title: Development of a novel method to measure the elastic properties of skin including subcutaneous tissue: new age-related parameters and scope of application.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have developed a new apparatus to measure the elastic properties of skin without contact using an air blown technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time measurements of skin movement induced by air blown on the surface were measured at various times. We investigated age-related changes in the displacement of the skin surface caused by air using various parameters. Ninety-eight female Japanese volunteers, aged from 10 to 70 years, were used in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maximum distance (the denting state) that cheek skin moved reached 2-5 mm within 10-15 ms. After that, the skin generally recovered to its original state within 40-50 ms. The average maximum speed of movement was 0.49+/-0.08 (average+/-SD) m/s and the average recovery speed was 0.25+/-0.06 m/s. Significant changes with age were not observed in the denting state, but significant correlations with age were observed in the recovery state. The maximum recovery speed decreased significantly with age and the time required for recovery increased significantly with age. Although similar results were obtained at the corner of the mouth or the inner upper arm, different results were obtained at the below eyes and the forehead.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This apparatus differs from other conventional instruments in that it measures the elastic properties of skin including subcutaneous tissue without contact.
authors.affiliation: Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan. fujimura.tsutomu@kao.co.jp
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujimura
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Osanai
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moriwaki
authors.forename: Syuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akazaki
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takema
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D014159:Transducers; D055815:Young Adult