title: (Over)training effects on quantitative electromyography and muscle enzyme activities in standardbred horses.
abstract: Too intensive training may lead to overreaching or overtraining. To study whether quantitative needle electromyography (QEMG) is more sensitive to detect training (mal)adaptation than muscle enzyme activities, 12 standardbred geldings trained for 32 wk in age-, breed-, and sex-matched fixed pairs. After a habituation and normal training (NT) phase (phases 1 and 2, 4 and 18 wk, respectively), with increasing intensity and duration and frequency of training sessions, an intensified training (IT) group (phase 3, 6 wk) and a control group (which continued training as in the last week of phase 2) were formed. Thereafter, all horses entered a reduced training phase (phase 4, 4 wk). One hour before a standardized exercise test (SET; treadmill), QEMG analysis and biochemical enzyme activity were performed in muscle or in biopsies from vastus lateralis and pectoralis descendens muscle in order to identify causes of changes in exercise performance and eventual (mal)adaptation in skeletal muscle. NT resulted in a significant adaptation of QEMG parameters, whereas in muscle biopsies hexokinase activity was significantly decreased. Compared with NT controls, IT induced a stronger adaptation (e.g., higher amplitude, shorter duration, and fewer turns) in QEMG variables resembling potentially synchronization of individual motor unit fiber action potentials. Despite a 19% decrease in performance of the SET after IT, enzyme activities of 3-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase and citrate synthase displayed similar increases in control and IT animals. We conclude that 1) QEMG analysis is a more sensitive tool to monitor training adaptation than muscle enzyme activities but does not discriminate between overreaching and normal training adaptations at this training level and 2) the decreased performance as noted in this study after IT originates most likely from a central (brain) rather than peripheral level.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Equine Sciences, Internal Medicine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht Univ., Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands. i.wijnberg@uu.nl
authors.forename: Inge D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Wijnberg
authors.forename: Klien G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.forename: Ellen de
authors.initials: Ed
authors.lastname: Graaf-Roelfsema
authors.forename: Hans A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Keizer
authors.forename: Mireille M E
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: van Ginneken
authors.forename: Ab
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barneveld
authors.forename: Eric van
authors.initials: Ev
authors.lastname: Breda
authors.forename: Johannes H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van der Kolk
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D004576:Electromyography; D005080:Exercise Test; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000502:physiology*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*