title: Patient sex does not modify ejection fraction as a predictor of death in heart failure: insights from the APPROACH cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Normal and low ejection fraction (EF) heart failure patients appear to have similar outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The object of this study was to determine whether sex modifies the effects of left ventricular EF on prevalent heart failure mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (n = 6, 095) with a diagnosis of heart failure and a measure of EF undergoing cardiac catheterization in Alberta, Canada between April 1999 and December 2004; follow-up continued through October 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  All-cause mortality was assessed in analyses stratified by patient sex and EF (<or=50% vs. >50%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, female heart failure patients were older, had more hypertension, valvular disease, less systolic impairment and coronary artery disease. Baseline medication use was similar in the four sex-EF groups. Low EF heart failure mortality over 6.5 years was slightly higher but was not significantly modified by patient sex. This relationship remained unchanged after adjustment for differences in baseline characteristics and process of care (women normal EF, reference group; men normal EF adjusted HR 1.1, 95% CI 0.9-1.3; women low EF adjusted HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.0; men low EF adjusted HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient sex did not appear to modify the negative effects of low EF on long-term survival in this prospective study of prevalent heart failure. The small absolute difference in survival between low and normal EF heart failure highlights the need for further research into optimal therapy for the latter, a less well-understood condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, heidi.schmaltz@calgaryhealthregion.ca.
authors.forename: Heidi N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Schmaltz
authors.forename: Danielle A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Southern
authors.forename: Colleen J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: Merril L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Knudtson
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Ghali
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends