title: Adolescent smoking trajectories: results from a population-based cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify distinct smoking trajectories during adolescence and assess how smoking-related factors relate to trajectory membership.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample includes 3637 youth from across the state of Minnesota. Measures include tobacco use, smoking behaviors of parents and friends, youth smoking-related attitudes and beliefs, and home smoking policies. A cohort-sequential design was used to identify smoking trajectories, including five cohorts of youth (ages 12-16) followed for 3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six distinct trajectories of tobacco use were found: nonsmokers (54%), triers (17%), occasional users (10%), early established (7%), late established (8%), and decliners (4%). Several factors were associated with increased likelihood of being in a smoking trajectory group (vs. the nonsmoking group): parental smoking, friend smoking, greater perceptions of the number of adults and teenagers who smoke, and higher functional meaning of tobacco use. In contrast, higher perceived difficulty smoking in public places, negative perceptions of the tobacco industry, and home smoking policies were associated with less likelihood of being in one of the smoking trajectories (vs. the nonsmoking trajectory).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adolescents exhibit diverse patterns of smoking during adolescence and tobacco-related influences were strong predictors of trajectory membership.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. dbernat@umn.edu
authors.forename: Debra H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Bernat
authors.forename: Darin J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Widome
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Jean L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Forster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D010290:Parents; D010379:Peer Group; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012931:Social Environment; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult