title: [Tramadol intoxication and its toxicological effect].
abstract: Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with a dual mode of action. Its analgesic efficacy is attributed to its partial affinity for the mu-opiate receptor and its inhibition of norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake. Acting in a synergistic manner and being more efficacious, tramadol is used worldwide for the treatment of moderate to severe acute or chronic pain. Abuse and dependence of tramadol as well as tramadol-related deaths have been increasingly reported, either ingested alone or taken in combination with other potentially interacting drugs. The possible toxic effect of tramadol was reviewed from aspects of its analgesic mechanisms, adverse effect, dependence, and abuse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
authors.forename: Hua-xin
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Da-wei
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Ming-biao
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000506:poisoning*; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D006801:Humans; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000506:poisoning*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D014147:Tramadol