title: Survival of human mesenchymal stromal cells from bone marrow and adipose tissue after xenogenic transplantation in immunocompetent mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) represent an attractive cell population for tissue engineering purposes. As MSC are described as immunoprivileged, non-autologous applications seem possible. A basic requirement is the survival of MSC after transplantation in the host. The purpose of the current paper was to evaluate the survival of undifferentiated and osteogenically induced human MSC from different origins after transplantation in immunocompetent mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human MSC were isolated from bone marrow (BMSC) and adipose tissue (ASC). After cultivation on mineralized collagen, MSC were transplanted subcutaneously into immunocompetent mice (n=12). Undifferentiated MSC (group A) were compared with osteogenic-induced MSC (group B). Human-specific in situ hybridization and anti-vimentin staining was used to follow MSC after transplantation. Quantitative evaluation of lymphocytes and macrophages was performed as a measure of immunologic rejection. Unloaded scaffolds served as controls (group C). Specimens were harvested at 4 and 8 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Undifferentiated BMSC and ASC were detected in the majority of cases after xenogenic transplantation (group A, a total of 22 out of 24 cases), while osteogenic-induced MSC (group B) could be detected in only three of 24 cases. Quantification of lymphocytes and macrophages revealed significantly higher cell numbers in group B compared with group A (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that undifferentiated MSC are candidates for non-autologous cell transplantation, while osteogenic-induced MSC seem to be eliminated by the host's immune system. This observation seems independent of the origin of MSC and applies to BMSC and ASC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany. philipp.niemeyer@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Niemeyer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vohrer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmal
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kasten
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fellenberg
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Suedkamp
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Mehlhorn
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D002452:Cell Count; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007121:Immunocompetence; D008297:Male; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000276:immunology; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen