title: Fear-conditioned respiration and its association to cardiac reactivity.
abstract: This study aimed to investigate ventilatory correlates of conditioned fear responses. Respiratory, end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PetCO(2)) and heart rate changes were studied in a differential fear-conditioning paradigm. Forty-two participants viewed pictures of faces. One picture (CS+) was followed by a human scream (US) during the acquisition phase, but not in a subsequent extinction phase. Conditioning of PetCO(2) (decrease), respiratory cycle time (decrease) and inspiratory duty time (increase) was established and subsequently extinguished. When participants were clustered according to their conditioned PetCO(2) responses during acquisition, only a group showing a conditioned decrease in PetCO(2) showed also a differential cardiac acceleration, a decrease in expiratory duration and an increase in inspiratory duty time in response to the CS+. These results suggest that preparation for defensive action is characterized by a tendency towards hyperventilation and cardiac acceleration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Ilse.VanDiest@psy.kuleuven.be
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Van Diest
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Van den Bergh
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001244:Association; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D047630:Depsipeptides / Q000502:physiology*; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D047630:Depsipeptides; C081425:respirantin