title: Biomarkers for Alzheimer disease in cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and blood.
abstract: Alzheimer disease is the most common cause of dementia, yet its clinical diagnosis remains uncertain until an eventual postmortem histopathology examination. Currently, therapy for patients with Alzheimer disease only treats the symptoms; however, it is anticipated that new disease-modifying drugs will soon become available.Diagnostic tools for detecting Alzheimer disease at an incipient stage that can reliably differentiate the disease from other forms of dementia are of key importance for optimal treatment. Biomarkers have the potential to aid in a correct diagnosis, and great progress has been made in the discovery and development of potentially useful biomarkers in recent years. This includes single protein biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid, as well as multi-component biomarkers, and biomarkers based on gene expression. Novel biomarkers that use blood and urine, the more easily available clinical samples, are also being discovered and developed. The plethora of potential biomarkers currently being investigated may soon provide biomarkers that fulfill different functions, not only for diagnostic purposes but also for drug development and to follow disease progression.
authors.affiliation: DiaGenic ASA, Oslo, Norway. anders.lonneborg@giagenic.com
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lönneborg
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine*; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000652:urine; D003704:Dementia / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D028421:Isoprostanes / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000652:urine; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000652:urine; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D015415:Biomarkers; D028421:Isoprostanes; D025801:Ubiquitin; D016875:tau Proteins