title: Neurobiological substrates of cue-elicited craving and anhedonia in recently abstinent opioid-dependent males.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Drug-related stimuli may induce craving in addicted patients, prompting drug-seeking behaviour. In addition, studies have shown addicted patients to be less sensitive to pleasant, but non-drug-related, stimuli; a condition generally referred to as anhedonia. The neural correlates of cue-induced craving and anhedonia in opioid-dependent patients are, however, not well understood. We studied brain activation patterns following visual presentation of neutral, pleasant and heroin-related cues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Detoxified opioid-dependent males (n=12) and healthy male control subjects (n=17) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while subjects viewed neutral, pleasant and heroin-related images. In addition, subjective cue-elicited craving (OCDUS and DDQ) and anhedonia (SHAPS) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Opioid-dependent subjects, but not control subjects, showed significant increases in activation in hippocampal region and subcortical limbic structures in response to heroin-related stimuli with a significant group x stimulus interaction effect for the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Control subjects, but not opioid-dependent subjects, showed significant increases in activation of anterior frontal areas and basal ganglia while viewing pleasant images with a significant group x stimulus interaction effect for bilateral anterior prefrontal cortex. Regression analyses showed a positive association between cue-elicited craving and ventral tegmental area (VTA) activation in response to heroin-related stimuli in heroin-dependent patients. In addition, a negative correlation was found between self-reported anhedonia and medial prefrontal regions in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the VTA is prominently involved in cue-induced opioid craving for heroin stimuli, in addition to mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways as identified in previous research. The present study also provides further evidence for the involvement of the STN in reward processing. Finally, our data support the presence of reduced brain activation in heroin-dependent patients in response to pleasant (non-drug-related) stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Fleur
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zijlstra
authors.forename: Dick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Veltman
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Booij
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van den Brink
authors.forename: Ingmar H A
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Franken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D003463:Cues; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007206:Individuality; D008032:Limbic System / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000652:urine; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012201:Reward; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen