DNA methylation, epimutations and cancer predisposition.
Hereditary cancer syndromes caused by germline mutations give rise to distinct spectra of cancers with characteristic clinico-pathological features. Many of these hereditary cancer genes are silenced by methylation in a similar spectrum of sporadic cancers. It is likely that the initiating event in some of those cases of sporadic cancer is the somatic epigenetic inactivation (epimutation) of the same hereditary cancer gene. Recently, it has been shown that epimutations of certain hereditary cancer genes can be constitutional i.e. present throughout the soma. These epimutations may be inherited or arise very early in the germline. The heritability of these epimutations is very low as in most cases they are erased by passage through the germline. In other cases, predisposition to epimutations rather than the epimutations themselves can be inherited. These cases are characterised by Mendelian inheritance and are likely to be associated with sequence variants. Other sequence variants and environmental influences may also affect methylation propensity at a global level.
Dobrovic
Alexander
A
Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 8006, Australia. alexander.dobrovic@petermac.org
Kristensen
Lasse S
LS
D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D019313:BRCA1 Protein / Q000235:genetics; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics*; D064550:Death-Associated Protein Kinases; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D015451:Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / Q000235:genetics; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics
D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D019313:BRCA1 Protein; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D064550:Death-Associated Protein Kinases; D017871:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein