title: Physician attitude toward depression care interventions: implications for implementation of quality improvement initiatives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few individuals with depression treated in the primary care setting receive care consistent with clinical treatment guidelines. Interventions based on the chronic care model (CCM) have been promoted to address barriers and improve the quality of care. A current understanding of barriers to depression care and an awareness of whether physicians believe interventions effectively address those barriers is needed to enhance the success of future implementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted semi-structured interviews with 23 primary care physicians across the US regarding their experience treating patients with depression, barriers to care, and commonly promoted CCM-based interventions. Themes were identified from interview transcripts using a grounded theory approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six barriers emerged from the interviews: difficulty diagnosing depression, patient resistance, fragmented mental health system, insurance coverage, lack of expertise, and competing demands and other responsibilities as a primary care provider. A number of interventions were seen as helpful in addressing these barriers - including care managers, mental health integration, and education - while others received mixed reviews. Mental health consultation models received the least endorsement. Two systems-related barriers, the fragmented mental health system and insurance coverage limitations, appeared incompletely addressed by the interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CCM-based interventions, which include care managers, mental health integration, and patient education, are most likely to be implemented successfully because they effectively address several important barriers to care and are endorsed by physicians. Practices considering the adoption of interventions that received less support should educate physicians about the benefit of the interventions and attend to physician concerns prior to implementation. A focus on interventions that address systems-related barriers is needed to overcome all barriers to care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. rachel.henke@thomsonreuters.com
authors.forename: Rachel Mosher
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Henke
authors.forename: Ann F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Johann C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chanin
authors.forename: Amanda B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Zides
authors.forename: Sarah Hudson
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Scholle