title: Sleep and behavioral correlates of napping among young adults: a survey of first-year university students in Madrid, Spain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Between November 2002 and March 2003, the authors assessed the prevalence and correlates of napping among Spanish university students.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 1,276 first-year university students; the mean age was 18.74 +/- 1.24 years, and 35.45% were men.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was cross-sectional, and the students completed self-report, anonymous questionnaires provided during an in-class survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Almost half (44%) of the sample reported napping (90% did so after lunch for longer than 1 hour). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that experiencing an irregular sleep-wakefulness pattern, having a morning school schedule, and being male were significant predictor variables of napping. Further significant outcome variables related to napping were having excessive daytime sleepiness, missing classes because of tiredness, better ability to concentrate later in the afternoon, and a perception of deeper nighttime sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Habitual napping is common among Spanish university students and associated with an irregular sleep-wakefulness pattern. Taking long postlunch naps seems to be used by students to cope with insufficient sleep and daytime sleepiness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain. antonio.vela@uam.es
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vela-Bueno
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Mendoza
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olavarrieta-Bernardino
authors.forename: Alexandros N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Vgontzas
authors.forename: Edward O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Bixler
authors.forename: Juan Jose
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de la Cruz-Troca
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Muñoz
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oliván-Palacios
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001519:Behavior; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012890:Sleep; D013030:Spain; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult