Association between metabolic syndrome and nephrolithiasis in an inpatient population in southern Italy: role of gender, hypertension and abdominal obesity.
BACKGROUND
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and nephrolithiasis (NL) are quite common disorders. While some of the components of MetS have been proposed as precursors of NL in population studies, no data are available about the possible association between NL and MetS as such. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship between MetS and NL. The secondary outcome was to examine the relationship between MetS single constitutive elements and NL considering the strict correlation occurring among these factors.


METHODS
We studied 2132 Caucasian inpatients of the 'Spinelli' Hospital in southern Italy (males/females = 0.95; mean age 63.8 +/- 15.8 years; body mass index 26.1 +/- 3.9 kg/m(2)). The MetS diagnosis was performed according to the Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute criteria. The presence of NL was assessed by ultrasound examination of the kidneys and upper urinary tract.


RESULTS
Seven hundred twenty-five subjects (34.0%) had a positive diagnosis of MetS. Two hundred twenty subjects (10.3%) had echographic evidence of NL, while 199 subjects reported a past history of NL (9.3%). The presence of MetS, as well as the male sex, and the occurrence of a previous episode of NL (in male subjects only) were each independently related to echographic evidence of NL. Among the individual components of MetS, high blood pressure and abdominal obesity (in female individuals only) were also independently related to echographic evidence of NL.


CONCLUSIONS
MetS is significantly associated with echographic evidence of NL. A gender-related difference in the clinical expression of NL was also observed.
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University Medical School, Naples, Italy.
Domenico
D
Rendina
Giuseppe
G
Mossetti
Gianpaolo
G
De Filippo
Domenico
D
Benvenuto
Carmen Liliana
CL
Vivona
Alessia
A
Imbroinise
Giorgia
G
Zampa
Salvatore
S
Ricchio
Pasquale
P
Strazzullo
D050153:Abdominal Fat; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors