title: Detection of spatial fluctuations of non-point source fecal pollution in coral reef surrounding waters in southwestern Puerto Rico using PCR-based assays.
abstract: Human fecal contamination of coral reefs is a major cause of concern. Conventional methods used to monitor microbial water quality cannot be used to discriminate between different fecal pollution sources. Fecal coliforms, enterococci, and human-specific Bacteroides (HF183, HF134), general Bacteroides-Prevotella (GB32), and Clostridium coccoides group (CP) 16S rDNA PCR assays were used to test for the presence of non-point source fecal contamination across the southwestern Puerto Rico shelf. Inshore waters were highly turbid, consistently receiving fecal pollution from variable sources, and showing the highest frequency of positive molecular marker signals. Signals were also detected at offshore waters in compliance with existing microbiological quality regulations. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most isolates were of human fecal origin. The geographic extent of non-point source fecal pollution was large and impacted extensive coral reef systems. This could have deleterious long-term impacts on public health, local fisheries and in tourism potential if not adequately addressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, University of Puerto Rico, Graduate School of Public Health, San Juan, 00936-5067, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonkosky
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hernández-Delgado
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sandoz
authors.forename: I E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Robledo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Norat-Ramírez
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mattei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D015415:Biomarkers; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D011647:Puerto Rico; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014873:Water Pollutants