title: Association between socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome in women: testing the reserve capacity model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low socioeconomic status (SES) environments may impede the development of a bank of resources, labeled reserve capacity, and may also be stressful, thereby depleting available reserves. In consequence, lower SES persons may experience more negative emotions, leading to adverse health consequences. The authors tested the reserve capacity model in relation to the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 401 initially healthy women who followed longitudinally for 12 years. Self-reported characteristics, stressors, and cardiovascular risk factors were measured repeatedly. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate hypothesized relationships.
  
  
  METHODS
  Metabolic syndrome factor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confirmatory factor analysis verified reserve capacity as the aggregate of optimism, self-esteem, and social support, and negative emotion as the aggregate of depressive symptoms, anger, and tension. Structural equation modeling showed two pathways to the metabolic syndrome factor, (chi2(59) = 111.729, p < .0001 chi2/df = 1.894; CFI = .956; RMSEA = .047): direct from low SES to the metabolic syndrome factor (B = -0.19, t = -3.24, p = .001); and indirect, from low SES to low reserve capacity to high negative emotions to the metabolic syndrome factor (B = -0.024, t = -2.05, p = .04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low SES may increase risk for metabolic syndrome, in part, through reserve capacity and negative emotions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. matthewska@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Räikkönen
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Lewis H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Kuller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012649:Self Concept; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires