title: Empathic and nonempathic interaction in chronic pain couples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Empathy and empathic response are receiving greater attention in pain research as investigators acknowledge that other forms of interaction may impact the pain process. The purpose of this study was to examine validation and invalidation as forms of empathic and nonempathic responses in chronic pain couples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 92 couples in which at least one spouse reported chronic musculoskeletal pain. Each couple participated in 2 videotaped interactions about the ways in which the pain has impacted their lives together. Trained raters then coded interactions for each partner's use of validation and invalidation. Couples also completed surveys on spouse responses to pain, marital satisfaction, and perceived spousal support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlations demonstrated validation by spouses of persons with pain was associated with punishing, solicitous, and distracting spouse responses to pain, marital satisfaction, and perceived spousal support. In contrast, spouses' invalidation scores were correlated with punishing spouse responses. Exploratory factor analyses were then conducted to determine the extent to which spouses' responses to pain and spouse validation and invalidation loaded on similar factors. Validation and invalidation are more closely related to punishing spouse responses than to solicitous or distracting spouse responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work suggests that empathic and nonempathic communication are distinct from solicitous spouse responses. The findings have implications for theoretical and clinical work on social factors in pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. acano@wayne.edu
authors.forename: Annmarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cano
authors.forename: Justin A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Barterian
authors.forename: Jaclyn B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Heller
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004645:Empathy; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D010555:Personality Inventory; D015203:Reproducibility of Results