title: Need for and consequences of episiotomy in vaginal birth: a critical approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to describe and explain the short-term effects of lateral episiotomy, and determine the factors associated with more/less common use of episiotomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  prospective cross-sectional survey using a postal questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  the study was conducted at two university hospitals and one regional hospital in Finland between October and December 2006. The hospitals were chosen using cluster sampling. The sample consisted of 1000 vaginal births, and data were collected using questionnaires which were completed by midwives or student midwives. The overall response rate was 88%.
  
  
  METHODS
  midwives or student midwives who took care of the women in labour provided information about childbearing women (n=879), obstetric factors and details of staff experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  episiotomies were more common among primiparous than multiparous women (55% vs 12%, p0.001). More common use of episiotomy was also associated with induced births compared with spontaneous births in primiparous women (66% vs 53%, p=0.036), assisted vaginal births in all women (89% vs 25%, p0.001), and a prolonged active second stage of labour and epidural analgesia (17% vs 10%, p=0.036) in multiparous women. Correspondingly, episiotomies were less common among primiparous (44% vs 57%, p=0.041) and multiparous (7% vs 16%, p=0.003) women using spontaneous pushing compared with coached pushing. In the active second stage of labour, alternative birth positions (lateral, squatting, all fours, sitting) were associated with less common use of episiotomy than half-sitting or lithotomy positions among primiparous women (22% vs 48% vs 85%, p0.001). There were no differences between primiparous women with and without episiotomy in low Apgar score at 1minute (10.6% vs 6.4%, p=0.131) or 5minutes (1.8% vs 1.1%, p=0.557), or between multiparous women with and without episiotomy in low Apgar score at 1minute (1.9% vs 2.2%, p=0.855) or 5minutes (0% vs 0.5%, p=0.603). There were more first- and second-degree perineal injuries as well as injuries to the vagina, labia minora and urethra in births performed without episiotomies among primiparous women (p0.001). Correspondingly, third-degree perineal injuries were more common if episiotomy was performed in both primiparous (2.2% vs 1.6%) and multiparous women (3.7% vs 0%). The maternity hospital was the most significant determinant of the episiotomy rate (odds ratio 1 vs 1.9 vs 2.6, p=0.049).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  episiotomy rates can be reduced without causing harm to women or newborn babies. Episiotomies can be avoided if induction and vacuum assistance are used sparingly, and if spontaneous pushing techniques and alternative birth positions (lateral, sitting, squatting, all fours) are used more often during labour.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, University of Kuopio, Kuopio University Hospital, PL 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland. shraisan@hytti.uku.fi
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Räisänen
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vehviläinen-Julkunen
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heinonen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004841:Episiotomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006771:Hospitals, Maternity; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007751:Labor, Induced / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009721:Nurse Midwives / Q000458:organization & administration; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010298:Parity; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018579:Patient Selection; D010502:Perineum / Q000293:injuries; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult