Molecular modeling and experimental evidence for hypericin as a substrate for mitochondrial complex III; mitochondrial photodamage as demonstrated using specific inhibitors.
The effect of hypericin photoactivation on mitochondria of human prostate carcinoma cells was studied using a range of mitochondrial inhibitors. Oligomycin significantly enhanced hypericin phototoxicity while atractyloside and antymicin A conferred a significant protection. Use of myxothiazol did not affect cell survival following hypericin photoactivation. These results signify a protective role for F(1)F(0)-ATP synthase running in reverse mode, and a significant photodamage at the quinone-reducing site of mitochondrial complex III. In light of these results, we performed molecular modeling of hypericin binding to complex III. This revealed three binding sites, two of which coincided with the quinol-oxidizing and quinone-reducing centers. Using submitochondrial particles we examined hypericin as a possible substrate of complex III and compared this to its natural substrate, ubiquinone-10. Our results demonstrate uniquely that hypericin is an efficient substrate for complex III, and this activity is inhibited by myxothiazol and antimycin A. We further demonstrated that hypericin photosensitization completely inactivated complex III with ubiquinone as substrate. The ability to enhance HYP potency by inhibition of F(1)F(0)-ATP synthase or depress HYP efficacy by inhibition at the Qi site of complex III provides a potential to increase the therapeutic index of HYP and amplify its PDT action in tumor cells.
Theodossiou
Theodossis Athanassios
TA
Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR Demokritos, Patriarchou Gregoriou & Neapoleos, Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece. t.theodossiou@gmail.com
Papakyriakou
Athanasios
A
Hothersall
John Stephen
JS
D000873:Anthracenes; D000968:Antimycin A / Q000494:pharmacology; D001665:Binding Sites; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000737:chemistry; D014450:Electron Transport Complex III / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000494:pharmacology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D025261:Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010569:Perylene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013367:Submitochondrial Particles / Q000378:metabolism*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000494:pharmacology
D000873:Anthracenes; D008689:Methacrylates; D013844:Thiazoles; D014451:Ubiquinone; D010569:Perylene; D000968:Antimycin A; C030517:myxothiazol; C004965:hypericin; D045304:Cytochromes c; C474451:F1F0-ATP synthase; D025261:Mitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPases; D014450:Electron Transport Complex III; C025204:Ubiquinone Q2