title: Evolution of the apicoplast and its hosts: from heterotrophy to autotrophy and back again.
abstract: The photosynthetic origin of apicomplexan parasites was proposed upon the discovery of a reduced non-photosynthetic plastid termed the apicoplast in their cells. Although it is clear that the apicoplast has evolved through a secondary endosymbiosis, its particular origin within the red or green plastid lineage remains controversial. The recent discovery of Chromera velia, the closest known photosynthetic relative to apicomplexan parasites, sheds new light on the evolutionary history of alveolate plastids. Here we review our knowledge on the evolutionary history of Apicomplexa and particularly their plastids, with a focus on the pathway by which they evolved from free-living heterotrophs through photoautotrophs to omnipresent obligatory intracellular parasites. New sequences from C. velia (histones H2A, H2B; GAPDH, TufA) and phylogenetic analyses are also presented and discussed here.
authors.affiliation: Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, and University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branisovská 31, 37005, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic. obornik@paru.cas.cz
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oborník
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Janouskovec
authors.forename: Tomás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chrudimský
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lukes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016782:Apicomplexa / Q000235:genetics* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D052818:Autotrophic Processes; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000235:genetics; D052836:Heterotrophic Processes; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D015388:Organelles / Q000235:genetics; D010271:Parasites / Q000235:genetics* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010788:Photosynthesis; D010802:Phylogeny; D018087:Plastids / Q000235:genetics*