title: Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of obesity.
abstract: Obesity is a growing global health problem frequently intractable to current treatment options. Recent evidence suggests that deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be effective and safe in the management of various, refractory neuropsychiatric disorders, including obesity. The authors review the literature implicating various neural regions in the pathophysiology of obesity, as well as the evidence supporting these regions as targets for DBS, in order to explore the therapeutic promise of DBS in obesity. The lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus are the appetite and satiety centers in the brain, respectively. Substantial data support targeting these regions with DBS for the purpose of appetite suppression and weight loss. However, reward sensation associated with highly caloric food has been implicated in overconsumption as well as obesity, and may in part explain the failure rates of conservative management and bariatric surgery. Thus, regions of the brain's reward circuitry, such as the nucleus accumbens, are promising alternatives for DBS in obesity control. The authors conclude that deep brain stimulation should be strongly considered as a promising therapeutic option for patients suffering from refractory obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. casey.halpern@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Casey H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Halpern
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bale
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stunkard
authors.forename: Shabbar F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Danish
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Jurg L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jaggi
authors.forename: M Sean
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.forename: Gordon H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Baltuch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000502:physiology*; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000502:physiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012201:Reward