title: Phase I/II trial of 5-fluorouracil and a noncytotoxic dose level of suramin in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is recognized as a neoplasm resistant to chemotherapy. In vitro experiments demonstrated that suramin, at noncytotoxic doses, enhanced the activity of chemotherapy including 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in xenograft models.
  
  
  METHODS
  A phase I/II trial of noncytotoxic suramin in combination with weekly 5-FU in patients with metastatic RCC was conducted. The treatment consisted of intravenous (i.v.) suramin followed by a 500 mg/m2 i.v. bolus of 5-FU given 4.5 hours after starting suramin. In the phase I portion, a cohort of 6 patients received a suramin dose calculated to achieve a plasma level of 10-50 micromol/L. Therapy was administered once weekly for 6 doses, followed by 2 weeks off. This was followed by a phase II portion in which the primary goal was to determine the objective response rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three patients were enrolled in the study: 6 in the phase I portion and 17 in phase II. Seventy-eight percent of patients were men, the mean age was 58.8 years, 96% had previous nephrectomy, and 70% had received previous systemic therapy. Histologic subtype was clear cell in 91%. Dose-limiting toxicity was observed in 1 of 6 patients (grade 3 hypersensitivity related to suramin infusion). The suramin dosing nomogram used in phase I and II portions of the trial yielded the desired plasma level of 10-50 micromol/L from 4.5 hours to 48 hours after infusion in 94 of 115 treatments. No objective responses were noted, and the median time to treatment failure was 2.5 months. The major toxicities (all grades) were fatigue (83%), nausea/vomiting (78%), diarrhea (61%), and chills (61%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suramin levels expected to reverse fibroblast growth factor-induced resistance can be achieved with the dosing regimen used in this study. The toxicity observed with suramin and 5-FU was acceptable. The combination does not have clinical activity in patients with metastatic RCC.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. georges3@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Saby
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dreicer
authors.forename: Jessie J L
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Brian I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Rini
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.forename: Tarek
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mekhail
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elson
authors.forename: Guillaume M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Wientjes
authors.forename: Ram
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ganapathi
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bukowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D013498:Suramin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D013498:Suramin; D005472:Fluorouracil