title: The effect of titanium surface roughening on protein absorption, cell attachment, and cell spreading.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare properties of roughened and polished titanium with respect to their ability to attach to cells and bind to protein as well as their cell spreading behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three different titanium surface treatments were compared for their ability to support cell attachment and spreading: sandblasted and acid-etched, resorbable blast media, and machine-polished titanium. The surface of the materials was characterized for surface roughness, surface energy, and surface chemistry. Osteoblast-like MG-63 cells were tested for in vitro attachment and spreading in the presence of serum proteins. Cell attachment was assessed by direct counting, dye binding, and microculture titanium assays. Cell spreading was determined by measuring area/cell in phalloidin-AlexaFluor 488 stained cells. Absorption of bovine serum albumin was determined by assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scanning electron micrography and x-ray diffractometry confirmed increased surface roughness of the roughened materials. All 3 materials had similar albumin binding kinetics. Three different methods confirmed that roughened surfaces enhance early cell attachment to titanium in the presence of serum. Cells spread better on smoother machined surfaces than on the roughened surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Roughened titanium surfaces exhibited better early cell attachment than smooth surfaces in the presence of serum. The cells attached to roughened titanium were less spread than those attached to machined titanium. Although albumin binding was not different for roughened surfaces, it is possible that roughened surfaces preferentially bound to serum adhesive proteins to promote early cell attachment.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Molecular Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA. snishimoto@utmem.edu
authors.forename: Satoru K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Nishimoto
authors.forename: Miyako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishimoto
authors.forename: Sang-Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kwang-Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyun-Seung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jeong-Tae
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Joo L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: Yongxing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yunzhi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D001798:Blood Proteins; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D048429:Cell Size; D006801:Humans; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D014025:Titanium