title: Missed opportunities for congenital syphilis and HIV perinatal transmission prevention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of missed opportunities for congenital syphilis and HIV prevention in pregnant women who had access to prenatal care and to assess factors associated to non-testing of these infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study comprising a randomly selected sample of 2,145 puerperal women who were admitted in maternity hospitals for delivery or curettage and had attended at least one prenatal care visit, in Brazil between 1999 and 2000. No syphilis and/or anti-HIV testing during pregnancy was a marker for missed prevention opportunity. Women who were not tested for either or both were compared to those who had at least one syphilis and one anti-HIV testing performed during pregnancy (reference category). The prevalence of missed prevention opportunity was estimated for each category with 95% confidence intervals. Factors independently associated with missed prevention opportunity were assessed through multinomial logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of missed prevention opportunity for syphilis or anti-HIV was 41.2% and 56.0%, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that race/skin color (non-white), schooling (<8 years), marital status (single), income (<3 monthly minimum wages), having sex during pregnancy, history of syphilis prior to the current pregnancy, number of prenatal care visits (<6), and last prenatal visit before the third trimester of gestation were associated with an increased risk of missed prevention opportunity. A negative association with missed prevention opportunity was found between marital status (single), prenatal care site (hospital) and first prenatal visit in the third trimester of gestation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High rates of non-tested women indicate failures in preventive and control actions for HIV infection and congenital syphilis. Pregnant women have been discontinuing prenatal care at an early stage and are failing to undergo prenatal screening for HIV and syphilis.
authors.affiliation: Gerência de Vigilância em Saúde e Informação, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. celestesr@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Celeste Souza
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Mark Drew Crosland
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.forename: Cibele Comini
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: César
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008403:Mass Screening; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017584:Reproductive History; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013588:Syphilis Serodiagnosis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013590:Syphilis, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult