title: Robotic-assisted endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Open inguinal lymphadenectomy is a well-established therapeutic and diagnostic option for patients with invasive penile squamous cell carcinoma who are at risk of regional and distant metastases. We report the use of endoscopic robotic-assisted bilateral inguinal lymph node dissections in a patient with palpable inguinal nodes despite oral antibiotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-cm mid-thigh incision was made to develop a plane just deep to Camper's (fatty) fascia. Once a sufficient working space was created to place 3 robotic ports and 1 assistant port, subcutaneous gas was instilled, and the robotic device was docked and used to perform the dissection. The surgical approach replicated the principles of open techniques such that the contents of the femoral canal were dissected to the inguinal ligament superiorly, the sartorius muscle laterally, and the adductor longus muscle medially to include both superficial and deep lymph nodes in the dissection template.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first report of an endoscopic robotic-assisted inguinal lymph node dissection. A minimally invasive approach circumventing the need for thick skin flaps, the improved flexibility afforded by robotic instruments, and the improved magnification could decrease the morbidity associated with inguinal lymphadenectomy while maintaining oncologic principles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA.
authors.forename: David Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Josephson
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Jacobsohn
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007264:Inguinal Canal; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012371:Robotics