title: A potential role of connexin 43 in epidermal growth factor-induced proliferation of mouse embryonic stem cells: involvement of Ca2+/PKC, p44/42 and p38 MAPKs pathways.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The gap junction protein, connexin (Cx), plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and cell proliferation by allowing communication between adjacent cells. Therefore, this study has examined the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on Cx43 and its relationship to proliferation of mouse embryonic stem cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expressions of Cx43, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and cell cycle regulatory proteins were assessed by Western blot analysis. Cell proliferation was assayed with [(3)H]thymidine incorporation. Intercellular communication level was measured by a scrape loading/dye transfer method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that EGF increased the level of Cx43 phosphorylation in a time- (> or =5 min) and dose- (> or =10 ng/mL) dependent manner. Indeed, EGF-induced increase in phospho-Cx43 level was significantly blocked by either AG 1478 or herbimycin A (tyrosine kinase inhibitors). EGF increased Ca(2+) influx and protein kinase C (PKC) translocation from the cytosolic compartment to the membrane compartment. Moreover, pre-treatment with BAPTA-AM (an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator), EGTA (an extracellular Ca(2+) chelator), bisindolylmaleimide I or staurosporine (PKC inhibitors) inhibited the EGF-induced phosphorylation of Cx43. EGF induced phosphorylation of p38 and p44/42 MAPKs, and this was blocked by SB 203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) and PD 98059 (a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor), respectively. EGF or 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA; a gap junction inhibitor) increased expression levels of the protooncogenes (c-fos, c-jun and c-myc), cell cycle regulatory proteins [cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), CDK4 and p-Rb], [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and cell number, but decreased expression levels of the p21(WAF1/Cip1) and p27(Kip1), CDK inhibitory proteins. Transfection of Cx43 siRNA also increased the level of [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and cell number. EGF, 18alpha-GA or transfection of Cx43 siRNA increased 2-DG uptake and GLUT-1 protein expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EGF-induced phosphorylation of Cx43, which was mediated by the Ca(2+)/PKC, p44/42 and p38 MAPKs pathways, partially contributed to regulation of mouse embryonic stem cell proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biotherapy Human Resources Center (BK21), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000378:metabolism*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D018031:Connexin 43; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D002118:Calcium