title: Composition of supra- and subgingival biofilm of subjects with healthy and diseased implants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare the microbial composition of supra- and subgingival biofilm in subjects with and without peri-implantitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four subjects (mean age 48.9 +/- 13.51 years) with at least one implant restored and functional for at least 2 years were assigned to two groups: a peri-implantitis group (n=22), consisting of subjects presenting peri-implant sites with radiographic defects >3 mm, bleeding on probing and/or suppuration; and a control group (n=22), consisting of subjects with healthy implants. The clinical parameters evaluated were plaque index, gingival bleeding, bleeding on probing, suppuration, probing depth and clinical attachment level. Supra- and subgingival biofilm samples were taken from the deepest sites of each implant and analyzed for the presence of 36 microorganisms by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher mean counts of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia were observed in the peri-implantitis group, both supra- and subgingivally (P<0.05). The proportions of the pathogens from the red complex were elevated, while host-compatible beneficial microbial complexes were reduced in diseased compared with healthy implants. The microbiological profiles of supra- and subgingival environments did not differ substantially within each group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Marked differences were observed in the composition of supra- and subgingival biofilm between healthy and diseased implants. The microbiota associated with peri-implantitis was comprised of more periodontal pathogenic bacterial species, including the supragingival biofilm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jamil A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shibli
authors.forename: Leandro
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Luciene C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faveri
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feres
mesh_terms: D000190:Actinomyces / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000382:microbiology; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018441:Biofilms; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000382:microbiology; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000382:microbiology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000382:microbiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013357:Subgingival Curettage; D013492:Suppuration; D048373:Treponema denticola / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D015921:Dental Implants