title: Clinical characteristics of treatment-seeking adolescents with opioid versus cannabis/alcohol use disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the clinical characteristics of adolescents with DSM-IV opioid use disorder (OUD) and compare them to adolescents with cannabis/alcohol use disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  94 adolescents (ages 14-18 years) with a current OUD and 74 adolescents with a current non-OUD cannabis/alcohol use disorders were recruited from admissions, predominantly residential, to a substance abuse treatment program in Baltimore, ML. Participants were assessed cross-sectionally using standardized interviews and self-reports. Chi-square, t-tests and ANCOVA (adjusting for age, gender and treatment setting, race and residence) were performed to determine group differences on demographic, substance use, psychiatric and HIV-risk behaviors; logistic regression analyses, both unadjusted and adjusted for the above five factors were conducted to assess the strength of associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The OUD group was more likely to be Caucasian, to have dropped out of school and to live in the suburbs (trend). They also had greater substance use severity with higher proportion of current sedative and multiple substance use disorders (SUD). There were generally no differences in rates of criminal behaviors. Both groups had high rates of current psychiatric disorders (83% vs. 78%, n.s.) but the OUD adolescents reported higher depressive symptoms, mostly in the moderate range. Injection drug use (IDU) and needle sharing was almost exclusive to the OUD group, while both groups reported similar high rates of risky sexual behaviors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While there were similarities between the two groups, OUD adolescents evidenced greater impairment in academic, substance use, depressive symptom and IDU-related HIV-risk areas. Findings suggest poorer long-term prognosis and highlight the need for specialized interventions for treatment-seeking OUD adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, C/O Mountain Manor Treatment Center, 3800 Frederick Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21229, United States. gsubram@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Geetha A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
authors.forename: Maxine L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stitzer
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Woody
authors.forename: Marc J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fishman
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kolodner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology*; D018579:Patient Selection; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors