title: Starting insomnia treatment: the use of benzodiazepines versus z-hypnotics. A prescription database study of predictors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Drugs prescribed for the treatment of insomnia can be either benzodiazepine hypnotics or the newer z-hypnotics, zopiclone and zolpidem. This paper explores possible explanations for the choice made.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the Norwegian Prescription Database covering the entire population was studied for incident users of hypnotics. Possible predictors were age, gender, previous psychotropic or analgesic drug use and prescriber speciality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 73,163 incident users of hypnotics, 3876 were prescribed benzodiazepine hypnotics in 2006. The strongest predictors for being prescribed benzodiazepines were previous use of anxiolytics [odds ratio (OR) 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7-2.0] and male gender (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.4-1.6). Other significant predictors were antipsychotic or opioid drug use and the prescriber being a psychiatrist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Z-hypnotics were commonly prescribed. Norwegian drug therapy recommendations also suggest a preference for z-hypnotics. The clear predominance of the shorter acting z-hypnotics may be due to the fact that only longer acting benzodiazepines are available in Norway. Reasons for prescribing benzodiazepines may be co-morbid psychiatric illness, such as anxiety, or a belief that benzodiazepine hypnotics are more effective than z-hypnotics.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway. anne.margrethe.hausken@fhi.no
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hausken
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furu
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skurtveit
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Engeland
authors.forename: Jørgen G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bramness
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D010879:Piperazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012737:Sex Factors; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055815:Young Adult; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010879:Piperazines; D011725:Pyridines; C515050:zopiclone; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000077334:Zolpidem