title: Heartworm and Wolbachia: therapeutic implications.
abstract: A safer, more effective adulticidal treatment and a safe method for reducing microfilaremia and breaking transmission of heartworm disease early in the treatment are needed. The present study evaluated efficacy of ivermectin (IVM) and doxycycline (DOXY) alone or together (with or without melarsomine [MEL]) in dogs with induced adult heartworm infection and assessed the ability of microfilariae from DOXY-treated dogs to develop to L3 in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and subsequently to become reproductive adults in dogs. Thirty beagles were each infected with 16 adult heartworms by intravenous transplantation. Six weeks later, dogs were ranked by microfilarial count and randomly allocated to 6 groups of 5 dogs each. Beginning on Day 0, Group 1 received IVM (6 mcg/kg) weekly for 36 weeks. Group 2 received DOXY (10 mcg/(kgday)) orally Weeks 1-6, 10-11, 16-17, 22-25, and 28-33. Groups 3 and 5 received IVM and DOXY according to doses and schedules used for Groups 1 and 2. At Week 24, Groups 3 and 4 received an intramuscular injection of MEL (2.5 mg/kg), followed 1 month later by two injections 24h apart. Group 6 was not treated. Blood samples were collected for periodic microfilaria counts and antigen (Ag) testing (and later immunologic evaluation and molecular biology procedures). Radiographic and physical examinations, hematology/clinical chemistry testing, and urinalysis were done before infection, before Day 0, and periodically during the treatment period. At 36 weeks, the dogs were euthanized and necropsied for worm recovery, collection of lung, liver, kidney, and spleen samples for examination by immunohistochemistry and conventional histological methods. All dogs treated with IVM + DOXY (with or without MEL) were amicrofilaremic after Week 9. Microfilarial counts gradually decreased in dogs treated with IVM or DOXY, but most had a few microfilariae at necropsy. Microfilarial counts for dogs treated only with MEL were similar to those for controls. Antigen test scores gradually decreased with IVM + DOXY (with or without MEL) and after MEL. Antigen scores for IVM or DOXY alone were similar to controls throughout the study. Reduction of adult worms was 20.3% for IVM, 8.7% for DOXY, 92.8% for IVM + DOXY + MEL, 100% for MEL, and 78.3% for IVM + DOXY. Mosquitoes that fed on blood from DOXY-treated dogs had L3 normal in appearance but were not infective for dogs. Preliminary observations suggest that administration of DOXY+IVM for several months prior to (or without) MEL will eliminate adult HW with less potential for severe thromboembolism than MEL alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. jwmccall@uga.edu
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: McCall
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Genchi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Dzimianski
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Supakorndej
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: McCall
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Supakorndej
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grandi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carson
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004183:Dirofilaria immitis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D004184:Dirofilariasis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005369:Filaricides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008842:Microfilariae; D011897:Random Allocation; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014227:Triazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020577:Wolbachia / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D001152:Arsenicals; D005369:Filaricides; D014227:Triazines; C076253:melarsomine; D007559:Ivermectin; D004318:Doxycycline