title: The effect of Tier 2 intervention for phonemic awareness in a response-to-intervention model in low-income preschool classrooms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the effectiveness of a Tier 2 intervention that was designed to increase the phonemic awareness skills of low-income preschoolers who were enrolled in Early Reading First classrooms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four preschoolers participated in a multiple baseline across participants treatment design. Tier 2 intervention for beginning sound awareness was provided twice weekly in small groups over 6 weeks by trained teachers and speech-language pathologists (SLPs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intervention was successful for 71% of the children, as indicated by medium to large effect sizes. Comparisons between children who did and did not qualify for intervention suggest that Tier 2 intervention helped narrow the gap in beginning sound awareness that had begun to emerge before treatment. Although children receiving special education and those learning English as a second language were enrolled in the classrooms, they were not overrepresented in the group qualifying for Tier 2 intervention, and most who did qualify demonstrated a positive response to intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a relatively short period of time, preschoolers' phonemic awareness skills were increased through small-group Tier 2 intervention provided by teachers and SLPs. Findings indicate the potential of Tier 2 interventions to positively impact the future reading skills of children who are at risk for later reading difficulties.
authors.affiliation: Arizona State University, P.O. Box 870102, Tempe, AZ 85287-0102, USA. Anthony.koutsoftas@asu.edu
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Koutsoftas
authors.forename: Mary Towle
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Harmon
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D018479:Early Intervention, Educational; D004519:Education, Special / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D010700:Phonetics; D011203:Poverty; D012574:Schools; D013070:Speech Therapy