title: Effects of estrogen, raloxifene and levormeloxifene on alpha1A-adrenergic receptor expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effect of estrogen, raloxifene and levormeloxifene on alpha1A-adrenergic receptor expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postpartum rats underwent intravaginal balloon injury and ovariectomy, and were then treated with estrogen or placebo for 8 weeks. The urethras were examined for alpha1A-adrenergic receptor expression by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Urethral smooth muscle cells were isolated from untreated female rats and examined for the expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta by immunofluorescence microscopy. Urethral smooth muscle cells were treated with estrogen, raloxifene or levormeloxifene for 24 hours and examined for alpha1A-adrenergic receptor expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The effects of these drugs on alpha1A-adrenergic receptor expression were further examined by promoter assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estrogen treatment resulted in decreased alpha1A-adrenergic receptor expression in the urethras. Urethral smooth muscle cells expressed estrogen receptors alpha and beta, the former predominantly in the cytoplasm and the latter in the nucleus. Estrogen significantly down-regulated alpha1A-adrenergic receptor mRNA expression, while raloxifene and levormeloxifene had no significant effect. Estrogen also significantly down-regulated alpha1A-adrenergic receptor promoter in the presence of estrogen receptor alpha or beta. Raloxifene and levormeloxifene up-regulated alpha1A-adrenergic receptor promoter in the presence of estrogen receptor alpha but not beta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estrogen down-regulated alpha1A-adrenergic receptor expression in the urethral smooth muscle of female rats, while raloxifene and levormeloxifene had no significant effect. These findings represent a possible molecular mechanism through which estrogen, raloxifene and levormeloxifene differentially affect urinary continence.
authors.affiliation: Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0738, USA.
authors.forename: Lia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Banie
authors.forename: Guiting
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Hongxiu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.forename: Guifang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tom F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lue
authors.forename: Ching-Shwun
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011942:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D012016:Reference Values; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D011942:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; C108255:levormeloxifene