title: High blood pressure before and during early pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are more likely to display features of the metabolic syndrome, including hypertension, in the years after delivery, it is unclear whether these components are also present before pregnancy. We examined the relationship between blood pressure (BP) measured before and during early pregnancy (<20 weeks) and the risk of GDM in a nested case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case (n = 381) and control (n = 942) subjects were selected from a cohort of women delivering between 1996 and 1998 and screened for GDM between 24 and 28 weeks' gestation. GDM was defined by the National Diabetes Data Group criteria. BP and covariates data were obtained by review of the medical records. Women were categorized according to BP levels recommended by the American Heart Association outside of pregnancy: <120/80 mmHg (normal), 120-139/80-89 mmHg (prehypertension), and >or=140 and/or >or=90 mmHg or use of antihypertensive medications (hypertension).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During early pregnancy, women with prehypertension had a small increased risk of GDM (odds ratio [OR] 1.56 [95% CI 1.16-2.10]), and women with hypertension had a twofold increased risk of GDM (2.04 [1.14-3.65]) compared with women with normal BP after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, gestational week of BP, BMI, and parity. Similar results were seen among the subset of women with BP levels measured before pregnancy (1.44 [0.95-2.19] for prehypertension and 2.01 [1.01-3.99] for hypertension).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should be aware that women presenting with hypertension may warrant early screening or intervention to prevent GDM.
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California, Oakland, California, USA. monique.m.hedderson@kp.org
authors.forename: Monique M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hedderson
authors.forename: Assiamira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy