A weight of evidence approach to causal inference.
OBJECTIVE
The Bradford Hill criteria are the best available criteria for causal inference. However, there is no information on how the criteria should be weighed and they cannot be combined into one probability estimate for causality. Our objective is to provide an empirical basis for weighing the Bradford Hill criteria and to develop a transparent method to estimate the probability for causality.


METHODS
All 159 agents classified by International Agency for Research of Cancer as category 1 or 2A carcinogens were evaluated by applying the nine Bradford Hill criteria. Discriminant analysis was used to estimate the weights for each of the nine Bradford Hill criteria.


RESULTS
The discriminant analysis yielded weights for the nine causality criteria. These weights were used to combine the nine criteria into one overall assessment of the probability that an association is causal. The criteria strength, consistency of the association and experimental evidence were the three criteria with the largest impact. The model correctly predicted 130 of the 159 (81.8%) agents.


CONCLUSIONS
The proposed approach enables using the Bradford Hill criteria in a quantitative manner resulting in a probability estimate of the probability that an association is causal.
Epidemiology Department, the Dow Chemical Company, Zeeland, The Netherlands. gswaen@dow.com
Gerard
G
Swaen
Ludovic
L
van Amelsvoort
D002273:Carcinogens; D015984:Causality; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment
D002273:Carcinogens