title: LDL-C-lowering therapy: current and future therapeutic targets.
abstract: Recent trials have emphasized that more intensive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering results in a further reduction in cardiovascular disease risk. Uptitration of statins has limited incremental LDL-C-lowering effects and leads to an increased incidence of side effects. Therefore, attention has shifted toward alternative LDL-C-lowering modalities. Several promising compounds have entered the clinical trial arena, although with mixed results. Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors failed to show benefit. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and squalene synthase inhibitors, in spite of beneficial lipid profile changes, have shown adverse event profiles. In contrast, inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption have shown LDL-C-lowering efficacy associated with few side effects. The inhibition of apolipoprotein B100 synthesis by antisense oligonucleotides has now been tested in phase 2 clinical trials, with promising results. Finally, compounds modifying protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 levels are currently in the preclinical phase. In the present article, we discuss these LDL-C-lowering strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Medicine, Room F4-159.2, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. j.j.kastelein@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Maartje E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jakulj
authors.forename: John J P
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kastelein
authors.forename: Erik S G
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Stroes
mesh_terms: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D010936:Plant Extracts