title: Maxillary molar distalization with noncompliance intramaxillary appliances in Class II malocclusion. A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use published data to evaluate quantitatively the dental effects of noncompliance intramaxillary appliances in individuals with Class II malocclusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was carried out identifing 13 prospective or retrospective clinical studies matching inclusion criteria. Only appliances with conventional anchorage designs were considered for the review. The data provided in these publications were grouped and analyzed in terms of molar distalization, tipping and vertical movements, and incisor and premolar mesialization, tipping, and vertical movements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maxillary first molars showed distal crown movement and tipping greater than the mesial crown movement and tipping shown by incisors and premolars. Vertical movements of incisors and premolars were in general extrusive, but molars were intrusive or extrusive, depending on the study and the type of appliance used. Appliances that acted palatally seemed to display a smaller distal tipping movement, as well as smaller incisor and premolar mesial tipping movements, when compared with those that acted buccally. Friction-free appliances, namely the pendulum, produced a large amount of mesiodistal movement and tipping, if no therapeutic uprighting activation was applied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Noncompliance intramaxillary molar distalization appliances all act by distalizing molars with a concomitant and unavoidable loss of anchorage, as revealed by incisor and premolar mesial movement. Buccal acting and palatal acting appliances demonstrate almost similar results, with palatal acting appliances showing less tipping. Friction-free palatal acting appliances appear to produce better molar distalizing effects, but with a concomitant notable loss of anchorage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Gregory.Antonarakis@medecine.unige.ch
authors.forename: Gregory Stylianos
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Antonarakis
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiliaridis
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy*; D008437:Maxilla; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology*; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*