title: Validation of two echocardiographic indexes to improve the diagnosis of complex coarctations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coarctation of the aorta is one of the most common congenital heart defects. Its diagnosis may be difficult in the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus, of other complex defects or of a poor echocardiographic window. We sought to demonstrate that the carotid-subclavian artery index (CSA index) and the isthmus-descending aorta ratio (I/D ratio), two recently described echocardiographic indexes, are effective in detection of isolated and complex aortic coarctations in children younger and older than 3 months of age. The CSA index is the ratio of the distal aortic arch diameter to the distance between the left carotid artery and the left subclavian artery. It is highly suggestive of a coarctation when it is <1.5. The I/D ratio defined as the diameter of the isthmus to the diameter of the descending aorta, suggests an aortic coarctation when it is less than 0.64.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary care children's hospital. Review of all echocardiograms in children aged 0-18 years with a diagnosis of coarctation seen at the author's institution between 1996 and 2006. An age- and sex-matched control group without coarctation was constituted. Offline echocardiographic measurements of the aortic arch were performed in order to calculate the CSA index and I/D ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-eight patients were included in the coarctation group, 24 in the control group. Patients with coarctation had a significantly lower CSA index (0.84+/-0.39 vs 2.65+/-0.82, p<0.0001) and I/D ratio (0.58+/-0.18 vs 0.98+/-0.19, p<0.0001) than patients in the control group. Associated cardiac defects and age of the child did not significantly alter the CSA index or the I/D ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A CSA index less than 1.5 is highly suggestive of coarctation independent of age and of the presence of other cardiac defects. I/D ratio alone is less specific than CSA alone at any age and for any associated cardiac lesion. The association of both indexes improves sensitivity and permits diagnosis of coarctation in all patients based solely on a bedside echocardiographic measurement.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. yvan.mivelaz@chuv.ch
authors.forename: Yvan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mivelaz
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Bernardo
authors.forename: Erik Jan
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Meijboom
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sekarski
mesh_terms: D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D001017:Aortic Coarctation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013348:Subclavian Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography