title: Loss of protein kinase Cepsilon results in impaired cutaneous wound closure and myofibroblast function.
abstract: Cutaneous wound repair requires the de novo induction of a specialized form of fibroblast, the alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA)-expressing myofibroblast, which migrates into the wound where it adheres to and contracts extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in wound closure. Persistence of the myofibroblast results in scarring and fibrotic disease. In this report, we show that, compared with wild-type littermates, PKCepsilon-/- mice display delayed impaired cutaneous wound closure and a reduction in myofibroblasts. Moreover, both in the presence and absence of TGFbeta, dermal fibroblasts from PKCepsilon-/- mice cultured on fibronectin show impaired abilities to form ;supermature' focal adhesions and alpha-SMA stress fibers, and reduced pro-fibrotic gene expression. Smad3 phosphorylation in response to TGFbeta1 was impaired in PKCepsilon-/- fibroblasts. PKCepsilon-/- fibroblasts show reduced FAK and Rac activation, and adhesive, contractile and migratory abilities. Overexpressing constitutively active Rac1 rescues the defective FAK phosphorylation, cell migration, adhesion and stress fiber formation of these PKCepsilon-/- fibroblasts, indicating that Rac1 operates downstream of PKCepsilon, yet upstream of FAK. These results suggest that loss of PKCepsilon severely impairs myofibroblast formation and function, and that targeting PKCepsilon may be beneficial in selectively modulating wound healing and fibrotic responses in vivo.
authors.affiliation: CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Division of Oral Biology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London ON, Canada N6A 5C1. andrew.leask@schulich.uwo.ca
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leask
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi-Wen
authors.forename: Korsa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Yunliang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eastwood
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Denton
authors.forename: Carol M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Abraham
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000818:Animals; D020405:Dermis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D022001:Focal Adhesions / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051900:Smad3 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D022502:Stress Fibers / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000235:genetics; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D009479:Neuropeptides; C484602:Rac1 protein, mouse; D051900:Smad3 Protein; C497791:Smad3 protein, mouse; C497256:Prkce protein, mouse; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; C496051:Ptk2 protein, mouse; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D020744:rac GTP-Binding Proteins; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein