title: Brn-2 represses microphthalmia-associated transcription factor expression and marks a distinct subpopulation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-negative melanoma cells.
abstract: The origin of tumor heterogeneity is poorly understood, yet it represents a major barrier to effective therapy. In melanoma and in melanocyte development, the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) controls survival, differentiation, proliferation, and migration/metastasis. The Brn-2 (N-Oct-3, POU3F2) transcription factor also regulates melanoma proliferation and is up-regulated by BRAF and beta-catenin, two key melanoma-associated signaling molecules. Here, we show that Brn-2 also regulates invasiveness and directly represses Mitf expression. Remarkably, in melanoma biopsies, Mitf and Brn-2 each mark a distinct subpopulation of melanoma cells, providing a striking illustration of melanoma tumor heterogeneity with implications for melanoma therapy.
authors.affiliation: Signaling and Development Laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goodall
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carreira
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Denat
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kobi
authors.forename: Irwin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nuciforo
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sturm
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Larue
authors.forename: Colin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Goding
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D051739:Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D050809:POU Domain Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D051739:Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor; D050809:POU Domain Factors; C085076:transcription factor Brn-2