Predictive factors of progression to chronic kidney disease stage 5 in a predialysis interdisciplinary programme.
BACKGROUND
The clinical course of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children is heterogeneous and has not been fully established. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to identify predictive factors associated with the progression of CKD among the children and adolescents admitted to a Predialysis Interdisciplinary Management Programme (PDIMP).


METHODS
We analysed the following variables at admission: age, gender, race, blood pressure, primary renal disease, Z-scores for weight and height, CKD stage and degree of proteinuria. Two time-dependent covariates were considered: hypertension and proteinuria. CKD stage 5 was assigned as a dependent variable. Time-fixed and time-dependent Cox regression analyses were applied to evaluate renal survival.


RESULTS
One hundred and seven patients with CKD stage 2-4 were followed up for a median time of 94 months. Fifty-seven patients (53.3%) progressed to CKD stage 5. After adjustment for time-fixed model, three baseline variables were found to be independent predictors of CKD stage 5: glomerular disease (hazard ratio, HR = 3.0, P = 0.015), CKD stage 4 (HR = 2.6, P = 0.001) and severe proteinuria (HR = 4.1, P = 0.006). After adjustment for the time-dependent model, three variables were found to be independent predictors of CKD stage 5: proteinuria as time-dependent covariate (HR = 1.9, P = 0.041), CKD stage 4 (HR = 2, P = 0.0086) and baseline serum albumin <3.5 g/dl (HR = 2.6, P = 0.0015).


CONCLUSIONS
Taking into account manageable factors, further prospective controlled studies are necessary to assess intervention measures in order to possibly modify the clinical course of CKD in children.
Soares
Cristina M
CM
Pediatric Nephrourology Unit, Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Diniz
José Silvério S
JS
Lima
Eleonora M
EM
Oliveira
Gilce R
GR
Canhestro
Monica R
MR
Colosimo
Enrico A
EA
Simoes e Silva
Ana Cristina
AC
Oliveira
Eduardo A
EA
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010348:Patient Care Team; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000150:complications; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult