title: Memory impairment in multiple sclerosis: correlation with deep grey matter and mesial temporal atrophy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  MRI research in multiple sclerosis (MS) samples reveals pathology in both the cerebral cortex and deep grey matter (DGM). The classical subcortical dementia hypothesis has been ascribed to MS and is supported by studies highlighting the role of thalamic atrophy in neuropsychological outcomes. However, the importance of mesial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy in MS is largely untested and poorly understood. New structural imaging techniques permit volumetric measures of multiple regions within the MTL lobe and DGM.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relative importance of MTL and DGM structures in predicting MS performance on memory tests presented in the auditory/verbal and visual/spatial spheres.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional analysis of 50 patients with MS undergoing structural brain MRI and neuropsychological testing. Using Freesurfer software, the volumes of the MTL (hippocampus, amygdala) and DGM (thalamus, caudate) structures were calculated and compared with control values. Neuropsychological testing contributed measures of new learning, delayed recall and recognition memory, in the auditory/verbal and visual/spatial memory modalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant correlations between lower regional volume and poorer test performance were observed across all memory tests. For measures of free recall or new learning, DGM volumes were most strongly predictive of outcomes. In contrast, measures of recognition memory were predicted only by MTL volumetric measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, the predictive validity of MTL and DGM atrophy were simultaneously compared with MS using reliable and validated neuropsychological measures. This study found that both compartments play significant but different roles in the amnesia of MS.
authors.affiliation: Jacobs Neurological Institute, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, and Department of Neurology, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York 14203, USA.
authors.forename: R H B
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Benedict
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ramasamy
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Munschauer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weinstock-Guttman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zivadinov
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology; D001284:Atrophy / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D013788:Thalamus / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult