title: Pilot study of rapamycin in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently, no second-line treatment exists for hormonerefractory prostate cancer (HRPC) cases that fail docetaxel regimens. Rapamycin, an immunosuppressive macrolide, inhibits metastatic prostate tumor growth and angiogenesis in in vivo mouse models. This pilot study assessed the antitumor activity, safety, and toxicity of rapamycin in patients with HRPC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible patients had HRPC and disease progression. The initial dose of rapamycin was 0.15 mg/kg followed by 0.04 mg/kg daily without interruption. Rapamycin levels were measured every 28 days with dose adjustments of 0.04-0.06 mg/kg as necessary to maintain levels between 6-10 ng/mL. Patients were evaluated every 4 weeks for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and safety and every 8 weeks for radiographic response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen patients were enrolled from January 2005 to February 2006. One was not evaluable for response. Responses were seen in 2 of 12 evaluable patients (17%). One patient experienced a 50% decrease in absolute PSA and partial radiographic response; another experienced a PSA response only. Four patients had stable disease (33%). The median progression-free survival was 4.2 months (range, 1.9-23.3 months), and overall survival was 23.3+ months (range, 1.9-34.3+ months). Diarrhea (69%), fatigue (46%), and nausea (46%) were the most common adverse events. Rapamycin was well tolerated and showed signs of antitumor activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rapamycin and other inhibitors of mammalian targets of rapamycin warrant further study in developing combination therapies with chemotherapy or radiation.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center, Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA. ramato@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Amato
authors.forename: Jaroslaw
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jac
authors.forename: Taqi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mohammad
authors.forename: Somya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saxena
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011859:Radiography; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D020123:Sirolimus