title: Prospective monitoring of BK virus replication in renal transplant recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  BK virus-associated nephropathy (BKVAN) can be diagnosed only with renal graft biopsy. Definitive diagnosis of BKVAN requires demonstration of BK virus (BKV) replication in renal allograft tissues. Non-invasive analysis of urine and blood is considered essential in screening renal transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study evaluated prospectively the replication of BKV in plasma and urine with qualitative and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in 32 de novo (group A) and 34 chronic (group B) renal transplant recipients and the long-term impact on graft function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group A, 456 samples (228 plasma, 228 urine) were examined and BKV was detected in 31 (31/228, 14%) samples of plasma and 57 (57/228, 25%) samples of urine in 20 (20/32, 62.5%) and 23 (23/32, 72%) recipients, respectively. Incidence of viremia and viruria increased during the first 6 months presenting a peak the third postoperative month (viremia: 28% and viruria: 31%). Immune suppressive treatment with tacrolimus showed significant relation with viremia. Renal graft function in de novo renal transplant recipients remained stable throughout the follow-up period without influence of BKV replication. In group B, incidence of viremia and viruria were 3% (1/34) and 9% (3/34) correspondingly, indicating that after the first post-transplant year the risk of BKV re-activation is diminished.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The highest incidence of BK viremia and viruria is observed the third post-transplantation month, confirming previously published studies in Europe and the United States, and long-term follow up shows that BKV replication decreases significantly after the third post-transplant month and even transient viremia or viruria does not have an impact on renal function.
authors.affiliation: Transplant Unit, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece. mkoukoulaki@gmail.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koukoulaki
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grispou
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pistolas
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Balaska
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Apostolou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anagnostopoulou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tseleni-Kotsovili
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hadjiconstantinou
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Paniara
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saroglou
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Legakis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Drakopoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001739:BK Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D027601:Polyomavirus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine / Q000821:virology; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine / Q000821:virology; D014766:Viremia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine / Q000821:virology; D014775:Virus Activation; D014779:Virus Replication; D055815:Young Adult