title: Antioxidant effects of flavonoids used as food additives (purple corn color, enzymatically modified isoquercitrin, and isoquercitrin) on liver carcinogenesis in a rat medium-term bioassay.
abstract: To clarify the effects of purple corn color, enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ), and isoquercitrin (IQ), registered as natural food additives in Japan, on liver carcinogenesis in vivo, a medium-term bioassay was employed. A total of 100 male F344 rats were divided into 5 groups; groups 1 to 4 were given a single intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine (200 mg/kg b.w.) on day 1. From weeks 2 to 8, they were administered basal diet purple corn color, EMIQ, or IQ as containing test chemicals at doses of 1.0% (groups 1 and 5), 0.1% (group 2), 0.01% (group 3), or 0% (group 4) (experiments 1, 4, and 5). All rats were subjected to two-thirds partial hepatectomy at week 3 and were sacrificed at week 8. Purple corn color exerted no significant modifying effects on GST-P positive foci, preneoplastic foci, development in the liver. However, serum of rats treated with purple corn color provided evidence of antioxidant power significantly by potential antioxidant (PAO) test in vivo (experiment 2). And microarray analyses showed purple corn color to induce RNA expression such as P450 (cytochrome) oxidoreductase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and phospholipase A2 (experiment 3). Higher doses of EMIQ or IQ with strong antioxidant power in vivo by PAO test treated groups were correlated with smaller numbers of GST-P positive foci, with Spearman's rank correlation coefficients of P= 0.002 and P= 0.049, respectively (experiments 4 and 5). Therefore, the tested food additives may be effective as antioxidants in vivo and have chemopreventive potential against liver preneoplastic lesion development.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Pathology and Host-Defence, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa Univ, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yokohira
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamakawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saoo
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hosokawa
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuno
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Imaida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine / Q000633:toxicity; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005503:Food Additives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011794:Quercetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D005503:Food Additives; C016527:isoquercitrin; D004052:Diethylnitrosamine; D012313:RNA; D011794:Quercetin; D005982:Glutathione Transferase