title: Tumour vascular disrupting agents: combating treatment resistance.
abstract: A large group of tubulin-binding microtubule-depolymerizing agents act as tumour vascular disrupting agents (VDAs). Several members of this group are now in clinical trials in combination with conventional anticancer drugs and radiotherapy. Here we briefly update on the development of tubulin-binding combretastatins as VDAs, summarize what is known of their mechanisms of action and address issues relating to treatment resistance, using disodium combretastatin A-4 3-O-phosphate (CA-4-P) as an example. Characteristically, VDAs cause a rapid shutdown of blood flow to tumour tissue with much less effect in normal tissues. However, the tumour rim is relatively resistant to treatment. Hypoxia (or hypoxia reoxygenation) induces upregulation of genes associated with angiogenesis and drug resistance. It may be possible to take advantage of treatment-induced hypoxia by combining with drugs that are activated under hypoxic conditions. In summary, VDAs provide a novel approach to cancer treatment, which should effectively complement standard treatments, if treatment resistance is addressed by judicious combination treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: University of Sheffield, Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, K Floor, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK. g.tozer@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Tozer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kanthou
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: V E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Prise
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vojnovic
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000187:drug effects; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000188:drug therapy; D051381:Rats; D013267:Stilbenes; D050257:Tubulin Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D013267:Stilbenes; D050257:Tubulin Modulators; C058728:fosbretabulin