title: Extrapyramidal side-effects of antipsychotics in a randomised trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are claims that second-generation antipsychotics produce fewer extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS) compared with first-generation drugs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the incidence of treatment-emergent EPS between second-generation antipsychotics and perphenazine in people with schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence analyses integrated data from standardised rating scales and documented use of concomitant medication or treatment discontinuation for EPS events. Mixed model analyses of change in rating scales from baseline were also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in incidence or change in rating scales for parkinsonism, dystonia, akathisia or tardive dyskinesia when comparing second-generation antipsychotics with perphenazine or comparing between second-generation antipsychotics. Secondary analyses revealed greater rates of concomitant antiparkinsonism medication among individuals on risperidone and lower rates among individuals on quetiapine, and lower rates of discontinuation because of parkinsonism among people on quetiapine and ziprasidone. There was a trend for a greater likelihood of concomitant medication for akathisia among individuals on risperidone and perphenazine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of treatment-emergent EPS and change in EPS ratings indicated that there are no significant differences between second-generation antipsychotics and perphenazine or between second-generation antipsychotics in people with schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-1000, USA. del-miller@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Del D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Stanley N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Caroff
authors.forename: Sonia M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rosenheck
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: McEvoy
authors.forename: Bruce L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Saltz
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riggio
authors.forename: Miranda H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chakos
authors.forename: Marvin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Swartz
authors.forename: Richard S E
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.forename: T Scott
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Stroup
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lieberman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008875:Middle Aged; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents