title: Shikonin inhibits IgE-mediated histamine release by human basophils and Syk kinase activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Shikonin, a component of the herbal medicine "Shikon", is known to suppress inflammatory reactions, but its molecular targets are not identified. This study examines the effect of shikonin on human basophil degranulation response and aims to identify its targets.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human basophils in isolated leukocytes from healthy volunteers' peripheral blood; recombinant human Syk and Lyn tyrosine kinases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histamine release from basophils stimulated with anti-IgE antibody was analyzed fluorimetrically. Syk and Lyn kinase activities were tested in Vitro with recombinant proteins and analyzed by off-chip mobility shift assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Shikonin dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from basophils induced by anti-IgE antibody (IC50 = 2.6 +/- 1.0 microM; mean +/- SEM). A search for the target(s) of shikonin in the signal cascade of IgE-mediated activation showed that it strongly inhibits Syk (IC50 = 7.8 microM, in the recombinant kinase assay), which plays a pivotal role in the degranulation response. A less significant inhibition was found for Lyn, which phosphorylates FcepsilonRI-betagamma subunits and also Syk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the inhibition of Syk-dependent phosphorylation events might underlie the blocked histamine release from human basophils, thus contributing to the anti-inflammatory effects of shikonin.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Information Science, Faculty of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan. h_ohmuro@musashino-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takano-Ohmuro
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Morioka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitani
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001491:Basophils / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D006636:Histamine Release / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072377:Syk Kinase
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; C016101:shikonin; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C000606896:SYK protein, human; D000072377:Syk Kinase