title: Percent true calcium absorption, mineral metabolism, and bone mass in children with arthritis: effect of supplementation with vitamin D3 and calcium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether percent true calcium absorption (alpha) is normal and whether supplementation with placebo, vitamin D3 (2,000 IU/day), calcium (1,000 mg/day), or vitamin D3 plus calcium improves alpha, mineral metabolism, or bone mass accrual in children with arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen children received all 4 treatments, each for 6 months, in 4 different, randomly assigned orders. Changes in levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D), parathyroid hormone, bone turnover markers, and minerals and in bone mineral content were measured. Calcium absorption was determined with a dual stable isotope method using 48Ca administered intravenously and 46Ca administered orally, and measuring 48Ca, 46Ca, and 42Ca in a 24-hour urine specimen by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Wilcoxon's signed rank test was used both to identify significant change over the treatment period with a given regimen and to compare change with an experimental treatment versus change with placebo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Percent true calcium absorption was in the lower-normal range and did not differ by treatment (mean+/-SD 28.3+/-20.2% with placebo, 26.1+/-12.1% with calcium, 19.2+/-11.7% with vitamin D3, and 27.1+/-16.5% with vitamin D3 plus calcium). With vitamin D3 and vitamin D3 plus calcium treatment, 25(OH)D levels were increased and 1,25(OH)2D levels were maintained. Serum calcium levels were increased only with vitamin D3 and vitamin D3 plus calcium treatment. Levels of bone turnover markers and increases in bone mineral content did not differ by treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study indicate that percent true calcium absorption is low-normal in children with arthritis. Vitamin D3 at 2,000 IU/day increases serum 25(OH)D and calcium levels but does not improve bone mass accretion. Calcium at 1,000 mg/day also failed to improve bone mass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA. HillmanL@health.missouri.edu
authors.forename: Laura S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Hillman
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.forename: Fungai
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chanetsa
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hewett
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000327:Adsorption; D001171:Arthritis, Juvenile / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D002118:Calcium