title: Leptin receptor is elevated in carotid plaques from neurologically symptomatic patients and positively correlated with augmented macrophage density.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carotid artery lesions from symptomatic patients are characterized by inflammation and neovascularization. The adipokine leptin promotes angiogenesis and activates inflammatory cells, and the leptin receptor (ob gene-encoded receptor), ObR, is expressed in advanced atherosclerotic lesions. The present study quantitatively analyzed ObR messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and immunoreactivity in carotid artery plaques from symptomatic and asymptomatic persons. Plaque angiogenesis, gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and macrophage density were also analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Carotid endarterectomy specimens were collected from 26 patients undergoing surgery for hemispheric cerebrovascular symptoms (n = 13) or progressive asymptomatic internal carotid stenosis (n = 13). A representative sample, including part of the most active site, was collected from each lesion and evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis for ObR(long) and ObR(common) isoforms, VEGF(165), and macrophage adhesion molecule-1 (Mac-1) mRNA, and by immunohistochemistry for ObR, von Willebrand factor (vWF), and CD68 antigen expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All plaques exhibited advanced atherosclerosis (American Heart Association class IV through VI). Transcript levels were preferentially elevated in symptomatic plaques for ObR(long) (P = .0006) and ObR(common) (P = .033), with a simultaneous upregulation of VEGF(165) (P = .001) and Mac-1 mRNA expression (P = .003). Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed a significant increase of ObR antigen levels (P = .011) and CD68-positive inflammatory cells (P = .049) in symptomatic plaques, whereas neovascularization, evident in all plaques, was similar in both groups (P = .7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ObR(long) and ObR(common) genes are upregulated and their protein preferentially synthesized in clinically symptomatic carotid plaques. Moreover, ObR expression is positively correlated with augmentation of gene transcripts related to macrophage density and neovascularization. These data suggest that ObR(long) and ObR(common) may be linked with histologic features of carotid plaque instability, which are associated with cerebral ischemic symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery and the Gottesdiener Vascular Biology Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. jschneid@netvision.net.il
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schneiderman
authors.forename: Amos J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Marco R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Schroeter
authors.forename: Moshe Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Flugelman
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Konstantinides
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schaefer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D054411:Receptors, Leptin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; C515448:LEPR protein, human; D020738:Leptin; D016177:Macrophage-1 Antigen; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D054411:Receptors, Leptin; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D002097:C-Reactive Protein