title: Quantitation of Aurora kinase A gene copy number in urine sediments and bladder cancer detection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chromosome missegregation and the resulting aneuploidy is a common change in neoplasia. The Aurora kinase A (AURKA) gene, which encodes a key regulator of mitosis, is frequently amplified and/or overexpressed in cancer cells, and the level of AURKA amplification is associated with the level of aneuploidy. We examined whether AURKA gene amplification is a biomarker for the detection of bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of ectopic expression of Aurora kinase A (AURKA) using an adenoviral vector in simian virus 40-immortalized urothelial cells (SV-HUC) on centrosome multiplication and chromosome copy number was measured in vitro by immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), respectively. The FISH test was also used to examine AURKA gene copy number in exfoliated cells in voided urine samples from 23 patients with bladder cancer and 7 healthy control subjects (training set), generating a model for bladder cancer detection that was subsequently validated in an independent set of voided urine samples from 100 bladder cancer patients and 148 control subjects (92 healthy individuals and 56 patients with benign urologic disorders). An AURKA gene score (the proportion of cells with three or more AURKA signals) was used to produce receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and to calculate the specificity and sensitivity of the AURKA FISH test. Differences between mean AURKA scores in different pathogenetic groups of bladder cancer stratified according to histological grade and stage were tested by unpaired Mann-Whitney t tests or one-way Wilcoxon tests. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forced overexpression of AURKA in urothelial cells induced amplification of centrosomes, chromosome missegregation, and aneuploidy, and natural overexpression was detectable in in situ lesions from patients with bladder cancer. The FISH test for the AURKA gene copy number performed on the validation set yielded a specificity of 96.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 92.3% to 98.5%) and sensitivity of 87% (95% CI = 79.0% to 92.2%) and an area under the ROC curve of 0.939 (95% CI = 0.906 to 0.971; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overexpression of AURKA can cause aneuploidy in urothelial cells, and the AURKA gene copy number is a promising biomarker for detection of bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Hong-Seok
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Weon Seo
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bondaruk
authors.forename: Noriyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: Sangkyou
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Philippe E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Spiess
authors.forename: Jordan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ruth L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dinney
authors.forename: Keren J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: Yair
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lotan
authors.forename: Rizwan C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Naeem
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baggerly
authors.forename: Subrata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: H Barton
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Czerniak
mesh_terms: D000782:Aneuploidy; D064096:Aurora Kinase A; D064127:Aurora Kinases; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000652:urine; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000601:surgery / Q000652:urine; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015653:Cystectomy; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005784:Gene Amplification; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000652:urine; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000601:surgery / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; C576917:AURKA protein, human; D064096:Aurora Kinase A; D064127:Aurora Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases