title: Improved pregnancy outcome in type 1 diabetic women with microalbuminuria or diabetic nephropathy: effect of intensified antihypertensive therapy?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe pregnancy outcome in type 1 diabetic women with normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, or diabetic nephropathy after implementation of an intensified antihypertensive therapeutic strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study of 117 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes. Antihypertensive therapy, mainly methyldopa, was given to obtain blood pressure <135/85 mmHg and urinary albumin excretion <300 mg/24 h. Blood pressure and A1C were recorded during pregnancy. The pregnancy outcome was compared with recently published studies of pregnant women with microalbuminuria or diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antihypertensive therapy was given in 14 of 100 women with normoalbuminuria, 5 of 10 women with microalbuminuria, and all 7 women with diabetic nephropathy. Mean systolic blood pressure during pregnancy was 120 mmHg (range 101-147), 122 mmHg (116-135), and 135 mmHg (111-145) in women with normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, and diabetic nephropathy, respectively (P = 0.0095). No differences in mean diastolic blood pressure or A1C were detected between the groups. No women with microalbuminuria developed preeclampsia. The frequency of preterm delivery was 20% in women with normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria in contrast to 71% in women with diabetic nephropathy (P < 0.01) where the median gestational age was 258 days (220-260). Compared with previous studies using less stringent antihypertensive therapeutic strategy and less strict metabolic control, gestational age was longer and birth weight was larger in our study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With intensified antihypertensive therapy and strict metabolic control, comparable pregnancy outcome was seen in type 1 diabetic women with microalbuminuria and normoalbuminuria. Although less severe than in previous studies, diabetic nephropathy was associated with more adverse pregnancy outcome.
authors.affiliation: Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark. enel@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Lene Ringholm
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Damm
authors.forename: Elisabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Mathiesen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008750:Methyldopa / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018579:Patient Selection; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008750:Methyldopa