title: Crystal structure and carbohydrate analysis of Nipah virus attachment glycoprotein: a template for antiviral and vaccine design.
abstract: Two members of the paramyxovirus family, Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), are recent additions to a growing number of agents of emergent diseases which use bats as a natural host. Identification of ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 as cellular receptors for these viruses has enabled the development of immunotherapeutic reagents which prevent virus attachment and subsequent fusion. Here we present the structural analysis of the protein and carbohydrate components of the unbound viral attachment glycoprotein of NiV glycoprotein (NiV-G) at a 2.2-A resolution. Comparison with its ephrin-B2-bound form reveals that conformational changes within the envelope glycoprotein are required to achieve viral attachment. Structural differences are particularly pronounced in the 579-590 loop, a major component of the ephrin binding surface. In addition, the 236-245 loop is rather disordered in the unbound structure. We extend our structural characterization of NiV-G with mass spectrometric analysis of the carbohydrate moieties. We demonstrate that NiV-G is largely devoid of the oligomannose-type glycans that in viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Ebola virus influence viral tropism and the host immune response. Nevertheless, we find putative ligands for the endothelial cell lectin, LSECtin. Finally, by mapping structural conservation and glycosylation site positions from other members of the paramyxovirus family, we suggest the molecular surface involved in oligomerization. These results suggest possible pathways of virus-host interaction and strategies for the optimization of recombinant vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building of Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crispin
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: A Radu
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Aricescu
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Grimes
authors.forename: E Yvonne
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Stuart
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003460:Crystallization; D015195:Drug Design; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D045405:Nipah Virus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D011487:Protein Conformation; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000276:immunology*; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D002241:Carbohydrates; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D014765:Viral Vaccines; C116204:attachment protein G