Guideline implementation for breast healthcare in low- and middle-income countries: early detection resource allocation.
A key determinant of breast cancer outcome in any population is the degree to which cancers are detected at early stages of disease. Populations in which cancers are detected at earlier stages have lower breast cancer mortality rates. The Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI) held its third Global Summit in Budapest, Hungary in October 2007, bringing together internationally recognized experts to address the implementation of breast healthcare guidelines for early detection, diagnosis, and treatment in low- and middle-income countries (LMCs). A multidisciplinary panel of experts specifically addressed the implementation of BHGI guidelines for the early detection of disease as they related to resource allocation for public education and awareness, cancer detection methods, and evaluation goals. Public education and awareness are the key first steps, because early detection programs cannot be successful if the public is unaware of the value of early detection. The effectiveness and efficiency of screening modalities, including screening mammography, clinical breast examination (CBE), and breast self-examination, were reviewed in the context of resource availability and population-based need by the panel. Social and cultural barriers should be considered when early detection programs are being established, and the evaluation of early detection programs should include the use of well developed, methodologically sound process metrics to determine the effectiveness of program implementation. The approach and scope of any screening program will determine the success of any early detection program as measured by cancer stage at diagnosis and will drive the breadth of resource allocation needed for program implementation.
Department of Surgery, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. yipch@um.edu.my
Cheng-Har
CH
Yip
Robert A
RA
Smith
Benjamin O
BO
Anderson
Anthony B
AB
Miller
David B
DB
Thomas
Eng-Suan
ES
Ang
Rosemary S
RS
Caffarella
Marilys
M
Corbex
Gary L
GL
Kreps
Anne
A
McTiernan
D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D015276:Health Care Rationing / Q000191:economics*; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008403:Mass Screening; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013997:Time Factors