title: beta-Estradiol attenuates the anti-HIV-1 efficacy of Stavudine (D4T) in primary PBL.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Female hormones are known to play an important role in predisposition for many infectious diseases. Recent work suggests there are gender effects in HIV/AIDS progression. Here we ask whether the sex steroid hormone beta-estradiol affects the replication of HIV-1 or the efficacy of a common anti-retroviral drug, Stavudine (D4T).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human PBL were infected with HIV-1 in the presence or absence of combinations of sex steroid hormones and the anti-retroviral drug, D4T. After seven days in culture, viral supernatants were assayed for HIV-1 p24 protein. beta-estradiol resulted in a modest inhibition of HIV-1 replication of approximately 26%. However, 2 nM beta-estradiol increased the amount of HIV-1 replication in the presence of 50 nM D4T from a baseline of 33% (+/- SE = 5.4) to 74% (+/- SE = 5.4) of control virus levels in the absence of drug. Both results were statistically highly significant (p < 0.001). beta-estradiol did not increase the replication of a D4T-resistant strain of HIV in the presence of D4T. The effects were unlikely to be due to general cell inhibition or toxicity because these concentrations of drug and hormone cause no cytotoxicity in PBL as measured by trypan blue exclusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  beta-estradiol inhibited both HIV-1 replication in primary human PBL and the antiretroviral efficacy of D4T in PBL cultures. To optimize antiretroviral drug therapy, it may be necessary to monitor patient hormonal status.
authors.affiliation: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. ming.zhang@fda.hhs.gov
authors.forename: Mingjie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qingsheng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Owen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Weishi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Caren
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chancey
authors.forename: Sylvester
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rios
authors.forename: Indira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hewlett
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Clouse
authors.forename: Andrew I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Dayton
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology; D018119:Stavudine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D003470:Culture Media; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D016655:HIV Core Protein p24; D004958:Estradiol; D018119:Stavudine