Mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species mediate sympathoexcitation induced by angiotensin II in the rostral ventrolateral medulla.
OBJECTIVE
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the central nervous system are thought to contribute to sympathoexcitation in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and heart failure. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase is a major source of ROS in the central nervous system, which acts as a key mediator (mediators) of angiotensin II (AngII). It is not clear, however, whether mitochondria-derived ROS in the central nervous system also participate in sympathoexcitation.


METHODS
In an in-vivo study, we investigated whether the AngII-elicited pressor response in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, which controls sympathetic nerve activity, is attenuated by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of a mitochondria-derived antioxidant (Mn-SOD). In an in-vitro study, using differentiated PC-12 cells with characteristics similar to those of sympathetic neurons, we examined whether AngII increases mitochondrial ROS production.


RESULTS
Overexpression of Mn-SOD attenuated the AngII-induced pressor response and also suppressed AngII-induced ROS production, as evaluated by microdialysis in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Using reduced MitoTracker red, we showed that AngII increased mitochondrial ROS production in differentiated PC-12 cells in vitro. Overexpression of Mn-SOD and rotenone, a mitochondrial respiratory complex I inhibitor, suppressed AngII-induced ROS production. Depletion of extracellular Ca2+ with ethylene glycol bis-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (EGTA) and administration of p-trifluoromethoxycarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone, which prevents further Ca2+ uptake into the mitochondria, blocked AngII-elicited mitochondrial ROS production.


CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that AngII increases the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and that the increase in mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake leads to mitochondrial ROS production.
Nozoe
Masatsugu
M
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
Hirooka
Yoshitaka
Y
Koga
Yasuaki
Y
Araki
Shuichiro
S
Konno
Satomi
S
Kishi
Takuya
T
Ide
Tomomi
T
Sunagawa
Kenji
K
D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D000804:Angiotensin II; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D002118:Calcium