title: Raptor ecotoxicology in Spain: a review on persistent environmental contaminants.
abstract: Initial studies on the pressure from environmental contaminants on raptor populations in Spain date back to the 1980s, and they have been carried out from a range of viewpoints using a range of sentinel raptor species. However, there is no national monitoring scheme, and therefore the research carried out has been sporadic both spatially and temporally. The exposure to metals has not varied over time, except in the case of lead, whose concentration in eggs and tissues has diminished. In general, the concentrations of metals detected in raptor samples from Spain are generally low and not sufficient to produce toxic effects. Excepting DDT and DDE, most organochlorine-based pesticides in raptors from Spain have diminished over the last 2 decades. The concentrations of DDE found in the eggs of various species could in part explain problems in the reproductive success of raptors in Spain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain. ajgf@um.es
authors.forename: Antonio J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: García-Fernández
authors.forename: José F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Calvo
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martínez-López
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: María-Mojica
authors.forename: José E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Martínez
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D020304:Raptors / Q000097:blood / Q000254:growth & development*; D013030:Spain; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants