The use and abuse of painkillers in international soccer: data from 6 FIFA tournaments for female and youth players.
BACKGROUND
It is known that in professional men's soccer the consumption of prescription medication is high.


OBJECTIVE
The intake of medication in female and adolescent male soccer players has not yet been investigated.


METHODS
Descriptive epidemiology study.


METHODS
Team physicians reported 10,456 uses of medication 72 hours before each match in 2488 soccer players participating in 6 international soccer tournaments.


RESULTS
The use of a total of 6577 medical substances was reported, leading to an average intake of 0.63 substances per player per match (under-17s, 0.51; under-20s, 0.51; women, 1.0; P < or = .001 [without contraceptive medication, 0.85; P < .001]). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were the most commonly prescribed type of medication in all tournaments. Women's soccer had the highest percentage of players using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs per match (under-17s, 17.3%; under-20s, 21.4%; women, 30.7%; P < or = .001). Relatively few players were taking beta(2)-agonists for the treatment of asthma (under-17s, 1.3%; under-20s, 1.3%; women, 4.3%; P < or = .001).


CONCLUSIONS
These findings highlight the existing problem of excessive medication use in international top-level women's and male youth soccer nearly to the same extent as in men's soccer. Further steps need to be taken to understand the rationale underlying the sports physicians' practice and to plan educational programs to avoid the abuse of prescription medication.


CONCLUSIONS
Continued abuse of medication may otherwise not only negatively influence the quality of the game but also the health status of the players.
FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Center (F-MARC), Lengghalde 2, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland. Philippe.Tscholl@access.unizh.ch
Philippe
P
Tscholl
Nina
N
Feddermann
Astrid
A
Junge
Jiri
J
Dvorak
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012916:Soccer / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*
D000700:Analgesics