title: Gender-specific reference value of urine albumin-creatinine ratio in healthy Chinese adults: results of the Beijing CKD survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reference value of urine albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) has racial disparities. The ACR reference value in a healthy Beijing population is reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  A reference Beijing population was sampled via a multistage, clustered complex sampling method. By excluding subjects with self-reported kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, obesity or underweight condition, overt proteinuria, hematuria, or pyuria, as well as those with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) > 200ml/min/1.73m2 or < 60ml/min/1.73m2, apparently healthy subjects (1260 males, 2305 females, aged 18-84y) were selected to be included in the current analysis. Urine albumin was measured using the immunoturbidimetic method, creatinine was measured using Jaffe's kinetic method on a morning spot-urine sample, and ACR was calculated. The 95th percentile of ACR was used as the normal upper limit. The association between ACR and each of gender, age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, serum glucose, lipids, and eGFR was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The normal upper limit of ACR was 14mg/g (1.58mg/mmol) for males and 20mg/g (2.26mg/mmol) for females. Females had higher ACR values than males, and age, systolic blood pressure, and eGFR were positively correlated with ACR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ACR reference value in the healthy Beijing population is lower than that of the Western population. Age, systolic blood pressure, and eGFR were found to correlate with ACR.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nephrology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Luxia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Puhong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shufang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.forename: Zejun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Guobin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Wannian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000652:urine*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002681:China; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000652:urine*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D003404:Creatinine