title: Experimental study of intracellular ice growth in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
abstract: Study of the intracellular ice formation (IIF) and growth is essential to the mechanistic understanding of cellular damage through freezing. In the aid of high speed and high resolution cryo-imaging technology, the transient intracellular ice formation and growth processes of the attached human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were successfully captured during freezing. It was found that the intracellular ice nucleation site was on the cell membrane closer to the nucleus. The ice growth was directional and toward the nucleus, which covered the whole nucleus before growing into the cytoplasm. The crystal growth rate in the nucleus was much larger than that in the cytoplasm, and its morphology was influenced by the cooling rate. During the thawing process, small crystals fused into larger ones inside the nucleus. Moreover, the cumulative fraction of the HUVEC with IIF was mainly dependent on the cooling rate not the confluence of the cells attached.
authors.affiliation: Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PR China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China.
authors.forename: Geer
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PR China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China.
authors.forename: Aili
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, PR China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200240, PR China. Electronic address: lisaxu@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Lisa X
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D002448:Cell Adhesion; D003460:Crystallization; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D005615:Freezing; D006801:Humans; D007053:Ice; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D007053:Ice