title: Low-dose lung computed tomography screening before age 55: estimates of the mortality reduction required to outweigh the radiation-induced cancer risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the risk of radiation-induced lung cancer mortality from three annual low-dose lung computed tomography (CT) screens before age 55 years (starting at age 30, 40 or 50) and the mortality reduction from screening (i.e. the efficacy) needed to outweigh these risks for never and current-smokers. The risk of radiation-induced breast cancer was also estimated for women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Biological Effectiveness of Ionizing Radiation VII committee's risk models were used to estimate radiation risk. Lung cancer mortality rates (based on the Bach model for current and the Cancer Prevention Study for never-smokers) were used to estimate the mortality reduction needed to outweigh this risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For never-smokers, the estimated excess lifetime risk of radiation-induced lung cancer mortality from annual screening aged 40-42 was 1/10,000 (90% credibility interval: 0.4-3) for men and 3/10,000 (2-6) for women. For current-smokers, the estimated risks were approximately two-fold higher, with wider credibility intervals. Risks from screening age 30-32 or 50-52 years were of similar magnitude. The mortality reduction required to outweigh these risks was, for female never-smokers: 125% (40-300%) age 30-32 years, 70% (30-190%) age 40-42 years and 25% (10-70%) age 50-52 years, and for male current-smokers: 70% (20-120%) age 30-32 years, 10% (3-20%) age 40-42 years and 2% (1-4%) age 50-52 years. These figures were two to three times higher for females because of the higher radiation risks. The risk of radiation-induced breast cancer was in the range of three to six cases/10,000 females screened.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Before age 50, the mortality reduction from lung CT screening that is required to outweigh the radiation risk may be substantial, and in some cases unattainable (i.e. >100%).
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Biostatistics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. berringtona@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berrington de González
authors.forename: Kwang Pyo
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Christine D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Berg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012984:Software; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods