title: Biventricular assist devices as a bridge to heart transplantation in small children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experience with the use of biventricular assist device (BiVAD) support to bridge small children to heart transplantation is limited.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used BIVAD support (Berlin EXCOR) in 9 pediatric heart transplant candidates from 4/05 to 7/07. The median patient age was 1.7 years (12 days to 17 years). The median patient weight was 9.4 kg (3 to 38 kg). All children were supported with multiple intravenous inotropes+/-mechanical ventilation (6) or ECMO (3) before BiVAD implantation. All had significant right ventricular dysfunction. The median pulmonary vascular resistance index (Rpi) was 6.0 WU/m(2). Eight patients were successfully bridged to heart transplantation after a median duration of BiVAD support of 35 days (1 to 77 days). One death occurred after 10 days of support from perioperative renal failure in a 3 kg infant. Five patients required at least 1 blood pump change. One patient had a driveline infection requiring treatment. There were no acute neurological complications, no thromboembolic events, and no bleeding complications. In 2 patients with Rpi >10 WU/m(2) unresponsive to pulmonary vasodilator therapy, Rpi dropped to 1.4 and 4.6 WU/m(2), after 33 and 41 days of support, respectively. All 8 survivors underwent successful heart transplantation. Of 5 patients supported >30 days, 3 developed an extremely elevated (>90%) panel reactive antibody by ELISA that was not confirmed by other methods; none had a positive donor-specific retrospective crossmatch. There was 1 episode of rejection (with hemodynamic compromise) in the 8 transplanted patients. Rpi was normal (<3 WU/m(2)) without pulmonary vasodilators in all patients within 3 months after transplant. There have been no deaths after transplant with a median follow-up of 19 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BiVAD support can effectively be used in small children as a bridge to heart transplantation and can be accomplished with low mortality and morbidity. BiVAD support may offer an additional means to reverse extremely elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Surveillance for HLA antibody sensitization during BiVAD support may be complicated by the development of non-HLA antibodies which may not reflect true HLA presensitization.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Saint Louis Children's Hospital, Suite 5S50, 1 Children's Place, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA. gandhis@wustl.edu
authors.forename: Sanjiv K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.forename: Charles B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Huddleston
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Balzer
authors.forename: Deirdre J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Traci A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Boschert
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Canter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003422:Critical Care; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007223:Infant; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014655:Vascular Resistance; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D006680:HLA Antigens