Lactobacillus casei downregulates commensals' inflammatory signals in Crohn's disease mucosa.
BACKGROUND
The interaction of commensal bacteria with the intestinal immune system is an essential factor in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The study of isolated commensal bacteria's effects on the mucosal immune response might be relevant for a better understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms in IBD.


METHODS
We investigated the immune responses to signals from the commensal Escherichia coli ATCC 35345 and the probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 in Crohn's disease (CD) mucosa. Ileal specimens were obtained during surgery from CD patients. Mucosal explants were incubated with L. casei or its genomic DNA; TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL1 were measured in the supernatant. Second, tissue expression of key proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TGF-beta, IL-23p19, IL-12p35, IL-17F), and chemokines (IL-8, CXCL1, CXCL2) was evaluated after incubation with L. casei or E. coli. Finally, combination experiments were carried out by incubating both strains with mucosal explants at different timepoints.


RESULTS
Live L. casei significantly decreased secretion of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL1 by CD mucosa, but the effect was not reproduced by L. casei DNA. Second, live L. casei downregulated expression of IL-8, IL-6, and CXCL1 and did not modify expression of IL-23p19, IL-12p35, and IL-17F. In contrast, E. coli significantly upregulated expression of all these cytokines. Interestingly, combination experiments revealed the ability of L. casei to prevent and counteract the proinflammatory effects of E. coli.


CONCLUSIONS
Live L. casei can counteract the proinflammatory effects of E. coli on CD inflamed mucosa by specific downregulation of key proinflammatory mediators.
Llopis
Marta
M
Digestive System Research Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain.
Antolin
Maria
M
Carol
Monica
M
Borruel
Natalia
N
Casellas
Francesc
F
Martinez
Cristina
C
Espín-Basany
Eloy
E
Guarner
Francisco
F
Malagelada
Juan-R
JR
D000328:Adult; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D007780:Lacticaseibacillus casei / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*