title: The sound and the fury: was it all worth it?
abstract: The initial report of coronary heart disease (CHD) results from the trial of menopausal hormone therapy within the Women's Health Initiative precipitated substantial surprise and concern in the epidemiology research community over the apparent differences between the trial results and those of observational studies. What followed was 6 years of discussion and debate, frequently acrimonious, along with intense methodologic and substantive research attempting to reconcile or explain the apparent differences. The results have been an impressive improvement in methods to contrast and combine studies of differing designs, dramatic illustrations of some central epidemiologic principles, insights into likely mechanisms of CHD, and increasing clarity of the public health message about menopausal hormone therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. hooverr@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Hoover
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D019370:Observation / Q000379:methods*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D015983:Selection Bias; D013997:Time Factors