title: Brief exposure of Blattella germanica (Blattodea) to insecticides formulated in various microcapsule sizes and applied on porous and non-porous surfaces.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors explored how microcapsule size and brief exposure affected the bioavailability of five microencapsulated insecticide formulations, chlorpyrifos 23.1 g L(-1) CS (Detmol-PRO), chlorpyrifos 20 g L(-1) CS (Empire 20), fenitrothion 20 g L(-1) CS (Detmol-Mic), cyphenothrin 10 g L(-1) CS (Detmol-CAP) and diazinon 30 g L(-1) CS (Diacap), to Blattella germanica L. on porous and non-porous surfaces. The hypothesis was tested that microencapsulated (CS) insecticides comprising larger microcapsules show higher efficacy on porous surfaces than formulations with smaller microcapsules.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brief exposure was accomplished by allowing B. germanica to cross a 0.3 m insecticide barrier in 30 s (1.01 cm s(-1)). Such short exposure did not lead to 100% mortality in any formulation or surface tested. Significant differences in bioavailability on the porous and the non-porous surfaces were found: the largest difference was observed in Empire 20 and Detmol CAP, while bioavailability of Detmol MIC did not differ on porous and non-porous surfaces. Comparison of their microcapsule size spectra revealed that formulations containing larger microcapsules had higher efficacy on porous surfaces than formulations with smaller microcapsules. In order to explain the difference in efficacy, the variance of microcapsule sizes was regressed on the efficacy ratio on porous versus non-porous surfaces. Although negative correlation was evident between size of capsules and the efficacy ratio on porous and non-porous surfaces, the difference in the slope parameter was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brief contact of B. germanica with insecticide spray residues, which is common in barrier treatment, may lead to low efficacy, especially on porous surfaces. The latter should be preferably treated with CS insecticides containing a fraction with large capsules. In addition to the size of the microcapsules, the role of other factors, such as wall capsule thickness and chemical composition, on CS insecticide activity on various surfaces should be examined in future work.
authors.affiliation: Crop Research Institute, Prague 6, Czech Republic. stejskal@vurv.cz
authors.forename: Vaclav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stejskal
authors.forename: Radek
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aulicky
authors.forename: Stano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pekar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D020048:Blattellidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D002214:Capsules; D007306:Insecticides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D007306:Insecticides