title: Surgical site infection in children: prospective analysis of the burden and risk factors in a sub-Saharan African setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical site infections (SSI) add substantially to the morbidity of surgical patients. Our hypothesis was that the SSI rate is high in our setting, but there were no data regarding the prevalence and risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred twenty-two children who had surgery (elective 144, emergency 178) between January, 2001 and September, 2005 were studied prospectively. All patients with clean-contaminated, contaminated, and dirty incisions received prophylactic antibiotics. Data were collected using a tool that captured demographics, diagnosis, co-morbid conditions, type of surgical incision, nature of surgery, type of anesthesia, use of perioperative antibiotics, and duration of surgery. Information also was collected postoperatively on the development of SSI, type of infection, associated signs, the day the infection was identified, the findings in cultures of swabs from infected incisions, duration of hospital stay, and outcome. The chi-square test for categorical variables was used to test for significance of association. The p value for significance was set at 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-six patients (23.6%) consisting of 40 boys and 36 girls developed SSI. The median age was nine months (range, 2 days-12 years) for those who developed SSI and 15 months (range, 1 day-13 years) for those who did not. The SSI rate was 14.3% in clean incisions, 19.3% in clean-contaminated incisions, 27.3% in contaminated incisions, and 60% in dirty incisions (p < 0.05). The infection rate was 25.8% in emergency procedures and 20.8% in elective procedures (p > 0.05). The infection rate was 31% in operations lasting >or= 2 h and 17.3% in operations lasting < 2 h (p < 0.05). Infection was detected before the eighth postoperative day in 56 of the patients (74.6%) with SSI, and bacteria were cultured from the incision in 32 patients (42.7%). The average length of stay was 26.1 days (range, 8-127 days) in patients with SSI and 18.0 days (range, 1-99 days) in those without SSI (p < 0.05). The mortality rate of patients with SSI was 10.5%, with six of the eight deaths related directly to the SSI, compared with a mortality rate of 4.1% in patients without SSI (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The burden of SSI in this setting is high. The degree of incisional contamination and a long duration of surgery (>or= 2 h) are important risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. eaameh@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Emmanuel A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ameh
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Mshelbwala
authors.forename: Abdulrasheed A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nasir
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lukong
authors.forename: Basheer A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Jabo
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Anumah
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Nmadu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality