title: Percutaneous fetoscopic patch closure of human spina bifida aperta: advances in fetal surgical techniques may obviate the need for early postnatal neurosurgical intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A percutaneous minimally invasive fetoscopic approach was attempted for closure of a spina bifida aperta in two fetuses with L5 lesions. The goal was to obviate the need for postnatal neurosurgery to manage this condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percutaneous fetoscopic procedures were performed by a two-layer approach at respectively 22+/-2 and 22+/-4 weeks of gestation. The fetuses were delivered respectively at 32+/-6 and 32+3 weeks of gestation. Their neural cords were completely covered although in small areas skin closure was incomplete. Postnatally, complete skin closure occurred beneath an occlusive draping within 2 to 3 weeks such that neurosurgical intervention was not required. Both neonates showed reversal of hindbrain herniation, near-normal leg function, and satisfactory bladder and bowel function. For one of the two fetuses, ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion was not required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous minimally invasive fetoscopic patch closure of spina bifida aperta offers a substantially less maternal trauma than open fetal surgical repair and currently may even obviate the need for postnatal neurosurgical repair. With a little further improvement in surgical techniques and a better understanding of incorporating surgical patches into the fetus, complete skin closure seems possible in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, German Center for Fetal Surgery & Minimally-Invasive Therapy, University of Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany. thomas.kohl@ukb.uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kohl
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tchatcheva
authors.forename: Waltraut
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Merz
authors.forename: Hans C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Wartenberg
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heep
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franz
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stressig
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Willinek
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gembruch
mesh_terms: D002585:Cesarean Section; D005260:Female; D005332:Fetoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011181:Postnatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D016137:Spina Bifida Cystica / Q000601:surgery*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013997:Time Factors