title: Longitudinal study of parental movie restriction on teen smoking and drinking in Germany.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if adolescents who report that their parents restrict viewing movies based on rating have a lower risk of trying smoking and drinking alcohol in the future.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study. A cohort of 2110 German adolescents younger than 15 years who had never smoked or drunk alcohol at baseline were surveyed 12-13 months later to determine smoking and binge drinking initiation. Risk of substance use was assessed as a function of parental restriction on viewing FSK-16 movies (movies that only those aged 16 years and over would be allowed to see in theaters).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of students who tried smoking was 16.3%, 10.9% initiated binge drinking and 5.0% used both substances during the follow-up period. There was a significant effect of parental movie restriction on each substance use outcome measure after controlling for covariates. Compared with adolescents whose parents never allowed them to view FSK-16 movies, the adjusted relative risk [(RR) (95% confidence interval (CI)] for use of both substances were 1.64 (1.05-2.58) for adolescents allowed to view them once in a while, 2.30 (1.53-3.45) for sometimes and 2.92 (1.83-4.67) for all the time. FSK-16 restrictions were associated with lower viewership of all classes of movies, but especially FSK-16/18 movies; in addition, FSK-16 restrictions were associated with substantially lower exposure to movie depiction of tobacco and alcohol use, suggesting a mediational mechanism for the association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among young adolescents, parental restriction from viewing movies rated for older adolescents/adults decreases the risk of substance use in the future.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Therapy and Health Research, IFT-Nord, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hanewinkel
authors.forename: Matthis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
authors.forename: Susanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Tanski
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sargent
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008402:Mass Media; D009040:Motion Pictures / Q000145:classification*; D016487:Parenting; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires