title: Relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia: current status and future opportunities.
abstract: Significant improvements in primary therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have led to dramatic increases in cure rates over the past few decades. Relapsed ALL, however, remains more common than new diagnoses of many common pediatric malignancies. Outcomes for patients with relapsed ALL remain poor, especially for patients with early bone marrow relapse. However, most relapse patients do achieve a second complete remission, followed by therapeutic options including further chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplant. The level of minimal residual disease after achieving second remission or before transplant may predict outcomes. The substantial likelihood of achieving second remission with familiar drug combinations may discourage participation in formal relapse studies. The high likelihood of achieving a third remission may discourage participation in single-agent trials of new drugs, despite the critical need for novel agents with activity against resistant disease that may improve outcomes for recurrent ALL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS 54, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA. tharned@chla.usc.edu
authors.forename: Theresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Harned
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gaynon
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000379:methods; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012074:Remission Induction; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents