title: An analogue of piperonyl butoxide facilitates the characterisation of metabolic resistance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous work has demonstrated that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) not only inhibits microsomal oxidases but also resistance-associated esterases. The ability to inhibit both major metabolic resistance enzymes makes it an ideal synergist to enhance xenobiotics but negates the ability to differentiate which enzyme group is responsible for conferring resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study examines an analogue that retains the ability to inhibit esterases but is restricted in its ability to act on microsomal oxidases, thus allowing an informed decision on resistance enzymes to be made when used in conjunction with the parent molecule.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using examples of resistant insects with well-characterised resistance mechanisms, a combination of PBO and analogue allows identification of the metabolic mechanism responsible for conferring resistance. The relative potency of PBO as both an esterase inhibitor and an oxidase inhibitor is also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK. graham.moores@bbsrc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Graham D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Moores
authors.forename: Despina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Philippou
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Borzatta
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Trincia
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jewess
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gunning
authors.forename: Georgina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bingham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004950:Esterases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D010574:Pesticide Synergists / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D019476:Insect Proteins; D010574:Pesticide Synergists; D004950:Esterases; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide