title: Sole copy of Z2-type human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3H has inhibitory activity against retrotransposons and HIV-1.
abstract: Human cytidine deaminase apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) proteins have been classified as either Z1- or Z2-type cytidine deaminases on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of their catalytic domains. Despite the identification of a number of Z1-type domain-containing cytidine deaminases, only one copy of Z2-type cytidine deaminase has been detected in each of the mammalian species evaluated thus far. Z1-type human APOBEC3 proteins are known to exhibit broad activities against diverse retroelements. However, the potential role of the only human Z2-type cytidine deaminase, APOBEC3H (A3H), in the restriction of retroelements has not yet been fully characterized. Here, we demonstrate that human A3H is a potent inhibitor of non-LTR LINE-1 transposition. Interestingly, it was also as efficient as A3G in inhibiting Alu retrotransposition, despite its poor association with Alu RNA. We have further demonstrated, for the first time, that human APOBEC3DE is also a potent inhibitor of Alu retrotransposition. Variants of A3H have divergent antiviral activities against HIV-1-Vif-deficient viruses. Unlike the anti-HIV-1 cytidine deaminases A3G and A3F, A3H is moderately regulated by interferons. These observations suggest that human Z2-type cytidine deaminase A3H variants have varying intrinsic abilities to restrict retroelements and that various APOBEC3 proteins may have evolved distinct inhibitory mechanisms against retroelements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Lindi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Phuong Thi Nguyen
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Sarkis
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chunjuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Xiao-Fang
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D020087:Alu Elements / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000619:Aminohydrolases; D002460:Cell Line; D043525:Cytosine Deaminase / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes; D020084:Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018626:Retroelements / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007527:Isoenzymes; D018626:Retroelements; C529313:APOBEC3H protein, human; D000619:Aminohydrolases; D043525:Cytosine Deaminase