title: Impact of different leaf velocities and dose rates on the number of monitor units and the dose-volume-histograms using intensity modulated radiotherapy with sliding-window technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) using sliding window technique utilises a leaf sequencing algorithm, which takes some control system limitations like dose rates (DR) and velocity of the leafs (LV) into account. The effect of altering these limitations on the number of monitor units and radiation dose to the organs at risk (OAR) were analysed.
  
  
  METHODS
  IMRT plans for different LVs from 1.0 cm/sec to 10.0 cm/sec and different DRs from 100 MU/min to 600 MU/min for two patients with prostate cancer and two patients with squamous cell cancer of the scalp (SCCscalp) were calculated using the same "optimal fluence map". For each field the number of monitor units, the dose volume histograms and the differences in the "actual fluence maps" of the fields were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With increase of the DR and decrease of the LV the number of monitor units increased and consequentially the radiation dose given to the OAR. In particular the serial OARs of patients with SCCscalp, which are located outside the end position of the leafs and inside the open field, received an additional dose of a higher DR and lower LV is used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For best protection of organs at risk, a low DR and high LV should be applied. But the consequence of a low DR is both a long treatment time and also that a LV of higher than 3.0 cm/sec is mechanically not applicable. Our recommendation for an optimisation of the discussed parameters is a leaf velocity of 2.5 cm/sec and a dose rate of 300-400 MU/min (prostate cancer) and 100-200 MU/min (SCCscalp) for best protection of organs at risk, short treatment time and number of monitor units.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. h.vorwerk@med.uni-goettingen.de
authors.forename: Hilke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vorwerk
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Clemens F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010315:Particle Accelerators / Q000295:instrumentation; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D018787:Radiation Oncology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome