title: Heart rate as independent prognostic factor for mortality in normotensive hemodialysed patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several epidemiological studies have reported heart rate (HR) as a predictor of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality in the general population. Aim of the present study was to investigate a possible relation between increased HR and mortality in normotensive end-stage renal disease (ERSD) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1997 and 2001 we recruited 407 normotensive ESRD patients (mean age 56.6 +/- 3.3 years) without coronary artery disease, left ventricular systolic dysfunction or on antiarrhythmic therapy. Baseline electrocardiography (ECG) at rest, 48-hour ambulatory Holter ECG monitoring and standard echocardiography were performed. After a mean follow-up of 46 months (range 12-60 months), cardiovascular and sudden death were considered as end points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Echocardiogram showed a normal left ventricular ejection fraction (>55%) in 370 patients (91%) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in 290 patients (71.2%). Mean HR by 48-hour Holter ECG was 81 +/- 10.6 bpm. During the follow-up, all-cause mortality rate was 12% (49 patients); 40 patients died from cardiac cause (9.8%) of which 20 patients (4.9%) by sudden death. By univariate analysis, age, diabetes, ECG-LVH with signs of left ventricular strain, and increased mean HR by 48-hour Holter ECG were all significantly related to global, cardiovascular and sudden death. ROC curve analysis identified optimal cutoff points for HR >85 bpm and age >65 years associated with increased cardiovascular risk (p<0.001). By Cox regression analysis, only age >65 years (p<0.0001) and mean HR >85 bpm (p<0.0001) were independent predictors of cardiovascular events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In normotensive ERSD patients, increased mean HR detected by 48-hour Holter ECG is an independent determinant of global and cardiovascular mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Naples - Italy. gennarocice@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Gennaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cice
authors.forename: Attilio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Benedetto
authors.forename: Antonello
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Andrea
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: D'Isa
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Gregorio
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marcelli
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gatti
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Calabrò
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D003645:Death, Sudden; D004452:Echocardiography; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016019:Survival Analysis