title: In vitro bonding performance of self-etch adhesives: II--ultramorphological evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the interfacial ultra-morphology formed by "all-in-one" self-etch adhesives.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine extracted molars were assigned to one of five all-in-one adhesives: Adper Prompt L-Pop (AP, 3M ESPE); Clearfil S3 Bond (S3, Kuraray); G-Bond (GB, GC America); iBond (iB, Heraeus Kulzer) and Xeno IV (XE, Dentsply Caulk). Adper Single Bond Plus (SB, 3M ESPE), a two-step etch&rinse adhesive, and Clearfil SE Bond (SE, Kuraray), a two-step self-etch adhesive, were used as controls. Dentin, unground enamel and ground enamel were used as bonding substrates. Dentin specimens were processed for FESEM and TEM analyses. Enamel specimens were processed for FESEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dentin: GB, iB, S3, SE and XE resulted in a submicron-thick hybrid layer (0.2-0.7 microm), but only S3 and SE did not result in interfacial gaps. AP resulted in the thickest hybrid layer (1.7-2.9 microm) among the self-etch adhesives. SB resulted in a 3.4-5.2 pm thick hybrid layer. Unground enamel-GB, iB and SE resulted in a mostly featureless morphology resembling that of untreated enamel with areas in which the superficial enamel layer was removed without dissolving the subsurface enamel. XE resulted in areas of intra-prismatic etching and areas without any etching pattern. S3 resulted in frequent shallow intra-prismatic etching, while AP was able to unveil the enamel crystallites across the entire enamel surface. Phosphoric acid in SB resulted in the deepest intra- and inter-prismatic demineralization. Ground enamel--AP resulted in a well-defined inter-prismatic etching pattern. iB, GB, SE and S3 resulted in islands of superficially dissolved enamel within areas without evidence of enamel dissolution. XE resulted in etched enamel areas with mild intraprismatic exposure of crystallites. Phosphoric acid in SB resulted in deep enamel etching.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only AP, an aggressive self-etch adhesive, showed enamel morphological features that resemble those created by etch & rinse adhesives. S3 and SE were the only self-etch adhesives that did not result in dentin interfacial debonding.
authors.affiliation: Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. perdi001@umn.edu
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perdigão
authors.forename: Maria M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gomes
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D020770:Compomers / Q000737:chemistry; D003461:Crystallography; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003747:Dental Enamel Solubility; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: C505694:Clearfil S3 Bond; C438313:Clearfil SE Bond; D020770:Compomers; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C498353:G-Bond; D008689:Methacrylates; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; C408584:Prompt L-Pop; D019279:Resin Cements; C511238:Single Bond Plus; C417842:Xeno compomer; C477386:iBond; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; C030242:phosphoric acid