title: Response inhibition and attention processing in 5- to 7-year-old children with and without symptoms of ADHD: An ERP study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Response inhibition and attention processing in 5- to 7-year-old children with or without symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve children with ADHD symptoms and 15 control children performed a CPT-AX task. Behavioral measures of inattention and impulsivity and ERP measures of conflict monitoring and inhibition (Nogo-N2 and Nogo-P3), cue-orientation and prestimulus target expectation (Cue-P2 and P3) and response preparation (CNV) were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ADHD children detected fewer targets and had higher Inattention scores accompanied by reduced centro-parietal Cue- and Go-P3 activity. Occipital CNV amplitude was larger in ADHD children. At fronto-central leads, strong and comparable fronto-parietal Nogo-N2 effects were found in both groups, whereas the Nogo-P3 was only marginally significant in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The attenuated Cue- and Go-P3 effects in the ADHD-symptom group are interpreted as early signs of delayed attention development, resulting in less preparation and less alertness to detect significant events. Whereas the Nogo-N2 effects were interpreted as signs of comparable levels of conflict processing in both groups, the small Nogo-P3 suggests that inhibitory processing is still immature at this age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study shows that specific attention problems can already be detected in the behavior and brain activity of 5- to 7-year-old children with symptoms of ADHD performing a CPT-AX task, and might be better indicators for the risk of developing ADHD than impulsivity measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spronk
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Jonkman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kemner
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000503:physiopathology; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013223:Statistics as Topic