title: Reactivation of rheumatoid arthritis after pregnancy: increased phagocyte and recurring lymphocyte gene activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pregnancy is associated with reduced disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and frequently with disease exacerbation after delivery. This study was undertaken to generate a systematic overview of the molecular mechanisms related to disease remission and postpartum reactivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcriptomes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were generated from RA patients and healthy women by transcription profiling during the third trimester and 24 weeks after delivery. For functional interpretation, signatures of highly purified immune cells as well as Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway annotations were used as a reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only minor differences in gene expression in PBMCs during pregnancy were found between RA patients and controls. In contrast, RA postpartum profiles presented the most dominant changes. Systematic comparison with expression signatures of monocytes, T cells, and B cells in healthy donors revealed reduced lymphocyte and elevated monocyte gene activity during pregnancy in patients with RA and in controls. Monocyte activity decreased after delivery in controls but persisted in RA patients. Furthermore, analysis of 32 immunologically relevant cellular pathways demonstrated a significant additional activation of genes related to adhesion, migration, defense of pathogens, and cell activation, including Notch, phosphatidylinositol, mTOR, Wnt, and MAPK signaling, in RA patients postpartum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that innate immune functions play an important role in postpartum reactivation of arthritis. However, this may depend not only on the monocyte itself, but also on the recurrence of lymphocyte functions postpartum and thus on a critical interaction between both arms of the immune system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany. thomas.haeupl@charite.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Häupl
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Østensen
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grützkau
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Radbruch
authors.forename: Gerd-R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Burmester
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Villiger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D010586:Phagocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000276:immunology*; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third / Q000276:immunology