title: Sources of anthropogenic radionuclides in the environment: a review.
abstract: Studies of radionuclides in the environment have entered a new era with the renaissance of nuclear energy and associated fuel reprocessing, geological disposal of high-level nuclear wastes, and concerns about national security with respect to nuclear non-proliferation. This work presents an overview on sources of anthropogenic radionuclides in the environment, as well as a brief discussion of salient geochemical behavior of important radionuclides. We first discuss the following major anthropogenic sources and current developments that have lead, or could potentially contribute, to the radionuclide contamination of the environment: (1) nuclear weapons program; (2) nuclear weapons testing; (3) nuclear power plants; (4) uranium mining and milling; (5) commercial fuel reprocessing; (6) geological repository of high-level nuclear wastes that include radionuclides might be released in the future, and (7) nuclear accidents. Then, we briefly summarize the inventory of radionuclides (99)Tc and (129)I, as well as geochemical behavior for radionuclides (99)Tc, (129)I, and (237)Np, because of their complex geochemical behavior, long half-lives, and presumably high mobility in the environment; biogeochemical cycling and environment risk assessment must take into account speciation of these redox-sensitive radionuclides.
authors.affiliation: College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 XinJieKouWai Street, Beijing 100875, PR China. maxhu@uta.edu
authors.forename: Qin-Hong
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jian-Qing
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: Jin-Sheng
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D055848:Nuclear Power Plants; D011868:Radioisotopes
chemical_list: D011868:Radioisotopes