title: Protective effect of candesartan in experimental ischemic stroke in the rat mediated by AT2 and AT4 receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The contribution of the AT2 and AT4 angiotensin receptors to the protective role of the AT1 receptor blocker candesartan in acute ischemic stroke was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Embolic stroke was induced by injection of calibrated microspheres (50 microm) in the right internal carotid in Sprague-Dawley rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inhibition of production of endogenous angiotensins by pretreatment for 24 h with lisinopril significantly increased mortality and infarct volume, whereas candesartan for 24 h reduced blood pressure to the same extent but had no deleterious effect. A more sustained pretreatment with candesartan for 5 days significantly decreased mortality, neurological deficit and infarct size. The AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319 and the AT4 receptor antagonist divalinal abolished the protective effect of 5 days' AT1 blockade. Combined blockade of AT2 and AT4 in candesartan pretreated rats resulted in an increased mortality, neurological deficit and infarct volume of similar magnitude to lisinopril pretreatment. Coadministration of lisinopril 24 h before surgery completely blunted the protective effect of candesartan pretreatment. Administration of exogenous angiotensin IV (1 nmol) reversed the deleterious effect of lisinopril pretreatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Protection against acute cerebral ischemia induced by AT1 blockade for 5 days is blood pressure independent and mediated by both AT2 and AT4 angiotensin receptors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faure
authors.forename: Annabelle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bureau
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oudart
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Javellaud
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Achard
mesh_terms: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C090830:AT4 receptor; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin; D013777:Tetrazoles; C081643:candesartan