title: Pioglitazone versus rosiglitazone treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia: cost-effectiveness in the US.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pioglitazone hydrochloride (Actos † ) and rosiglitazone maleate (Avandia ‡ ) are members of the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs) and are used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Greater beneficial effects on lipids have been demonstrated with pioglitazone, however. Study objectives were to evaluate the long-term cost-effectiveness of pioglitazone compared to rosiglitazone in treating patients with T2DM and dyslipidemia, and determine the extent to which reported beneficial lipid effects of pioglitazone would improve clinical and economic outcomes through reduced macrovascular complications. † Actos is a trade name of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Deerfield, IL, US ‡ Avandia is a trade name of GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle, NC, US.
  
  
  METHODS
  The validated CORE Diabetes Model (CDM) was used to simulate changes in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)), complications, and direct medical costs. Baseline parameters came from a multi-center, double-blind trial comparing lipid and glycemic effects of pioglitazone (n = 400) and rosiglitazone (n = 402) among individuals with T2DM and untreated dyslipidemia. Sensitivity analyses examined the impact of cohort, clinical, and cost inputs on incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICERs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the base case, pioglitazone was associated with mean (standard deviation [SD]) quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of 7.476 (0.123) vs. 7.326 (0.128) for rosiglitazone. Pioglitazone had $3038 higher total direct costs, but $580 lower complication costs. Risks of four cardiovascular complications were reduced with pioglitazone (relative risks 0.860-0.942), while risks of 17 other complications were slightly higher (relative risks 1.001-1.056). The ICER for pioglitazone treatment was $20 171/QALY. Results were most sensitive to the effects of HbA(1c), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, overall lipid effects, and pioglitazone acquisition costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study limitations include issues of generalizability of the trial patient population, as well as inability to capture non-adherence and variation in 'real-world' treatment patterns. Nevertheless, pioglitazone (when compared to rosiglitazone) was found to have long-term value as a treatment option for T2DM patients with dyslipidemia treated within the US payer setting.
authors.affiliation: aHealth Economics and Outcomes Research, IMS Consulting Services,Noblesville, IN, USA. stunis@us.imshealth.com
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Tunis
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Minshall
authors.forename: Meaghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: St Charles
authors.forename: Bhavik J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Pandya
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Baran
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077205:Pioglitazone; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D000077205:Pioglitazone