title: Cultivated corneal endothelial transplantation in a primate: possible future clinical application in corneal endothelial regenerative medicine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review our attempt to devise a method of cultivated corneal endothelial transplantation using primates in which corneal endothelium, like that of humans, has low proliferative ability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monkey corneal endothelial cells (MCECs) were cultivated, with subcultures grown on collagen type I carriers. The corneal endothelia of 6 eyes of 6 monkeys were scraped intensively, after which cultivated MCEC sheets were inserted into the anterior chamber of 4 eyes. As controls, a collagen sheet without MCECs was transplanted in 1 eye of a monkey, and a suspension of cultivated MCECs was injected into the anterior chamber of 1 eye of another monkey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MCECs produced a confluent monolayer of closely attached hexagonal cells, which expressed both ZO-1 and Na-K adenosine triphosphatase. Early postoperative period MCEC sheets were attached to Descemet membrane, and corneal clarity was recovered. Six months after transplantation, MCEC-transplanted corneas remained clear, and closely attached hexagonal cells were observed. In 1 animal with longer observation, polygonal cells were observed by in vivo specular microscopy at a density of >2000 cells/mm2 and remained >1600 cells/mm2 for < or =2 years. Control eyes showed irreversible bullous keratopathy throughout the observation period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cultivated MCECs become attached to the transplanted eye and maintain a clear cornea < or =2 years postoperatively, suggesting that corneal endothelial cells of primates might have proliferative ability in vivo once they have been cultured and proliferated in vitro. Our monkey model constitutes an important step forward for regenerative medicine with possible future application in patients with corneal endothelial dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe city, Japan. nkoizumi@mail.doshisha.ac.jp
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okumura
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.forename: Ryuzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torii
authors.forename: Leanne J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Yuriko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ban
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanioka
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003886:Descemet Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D004728:Endothelium, Corneal / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D044968:Regenerative Medicine / Q000639:trends; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous