title: Effect of raloxifene on stroke and venous thromboembolism according to subgroups in postmenopausal women at increased risk of coronary heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, reduces risk of invasive breast cancer and osteoporosis, but the effect on risk for stroke and venous thromboembolism in different patient subgroups is not established. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the effect of raloxifene on the incidence of all strokes, stroke deaths, and venous thromboembolic events according to participant subgroups.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a secondary end point analysis of an international, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 10 101 postmenopausal women with or at increased risk of coronary heart disease followed a median of 5.6 years. Strokes, venous thromboembolic events, and deaths were adjudicated by expert centralized committees. Strokes were categorized as ischemic, hemorrhagic, or undetermined and venous thromboembolic events were subclassified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidences of all strokes did not differ between raloxifene (incidence rate per 100 woman-years=0.95) and placebo (incidence rate=0.86) treatment groups (P=0.30). In women assigned raloxifene versus placebo, there was a higher incidence of fatal strokes (incidence rates=0.22 and 0.15, respectively, P=0.0499) and venous thromboembolic events (incidence rates=0.39 and 0.27, respectively, P=0.02). No significant subgroup interactions were found except that there was a higher incidence of stroke associated with raloxifene use among current smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In postmenopausal women at increased risk for coronary events, the incidences of venous thromboembolism and fatal stroke but not all strokes were higher in those assigned raloxifene versus placebo. Raloxifene's effect did not differ across subgroups, except that the risk of stroke differed by smoking status. Treatment decisions about raloxifene should be based on a balance of projected absolute risks and benefits.
authors.affiliation: Director, Preventive Cardiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 601 West 168th Street, #43, New York, NY 10032, USA. ljm10@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mosca
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grady
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barrett-Connor
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Nanette
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wenger
authors.forename: Beth L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Abramson
authors.forename: Annlia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paganini-Hill
authors.forename: Mary Jane
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Geiger
authors.forename: Sherie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Dowsett
authors.forename: Messan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amewou-Atisso
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kornitzer
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D017698:Postmenopause; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride