Regulation of human dihydrofolate reductase activity and expression.
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme catalyzes tetrahydrofolate regeneration by reduction of dihydrofolate using NADPH as a cofactor. Tetrahydrofolate and its one carbon adducts are required for de novo synthesis of purines and thymidylate, as well as glycine, methionine and serine. DHFR inhibition causes disruption of purine and thymidylate biosynthesis and DNA replication, leading to cell death. Therefore, DHFR has been an attractive target for chemotherapy of many diseases including cancer. Over the following years, in order to develop better antifolates, a detailed understanding of DHFR at every level has been undertaken such as structure-functional analysis, mechanisms of action, transcriptional and translation regulation of DHFR using a wide range of technologies. Because of this wealth of information created, DHFR has been used extensively as a model system for enzyme catalysis, investigating the relations between structure in-silico structure-based drug design, transcription from TATA-less promoters, regulation of transcription through the cell cycle, and translational autoregulation. In this review, the current understanding of human DHFR in terms of structure, function and regulation is summarized.
Abali
Emine Ercikan
EE
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA.
Skacel
Nancy E
NE
Celikkaya
Hilal
H
Hsieh
Yi-Ching
YC
D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011487:Protein Conformation; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase