title: Altered prefrontal lobe oxygenation in bipolar disorder: a study by near-infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have reported prefrontal cortex (PFC) pathophysiology in bipolar disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the hemodynamics of the PFC during resting and cognitive tasks in 29 patients with bipolar disorder and 27 healthy controls, matched for age, verbal abilities and education. The cognitive test battery consisted of letter and category fluency (LF and CF), Sets A and B of the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM-A and RCPM-B) and the letter cancellation test (LCT). The tissue oxygenation index (TOI), the ratio of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) concentration to total hemoglobin concentration, was measured in the bilateral PFC by spatially resolved near-infrared spectroscopy. Changes in HbO2 concentration were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bipolar group showed slight but significant impairment in performance for the non-verbal tasks (RCPM-A, RCPM-B and LCT), with no significant between-group differences for the two verbal tasks (LF and CF). A group x task x hemisphere analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the TOI revealed an abnormal pattern of prefrontal oxygenation across different types of cognitive processing in the bipolar group. Post hoc analyses following a group x task x hemisphere ANOVA on HbO2 concentration revealed that the bipolar group showed a greater increase in HbO2 concentration in the LCT and in RCPM-B, relative to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both indices of cortical activation (TOI and HbO2 concentration) indicated a discrepancy in the PFC function between verbal versus non-verbal processing, indicating task-specific abnormalities in the hemodynamic control of the PFC in bipolar disorder.
authors.affiliation: Health and Medical Service Center, Shiga University, 1-1-1 Baba, Hikone, Japan. yka@edu.shiga-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toichi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Findling
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Calabrese
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011594:Psychometrics; D012016:Reference Values; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010108:Oxyhemoglobins