title: Transdermal iontophoresis of hydromorphone across hairless rat skin in vitro.
abstract: The feasibility of delivering hydromorphone by transdermal iontophoresis to obtain therapeutically effective analgesic concentrations for the management of cancer-related pain was evaluated. Anodal iontophoresis was performed, and the effect of current strength, current duration, solution pH, presence of buffer ions, and drug concentration on the transdermal permeation of hydromorphone was investigated in vitro. Freshly excised full-thickness hairless rat skin and side-by-side permeation cells connected to the Phoresor II with Ag/AgCl electrodes was used. The flux of hydromorphone was observed to significantly increase (P < 0.05) from 72.04-280.30 microg/cm(2)/h with increase in current strength from 0.10-0.50 mA. A linear relationship was obtained between hydromorphone flux and current strength. Furthermore, the flux of hydromorphone was influenced by solution pH and presence of buffer ions. Also, the in vitro permeation flux of hydromorphone was observed to significantly increase (P < 0.05) with a 10-fold increase in hydromorphone hydrochloride concentration from 0.01-0.10 M. However, with further increase to 0.50 M, there was no significant difference in flux. These results show that by manipulating electronic and formulation variables, the transdermal iontophoretic delivery of hydromorphone can be controlled, and therapeutically effective concentrations of hydromorphone for the management of cancer-related pain can be obtained.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St John's University, Jamaica, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Maansi G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Senshang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002021:Buffers; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D004091:Hydromorphone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D054772:Rats, Hairless; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012996:Solutions; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002021:Buffers; D012996:Solutions; D004091:Hydromorphone