title: Training on a virtual reality laparoscopic simulator improves performance of an unfamiliar live laparoscopic procedure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Virtual reality simulators provide a safe and efficient means of acquiring laparoscopic skills. We evaluated whether training on a virtual reality laparoscopic cholecystectomy simulator (Lap Mentor) improves the performance of a live, unrelated laparoscopic urological procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 32 medical students with no previous laparoscopic experience were oriented to the Lap Mentor, and then performed virtual reality laparoscopic cholecystectomy which was assessed by 2 experienced laparoscopists using the previously validated Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills scoring. Subjects were randomized to group 1, in which participants completed 6, 30-minute virtual reality training sessions within 3 weeks, or group 2, in which participants received no training. All participants then performed live laparoscopic nephrectomy in a porcine model and performance was evaluated using Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills by 2 experts blinded to training status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean total pretraining laparoscopic cholecystectomy Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills scores were comparable between the groups (16.9 +/- 4.3 for group 1 vs 15.4 +/- 6.2 for group 2, p = 0.4). After training total Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills scores for live porcine laparoscopic nephrectomy were significantly higher in group 1 compared to group 2 (21.0 +/- 6.8 vs 15.7 +/- 6.6, respectively, p = 0.03). Likewise, individual subcategory Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills scores were higher in group 1 than in group 2, although significant differences were noted only in the categories of instrument handling and knowledge of the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgical skills acquired as a result of training on a virtual reality laparoscopic simulator are not procedure specific but improve overall surgical skills, thereby translating into superior performance of an unrelated live laparoscopic urological procedure.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9110, USA.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Ilia S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Zeltser
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bensalah
authors.forename: Altug
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tuncel
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Margaret S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pearle
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cadeddu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000193:education* / Q000592:standards; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000295:instrumentation; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D013552:Swine