title: High-resolution genomic profiling of adenomas and carcinomas of the salivary glands reveals amplification, rearrangement, and fusion of HMGA2.
abstract: Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (Ca-ex-PA) is an epithelial malignancy developing within a benign salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma (PA). Here we have used genome-wide, high-resolution array-CGH, and fluorescence in situ hybridization to identify genes amplified in double min chromosomes and homogeneously staining regions in PA and Ca-ex-PA and to identify additional genomic imbalances characteristic of these tumor types. Ten of the 16 tumors analyzed showed amplification/gain of a 30-kb minimal common region, consisting of the 5'-part of HMGA2 (encoding the three DNA-binding domains). Coamplification of MDM2 was found in nine tumors. Five tumors had cryptic HMGA2-WIF1 gene fusions with amplification of the fusion oncogene in four tumors. Expression analysis of eight amplified candidate genes in 12q revealed that tumors with amplification/rearrangement of HMGA2 and MDM2 had significantly higher expression levels when compared with tumors without amplification. Analysis of individual HMGA2 exons showed that the expression of exons 3-5 were substantially reduced when compared with exons 1-2 in 9 of 10 tumors with HMGA2 activation, indicating that gene fusions and rearrangements of HMGA2 are common in tumors with amplification. In addition, recurrent amplifications/gains of 1q11-q32.1, 2p16.1-p12, 8q12.1, 8q22-24.1, and 20, and losses of 1p21.3-p21.1, 5q23.2-q31.2, 8p, 10q21.3, and 15q11.2 were identified. Collectively, our results identify HMGA2 and MDM2 as amplification targets in PA and Ca-ex-PA and suggest that amplification of 12q genes (in particular MDM2), deletions of 5q23.2-q31.2, gains of 8q12.1 (PLAG1) and 8q22.1-q24.1 (MYC), and amplification of ERBB2 may be of importance for malignant transformation of benign PA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Lundberg Laboratory for Cancer Research, tSahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.forename: Ywonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Andrén
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Winnes
authors.forename: Barbro
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wedell
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nordkvist
authors.forename: Gunhildur
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gudnadottir
authors.forename: Rigmor
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dahlenfors
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sjögren
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stenman
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics*; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis; D005260:Female; D005784:Gene Amplification; D050939:Gene Fusion; D015321:Gene Rearrangement; D018390:Gene Targeting; D025743:HMGA2 Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 / Q000235:genetics; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D012468:Salivary Gland Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D025743:HMGA2 Protein; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; C497206:MDM2 protein, human; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human