title: The motivation to obtain nicotine-conditioned reinforcers depends on nicotine dose.
abstract: Stimuli associated with nicotine (NIC) can acquire new meaning via Pavlovian conditioning. If a stimulus is associated with the primary reinforcing effects of NIC, the new conditional properties of the stimulus should make it a more valuable reinforcer (i.e., increase the motivation to obtain the stimulus), and this value should be based, in part, on the strength or intensity of the primary reinforcer (i.e., NIC dose). The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether NIC-conditioned reinforcement increased motivation to obtain non-NIC stimuli, as reflected by performance on a progressive ratio (PR) reinforcement schedule, and whether this increased motivation was systematically related to NIC dose. Two Paired groups were allowed to nose-poke for NIC (0.03 or 0.09mg/kg/infusion, IV) accompanied by 15-s illumination of a stimulus light (conditional stimulus or CS). Two Unpaired groups (0.03 or 0.09mg/kg/infusion) could also make a nose-poke response for the CS; however their NIC infusions were controlled by the Paired group (i.e., yoked design). A fifth group (CS-Only) was allowed to nose-poke for CS presentations and saline infusions. After 29 conditioning sessions the nose-poke operant was prevented by obscuring the receptacle and the CS (accompanied by saline infusion for all groups) was made contingent upon a novel operant response (lever press). During the acquisition of this novel response, each CS/saline infusion earned increased the number of responses required to earn the next CS/saline infusion. Pairings with the primary reinforcing effects of NIC resulted the acquisition of a novel response for the CS. Motivation to obtain the CS depended on salience (dose) of the primary reinforcement (NIC).
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Kansas State University, 469 Bluemont Hall, 1100 Mid Campus Drive, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA. mattyp@ksu.edu
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Palmatier
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Coddington
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Donny
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Caggiula
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Sved
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001245:Association Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine