title: A clinical prediction rule for identifying patients with patellofemoral pain who are likely to benefit from foot orthoses: a preliminary determination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a clinical prediction rule to identify patients with patellofemoral pain (PFP) who are more likely to benefit from foot orthoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Posthoc analysis of one treatment arm of a randomised clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-centre trial in a community setting in Brisbane, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  42 participants (mean age 27.9 years) with a clinical diagnosis of PFP (median duration 36 months).
  
  
  METHODS
  Foot orthoses fitted by a physiotherapist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five-point global improvement scale at 12-week follow-up, dichotomised with marked improvement equalling success.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Potential predictor variables identified by univariate analyses were age, height, pain severity, anterior knee pain scale score, functional index questionnaire score, foot morphometry (arch height ratio, mid-foot width difference from non-weight bearing to weight bearing) and overall orthoses comfort. Parsimonious fitting of these variables to a model that explained success with orthoses identified the following: age (>25 years), height (<165 cm), worst pain visual analogue scale (<53.25 mm) and a difference in mid-foot width from non-weight bearing to weight bearing (>10.96 mm). The pretest success rate of 40% increased to 86% if the patient exhibited three of these variables (positive likelihood ratio 8.8; 95% CI 1.2 to 66.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Post-hoc analysis identified age, height, pain severity and mid-foot morphometry as possible predictors of successful treatment of PFP with foot orthoses, thereby providing practitioners with information for prescribing foot orthoses in PFP and stimulating further research.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. b.vicenzino@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vicenzino
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cleland
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McPoil
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D046788:Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*; D018579:Patient Selection; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult