title: Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in older adults: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed incidence, aetiology, clinical outcomes and risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a population-based cohort study that included 11,241 community-dwelling individuals aged 65 years or more, who were followed between 2002 and 2005 in the region of Tarragona, Spain. Primary endpoints were all-cause CAP (hospitalised and outpatient) and 30-day mortality after the diagnosis. All cases were radiographically proved and validated by checking clinical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence rate of overall CAP was 14 cases per 1000 person-years (10.5 and 3.5 for hospitalised and outpatient cases, respectively). Incidence was almost three-fold higher among immunocompromised patients (30.9 per 1000) than among immunocompetent subjects (11.6 per 1000). Maximum incidences were observed among patients with chronic lung disease and long-term corticosteroid therapy (46.5 and 40.1 cases per 1000 person-years, respectively). Overall 30-day case-fatality rate was 12.7% (2% in cases managed as outpatient and 15% in hospitalised patients). Among 358 patients with an aetiological work-up, a total of 142 pathogens were found (single pathogen in 121 cases and mixed pathogens in 10 cases). Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common pathogen (49%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15%), Chlamydia pneumoniae (9%) and Haemophilus influenzae (6%). In multivariable analysis, the variables most strongly associated with increasing risk of CAP were history of hospitalisation for CAP in the previous 2 years and presence of any chronic lung disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CAP remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults. Incidence rates in this study largely doubled prior rates reported in Southern European regions.
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Service of Tarragona-Valls, Institut Català de la Salut, Prat de la Riba 39, Tarragona 43001, Spain. avila.tarte.ics@gencat.cat
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vila-Corcoles
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ochoa-Gondar
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Blanco
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Raga-Luria
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gomez-Bertomeu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology