title: CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell expansion induced by antigen-driven interaction with intestinal epithelial cells independent of local dendritic cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regulatory T cells (T(regs)) have potential anti-inflammatory effects and are likely to be important in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the induction and expansion of T(regs) at sites of mucosal inflammation are not yet fully understood and may involve antigen presentation by local dendritic cells (DCs) and/or intestinal epithelial cells (IECs).
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine the unique ways in which the gut induces or expands T(regs), a transgenic mouse model that is based on the specific expression of a model autoantigen (influenza haemagglutinin (HA)) in the intestinal epithelium (VILLIN-HA) was used. Gut-associated DCs and IECs isolated from these mice were phenotypically and functionally characterised for the potential to interact with HA-specific T(regs) in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intestinal self-antigen expression leads to peripheral expansion of antigen-specific CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T(regs). Although gut-associated DCs can induce antigen-specific CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cell proliferation, in vivo depletion of DCs did not preclude proliferation of these cells. Interestingly, antigen presentation by primary IECs is sufficient to expand antigen-specific CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T(regs) efficiently. This is dependent on major histocompatibility complex class II, but, in contrast to DCs, is unlikely to require transforming growth factor beta and retinoic acid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides experimental evidence for a new concept in mucosal immunity: in contrast to current thinking, expansion of T(regs) can be achieved independently of local DCs through antigen-specific IEC-T cell interactions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany. Astrid.Westendorf@uk-essen.de
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Westendorf
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fleissner
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groebe
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buer
mesh_terms: D019264:Adoptive Transfer / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000276:immunology*; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D023421:Models, Animal; D016693:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001324:Autoantigens; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C498833:Foxp3 protein, mouse; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D016693:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta