title: Continuous invasive blood pressure and cardiac output monitoring during cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind comparison of low-dose versus high-dose spinal anesthesia with intravenous phenylephrine or placebo infusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prevention of hemodynamic instability during cesarean delivery during spinal anesthesia has been the aim of several studies. Noninvasive monitoring has been used in all previous studies. This is the first study in healthy pregnant women with continuous invasive recording of arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance. The aim of this randomized trial was to compare the effects of two different intrathecal doses of bupivacaine, with or without intravenous phenylephrine infusion, on cardiac output and systolic blood pressure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this double-blinded study, 80 healthy women scheduled to undergo elective cesarean delivery were randomly assigned to one of four different groups receiving 7 mg spinal bupivacaine with or without a concomitant low-dose infusion of phenylephrine (0.25 microg . kg(-1) . min(-1)) or 10 mg spinal bupivacaine with or without phenylephrine infusion. All patients had 4 microg sufentanil added to the spinal solution and had cohydration with 750 ml saline, 0.9%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The low-dose spinal bupivacaine group with intravenous phenylephrine infusion was the most stable group regarding all hemodynamic variables. The authors found significant differences between this group and the group that was given the high dose of bupivacaine with intravenous placebo infusion regarding cardiac output (P = 0.005), systemic vascular resistance (P < 0.0001), and systolic blood pressure (P = 0.012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that low-dose bupivacaine (with sufentanil), combined with a low-dose infusion of phenylephrine and moderate cohydration, gives the best hemodynamic stability during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. eldrid.langesaeter@rikshospitalet.no
authors.forename: Eldrid
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Langesaeter
authors.forename: Leiv Arne
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rosseland
authors.forename: Audun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stubhaug
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000379:methods*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D010656:Phenylephrine; D002045:Bupivacaine