Assessing joint toxicity of chemicals in Enchytraeus albidus (Enchytraeidae) and Porcellionides pruinosus (Isopoda) using avoidance behaviour as an endpoint.
Contamination problems are often characterized by complex mixtures of chemicals. There are two conceptual models usually used to evaluate patterns of mixture toxicity: Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA). Deviations from these models as synergism, antagonism and dose dependency also occur. In the present study, single and mixture toxicity of atrazine, dimethoate, lindane, zinc and cadmium were tested in Porcellionides pruinosus and Enchytraeus albidus, using avoidance as test parameter. For both species patterns of antagonism were found when exposed to dimethoate and atrazine, synergism for lindane and dimethoate exposures (with the exception of lower doses in the isopod case study) and concentration addition for cadmium and zinc occurred, while the exposure to cadmium and dimethoate showed dissimilar patterns. This study highlights the importance of dose dependencies when testing chemical mixtures and that avoidance tests can also be used to asses the effects of mixture toxicity.
Loureiro
Susana
S
CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Amorim
Mónica J B
MJ
Campos
Bruno
B
Rodrigues
Sandra M G
SM
Soares
Amadeu M V M
AM
D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000633:toxicity; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity; D004117:Dimethoate / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004924:Escape Reaction / Q000187:drug effects*; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane / Q000633:toxicity; D033321:Isopoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D015032:Zinc / Q000633:toxicity
D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane; D015032:Zinc; D001280:Atrazine; D004117:Dimethoate