title: Chytridiomycosis and amphibian population declines continue to spread eastward in Panama.
abstract: Chytridiomycosis is a globally emerging disease of amphibians and the leading cause of population declines and extirpations at species-diverse montane sites in Central America. We continued long-term monitoring efforts for the presence of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and for amphibian populations at two sites in western Panama, and we began monitoring at three new sites to the east. Population declines associated with chytridiomycosis emergence were detected at Altos de Campana National Park. We also detected Bd in three species east of the Panama Canal at Soberanía National Park, and prevalence data suggests that Bd may be enzootic in the lowlands of the park. However, no infected frogs were found further east at Tortí (prevalence <7.5% with 95% confidence). Our results suggest that Panama's diverse and not fully described amphibian communities east of the canal are at risk. Precise predictions of future disease emergence events are not possible until factors underlying disease emergence, such as dispersal, are understood. However, if the fungal pathogen spreads in a pattern consistent with previous disease events in Panama, then detection of Bd at Tortí and other areas east of the Panama Canal is imminent. Therefore, development of new management strategies and increased precautions for tourism, recreation, and biology are urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland. dwoodhams@gmail.com
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Woodhams
authors.forename: Vanessa L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Kilburn
authors.forename: Laura K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Reinert
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Voyles
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ibáñez
authors.forename: Alex D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hyatt
authors.forename: Donna G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pask
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Louise A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rollins-Smith
mesh_terms: D000663:Amphibians / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D008411:Chytridiomycota; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D009181:Mycoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D010176:Panama / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence