title: Environmental gamma radiation measurement in district Swat, Pakistan.
abstract: External exposure to environmental gamma ray sources is an important component of exposure to the public. A survey was carried out to determine activity concentration levels and associated doses from (226)Ra, (232)Th, (40)K and (137)Cs by means of high-resolution gamma ray spectrometry in the Swat district, famous for tourism. The mean concentrations for (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K were found to be 50.4 +/- 0.7, 34.8 +/- 0.7 and 434.5 +/- 7.4 Bq kg(-1), respectively, in soil samples, which are slightly more than the world average values. However, (137)Cs was only found in the soil sample of Barikot with an activity concentration of 34 +/- 1.2 Bq kg(-1). Only (40)K was determined in vegetation samples with an average activity of 172.2 +/- 1.7 Bq kg(-1), whereas in water samples, all radionuclides were found below lower limits of detection. The radium equivalent activity in all soil samples is lower than the limit set in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development report (370 Bq kg(-1)). The value of the external exposure dose has been determined from the content of these radionuclides in soil. The average terrestrial gamma air absorbed dose rate was observed to be 62.4 nGy h(-1), which yields an annual effective dose of 0.08 mSv. The average value of the annual effective dose lies close to the global range of outdoor radiation exposure given in United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. However, the main component of the radiation dose to the population residing in the study area arises from cosmic ray due to high altitude.
authors.affiliation: Health Physics Division, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jabbar
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Subhani
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Akhter
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jabbar
mesh_terms: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D002586:Cesium / Q000032:analysis; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005720:Gamma Rays; D010154:Pakistan; D011197:Potassium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D011883:Radium / Q000032:analysis; D013051:Spectrometry, Gamma; D013910:Thorium / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive; D011197:Potassium Radioisotopes; D002586:Cesium; D013910:Thorium; D011883:Radium