Cognitive functioning in elderly persons with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: the Hoorn study.
OBJECTIVE
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is associated with mild decrements in cognitive functioning, particularly in the elderly. It is often preceded by a 'prediabetic stage', characterized by the co-occurrence of insulin resistance and vascular risk factors, usually referred to as the metabolic syndrome. Cognitive decrements may already develop in these early stages.


METHODS
Cognitive functioning was compared cross-sectionally between DM2 patients (n = 64), patients with metabolic syndrome but without DM2 (n = 83) and control subjects (n = 100) participating in the prospective population-based Hoorn study. Participants performed an extensive neuropsychological examination. Vascular and metabolic determinants were recorded.


RESULTS
Both the DM2 group and the metabolic syndrome group performed worse than controls on the domains of information processing speed and attention and executive functioning (mean differences in z-scores 0.2-0.3, all p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in performance between the DM2 and metabolic syndrome group. None of the individual risk factors of the metabolic syndrome, measured at either the present or the previous examination, was a key determinant of cognitive functioning.


CONCLUSIONS
These results show that DM2-associated cognitive decline may develop in early stages of the disease, possibly in relation to risk factors clustered in the metabolic syndrome.
Department of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands. e.vandenberg-6@umcutrecht.nl
Esther
E
van den Berg
Jacqueline M
JM
Dekker
Giel
G
Nijpels
Roy P C
RP
Kessels
L Jaap
LJ
Kappelle
Edward H F
EH
de Haan
Robert J
RJ
Heine
Coen D A
CD
Stehouwer
Geert Jan
GJ
Biessels
D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides