Improved genome assembly and evidence-based global gene model set for the chordate Ciona intestinalis: new insight into intron and operon populations.
BACKGROUND
The draft genome sequence of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, along with associated gene models, has been a valuable research resource. However, recently accumulated expressed sequence tag (EST)/cDNA data have revealed numerous inconsistencies with the gene models due in part to intrinsic limitations in gene prediction programs and in part to the fragmented nature of the assembly.


RESULTS
We have prepared a less-fragmented assembly on the basis of scaffold-joining guided by paired-end EST and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequences, and BAC chromosomal in situ hybridization data. The new assembly (115.2 Mb) is similar in length to the initial assembly (116.7 Mb) but contains 1,272 (approximately 50%) fewer scaffolds. The largest scaffold in the new assembly incorporates 95 initial-assembly scaffolds. In conjunction with the new assembly, we have prepared a greatly improved global gene model set strictly correlated with the extensive currently available EST data. The total gene number (15,254) is similar to that of the initial set (15,582), but the new set includes 3,330 models at genomic sites where none were present in the initial set, and 1,779 models that represent fusions of multiple previously incomplete models. In approximately half, 5'-ends were precisely mapped using 5'-full-length ESTs, an important refinement even in otherwise unchanged models.


CONCLUSIONS
Using these new resources, we identify a population of non-canonical (non-GT-AG) introns and also find that approximately 20% of Ciona genes reside in operons and that operons contain a high proportion of single-exon genes. Thus, the present dataset provides an opportunity to analyze the Ciona genome much more precisely than ever.
Satou
Yutaka
Y
Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan. yutaka@ascidian.zool.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Mineta
Katsuhiko
K
Ogasawara
Michio
M
Sasakura
Yasunori
Y
Shoguchi
Eiichi
E
Ueno
Keisuke
K
Yamada
Lixy
L
Matsumoto
Jun
J
Wasserscheid
Jessica
J
Dewar
Ken
K
Wiley
Graham B
GB
Macmil
Simone L
SL
Roe
Bruce A
BA
Zeller
Robert W
RW
Hastings
Kenneth E M
KE
Lemaire
Patrick
P
Lindquist
Erika
E
Endo
Toshinori
T
Hotta
Kohji
K
Inaba
Kazuo
K
D000818:Animals; D002938:Ciona intestinalis / Q000235:genetics*; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D016678:Genome; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics*; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009876:Operon