The biological activity and chemistry of the southern African Combretaceae.
OBJECTIVE
Members of the Combretaceae family are widely traded in the traditional medicine market in southern Africa. The family is also used for medicinal purposes in the rest of Africa and Asia for close to 90 medicinal indications. Many of these indications are related to treating infections. This contribution summarizes work done to date and identifies avenues for future research.


METHODS
Substantial work has already been done on the chemistry of especially Combretum and Terminalia species over many years. During the last decade we have focussed on bio-assay guided isolation of biologically active compounds with the aim of producing new effective antimicrobial products.


CONCLUSIONS
Methods developed to facilitate this process and data on 25 compounds isolated from 7 species are presented. The large majority of compounds isolated were known, but the biological activities were not known. In practically all cases the antibacterial or antifungal activity of compounds isolated were much lower than expected from the activity of the crude extracts. It appears that synergism plays a role in antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and that the hope of isolating a single compound that can be used as a new agent to address antibiotic resistance has been frustrated. By simple manipulation such as selective extraction the activity of some crude extracts could however, be increased substantially and this offers a new approach to address antibiotic resistance via the herbal medicine industry. Practically all extracts obtained using intermediate polarity extractants had reasonable to very good activity with MICs as low as 40 microg/ml, validating the traditional use for infectious diseases. Aqueous extracts however, generally had hardly any activity.


CONCLUSIONS
The Combretaceae contains a diversity of antimicrobial compounds. Because poor people usually have only water available as extractant, it raises the question how plants growing in poor rural communities can be used to treat infections more effectively, and what the mechanism of activity of aqueous extracts used to treat infections in traditional medicine are.
Eloff
J N
JN
Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa. kobus.eloff@up.ac.za
Katerere
D R
DR
McGaw
L J
LJ
D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D029764:Combretaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity; D019448:Ethnobotany; D006801:Humans; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D013019:South Africa
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts