title: Evaluation of intramuscular butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine and nasal oxygen insufflation for the chemical immobilization of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus.
abstract: Chemical immobilization of wildlife often includes opioids or cyclohexamines. These substances are problematic as a result of their required storage, handling, and record-keeping protocols. A potentially useful alternative sedation protocol includes a combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine (BAM: 0.43 mg/kg butorphanol, 0.36 mg/kg azaperone, 0.14 mg/kg medetomidine). One risk of wildlife immobilization with any drug combination is hypoxemia. This may be of particular importance when using an alpha 2 agonist such as medetomidine because of its powerful vasoconstrictive effect. In this prospective study, the BAM combination was evaluated for chemical immobilization of white-tailed deer. Additionally, selected physiologic parameters associated with BAM immobilization, including oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas measurement, with and without nasal insufflation of oxygen at a relatively low flow of 3 L/min, were evaluated. The BAM combination resulted in a predictable onset of sedation, with a mean induction time to lateral recumbency of 9.8 +/- 3.6 min. All deer recovered smoothly within a range of 5-20 min after reversal with intramuscular administration of naltrexone, atipamazole, and tolazoline (NAT). Clinically relevant decreases in arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were observed in animals not receiving supplemental oxygen, while both parameters significantly improved for oxygen-supplemented deer. Pulse oximetry with this protocol was an unreliable indicator of oxygen saturation. In this study, altitude, recumbency, hypoventilation, butorphanol- and medetomidine-specific effects, as well as the potential for alpha 2 agonist-induced pulmonary changes all may have contributed to the development of hypoxemia. Overall, capture of white-tailed deer with the BAM/NAT protocol resulted in excellent chemical immobilization and reversal. Because the BAM combination caused significant hypoxemia that is unreliably detected by pulse oximetry but that may be resolved with nasal oxygen insufflation, routine use of oxygen supplementation is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Colorado State University Department of Clinical Sciences, Department of Anesthesia, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. patrice.mich@colostate.edu
authors.forename: Patrice M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Mich
authors.forename: Lisa L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: Tracey M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Sirochman
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sirochman
authors.forename: Tracy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Lance
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001376:Azaperone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000662:veterinary; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003670:Deer / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007103:Immobilization / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D020926:Medetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012119:Respiration; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D001376:Azaperone; D020926:Medetomidine; D002077:Butorphanol