title: Nicotine gum for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the safety and efficacy of treatment with 2-mg nicotine gum for smoking cessation during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women who smoked daily received individualized behavioral counseling and random assignment to a 6-week treatment with 2-mg nicotine gum or placebo followed by a 6-week taper period. Women who did not quit smoking were instructed to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked by substituting with gum. Measures of tobacco exposure were obtained throughout the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants in the nicotine (n = 100) and placebo (n = 94) groups were comparable in age, race/ethnicity, and smoking history. Biochemically validated smoking-cessation rates were not significantly higher with nicotine gum compared with placebo (after 6 weeks of treatment: 13% compared with 9.6%, P=.45; at 32-34 weeks of gestation: 18% compared with 14.9%, P=.56). Using a completer analysis, nicotine gum significantly reduced the number of cigarettes smoked per day (nicotine gum: -5.7 [standard deviation (SD)=6.0]; placebo: -3.5 [SD=5.7], P=.035), and cotinine concentration (nicotine gum: -249 ng/mL [SD=397]; placebo: -112 ng/mL [SD=333]; P=.04). Birth weights were significantly greater with nicotine gum compared with placebo (3,287 g [SD=566] and 2,950 g [SD=653], respectively, P<.001). Gestational age was also greater with nicotine-replacement therapy than with placebo (38.9 weeks [SD=1.7] and 38.0 weeks [SD=3.3], respectively; P=.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although nicotine gum did not increase quit rates, use of nicotine gum increased birth weight and gestational age, two key parameters in predicting neonatal wellbeing.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3940, USA. oncken@nso2.uchc.edu
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oncken
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dornelas
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sankey
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glasmann
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Feinn
authors.forename: Henry R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Kranzler
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D002638:Chewing Gum; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D003376:Counseling; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002638:Chewing Gum; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine