title: Cardiotoxicity after massive amantadine overdose.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amantadine hydrochloride is an antiviral medication used as therapy for parkinsonism and as a cognitive enhancer. We report 2 cases of massive, acute ingestion of amantadine hydrochloride confirmed with serial serum levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 47-year-old woman presented to the emergency department (ED) 30 minutes after ingesting 10 g of amantadine (150 mg/kg) by her report. Initial ECG revealed a sinus rhythm with rate of 93 bpm, and a QRS of 84 msec. While in the ED, the patient sustained a pulseless cardiac arrest and the monitor revealed ventricular tachycardia. She was successfully defibrillated. Postdefibrillation ECG showed a sinus rhythm (rate = 82 bpm), QRS of 236 msec, and QTc of 567 msec. The serum potassium was 1.0 mEq/L (1.0 mmol/L). The patient was given 300 ml (300 cc) 3% sodium chloride IV over 10 minutes. Ten minutes after completion of the hypertonic saline infusion, the patient's ECG abnormalities resolved and the QRS was 88 msec. Her potassium was repleted over the next 11 hours postpresentation, and she also received an IV bolus of 4 g of magnesium sulfate immediately after the cardiac arrest. No further hypotension, dysrhythmia, conduction delay, or ectopy was noted during the patient's hospital stay. The second case involved a 33-year-old female patient who presented 1 hour after ingesting 100 tablets of amantadine hydrochloride (100 mg/tab). Initial ECG revealed sinus tachycardia with a QRS of 113 msec, an R wave in lead aVR of 4-5 mm and a QTc of 526 msec. Her serum potassium was 3.0 mEq/L (3.0 mmol/L), her serum calcium was 9.4 mg/dl (2.35 mmol/L), and serum magnesium was 2.1 mg/dl (0.86 mmol/L) on labs drawn at initial presentation. The patient was intubated for airway protection, and her potassium was repleted and corrected over the next 9 hours. Her ECG abnormalities improved 8 hours after initial presentation and normalized at approximately 14 hours postingestion. The patient was discharged home 11 days after her ingestion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute amantadine toxicity manifests with life-threatening cardiotoxicity. Concurrent, often profound, hypokalemia may complicate the administration of sodium bicarbonate in the management of cardiac dysrhythmias.
authors.affiliation: Georgia Poison Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. aeo8@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Ziad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kazzi
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000547:Amantadine / Q000506:poisoning*; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000506:poisoning*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D005117:Cardiac Complexes, Premature / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D004155:Diphenhydramine / Q000506:poisoning; D062787:Drug Overdose; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000139:chemically induced; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000506:poisoning; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced; D008875:Middle Aged; D011559:Pseudotumor Cerebri / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D004155:Diphenhydramine; D000547:Amantadine