title: Urea as new stabilizing agent for imipenem determination: electrochemical study and determination of imipenem and its primary metabolite in human urine.
abstract: Imipenem shows a fast chemical conversion to a more stable imin form (identical to that of biochemical dehydropeptidase degradation) in aqueous solutions and stabilizing agents used avoid its electrochemical study and determination. The aim of this work is the proposal of urea as stabilizing agent which allows the electrochemical study of imipenem and the proposal of electrochemical methods for the determination of imipenem and its primary metabolite (M1) in human urine samples. Electrochemical studies were realized in phosphate buffer solutions over pH range 1.5-8.0 using differential-pulse polarography, DC-tast polarography, cyclic voltammetry and adsorptive stripping voltammetry. In acidic media, a non-reversible diffusion-controlled reduction involving a two steps mechanism which involves one electron and one proton in the first step and two electrons and two protons in the second step occurs and the mechanism for the reduction was suggested. A differential-pulse polarographic method for the determination of imipenem in the concentration range 3.2x10(-6) to 2x10(-5)M (0.95-3.4 mg/L) and its primary metabolite in the concentration range 1.4x10(-6) to 10(-4)M (0.43-26.1 mg/L) with detection limits of 9.6x10(-7)M (0.28 microg/L imipenem) and 4.3x10(-7)M (0.14 microg/L M1) was proposed. Also, a method based on controlled adsorptive pre-concentration of imipenem on the hanging mercury drop electrode followed by voltammetric measure, allows imipenem determination in the concentration range 1.8x10(-8) to 1.2x10(-6)M (5.42-347 microg/L) with a detection limit of 5.4x10(-9)M (1.63 microg/L). The proposed methods have been used for the direct determination of the analytes in a pharmaceutical formulation and human urine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernández-Torres
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villar Navarro
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bello López
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Callejón Mochón
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Jiménez Sánchez
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004583:Electrons; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015378:Imipenem / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D012996:Solutions; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012996:Solutions; D015378:Imipenem; D014508:Urea