title: Efficacy of systemic insecticides on the gall wasp Quadrastichus erythrinae in wiliwili trees (Erythrina spp.).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Erythrina gall wasp (EGW), Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim, was first found on Oahu Island, Hawaii, in April 2005. Its rapid spread and infestation in wiliwili trees (Erythrina spp.) have brought an urgent need to suppress its population. Little is known about the control of EGW in wiliwili trees.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the systemic insecticides abamectin, dinotefuran and imidacloprid, applied via trunk injections or soil drenches, injections of imidacloprid showed better control of EGW in wiliwili trees. All the imidacloprid injection treatments had varying levels of effectiveness against EGW, but not the soil drench. The levels of imidacloprid were higher in lower canopies than those in the other parts within a tree. Imidacloprid remained detectable 1 year after treatment. The trees injected with the products IMA-jet and Merit 200 SL via Arborjet had lower infestation severity ratings for the entire growth season and carried more imidacloprid than those with Imicide via Mauget or Pointer via Wedgle injections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that, among the three insecticides tested, imidacloprid is most effective against EGW in the trees. Concentrations of imidacloprid in the leaves need to be 4 mg kg(-1) or higher for good EGW control.
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Arnold H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Qing X
authors.initials: QX
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004895:Erythrina / Q000469:parasitology*; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D006254:Hawaii; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D014197:Trees / Q000469:parasitology; D014863:Wasps / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; C465368:dinotefuran; C082359:imidacloprid; C048324:abamectin; D007559:Ivermectin