title: Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of albiglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetic, in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Native glucagon-like peptide-1 increases insulin secretion, decreases glucagon secretion, and reduces appetite but is rapidly inactivated by dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Albiglutide is a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4-resistant glucagon-like peptide-1 dimer fused to human albumin designed to have sustained efficacy in vivo.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives were to investigate pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of albiglutide in type 2 diabetes subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a single-blind dose-escalation study, 54 subjects were randomized to receive placebo or 9-, 16-, or 32-mg albiglutide on d 1 and 8. In a complementary study, 46 subjects were randomized to a single dose (16 or 64 mg) of albiglutide to the arm, leg, or abdomen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant dose-dependent reductions in 24-h mean weighted glucose [area under the curve((0-24 h))] were observed, with placebo-adjusted least squares means difference values in the 32-mg cohort of -34.8 and -56.4 mg/dl [95% confidence interval (-54.1, -15.5) and (-82.2, -30.5)] for d 2 and 9, respectively. Placebo-adjusted fasting plasma glucose decreased by -26.7 and -50.7 mg/dl [95% confidence interval (-46.3, -7.06) and (-75.4, -26.0)] on d 2 and 9, respectively. Postprandial glucose was also reduced. No hypoglycemic episodes were detected in the albiglutide cohorts. The frequency and severity of the most common adverse events, headache and nausea, were comparable with placebo controls. Albiglutide half-life ranged between 6 and 7 d. The pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamic of albiglutide was unaffected by injection site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Albiglutide improved fasting plasma glucose and postprandial glucose with a favorable safety profile in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Albiglutide's long half-life may allow for once-weekly or less frequent dosing.
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Murray W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Erika H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: De Boever
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Dobbins
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: M Claire
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bush
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018716:Molecular Mimicry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; C534611:rGLP-1 protein