title: Importation of dogs into the United States: risks from rabies and other zoonotic diseases.
abstract: The importation of dogs into the United States poses a risk for the introduction of rabies and other zoonotic diseases. Federal regulations (42 CFR 71.51) currently require proof of valid rabies vaccination for imported dogs, but allow the importation of some unvaccinated dogs, including dogs less than 3 months of age, provided certain requirements for confinement are met until the dog is vaccinated. Although there are no accurate surveillance data on the number of dogs imported each year, it is estimated based on extrapolated data that over 287,000 dogs were imported into the United States during 2006. Of these, approximately 25% were either too young to be vaccinated or lacked proof of valid rabies vaccination. Import trends suggest that an increasing number of unvaccinated puppies are being imported into the United States, many through commercial resale or rescue operations. Since 2004, foreign canine rabies virus variants have been documented in at least two imported puppies. Federal regulations are currently being reviewed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to determine if they can be updated to address current import trends and disease risks, such as requiring a health screen and valid rabies vaccinations for all dogs prior to entry.
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Office of Career and Workforce Development, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. jmcquiston@cdc.gov
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: McQuiston
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bacon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Trevino
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sinclair
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Galland
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marano
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D003132:Commerce; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011790:Quarantine; D011818:Rabies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000662:veterinary; D011819:Rabies Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D015047:Zoonoses
chemical_list: D011819:Rabies Vaccines