title: Nitrite reductase activity of cytochrome c.
abstract: Small increases in physiological nitrite concentrations have now been shown to mediate a number of biological responses, including hypoxic vasodilation, cytoprotection after ischemia/reperfusion, and regulation of gene and protein expression. Thus, while nitrite was until recently believed to be biologically inert, it is now recognized as a potentially important hypoxic signaling molecule and therapeutic agent. Nitrite mediates signaling through its reduction to nitric oxide, via reactions with several heme-containing proteins. In this report, we show for the first time that the mitochondrial electron carrier cytochrome c can also effectively reduce nitrite to NO. This nitrite reductase activity is highly regulated as it is dependent on pentacoordination of the heme iron in the protein and occurs under anoxic and acidic conditions. Further, we demonstrate that in the presence of nitrite, pentacoordinate cytochrome c generates bioavailable NO that is able to inhibit mitochondrial respiration. These data suggest an additional role for cytochrome c as a nitrite reductase that may play an important role in regulating mitochondrial function and contributing to hypoxic, redox, and apoptotic signaling within the cell.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA.
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: Natalia A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Azarova
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Font
authors.forename: S Bruce
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Gladwin
authors.forename: Sruti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiva
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kim-Shapiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002417:Cattle; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D000860:Hypoxia; D007700:Kinetics; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D009572:Nitrite Reductases / Q000737:chemistry*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000737:chemistry; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013053:Spectrophotometry
chemical_list: D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D045304:Cytochromes c; D009572:Nitrite Reductases; C017251:1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine; D010100:Oxygen