title: Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic analysis of 6-mercaptopurine in paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the population pharmacokinetics of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) active metabolites in paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and examine the effects of various genetic polymorphisms on the disposition of these metabolites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected prospectively from 19 paediatric patients with ALL (n = 75 samples, 150 concentrations) who received 6-MP maintenance chemotherapy (titrated to a target dose of 75 mg m(-2) day(-1)). All patients were genotyped for polymorphisms in three enzymes involved in 6-MP metabolism. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with the nonlinear mixed effects modelling program (nonmem) to determine the population mean parameter estimate of clearance for the active metabolites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The developed model revealed considerable interindividual variability (IIV) in the clearance of 6-MP active metabolites [6-thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGNs) and 6-methylmercaptopurine nucleotides (6-mMPNs)]. Body surface area explained a significant part of 6-TGNs clearance IIV when incorporated in the model (IIV reduced from 69.9 to 29.3%). The most influential covariate examined, however, was thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) genotype, which resulted in the greatest reduction in the model's objective function (P < 0.005) when incorporated as a covariate affecting the fractional metabolic transformation of 6-MP into 6-TGNs. The other genetic covariates tested were not statistically significant and therefore were not included in the final model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The developed pharmacokinetic model (if successful at external validation) would offer a more rational dosing approach for 6-MP than the traditional empirical method since it combines the current practice of using body surface area in 6-MP dosing with a pharmacogenetically guided dosing based on TPMT genotype.
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Practice Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: Ahmed F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Hawwa
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Collier
authors.forename: Jeff S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Millership
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: Sid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dempsey
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cairns
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: McElnay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015122:Mercaptopurine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate / Q000235:genetics; D008780:Methyltransferases / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; C010240:6-methylthiopurine; D015122:Mercaptopurine; D008780:Methyltransferases; C022745:thiopurine methyltransferase