Time-dependent association between metabolic syndrome and risk of CKD in Korean men without hypertension or diabetes.
BACKGROUND
The time-dependent association between metabolic syndrome and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not clear.


METHODS
Prospective cohort study.


METHODS
The study cohort was composed of 10,685 healthy men without CKD, hypertension, or diabetes who participated in a health-checkup program at a large work site.


METHODS
Metabolic syndrome.


METHODS
CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2). A standard Cox proportional hazards model and a time-dependent Cox model were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) in the CKD model.


RESULTS
During 40,616.8 person-years of follow-up, 291 incident cases of CKD developed; 787 patients (7.4%) had metabolic syndrome at baseline and 1,444 (14.4%) developed incident metabolic syndrome during follow-up. After adjustment for age, baseline GFR, gamma-glutamyltransferase level, and uric acid level, metabolic syndrome at baseline was associated with a significantly increased risk of CKD (HR, 1.99; 95% confidence interval, 1.46 to 2.73). Metabolic syndrome over time as a time-dependent variable also predicted the development of CKD (HR, 1.83; [corrected] 95% confidence interval, 1.34 to 2.49) [corrected] The relationship between metabolic syndrome and incident CKD remained significant, even after further adjustment for the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level, current smoking, alcohol consumption, or regular exercise. In addition, there were graded relationships between number of metabolic syndrome traits or quintile of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance over time as a time-dependent variable and risk of CKD. Both increased triglyceride and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels among metabolic syndrome traits were associated with significantly increased risk of CKD. These results were effectively unchanged, even after additional adjustment for incident hypertension and incident diabetes.


CONCLUSIONS
Estimated GFR was used instead of a directly measured GFR to define CKD.


CONCLUSIONS
Metabolic syndrome is an independent risk factor for the development of CKD in Korean men without hypertension or diabetes, even with changes in status of metabolic syndrome over time.
Department of Occupational Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, 108 Pyung dong, Jongro-Gu, Seoul, Korea. sh703.yoo@samsung.com
Seungho
S
Ryu
Yoosoo
Y
Chang
Hee-Yeon
HY
Woo
Kyu-Beck
KB
Lee
Soo-Geun
SG
Kim
Dong-Il
DI
Kim
Won Sool
WS
Kim
Byung-Seong
BS
Suh
Chul
C
Jeong
Kijung
K
Yoon
D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000150:complications; D018450:Disease Progression; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007723:Korea; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors