title: Effect of a multiphasic anodic spark deposition coating on the improvement of implant osseointegration in the osteopenic trabecular bone of sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anodic spark deposition techniques have been effectively applied to achieve a microporous morphology on metals. To investigate the effect of a new anodic spark deposition-based treatment in the enhancement of titanium implant osseointegration in trabecular bone of aged and ovariectomized sheep, a histomorphometric and microhardness study was carried out.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten sheep were divided into 2 groups. Five were submitted to a bilateral ovariectomy to induce an estrogen-deficiency osteopenia (Ovariectomized), and 5 were left untreated (Aged). Twenty-four months later, they underwent a bilateral implantation of commercially pure titanium screw threads in the lateral surface of femoral condyles: electrochemically treated titanium (SP) and acid-etching treated titanium (BioRough). Twelve weeks after the second operation, the animals were sacrificed and femur segments and iliac crest biopsy specimens were examined for histomorphometric and microhardness evaluations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The histomorphometry of the trabecular bone of the iliac crest biopsy specimens and that around screws showed marked signs of bone rarefaction in the Ovariectomized group when compared to the Baseline and Aged groups. Significantly greater bone-implant contact was observed for SP implants in comparison with BioRough implants in both the Aged (P < .001) and Ovariectomized (P < .01) groups. No significant differences in terms of microhardness were found between SP and BioRough implants within the Aged group, while a significantly higher Bone Maturation Index was observed for SP in the Ovariectomized group (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel electrochemical treatment SP produced the most promising results and was able to introduce substantial improvements in achieving the fast and stable osseointegration of implants in osteopenic bone.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy. gianluca.giavaresi@ior.it
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giavaresi
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chiesa
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fini
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sandrini
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D015921:Dental Implants; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D004563:Electrochemistry; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D006244:Hardness; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D016348:Osseointegration; D010052:Ovariectomy; D010053:Ovary / Q000502:physiology; D034561:Sheep, Domestic; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium