title: Multiplicative interactions to enhance gabapentin to treat neuropathic pain.
abstract: We previously reported that gabapentin activates the bulbospinal-spinal noradrenergic-cholinergic pathway to produce analgesia in rats after nerve injury. Also, gabapentin interacts synergistically with a cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil to produce analgesia. Duloxetine, a serotonin/noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor, has been used for the treatment of neuropathic pain and should amplify the noradrenergic mechanisms recruited by gabapentin. In the present study, we determined the interaction between duloxetine and gabapentin with and without donepezil when administered by the clinically preferred oral route in rats after spinal nerve ligation. The ED(50) value of gabapentin, donepezil, and duloxetine to reduce mechanical hypersensitivity after nerve injury was 45, 3.7, and 32 mg/kg, respectively. In the examination of two drug combinations, oral duloxetine with either gabapentin or donepezil were additive to reduce hypersensitivity. The combination of all three drugs yielded a synergistic interaction with an observed ED(50) at 1/4th the predicted dose of additivity, likely due to the gabapentin-donepezil interaction. This three drug combination did not affect motor coordination or show signs of sedation in the rotarod test. Analgesia by the combination of these three drugs was reversed by intrathecal injection either of the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan or by the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. These results suggest that the combination of these drugs, which stimulate and augment the bulbospinal-spinal noradrenergic-cholinergic pathway, lowers the dose requirement for each drug to reduce hypersensitivity after nerve injury without sedative effects. The current study provides the rationale for clinical study of the combination of gabapentin, donepezil and duloxetine to treat neuropathic pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA. khayashi@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Ken-Ichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hayashida
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Eisenach
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077265:Donepezil; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride; D000077206:Gabapentin; D007189:Indans / Q000494:pharmacology; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D014179:Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000187:drug effects; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000473:pathology; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D000700:Analgesics; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; D007189:Indans; D014179:Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D013876:Thiophenes; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D000077206:Gabapentin; D000077265:Donepezil; D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride