title: High-throughput Agrobacterium-mediated barley transformation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plant transformation is an invaluable tool for basic plant research, as well as a useful technique for the direct improvement of commercial crops. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is the fourth most abundant cereal crop in the world. It also provides a useful model for the study of wheat, which has a larger and more complex genome. Most existing barley transformation methodologies are either complex or have low (<10%) transformation efficiencies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A robust, simple and reproducible barley transformation protocol has been developed that yields average transformation efficiencies of 25%. This protocol is based on the infection of immature barley embryos with Agrobacterium strain AGL1, carrying vectors from the pBract series that contain the hpt gene (conferring hygromycin resistance) as a selectable marker. Results of large scale experiments utilising the luc (firefly luciferase) gene as a reporter are described. The method presented here has been used to produce hundreds of independent, transgenic plant lines and we show that a large proportion of these lines contain single copies of the luc gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This protocol demonstrates significant improvements in both efficiency and ease of use over existing barley transformation methods. This opens up opportunities for the development of functional genomics resources in barley.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK. wendy.harwood@bbsrc.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Joanne G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: Sílvia C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smedley
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Snape
authors.forename: Wendy A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Harwood