title: The Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire: confirmatory factor analysis and identification of patient subgroups.
abstract: Over the past decade, the importance of acceptance of chronic pain has been demonstrated. Acceptance has often been assessed using the 20-item, two-factor Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ; McCracken, Vowles, Eccleston, Pain 2004;107:159-66). This two-factor model has been supported but awaits further confirmation. The present investigation sought to address this issue in two large samples of pain suffers. Exploratory factor analyses (N=333) examined a number of solutions, ranging from two to five factors. Evaluation indices provided clear support for a 20-item, two-factor solution. Confirmatory factor analyses, using the second sample (N=308), examined a number of models. Fit indices demonstrated that the model identified in the exploratory analyses had the best fit. Finally, a series of cluster analyses were performed using a combined sample (N=641). Results indicated three clusters: one with high scores on both subscales (n=146), one with low scores on both subscales (n=239), and one with discrepant scores that were high on the Activity Engagement subscale and low on the Pain Willingness subscale (n=286). Follow-up analyses indicated significant differences among the clusters across multiple measures of functioning. The cluster with low CPAQ scores reported more difficulties in comparison to the group with high scores, while the group with discrepant CPAQ scores generally reported difficulties that fell in between. These results provide further support for the 20-item, two-factor CPAQ and indicate that it is both theoretically and practically useful.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pain Research, School for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK Centre for Pain Services, Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, NHS Foundation Trust, Bath BA1 1RL, UK.
authors.forename: Kevin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Vowles
authors.forename: Lance M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: McCracken
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McLeod
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eccleston
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology