title: Two ways to be complex and why they matter: implications for attitude strength and lying.
abstract: Integrative complexity broadly measures the structural complexity of statements. This breadth, although beneficial in multiple ways, can potentially hamper the development of specific theories. In response, the authors developed a model of complex thinking, focusing on 2 different ways that people can be complex within the integrative complexity system and subsequently developed measurements of each of these 2 routes: Dialectical complexity focuses on a dialectical tension between 2 or more competing perspectives, whereas elaborative complexity focuses on complexly elaborating on 1 singular perspective. The authors posit that many variables have different effects on these 2 forms of complexity and subsequently test this idea in 2 different theoretical domains. In Studies 1a, 1b, and 2, the authors demonstrate that variables related to attitude strength (e.g., domain importance, extremism, domain accessibility) decrease dialectical complexity but increase elaborative complexity. In Study 3, the authors show that counterattitudinal lying decreases dialectical complexity but increases elaborative complexity, implicating a strategic (as opposed to a cognitive strain) view of the lying-complexity relationship. The authors argue that this dual demonstration across 2 different theoretical domains helps establish the utility of the new model and measurements as well as offer the potential to reconcile apparent conflicts in the area of cognitive complexity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. luke.conway@umontana.edu
authors.forename: Lucian Gideon
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thoemmes
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: Kirsten Hands
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Towgood
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salcido
authors.forename: Amanda N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Stovall
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Dodds
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bongard
authors.forename: Kathrene R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Conway
mesh_terms: D001290:Attitude; D001364:Awareness; D003142:Communication; D003469:Culture; D008192:Deception; D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011639:Public Opinion; D012718:Set, Psychology; D012940:Social Problems / Q000523:psychology