Adipocyte differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: cross talk with the osteoblastogenic program.
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells, which among other cell lineages, give rise to adipocytes and osteoblasts. Within the bone marrow, the differentiation of MSCs into adipocytes or osteoblasts is competitively balanced; mechanisms that promote one cell fate actively suppress mechanisms that induce the alternative lineage. This occurs through the cross talk between complex signaling pathways including those derived from bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), winglesstype MMTV integration site (Wnt) proteins, hedgehogs, delta/jagged proteins, fibroblastic growth factors (FGF), insulin, insulin-like growth factors (IGF), and transcriptional regulators of adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR gamma) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Here, we discuss the molecular regulation of bone marrow adipogenesis with emphasis on signals that interact with osteoblastogenic pathways and highlight the possible therapeutic implications of these interactions.
Muruganandan
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Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 1X5, Canada.
Roman
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D017667:Adipocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D019070:Cell Lineage; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D047495:PPAR gamma; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D051153:Wnt Proteins