title: Applications of ultrasonic skin permeation in transdermal drug delivery.
abstract: Transdermal ultrasound-mediated drug delivery has been studied as a method for needle-less, non-invasive drug administration. Potential obstacles include the stratum corneum, which is not sufficiently passively permeable to allow effective transfer of many medications into the bloodstream without active methods. A general review of the transdermal ultrasound drug delivery literature has shown that this technology offers promising potential for non-invasive drug administration. Included in this review are the reported acoustic parameters used for achieving delivery, along with the known intensities and exposure times. Ultrasound mechanisms are discussed as well as spatial field characteristics. Accurate and precise quantification of the acoustic field used in drug delivery experiments is essential to ensure safety versus efficacy and to avoid potentially harmful bioeffects.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Acoustics, The Pennsylvania State University 21 Hallowell Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA. nbs@engr.psu.edu
authors.forename: Nadine Barrie
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006801:Humans; D010539:Permeability; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations