title: Associations of child sexual and physical abuse with obesity and depression in middle-aged women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Examine whether (1) childhood maltreatment is associated with subsequent obesity and depression in middle-age; (2) maltreatment explains the associations between obesity and depression; and (3) binge eating or body dissatisfaction mediate associations between childhood maltreatment and subsequent obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained through a population-based survey of 4641 women (mean age=52 years) enrolled in a large health plan in the Pacific Northwest. A telephone survey assessed child sexual and physical abuse, obesity (BMI>or=30), depressive symptoms, binge eating, and body dissatisfaction. Data were analyzed using logistic regression models incorporating sampling weights.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both child sexual and physical abuse were associated with a doubling of the odds of both obesity and depression, although child physical abuse was not associated with depression for the African American/Hispanic/American Indian subgroup. The association between obesity and depression (unadjusted OR=2.82; 95% CI=2.20-3.62) was reduced somewhat after controlling for sexual abuse (adjusted OR=2.54; 1.96-3.29) and for physical abuse (adjusted OR=2.63; 2.03-3.42). Controlling for potential mediators failed to substantially attenuate associations between childhood maltreatment and obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to our knowledge that compares associations of child abuse with both depression and obesity in adults. Although the study is limited by its cross-sectional design and brief assessments, the fact that child abuse predicted two debilitating conditions in middle-aged women indicates the potential long-term consequences of these experiences.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Research Institute, 1715 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403-1983, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Evette J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ludman
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Linde
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Jeffery
authors.forename: Belinda H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Operskalski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001828:Body Image; D015992:Body Mass Index; D052018:Bulimia Nervosa / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015205:Northwestern United States; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D013223:Statistics as Topic