title: Improved bioequivalence assessment of topical dermatological drug products using dermatopharmacokinetics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A dermatopharmacokinetic (DPK) approach, in which drug levels in the stratum corneum (SC) are measured as a function of time post-application and post-removal of the product using tape-strip sampling in vivo in humans, has been considered for the comparative assessment of topical bioavailability. Its application to-date has been limited by contradictory results and concerns that variability in the method necessitates large numbers of treatment sites and volunteers. The objective of this study was to test whether a revised protocol could better assess bioequivalence.
  
  
  METHODS
  A blinded study of three 1% econazole nitrate cream products, for which the SC is the site of action, was conducted to examine several modifications to the DPK methodology. In addition to protocol changes designed to reduce experimental variability, bioequivalence was assessed at a single uptake time and a single clearance time measured in duplicate in each subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conclusive determinations of bioequivalence were achieved with only four treatment sites per product in each of 14 volunteers, which was less than one-third the number required in a previous DPK investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparative bioequivalence can be assessed conclusively with fewer treatment sites in fewer subjects with robust methods that should be less sensitive to inter-laboratory differences.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.
authors.forename: Berthe
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: N'Dri-Stempfer
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Navidi
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.forename: Annette L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bunge
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004464:Econazole / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D004464:Econazole