title: Pericentromeric instability and spontaneous emergence of human neoacrocentric and minute chromosomes in the alternative pathway of telomere lengthening.
abstract: In the alternative pathway of telomere lengthening (ALT), neoplastic cell growth is prolonged by telomere recombination. We show that ALT is unexpectedly characterized by high rates of ongoing pericentromeric chromosomal instability. Combined with telomeric recombination, ALT pericentromeric instability generates neoacrocentric chromosomes. In the present studies, we describe a subgroup of ALT neoacrocentric minute chromosomes, composed of DNA entities two to five times smaller in size than human chromosome 21. The frequencies of ALT minute chromosomes were increased by gamma-irradiation and suppressed by telomerase. Continuous growth after telomerase inhibition/depletion was followed by increased rates of telomeric sister chromatid recombination and the emergence of minute chromosomes. We show that ALT minute chromosomes were derived from true centromeric fissions and/or chromosomal breakage/fusion/bridge cycles. They exhibit a two-chromatid structure, carry genomic DNA, centromeric and telomeric repeats, and display regular mitotic functionality. These observations are important in understanding the global genomic instability that characterizes most human advanced malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece. sgagos@bioacademy.gr
authors.forename: Sarantis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gagos
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chiourea
authors.forename: Agni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Christodoulidou
authors.forename: Eftichia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Apostolou
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Raftopoulou
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deustch
authors.forename: Charles-Edward
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Jefford
authors.forename: Irmgard
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Irminger-Finger
authors.forename: Jerry W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Shay
authors.forename: Stylianos E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Antonarakis
mesh_terms: D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002503:Centromere / Q000235:genetics / Q000648:ultrastructure; D043171:Chromosomal Instability / Q000502:physiology*; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D019457:Chromosome Breakage; D020732:Cytogenetic Analysis; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D019098:Telomerase / Q000502:physiology; D016615:Telomere / Q000502:physiology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D019098:Telomerase