title: Esthetics and smile characteristics from the layperson's perspective: a computer-based survey study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The paradigm shift from occlusion to esthetics places more emphasis on the subtle relationships among the teeth and the interplay with the soft tissues. The authors of this study quantified the ideal and maximum acceptable deviations for smile characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors created a survey by using a digital image editing software package, which enabled raters to manipulate intraoral photographs featured in the survey. They altered smile characteristics in photos of a sex-neutral face showing nasal tip to mentolabial fold. The authors administered an electronic survey in Boston (n = 78); Columbus, Ohio (n = 81); and Seattle (n = 84). An interactive interface allowed raters to select the ideal for each smile characteristic presented and identify the range of acceptability for the variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Raters were reliable (kappa = 0.34-0.88). Survey location was not significant except that raters from the West accepted a broader smile than did those from the Midwest and the East. Raters identified ideals and thresholds for the following smile characteristics: smile arc; buccal corridor; gingival display; canine and posterior crown torque, ideal and large corridor; maxillary midline to face; maxillary to mandibular midline; overbite; maxillary central incisor gingival height discrepancy; maxillary lateral incisor gingival height discrepancy; maxillary central to lateral incisal step; maxillary central incisor crown width-to-height ratio; maxillary central-to-lateral incisal ratio; and occlusal cant. Generally, the values for ideal paralleled existing data, and new guidelines for some variables emerged. The ranges of acceptability were large.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ideal and an acceptable range for each smile characteristic can be identified reliably.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laypeople can reliably identify ideal smile characteristics. The ranges of acceptable deviations for smile characteristics are large, and practitioners should avoid unnecessarily sensitizing patients to minor discrepancies.
authors.affiliation: College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43218-2357, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ker
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Henry W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosenstiel
mesh_terms: D001294:Attitude to Health; D001900:Boston; D002610:Cheek / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D003481:Cuspid / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003766:Dental Occlusion; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007180:Incisor / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009811:Odontometry; D009820:Ohio; D023861:Photography, Dental; D012904:Smiling; D012984:Software; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014861:Washington