title: Benzylidene derivatives of andrographolide inhibit growth of breast and colon cancer cells in vitro by inducing G(1) arrest and apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Andrographolide, the major phytoconstituent of Andrographis paniculata, was previously shown by us to have activity against breast cancer. This led to synthesis of new andrographolide analogues to find compounds with better activity than the parent compound. Selected benzylidene derivatives were investigated for their mechanisms of action by studying their effects on the cell cycle progression and cell death.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microculture tetrazolium, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assays were utilized in assessing the in vitro growth inhibition and cytotoxicity of compounds. Flow cytometry was used to analyse the cell cycle distribution of control and treated cells. CDK1 and CDK4 levels were determined by western blotting. Apoptotic cell death was assessed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compounds, in nanomolar to micromolar concentrations, exhibited growth inhibition and cytotoxicity in MCF-7 (breast) and HCT-116 (colon) cancer cells. In the NCI screen, 3,19-(2-bromobenzylidene) andrographolide (SRJ09) and 3,19-(3-chloro-4-fluorobenzylidene) andrographolide (SRJ23) showed greater cytotoxic potency and selectivity than andrographolide. SRJ09 and SRJ23 induced G(1) arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 and HCT-116 cells, respectively. SRJ09 downregulated CDK4 but not CDK1 level in MCF-7 cells. Apoptosis induced by SRJ09 and SRJ23 in HCT-116 cells was confirmed by annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new benzylidene derivatives of andrographolide are potential anticancer agents. SRJ09 emerged as the lead compound in this study, exhibiting anticancer activity by downregulating CDK4 to promote a G(1) phase cell cycle arrest, coupled with induction of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jada
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hamzah
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Lajis
authors.forename: M F G
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stanslas
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001597:Benzylidene Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure
chemical_list: C000598422:3,19-(2-bromobenzylidene)andrographolide; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001597:Benzylidene Compounds; D004224:Diterpenes; C030419:andrographolide; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4