Associations between end-of-life discussions, patient mental health, medical care near death, and caregiver bereavement adjustment.
BACKGROUND
Talking about death can be difficult. Without evidence that end-of-life discussions improve patient outcomes, physicians must balance their desire to honor patient autonomy against a concern of inflicting psychological harm.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether end-of-life discussions with physicians are associated with fewer aggressive interventions.


METHODS
A US multisite, prospective, longitudinal cohort study of patients with advanced cancer and their informal caregivers (n = 332 dyads), September 2002-February 2008. Patients were followed up from enrollment to death, a median of 4.4 months later. Bereaved caregivers' psychiatric illness and quality of life was assessed a median of 6.5 months later.


METHODS
Aggressive medical care (eg, ventilation, resuscitation) and hospice in the final week of life. Secondary outcomes included patients' mental health and caregivers' bereavement adjustment.


RESULTS
One hundred twenty-three of 332 (37.0%) patients reported having end-of-life discussions before baseline. Such discussions were not associated with higher rates of major depressive disorder (8.3% vs 5.8%; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-3.32), or more worry (mean McGill score, 6.5 vs 7.0; P = .19). After propensity-score weighted adjustment, end-of-life discussions were associated with lower rates of ventilation (1.6% vs 11.0%; adjusted OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.08-0.83), resuscitation (0.8% vs 6.7%; adjusted OR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.03-0.80), ICU admission (4.1% vs 12.4%; adjusted OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.14-0.90), and earlier hospice enrollment (65.6% vs 44.5%; adjusted OR, 1.65;95% CI, 1.04-2.63). In adjusted analyses, more aggressive medical care was associated with worse patient quality of life (6.4 vs 4.6; F = 3.61, P = .01) and higher risk of major depressive disorder in bereaved caregivers (adjusted OR, 3.37; 95% CI, 1.12-10.13), whereas longer hospice stays were associated with better patient quality of life (mean score, 5.6 vs 6.9; F = 3.70, P = .01). Better patient quality of life was associated with better caregiver quality of life at follow-up (beta = .20; P = .001).


CONCLUSIONS
End-of-life discussions are associated with less aggressive medical care near death and earlier hospice referrals. Aggressive care is associated with worse patient quality of life and worse bereavement adjustment.
Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Psycho-Oncology and Palliative Care Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 550 Shields Warren, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115, USA. awright2@partners.org
Alexi A
AA
Wright
Baohui
B
Zhang
Alaka
A
Ray
Jennifer W
JW
Mack
Elizabeth
E
Trice
Tracy
T
Balboni
Susan L
SL
Mitchell
Vicki A
VA
Jackson
Susan D
SD
Block
Paul K
PK
Maciejewski
Holly G
HG
Prigerson
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D032722:Advance Care Planning; D000368:Aged; D001293:Attitude to Death; D001601:Bereavement; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D017051:Hospice Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology; D010819:Physician's Role; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011788:Quality of Life; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000523:psychology*