title: Paroxysmal fast activity: an interictal scalp EEG marker of epileptogenesis in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High-frequency oscillations (>100Hz) have been proposed as localized markers of epileptic networks, but require intracranial electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. This study explored if beta- and gamma-frequency paroxysmal fast activity (PFA), recorded interictally during non-REM sleep, could be used as a scalp EEG marker of epileptogenesis in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence and scalp location of PFA was visually identified in 681 patients with overnight video-EEG (age 0-18 years), and compared with ictal onset sites. The clinical features of patients with PFA were compared with patients without PFA along with evidence of PFA evolution in 35 patients who had multiple video-EEG records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PFA was present in 16% of all patients and in 28% of those with seizures. PFA was more frequently observed in EEGs from patients 3 years of age or younger (>40%), and children with infantile spasms (85%). When present, PFA predicted if the patient had epilepsy with 97% accuracy, and was not found in individuals with non-epileptic events. PFA localized with EEG-ictal onset sites with 91% sensitivity and 82% accuracy. Ictal scalp EEG events began with beta- and gamma-frequencies in 80% of patients with PFA, and they had increased seizure frequencies compared with non-PFA cases. In patients with multiple video-EEG studies, PFA showed progression over increased numbers of electrodes in 74%, improvement in 15%, and remained unchanged in 12% and correlated with seizure evolution. PFA was not associated with other seizure types, anatomic location, type of antiepileptic drug, etiology, or histopathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While relatively infrequent, interictal PFA was specific in identifying younger children with epilepsy, co-localized with the ictal onset sites on scalp video-EEG, and progressed and correlated with seizure severity. We propose that PFA is a scalp EEG marker of epileptic networks with the advantage of being recorded non-invasively during interictal non-REM sleep.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States. joycewu@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Joyce Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.forename: Raman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sankar
authors.forename: Gary W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Mathern
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D013036:Spasms, Infantile / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult