title: Ghrelin and other appetite-regulating hormones in paediatric patients with chronic renal failure during dialysis and following kidney transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with renal insufficiency often suffer from cachexia and growth retardation due to low appetite and increased resting metabolic rate. The neuroendocrine hormone ghrelin, a growth hormone secretagogue, enhances food intake, but its role in the development of a cachectic state in renal insufficiency is unclear. Objective. The aim of our study was to investigate the plasma concentration of total ghrelin and other hormones involved in appetite regulation in children with preterminal chronic renal failure (CRF, n = 24), children undergoing dialysis (n = 19), children after renal transplantation (RTx, n = 59) and healthy controls (n = 10).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total ghrelin was significantly elevated in CRF patients (1370 +/- 182 pg/ml; mean +/- SEM) when compared to control subjects (682 +/- 106 pg/ml; P = 0.016) or patients following RTx (859 +/- 51 pg/ml; P = 0.002). Furthermore, a negative correlation between glomerular filtration rate and total ghrelin was observed in CRF and transplant recipients (r = 0.36, P = 0.0006). BMI SDS (standard deviation score) is lower in CRF patients compared to the other groups (P < 0.0001). Leptin, adiponectin, blood glucose, insulin, IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and growth hormone concentrations did not differ among groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed elevated ghrelin levels in uraemic patients despite poor appetite, but the underlying reasons remain unclear. Normal ghrelin levels can be re-achieved following RTx.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics II, Children's Hospital, Germany. anja.arbeiter@uk-essen.de
authors.forename: Anja K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Arbeiter
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Büscher
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petersenn
authors.forename: Berthold P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Hauffa
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Hoyer
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000293:Adolescent; D001069:Appetite Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002100:Cachexia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood*; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014511:Uremia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D054439:Ghrelin; C515497:IGFBP3 protein, human; D007328:Insulin; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I