title: Therapeutic potential of inhaled p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors for inflammatory pulmonary diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the past two decades, p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) has been the subject of intense multidisciplinary research. p38 MAPK inhibitors have been shown to be efficacious in several disease models, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, and stroke. Recent studies support a role for p38 MAPK in the development, maintenance, and/or exacerbation of a number of pulmonary diseases, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Many previous attempts to develop p38 MAPK inhibitors have failed as a result of unacceptable safety profiles. These toxicities have been varied and are believed to derive from different off-target effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The above concerns can be overcome by delivering the compound locally to minimize whole-body burden, resulting in low exposure to the gastrointestinal, liver, and CNS. This review discusses the role of p38 MAPK in various inflammatory diseases, followed by the toxicity concerns associated with p38 MAPK inhibition. It also highlights the possible beneficial effect of delivering drugs via the inhalation route.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present proof-of-principle confirming the therapeutic potential of inhaled p38 inhibitors for asthma and other inflammatory pulmonary diseases.
authors.affiliation: Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmacology, New Drug Discovery Research, Plot No-20, Sector-18, Gurgaon-122001-Haryana, India. p.chopra@ranbaxy.com
authors.forename: Puneet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kanoje
authors.forename: Arvind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Semwal
authors.forename: Abhijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ray
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002465:Cell Movement; D006801:Humans; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases