Effects of intravitreal morphine administered at different time points after reperfusion in a rabbit model of ischemic retinopathy.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of morphine administered after reperfusion in a rabbit model of ischemic retinopathy.


METHODS
The right eyes of 54 albino New Zealand rabbits were randomly allocated into nine treatment groups (n = 6 in each group). The eyes in saline-control group received 0.1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline solution intravitreally. In the ischemia-saline group, ischemia was induced by raising the intraocular pressure to 150 mmHg for 60 minutes. Then 0.1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline solution was administered intravitreally 5 minutes after reperfusion. The eyes in three ischemia-morphine groups (ischemia-morphine 0 hour, 1 hour, and 18 hours) received 0.1 mL of morphine (10 micromol/L) intravitreally 5 minutes, 1 hour, or 18 hours after termination of 60 minutes of ischemia, respectively. The eyes in ischemia-naloxone-morphine group received 0.05 mL of naloxone (10 micromol/L) intravitreally followed by injection of 0.05 mL morphine (10 micromol/L) 5 minutes after termination of ischemia. Toxicity controls were performed with morphine (10 micromol/L) and naloxone (10 micromol/L) without ischemia. Histologic evaluation was performed for all groups on the seventh postoperative day.


RESULTS
Sixty minutes of ischemia led to severe cell loss in ganglion cell layer and thinning of the inner nuclear layer in ischemia-saline group compared with that of the saline-control group (P < 0.001). Thickness of the inner plexiform layer to the inner limiting membrane (a measure of inner retinal thickness) was significantly increased due to edema (P < 0.001). Administration of morphine 5 minutes after reperfusion significantly improved all of the above mentioned indices compared with ischemia-saline group (P < 0.001). Administration of morphine 1 hour after reperfusion had also a significant effect on the improvement of above mentioned indices compared with saline-control group (P < 0.05). However, the number of ganglion cells was significantly higher in ischemia-morphine 0 hour group compared with ischemia-morphine 1 hour group (P < 0.001). Morphine treatment 18 hours after reperfusion did not change the amount of injury. Administration of naloxone 5 minutes before morphine abolished most of the morphine protective effects.


CONCLUSIONS
Intravitreal administration of morphine immediately after reperfusion maximally protects retina against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Pharmacologic evidence suggests that this protective phenomenon may be mediated in part by opioid receptors.
Riazi-Esfahani
Mohammad
M
Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
Kiumehr
Saman
S
Asadi-Amoli
Fahimeh
F
Dehpour
Ahmad R
AR
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014822:Vitreous Body
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone; D009020:Morphine