title: Coffee and alcohol consumption and bladder cancer.
abstract: Epidemiological studies on coffee, alcohol and bladder cancer risk published up to 2007 were reviewed. Coffee drinkers have a moderately higher relative risk of bladder cancer compared to non-drinkers. The association may partly be due to residual confounding by smoking or dietary factors, but the interpretation remains open to discussion, although the absence of dose and duration-risk relations weighs against the presence of a causal association. Most studies of alcohol and bladder cancer found no association, with some studies finding a direct and other an inverse one. This again may be due to differential confounding effect of tobacco smoking--the major risk factor for bladder cancer--in various populations. Thus, epidemiological findings on the relation between alcohol drinking and bladder cancer exclude any meaningful association.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pelucchi
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tavani
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D009017:Morbidity; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee