title: Improved opioid analgesic effect following opioid dose reduction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditionally, opioids have been the cornerstone of therapy for patients suffering from cancer pain, regardless of the potential to develop opioid tolerance. In chronic pain patients who experience worsening pain despite increasing doses of opioids, the clinical role of opioid-induced hyperalgesia is gaining more recognition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presented here is the case of a 56-year-old man with recurrent squamous cell lung carcinoma and spinal metastases, suffering with intractable 8/10 pain on the visual analog scale in his chest, lower thoracic spine, and upper lumbar spine. He was admitted five times for pain control. In spite of escalating doses of oxycodone, morphine, and hydromorphone, the patient continued to experience severe pain. Also, he endured undesirable sedation, fatigue, and generalized weakness. The clinical picture suggested the possibility of opioid-induced hyperalgesia. We decreased the hydromorphone dose by 40-50% and started methadone. The patient's pain level dropped to a more acceptable 3/10. He was more alert, and his pain was tolerable until his death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opioid-induced hyperalgesia might be considered in a patient who has no evidence of disease progression, who is on clinically reasonable doses of opioids, and whose pain escalates as opioid doses are increased. A reduction of opioids and the addition of a low-dose N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist may provide a favorable clinical outcome in those patients who have failed to benefit from opioid rotation and other adjunctive pain treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Division, Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, USA. yvorobeychik@psu.edu
authors.forename: Yakov
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vorobeychik
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Mary Chasko
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: Jianren
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mao
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid