Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury and elevated intracranial pressure.
OBJECTIVE
The management strategies and outcomes in pediatric patients with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) are examined in this study.


METHODS
This study was a retrospective review of a prospectively acquired pediatric trauma database. More than 750 pediatric patients with brain injury were seen over a 10-year period. Records were retrospectively reviewed to determine interventions for correcting ICP, and surviving patients were contacted prospectively to determine functional status and quality of life. Only patients with 2 years of follow-up were included in the study.


RESULTS
Ninety-six pediatric patients (age range 3-18 years) were identified with a Glasgow Coma Scale score<8 and elevated ICP>20 mm Hg on presentation. The mean injury severity score was 65 (range 30-100). All patients were treated using a standardized head injury protocol. The mean time course until peak ICP was 69 hours postinjury (range 2-196 hours). Intracranial pressure control was achieved in 82 patients (85%). Methods employed to achieve ICP control included maximal medical therapy (sedation, hyperosmolar therapy, and paralysis) in 34 patients (35%), ventriculostomy in 23 patients (24%), and surgery in 39 patients (41%). Fourteen patients (15%) had refractory ICP despite all interventions, and all of these patients died. Seventy-two patients (75%) were discharged from the hospital, whereas 24 (25%) died during hospitalization. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of vascular injury, refractory ICP, and cisternal effacement at presentation had the highest correlation with subsequent death (p<0.05). Mean follow-up was 53 months (range 11-126 months). Three patients died during the follow-up period (2 due to infections and 1 committed suicide). The mean 2-year Glasgow Outcome Scale score was 4 (median 4, range 1-5). The mean patient competency rating at follow-up was 4.13 out of 5 (median 4.5, range 1-4.8). Univariate analysis revealed that the extent of intracranial and systemic injuries had the highest correlation with long-term quality of life (p<0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Controlling elevated ICP is an important factor in patient survival following severe pediatric TBI. The modality used for ICP control appears to be less important. Long-term follow-up is essential to determine neurocognitive sequelae associated with TBI.
Jagannathan
Jay
J
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
Okonkwo
David O
DO
Yeoh
Hian Kwang
HK
Dumont
Aaron S
AS
Saulle
Dwight
D
Haizlip
Julie
J
Barth
Jeffrey T
JT
Jane
John A
JA
Jane
John A
JA
D000293:Adolescent; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000628:therapy; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014696:Ventriculostomy