Ozone and other air pollutants and the risk of oral clefts.
BACKGROUND
Air pollution influences the development of oral clefts in animals. There are few epidemiologic data on the relation of prenatal air pollution exposure and the risk of oral clefts.


OBJECTIVE
Our goal in this study was to assess the relations between exposure to ambient air pollution and the risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P).


METHODS
We conducted a population-based case-control study of all 653 cases of CL/P and a random sample of 6,530 control subjects from 721,289 Taiwanese newborns in 2001-2003. We used geographic information systems to form exposure parameters for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <or= 10 microm (PM10) during the first 3 months of pregnancy using inverse distance weighting method. We present the effect estimates as odds ratios (ORs) per 10-ppb change for SO2, NO(x), and O3, 100-ppb change for CO, and 10-microg/m3 change for PM10.


RESULTS
The risk of CL/P was increased in relation to O3 levels in the first gestational month [adjusted OR = 1.20; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.39] and second gestational month (adjusted OR = 1.25; 95% CI, 1.03-1.52) in the range from 16.7 ppb to 45.1 ppb, but was not related to CO, NO(x), SO2, or PM10.


CONCLUSIONS
The study provides new evidence that exposure to outdoor air O3 during the first and second month of pregnancy may increase the risk of CL/P. Similar levels of O3 are encountered globally by large numbers of pregnant women.
Hwang
Bing-Fang
BF
Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Jaakkola
Jouni J K
JJ
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D010126:Ozone / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D011247:Pregnancy; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology
D000393:Air Pollutants; D010126:Ozone