title: Protective effect of Pycnogenol in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells following acrolein-induced cytotoxicity.
abstract: Oxidative stress is one of the hypotheses involved in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Considerable attention has been focused on increasing the intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels in many neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Pycnogenol (PYC) has antioxidant properties and stabilizes intracellular antioxidant defense systems including glutathione levels. The present study investigated the protective effects of PYC on acrolein-induced oxidative cell toxicity in cultured SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Decreased cell survival in SH-SY5Y cultures treated with acrolein correlated with oxidative stress, increased NADPH oxidase activity, free radical production, protein oxidation/nitration (protein carbonyl, 3-nitrotyrosine), and lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal). Pretreatment with PYC significantly attenuated acrolein-induced cytotoxicity, protein damage, lipid peroxidation, and cell death. A dose-response study suggested that PYC showed protective effects against acrolein toxicity by modulating oxidative stress and increasing GSH. These findings provide support that PYC may provide a promising approach for the treatment of oxidative stress-related neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
authors.affiliation: Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
authors.forename: Mubeen A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.forename: Jeffrey N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Scheff
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000378:metabolism; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D049449:Luminescence; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009447:Neuroblastoma; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D003603:Cytotoxins; D005419:Flavonoids; D005609:Free Radicals; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; C024070:pycnogenols; D000171:Acrolein; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D005978:Glutathione; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal