title: Dynamic behavioural changes in the Spontaneously Hyperactive Rat: 1. Control by place, timing, and reinforcement rate.
abstract: Several existing theoretical models of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) predict that a high or low learning rate contributes to some cases of ADHD; and that this is controlled by the dopamine signal. The Spontaneously Hypertensive (Hyperactive) Rat has an abnormal Dopamine Transporter (DAT), which is likely to be hypofunctional, thereby increasing the dopamine concentration and the learning rate. We therefore test the prediction that the SHR learns too fast. Using a variable interval reinforcement schedule, we looked for increased responding within each interval, at around the durations of the last three intervals. At the time predicted by the previous interval, SHR responded significantly (10%) more than their baseline rate, and control WKY rats similarly less than their baseline. At the time predicted by the second (and third) previous intervals, there were minor trends (and no change) in the same direction. In summary, at the times predicted, SHR respond more than control rats. The effect size is insufficient to account for all the differences from control rats, such as their nearly threefold greater operant responding. At the times when SHR increase responding, WKY suppress it. This demonstrates similar learning to the SHR but the opposite response, probably due to anxiety about the bang accompanying reinforcer delivery: WKY are known to have a very negative response to stress. Interval schedules with randomised interval lengths have considerable potential for assessing multiple causes of behaviour, particularly those acting over short timecourses. Alterations in learning rate are not a sufficient explanation for either SHR or ADHD difference from controls.
authors.affiliation: Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom. johwilliams@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Geir
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sagvolden
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Terje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sagvolden
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005108:Extinction, Psychological; D006948:Hyperkinesis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D011930:Reaction Time; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors