The neuroprotective properties of calorie restriction, the ketogenic diet, and ketone bodies.
Both calorie restriction and the ketogenic diet possess broad therapeutic potential in various clinical settings and in various animal models of neurological disease. Following calorie restriction or consumption of a ketogenic diet, there is notable improvement in mitochondrial function, a decrease in the expression of apoptotic and inflammatory mediators and an increase in the activity of neurotrophic factors. However, despite these intriguing observations, it is not yet clear which of these mechanisms account for the observed neuroprotective effects. Furthermore, limited compliance and concern for adverse effects hamper efforts at broader clinical application. Recent research aimed at identifying compounds that can reproduce, at least partially, the neuroprotective effects of the diets with less demanding changes to food intake suggests that ketone bodies might represent an appropriate candidate. Ketone bodies protect neurons against multiple types of neuronal injury and are associated with mitochondrial effects similar to those described during calorie restriction or ketogenic diet treatment. The present review summarizes the neuroprotective effects of calorie restriction, of the ketogenic diet and of ketone bodies, and compares their putative mechanisms of action.
Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 63-323 CH5, Box 951763, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA. marwan.maalouf@ucla.edu
Marwan
M
Maalouf
Jong M
JM
Rho
Mark P
MP
Mattson
D000818:Animals; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D055423:Diet, Ketogenic; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005508:Food Deprivation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007657:Ketone Bodies / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
D007657:Ketone Bodies; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents