[Amusia and aphasia of Bolero's creator--influence of the right hemisphere on music].
OBJECTIVE
The experience with cortical localization (BA 44, 45, 22) of language (Broca, Wernicke and others) in the left hemisphere has been repeatedly tested over the last 150 years and is now generally accepted. A single case report with autopsy findings (Leborgne, Tan tan), has enabled to localize the seat of spoken language in the left third frontal convolution. As music and language have a lot in common and even share the same hearing system, it is logical to try to localize the cognitive centers for music too.


METHODS
The disabling neurological disease illness of Maurice Ravel (1875-1937), a French impressionist composer, is not the right example to localize music center as that of Broca's language center, but it demonstrates the role of the right hemisphere in music production. In the last five years of his life, Ravel suffered from an unknown disease that affected the left hemisphere causing aphasia, apraxia, alexia, agraphia and amusia. It was the reason why Ravel could not compose during the last years of his life. In contrast to Ravel, Shebalin and Britten continued writing music works of their own although aphasic after having sustained two strokes to the left hemisphere. While lacking clinical cases with selective ablative brain lesions, research into the music localization can be done using modern imaging technologies such as fMRI and PET.


RESULTS
Exercising music (professionally) develops analytical process in the left hemisphere whereas other individuals process music in their right hemisphere. There is right ear (left hemisphere) predominance in musicians and vice versa in musical amateurs. Music lateralization towards the right hemisphere is seen in women and in inattentive listeners. It can be subject to cultural influence, so the Japanese process their traditional popular music in the left hemisphere, whereas Westerners process the same music in the right hemisphere. Music and language are processed separately; they are localized in homologous regions of the opposite hemispheres. In 1937, Ravel underwent neurosurgical procedure performed by Vincent; autopsy was not done. It is believed that the cause of hi disease was primary progressive aphasia associated with Pick's disease.


CONCLUSIONS
Boléro and Concerto for the Left Hand were the last Ravel's works (the onset of his disease), so it is possible that the projected the influence of the healthy right hemisphere onto his music (and on the creative process) because Ravel's left hemispher was damaged. Indeed, in these last music works one can feel the predominance of changes in pitch (timbre), i. e. right hemisphere, in comparison to only few changes of melody (left hemisphere).
Tudor
Lorraine
L
Odjel za neurokirurgiju, Klinicka bolnica Split, Split, Hrvatska.
Sikirić
Predrag
P
Tudor
Katarina Ivana
KI
Cambi-Sapunar
Liana
L
Radonić
Vedran
V
Tudor
Mario
M
Buca
Ante
A
Carija
Robert
R
D018888:Aphasia, Primary Progressive / Q000266:history*; D005197:Famous Persons; D005602:France; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009146:Music / Q000266:history*; D020774:Pick Disease of the Brain / Q000266:history
Amuzija i afazija tvorca Boléra--utjecaj desne hemisfere na glazbu.