title: Loss of 14-3-3 sigma protein expression and presence of human papillomavirus type 16 E6 in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To confirm the expression of 14-3-3 sigma in oral malignant lesions and in adjacent nonmalignant oral epithelium to provide a clue to the involvement in the cell cycle progression and note any association with human papillomavirus (HPV) status. 14-3-3 Sigma plays important roles in a wide range of vital regulatory processes, including signal transduction, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and DNA replication. 14-3-3 Sigma is an exclusive epithelial marker, and data on its expression in different malignancies are very scarce.
  
  
  METHODS
  Western blotting, immunohistochemical analysis, and polymerase chain reaction were performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  An academic university laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults with known oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) that were surgically resected.
  
  
  METHODS
  The DNA of HPV-16 E6 was detected by polymerase chain reaction, and protein expression of 14-3-3 sigma was evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The immunoreactive 14-3-3 sigma protein was detected mainly in the cytoplasm of differentiated squamous cells of oral SCC lesions as well as adjacent nonmalignant squamous mucosa. Immunoreactivity for 14-3-3 sigma was observed in 93% of SCC lesions (27 of 29), including HPV-negative cases. No significant association was observed between 14-3-3 sigma expression and clinicopathologic parameters. A statistically significant correlation was found between 14-3-3 sigma protein expression and the Ki-67 labeling index. 14-3-3 Sigma expression was correlated inversely with HPV-16 E6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that 14-3-3 sigma may act as a negative regulator of the cell cycle progression in oral SCC.
authors.affiliation: BDS, Department of Diagnostic Science, Division of Pathology & High Tech Research Center, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan. bhawal2002@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: Ujjal K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Bhawal
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuniyasu
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsukinoki
mesh_terms: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005092:Exonucleases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005095:Exoribonucleases; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004279:DNA, Viral; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D005092:Exonucleases; D005095:Exoribonucleases; C413442:SFN protein, human