title: Robotic renal and upper tract reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the current role of robotic surgery in upper urinary tract reconstruction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Robotic techniques have been increasingly adopted by urologists for reconstruction of the upper urinary tract. The improved dexterity, visualization, and ergonomics of robotic systems have applied naturally to reconstruction and have facilitated intracorporeal suturing compared with traditional laparoscopy. In particular, robotic techniques have been used for anastamotic suturing during minimally invasive pyeloplasty. Series of robotic pyeloplasty have demonstrated comparable long-term outcomes to laparoscopy, a shorter learning curve, subjective operator benefits, and potential advantages in operative time. Other robotic reconstructive procedures of the upper tract have included ureterocalicostomy, ureteroureterostomy, ureterolysis, and ureteral reimplantation with and without psoas hitch.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Robotic techniques provide clear advantages for minimally invasive upper tract reconstruction, though the objective benefits need further delineation. These procedures are in their early experience, and larger series with prospective randomized comparison with the standard of care are warranted. Low volume of upper tract reconstruction in general will likely require multi-institutional study. Continued study of cost-effectiveness is necessary to define the optimal role for robotic reconstruction in both medical and economic terms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Elias S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Hyams
authors.forename: Patrick W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Mufarrij
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stifelman
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000601:surgery; D010535:Laparoscopy; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D012371:Robotics; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*