title: Prevalent depressive symptoms as a risk factor for conversion to mild cognitive impairment in an elderly Italian cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between depressive symptoms and prevalent and incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in elderly individuals; to verify whether it is affected by MCI subtype.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, population-based, longitudinal cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults >or=65 years resident in an Italian municipality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data are for 595 subjects with no cognitive impairment (NCI) and 72 subjects with prevalent MCI. NCI subjects underwent a 4-year follow-up for incident MCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  MCI was diagnosed according to international criteria and classified as with (m + MCI) or without memory impairment (m - MCI). Baseline depressive symptoms were measured using the 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Baseline use of antidepressants was also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline depressive symptoms (GDS >or=10) were more frequent in prevalent MCI cases (44.4%) than in NCI participants (18.3%). The association was independent of MCI subtype, antidepressant use, and sociodemographic and vascular risk factors. In NCI subjects, baseline depressive symptoms were also associated with increased risk of MCI at follow-up, but only for subjects on antidepressant drugs at baseline (incident cases = 72.7%) compared with those without depressive symptoms and not on antidepressant therapy (incident cases = 24.0%). The association was independent of other confounders and stronger for m - MCI (incident cases = 45.4%) with respect to m + MCI (incident cases = 27.3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressive symptoms are highly prevalent among elderly MCI subjects and, in cognitively normal elderly individuals, are associated with an increased risk of developing MCI. The association is stronger for the MCI subtype without memory impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Ageing, and Nephrology, University Hospital S. Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Italy. giovanni.ravaglia@unibo.it
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ravaglia
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Forti
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lucicesare
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rietti
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pisacane
authors.forename: Erminia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dalmonte
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D018579:Patient Selection; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index