Permanent endovenous pediatric pacing: absence of lead failure--20 years follow-up study.
BACKGROUND
The aim of the study was to analyze endovenous pacing lead survival in pediatric population implanted by cephalic cut down, or by axillary vein puncture.


METHODS
All implantations were performed in total endotracheal anesthesia, by the same surgeon. Implantations of ventricular leads were performed by cephalic vein cut down or by external jugular vein preparation. In dual-chamber pacing, atrial leads were implanted via cephalic vein (along with ventricular lead), by axillary vein puncture or via external jugular vein. All implanted leads were secured by resorbable suture.


RESULTS
Over the 20-year follow-up period, 105 children of 5.7 years average age (range 1 day-15 years) were implanted with a permanent endovenous pacing system for congenital or postsurgical complete atrioventricular block or sinus node disease. Within the group, 27 patients (25.7%) weighed less than 10 kg on implantation. A total of 121 endovenous leads were implanted. All ventricular leads were with a passive fixation mechanism, and most of them unipolar (87.6%) and steroid eluting (94.2%). Leads implanted in atrial position were 82% bipolar, predominantly with active fixation (94%), and all steroid eluting. The most frequently used mode of stimulation was VVIR (66.6%). No acute or chronic lead displacement, exit block, sensing problem, lead conductor fracture, insulation defect or infections were observed during the total follow-up of 709 pacing years (average 6.9, range 0-20 years).


CONCLUSIONS
Implantation of the endovenous leads by preparation of the cephalic or puncture of the axillary vein, with lead fixation by resorbable suture represents a method of choice.
Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Pacemaker Center, Belgrade, Serbia. St.Petar@eunet.yu
Petar L
PL
Stojanov
Dragutin V
DV
Savic
Mirjana B
MB
Zivkovic
Zarko R
ZR
Calovic
D000293:Adolescent; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004868:Equipment Failure; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055771:Serbia / Q000453:epidemiology