title: Polymorphisms in the interleukin-4 receptor gene are associated with better survival in patients with glioblastoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous literature provides some evidence that atopic diseases, IgE levels, and inflammatory gene polymorphisms may be associated with risk of glioblastoma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of certain inflammatory gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on patient survival. Malignant gliomas are the most common type of primary brain tumor in adults, however, few prognostic factors have been identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using 694 incident adult glioma cases identified between 2001 and 2006 in Harris County, TX, we examined seven SNPs in the interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and IL-4 receptor (IL4R) genes. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association between the SNPs and overall and long-term survival, controlling for age at diagnosis, time between diagnosis and registration, extent of surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that among high-grade glioma cases, IL4R rs1805016 (TT versus GT/GG) was significantly protective against mortality over time [hazard ratios (HR), 0.59; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.40-0.88]. The IL4R rs1805016 and rs1805015 TT genotypes were both found to be significantly associated with survival beyond 1 year among patients with high-grade glioma (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.27-0.73 and HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.44-0.91, respectively). Furthermore, the IL4R haplotype analysis showed that SNPs in the IL4R gene may be interacting to affect long-term survival among high-grade glioma cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that polymorphisms in inflammation pathway genes may play an important role in glioma survival. Further research on the effects of these polymorphisms on glioma prognosis is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Scheurer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amirian
authors.forename: Yumei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Aldape
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Kornguth
authors.forename: Randa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: El-Zein
authors.forename: Melissa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bondy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000235:genetics*; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D019948:Receptors, Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C508598:IL4 protein, human; D018793:Interleukin-13; D019948:Receptors, Interleukin-4; D015847:Interleukin-4