title: Functional dichotomy of dendritic cells following interaction with Leishmania braziliensis: infected cells produce high levels of TNF-alpha, whereas bystander dendritic cells are activated to promote T cell responses.
abstract: Leishmania braziliensis infections are often associated with exaggerated immune responses that can sometimes lead to severe disease associated with high levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. To explore the role played by dendritic cells (DCs) in these responses, we characterized DCs that were exposed to L. braziliensis. We found that DCs cultured with L. braziliensis parasites up-regulated DC activation markers and produced IL-12 and TNF-alpha. However, not all DCs in the culture became infected, and an analysis of infected and uninfected DCs demonstrated that the up-regulation of activation markers and IL-12 production was primarily confined to the uninfected (bystander) DCs. Further studies with Transwell chambers and parasite fractions indicated that the activation of bystander DCs was mediated by a soluble parasite product, in a type 1 IFN- and MyD88-independent, but TNF-alpha-dependent fashion, and that the activated DCs were more efficient at presenting Ag than control DCs. In contrast, L. braziliensis-infected DCs failed to up-regulate activation markers, but exhibited a dramatic enhancement in their ability to produce TNF-alpha in response to LPS as compared with uninfected DCs. These findings uncover a dual role for DCs in L. braziliensis infection: T cell activation by bystander DCs due to enhanced Ag-presenting capacity following exposure to soluble parasite products, and increased production of TNF-alpha by infected cells that may contribute to the local control of the parasites, but concomitantly induce immunopathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA.
authors.forename: Lucas P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D024201:Bystander Effect / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D007892:Leishmania braziliensis / Q000276:immunology*; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000276:immunology; D007894:Leishmania mexicana / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha