title: Rules of social exchange: game theory, individual differences and psychopathology.
abstract: Human social interaction is rarely guided by pure reason. Instead, in situation in which humans have the option to cooperate, to defect, or to punish non-cooperative behavior of another person, they quite uniformly tend to reciprocate "good" deeds, reject unfair proposals, and try to enforce obedience to social rules and norms in non-cooperative individuals ("free-riders"), even if the punishment incurs costs to the punisher. Abundant research using various game theoretical approaches has examined these apparently irrational human behaviors. This article reviews the evolutionary rationale of how such behavior could have been favored by selection. It explores the cognitive mechanisms required to compute possible scenarios of cooperation, defection, and the detection of cheating. Moreover, the article summarizes recent research developments into individual differences in behavior, which suggest that temperament and character as well as between- and within-sex differences in hormonal status influence behavior in social exchange. Finally, we present an overview over studies that have addressed the question of how neuropsychiatric disorders may alter performance in game theoretical paradigms, and propose how empirical approaches into this fascinating field can advance our understanding of human nature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Bochum, LWL University-Hospital, Alexandrinenstr. 1, D-44791 Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wischniewski
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Windmann
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Juckel
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brüne
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D003071:Cognition; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005716:Game Theory; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012919:Social Behavior
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones