title: Tako-tsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction: transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review examines the 'tako-tsubo-like' syndrome or transient left ventricular apical ballooning. The aim of this review is a complete evaluation of epidemiology, clinical and instrumental features, pathophysiological mechanisms, therapy and prognosis of this syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have evaluated the data from literature for a comprehensive consideration of multiple aspects of this syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transient left ventricular apical ballooning typically affects women, and the clinical presentation is comparable to acute coronary syndrome with chest pain or sudden dyspnoea, changes in ECG and elevated cardiac enzymes in the absence of significant coronary stenosis, with complete resolution of wall-motion abnormalities in a period of days or weeks. This syndrome is triggered by marked psychological or physiological stress. Several pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed, such as cathecolamine-mediated cardiotoxicity, abnormalities in coronary microvascular function and multivessel coronary vasospasm. The highest incidence of transient left ventricular apical ballooning is in the Japanese population, but it has been recently identified also in the USA and Europe. Treatment is empirical and supportive. The prognosis is generally favourable, although some deaths have been reported, usually the result of irreversible cardiogenic shock, refractory ventricular arrhythmias, or other catastrophic cardiovascular event.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude by emphasising the importance of a more deeper knowledge of this syndrome for general physicians and cardiologists and it should be often considered as a possible diagnosis occurring in emergency department and in patients admitted in the Chest Pain Units with a diagnosis of coronary acute syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Applied Experimental Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Study of Brescia, Brescia, Italy. enrico.vizzardi@tin.it
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vizzardi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Aloia
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zanini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fiorina
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chiari
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nodari
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dei Cas
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D054549:Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers