title: Follow-up after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma: contrast-enhanced sonography versus contrast-enhanced CT or MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to assess, with contrast-enhanced CT or MRI as the reference imaging technique, the diagnostic performance of low-mechanical-index contrast-enhanced sonography in detecting local tumor progression after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of renal tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine patients with 30 renal tumors (18 men, 11 women; mean age, 73 years; range, 53-83 years) underwent percutaneous radiofrequency ablation at a single center between March 1998 and January 2007. The imaging follow-up schedule was both contrast-enhanced sonography and CT or MRI 4 months after completion of treatment and every 4 months for the first year. Thereafter, the follow-up schedule was contrast-enhanced sonography every 4 months with CT or MRI every 8 months. The chi-square test with Yates correction was used to evaluate positive and negative predictive values and accuracy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One patient was scheduled to undergo surgical resection, and another patient was lost to follow-up. Twenty-seven patients with 28 renal tumors participated in follow-up. The concordance between contrast-enhanced sonographic and CT or MRI findings was 100% for 27 of 28 tumors (96.4%) that had a hypervascular pattern before treatment. In the case of the tumor that was hypovascular at imaging performed before percutaneous radiofrequency ablation, local tumor progression was missed at contrast-enhanced sonography. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall accuracy of contrast-enhanced sonography were 96.6%, 100%, 100%, 95.8%, and 98.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrast-enhanced sonography is an effective alternative to CT and MRI in the follow-up of renal tumors managed with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation.
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, Vimercate General Hospital, Via Cesare Battisti 23, 20059 Vimercate, Milan, Italy. francameloni@yahoo.it
authors.forename: Maria Franca
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Meloni
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertolotto
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alberzoni
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lazzaroni
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Filice
authors.forename: Tito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Livraghi
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferraioli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010743:Phospholipids; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D010743:Phospholipids; C420843:contrast agent BR1; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride