Blood flow and metabolic regulation in seal muscle during apnea.
In order to examine myoglobin (Mb) function and metabolic responses of seal muscle during progressive ischemia and hypoxemia, Mb saturation and high-energy phosphate levels were monitored with NMR spectroscopy during sleep apnea in elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Muscle blood flow (MBF) was measured with laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF). During six, spontaneous, 8-12 min apneas of an unrestrained juvenile seal, apneic MBF decreased to 46+/-10% of the mean eupneic MBF. By the end of apnea, MBF reached 31+/-8% of the eupneic value. The t(1/2) for 90% decline in apneic MBF was 1.9+/-1.2 min. The initial post-apneic peak in MBF occurred within 0.20+/-0.04 min after the start of eupnea. NMR measurements revealed that Mb desaturated rapidly from its eupenic resting level to a lower steady state value within 4 min after the onset of apnea at rates between 1.7+/-1.0 and 3.8+/-1.5% min(-1), which corresponded to a muscle O(2) depletion rate of 1-2.3 ml O(2) kg(-1) min(-1). High-energy phosphate levels did not change with apnea. During the transition from apnea to eupnea, Mb resaturated to 95% of its resting level within the first minute. Despite the high Mb concentration in seal muscle, experiments detected Mb diffusing with a translational diffusion coefficient of 4.5 x 10(-7) cm(2) s(-1), consistent with the value observed in rat myocardium. Equipoise P(O(2)) analysis revealed that Mb is the predominant intracellular O(2) transporter in elephant seals during eupnea and apnea.
Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Paul J
PJ
Ponganis
Ulrike
U
Kreutzer
Torre K
TK
Stockard
Ping-Chang
PC
Lin
Napapon
N
Sailasuta
Tuan-Khan
TK
Tran
Ralph
R
Hurd
Thomas
T
Jue
D000818:Animals; D019069:Cell Respiration; D006439:Hemodynamics; D009132:Muscles / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism*; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011122:Polyphosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D046048:Seals, Earless / Q000502:physiology*; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D013696:Temperature
D009211:Myoglobin; D011122:Polyphosphates; D010100:Oxygen