title: Dynamic accommodation responses following adaptation to defocus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adaptation to defocus is known to influence the subjective sensitivity to blur in both emmetropes and myopes. Blur is a major contributing factor in the closed-loop dynamic accommodation response. Previous investigations have examined the magnitude of the accommodation response following blur adaptation. We have investigated whether a period of blur adaptation influences the dynamic accommodation response to step and sinusoidal changes in target vergence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen subjects (six emmetropes, six early onset myopes, and six late onset myopes) underwent 30 min of adaptation to 0.00 D (control), +1.00 D or +3.00 D myopic defocus. Following this adaptation period, accommodation responses to a 2.00 D step change and 2.00 D sinusoidal change (0.2 Hz) in target vergence were recorded continuously using an autorefractor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adaptation to defocus failed to influence accommodation latency times, but did influence response times to a step change in target vergence. Adaptation to both +1.00 and +3.00 D induced significant increases in response times (p = 0.002 and p = 0.012, respectively) and adaptation to +3.00 D increased the change in accommodation response magnitude (p = 0.014) for a 2.00 D step change in demand. Blur adaptation also significantly increased the peak-to-peak phase lag for accommodation responses to a sinusoidally oscillating target, although failed to influence the accommodation gain. These changes in accommodative response were equivalent across all refractive groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adaptation to a degraded stimulus causes an increased level of accommodation for dynamic targets moving towards an observer and increases response times and phase lags. It is suggested that the contrast constancy theory may explain these changes in dynamic behavior.
authors.affiliation: Bradford School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cufflin
authors.forename: Edward A H
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mallen
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular; D000221:Adaptation, Ocular; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D003290:Convergence, Ocular; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D009216:Myopia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time; D055815:Young Adult