title: Fasting glucose and postprandial glycemia: which is the best target for improving outcomes? The Apollo and 4-T Trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Two studies, the Apollo and 4-T Trials, were conducted in order to determine which insulin regimen (basal or prandial) is the most efficient for the treatment of insulin-requiring type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both trials compared treatments using prandial insulins (aspart or lispro) three times daily with more classical insulin strategies using basal insulin given once daily (glargine or detemir) or twice daily if required (detemir in the 4-T Study).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both studies showed that a therapeutic regimen involving prandial insulin resulted in equal (Apollo Study) or greater (4-T Study) reductions in patients' HbA(1c) levels than basal insulin regimens. However, the prandial insulin strategies were accompanied by higher risks of hypoglycemia and greater weight gain. As a consequence, the investigators of the two studies concluded that basal insulin once daily provides a simple and effective option with less adverse effects than prandial insulin three times a day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Such conclusions are certainly important for guiding strategies in the vast majority of type 2 diabetic patients who require an add-on insulin therapy. However, the authors' opinion is that the choice between either basal or prandial insulin alone and combined insulin regimens with basal and prandial insulin should be tailored according to the patient's clinical status by paying more attention to the respective contributions of basal and prandial hyperglycemia to their overall hyperglycemia. This recommendation seems to be particularly important when insulin treatment is initiated in patients exhibiting HbA(1c) levels between 7.0 and 8.0%.
authors.affiliation: University of Montpellier I, Institute of Clinical Research, 641 Avenue du Doyen Giraud, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. louis.monnier@inserm.fr
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Monnier
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Colette
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005215:Fasting; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose