title: The relationship between antidepressant and analgesic responses: findings from six placebo-controlled trials assessing the efficacy of duloxetine in patients with major depressive disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Debate continues regarding whether onset of analgesia is faster than antidepressant effect in antidepressants with both properties. Duloxetine hydrochloride (from here on referred to as duloxetine) is effective in both major depressive disorder and diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. This post-hoc analysis of six placebo-controlled duloxetine trials in patients with major depressive disorder was designed to compare onset of antidepressant activity to pain relief.
  
  
  METHODS
  Duloxetine was administered at 40-120 mg/day versus placebo for up to 9 weeks in outpatient clinic settings. The primary depression measure was the HAMD(17) and pain severity was measured using visual analog scale (VAS) measuring overall pain, headache, back and shoulder pain, and pain while awake. The time course of improvement was profiled using repeated measures modeling and Kaplan-Meier product limit estimation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all but one case, significant reductions in HAMD(17) and VAS scores were seen within 2 weeks of treatment. Median time to VAS response was consistently shorter across all VAS measures than that to HAMD(17) response in both placebo- and duloxetine-treated patients with at least modest levels of pain at study entry. Regression analyses consistently demonstrated little association between analgesic and antidepressant responses. Limitations of these findings include that the studies used in these analyses did not require the patients to enroll with any specific level of pain. Moreover, the type of pain exhibiting at presentation was not routinely identified; therefore, the impact of different pain types on these findings is unknown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Duloxetine's analgesic effect is independent of the drug's antidepressant effect. Additionally, faster onset of the analgesic effect appears to be a population-specific phenomenon that is unmodified in the presence of active agents.
authors.affiliation: University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL,USA. d.fishbain@miami.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fishbain
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Detke
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wernicke
authors.forename: Amy S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Chappell
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Kajdasz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010919:Placebos; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D010919:Placebos; D013876:Thiophenes; D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride