title: Pain intensity influences the relationship between anger management style and depression.
abstract: There is an abundance of studies concerning depression and pain, while the mechanisms and the relationships of anger expression and pain are less well known. The validity of commonly used depression questionnaires as measures of depression in pain patients has been questioned, as they include items which can be related to the pain problem as well as to signs of depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between pain severity, various signs of depression, and anger management style. Subjects were 100 consecutive patients referred to the Helsinki University Pain Clinic. Demographic data and pain intensity (VAS) were collected by a questionnaire. Two subscales (negative view and physical function) from the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Anger Expression Scales (Anger-in and Anger-out) from the Spielberg State Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 were used to assess depression and anger expression, respectively. The results showed that pain severity modulates the relationship between anger expression and physical signs of depression. In patients with more severe pain, the relationships between anger management style, specifically, inhibition of anger and depression were strong, while no such relationships were found in the group of patients with less severe pain. No correlations were found between pain intensity and depression as measured by the sum score of the BDI. However, analysing separately the two subscales of the BDI, negative view and physical function, significant positive relationships between pain intensity and both subscales appeared.
authors.affiliation: Helsinki University Central Hospital, Pain Clinic, Mannerheimvagen 110 A 4, 00250 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Ann-Mari
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Estlander
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Knaster
authors.forename: Hasse
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaprio
authors.forename: Eija
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kalso
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019260:Expressed Emotion; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D055815:Young Adult