title: Riboflavin is an active redox cofactor in the Na+-pumping NADH: quinone oxidoreductase (Na+-NQR) from Vibrio cholerae.
abstract: Here we present new evidence that riboflavin is present as one of four flavins in Na+-NQR. In particular, we present conclusive evidence that the source of the neutral radical is not one of the FMNs and that riboflavin is the center that gives rise to the neutral flavosemiquinone. The riboflavin is a bona fide redox cofactor and is likely to be the last redox carrier of the enzyme, from which electrons are donated to quinone. We have constructed a double mutant that lacks both covalently bound FMN cofactors (NqrB-T236Y/NqrC-T225Y) and have studied this mutant together with the two single mutants (NqrB-T236Y and NqrC-T225Y) and a mutant that lacks the noncovalently bound FAD in NqrF (NqrF-S246A). The double mutant contains riboflavin and FAD in a 0.6:1 ratio, as the only flavins in the enzyme; noncovalently bound flavins were detected. In the oxidized form, the double mutant exhibits an EPR signal consistent with a neutral flavosemiquinone radical, which is abolished on reduction of the enzyme. The same radical can be observed in the FAD deletion mutant. Furthermore, when the oxidized enzyme reacts with ubiquinol (the reduced form of the usual electron acceptor) in a process that reverses the physiological direction of the electron flow, a single kinetic phase is observed. The kinetic difference spectrum of this process is consistent with one-electron reduction of a neutral flavosemiquinone. The presence of riboflavin in the role of a redox cofactor is thus far unique to Na+-NQR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Juárez
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nilges
authors.forename: Portia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cotton
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barquera
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D003067:Coenzymes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D005486:Flavin Mononucleotide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005182:Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D007700:Kinetics; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D011808:Quinone Reductases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D014734:Vibrio cholerae / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D003067:Coenzymes; D005182:Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide; D005486:Flavin Mononucleotide; D011808:Quinone Reductases; D012256:Riboflavin