title: Association between foot growth and musculoskeletal loading in children with Prader-Willi syndrome before and during growth hormone treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore how foot growth relates to musculoskeletal loading in children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 37 children with PWS, foot length (FL) before and after 6 years of growth hormone therapy (GHT) was retrospectively evaluated with parental and sibling's FL, height, and factors reflecting musculoskeletal loading, such as weight for height (WfH), lean body mass (LBM; dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, deuterium labeled water), physical activity (accellerometry), and walk age. Because of the typically biphasic evolution of body mass and the late walk age in PWS, 2 age groups were separated (group 1, >2.5 years; group 2, < or =2.5 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with PWS normalized height, but not FL after 6 years of GHT. Parental FL correlation with PWS's FL was lower than with sibling's FL. In group 1, FL positively correlated with WfH, LBM, and physical activity. In group 2, FL negatively correlated with age at onset of independent ambulation. Foot catch-up growth with GHT was slower in group 2 compared with group 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In PWS, FL is positively associated with musculoskeletal loading. Small feet in children with PWS before and during long-term GHT may be more than just another dysmorphic feature, but may possibly reflect decreased musculoskeletal loading influencing foot growth and genetic and endocrine factors.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pediatric Endocrinology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. urs.eiholzer@pezz.ch
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Eiholzer
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Meinhardt
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schlumpf
authors.forename: Valentin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rousson
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: l'Allemand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D011218:Prader-Willi Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D013006:Growth Hormone