title: Deep vein thrombosis resolution is impaired in diet-induced type 2 diabetic mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Type 2 diabetes mellitus results in a procoagulant and thrombogenic state that could predispose diabetic individuals to develop venous thrombosis. We sought to determine whether diet-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus affects deep venous thrombosis (DVT) resolution in a murine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57Bl/6 mice were fed a low-fat or a high-fat diet (n = 10) for 10 weeks, after which DVT was created in the inferior vena cava (IVC) by a combination of low flow and endothelial damage. The IVC and thrombus were harvested at 1 and 2 weeks. Thrombus resolution and neovascularization were investigated through transfemoral angiography (n = 10), thrombus size (n = 4) and weight (n = 10), and nitric oxide synthase 3 immunoquantification (n = 4). Macrophage content was assessed by CD68 immunoreactivity (n = 4). The fibrinolytic system (urokinase plasminogen activator [uPA] and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 [PAI-1]) was analyzed by Western immunoblotting (n = 6) and immunohistochemistry (n = 4). Total collagen was stained by Sirius red. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activities were evaluated by zymography and their expressions by Western immunoblotting (n = 6) and immunohistochemistry (n = 4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetic mice had significantly larger and heavier thrombi at 1 and 2 weeks (P < .05), threefold less neovascularization (P < .05), and 35-fold increase in macrophage content (P < .01), than control mice 2 weeks after surgery. IVC recanalization was documented in 90% of 2-week control mice and in 10% of 2-week diabetic mice (P < .01). Increased vein wall collagen and less uPA and more PAI-1 expressions with a decreased uPA/PAI-1 ratio (31%, P < .01) were documented at 2 weeks in diabetic mice. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities and expressions were significantly increased in diabetic mice at 1 and 2 weeks (P < .05) compared with control mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diet-induced type 2 diabetes may impair DVT resolution through altered inflammatory, fibrinolytic, and MMP responses.
authors.affiliation: Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Research Center, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada. fatiha.bouzeghrane@crchum.qc.ca
authors.forename: Fatiha
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bouzeghrane
authors.forename: Xiaochun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Guylaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gevry
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Raymond
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D011379:Prognosis; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9