Sucrose decreases infant biobehavioral pain response to immunizations: a randomized controlled trial.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effectiveness and age-related changes in analgesia of oral sucrose as a preprocedural intervention during routine immunizations in infants at 2 and 4 months of age.


METHODS
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 40 healthy term infants scheduled to receive routine immunizations from a pediatric ambulatory care clinic during May 2005 to July 2005.


METHODS
Infants received 24% oral sucrose solution or the control solution of sterile water 2 minutes before routine immunizations at both their 2- and 4-month, well-child visits. The University of Wisconsin Children's Hospital pain scale was used to measure serial acute behavioral pain responses at baseline, 2, and 5 minutes after administration of the solution. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine between-group differences and within-subject variability of the effects of treatment on overall behavioral pain scores.


RESULTS
Infants receiving oral sucrose (n=20) showed a significant reduction in behavioral pain response 5 minutes after administration compared to those in the placebo group (n=20). At 2 minutes following solution administration, both sucrose and sterile water showed the highest mean pain score (4.54 and 4.39 respectively) indicating a severe amount of pain. At 5 minutes, the sucrose group returned to near normal at 0.27 while the placebo group remained at 3.02 indicating a percentage difference in mean pain scores relative to sterile water pain scores of 90.9. No statistically significant age-related change in behavioral pain response was noted between 2- and 4-month-old infants at 2 minutes and 5 minutes following treatment administration.


CONCLUSIONS
Sucrose is an effective preprocedural intervention for decreasing behavioral pain response in infants after immunizations.


CONCLUSIONS
Efforts to decrease the pain associated with immunizations can promote parental adherence to recommended immunizations schedules, prevent a resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases and mitigate adverse neurologic outcomes in infants.
School of Nursing, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA. lal153@psu.edu
Linda A
LA
Hatfield
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015400:Clinical Nursing Research; D003448:Crying; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005149:Facial Expression; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011292:Premedication / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012996:Solutions; D013391:Sucking Behavior; D013395:Sucrose / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects*
D012996:Solutions; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D013395:Sucrose