title: The nematoda Filarioidea: critical analysis linking molecular and traditional approaches.
abstract: The molecular analysis of the Filarioidea and the endobacteria Wolbachia is no more limited to the agents of human diseases and the diversified sampling permits a synthesis with the morphological and biological results. The validity of the genera with "uncoherent host range", such as Monsonella, Litomosoides and Cercopithifilaria, is confirmed and, consequently, their evolution by host-switchings. Dirofilaria and Onchocerca, types of two subfamilies, appear more closely related than with other onchocercids. Waltonellinae from anurans and Oswaldofilariinae from reptiles have a basal position. These filariae, and some others also considered primitive, do not harbour Wolbachia. Evidence for transversal transmission of the bacteria and a second acquisition event is given with the supergroup F, identified in Monsonella, in one of the Cercopithifilaria species and in arthropods.
authors.affiliation: Parasitologie Comparée et Modèles Expérimentaux, USM 307, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. bain@mnhn.fr
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bain
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casiraghi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005370:Filarioidea / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D005819:Genetic Markers; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D010802:Phylogeny; D013559:Symbiosis; D020577:Wolbachia / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity*
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers