title: Multidisciplinary studies, systems approaches and parasite eco-epidemiology: something old, something new.
abstract: Parasite requires an understanding of complex transmission systems where individual, population and environmental factors and their interactions can hardly been considered separately. Moreover, the importance of space and time in host population and parasite transmission processes is increasingly recognised. The present review illustrates how epidemiology and transmission ecology have evolved in a multidisciplinary framework to a systems approach that includes both spatial and temporal dimensions. Focusing on population processes, three significant challenges are discussed: (i) integration of landscape ecology concepts and modelling across time-space scales, (ii) development of molecular methods that permits easy parasite/host identification and process tracking (e.g. host and parasite movements), and (iii) integration of sociology methods to estimate zoonotic risk and exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chrono-environment, University of Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6249 use INRA, 1, place Leclerc, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France. patrick.giraudoux@univ-fcomte.fr
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giraudoux
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raoul
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pleydell
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003710:Demography; D017753:Ecosystem; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D010271:Parasites / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D010274:Parasitology / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance / Q000662:veterinary; D013029:Space-Time Clustering; D013045:Species Specificity