The development of emotion-related neural circuitry in health and psychopathology.
Disturbances in the detection of, response to, and interpretation of emotion are common in many forms of psychopathology. The amygdala, striatum, and structures within the prefrontal cortex are highly involved in mediating these stages of emotion processing, and evidence indicates that these regions show structural and functional alterations in different types of psychopathology, including anxiety, depression, and autism spectrum disorders. However, we do not know how genes and the environment interact to alter development of these brain regions in ways that give rise to emotion-related psychopathology. This review discusses the current understanding of brain regions that are involved in emotional functioning, how they develop, and how they are altered in three forms of psychopathology: anxiety, depression, and autism spectrum disorders. Following this, a framework is described that may facilitate the integration of investigations of genetic variation and brain function with symptom and diagnostic measures. The framework involves three components: (a) a greater emphasis on simultaneously analyzing multiple levels (genes, brain function, behavior, symptoms, and diagnoses); (b) further integration of developmental considerations, including timing of environmental events, adaptations (or maladaptations), and disorder-related trajectories that guide some children toward atypical experiences; and (c) greater cross-talk between animal and human investigations to take advantage of biological measures that cannot be acquired in humans.
Monk
Christopher S
CS
Department of Psychology and the Center for Human Growth and Development, 2000 East Hall, 530 Church Street, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA. csmonk@umich.edu
D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001288:Attention; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D004644:Emotions; D004777:Environment; D005149:Facial Expression; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012016:Reference Values