title: Shockwave lithotripsy and endourological management of urinary calculi in children: a single-center 10-year experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) and endourological techniques revolutionized the management of pediatric urolithiasis. We sought to assess the impact of new technology and local practice in the treatment of pediatric urolithiasis during a 10-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1997 and 2006, 125 children (90 boys and 35 girls), aged 18 months to 15 years, were managed in our department for urolithiasis. Stone localization, stone composition, presence of anatomic abnormalities, and treatment modality were evaluated retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 102 children, the stone was located in renal pelvis (0.5-45-mm diameter), in eight in the renal pelvis and one in the calyx; three had staghorn calculi; and 12 had ureteral stone (4-12-mm diameter). Ninety-three of 125 children underwent a total of 108 SWL sessions. Stone size ranged from 0.5 to 35 mm. The stone-free rates were 86%, 92%, and 96% after first, second, and third SWL session, respectively. Ureteroscopy was performed in 12/125 children, and 10/12 (83.5%) were rendered stone free. Nine of 125 children underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and four of nine were stone free (44.5%), although five of the nine children (55.5%) required SWL for residual stone fragments. Open surgery was performed as initial procedure in 11 (9%) children. In 9 of 11 children, ureteropelvic junction obstruction was corrected simultaneously. Open surgery was followed by SWL in 3 of 11 patients. Two of three patients with staghorn calculi underwent nephrolithotomy and SWL and one of three with cysteinuria was managed with SWL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SWL and endourological techniques are safe and effective in managing urolithiasis in pediatric patients. These minimally invasive methods reduced dramatically the cases of open surgery, which should be undertaken mainly in coexisting anatomic abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Urological Department, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Charalambous
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Printza
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papathanasiou
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rombis
authors.forename: Ch
authors.initials: Ch
authors.lastname: Goga
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Papachristou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D011859:Radiography; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D014572:Urology / Q000379:methods*