title: Acquisition costs and use of Medicare Part D-excluded drugs in Veterans Health Administration long-stay nursing home residents: a national, descriptive, secondary data analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nursing home populations may consist of both short- and long-stay residents, who have different resource use profiles. Differentiating between these two populations is important in any analysis of drug costs and use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this analysis was to provide national annualized estimates of drug acquisition costs and use of drugs excluded under Medicare Part D for dually eligible long-stay nursing home residents in the US.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a national, descriptive, secondary data analysis. The study population consisted of 6554 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) long-stay nursing home residents (n=136 nursing homes), identified from the Minimum Data Set (MDS), who had an annual assessment during fiscal year (FY) 2005 linked with their 8,847,561 inpatient pharmacy claims. The study data generated were descriptive statistics of the annual drug acquisition costs and use of medications excluded under Medicare Part D. VHA therapeutic drug classes were obtained from FY 2005 national pharmacy claims linked at the individual resident level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The excluded drugs accounted for 3 036 306 of the more than 8.8 million inpatient pharmacy claims, totalling $US3,406,756 or $US526 per resident (99% CI 490, 562). Non-opioid analgesics were received by 73.3% of the residents, totalling $US352,608 or $US73 per resident; 25.3% received antitussives, decongestants, or cold and cough medications, totalling $US27,220 or $US16 per resident; 63.8% received vitamins, totalling $US281,909 or $US67 per resident; 17.7% received benzodiazepines or sedative hypnotics, totalling $US76,083 or $US66 per resident; and 64.3% received laxatives or stool softeners, totalling $US298,326 or $US71 per resident. The total acquisition cost of all drugs was $US23,782,717 for 6554 VHA nursing home residents or $US3629 per resident (99% CI 3343, 3915).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cost of Medicare Part D-excluded drugs represented a fraction of the total VHA drug costs for long-stay nursing home residents, accounting for only 14.3% of all drug costs and 34.3% of the more than 8.8 million inpatient pharmacy claims. More research is needed to account for the drug dispensing and administration costs associated with these excluded classes of drugs and their efficacy. Studies of VHA drug acquisition costs provide important policy-relevant data for the Medicare Part D national price negotiation debate, particularly in a US presidential election year.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Integrated Service Network 8 (VISN-8) Patient Safety Center of Inquiry, James A. Haley Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA. Dustin.French@va.gov
authors.forename: Dustin D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Laurence Z
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Spehar
mesh_terms: D016527:Drug Costs / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D054524:Medicare Part D / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence