title: Orthodontic loading of titanium miniplates in dogs: microradiographic and histological evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this animal study were to evaluate if orthodontic loading has an impact on osseointegration of screws supporting miniplates, and to describe the histological components of the bone-screw interface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty orthodontic miniplates were placed in the jaws of 10 dogs. After 2 weeks, a 125 g force was applied between the miniplates of one upper quadrant of each dog and between those of the controlateral lower quadrant. The others, nonloaded miniplates, were considered as controls. Five dogs were sacrificed 7 weeks after implantation and the remaining five dogs after 29 weeks [Short Term (ST) and Long Term (LT) groups, respectively]. Fluorochromes were injected at implantation and at sacrifice. Jaw quadrants were dissected, embedded, cut into undecalcified transverse sections through the screws and finally submitted to microradiographic analysis to allow assessment of bone-implant contact (BIC) and bone volume/total volume (BV/TV). The sections were observed under UV light and stained in order to examine them under ordinary light.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Osseointegration occurred around 90/160 screws and consisted mainly in limited repair and remodelling processes of lamellar bone, without inflammation. Wide variations were observed in BIC and BV/TV, but without any significant difference, neither between the loaded and the nonloaded screws, nor according to the direction of load, whereas they were significantly higher in the LT than in the ST group. Nonosseointegrated screws were surrounded by fibrous tissue. Osteoblastic activity, when present in front of these screws, was not sufficient to achieve stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Osseointegration underlying orthodontic anchorage was not affected by loading. BIC increased with time and varied according to implantation site. Particularly the tight-fitting screw insertion appeared crucial in determining the appropriate bone healing response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. marie.cornelis@uclouvain.be
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cornelis
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vandergugten
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mahy
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: De Clerck
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lengelé
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: D'Hoore
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nyssen-Behets
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001860:Bone Plates; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology; D001863:Bone Screws; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004285:Dogs; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005355:Fibrosis; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008852:Microradiography; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000473:pathology; D010011:Osteocytes / Q000473:pathology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes