title: Startle reactivity in children at risk for migraine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Numerous studies have shown a higher responsiveness and/or a lack of habituation to sensory stimuli of various modalities in migraine. This study investigated psychophysiological responses to aversive acoustic stimuli in children at risk for migraine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured eyeblink responses to acoustic stimuli (40ms bursts of white noise at 102dB) during anticipation of unpleasant stimuli in 74 adolescents (40 females, age 17.6+/-2.9). A mixed effects linear model was applied to test group differences in startle reactivity during baseline, safe and threat conditions among adolescents by maternal and personal history of migraine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The strongest association with migraine vulnerability emerged for baseline startle reactivity, which was significantly elevated in high risk youth with a history of maternal migraine. This group of offspring also had enhanced startle response during the threat condition and the threat-safe difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that migraine is associated with a higher acoustic startle responsiveness that is present already in children at risk for developing the disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significant effect of both maternal history of anxiety disorder and migraine on baseline startle indicates that these two diagnostic entities might in part share common pathophysiological mechanisms, and that the anxiety-migraine comorbidity should be considered when investigating each of these disorders.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH Bldg 35, Room 1A-110, 35 Convent Dr., MSC 3720, Bethesda, MD 20892-3720, USA.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Duncko
authors.forename: Lihong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hille
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grillon
authors.forename: Kathleen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Merikangas
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology*; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology*; D012306:Risk; D055815:Young Adult