New auxin analogs with growth-promoting effects in intact plants reveal a chemical strategy to improve hormone delivery.
Plant growth depends on the integration of environmental cues and phytohormone-signaling pathways. During seedling emergence, elongation of the embryonic stem (hypocotyl) serves as a readout for light and hormone-dependent responses. We screened 10,000 chemicals provided exogenously to light-grown seedlings and identified 100 compounds that promote hypocotyl elongation. Notably, one subset of these chemicals shares structural characteristics with the synthetic auxins, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (1-NAA); however, traditional auxins (e.g., indole-3-acetic acid [IAA], 2,4-D, 1-NAA) have no effect on hypocotyl elongation. We show that the new compounds act as "proauxins" akin to prodrugs. Our data suggest that these compounds diffuse efficiently to the hypocotyls, where they undergo cleavage at varying rates, releasing functional auxins. To investigate this principle, we applied a masking strategy and designed a pro-2,4-D. Unlike 2,4-D alone, this pro-2,4-D enhanced hypocotyl elongation. We further demonstrated the utility of the proauxins by characterizing auxin responses in light-grown hypocotyls of several auxin receptor mutants. These new compounds thus provide experimental access to a tissue previously inaccessible to exogenous application of auxins. Our studies exemplify the combined power of chemical genetics and biochemical analyses for discovering and refining prohormone analogs with selective activity in specific plant tissues. In addition to the utility of these compounds for addressing questions related to auxin and light-signaling interactions, one can envision using these simple principles to study other plant hormone and small molecule responses in temporally and spatially controlled ways.
Savaldi-Goldstein
Sigal
S
Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
Baiga
Thomas J
TJ
Pojer
Florence
F
Dabi
Tsegeye
T
Butterfield
Cristina
C
Parry
Geraint
G
Santner
Aaron
A
Dharmasiri
Nihal
N
Tao
Yi
Y
Estelle
Mark
M
Noel
Joseph P
JP
Chory
Joanne
J
D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C046131:auxin receptor, plant