title: Neuroanatomical abnormalities in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several neuroanatomic abnormalities have been reported in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, findings are not always consistent, perhaps because of heterogeneous subject samples. Studying youths with documented familial ADHD provides an opportunity to examine a more homogeneous population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four youths with a confirmed history of familial ADHD and 10 control youths underwent high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging examinations. Archived magnetic resonance imaging scan data from 12 control youths were included in the analysis to increase statistical power. Individually drawn region-of-interest methods were used to examine the frontal lobe gyri and caudate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cerebral total tissue was similar between groups. The volumes of the right caudate and right inferior frontal lobe were larger in the ADHD youths compared with the control youths. Data from a subgroup of the ADHD youths suggest that increasing left caudate volume is associated with decreasing functional activation of this region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because previous studies have focused primarily on younger subjects or used an extended age range, the present results may reflect neurodevelopmental changes specific to late adolescence in familial ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, CA 94305-5795, USA. agarrett@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Penniman
authors.forename: Jeffery N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hinshaw
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tonev
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vitolo
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spicer
authors.forename: Laurence L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Greenhill
authors.forename: Allan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Reiss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000502:physiology