title: Inexpensive phantom for fluoroscopy guided nerve block training*.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Regional anesthesia simulation manikins with phantom skeletal structures are commercially available. Unfortunately, they are quite expensive. This article introduces our handmade, low cost, phantom for training of nerve block with fluoroscopic guidance.
  
  
  METHODS
  The phantom consisted of artificial bone models to resemble human lumbar vertebrae with disks, covered with 5-7 sheets of self-adhesive sponge. Posteriorly, mobility between sheets was retained in order to deflect needles and provide practice of redirecting needles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although it might lack radiographic fidelity, our inexpensive phantom can be used for basic training of nerve block with fluoroscopic guidance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho Kashihara Nara, Japan. seninoue@naramed-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Satoki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Keiji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashizume
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Furuya
mesh_terms: D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000193:education* / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007564:Japan; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011871:Radiology / Q000193:education* / Q000295:instrumentation