title: Influence of urea, isopropanol, and propylene glycol on rutin in vitro release from cosmetic semisolid systems estimated by factorial design.
abstract: Rutin, one of the major flavonoids found in an assortment of plants, was reported to act as a sun protection factor booster with high anti-UVA defense, antioxidant, antiaging, and anticellulite, by improvement of the cutaneous microcirculation. This research work aimed at evaluating the rutin in vitro release from semisolid systems, in vertical diffusion cells, containing urea, isopropanol and propylene glycol, associated or not, according to the factorial design with two levels with center point. Urea (alone and in association with isopropanol and propylene glycol) and isopropanol (alone and in association with propylene glycol) influenced significant and negatively rutin liberation in diverse parameters: flux (microg/cm(2).h); apparent permeability coefficient (cm/h); rutin amount released (microg/cm(2)); and liberation enhancement factor. In accordance with the results, the presence of propylene glycol 5.0% (wt/wt) presented statistically favorable to promote rutin release from this semisolid system with flux = 105.12 +/- 8.59 microg/cm(2).h; apparent permeability coefficient = 7.01 +/- 0.572 cm/h; rutin amount released = 648.80 +/- 53.01 microg/cm(2); and liberation enhancement factor = 1.21 +/- 0.07.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cosmetology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andre Rolim
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Baby
authors.forename: Carlos Alberto
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Haroutiounian-Filho
authors.forename: Fernanda Daud
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Sarruf
authors.forename: Claudineia Aparecida Sales de Oliveira
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Telma Mary
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.forename: Maria Valeria Robles
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Velasco
mesh_terms: D019840:2-Propanol / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D010539:Permeability; D011409:Propylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D012431:Rutin / Q000737:chemistry*; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D014508:Urea / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D005079:Excipients; D011409:Propylene Glycols; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D012431:Rutin; D014508:Urea; D019840:2-Propanol