title: An unexpected phase transition during the [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction of cinnamic acid to truxillic acid: changes in polymorphism monitored by solid-state NMR.
abstract: We have detected a phase transition during the progress of the solid-state [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction of alpha-trans-cinnamic acid. The reaction was monitored using (13)C CPMAS experiments as a function of irradiation time of the parent alpha-trans-cinnamic acid, which forms the product dimer, alpha-truxillic acid. UV light centered at 350 nm was used for photoirradiation, which is in the "tail" of the absorption band of cinnamic acid. Two different crystal polymorphs of alpha-truxillic acid are observed (P2(1)/n and C2/c) at different stages of conversion of the parent crystal, assigned through (13)C NMR and powder X-ray diffraction. The two polymorphs showed clear, distinguishable patterns in the (13)C NMR spectra: a 2-peak versus 3-peak pattern corresponding to sites on the 4-membered sp (3) hybridized ring in the photoproduct. A phase transition is observed midway through the reaction, which we have assigned to the conversion of the P2(1)/n polymorph to the C2/ c polymorph of alpha-truxillic acid. The packing energy of the resultant mixed crystal of cinnamic acid and truxillic acid changes during the course of the photoreaction, which allows for the C2/c polymorph of truxillic acid to appear. Both phases have been confirmed via X-ray powder diffraction. Two techniques--differential scanning calorimetry and solid-state CPMAS NMR using increasingly fast rotational frequencies--demonstrate that the P2(1)/n phase is metastable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Center for Materials Innovation, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Nieuwendaal
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertmer
authors.forename: Sophia E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hayes