title: Untrained listeners' ratings of speech disorders in a group with cleft palate: a comparison with speech and language pathologists' ratings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypernasal resonance, audible nasal air emission and/or nasal turbulence, and articulation errors are typical speech disorders associated with the speech of children with cleft lip and palate. Several studies indicate that hypernasal resonance tends to be perceived negatively by listeners. Most perceptual studies of speech disorders related to cleft palate are carried out with speech and language pathologists as listeners, whereas only a few studies have been conducted to explore how judgements by untrained listeners compare with expert assessments. These types of studies can be used to determine whether children for whom speech and language pathologists recommend intervention have a significant speech deviance that is also detected by untrained listeners.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare ratings by untrained listeners with ratings by speech and language pathologists for cleft palate speech.
  
  
  METHODS
  An assessment form for untrained listeners was developed using statements and a five-point scale. The assessment form was tailored to facilitate comparison with expert judgements. Twenty-eight untrained listeners assessed the speech of 26 speakers with cleft palate and ten speakers without cleft in a comparison group. This assessment was compared with the joint assessment of two expert speech and language pathologists.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Listener groups generally agreed on which speakers were nasal. The untrained listeners detected hyper- and hyponasality when it was present in speech and considered moderate to severe hypernasality to be serious enough to call for intervention. The expert listeners assessed audible nasal air emission and/or nasal turbulence to be present in twice as many speakers as the untrained listeners who were much less sensitive to audible nasal air emission and/or nasal turbulence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of untrained listeners' ratings in this study in the main confirm the ratings of speech and language pathologists and show that cleft palate speech disorders may have an impact in the everyday life of the speaker.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science/Speech and Language Pathology, Umeå University,, Umeå, Sweden. karin.brunnegard@logopedi.umu.se
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brunnegård
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lohmander
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Doorn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D013067:Speech Perception; D013068:Speech Production Measurement / Q000379:methods; D013066:Speech-Language Pathology; D014833:Voice Quality; D055815:Young Adult