Estimating the contribution of precursor compounds in consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA.
The exposure of humans to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was quantified with emphasis on assessing the relative importance of metabolic transformation of precursor compounds. A Scenario-Based Risk Assessment (SceBRA) approach was used to model the exposure to these compounds from a variety of different pathways, the uptake into the human body and resulting daily doses. To capture the physiological and behavioral differences of age and gender, the exposure and resulting doses for seven consumer groups were calculated. The estimated chronic doses of a general population of an industrialized country range from 3.9 to 520 ng/(kg day) and 0.3 to 140 ng/(kg day) for PFOS and PFOA, respectively. The relative importance of precursor-based doses of PFOS and PFOA was estimated to be 2-5% and 2-8% in an intermediate scenario and 60-80% and 28-55% in a high-exposure scenario. This indicates that sub groups of the population may receive a substantial part of the PFOS and PFOA doses from precursor compounds, even though they are of low importance for the general population. Similar to a preceding study, uptake of perfluorinated acids from contaminated food and drinking water was identified as the most important pathway of exposure for the general population. The biotransformation yields of telomer-based precursors and to a lesser extent perfluorooctanesulfonylfluoride-based precursors were identified as influential parameters in the uncertainty analysis. Fast food consumption and fraction of food packaging paper treated with PFCs were influential parameters for determining the doses of PFOA.
Department of Applied Environmental Science, ITM, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
Robin
R
Vestergren
Ian T
IT
Cousins
David
D
Trudel
Matthias
M
Wormuth
Martin
M
Scheringer
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D002210:Caprylates / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors
D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid