title: Acute nicotine changes dynorphin and prodynorphin mRNA in the striatum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nicotine displays rewarding and aversive effects, and while dopamine has been linked with nicotine's reward, the neurotransmitter(s) involved with aversion remains speculative. The kappa-dynorphinergic system has been associated with negative motivational and affective states, and whether dynorphin (Dyn) contributes to the behavioral pharmacology of nicotine is a pertinent question.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We determined whether administration of a single dose of nicotine alters the biosynthesis of Dyn in the striatum of mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nicotine free base, 1 mg/kg, sc, induced a biphasic, protracted increase of striatal Dyn, an initial rise by 1 h, which declined to control levels by 2 h, and a subsequent increase, between 6 and 12 h, lasting over 24 h. At 1 h, the nicotine effect was dose dependent, with doses>or=0.5 mg/kg inducing a response. Prodynorphin mRNA increased by 30 min for over 24 h, and in situ hybridization demonstrated elevated signal in caudate/putamen and nucleus accumbens. The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine prevented the Dyn response, and a similar effect was observed with D1- and D2-like dopamine receptor antagonists, SCH 23390, sulpiride, and haloperidol. The glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 reversed the nicotine-induced increase of Dyn, while the AMPA antagonist NBQX had a marginal effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We interpret our findings to indicate that acute nicotine enhances the synthesis and release of striatal Dyn. We propose that nicotine influences Dyn primarily through dopamine release and that glutamate plays a modulatory role. A heightened dynorphinergic tone may contribute to the aversive effects of nicotine in naive animals and first-time tobacco smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Isola
authors.forename: Hailin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Gopi A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Tejwani
authors.forename: Norton H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Neff
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hadjiconstantinou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004399:Dynorphins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011699:Putamen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004745:Enkephalins; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D011498:Protein Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D009538:Nicotine; D004399:Dynorphins; C033660:preproenkephalin; D004298:Dopamine