title: Red to red - the marine bacterium Hahella chejuensis and its product prodigiosin for mitigation of harmful algal blooms.
abstract: Harmful algal blooms (HABs), commonly called red tides, are caused by some toxic phytoplanktons, and have made massive economic losses as well as marine environmental disturbances. As an effective and environment-friendly strategy to control HAB outbreaks, biological methods using marine bacteria capable of killing the harmful algae or algicidal extracellular compounds from them have been given attention. A new member of the gamma-Proteobacteria, Hahella chejuensis KCTC 2396, was originally isolated from the Korean seashore for its ability to secrete industrially useful polysaccharides, and was characterized to produce a red pigment. This pigment later was identified as an alkaloid compound, prodigiosin. During the past several decades, prodigiosin has been extensively studied for its medical potential as immunosuppressants and antitumor agents, owing to its antibiotic and cytotoxic activities. The lytic activity of this marvelous molecule against Cochlodinium polykrikoides cells at very low concentrations (1 ppb) was serendipitously detected, making H. chejuensis a strong candidate among the biological agents for HAB control. This review provides a brief overview of algicidal marine bacteria and their products, and describes in detail the algicidal characteristics, biosynthetic process, and genetic regulation of prodigiosin as a model among the compounds active against red-tide organisms from the biochemical and genetic viewpoints.
authors.affiliation: Polar BioCenter, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), KORDI, Incheon 406-840, Korea. envimic@kopri.re.kr
authors.forename: Dockyu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jihyun F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Joung Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.forename: Soon-Kyeong
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Choong Hwan
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hong Kum
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000187:drug effects*; D005068:Eutrophication / Q000187:drug effects*; D020563:Gammaproteobacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010839:Phytoplankton / Q000187:drug effects; D011353:Prodigiosin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D011353:Prodigiosin