title: Emergence of Clostridium difficile infection due to a new hypervirulent strain, polymerase chain reaction ribotype 078.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since 2005, an increase in the prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) due to polymerase chain reaction ribotype 078 has been noticed in The Netherlands. This strain has also been identified as the predominant strain in pigs and calves.
  
  
  METHODS
  CDI caused by type 078 was studied in relation to CDI caused by the hypervirulent type 027 and by types other than 027 and 078. Human and porcine isolates were further investigated and characterized by multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From February 2005 through February 2008, the incidence of type 078 among isolates obtained from 1687 patients increased from 3% to 13%. Compared with patients infected with type 027, patients infected with type 078 were younger (67.4 vs. 73.5 years; P < .01) and more frequently had community-associated disease (17.5% vs. 6.7%; odds ratio, 2.98; 95% confidence interval, 2.11-8.02); rates of severe diarrhea (38.9% vs. 40.0%) and attributable mortality (3.8% vs. 4.0%) were similar in both groups. Compared with patients infected with other types, patients infected with type 078 more frequently received fluoroquinolone therapy (29.4% vs. 19.8%; odds ratio, 2.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-4.44). Type 078 isolates contained genes for toxin A, toxin B, binary toxin, and a 39-base pair deletion in toxin regulator gene (tcdC), as well as a point mutation at position 184, resulting in a stop codon. Multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis of 54 human and 11 porcine isolates revealed 4 clonal complexes containing both porcine and human isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CDI due to type 078 and CDI due to type 027 present with similar severity, but CDI due to type 078 affects a younger population and is more frequently community associated. C. difficile type 078 isolates from humans and pigs are highly genetically related.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goorhuis
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Corver
authors.forename: Sylvia B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Debast
authors.forename: Celine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harmanus
authors.forename: Daan W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Notermans
authors.forename: Aldert A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Bergwerff
authors.forename: Frido W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Dekker
authors.forename: Ed J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kuijper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002417:Cattle / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D021521:Ribotyping; D012307:Risk Factors; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial