title: Impact of secondary hyperparathyroidism on disease progression, healthcare resource utilization and costs in pre-dialysis CKD patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) can lead to significant morbidity, mortality, and additional healthcare resource utilization in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5. The objective of this study was to examine healthcare costs and utilization, and the risks of dialysis or mortality, among pre-dialysis CKD patients with and without SHPT.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective cohort study examined insurance claims from 66 644 adult, pre-dialysis, CKD patients with and without SHPT during a 72-month period. Annualized estimates of healthcare costs and utilization, and disease progression to dialysis or death following index CKD diagnosis were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Post-index annualized costs and inpatient healthcare resource utilization was higher in those with SHPT in both unadjusted and adjusted (controlling for gender, age, plan type, payer type, geographic region, physician specialty, pre-index co-morbidities, and pre-index total healthcare costs), and unmatched and matched analyses. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that the rate of progression to dialysis or death was higher for CKD with SHPT compared to CKD without SHPT, and Cox proportional hazard models suggested that CKD patients with SHPT were more than four to five times as likely to initiate dialysis or die as compared to CKD without SHPT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SHPT in pre-dialysis CKD patients is associated with significantly greater healthcare costs, inpatient hospitalizations, and a faster rate of disease progression compared to pre-dialysis CKD without SHPT. Since observational studies are designed to demonstrate associations rather than causality, further investigation is required to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA. schumock@uic.edu
authors.forename: Glen T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Schumock
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Andress
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: E Marx
authors.forename: Raimund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sterz
authors.forename: Amie T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: Kamyar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalantar-Zadeh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006295:Health Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D006962:Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology