title: Isolation of anacardic acid from natural cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) using supercritical carbon dioxide.
abstract: Solvent extracted cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), conventionally known as natural CNSL, is a mixture of several alkenyl phenols. One of these alkenyl phenols is anacardic acid, which is present at the highest concentration. In view of anticipated industrial applications of anacardic acid, the objective of this work was to isolate anacardic acid from natural CNSL by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2). In this study, the solubility data for natural CNSL in scCO 2 under a range of operating conditions of pressure (100, 200, and 300 bar), temperature (40 and 50 degrees C), and CO 2 flow rate (5, 10, and 15 g min (-1)) were established. The best scCO 2 working conditions were found to be 50 degrees C and 300 bar at a flow rate of 5 g min (-1) CO 2. Using 3 g of sample (CNSL/solid adsorbent = 1/2) under these scCO 2 conditions, it was possible to quantitatively isolate high purity anacardic acid from crude natural CNSL (82% of total anacardic acid) within 150 min. The anacardic acid isolated by scCO 2 was analyzed by different spectroscopic techniques (UV-vis, FT-IR, and (1)H NMR) and HPLC analysis, indicating that the anacardic acid isolated by scCO 2 has better quality than that obtained through a conventional method involving several chemical conversion steps.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Joseph Y N
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Philip
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Da Cruz Francisco
authors.forename: Estera S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buchweishaija
authors.forename: Lupituko L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Mkayula
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D048729:Anacardic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D031021:Anacardium / Q000737:chemistry*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D009754:Nuts / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011312:Pressure; D012995:Solubility; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D048729:Anacardic Acids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C088115:anacardic acid