title: Effectiveness of artemisinin-based combination therapy used in the context of home management of malaria: a report from three study sites in sub-Saharan Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) at the community level has been advocated as a means to increase access to effective antimalarial medicines by high risk groups living in underserved areas, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. This strategy has been shown to be feasible and acceptable to the community. However, the parasitological effectiveness of ACT when dispensed by community medicine distributors (CMDs) within the context of home management of malaria (HMM) and used unsupervised by caregivers at home has not been evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a sub-set of villages participating in a large-scale study on feasibility and acceptability of ACT use in areas of high malaria transmission in Ghana, Nigeria and Uganda, thick blood smears and blood spotted filter paper were prepared from finger prick blood samples collected from febrile children between six and 59 months of age reporting to trained CMDs for microscopy and PCR analysis. Presumptive antimalarial treatment with ACT (artesunate-amodiaquine in Ghana, artemether-lumefantrine in Nigeria and Uganda) was then initiated. Repeat finger prick blood samples were obtained 28 days later for children who were parasitaemic at baseline. For children who were parasitaemic at follow-up, PCR analyses were undertaken to distinguish recrudescence from re-infection. The extent to which ACTs had been correctly administered was assessed through separate household interviews with caregivers having had a child with fever in the previous two weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a period of 12 months, a total of 1,740 children presenting with fever were enrolled across the study sites. Patent parasitaemia at baseline was present in 1,189 children (68.3%) and varied from 60.1% in Uganda to 71.1% in Ghana. A total of 606 children (51% of infected children) reported for a repeat test 28 days after treatment. The crude parasitological failure rate varied from 3.7% in Uganda (C.I. 1.2%-6.2%) to 41.8% in Nigeria (C.I. 35%-49%). The PCR adjusted parasitological cure rate was greater than 90% in all sites, varying from 90.9% in Nigeria (C.I. 86%-95%) to 97.2% in Uganda (C.I. 95%-99%). Reported adherence to correct treatment in terms of dose and duration varied from 81% in Uganda (C.I. 67%-95%) to 97% in Ghana (C.I. 95%-99%) with an average of 94% (C.I. 91%-97%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While follow-up rates were low, this study provides encouraging data on parasitological outcomes of children treated with ACT in the context of HMM and adds to the evidence base for HMM as a public health strategy as well as for scaling-up implementation of HMM with ACTs.
authors.affiliation: Malaria Research Laboratories, Institute of Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. ikeajayi2003@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ikeoluwapo O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Ajayi
authors.forename: Edmund N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Browne
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bateganya
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yar
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Happi
authors.forename: Catherine O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Falade
authors.forename: Grace O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Gbotosho
authors.forename: Bidemi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boateng
authors.forename: Kefas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mugittu
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cousens
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nanyunja
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pagnoni
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D000655:Amodiaquine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077611:Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001769:Blood / Q000469:parasitology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D008853:Microscopy; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012424:Rural Population; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D000077611:Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination; D037621:Artemisinins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005449:Fluorenes; C515299:amodiaquine, artesunate drug combination; D000655:Amodiaquine