title: Isolation and characterization of Treponema phagedenis-like spirochetes from digital dermatitis lesions in Swedish dairy cattle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Digital dermatitis in cattle is an emerging infectious disease. Ulcerative lesions are typically located on the plantar skin between the heel bulbs and adjacent to the coronet. Spirochetes of the genus Treponema are found in high numbers in the lesions and are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to obtain pure cultures of spirochetes from cattle with digital dermatitis and to describe them further.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tissue samples and swabs from active digital dermatitis lesions were used for culturing. Pure isolates were subjected to, molecular typing through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and an intergenic spacer PCR developed for Treponema spp. as well as API-ZYM and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. The antimicrobial agents used were tiamulin, valnemulin, tylosin, aivlosin, lincomycin and doxycycline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven spirochete isolates from five herds were obtained. Both 16S rRNA gene sequences, which were identical except for three polymorphic nucleotide positions, and the intergenic spacer PCR indicated that all isolates were of one yet unnamed species, most closely related to Treponema phagedenis. The enzymatic profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern were also similar for all isolates. However it was possible to separate the isolates through their PFGE and RAPD banding pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report on isolation of a Treponema sp. from cattle with digital dermatitis in Scandinavia. The phylotype isolated has previously been cultured from samples from cattle in the USA and the UK and is closely related to T. phagedenis. While very similar, the isolates in this study were possible to differentiate through PFGE and RAPD indicating that these methods are suitable for subtyping of this phylotype. No antimicrobial resistance could be detected among the tested isolates.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7009, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. marit.pringle@bvf.slu.se
authors.forename: Märit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pringle
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bergsten
authors.forename: Lise-Lotte
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Fernström
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Höök
authors.forename: Karl-Erik
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D003872:Dermatitis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014208:Treponema / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014211:Treponemal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S