title: Amelioration of physical strength in waste foundry green sands for reuse as a soil amendment.
abstract: To avoid increasing costs of landfill disposal, it has become increasingly important for U.S. foundries to identify beneficial reuses for the 8 to 12 million tons of waste foundry sand (WFS) generated annually. A major drawback to the reuse of some WFSs as a soil amendment is their high soil strength, under dry conditions, where root growth may be limited. Fifteen WFSs were analyzed for strength to rupture using lab-formed clods, exchangeable cations (Na, Mg, Ca), metal oxide concentration (Fe, Mn, Al, Si), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and % clay. Several WFS samples from gray iron foundries demonstrated high strength to rupture values (> 1.5 MPa), and could potentially restrict root growth in amended soils. The percentage of Na-bentonite exhibited a positive correlation (R(2) = 0.84) with strength to rupture values. When WFSs containing more Na-bentonite were saturated with 1 mol L(-1) Ca ions, strength values decreased by approximately 70%. Waste foundry sands containing less Na-bentonite were saturated with 1 mol L(-1) Na ions and exhibited a threefold increase in strength. Additions of gypsum (up to 9.6 g kg(-1) sand) to high strength waste foundry sands also caused decreases in strength. These results indicate that high strength WFSs have properties similar to hardsetting soils which are caused by high Na(+) clay content and can be ameliorated by the addition of Ca(2+).
authors.affiliation: Agronomy Dep., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. jdekoff@purdue.edu
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: de Koff
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Dungan
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D012987:Soil; D012822:Silicon Dioxide