title: Human immunodeficiency virus--associated renal cell carcinoma: a transatlantic case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The spectrum of diseases associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has changed dramatically following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Non-AIDS-defining cancers, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC), are being recognized increasingly in this population. Our aim was to describe the risk factors, clinical findings, pathology, and response to therapy of RCC in patients infected with HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 9 men with HIV infection who developed RCC. Data regarding their HIV status, RCC risk factors, clinical presentation, and pathology were collected. A detailed retrospective chart review focusing on the course of their malignancy, response to therapy, and outcome was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Renal cell carcinoma was diagnosed in patients with a median age of 48 years, and most had a history of tobacco use. No association between HIV-related immunosuppression (mean CD4 count, 301 cells/mm3) and the development, clinical presentation, pathology, or behavior of RCC was identified. Long-term survival correlated with early nephrectomy, and the use of interleukin-2 therapy for advanced RCC was not additive. A total of 5 patients died, 1 from a pulmonary embolism and 4 from disseminated RCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renal cell carcinoma should be included in the expanding array of non-AIDS-defining malignancies that develop during the course of HIV infection. Acknowledging the inherent limitations of our small study, these data show that the clinical presentation and behavior of RCC in patients with HIV appear similar to that of the HIV-negative population and that chronic immunosuppression plays a lesser role than age and exposure to risk factors in this setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Hematology-Oncology Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gaughan
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Dezube
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aboulafia
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bower
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stebbing
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Powles
authors.forename: Liron
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pantanowitz
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D033162:Incidental Findings; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome