title: Generation of the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR) explained using convolution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the superposition theory of the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR) generation is investigated using auditory brainstem response (ABR) and middle latency responses (MLRs) obtained with 40 Hz jittered sequences with the continuous loop averaging deconvolution (CLAD) algorithm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Click sequences at around 40 Hz with high (maximum length sequence), medium and low jitters were presented to normal hearing awake adult subjects monaurally. Overlapping MLR responses were deconvolved using the frequency domain CLAD method. In addition, conventional auditory MLRs at 4.88 Hz and ASSRs at 39.1 Hz were obtained in all subjects. Synthetic ASSRs were constructed using different rate and jitter MLRs as base recordings. Contributions of the primary components were investigated by wave elimination using phasors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings indicate that the generation of the 40-Hz ASSRs can be explained successfully by the superposition of the ABR and MLR waves generated at that stimulation rate. N(a)-P(a) and N(b)-P(b) components of the MLR contribute about equally (45% each), while the wave V of the ABR contributes a lesser amount (10%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Forty-Hertz ASSRs are composite responses generated by the superposition of the major waves of the ABR and the MLR. Dramatic amplitude increase of the ASSR at 40Hz is primarily due to the superposition of the resonating P(b) component to the P(a) wave.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several unexplained properties of the 40-Hz ASSR can be explained by the stimulus and brain state dependent characteristics of the slow ABR, the P(a) and the P(b) components of the MLR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, P.O. Box 248294, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bohórquez
authors.forename: Ozcan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozdamar
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D011571:Psychoacoustics; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult