title: Heparin affects matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases circulating in peripheral blood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Blood sampling/handling alters matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) expression. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of high molecular weight heparin on MMP and TIMP expression in blood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed by gelatin zymography and ELISA assays the effects of different heparin salts, dose- and time-dependence of MMP and TIMP concentrations in plasma and sera collected with and without clot-accelerator in plastic tubes from 50 healthy donors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels and zymography of MMP-2 did not show significant changes among all samples, and during time- and dose-dependent heparin treatments. MMP-9 and TIMP-2 expression were strongly affected by heparin, with significant increase of their content and gelatinolytic activity both in time- and in dose-dependent fashion. Addition of heparin allowed also the displacement of MMP-2 prodomain, favouring zymogen activation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heparin has direct and indirect effects, altering MMP/TIMP complexes circulating in blood, and increasing the release of TIMP-2. To avoid misinterpretations due to MMP/TIMP complex alteration and MMP prodomain displacement, heparin should be cautiously used in blood collection procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy. ferdinando.mannello@uniurb.it
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mannello
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Gaetana A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Tonti
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Canestrari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001769:Blood / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D006493:Heparin; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9