title: Geographic risk modeling of childhood cancer relative to county-level crops, hazardous air pollutants and population density characteristics in Texas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Childhood cancer has been linked to a variety of environmental factors, including agricultural activities, industrial pollutants and population mixing, but etiologic studies have often been inconclusive or inconsistent when considering specific cancer types. More specific exposure assessments are needed. It would be helpful to optimize future studies to incorporate knowledge of high-risk locations or geographic risk patterns. The objective of this study was to evaluate potential geographic risk patterns in Texas accounting for the possibility that multiple cancers may have similar geographic risks patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  A spatio-temporal risk modeling approach was used, whereby 19 childhood cancer types were modeled as potentially correlated within county-years. The standard morbidity ratios were modeled as functions of intensive crop production, intensive release of hazardous air pollutants, population density, and rapid population growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was supportive evidence for elevated risks for germ cell tumors and "other" gliomas in areas of intense cropping and for hepatic tumors in areas of intense release of hazardous air pollutants. The risk for Hodgkin lymphoma appeared to be reduced in areas of rapidly growing population. Elevated spatial risks included four cancer histotypes, "other" leukemias, Central Nervous System (CNS) embryonal tumors, CNS other gliomas and hepatic tumors with greater than 95% likelihood of elevated risks in at least one county.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Bayesian implementation of the Multivariate Conditional Autoregressive model provided a flexible approach to the spatial modeling of multiple childhood cancer histotypes. The current study identified geographic factors supporting more focused studies of germ cell tumors and "other" gliomas in areas of intense cropping, hepatic cancer near Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) release facilities and specific locations with increased risks for CNS embryonal tumors and for "other" leukemias. Further study should be performed to evaluate potentially lower risk for Hodgkin lymphoma and malignant bone tumors in counties with rapidly growing population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4475, USA. jthompson@cvm.tamu.edu
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Carozza
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011156:Population Density; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013781:Texas / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015386:Hazardous Substances