title: Clonidine enhances type-2 cationic amino acid transporter transcription in endotoxin-activated murine macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We sought to evaluate the effects of clonidine on type-2 cationic amino acid transporter (CAT-2) transcription in endotoxin-activated murine macrophages.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the effects of clonidine on CAT-2 transcription, confluent murine macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) were treated with 1x phosphate buffered saline, clonidine (1000 microM), lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/mL), or LPS plus clonidine (10, 100, or 1000 microM). After reacting with LPS for 18 hours or a comparable duration in groups without LPS, cell cultures were harvested and the CAT-2 mRNA concentration was assayed. To determine the stability of CAT-2 mRNA, confluent macrophages were treated with LPS or LPS plus clonidine (100 microM). After reacting with LPS for 6 hours, CAT-2 transcription was terminated and the stability of CAT-2 mRNA was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CAT-2 mRNA concentration of cell cultures receiving LPS plus clonidine (100 microM) or LPS plus clonidine (1000 microM) were significantly higher than that of the cell cultures receiving LPS alone, whereas the CAT-2 mRNA concentrations of cell cultures receiving LPS plus clonidine (10 microM) was comparable to that of cell cultures receiving LPS alone. The data indicated that clonidine significantly enhanced LPS-induced CAT-2 transcription. The estimated half-life of CAT-2 mRNA of cell cultures receiving LPS was similar to that of cell cultures receiving LPS plus clonidine. These results indicated that clonidine did not affect CAT-2 mRNA stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clonidine enhances CAT-2 transcription in endotoxin-activated murine macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yen-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Pei-Shan
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Chun-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D027202:Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D027202:Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2; D004731:Endotoxins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D003000:Clonidine