title: A solid-phase method for the extraction and measurement of anandamide from multiple human biomatrices.
abstract: N-Arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA, anandamide) was the first endocannabinoid to be identified and has since become associated with the mediation of several physiological functions and disease states. AEA has been isolated from numerous tissues and biofluids, in the low nanomolar range, using lipid extraction techniques with organic solvents. These techniques require the drying down of relatively large volumes of solvents, making them unsuitable for high-throughput analysis. Here we describe a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method for the investigation of AEA concentrations in human plasma, serum, milk, urine, amniotic fluid, peritoneal fluid, saliva, follicular fluid, and fluid from an ovarian cyst. AEA was detected in serum and plasma from blood isolated from 20 adult women (means+/-standard deviations: 0.68+/-0.29 and 0.64+/-0.28 nM, respectively), from pregnant women at term (1.37+/-0.42 nM), and from umbilical vein (1.26+/-0.33 nM) and umbilical artery (1.14+/-0.35nM), in milk (0.12+/-0.05 nM) and from amniotic (0.03+/-0.02 nM), peritoneal (0.93+/-0.27 nM), follicular (1.17+/-0.51 nM), and ovarian cyst (0.32+/-0.01 nM) fluids. AEA was undetectable in saliva and urine. The 60% AEA extraction efficiency achieved with SPE from plasma was superior to the 19% efficiency achieved using the existing organic solvent extraction method. Limits of quantification and detection for AEA were also improved dramatically using SPE (8 and 4 fmol/ml) compared with organic extraction (25 and 18.75 fmol/ml plasma). These improvements allow the use of smaller plasma samples with SPE. Intra- and interday variability were comparable, and the mean AEA concentration of pooled plasma samples (1.18 nM, n=15) was identical with the two techniques. Similarly, when 56 plasma samples from laboring and nonlaboring women were analyzed using both techniques, no extraction method-dependent differences were observed. Consequently, we provide evidence for a robust SPE technique for the extraction of AEA from biomatrices to replace the existing liquid extraction methods, with the SPE technique being superior in terms of speed, extraction efficiency, and sample size required.
authors.affiliation: Endocannabinoid Research Group, Reproductive Sciences Section, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire LE27LX, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Marczylo
authors.forename: Patricia M W
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Vijaianitha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nallendran
authors.forename: Anthony H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Justin C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Konje
mesh_terms: D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011247:Pregnancy; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; C078814:anandamide