Pyridines; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000077334:Zolpidem