title: Regulatory and structural properties differentiating the chromosomal and the bacteriophage-associated Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cu, Zn superoxide dismutases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Highly virulent enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains possess three sodC genes encoding for periplasmic Cu, Zn superoxide dismutases: sodC, which is identical to the gene present in non-pathogenic E. coli strains, and sodC-F1 and sodC-F2, two nearly identical genes located within lambdoid prophage sequences. The significance of this apparent sodC redundancy in E. coli O157:H7 has not yet been investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report that strains deleted of one or more sodC genes are less resistant than the wild type strain to a challenge with hydrogen peroxide, thus confirming their involvement in the bacterial antioxidant apparatus. To understand if the different sodC genes have truly overlapping functions, we have carried out a comparison of the functional, structural and regulatory properties of the various E. coli O157:H7 SodC enzymes. We have found that the chromosomal and prophagic sodC genes are differentially regulated in vitro. sodC is exclusively expressed in aerobic cultures grown to the stationary phase. In contrast, sodC-F1 and sodC-F2 are expressed also in the logarithmic phase and in anaerobic cultures. Moreover, the abundance of SodC-F1/SodC-F2 increases with respect to that of SodC in bacteria recovered from infected Caco-2 cells, suggesting higher expression/stability of SodC-F1/SodC-F2 in intracellular environments. This observation correlates with the properties of the proteins. In fact, monomeric SodC and dimeric SodC-F1/SodC-F2 are characterized by sharp differences in catalytic activity, metal affinity, protease resistance and stability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that the chromosomal and bacteriophage-associated E. coli O157:H7 sodC genes have different regulatory properties and encode for proteins with distinct structural/functional features, suggesting that they likely play distinctive roles in bacterial protection from reactive oxygen species. In particular, dimeric SodC-F1 and SodC-F2 possess physico-chemical properties which make these enzymes more suitable than SodC to resist the harsh environmental conditions which are encountered by bacteria within the infected host.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. dorazio@bio.uniroma2.it
authors.forename: Melania
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Orazio
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scotti
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nicolini
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cervoni
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rotilio
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Battistoni
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gabbianelli
mesh_terms: D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002876:Chromosomes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010957:Plasmids; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C116114:sodC protein, E coli