title: [Clinical research on delayed traumatic epistaxis and pseudoaneurysm].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the diagnosis and treatment of delayed traumatic epistaxis and put forward a concept of arteriola pseudoaneurysmal epistaxis originated from maxillofacial medium-sized artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical data of 53 patients who had the typical symptoms of delayed traumatic epistaxis and received digital subtraction angiography examination and treated in recent 10 years were retrospectively analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 53 patients, 8 patients suffered from interval carotid artery pseudoaneurysm. For these 8 patients, 1 died of massive epistaxis before embolization, 7 received transcatheter arterial embolization( 6 cured and 1 died). Twenty patients suffered from traumatic carotid cavernous fistula, all were cured with endovascular occlusion by detachable balloon. Twenty-five patients suffered from maxillofacial artery hemorrhage. For these 25 patients, 21 were treated by transcatheter arterial embolization with gelatin sponge and coils, 4 by anterior ethmoidal artery ligation. The followed-up ranged from 6-72 months (median 5 years). All patients were successfully treated without serious complications and recurrent hemorrhage, except one patient who had recurred hemorrhage three weeks after transcatheter arterial embolization. This patient was again successfully treated by artery ligation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Interval carotid artery pseudoaneurysm, carotid cavernous fistula and maxillofacial medium-sized artery and arteriola pseudoaneurysm are the main causes of delayed traumatogenic epistaxis. Early diagnosis by digital subtraction angiography examination and transcatheter arterial embolization or artery ligation are the useful methods to treat delayed traumatic epistaxis and pseudoaneurysm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China. 7036285@163.com
authors.forename: Guang-Gang
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Shou-Guo
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Zhao-Di
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult