title: The relevance of preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAME) as a marker of disease activity and prognosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The gene for preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAME) has been shown to be over-expressed in acute promyelocytic leukemia, but its actual incidence and clinical impact are still unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied PRAME expression at diagnosis using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 125 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia enrolled in the Spanish PETHEMA-96 (n=45) and PETHEMA-99 (n=80) clinical trials. In addition, PRAME expression was evaluated as a marker of disease activity in 225 follow-up samples from 67 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At diagnosis, PRAME expression in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia was significantly higher (p<0.001) than in patients with non-M3 acute myeloid leukemia (n=213) and in healthy controls (n=10). Furthermore, patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia with high PRAME expression had a favorable outcome. Thus, the 5-year relapse-free survival was better in patients with >100-fold PRAME expression (86% vs. 74%; p=0.03), and this cut-off established two sub-groups with different relapse-free survival rates among patients with a white cell count <10(9)/L (5-year relapse-free survival 94% vs. 80%, p=0.01). This effect was similar in patients with a white cell count >10(9)/L, although differences were not statistically significant. In multivariate analysis, white cell count >10(9)/L (p<0.001), bone marrow blasts >90% (p=0.001), and PRAME expression <100-fold (p=0.009) were associated with short relapse-free survival. Samples at remission showed PRAME levels similar to those in normal controls while samples at relapse over-expressed PRAME again. Furthermore, 12/13 samples collected within the 6-month period preceding relapse showed a >10-fold increase in PRAME expression levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low PRAME expression defines a subgroup of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia with a short relapse-free survival. This marker could be useful as a secondary marker for monitoring patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario, Salamanca, Spain,
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santamaría
authors.forename: María Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chillón
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: García-Sanz
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balanzategui
authors.forename: María Eugenia
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sarasquete
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alcoceba
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bernal
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Queizán
authors.forename: María Jesús
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Peñarrubia
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giraldo
authors.forename: Jesús F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: San Miguel
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015473:Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C404944:PRAME protein, human