title: Hitting a support surface at unexpected height during walking induces loading transients.
abstract: The impact phase during walking is sometimes characterised by an early loading peak, termed 'transient', followed by a brief decline in the force profile, termed 'unloading phase'. It was hypothesized that transients occur more frequently when subjects are unaware of the landing condition, and that the unloading phase represents a yield of the leg. This was tested experimentally by introducing an unexpectedly lowered or level support surface height during walking. Furthermore, associations between the unloading phase and type of foot placement, load-rate, kinesiology and centre of pressure were investigated. The transient occurred more frequently when subjects were unaware of the surface height. The amplitude of unloading was higher in flatfooted (combined), as compared to heel and toe landings. The percentage of combined landings, as well as the amplitude and duration of unloading were highest in the first unexpected level trials (UL1) and gradually decreased in the subsequent level trials, when subjects adapted to the situation. Following the UL1 unloading phase, the foot roll-off was halted, the ipsilateral knee flexed, the onset of the contralateral swing phase was delayed, and the double support phase increased. The unloading amplitude correlated significantly with the load-rate and knee flexion. It is concluded that an unexpected surface height frequently induces an early stance transient that is followed by an unloading phase, flexion response and halt in foot roll-off. These characteristics deserve further study in the context of the frequent falls induced by uneven surfaces during walking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marleen H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: van der Linden
authors.forename: Henk T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Hendricks
authors.forename: Bastiaan R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bloem
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duysens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult