title: Shoulder function after harvesting a thoracodorsal artery perforator flap.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Converting the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap to a thoracodorsal artery perforator flap has been reported for breast reconstruction. The goal of this article is to evaluate the donor site after harvesting a thoracodorsal artery perforator flap in patients who underwent breast surgery and to show the advantages of sparing the latissimus dorsi muscle on the function of the shoulder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2002 and 2004, 22 patients who had a partial breast reconstruction using a pedicled thoracodorsal artery perforator flap were enrolled in a functional study to evaluate shoulder function postoperatively. Latissimus dorsi muscle strength, shoulder mobility, and latissimus dorsi thickness were measured by using the MicroFet2, a goniometer, and ultrasound examination, respectively. The measurements of the operated and contralateral (unoperated) sides were analyzed statistically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When comparing the operated sides to the unoperated sides, latissimus dorsi strength seemed to be maintained after surgery. Shoulder mobility was also similar in all movements, but both active and passive forward elevation and passive abduction were reduced significantly after surgery, and latissimus dorsi thickness was not affected by harvesting the thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps. No seroma formation was found in any of the donor sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Donor-site morbidity after harvesting a thoracodorsal artery perforator flap was reduced to a minimum. Therefore, perforator flaps should be considered in reconstruction whenever adequate perforators can be identified and safely dissected.
authors.affiliation: Ghent, Belgium From the Plastic Surgery Department, the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, the Medical Informatics and Statistics Department, and the Gynecology Department, Ghent University Hospital.
authors.forename: Moustapha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamdi
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Decorte
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Demuynck
authors.forename: Bob
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Defrene
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fredrickx
authors.forename: Georges Van
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Maele
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: De Pypere
authors.forename: Koenraad Van
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Landuyt
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blondeel
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vanderstraeten
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Monstrey
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007592:Joint Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D016462:Mammaplasty; D008408:Mastectomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000294:innervation*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D012785:Shoulder Joint; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000098:blood supply / Q000294:innervation; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000009:adverse effects*