title: Toxicity in rhesus monkeys following administration of the 8-aminoquinoline 8-[(4-amino-l-methylbutyl)amino]- 5-(l-hexyloxy)-6-methoxy-4-methylquinoline (WR242511).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many substances that form methemoglobin (MHb) effectively counter cyanide (CN) toxicity. Although MHb formers are generally applied as treatments for CN poisoning, it has been proposed that a stable, long-acting MHb former could serve as a CN pretreatment. Using this rationale, the 8-aminoquinoline WR242511, a potent long-lasting MHb former in rodents and beagle dogs, was studied in the rhesus monkey for advanced development as a potential CN pretreatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, WR242511 was administered intravenously (IV) in 2 female and 4 male rhesus monkeys in doses of 3.5 and/or 7.0 mg/kg; a single male also received WR242511 orally (PO) at 7.0 mg/kg. Health status and MHb levels were monitored following exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The selected doses of WR242511, which produced significant methemoglobinemia in beagle dogs in earlier studies conducted elsewhere, produced very little MHb (mean < 2.0%) in the rhesus monkey. Furthermore, transient hemoglobinuria was noted approximately 60 minutes postinjection of WR242511 (3.5 or 7.0 mg/kg), and 2 lethalities occurred (one IV and one PO) following the 7.0 mg/kg dose. Myoglobinuria was also observed following the 7.0 mg/kg dose. Histopathology analyses in the 2 animals that died revealed liver and kidney toxicity, with greater severity in the orally-treated animal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate direct and/or indirect drug-induced toxicity. It is concluded that WR242511 should not be pursued as a pretreatment for CN poisoning unless the anti-CN characteristics of this compound can be successfully dissociated from those producing undesirable toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Analytical Toxicology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA. gary.a.rockwood@us.army.mil
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rockwood
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duniho
authors.forename: Crystal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Briscoe
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kahler
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baskin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006456:Hemoglobinuria / Q000139:chemically induced; D007103:Immobilization; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008706:Methemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D009212:Myoglobinuria / Q000139:chemically induced; D011319:Primaquine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D012997:Solvents; C068820:WR 242511; D008706:Methemoglobin; D011319:Primaquine