title: Evaluation of pain experienced during breast ductal endoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ductal endoscopy is valuable for the differential diagnosis of bloody nipple discharge; however, the pain associated with this procedure has not been evaluated. This study aims to assess the pain experienced by patients during ductal endoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied a consecutive series of women who underwent ductal endoscopy, to investigate the cause of bloody nipple discharge. The procedure was performed using standard local anesthesia (lidocaine 1% 10 ml without epinephrine, involving nipple block and periaureolar administration). Patients were asked to score the level of pain with a visual analog scale, 1, 4, 7, 12, 17, 22, 27, and 32 min after the procedure, and describe their overall and maximum pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This series comprised 20 women aged from 27 to 68 years old. The overall pain (mean +/- SE) score was equal to 5.8 +/-0.3, and the maximum pain score was 8.3 +/- 0.2. The peak of pain corresponded with when the dilator was inserted through the sphincter. The group in which the dilator was inserted after 4 min experienced more intense maximum and overall pain after 7, 12, 17 and 22 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain is an important factor in ductal endoscopy, and peaks relatively early. A standard, baseline local lidocaine dose of greater than 10 ml may be necessary at the beginning of the procedure. Late insertion of the dilator seems to be an indicator of the force of the procedure.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Hippokratio Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Zografos
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zagouri
authors.forename: Theodoros N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Sergentanis
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gounaris
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pararas
authors.forename: Vassiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Oikonomou
authors.forename: Effrosyni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Panopoulou
authors.forename: Constantine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fotiadis
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bramis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D001941:Breast Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005122:Exudates and Transudates; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009558:Nipples; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric