title: Experimental short-term partial fetal bladder outflow obstruction: II. Compliance and contractility associated with urinary flow impairment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Posterior urethral valves (PUV) is the commonest cause of congenital bladder outlet obstruction. Despite valve ablation in the neonatal period, up to 70% of patients develop renal failure by their teenage years, and progressive bladder dysfunction. This study forms part of a continuing project examining the relationship between severity and duration of obstruction and urinary tract dysfunction. Here is the assessed result of short-term (9-day) obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen male fetal lambs at 75 days' gestation were assigned to one of three groups: urachal ligation, urachal ligation with partial urethral obstruction, sham-operated controls. Pregnancy proceeded for 9 days. At autopsy, filling cystometry was performed with the urinary tract in situ and the bladder harvested for nerve counts using PGP 9.5 immunohistochemistry, or in vitro measurement of contractile function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obstruction was associated with an increase in bladder:fetal weight ratio. Compliance was variable in the obstructed bladders, but the calculated wall stress per unit strain was either similar or less than controls. Nerve-mediated or agonist-induced contraction magnitude in tissue from obstructed bladders and nerve counts did not differ from controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nine days of outflow obstruction at mid-gestation generated a bladder of increased weight but without evidence of contractile failure. An increase in bladder compliance as a function of bladder growth was observed even at this stage, and represents one of the initial responses to outflow tract obstruction.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, University College London, London, UK. mkfarrugia@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Farrugia
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Godley
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Woolf
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Peebles
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Cuckow
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Fry