title: Androgen-regulated and highly tumorigenic human prostate cancer cell line established from a transplantable primary CWR22 tumor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One of the major obstacles in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the transition of prostate cancer growth from androgen dependency to a hormone-refractory state is the lack of androgen-regulated and tumorigenic human prostate cancer cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have established and characterized a new human prostate cancer cell line, CWR22Pc, derived from the primary CWR22 human prostate xenograft tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The growth of CWR22Pc cells is induced markedly by dihydrotestosterone, and CWR22Pc cells express high levels of androgen receptor (AR) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Importantly, PSA expression in CWR22Pc cells is regulated by androgens. Stat5a/b, Stat3, Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinase were constitutively active or cytokine inducible in CWR22Pc cells. The AR in CWR22Pc cells contains the H874Y mutation, but not the exon 3 duplication or other mutations. When inoculated subcutaneously into dihydrotestosterone-supplemented castrated nude mice, large tumors formed rapidly in 20 of 20 mice, whereas no tumors developed in mice without circulating dihydrotestosterone. Moreover, the serum PSA levels correlated with the tumor volumes. When androgens were withdrawn from the CWR22Pc tumors grown in nude mice, the tumors initially shrank but regrew back as androgen-independent tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This androgen-regulated and tumorigenic human prostate cancer cell line provides a valuable tool for studies on androgen regulation of prostate cancer cells and on the molecular mechanisms taking place in growth promotion of prostate cancer when androgens are withdrawn from the growth environment. CWR22Pc cells also provide a model system for studies on the regulation of transcriptional activity of mutated H874YAR in a prostate cancer cell context.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Ayush
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dagvadorj
authors.forename: Shyh-Han
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: Luciane R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Cavalli
authors.forename: Bassem R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Marja T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D003582:Cytogenetics / Q000379:methods; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009154:Mutation; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen