Effects of a 4-month recruit training program on markers of bone metabolism.
Stress fracture susceptibility results from accelerated bone remodeling after onset of novel exercise and may be reflected in bone turnover changes. It is unknown if the bone turnover response to exercise is different between sexes.


OBJECTIVE
To assess disparity between sexes in bone metabolism markers during military recruit training and to evaluate relationships between bone turnover markers and factors that may affect bone metabolism.


METHODS
Volunteers were age-matched men (n = 58) and women (n = 199), 19 yr old, entering gender-integrated combat training. Blood was collected at 0, 2, and 4 months and anthropometric and fitness measures at 0 and 4 months. Serum was analyzed for biomarkers reflecting bone formation (bone alkaline phosphatase and procollagen I N-terminal peptide), bone resorption (C-telopeptide cross-links of type I collagen and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase), endocrine regulation (parathyroid hormone, calcium, and 25(OH)D), and inflammation (interleukin 1B, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha). Data were analyzed using ANOVA, correlation, and regression analyses.


RESULTS
Bone turnover markers were higher in men (P < 0.01) and increased similarly for both sexes from 0 to 2 months (P < 0.01). Independent of gender, VO2max (R = 0.477) and serum calcium (R = 0.252) predicted bone formation activity (bone alkaline phosphatase) at baseline (P < 0.01). Serum calcium and parathyroid hormone decreased (2.0 and 6.4%, respectively) from 0 to 2 months (P < 0.001), returning to baseline at 4 months for both sexes. Men exhibited a decrease in 25(OH)D from 0 to 4 months (P = 0.007). Changes in endocrine regulators were significantly correlated with changes in bone turnover markers. Inflammatory markers did not differ between sexes and did not increase.


CONCLUSIONS
Military training increased bone formation and resorption markers in 2 months, suggesting rapid onset of strenuous exercise accelerates bone turnover similarly in men and women. Although bone turnover markers were higher in men than women, bone formation status may be related to aerobic fitness and serum calcium independent of gender and may be affected by small changes in endocrine regulators related to nutrition.
Evans
Rachel K
RK
Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA. rachel.evans@us.army.mil
Antczak
Amanda J
AJ
Lester
Mark
M
Yanovich
Ran
R
Israeli
Eran
E
Moran
Daniel S
DS
D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D001862:Bone Resorption; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000378:metabolism*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
D015415:Biomarkers