title: Cancer-specific survival outcomes among patients treated during the cytokine era of kidney cancer (1989-2005): a benchmark for emerging targeted cancer therapies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is evolving toward less extirpative surgery and the use of targeted therapy. The authors set out to provide a benchmark against which emerging therapies should be measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective database including clinical and pathological variables for 1632 patients with RCC treated between 1989 and 2005 was queried. Patients were stratified using the University of California-Los Angeles Integrated Staging System (UISS) into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups. Disease-specific survival (DSS) was measured. Response to systemic therapy for patients with advanced disease was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nephrectomy was performed in 1492 patients. Overall 5-, 10-, and 15-year DSS was 55%, 40%, and 29%. For localized disease, 5- and 10-year DSS for UISS low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups was 97% and 92%, 81% and 61%, and 62% and 41%, respectively. For metastatic disease, 5- and 10-year DSS for UISS low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups was 41% and 31%, 18% and 7%, and 8% and 0%, respectively. Patients with metastatic disease receiving immunotherapy (n=453) had complete response in 7% (median survival [MS], 120+ months), partial response in 15% (MS, 42.8 months), stable disease in 33% (MS, 38.6 months), and progressive disease in 45% (MS, 11.6 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients with localized RCC do well with surgery alone, but effective adjuvant therapy is needed for patients identified as at high risk for recurrence. For advanced disease, newer targeted and potentially less toxic treatments should be at least as effective as those achieved with aggressive surgical resection and immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1738, USA. abelldegrun@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Arie S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Belldegrun
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klatte
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shuch
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: LaRochelle
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Riggs
authors.forename: Nazy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zomorodian
authors.forename: Fairooz F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Kabbinavar
authors.forename: Jean B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dekernion
authors.forename: Allan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pantuck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019985:Benchmarking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D007376:Interleukin-2