title: GintGRX1, the first characterized glomeromycotan glutaredoxin, is a multifunctional enzyme that responds to oxidative stress.
abstract: Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are small proteins with glutathione-dependent disulfide oxidoreductase activity involved in cellular defense against oxidative stress. This work reports the identification and characterization of the first glomeromycotan dithiol glutaredoxin gene from the fungus Glomus intraradices. The corresponding gene, named GintGRX1, shares high sequence similarity with previously described fungal GRXs. GintGRX1 contains the characteristic dithiol active site CPYC. By using a yeast expression system, we found that GintGRX1 encodes a multifunctional protein with oxidoreductase, peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activity. GintGRX1 partially reverted sensitivity to superoxide radicals of the Deltagrx1Deltagrx2Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. GintGRX1 was transcriptionally regulated by paraquat but not by hydrogen peroxide. Copper induced an accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the extraradical mycelium of G. intraradices and up-regulation of GintGRX1 transcript levels. These data suggest a role for GintGRX1 in protecting the fungus against the oxidative damage induced directly by the superoxide anion or indirectly by copper.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada 18008, Spain. karimben@eez.csic.es
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Benabdellah
authors.forename: Miguel-Angel
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Merlos
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Azcón-Aguilar
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ferrol
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D003300:Copper / Q000494:pharmacology; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D055137:Glomeromycota / Q000201:enzymology*; D054477:Glutaredoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D054477:Glutaredoxins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides; D003300:Copper