title: The Neck Disability Index: state-of-the-art, 1991-2008.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Published in 1991, the Neck Disability Index (NDI) was the first instrument designed to assess self-rated disability in patients with neck pain. This article reviews the history of the NDI and the current state of the research into its psychometric properties--reliability, validity, and responsiveness--as well as its translations. Focused reviews are presented into its use in studies of the prognosis of whiplash-injured patients as well as its use in clinical trials of conservative therapies for neck pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The NDI is a relatively short, paper-pencil instrument that is easy to apply in both clinical and research settings. It has strong psychometric characteristics and has proven to be highly responsive in clinical trials. As of late 2007, it has been used in approximately 300 publications; it has been translated into 22 languages, and it is endorsed for use by a number of clinical guidelines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NDI is the most widely used and most strongly validated instrument for assessing self-rated disability in patients with neck pain. It has been used effectively in both clinical and research settings in the treatment of this very common problem.
authors.affiliation: Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vernon
mesh_terms: D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index