title: Studies of the mechanisms of bradykinin generation in hereditary angioedema plasma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Factor XII-dependent bradykinin formation is thought to be responsible for the swelling associated with the various forms of C1 inhibitor deficiency, and complement activation is augmented during attacks of swelling.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To further elucidate the interactions of the kinin-forming cascade that lead to complement activation during attacks of swelling and to determine whether fibrinolysis is augmented as well.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared spontaneous and kaolin-induced activation of normal plasma with the plasma of patients with hereditary angioedema.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hereditary angioedema plasma demonstrated augmented factor XII activation, production of factor XIIf, prekallikrein activation, and high-molecular-weight kininogen cleavage, and, as a result, bradykinin formation was markedly increased. Baseline levels of C4a and plasmin-alpha 2 antiplasmin complexes increased, and, on activation with kaolin, levels increased further.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All parameters indicative of activation of the bradykinin-forming cascade are activated in hereditary angioedema plasma vs normal plasma. Production of factor XIIf, demonstrated for the first time in whole plasma, may be responsible for C1 activation based on C4a production. The factor XII-dependent fibrinolytic cascade is also activated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA. josephk@musc.edu
authors.forename: Kusumam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Thomson B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Tuscano
authors.forename: Allen P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D054179:Angioedemas, Hereditary / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000097:blood*; D003167:Complement Activation; D050718:Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D015934:Complement C4a / Q000378:metabolism; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005174:Factor XII / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D015956:Factor XIIa / Q000378:metabolism; D005341:Fibrinolysin / Q000378:metabolism; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000097:blood; D007616:Kaolin / Q000097:blood; D007704:Kininogens / Q000097:blood; D008954:Models, Biological; D011288:Prekallikrein / Q000378:metabolism; D000979:alpha-2-Antiplasmin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050718:Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein; D007704:Kininogens; D000979:alpha-2-Antiplasmin; C037742:plasmin-plasmin inhibitor complex; D007616:Kaolin; D015934:Complement C4a; D005174:Factor XII; D011288:Prekallikrein; D007610:Kallikreins; D015956:Factor XIIa; D005341:Fibrinolysin; D001920:Bradykinin