title: Improving generalist end of life care: national consultation with practitioners, commissioners, academics, and service user groups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify major concerns of national and local importance in the provision, commissioning, research, and use of generalist end of life care.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national consultation and prioritising exercise using a modified form of the nominal group technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthcare practitioners, commissioners, academics, and representatives of user and voluntary groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary and secondary care, specialist palliative care, and academic and voluntary sectors in England and Scotland.
  
  
  RESULTS
  74% of those invited (210/285) participated. The stage of life to which "end of life care" referred was not understood in a uniform way. Perceptions ranged from a period of more than a year to the last few days of life. Prominent concerns included difficulties in prognosis and the availability of adequate support for patients with advanced non-malignant disease. Generalists in both primary and secondary care were usually caring for only a few patients approaching the end of life at any one time at a point in time. It was therefore challenging to maintain skills and expertise particularly as educational opportunities were often limited. End of life care took place among many other competing and incentivised activities for general practitioners in the community. More needs to be known about models of end of life care and how these can be integrated in a generalist's workload. A greater evidence base is needed about the effectiveness and application of current tools such as the gold standards framework and Liverpool care pathway and about models of palliation in patients with diseases other than cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Definitions of end of life care need clarification and standardisation. A greater evidence base is needed to define models of good practice together with a commitment to provide education and training and adequate resources for service provision. More needs to be known about the context of provision and the influence of competing priorities and incentives.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Department of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, Weston Education Centre, London SE5 9RJ. Catherine.shipman@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shipman
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gysels
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Worth
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barclay
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dewar
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koffman
authors.forename: Irene J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Higginson
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D032921:Consensus; D004739:England; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards*; D006126:Group Processes; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000592:standards*; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010558:Personnel Loyalty; D012606:Scotland; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000592:standards*