title: Co-circulation of two sublineages of HPAI H5N1 virus in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with unique molecular signatures suggesting separate introductions into the commercial poultry and falconry sectors.
abstract: Since early 2007, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has experienced several highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks in the falconry and poultry sectors. The public health threat associated with peculiar husbandry systems, requiring close contact between humans and birds of prey, highlights the need of an improved understanding of the epidemiology and of the viral characteristics of H5N1 viruses circulating in the region. Here we report molecular and phylogenetic analyses of H5N1 viruses isolated in the KSA in 2007 in distinct compartments of avian husbandry. From the results of our investigation it appears that two separate introductions into the different sectors occurred. The identification of specific amino acid mutations, which are described as genetic signatures of human influenza A viruses or known to confer resistance to antiviral drugs, raises concerns for the possible human health implications of the KSA H5N1 viruses.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Monne
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fusaro
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Labs Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohamed Hamad
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Al-Blowi
authors.affiliation: Department of Poultry Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr-Elsheikh University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mahmoud Moussa
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Central Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, PO Box 15831, Riyadh 11454, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Owais Ahmed
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Gwenaëlle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dauphin
authors.affiliation: Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tripodi
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salviato
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marangon
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Capua
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cattoli
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008877:Middle East / Q000453:epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011200:Poultry / Q000821:virology; D020304:Raptors / Q000821:virology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014774:Virulence