title: Oral bioavailability of etoposide after administration of a single dose to tumor-bearing dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic disposition of etoposide when the IV formulation was administered orally to dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  8 tumor-bearing dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  An open-label, single-dose, 2-way crossover study was conducted. Dogs were randomly assigned to initially receive a single dose of etoposide (50 mg/m2) IV or PO. A second dose was administered via the alternate route 3 to 7 days later. Medications were administered before IV administration of etoposide to prevent hypersensitivity reactions. Oral administration of etoposide was prepared by reconstituting the parenteral formulation with 0.9% NaCl solution and further diluting the reconstituted mixture 1:1 with a sweetening agent. Plasma samples were obtained after both treatments. Etoposide concentrations were measured with a high-performance liquid chromatography assay, and plasma etoposide concentration-time profiles were analyzed by use of noncompartmental methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  4 dogs had hypersensitivity reactions during IV administration of etoposide. No adverse effects were detected after oral administration. Plasma etoposide concentrations were undetectable in 2 dogs after oral administration. Oral administration of etoposide resulted in significantly lower values for the maximum plasma concentration and the area under the plasma etoposide concentration-versus-time curve, compared with results for IV administration. Oral bioavailability of etoposide was low (median, 13.4%) and highly variable among dogs (range, 5.7% to 57.3%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE-Vehicle-related toxicosis can limit the IV administration of etoposide in dogs. The parenteral formulation of etoposide can be safely administered orally to dogs, but routine use was not supported because of low and variable oral bioavailability in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Flory
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rassnick
authors.forename: Cheryl E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Balkman
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kiselow
authors.forename: Karoliina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Autio
authors.forename: Bernard B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Beaulieu
authors.forename: Lionel D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004285:Dogs; D005047:Etoposide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007700:Kinetics; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D005047:Etoposide