Predictors of opiate agonist treatment retention among injection drug users referred from a needle exchange program.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a case management intervention on retention in opiate agonist therapy among injection drug users (IDUs) referred from a needle exchange program (NEP). DESIGN, INTERVENTION, PARTICIPANTS, AND SETTING: A randomized trial of a strengths-based case management intervention versus passive referral (control) was conducted among NEP attendees requesting and receiving referrals to subsidized, publicly funded opiate agonist treatment programs in Baltimore, MD.


METHODS
Multivariable Cox regression models were used to identify predictors of treatment retention using an ecological model approach, taking into account factors at the individual, social, and environmental level.


RESULTS
Of 245 IDUs, 127 (51.8%) entered opiate agonist treatment, for whom median retention was 7.9 months. The intervention was not associated with longer retention (p = .91). Individual-level factors predictive of shorter retention included being employed and greater levels of psychiatric distress. Participants who had prior treatment experience and multiple treatment requests were retained significantly longer. Social factors adversely affecting treatment retention included unstable housing and buying drugs for others. Living further away from the treatment site was an environmental barrier that negatively affected treatment retention.


CONCLUSIONS
Multilevel interventions that address individual, social, and environmental factors are necessary to improve substance abuse treatment retention and treatment outcomes among IDUs referred from NEP.
Havens
Jennifer R
JR
Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-9824, USA. jennifer.havens@uky.edu
Latkin
Carl A
CA
Pu
Minya
M
Cornelius
Llewellyn J
LJ
Bishai
David
D
Huettner
Steve
S
Rapp
Charles
C
Ricketts
Erin P
EP
Lloyd
Jacqueline J
JJ
Strathdee
Steffanie A
SA
D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000819:agonists*; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone