title: Bird mixed-flocks and nuclear species in a tecoma savanna in the Pantanal.
abstract: In bird mixed flocks, a prominent species, the so-called nuclear species, improves the cohesion and maintenance of the flocks, while other less conspicuous species are assumed as satellite. In this study we described the composition, as well as examined the existence of both nuclear and satellite species in mixed flocks of a savanna in the Pantanal. The observations were developed using three transects during the dry season of 2002. Bird species abundance and respective rate of participation in mixed flocks were surveyed by transects, while intraspecific sociality, communication, foraging maneuvers of species, and responses to predators were sampled by direct observations. These parameters were evaluated to distinguish nuclear from satellite species. We observed 41 bird mixed flocks, which included from 2 to 17 species of which Suiriri suiriri (Vieillot), one of the most abundant species, was present in most flocks, often represented by 2-4 individuals, whereas most other species occurred lone or in pairs. While foraging by acrobatic maneuvers S. suiriri often gave contact calls, as well as earlier giving alarm calls if faced with a risk of predation. In addition, S. suiriri always started mixed flocks movements. Conversely, most other species were silent and closely inspected the vegetation while foraging. Such species always followed S. suiriri and seldom gave contact calls. Hence, the conspicuous traits exhibited by S. suiriri, potentially, are exploited by the other bird species as cues, which are important references for bird mixed flock cohesion in a savanna in the southern Pantanal.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ragusa-Netto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001717:Birds / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology; D001938:Brazil; D011156:Population Density; D012919:Social Behavior