title: Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of lower urinary tract stones in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the changes in the annual incidence and epidemiologic details of lower urinary tract stones in Japan, a nationwide survey of urolithiasis was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from all patients who had been diagnosed by urologists in 2005 as having lower urinary tract stones, including both first and recurrent stones. The data were separately enumerated according to hospital size, irrespective of admission and treatment. The study included all hospitals approved by the Japanese Board of Urology and thus covered nearly all urologists practicing in Japan. The estimated annual incidence according to sex, age, and stone composition was compared with other nationwide surveys taken from 1965 to 1995.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of lower urinary tract stones in Japan has steadily increased from 4.7/100,000 in 1965 to 9.1/100,000 in 2005. However, the age-standardized annual incidence of lower urinary tract stones in Japan decreased slightly from 5.5/100,000 in 1965 to 5.4/100,000 in 2005. The incidence of stones containing calcium has significantly increased from 50.7% to 72.0% among men and the incidence of infection-related stones has decreased significantly from 26.2% to 10.1%. The ratios of uric acid calculi in men and of infection-related stones in women increased with age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased incidence of lower urinary tract stones is in slight contrast to the sudden increase in the incidence of upper urinary tract stones, which might be associated with the aging of the Japanese population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japanese Society on Urolithiasis Research, Nagoya, Japan. yasui@med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yasui
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iguchi
authors.forename: Sadao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tozawa
authors.forename: Kenjiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kohri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology