title: Increased detection of influenza A H16 in the United States.
abstract: As a result of an US interagency avian influenza surveillance effort in wild birds, four isolates of influenza A viruses were initially identified as H7 by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) but subsequently identified as H16 through genetic sequence analysis. We report the development of internal primers for amplification and cycle-sequencing of the full-length H16 gene, increased detection of H16 within the US, and possible steric inhibition or cross-reaction between H7 and H16 antigens during the conventional HI assay. The latter could have critical implications for poultry operations if H16 viruses are detected and mistakenly reported as H7 viruses.
authors.affiliation: US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA. kaci.vandalen@aphis.usda.gov
authors.forename: Kaci K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: VanDalen
authors.forename: Theodore D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Mary Lea
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Killian
authors.forename: Janice C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Antoinette J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Piaggio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; D012367:RNA, Viral; C109963:hemagglutinin, avian influenza A virus