title: [Presaccal stenosis as a cause of epiphora].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dacryocystographic evaluation of the location of stenoses of the lacrimal pathways was carried out in patients with epiphora to define the frequency and morphology of canalicular stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) dacryocystograms of 55 consecutive patients with severe epiphora and stenoses of the lacrimal draining system were reviewed in a consensus between three evaluators to determine radiomorphologic criteria for the diagnosis of canalicular stenosis. In 9 cases 3D rotational dacryocystography was additionally used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 80 stenotic lesions were detected including 19 (24%) canalicular, 26 (32%) saccal and 35 (44%) ductal stenoses. In 9 of the patients 3D rotational dacryocystography was used to differentiate between canalicular (n=4) and saccal (n=5) stenosis. Increased resistance during continuous injection of contrast material and lack of distension of the distal ductal system were the main criteria for diagnosis of canalicular stenosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presaccal stenoses accounted for nearly 25% of the stenoses found in this study. This type of stenosis occurs frequently and should not be overlooked on dacryocystography. 3D rotational dacryocystography may be helpful in unclear cases.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main. Luechtenberg@em.uni-frankfurt.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lüchtenberg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berkefeld
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bink
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009301:Nasolacrimal Duct / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity