title: A common RET variant is associated with reduced newborn kidney size and function.
abstract: Congenital nephron number varies five-fold among normal humans, and individuals at the lower end of this range may have an increased lifetime risk for essential hypertension or renal insufficiency; however, the mechanisms that determine nephron number are unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that common hypomorphic variants of the RET gene, which encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor critical for renal branching morphogenesis, might account for subtle renal hypoplasia in some normal newborns. A common single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs1800860 G/A) was identified within an exonic splicing enhancer in exon 7. The adenosine variant at mRNA position 1476 reduced affinity for spliceosome proteins, enhanced the likelihood of aberrant mRNA splicing, and diminished the level of functional transcript in human cells. In vivo, normal white newborns with an rs1800860(1476A) allele had kidney volumes 10% smaller and cord blood cystatin C levels 9% higher than those with the rs1800860(1476G) allele. These findings suggest that the RET(1476A) allele, in combination with other common polymorphic developmental genes, may account for subtle renal hypoplasia in a significant proportion of the white population. Whether this gene variant affects clinical outcomes requires further study.
authors.affiliation: McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quinlan
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hoy
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hughson
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lemire
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.forename: Pierre-Alain
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hueber
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pascuet
authors.forename: Meigan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goodyer
authors.forename: Chandhana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Houghton
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bertram
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goodyer
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015331:Cohort Studies; D055316:Cystatin C; D015891:Cystatins / Q000097:blood; D005091:Exons; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009399:Nephrons / Q000002:abnormalities*; D009929:Organ Size; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret / Q000235:genetics*; D012326:RNA Splicing
chemical_list: C525030:CST3 protein, human; D055316:Cystatin C; D015891:Cystatins; D051096:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; C099282:RET protein, human