title: Augmentation of antibody responses by retinoic acid and costimulatory molecules.
abstract: Antibody production is crucial for a successful vaccine response. Beyond the ability of vitamin A (VA) and its active metabolite, all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) to restore growth in VA-deficient animals, supplementation with VA and/or treatment with RA can augment antibody responses in both VA-deficient and VA-adequate animals. RA alone, and in combination with stimuli that are ligands for the Toll-like receptor family, can augment the adaptive immune response leading to a heightened primary antibody response, and a stronger recall response upon restimulation. Mechanisms may include regulation of cell populations, type 1/type 2 cytokines, and B cell-related transcription factors, leading to accelerated B cell maturation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA. acr6@psu.edu
authors.forename: A Catharine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Qiuyan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yifan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051940:B7-2 Antigen / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D017578:Immunoglobulin Class Switching / Q000276:immunology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D055611:Natural Killer T-Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D016207:Cytokines; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014801:Vitamin A; D014212:Tretinoin; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase