title: Intermittent hypoxia activates peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase in rat brain stem via reactive oxygen species-mediated proteolytic processing.
abstract: Intermittent hypoxia (IH) associated with sleep apneas leads to cardiorespiratory abnormalities that may involve altered neuropeptide signaling. The effects of IH on neuropeptide synthesis have not been investigated. Peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM; EC 1.14.17.3) catalyzes the alpha-amidation of neuropeptides, which confers biological activity to a large number of neuropeptides. PAM consists of O(2)-sensitive peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM) and peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase (PAL) activities. Here, we examined whether IH alters neuropeptide synthesis by affecting PAM activity and, if so, by what mechanisms. Experiments were performed on the brain stem of adult male rats exposed to IH (5% O(2) for 15 s followed by 21% O(2) for 5 min; 8 h/day for up to 10 days) or continuous hypoxia (0.4 atm for 10 days). Analysis of brain stem extracts showed that IH, but not continuous hypoxia, increased PHM, but not PAL, activity of PAM and that the increase of PHM activity was associated with a concomitant elevation in the levels of alpha-amidated forms of substance P and neuropeptide Y. IH increased the relative abundance of 42- and 35-kDa forms of PHM ( approximately 1.6- and 2.7-fold, respectively), suggesting enhanced proteolytic processing of PHM, which appears to be mediated by an IH-induced increase of endoprotease activity. Kinetic analysis showed that IH increases V(max) but has no effect on K(m). IH increased generation of reactive oxygen species in the brain stem, and systemic administration of antioxidant prevented IH-evoked increases of PHM activity, proteolytic processing of PHM, endoprotease activity, and elevations in substance P and neuropeptide Y amide levels. Taken together, these results demonstrate that IH activates PHM in rat brain stem via reactive oxygen species-dependent posttranslational proteolytic processing and further suggest that PAM activation may contribute to IH-mediated peptidergic neurotransmission in rat brain stem.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Suresh D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Gayatri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raghuraman
authors.forename: Myeong-Seon
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Nanduri R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Prabhakar
authors.forename: Ganesh K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D019760:Amidine-Lyases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000201:enzymology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008665:Metalloporphyrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism*; D009478:Neuropeptide Y / Q000378:metabolism; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000201:enzymology*; D013373:Substance P / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008665:Metalloporphyrins; C502230:Mn(III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D009478:Neuropeptide Y; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013373:Substance P; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C035189:peptidylglycine monooxygenase; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D019760:Amidine-Lyases; C068521:peptidylamidoglycolate lyase