Vibrio vulnificus RTX toxin plays an important role in the apoptotic death of human intestinal epithelial cells exposed to Vibrio vulnificus.
During Vibrio vulnificus infection, V. vulnificus reaches the intestine and then invades the bloodstream by crossing the intestinal mucosal barrier of the host, which results in systemic septicemia. Previously, we reported that the RtxA toxin secreted through the RtxE transporter contributes to the cytotoxicity of V. vulnificus against intestinal epithelial cells. Here, we used gene mutants of rtxE and rtxA to determine the role that V. vulnificus RtxA toxin plays in the apoptotic death of human intestinal epithelial cells. The levels of DNA fragmentation were lower in human epithelial cells infected with an rtxE mutant of V. vulnificus than in those that were infected with the wild type. In addition, the rtxE mutant was found to induce lower levels of TUNEL positive cells and cell cycle arrest at the subG(1) than the wild type V. vulnificus. Furthermore, the decreased levels of DNA fragmentation, TUNEL positive cells and subG(1) arrest by the rtxE gene mutation were restored by the complementation of an rtxE gene into the rtxE mutant V. vulnificus. Finally, the rtxA mutant induced significantly lower levels of apoptotic cell death than the wild type. The levels of the PARP, cytochrome c, caspase-3, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization were lower in human epithelial cells infected with the rtxE and rtxA mutants, compared with the wild type and rtxE gene-complemented strains of V. vulnificus. Taken together, these results indicate that V. vulnificus RtxA toxin induces the apoptotic death through a mitochondria-dependent pathway in human intestinal epithelial cells exposed to V. vulnificus.
Lee
Byung Cheol
BC
School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
Choi
Sang Ho
SH
Kim
Tae Sung
TS
D017209:Apoptosis; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D024161:Collagen Type XI / Q000378:metabolism; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology*; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000502:physiology; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D041261:Vibrio vulnificus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000633:toxicity*
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; C499319:COL11A2 protein, human; D024161:Collagen Type XI; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; C434464:RtxA protein, Vibrio cholerae; D037521:Virulence Factors; D045304:Cytochromes c; D053148:Caspase 3