title: Effects of manganese superoxide dismutase silencing on androgen receptor function and gene regulation: implications for castration-resistant prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Advanced prostate cancer is first treated with androgen deprivation therapy. However, tumors become resistant to and grow despite castrate levels of testosterone. Growth and proliferation of CRPC is mediated by gain-of-function changes in the AR and AR reactivation. Expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2), which regulates cellular ROS, is markedly down-regulated in CRPC when compared with hormone-responsive tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, we knocked down SOD2 expression in AR-expressing LNCaP prostate cancer cells and determined gene expression changes, transcription factor binding, and AR transcription activity in SOD2 knockdown cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SOD2 knockdown results in an increase in ROS. Gene expression changes induced by SOD2 knockdown results in the up-regulation of genes that are also androgen responsive and 46% of genes up-regulated 2-fold by the androgen ligand R1881 are also up-regulated to the same extent with SOD2 knockdown. The induction of many of these genes with SOD2 knockdown, such as VEGFA and FKBP5, is reversible with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, suggesting that this mechanism is directly linked to ROS. Furthermore, an array for transcription factor DNA-binding activity shows that SOD2 knockdown induces DNA binding by several transcription factors, including AR. SOD2 knockdown-induced AR activation was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and luciferase activity, and both were readily reversible with N-acetylcysteine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show that down-regulation of SOD2 induces AR activity in a ROS-dependent manner, and suggest that there may be a role for antioxidant therapy in CRPC.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Stem Cell Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA. nima.sharifi@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sharifi
authors.forename: Elaine M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hurt
authors.forename: Suneetha B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Farrar
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000728:Androgens; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002369:Castration; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics*; D022021:Tacrolimus Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013739:Testosterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism; D000099159:Tacrolimus Binding Protein 5
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D000975:Antioxidants; D008024:Ligands; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D022021:Tacrolimus Binding Proteins; D013739:Testosterone; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000099159:Tacrolimus Binding Protein 5