title: Phytotoxicity of GF-120 NF Naturalyte fruit fly bait carrier on sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) foliage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Six sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars were tested with GF-120 with spinosad (0.2 g L(-1) spinosad bait) or without it (blank bait) to understand leaf phytotoxicity observed in the field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Spinosad bait and blank bait did not differ significantly with respect to damage observed. Leaf damage was found almost exclusively at the abaxial (lower) surfaces with the doses (0, 17, 20, 25 or 40%) and cultivars tested. The effects of the blank bait on abaxial surfaces increased from 24 to 168 h, and with dose, in terms of the proportion of droplets (0.00, 0.42, 0.52, 0.75 or 0.94) and area (0.0, 18.7, 23.5, 40.5 or 91.6 mm) burned. In addition, chlorophyll was reduced with increasing dose on abaxial surfaces (SPAD = 44.6, 36.1, 34.1, 31.0, 21.5), but not on adaxial (upper) surfaces (SPAD = 44.6, 44.2, 44.0, 44.8, 44.4). The chlorophyll level in undamaged leaves (adaxial surfaces) differed by cultivar. Cherry leaves were less damaged by a 20% bait application in June (0.26) than in July (0.46) and August (0.50). Incidental insect leaf feeding at bait locations occurred at a low rate and was highest on abaxial bait surfaces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Applying GF-120 to the adaxial leaf surface, or at doses of <or=20%, will minimize leaf phytotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Naomi C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: DeLury
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thistlewood
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Routledge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018942:Macrolides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010675:Pheromones; D018515:Plant Leaves; D027861:Prunus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000469:parasitology; D012621:Seasons; D033621:Tephritidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D010675:Pheromones; C010411:insect attractants; C415329:spinosad