title: Post tracheostomy and post intubation tracheal stenosis: report of 31 cases and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe post tracheostomy (PT) and post intubation (PI) tracheal stenosis is an uncommon clinical entity that often requires interventional bronchoscopy before surgery is considered. We present our experience with severe PI and PT stenosis in regards to patient characteristics, possible risk factors, and therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective chart review of 31 patients with PI and PT stenosis treated at Lahey Clinic over the past 8 years. Demographic characteristics, body mass index, co-morbidities, stenosis type and site, procedures performed and local treatments applied were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common profile of a patient with tracheal stenosis in our series was a female (75%), obese (66%) patient with a history of diabetes mellitus (35.4%), hypertension (51.6%), and cardiovascular disease (45.1%), who was a current smoker (38.7%). Eleven patients (PI group) had only oro-tracheal intubation (5.2 days of intubation) and developed web-like stenosis at the cuff site. Twenty patients (PT group) had undergone tracheostomy (54.5 days of intubation) and in 17 (85%) of them the stenosis appeared around the tracheal stoma. There was an average of 2.4 procedures performed per patient. Rigid bronchoscopy with Nd:YAG laser and dilatation (mechanical or balloon) were the preferred methods used. Only 1(3.2%) patient was sent to surgery for re-stenosis after multiple interventional bronchoscopy treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified putative risk factors for the development of PI and PT stenosis. Differences in lesions characteristics and stenosis site were noted in our two patient groups. All patients underwent interventional bronchoscopy procedures as the first-line, and frequently the only treatment approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, Massachusetts, USA. nikoszias@gmail.com
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zias
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chroneou
authors.forename: Maher K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Tabba
authors.forename: Anne V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Anthony W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Carla R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Riker
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Beamis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D014139:Tracheostomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome