title: In vitro remineralization effects of grape seed extract on artificial root caries.
abstract: Grape seed extract (GSE) contains proanthocyanidins (PA), which has been reported to strengthen collagen-based tissues by increasing collagen cross-links. We used an in vitro pH-cycling model to evaluate the effect of GSE on the remineralization of artificial root caries. Sound human teeth fragments obtained from the cervical portion of the root were stored in a demineralization solution for 96 h at 37 degrees C to induce artificial root caries lesions. The fragments were then divided into three treatment groups including: 6.5% GSE, 1,000 ppm fluoride (NaF), and a control (no treatment). The demineralized samples were pH-cycled through treatment solutions, acidic buffer and neutral buffer for 8 days at 6 cycles per day. The samples were subsequently evaluated using a microhardness tester, polarized light microscopy (PLM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Fisher's tests (p<0.05). GSE and fluoride significantly increased the microhardness of the lesions (p<0.05) when compared to a control group. PLM data revealed a significantly thicker mineral precipitation band on the surface layer of the GSE-treated lesions when compared to the other groups (p>0.05), which was confirmed by CLSM. We concluded that grape seed extract positively affects the demineralization and/or remineralization processes of artificial root caries lesions, most likely through a different mechanism than that of fluoride. Grape seed extract may be a promising natural agent for non-invasive root caries therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Ana Karina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bedran-Russo
authors.forename: Christine D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D005460:Fluorides, Topical / Q000627:therapeutic use; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017213:Root Caries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012639:Seeds; D014089:Tooth Remineralization / Q000379:methods*; D027843:Vitis
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D005460:Fluorides, Topical; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; C511402:Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins