title: The role of nuclear factor-kappaB in the effect of angiotensin II in the paraventricular nucleus in protecting the gastric mucosa from ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to elucidate the role of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) in the development of gastric ischemia-reperfusion (GI-R) injury and in mediating the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on GI-R injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  GI-R injury was induced in rats by clamping the celiac artery for 30 min and then reperfusing for 1 h. A cannula was inserted into the unilateral PVN for microinjection of Ang II. The expressions and levels of NF-kappaB (p65), IkappaB-alpha, and phosphorylated IkappaB-alpha in rat gastric mucosa were examined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. A laser Doppler flowmeter was used to assess gastric blood flow (GBF). Malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined using the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was determined by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microinjection of Ang II (3, 30, and 300 ng) into the PVN dose-dependently inhibited GI-R injury. The levels and expressions of NF-kappaB (p65) and phosphospecific IkappaB-alpha protein increased 1 h after GI-R and were markedly reduced by microinjection of Ang II into the PVN. In contrast, the level and expression of IkappaB-alpha protein decreased 1 h after ischemia-reperfusion and recovered to the normal level by microinjection of Ang II into the PVN. The effects of Ang II were prevented by pretreatment with the Ang II AT1 receptor antagonist losartan (5 microg) microinjected into the lateral cerebral ventricle. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 200 mg/kg) produced similar effects in rats subjected to ischemia-reperfusion with or without microinjection of Ang II into the PVN. Administration of PDTC attenuated gastric mucosal injury and suppressed the activation of NF-kappaB (p65). Ang II microinjection into the PVN increased GBF and decreased the MDA content but did not alter SOD activity in the gastric mucosa following ischemia-reperfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NF-kappaB plays a role in PVN Ang II-mediated protection against GI-R injury. These central effects of Ang II are mediated by AT1 receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Er-Qing
authors.initials: EQ
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Wei-Li
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Jian-Fu
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019808:Losartan / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013859:Thiocarbamates / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606206:Nfkbia protein, rat; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D013859:Thiocarbamates; D000804:Angiotensin II; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; C020972:pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D019808:Losartan