title: Emission measurements from a crude oil tanker at sea.
abstract: This work presents an all-inclusive set of regulated and nonregulated emission factors for the main propulsion engine (ME), auxiliary engine (AE) and an auxiliary boiler on a Suezmax class tanker while operating at sea. The data include criteria pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulate matter), a greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide), the principal speciated hydrocarbons needed for human health risk assessments, and a detailed analysis of the PM into its primary constituents (ions, elements, organic, and elemental carbon). Measurements followed ISO 8178-1 methods with modifications described in the paper. The vessel burned two fuels: a heavy fuel oil in the ME and boiler and a distillate fuel in the AE. The weighted NO(x) emissions for the ME and AE are 19.87 +/- 0.95 and 13.57 +/- 0.31 g/kWh, respectively. The weighted PM mass emissions factor is 1.60 +/- 0.08 g/kWh for the ME and 0.141 +/- 0.005 g/kWh for the AE, with the sulfate content of the PM being the root cause for the difference. For the ME, sulfate with associated water is about 75% of total PM mass, and the organic carbon ranges from 15 to 25% of the PM mass. A deeper analysis showed that the conversion of fuel sulfur to sulfate in the ME ranged from 1.4to 5%. This article also provides emission factors for selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy alkanes, carbonyls, light hydrocarbon species, metals, and ions for the ME, AE, and the boiler.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Harshit
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: J Wayne
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Cockert
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D004602:Elements; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D010578:Petroleum / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D012767:Ships; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004602:Elements; D005740:Gases; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D010578:Petroleum; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D002244:Carbon; D008697:Methane