title: Information technology from novice to expert: implementation implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper explores how the Novice-to-Expert Nursing Practice framework can illuminate the challenges of and opportunities in implementing information technology (IT), such as clinical decision support systems (CDSS), in nursing practice.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  IT implementation in health care is increasing; however, substantial costs and risks remain associated with these projects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The theoretical framework of Novice-to-Expert Nursing Practice was applied to current design and implementation literature for CDSS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Organizational policies and CDSS design affect implementation and user adoption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nursing CDSS can improve the overall quality of care when designed for the appropriate end-user group and based on a knowledge base reflecting nursing expertise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurse administrators can positively influence CDSS function and end-user acceptance by participating in and facilitating staff nurse involvement in IT design, planning and implementation. Specific steps for nurse administrators and managers are included in this paper.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. courtk@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Courtney
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Demiris
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001292:Attitude to Computers; D002322:Career Mobility; D003197:Computer Literacy; D003200:Computer User Training; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing; D006801:Humans; D016294:Models, Nursing; D020380:Needs Assessment / Q000458:organization & administration; D009718:Nurse Administrators / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology; D024802:Nurse's Role / Q000523:psychology; D048108:Nursing Informatics / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000193:education / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology; D016134:Organizational Policy; D011361:Professional Competence; D018511:Systems Integration; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D018875:Vocabulary, Controlled