title: Short-term effects of treatment-induced hormonal changes on cognitive function in breast cancer patients: results of a multicenter, prospective, longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is suspected that estrogen depletion resulting from treatment may contribute to cognitive compromise in patients with breast cancer. However, the evidence for estrogen effects on cognition is inconclusive, and the consequences of hormonal changes for cognitive function in patients with cancer rarely have been investigated. In this study, the authors investigated the effects of treatment-induced menopause and antiestrogen therapy with tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) on cognitive function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cognitive performance was assessed in 101 patients with breast cancer before the start of cancer therapy (T1), toward the end of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (T2), and 1 year after baseline (T3) using 12 cognitive tests. Menopause occurred in a subgroup of patients, and an overlapping subgroup started antiestrogen therapy with tamoxifen or AIs. Linear mixed-effects models that made it possible to determine effects at group levels and individual levels simultaneously were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the group level, a significant favorable effect of induced menopause emerged in a test of executive function (P= .0035). Two additional group-level effects of induced menopause, both favorable, and 2 individual-level effects that were positive in some patients and negative in others were not significant when multiple testing was taken into account. No significant effects of tamoxifen or AIs on cognitive function were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hormonal changes did not appear to contribute to cognitive compromise in patients with breast cancer during the first year after diagnosis. Antiestrogen treatment with tamoxifen or AIs did not affect cognition, and the effects of induced menopause were more likely to be favorable. However, the possibility that some cognitive decline occurs in individual patients could not be excluded.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany. kerstin.hermelink@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hermelink
authors.forename: Volkmar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Henschel
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Untch
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bauerfeind
authors.forename: Michael Patrick
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lux
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Munzel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced*; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008593:Menopause / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators