Emerging therapies for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections.
OBJECTIVE
To describe emerging therapies, such as levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, rifabutin, rifaximin, tinidazole, doxycycline, minocycline, lactoferrin, and plaunotol for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection.


METHODS
Relevant information was identified through a search of MEDLINE (1966-July 2008), PubMed (1955-July 2008), American Search Premier (1975-July 2008), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1960-2008), Science Citation Index Expanded (1996-2008), Cochrane Databases (publications archived until July 2008), and various tertiary sources using the terms Helicobacter pylori, fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, rifabutin, rifaximin, lactoferrin, plaunotol, tinidazole, doxycycline, minocycline, faropenem, new treatments, refractory, and salvage alone or in combination.


METHODS
Relevant information was identified and selected based on clinical relevance and value of information. In vitro and in vivo data were included if available.


RESULTS
Data exist supporting the use of levofloxacin or rifabutin as salvage therapies for H. pylori infection. Levofloxacin triple therapy has been recommended in the current treatment guideline, but more data are needed, especially from studies conducted in the US. A rifabutin-based regimen is better tolerated than conventional quadruple therapy, but its use is limited due to cost, hematologic adverse effects, drug interactions, and predicted development of resistance. Tinidazole appears to be an option, particularly as sequential therapy when combined with other agents; however, its use is limited by the high prevalence of nitroimidazole-resistant H. pylori strains in the US. Moxifloxacin data are limited. Data supporting the use of rifaximin, doxycycline, and minocycline are lacking or do not show benefit of these drugs over standard treatments.


CONCLUSIONS
H. pylori infection remains one of the most significant infections worldwide, and treatment failure rate with the current standard therapy continues to rise. Other treatment options should be explored to meet the emerging challenge.
Jodlowski
Tomasz Z
TZ
College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA. jodlowst@stjohns.edu
Lam
Sum
S
Ashby
Charles R
CR
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D016879:Salvage Therapy
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents