title: Studies on prevalence of anopheline species and community perception of malaria in Jaffna district, Sri Lanka.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Over two decades of civil unrest and the conflict situation have had detrimental effects on vector control activities and management of malaria in Jaffna district which is an endemic region for malaria in Sri Lanka. With the background that only a few small-scale studies on malaria and its vectors have been reported from this district, a study was designed to explore the current status of malaria in the Jaffna district in relation to vector and community aspects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults and larvae of anopheline mosquitoes were collected monthly from selected endemic localities. Species prevalence of the collected mosquitoes was studied while the collected adults of Anopheles subpictus, a potential vector in the district, was screened for sibling species composition based on morphological characteristics and exposed to common insecticides using WHO bioassay kits. Knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of the community were tested using a pre-tested structured questionnaire in high-risk and low-risk localities in the district.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anopheline mosquito species distribution in the district was--An. culicifacies (0.5%), An. subpictus (46%), An. varuna (4%), An. nigerrimus (44%) and An. pallidus (5.5%). Among the collected larvae the percent prevalence of An. culicifacies was 13% and other species follows as: An. subpictus (71%), An. varuna (4%), An. nigerrimus (10%) and An. pallidus (2%). Sibling species B, C and D of An. subpictus were present in the district with the predominance of B in both coastal and inland areas, while all members showed both indoor and outdoor resting characteristics, they were highly resistant to DDT (4%) and highly susceptible to malathion (5%). KAP study in the district showed a reasonable level of knowledge, positive attitude and practices towards malaria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An. subpictus, the reported major vector of Jaffna and a well-established secondary vector of malaria in the country, continues to be the predominant anopheline species. The distribution of sibling species of An. subpictus complex in the Jaffna district, revealed for the first time, has implications for future studies on its bionomics and malaria transmission pattern in this area and the planning of control strategies for this region. The community perception of disease, which revealed a satisfactory knowledge indicates the potential for better community participation in future malaria control activities in this region. As potential vectors are still present, health authorities need to be vigilant to prevent any future epidemics of malaria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka. selvamkannathasan@gmail.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kannathasan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antonyrajan
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Srikrishnaraj
authors.forename: S H P P
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Karunaratne
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Karunaweera
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Surendran
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D006266:Health Education; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D007303:Insect Vectors; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010465:Perception; D011156:Population Density; D015995:Prevalence