From the diet to the nucleus: vitamin A and TGF-beta join efforts at the mucosal interface of the intestine.
The vitamin A metabolites, including retinoic acid (RA), form ligands for retinoic acid-related nuclear receptors and together they play pleiotropic roles in various biological processes. Recently, we described that RA also functions as a key modulator of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-driven immune deviation, capable of suppressing the differentiation of interleukin-17 secreting T helper cells (T(H)17) and conversely promoting the generation of Foxp3(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells. This review will focus on the role of RA in the reciprocal TGF-beta-driven differentiation of T(H)17 and Treg and on the importance of such regulatory mechanism to control a functional immune system, in particular at the mucosal interface of the intestine.
Mucida
Daniel
D
La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
Park
Yunji
Y
Cheroutre
Hilde
H
D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D020381:Interleukin-17; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014801:Vitamin A; D014212:Tretinoin; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase