title: High-precision radiocarbon dating and historical biblical archaeology in southern Jordan.
abstract: Recent excavations and high-precision radiocarbon dating from the largest Iron Age (IA, ca. 1200-500 BCE) copper production center in the southern Levant demonstrate major smelting activities in the region of biblical Edom (southern Jordan) during the 10th and 9th centuries BCE. Stratified radiocarbon samples and artifacts were recorded with precise digital surveying tools linked to a geographic information system developed to control on-site spatial analyses of archaeological finds and model data with innovative visualization tools. The new radiocarbon dates push back by 2 centuries the accepted IA chronology of Edom. Data from Khirbat en-Nahas, and the nearby site of Rujm Hamra Ifdan, demonstrate the centrality of industrial-scale metal production during those centuries traditionally linked closely to political events in Edom's 10th century BCE neighbor ancient Israel. Consequently, the rise of IA Edom is linked to the power vacuum created by the collapse of Late Bronze Age (LB, ca. 1300 BCE) civilizations and the disintegration of the LB Cypriot copper monopoly that dominated the eastern Mediterranean. The methodologies applied to the historical IA archaeology of the Levant have implications for other parts of the world where sacred and historical texts interface with the material record.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology, and Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. tlevy@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higham
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bronk Ramsey
authors.forename: Neil G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Erez
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ben-Yosef
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Münger
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Knabb
authors.forename: Jürgen P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Najjar
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tauxe
mesh_terms: D001106:Archaeology; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D002962:Civilization; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D007597:Jordan
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes