title: Review article: pharmacological therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with sorafenib and other oral agents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide. Unresectable disease patients have median survival of few months. There is a substantial need for novel treatments for patients with advanced HCC.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide an update review of mechanism of hepatocarcinigenesis and systemic therapies for HCC and the relevant role of Sorafenib in patients with advanced disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline search was performed to identify pertinent original research and review articles. Selected references in these articles were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systemic chemotherapy for HCC has been quite ineffective. Preclinical studies demonstrated that Raf/MAPK-ERK kinase (MEK)/Extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway has a role in HCC. HCC tumours are highly vascularized and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) augments HCC development and metastasis. Sorafenib blocks tumour cell proliferation by targeting Raf/MEK/ERK signalling and exerts an antiangiogenic effect by targeting VEGF receptors-2/3 and platelet derived growth factor receptor beta tyrosine kinases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently available therapies are not effective for patients with advanced HCC. Sorafenib has demonstrated for the first time to prolong survival in patients with advanced HCC, and it is the new reference standard for systemic treatment in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology and Ciberehd, University Hospital La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chaparro
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: González Moreno
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trapero-Marugán
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moreno-Otero
mesh_terms: D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000401:mortality; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000401:mortality; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D000077157:Sorafenib; D015996:Survival Rate; D048490:raf Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D009536:Niacinamide; D000077157:Sorafenib; D048490:raf Kinases; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases