title: The transcription factor ATF3 acts as an oncogene in mouse mammary tumorigenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Overexpression of the bZip transcription factor, ATF3, in basal epithelial cells of transgenic mice under the control of the bovine cytokeratin-5 (CK5) promoter has previously been shown to induce epidermal hyperplasia, hair follicle anomalies and neoplastic lesions of the oral mucosa including squamous cell carcinomas. CK5 is known to be expressed in myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland, suggesting the possibility that transgenic BK5.ATF3 mice may exhibit mammary gland phenotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mammary glands from nulliparous mice in our BK5.ATF3 colony, both non-transgenic and transgenic, were examined for anomalies by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Nulliparous and biparous female mice were observed for possible mammary tumor development, and suspicious masses were analyzed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Human breast tumor samples, as well as normal breast tissue, were similarly analyzed for ATF3 expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transgenic BK5.ATF3 mice expressed nuclear ATF3 in the basal layer of the mammary ductal epithelium, and often developed squamous metaplastic lesions in one or more mammary glands by 25 weeks of age. No progression to malignancy was seen in nulliparous BK5.ATF3 or non-transgenic mice held for 16 months. However, biparous BK5.ATF3 mice developed mammary carcinomas with squamous metaplasia between 6 months and one year of age, reaching an incidence of 67%. Cytokeratin expression in the tumors was profoundly disturbed, including expression of CK5 and CK8 (characteristic of basal and luminal cells, respectively) throughout the epithelial component of the tumors, CK6 (potentially a stem cell marker), CK10 (a marker of interfollicular epidermal differentiation), and mIRSa2 and mIRSa3.1 (markers of the inner root sheath of hair follicles). Immunohistochemical studies indicated that a subset of human breast tumors exhibit high levels of nuclear ATF3 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overexpression of ATF3 in CK5-expressing cells of the murine mammary gland results in the development of squamous metaplastic lesions in nulliparous females, and in mammary tumors in biparous mice, suggesting that ATF3 acts as a mammary oncogene. A subset of human breast tumors expresses high levels of ATF3, suggesting that ATF3 may play an oncogenic role in human breast tumorigenesis, and therefore may be useful as either a biomarker or therapeutic target.
authors.affiliation: Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA. oaktexas@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Aijin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arantes
authors.forename: Leqin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kiguchi
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McArthur
authors.forename: Aysegul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.forename: Howard D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Thames
authors.forename: C Marcelo
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Aldaz
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Macleod
mesh_terms: D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002417:Cattle; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D053555:Keratin-5 / Q000235:genetics; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009857:Oncogenes / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D019076:Transgenes
chemical_list: D051700:Activating Transcription Factor 3; C103002:Atf3 protein, mouse; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D053555:Keratin-5; D014157:Transcription Factors