title: A multi-channel stimulator and electrode array providing a rotating current whirlpool for electrical stimulation of wounds.
abstract: When electrical stimulation is used on wounds, the electrical current has difficulty penetrating areas where there is necrotic tissue. Further, for an irregularly shaped wound, current distribution is poor in some areas of the wound since conventional two-electrode delivery systems provide the greatest current in a line directly between the electrodes. A new stimulator and electrode system is described which uses three electrodes spaced around a wound to disperse current more evenly. The stimulator senses tissue impedance and then redirects current by altering its Thevenin's output impedance for each electrode; each of the three electrodes becomes the active one in sequence while the remaining are the sink electrodes. Eight subjects were examined to test the stimulator. Electrical stimulation was applied to the skin above the quadriceps muscle at currents of 15 mA in six subjects without wounds and in two subjects with wounds. The relationship between electrode position and current dispersion on the skin was examined with a two-electrode vs. a three-electrode system to set stimulation parameters for the computer. The results showed that the three-electrode system could (1) detect areas of the skin with high impedance; (2) compensate by altering the Thevenin's output impedance at each of the three electrodes to shift current to high impedance areas; (3) provide uniform current across the skin as assessed by skin current and blood flow measurements with a laser Doppler flow imager.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA. jpetrofsky@llu.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petrofsky
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fish
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdo
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.forename: T-N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D006801:Humans; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*