title: Olive oil and walnut breakfasts reduce the postprandial inflammatory response in mononuclear cells compared with a butter breakfast in healthy men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inflammation is crucial in all stages of atherosclerosis, and few studies have investigated the effect of dietary fat on markers of inflammation related to this disease during the postprandial period.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the chronic effects of dietary fat on the postprandial expression of proinflammatory genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 healthy men followed three different diets for 4 weeks each, according to a randomized crossover design: Western diet: 15% protein, 47% carbohydrates (CHO), 38% fat (22% saturated fatty acid (SFA)); Mediterranean diet: 15% protein, 47% CHO, 38% fat (24% monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)); CHO-rich and n-3 diet: 15% protein, 55% CHO, <30% fat (8% polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)). After 12-h fast, volunteers were given a breakfast with a fat composition similar to that consumed in each of the diets-butter breakfast: 35% SFA; olive oil breakfast: 36% MUFA; walnut breakfast: 16% PUFA, 4% alpha-linolenic acid (LNA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The butter breakfast induced a higher increase in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha messenger RNA (mRNA) expression than the olive oil or walnut breakfasts (P=0.014) in PBMCs. Moreover, we found a higher postprandial response in the mRNA of interleukin (IL)-6 with the intake of butter and olive oil breakfasts than with the walnut breakfast (P=0.025) in these cells. However, the effects of the three fatty breakfasts on the plasma concentrations of these proinflammatory parameters showed no significant differences (P=N.S.).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of a butter-enriched meal elicits greater postprandial expression of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA in PBMCs, compared to the olive oil and walnut breakfasts.
authors.affiliation: The Lipids and Arteriosclerosis Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Gómez
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Miranda
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Blanco-Colio
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marín
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pérez-Martínez
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruano
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Paniagua
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Egido
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pérez-Jiménez
mesh_terms: D053318:Apolipoprotein E3 / Q000235:genetics; D002079:Butter; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D031324:Juglans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009754:Nuts; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000097:blood; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D053318:Apolipoprotein E3; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008055:Lipids; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D002079:Butter