title: Ensuring cross-cultural equivalence in translation of research consents and clinical documents: a systematic process for translating English to Chinese.
abstract: The aim of this article is to describe a formal process used to translate research study materials from English into traditional Chinese characters. This process may be useful for translating documents for use by both research participants and clinical patients. A modified Brislin model was used as the systematic translation process. Four bilingual translators were involved, and a Flaherty 3-point scale was used to evaluate the translated documents. The linguistic discrepancies that arise in the process of ensuring cross-cultural congruency or equivalency between the two languages are presented to promote the development of patient-accessible cross-cultural documents.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: Cheng-Chih
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shoshana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Puntillo
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D015399:Nursing Research; D018579:Patient Selection; D011594:Psychometrics; D016746:Transcultural Nursing; D014175:Translating