Analgesic efficacy using loss of resistance to air vs. saline in combined spinal epidural technique for labour analgesia.
Identification of the epidural space is often performed using the loss of resistance technique to either air or saline. We sought to investigate if the medium used affected the quality of analgesia obtained by parturients who received labour epidurals. We conducted a retrospective audit of labour epidurals performed on nulliparous parturients in our institution from May 2003 to March 2005. All epidural catheters were inserted by senior obstetric anaesthetists using a combined spinal epidural technique. The following information was recorded: parturients' demographic data, loss of resistance technique used, type and amount of local anaesthetic solution administered, complications encountered during procedure, pre-block and post-block pain scores, incidence of breakthrough pain requiring supplemental medication and post-block side-effects. Data from 2848 patients were collected and analysed; 56% of patients made up the saline group and 44% the air group. Patients in both groups had similar demographic profiles and similar incidences of complications and post-block side-effects. However patients in the air group had a higher incidence of recurrent breakthrough pain P = 0.023). We also identified three other factors that were associated with an increased incidence of recurrent breakthrough pain; administration of pre-block oxytocin, sitting position of the parturient during the procedure and the use of intrathecal bupivacaine for induction of analgesia. Our findings suggest that a loss of resistance to air is associated with a higher incidence of recurrent breakthrough pain among parturients who received combined spinal epidural analgesia for labour than a loss of resistance to saline.
Department of Women's Anaesthesia, Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
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D000388:Air; D000698:Analgesia / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004824:Epidural Space; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D048949:Labor Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D008485:Medical Audit / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D012965:Sodium Chloride