title: Analysis of radial variations in material properties and matrix composition of chondrocyte-seeded agarose hydrogel constructs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the radial variations in engineered cartilage that may result due to radial fluid flow during dynamic compressive loading. This was done by evaluating the annuli and the central cores of the constructs separately.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chondrocyte-seeded agarose hydrogels were grown in free-swelling and dynamic, unconfined loading cultures for 42 days. After mechanical testing, constructs were allowed to recover for 1-2h, the central 3mm cores removed, and the cores and annuli were retested separately. Histological and/or biochemical analyses for DNA, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), collagen, type I collagen, type II collagen, and elastin were performed. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the correlation between the biochemical and material properties of the constructs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cores and annuli of chondrocyte-seeded constructs did not exhibit significant differences in material properties and GAG content. Annuli possessed greater DNA and collagen content over time in culture than cores. Dynamic loading enhanced the material properties and GAG content of cores, annuli, and whole constructs relative to free-swelling controls, but it did not alter the radial variations compared to free-swelling culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surprisingly, the benefits of dynamic loading on tissue properties extended through the entire construct and did not result in radial variations as measured via the coring technique in this study. Nutrient transport limitations and the formation of a fibrous capsule on the periphery may explain the differences in DNA and collagen between cores and annuli. No differences in GAG distribution may be due to sufficient chemical signals and building blocks for GAG synthesis throughout the constructs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
authors.forename: T-A N
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ateshian
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Hung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique / Q000379:methods; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular / Q000502:physiology; D012685:Sepharose / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D003094:Collagen; D004247:DNA; D012685:Sepharose