title: The effectiveness of an educational programme for nursing students on developing competence in the provision of spiritual care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of a course for nursing students on developing competence in spiritual care and the factors that might influence the effects.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Studies suggest that role preparation in nursing for spiritual care is poor. For the assessment of competence, few or no explicit competency framework or assessment tools seemed to be used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quasi-experimental crossover design (pre-post-test).
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were students from Christian nursing schools in the Netherlands (n = 97). The intervention consisted of a course in spiritual care. Competencies were measured with an assessment tool, the Spiritual Care Competence Scale. Data were analysed by t-test procedures (paired-samples t-test). At T(1) vignettes were added to assess the quality of the students' own analyses. These data were analysed by a Mann-Whitney test. Regression analyses were performed on the influence of student characteristics on the subscales of the assessment tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-seven students participated in this study. Analysis showed statistically significant changes in scores on three subscales of the Spiritual Care Competence Scale between groups (T(1)) and over time for the whole cohort of students on all subscales (T(2)). Clinical placement showed as a negative predictor for three subscales of the Spiritual Care Competence Scale. Experience in spiritual care and a holistic vision of nursing both showed as positive predictors on certain competencies. A statistically significant difference was observed between groups in the student analysis of a vignette with explicit spiritual content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcomes raise questions about the content of education in spiritual care, the measurement of competencies and the factors that influence competency development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results provide nurse educators with insight into the effects of education in spiritual care on students' competencies and help them consider a systematic place for spiritual care within the nursing curriculum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Ede Christian University, Ede, The Netherlands. rrvleeuwen@che.nl
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: Lucas J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Tiesinga
authors.forename: Berrie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Middel
authors.forename: Doeke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jochemsen
mesh_terms: D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004506:Education, Nursing / Q000592:standards*; D009426:Netherlands; D011361:Professional Competence; D015397:Program Evaluation; D029181:Spirituality; D013338:Students, Nursing