title: Entomopathogens (Beauveria bassiana and Steinernema carpocapsae) for biological control of bark-feeding moth Indarbela dea on field-infested litchi trees.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The bark-feeding moth Indarbela dea (Swinhoe) is one of the major pests of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) in Asia. Effects on larval mortality and web production were tested by repeated, single and combined tree trunk applications of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser). Two separate application trials were conducted in different seasons on young and older larvae respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both trials, complete or nearly complete mortality (100% and 95%) of the larvae was achieved 3 weeks after application of S. carpocapsae alone and 2 weeks after the combined application of B. bassiana and S. carpocapsae (100% in both trials). However, in the combined application, all larvae were killed by one treatment, while the application of S. carpocapsae alone needed to be repeated to reach the same result. The effectiveness of the combined entomopathogen application and of the application of S. carpocapsae alone was not influenced by the age of the larvae. However, the single applications of B. bassiana were only effective on young larvae. In both trials, web production of surviving larvae was very significantly reduced by the application of S. carpocapsae in single and combined treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As the results show, only one application is necessary in the combined application of the two entomopathogens to control I. dea, which implies that such treatment is probably the economically most relevant solution.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. mj@schulte.co.th
authors.forename: Marie Joy
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schulte
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Büchse
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sauerborn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052982:Beauveria / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D032125:Litchi / Q000469:parasitology*; D009036:Moths / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D009348:Nematoda / Q000502:physiology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*