title: Handwriting as a gauge of cognitive status: a novel forensic tool for posthumous evaluation of testamentary capacity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an objective way to analyze handwriting, and to test its reliability and correlation with mental deterioration. Handwriting may give clues to the cognitive status of the writer, thus its analysis might be helpful, for example, in the forensic evaluation of a controversial handwritten last will.
  
  
  METHODS
  We devised a semiquantitative score system taking into account verbal and lexical skills and spatial orientation. We investigated its inter-rater reliability and its correlation with validated tests of neuropsychological status, such the Milan Overall Dementia Assessment (MODA) and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE).
  
  
  METHODS
  The neuropsychology service of an academic hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients referred to the service for evaluation of mental deterioration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The score system we devised has good inter-rater reliability and significantly correlates with MODA and with MMSE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Semiquantitative analysis of handwriting may be a useful addition to the methods available for the posthumous evaluation of testamentary capacity.
authors.affiliation: Department Of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dagnino
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cocito
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balestrino
mesh_terms: D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005555:Forensic Psychiatry / Q000379:methods; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards*; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D007807:Language Tests / Q000592:standards; D016743:Mental Competency / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards*; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014918:Wills / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology