Association between the SERPING1 gene and age-related macular degeneration: a two-stage case-control study.
BACKGROUND
Age-related macular degeneration is the most prevalent form of visual impairment and blindness in developed countries. Genetic studies have made advancements in establishing the molecular cause of this disease, identifying mutations in the complement factor H (CFH) gene and a locus on chromosome 10 encompassing the HTRA1/LOC387715/ARMS2 genes. Variants in complement 3 (C3) and an HLA locus containing both factor B and C2 genes have also been implicated. We aimed to identify further genetic risk factors for this disease.


METHODS
We used a case-control study design in a UK sample of patients with age-related macular degeneration (n=479) and controls (n=479) and undertook a low-density screen of 32 genes using 93 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genes were selected as candidates on the basis of potential functional relevance to age-related macular degeneration. Significant initial findings were confirmed by replication in an independent US cohort of 248 unrelated patients with disease and 252 controls, and by high-density genotyping around association signals.


RESULTS
The SNP variant rs2511989, located within intron six of the SERPING1 gene, showed highly significant genotypic association with age-related macular degeneration (uncorrected p=4.0x10(-5), corrected p=0.00372). We detected no evidence for association between disease and the other 31 candidate genes. The odds ratio for age-related macular degeneration in rs2511989 G/A heterozygotes compared with wild type G/G homozygotes was 0.63 (95% CI 0.47-0.84). A similar comparison of the A/A homozygotes with the wild type yielded an odds ratio of 0.44 (0.31-0.64). We replicated the observed genotypic association in a US cohort (p=0.008). Furthermore, a secondary high-density genotyping study across the SERPING1 gene region identified five additional SNP variants similarly associated with age-related macular degeneration (rs2244169, rs2511990, rs2509897, rs1005510, and rs2511988).


CONCLUSIONS
Genetic variation in SERPING1 significantly alters susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. SERPING1 encodes the C1 inhibitor, which has a crucial role in inhibition of complement component 1 (C1) and might implicate the classic pathway of complement activation in this disease.
Ennis
Sarah
S
Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics Group, University of Southampton, Human Genetics Division (Mp 808), Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
Jomary
Catherine
C
Mullins
Robert
R
Cree
Angela
A
Chen
Xiaoli
X
Macleod
Alex
A
Jones
Stephen
S
Collins
Andrew
A
Stone
Edwin
E
Lotery
Andrew
A
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003174:Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D050718:Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D006113:United Kingdom
D003174:Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins; D050718:Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein; C469952:SERPING1 protein, human