title: Vascular risk and depression in the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (EPESE).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although vascular depression has received considerable research attention, relatively little research in this area has focused on minority samples. This study investigated the association between baseline vascular risk factors (VRFs) and risk for elevated depressive symptoms at 2-year follow-up in a sample of 964 individuals without significant depressive symptomotology (CES-D < 12) or cognitive impairment (MMSE>or= 24) at baseline from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the associations between self-reported baseline vascular risk factors (chest pain, heart attack, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking) and a composite of these risk factors with elevated depressive symptoms (CES-D >or= 16) at 2-year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-four (7.7%) of the 964 participants without evidence of depression at baseline demonstrated elevated depressive symptoms (CESD >or= 16) 2 years later. There was an overall pattern of higher rates of elevated depressive symptoms at 2-year follow-up with increasing number of vascular risk factors (0 VRFs = 6.4%, 1 VRF = 5.5%, 2 VRFs = 7.7%, and 3 or more VRFs = 14.7%). After controlling for demographic variables, physical functioning, and other medical conditions, the cumulative vascular risk index was significantly associated with elevated depressive symptoms at 2-year follow-up (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest vascular conditions may contribute to risk for depression over time among Mexican American elders, and this is relatively independent of other medical conditions. These findings suggest that depression is an additional long-term complication of these common cardiovascular disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. Jazimm02@louisville.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Benjamin T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Mast
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.forename: Kyriakos S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Markides
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017058:Mexican Americans / Q000523:psychology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*