title: Two-year survival, mental, and motor outcomes after cardiac extracorporeal life support at less than five years of age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Comprehensive outcome assessment of children receiving cardiac extracorporeal life support.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2000 to 2004, 39 consecutive children (aged 1 day to 4.4 years) had cardiac extracorporeal life support. Neurodevelopmental follow-up of all survivors was performed more than 6 months after life support (aged 53 +/- 12 months). Developmental delay was defined as a score of less than 70 on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II or Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Predictor variables for mortality (at 2 years' follow-up) and delay were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indications for extracorporeal life support were progressive low cardiac output in 14 (36%), failed weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass in 13 (33%), cardiac arrest in 9 (23%), and hypoxia in 3 (8%). Cardiac anatomy was single ventricle in 16 (41%), biventricular in 21 (54%), and myocarditis in 2 (5%). Survival was 18 (46%) at hospital discharge and 16 (41%) at 2 years. In survivors, mental score was 73 +/- 16 (normal 100 +/- 15), and 8 (50%) had mental delay. Initiating extracorporeal life support during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and duration of this resuscitation were not associated with death or mental delay. On multivariable Cox regression, lactate on admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (hazard rate 1.13; 95% confidence intervals 1.08-1.27) and single ventricle anatomy (hazard rate 3.93; 95% confidence intervals 1.62-9.49) were associated with death at 2 years. Stepwise multiple regression found time for lactate to normalize on extracorporeal life support, highest inotrope score during 120 hours of life support, and chromosomal abnormality explained 76.7% of the variance in mental score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiac extracorporeal life support had a 41% 2-year survival. Potentially modifiable variables (time for lactate to normalize and highest inotrope score early during extracorporeal life support) explained 69% of mental score variance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Laurance
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lequier
authors.forename: Ari R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Joffe
authors.forename: Charlene M T
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Irina A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Dinu
authors.forename: Yuttapong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wongswadiwat
authors.forename: Natalie R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Anton
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Ivan M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Rebeyka
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008020:Life Support Care / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome