title: The effects of perceived parenting style on the propensity for illicit drug use: the importance of parental warmth and control.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research in adolescents has shown that parental warmth and control are important factors in drug use. The present study focused upon investigating perceived parental warmth and control in a sample of post-adolescent ecstasy/polydrug users, and investigating their relationship to severity of drug use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 128 (65 male) ecstasy/polydrug users, 51 (17 male), cannabis-only users and 54 (13 male) non-users were recruited from a university population. All participants completed the parenting styles and drug use questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to non-users, a greater proportion of ecstasy/polydrug users characterised their parents' style as neglectful. The modal style endorsed by non-users was authoritative. Those who rated their parents' style as authoritative had significantly lower lifetime consumption and average dose of ecstasy relative to those describing their parents as neglectful. Again, relative to those describing their parents as neglectful, participants from authoritarian backgrounds had significantly smaller lifetime consumption of ecstasy and cocaine and significantly smaller average doses of cannabis, ecstasy and cocaine. Contrary to expectation, there was no significant association between perceived parental warmth and the severity of ecstasy use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study is, to our knowledge, the first to quantify drug use, and relate it to perceived parental practices in a post-adolescent sample of ecstasy/polydrug users. The results provide further support for the relationship between perceived parental control and drug use.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK. c.a.montgomery@ljmu.ac.uk
authors.forename: Catharine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fisk
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Craig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001318:Authoritarianism; D002649:Child Abuse; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D055030:Drug Users; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010541:Permissiveness; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult