title: Biomarkers and health-related quality of life in end-stage renal disease: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) predicts mortality in ESRD, yet adoption of HRQOL monitoring is not widespread, and regulatory authorities remain predominantly concerned with monitoring traditional biologic parameters. To assist with future efforts to adopt HRQOL monitoring while acknowledging the importance of biomarkers, this study sought to establish which domains of HRQOL are most affected by ESRD and to measure the strength of evidence linking common biomarkers to HRQOL in ESRD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review was performed to identify studies that measured HRQOL in ESRD. Data were abstracted according to a conceptual model regarding the measurement of HRQOL differences, and HRQOL data were converted to weighted mean effect sizes and correlation coefficients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The impact of ESRD was largest in the Short Form 36 domains of physical functioning (e.g., role-physical, vitality) and smallest in mental functioning (e.g., mental health, role-emotional). Dialysis adequacy, as measured by Kt/V, was a poor correlate for Short Form 36 scores. Similarly, mineral metabolism (e.g., calcium x phosphorous, parathyroid hormone) and inflammatory (e.g., C-reactive protein, TNF) biomarkers had small effect sizes and correlations with HRQOL. In contrast, hematocrit demonstrated small to moderate relationships with mental and physical HRQOL, and nutritional biomarkers (e.g., albumin, creatinine, body mass index) demonstrated moderate to large relationships.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HRQOL in ESRD is most affected in the physical domains, and nutritional biomarkers are most closely associated with these domains. In contrast, Kt/V, mineral metabolism indices, and inflammatory markers are poor HRQOL correlates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA. bspiegel@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Brennan M R
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Spiegel
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Melmed
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Esrailian
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D017281:Cost of Illness; D006400:Hematocrit; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011788:Quality of Life; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007375:Interleukin-1; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors; D010758:Phosphorus; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002118:Calcium