title: Chemical stress induced by heliotrope (Heliotropium europaeum L.) allelochemicals and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes.
abstract: The aims of this study were to evaluate the allelopathic potential of heliotrope on some biochemical processes of dodder. The preliminary experiments revealed that the effect of aqueous extract of leaves of heliotrope is higher than its seeds and roots. So, the aqueous extract of leaves was used in remaining experiments. Leaf extracts of 5 g powder per 100 mL H2O inhibited the germination of dodder seeds up to 95% and that of radish up to 100%. While, the aqueous extract of vine leaves which is a non-allelopathic plant did not have any inhibitory effect on these seeds. Vine leaf was used as a control to show that the inhibitory effect of heliotrope is due to an inhibitory compound but not due to the concentration. The leaf extract of heliotrope at 0.0, 0.1, 1.0, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g powder per 100 mL H2O reduced the radish seedling growth from 14 cm to about 0.5 cm and that of dodder from 7.5 cm to about 0.25 cm. The effects of heliotrope allelochemicals on some physiological and biochemical processes of radish was also Investigated. The activity of auxin oxidase increased in leaves and roots of radish. Suggesting that the reduced radish growth is due to the decreased active auxin levels in its leaves and roots. The activity of alpha-amylase was reduced, so reduction of starch degradation and lack of respiratory energy is the prime reason of germination inhibition in dodder and radish seeds. The level of soluble sugars increased. This is an indication of reduction of the activity of some respiratory enzymes and reduced consumption of these sugars. Proline levels were also increased, indicating that, the chemical stress is induced by leaf extract. Finally, the activities of GPX and CAT which are antioxidant enzymes were increased, along with increased extract concentration. These finding shows that the chemical stress induced by leaf extract produces super oxide (O2*) and H2O2, which is neutralized to H2O and O2 by these enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Oshnaviyeh Payam Noor University, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Kalantar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abdulghader
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nojavan
authors.forename: Nabat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Naghshbandi
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002374:Catalase / Q000737:chemistry; D034182:Cuscuta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects; D028162:Heliotropium / Q000378:metabolism*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D011392:Proline / Q000737:chemistry; D012639:Seeds / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000737:chemistry; D000516:alpha-Amylases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013481:Superoxides; D011392:Proline; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D002374:Catalase; D000516:alpha-Amylases