Mechanism of attenuation of muscle protein degradation induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and angiotensin II by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate.
Both tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)/interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and angiotensin II (ANG II) induced an increase in total protein degradation in murine myotubes, which was completely attenuated by treatment with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB; 50 microM). There was an increase in formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within 30 min, as well as an increase in the activity of both caspase-3 and -8, and both effects were attenuated by HMB. Moreover, inhibitors of caspase-3 and -8 completely attenuated both ROS formation and total protein degradation induced by TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma and ANG II. There was an increased autophosphorylation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), which was attenuated by the specific caspase-3 and -8 inhibitors. Neither ROS formation or protein degradation occurred in myotubes expressing a catalytically inactive PKR variant, PKRDelta6, in response to TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma, compared with myotubes expressing wild-type PKR, although there was still activation of caspase-3 and -8. HMB also attenuated activation of PKR, suggesting that it was important in protein degradation. Formation of ROS was attenuated by rotenone, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, and SB 203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), which also attenuated total protein degradation. Activation of p38 MAPK by PKR provides the link to ROS formation. These results suggest that TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma and ANG II induce muscle protein degradation by a common signaling pathway, which is attenuated by HMB, and that this involves the initial activation of caspase-3 and -8, followed by autophosphorylation and activation of PKR, which then leads to increased ROS formation via activation of p38 MAPK. Increased ROS formation is known to induce protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Eley
Helen L
HL
Nutritional Biomedicine, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Univ., Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
Russell
Steven T
ST
Tisdale
Michael J
MJ
D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000187:drug effects; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014631:Valerates / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D011725:Pyridines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014631:Valerates; D000804:Angiotensin II; C004961:beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid; D010649:Phenylalanine; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8; C093642:SB 203580