title: An evaluation of the relative roles of the unstirred water layer and receptor sink in limiting the in-vitro intestinal permeability of drug compounds of varying lipophilicity.
abstract: The roles of the unstirred water layer (UWL) and receptor sink on the in-vitro transmembrane permeability of an increasingly lipophilic series of compounds (mannitol (MAN), diazepam (DIA) and cinnarizine (CIN)) have been assessed. Altered carbogen bubbling rates were used as a means to change the UWL thickness and polysorbate-80 (PS-80), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) were employed to alter sink conditions. After correction for solubilisation, Papp data for MAN, DIA and CIN were consistent across varying donor PS-80 concentrations suggesting that for the drugs examined here, the donor UWL did not limit in-vitro permeability. Similarly, altered bubbling rates and receptor sink conditions had no impact on the permeability of MAN. In contrast, decreasing the size of the receptor UWL or adding solubilising agents to the receptor sink resulted in modest enhancements to the permeability of the more lipophilic probe DIA. For the most lipophilic compound, CIN, very significant changes to measured permeability (>30 fold) were possible, but were most evident only after concomitant changes to both the UWL and sink conditions, suggesting that the effectiveness of enhanced sink conditions were dependent on a decrease in the width of the UWL.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Kasiram
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katneni
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Charman
authors.forename: Christopher J H
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Porter
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D047310:Apigenin / Q000737:chemistry; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002936:Cinnarizine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D003975:Diazepam / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006027:Glycosides / Q000737:chemistry; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007583:Jejunum / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D014316:Tritium; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D006027:Glycosides; D011136:Polysorbates; C486284:apigenin 7-O-alpha-L-3-O-acetylrhamnopyranosyl-(1-6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside; D014867:Water; D014316:Tritium; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D002936:Cinnarizine; D047310:Apigenin; D003975:Diazepam