title: (Xeno)estrogen regulation of food allergy.
abstract: Food allergy and other types of allergies are becoming epidemic in both the developed and developing countries. A large amount of information is available in literature that (xeno)estrogens can regulate the immune response in general, and the development of allergy in particular; however, the effect of (xeno)estrogens on food allergy is basically unknown. With increasing use of xenobiotics worldwide, chemicals with estrogenic activity have been accumulating in our environment. This review has summarized the current literature relating to the topic (xeno)estrogen regulation of food allergy. The effect of (xeno)estrogens on enterocytes, proteases for protein hydrolysis, dendritic cells and T-regulatory cells in the gastrointestinal tract has been discussed. Finally, considering the current confusion in literature regarding the effect of phytoestrogen genistein on the immune system, a brief discussion has been included for its effect on T(H)1-T(H)2 polarization, and possibly food allergy in its relation to windows of exposure. Sufficient evidences exist to support the notion that (xeno)estrogens can regulate food allergy, with the developmental periods more sensitive. Further clinical and animal studies are needed to determine the causal relationship between the exposure of (xeno)estrogens and incidence of food allergy, and the underlying mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0613, USA. tlguo@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Tai L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004967:Estrogens / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects*; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D015262:Xenobiotics