title: Quantitative assessment of FDG uptake in brown fat using standardized uptake value and dual-time-point scanning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Brown fat is a potential source of false-positive findings on FDG PET. The purpose of this study was to show the variability in body distribution of brown fat, the degree of FDG uptake, the changes on dual-time-point scanning, and determine if dual-time-point scanning can help in differentiating brown fat from malignant lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two patients were included in this retrospective study (14 male, 18 female, age range: 8-72 years). All patients had hypermetabolic brown fat activity on FDG PET imaging confirmed by computed tomography (CT) scanning. All patients underwent 2 sequential FDG PET scanning (dual-time-point imaging). The average percent change in maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) for 120 brown fat spots between time point 1 and time point 2 was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body distribution of hypermetabolic brown fat in the 32 patients included supraclavicular area (n = 7); cervical and supraclavicular (n = 5); cervical, supraclavicular, and axillae (n = 5); cervical area, supraclavicular, axillae, and paravertebral (n = 8); supraclavicular, cervical, axillae, paravertebral, and mediastinum (n = 4); supraclavicular, cervical, axillae, paravertebral, and upper abdomen (n = 2); and supraclavicular, cervical, axillae, paravertebral, mediastinum, and intercostals (n = 1). SUVmax for brown fat spots ranged from 0.8 to 12.4 and mean SUV was 4.6 + 1.6. On dual-time-point imaging, 91 (76%) of the brown fat spots demonstrated an increase in SUVmax that ranged from 12% to 192% and mean value of 42%, whereas 16 (13%) brown fat spots did not show any change and 11 (11%) spots underwent a drop in SUVmax by 4% to 12%. There was an increase in the number of active brown fat spots in 3 patients on the second time images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brown fat is a potential source of false positives, which has wide variability in distribution and degree of FDG uptake. On dual-time-point scanning, there is a progressive increase in FDG uptake within most of the hypermetabolic brown fat areas that mimic malignant lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, King Hussein Hospital, Amman, Jordan. khaledk73@gmail.com
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alkhawaldeh
authors.forename: Abass
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alavi
mesh_terms: D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18