title: Senescence-associated exosome release from human prostate cancer cells.
abstract: Males of advanced age represent a rapidly growing population at risk for prostate cancer. In the contemporary setting of earlier detection, a majority of prostate carcinomas are still clinically localized and often treated using radiation therapy. Our recent studies have shown that premature cellular senescence, rather than apoptosis, accounts for most of the clonogenic death induced by clinically relevant doses of irradiation in prostate cancer cells. We show here that this treatment-induced senescence was associated with a significantly increased release of exosome-like microvesicles. In premature senescence, this novel secretory phenotype was dependent on the activation of p53. In addition, the release of exosome-like microvesicles also increased during proliferative senescence in normal human diploid fibroblasts. These data support the hypothesis that senescence, initiated either by telomere attrition (e.g., aging) or DNA damage (e.g., radiotherapy), may induce a p53-dependent increase in the biogenesis of exosome-like vesicles. Ultrastructural analysis and RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Tsg101 provided significant evidence that the additional exosomes released by prematurely senescent prostate cancer cells were principally derived from multivesicular endosomes. Moreover, these exosomes were enriched in B7-H3 protein, a recently identified diagnostic marker for prostate cancer, and an abundance of what has recently been termed "exosomal shuttle RNA." Our findings are consistent with the proposal that exosomes can transfer cargos, with both immunoregulatory potential and genetic information, between cells through a novel mechanism that may be recruited to increase exosome release during accelerated and replicative cellular senescence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Leo W Jenkins Cancer Center, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, USA.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Paine
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCubrey
authors.forename: Randall H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Renegar
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Terrian
mesh_terms: D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016922:Cellular Senescence / Q000502:physiology*; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D022142:Secretory Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53