title: A review of selective hypothermia in the management of traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant cause of morbidity and death in the US and worldwide. Resuscitative systemic hypothermia following TBI has been established as an effective neuroprotective treatment in multiple studies in animals and humans, although this intervention carries with it a significant risk profile as well. Selective, or preferential, methods of inducing cerebral hypothermia have taken precedence over the past few years in order to minimize systemic adverse effects. In this report, the authors explore the current methods available for inducing selective cerebral hypothermia following TBI and review the literature regarding the results of animal and human trials in which these methods have been implemented.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of the PubMed archive (National Library of Medicine) and the reference lists of all relevant articles was conducted to identify all animal and human studies pertaining to the use of selective brain cooling, selective hypothermia, preferential hypothermia, or regional hypothermia following TBI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple methods of inducing selective cerebral hypothermia are currently in the experimental phases, including surface cooling, intranasal selective hypothermia, transarterial or transvenous endovascular cooling, extraluminal vascular cooling, and epidural cerebral cooling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several methods of conferring preferential neuroprotection via selective hypothermia currently are being tested. Class I prospective clinical trials are required to assess the safety and efficacy of these methods.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
authors.forename: Eisha
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Christian
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zada
authors.forename: Gene
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Giannotta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods