title: Age and sex differences in various stepping movements of the elderly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to examine sex and age differences of various stepping movements in the elderly and to clarify useful stepping movements for evaluation of their dynamic balance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and eighty-six healthy elderly subjects who could walk independently (male mean age = 71.2 +/- 7.1 years; female mean age = 71.5 +/- 6.0) performed the following stepping tests: back and forth; up and down with a 5 cm tall step; and in-place stepping matching three tempos (44, 66 and 132 b.p.m.). Step number, single and double support times in the former two stepping tests, and time difference between metronome sound and grounding time in the latter tempo stepping tests were selected as evaluation parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An insignificant sex difference was found in all parameters. Hence, the data of men and women was pooled to examine age differences. Significant age differences were found in the step number and double support time of back and forth and up and down stepping tests and in the time difference of three tempo stepping tests. The step number in younger age groups and the support times in older age groups tended to be larger.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No sex difference was found in evaluation parameters of all stepping tests, and all parameters tended to be superior in the younger elderly. The elderly experienced more difficulty matching slow tempos than fast tempos in the in-place stepping test. The back and forth, up and down and in-place matching tempo stepping tests may be useful for evaluating dynamic balance ability of the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demura
authors.forename: Takayoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Sohee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors