title: The phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity assessment of orange peel (Citrus sinensis) cultivated in Greece-Crete indicates a new commercial source of hesperidin.
abstract: The flavonoid content of several methanolic extract fractions of Navel orange peel (flavedo and albedo of Citrus sinensis) cultivated in Crete (Greece) was first analysed phytochemically and then assessed for its antioxidant activity in vitro. The chemical structures of the constituents fractionated were originally determined by comparing their retention times and the obtained UV spectral data with the available bibliographic data and further verified by detailed LC-DAD-MS (ESI+) analysis. The main flavonoid groups found within the fractions examined were polymethoxylated flavones, O-glycosylated flavones, C-glycosylated flavones, O-glycosylated flavonols, O-glycosylated flavanones and phenolic acids along with their ester derivatives. In addition, the quantitative HPLC analysis confirmed that hesperidin is the major flavonoid glycoside found in the orange peel. Interestingly enough, its quantity at 48 mg/g of dry peel permits the commercial use of orange peel as a source for the production of hesperidin. The antioxidant activity of the orange peel methanolic extract fractions was evaluated by applying two complementary methodologies, DPPH(*) assay and the Co(II)/EDTA-induced luminol chemiluminescence approach. Overall, the results have shown that orange peel methanolic extracts possess moderate antioxidant activity as compared with the activity seen in tests where the corresponding aglycones, diosmetin and hesperetin were assessed in different ratios.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy-Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Firas I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Kanaze
authors.forename: Aikaterini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Termentzi
authors.forename: Chrysi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gabrieli
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Niopas
authors.forename: Manolis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Georgarakis
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kokkalou
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D032084:Citrus sinensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004145:Diosmin / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D044950:Flavanones / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006115:Greece; D006569:Hesperidin / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008165:Luminol / Q000737:chemistry; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D044950:Flavanones; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D008165:Luminol; D004145:Diosmin; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D006569:Hesperidin; C005274:naringin; D000432:Methanol