title: Effects of state minimum staffing standards on nursing home staffing and quality of care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of state minimum staffing standards on the level of staffing and quality of nursing home care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Online Survey and Certification Reporting System (OSCAR) merged with the Area Resource File from 1998 through 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1998 and 2001, 16 states implemented or expanded staffing standards in excess of federal requirements, creating a natural experiment in comparison with facilities in states without new standards. Difference-in-differences models using facility fixed effects were estimated to determine the effect of state standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  OSCAR data were linked to the data on market conditions and state policies. A total of 55,248 facility-year observations from 15,217 freestanding facilities were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased standards resulted in small staffing increases for facilities with staffing initially below or close to new standards. Yet the standards were associated with reductions in restraint use and the number of total deficiencies at all types of facilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mandated staffing standards affect only low-staff facilities facing potential for penalties, and effects are small. Selected facility-level outcomes may show improvement at all facilities due to a general response to increased standards or to other quality initiatives implemented at the same time as staffing standards.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1234 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. parkjeo@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Jeongyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Sally C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Stearns
mesh_terms: D002568:Certification; D016208:Databases, Factual; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008484:Medicaid / Q000191:economics; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000592:standards* / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce