Physical and emotional symptom burden of patients with end-stage heart failure: what to measure, how and why.
OBJECTIVE
Much of our understanding about symptom burden near the end of life is based on studies of cancer patients. The aim of this study was to explore physical and emotional symptom experience among end-stage chronic heart failure patients, looking for those symptoms mostly related to their global health status.


METHODS
Forty-six patients with end-stage heart failure compiled the following: Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ).


RESULTS
End-stage heart failure patients have many complaints and poor global health status. The most distressing symptoms reported were general discomfort and tiredness followed by anorexia and dyspnea. The KCCQ summary scores were highly correlated with ESAS (r = -0.78; P = 0.0001). Among the domains explored by the KCCQ, social functioning and self-efficacy showed the lowest correlation coefficients with ESAS (r = -0.50; P = 0.001 and r = -0.31; P = 0.003, respectively); concerning the physical limitation domain, the symptom score and the quality-of-life domain, the correlation coefficients were as follows: r = -0.71 (P = 0.0001), r = -0.75 (P = 0.0001) and r = -0.74 (P = 0.0001), respectively. In the multiple regression analysis of ESAS and KCCQ scores, general discomfort, depression and anxiety were the symptoms that mostly related with the results in the domains explored by the KCCQ. No independent predictor was found among symptoms and quality of life.


CONCLUSIONS
General discomfort together with depression and anxiety were the symptoms that were mostly related with the physical limitation domain of global health status, but did not influence the social functioning and the self-efficacy domains. When ESAS is used together with KCCQ, comprehensive and quantitative information on a patient's physical, emotional and social distress is provided.
Opasich
Cristina
C
Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Cardiology Unit, Scientific Institute of Pavia, Italy. cristina.opasich@fsm.it
Gualco
Alessandra
A
De Feo
Stefania
S
Barbieri
Massimo
M
Cioffi
Giovanni
G
Giardini
Anna
A
Majani
Giuseppina
G
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D004644:Emotions; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010166:Palliative Care; D010465:Perception; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires