title: The relationship between programmed pacemaker pulse amplitude and the surface electrocardiogram recorded amplitude: application of a new high-bandwidth electrocardiogram system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recording and displaying outputs from electronic pacemakers with electrocardiogram (ECG) recorders typically used in clinical practice have presented a number of technical limitations. We have recently reported on a new high-bandwidth ECG system and have shown that it is capable of reproducing accurate pulse amplitudes and durations from the body surface. In the present work, we have used our data to calculate a transform function between the programmed pacemaker output voltage and the amplitude on the body surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recorded 3 high-bandwidth (75,000 samples per second) ECGs from each of 100 pacemaker patients at 3 different programmed outputs. Each pacemaker pulse was isolated using the criterion standard annotations, and the pulses were transformed from the 8 independent leads to an XYZ vector using the Dower transform. The magnitude of the vector was calculated. Linear regression techniques were used to learn a transfer function over the records of the first 50 patients. These results were tested against the second 50 patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measured pacemaker pulse vector magnitude has a linear relationship to the programmed pacemaker amplitude on a per-patient basis for most of the patients in the training database. The linear transform models were tested against the testing set with an R(2) metric of 0.38 for the atrial pulses and 0.54 for the right ventricular pulses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding the relationship between the generated pacemaker pulses and the measurements at the body surface will help drive specifications for pacemaker pulse detection among the various device manufactures.
authors.affiliation: GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA. anthony.ricke@med.ge.com
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ricke
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swiryn
authors.forename: Alan V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Sahakian
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petrutiu
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Gordan I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Rowlandson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult