title: Concentrated sodium chloride brine solutions as an additional treatment for preventing the introduction of nonindigenous species in the ballast tanks of ships declaring no ballast on board.
abstract: Currently, seawater flushing is the only management strategy for reducing the number of viable organisms in residual sediments and water of ballast tanks of vessels declaring no ballast on board (NOBOB) that traffic ports of the eastern United States. Previously, we identified several species of freshwater and brackish-water peracarid crustaceans able to survive the osmotic shock that occurs during open-ocean ballast water exchange and, potentially, to disperse over long distances via ballasted ships and NOBOB vessels. We tested the efficacy of concentrated sodium chloride brine solutions as an additional treatment for eradicating the halotolerant taxa often present in the ballast tanks of NOBOB ships. The lowest brine treatments (30 ppt for 1 h) caused 100% mortality in several species of cladocerans and copepods collected from oligohaline habitats. Several brackish-water peracarid crustaceans, however, including some that can survive in freshwater as well, required higher brine concentrations and longer exposure durations (45-60 ppt for 3-24 h). The most resilient animals were widely introduced peracarid crustaceans that generally prefer mesohaline habitats but do not tolerate freshwater (required brine treatments of 60-110 ppt for 3-24 h). Brine treatments (30 ppt) also required less time to cause 100% mortality for eight taxa compared with treatments using 34 ppt seawater. Based on these experiments and published data, we present treatment strategies for the ballast tank biota often associated with NOBOB vessels entering the Great Lakes region. We estimate the lethal dosage of brine for 95% of the species in our experiments to be 110 ppt (95% confidence interval, 85-192 ppt) when the exposure time is 1 h and 60 ppt (95% confidence interval, 48-98 ppt) when the exposure duration is 6 h or longer.
authors.affiliation: Marine Invasions Laboratory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USA. scott.santagata@gmail.com
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santagata
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bacela
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mclean
authors.forename: Jill S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Jeffery R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cordell
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Johengen
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ruiz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012767:Ships; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012996:Solutions; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D012996:Solutions; D012965:Sodium Chloride