Cost effectiveness of alternative surveillance strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis.
OBJECTIVE
The increasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States has significant health and economic consequences. Ultrasound (US) surveillance is recommended for patients with cirrhosis because of their high risk of HCC and improving treatment outcomes for small tumors. We assessed the costs, clinical benefits, and cost effectiveness of US surveillance and alternative strategies for HCC in cirrhosis using a computer-based state transition model with parameters derived from available literature.


METHODS
Our model compared a policy of no surveillance with 6 surveillance strategies in cirrhotic patients ages 50 years and older in the United States: (1) annual US, (2) semiannual US, (3) semiannual US with alpha-fetoprotein, (4) annual computed tomography (CT), (5) semiannual CT, and (6) annual magnetic resonance imaging. The number of screening tests needed to detect one small HCC, cost per treated HCC, lifetime costs, quality-adjusted life expectancy, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated.


RESULTS
Semiannual US surveillance for HCC in cirrhosis increased quality-adjusted life expectancy by 8.6 months on average, but extended it nearly 3.5 years in patients with small treated tumors. Semiannual US surveillance had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $30,700 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained, and was more cost effective than the alternative surveillance strategies using a threshold of $50,000 per QALY gained. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for the combined alpha-fetoprotein/US and annual CT strategies exceeded $50,000/QALY unless the sensitivity and specificity of US decreased to less than 65% and 60%, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Semiannual US surveillance for HCC in cirrhotic patients improves clinical outcomes at a reasonable cost.
Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. kandersson@partners.org
Karin L
KL
Andersson
Joshua A
JA
Salomon
Sue J
SJ
Goldie
Raymond T
RT
Chung
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures / Q000191:economics*; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000150:complications*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D014481:United States