title: Pioglitazone versus vitamin E versus placebo for the treatment of non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: PIVENS trial design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common liver disease associated with obesity and diabetes. NASH is a progressive disorder that can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. Insulin resistance and oxidative stress are thought to play important roles in its pathogenesis. There is no definitive treatment for NASH.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  PIVENS is conducted to test the hypotheses that treatment with pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer, or vitamin E, a naturally available antioxidant, will lead to improvement in hepatic histology in non-diabetic adults with biopsy proven NASH.
  
  
  METHODS
  PIVENS is a randomized, multicenter, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate whether 96 weeks of treatment with pioglitazone or vitamin E improves hepatic histology in non-diabetic adults with NASH compared to treatment with placebo. Before and post-treatment liver biopsies are read centrally in a masked fashion for an assessment of steatohepatitis and a NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) consisting of steatosis, lobular inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning. The primary outcome measure is defined as either an improvement in NAS by 2 or more in at least two NAS features, or a post-treatment NAS of 3 or less, and improvement in hepatocyte ballooning by 1 or more, and no worsening of fibrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  PIVENS enrollment started in January 2005 and ended in January 2007 with 247 patients randomized to receive either pioglitazone (30 mg q.d.), vitamin E (800 IU q.d.), or placebo for 96 weeks. Participants will be followed for an additional 24 weeks after stopping the treatment. The study protocol incorporates the use of several validated questionnaires and specimen banking. This protocol was approved by all participating center Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and an independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) which was established for monitoring the accumulated interim data as the trial progresses to ensure patient safety and to review efficacy as well as the quality of data collection and overall study management. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00063622).
authors.affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
authors.forename: Naga P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Chalasani
authors.forename: Arun J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sanyal
authors.forename: Kris V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Kowdley
authors.forename: Patricia R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Robuck
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoofnagle
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kleiner
authors.forename: Aynur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Unalp
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tonascia
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D012107:Research Design; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D014810:Vitamin E; D000077205:Pioglitazone