title: Development of a near-infrared spectroscopy instrument for applications in urology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an established technology using photons of light in the near infrared spectrum to monitor changes in tissue of naturally occurring chromophores, including oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. Technology and methodology have been validated for measurement of a range of physiologic parameters. NIRS has been applied successfully in urology research; however current instruments are designed principally for brain and muscle study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe development of a NIRS instrument specifically designed for monitoring changes in chromophore concentration in the bladder detrusor in real time, to facilitate research to establish the role of this non-invasive technology in the evaluation of patients with voiding dysfunction
  
  
  METHODS
  The portable continuous wave NIRS instrument has a 3 laser diode light source (785, 808 and 830 nanometers), fiber optic cables for light transmission, a self adhesive patient interface patch with an emitter and sensor, and software to detect the difference between the light transmitted and received by the instrument. Software incorporated auto-attenuates the optical signals and converts raw optical data into chromophore concentrations displayed graphically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prototype was designed, tested, and iteratively developed to achieve optimal suprapubic transcutaneous monitoring of the detrusor in human subjects during bladder filling and emptying. Evaluation with simultaneous invasive urodynamic measurement in men and women indicates good specificity and sensitivity of NIRS chromophore concentration changes by receiver operator curve analysis, and correlation between NIRS data and urodynamic pressures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urological monitoring with this NIRS instrument is feasible and generates data of potential diagnostic value.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urological Sciences, UBC Hospital: Bladder Care Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Macnab
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stothers
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D012984:Software; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000502:physiology; D014563:Urodynamics; D014572:Urology / Q000295:instrumentation*