title: Gender differences in functional status in middle and older age: are there any age variations?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study examines gender differences in changes in functional status after age 50 and how such differences vary across different age groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data came from the Health and Retirement Study, involving up to six repeated observations of a national sample of Americans older than 50 years of age between 1995 and 2006. We employed hierarchical linear models with time-varying covariates in depicting temporal variations in functional status between men and women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a quadratic function, the worsening of functional status was more accelerated in terms of the intercept and rate of change among women and those in older age groups. In addition, gender differences in the level of functional impairment were more substantial in older persons than in younger individuals, although differences in the rate of change between men and women remained constant across age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A life course perspective can lead to new insights regarding gender variations in health within the context of intrapersonal and interpersonal differences. Smaller gender differences in the level of functional impairment in the younger groups may reflect improvement of women's socioeconomic status, greater rate of increase in chronic diseases among men, and less debilitating effects of diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA. jliang@umich.edu
authors.forename: Jersey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Ana R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Quiñones
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ofstedal
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology