title: Medical students' attitudes to complementary and alternative medicine: further validation of the IMAQ and findings from an international longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current research mainly employs cross-sectional designs to examine changes in medical students' attitudes towards complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper reports the findings of a longitudinal study to further validate the Integrative Medicine Attitude Questionnaire (IMAQ) and examine changes in medical students' attitudes over 3 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 154 medical students from four schools in three countries completed a modified version of the IMAQ during their first (T1) and fourth year (T2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We established the validity of a three-factor model for the IMAQ: (1) attitudes towards holism; (2) attitudes towards the effectiveness of CAM therapies, and (3) attitudes towards introspection and the doctor-patient relationship. We found that IMAQ factor scores did not differ significantly from T1 to T2, emphasizing the relative stability in attitudes across time. Various student characteristics were significantly associated with IMAQ factor scores at T2: age, gender, CAM use, CAM education and school; and two variables (gender and CAM use) predicted changes in medical students' attitudes between T1 and T2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We urge medical educators to continue exploring medical students' attitude changes towards CAM and we provide examples of what further research is needed.
authors.affiliation: Office of Postgraduate Medical Education (OPME), Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. crees@med.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Charlotte E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: Andy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wearn
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: Hakima
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Amri
authors.forename: Sheila M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Greenfield
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000529:Complementary Therapies; D019049:Developed Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult