Chronic cocaine-induced cardiac oxidative stress and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation: the role of Nox2 oxidase.
Chronic cocaine exposure is associated with severe cardiac complications, but the mechanisms of cocaine cardiotoxicity remain unclear, and current therapies are unsatisfactory. We investigated the hypothesis of oxidative stress-mediated cardiotoxicity and the role of NADPH oxidase in this process in a mouse model of chronic escalating "binge" cocaine administration (milligrams per kilogram): days 1 to 4 at 3 x 15 mg, days 5 to 8 at 3 x 20 mg, days 9 to 12 at 3 x 25 mg, and days 13 to 14 at 3 x 30 mg. Compared with vehicle controls, chronic binge cocaine administration significantly increased the cardiac NADPH-dependent O(2)(.) production (1.96- +/- 0.4-fold) as detected by tiron (an O(2)(.) scavenger)-inhibitable lucigenin chemiluminescence and dihydroethidium fluorescence. Cocaine-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was associated with significant increases ( approximately 2-fold) in the protein expressions of Nox2 (an isoform of NADPH oxidase) and its regulatory subunits: p22(phox), p67(phox), p47(phox), p40(phox), and Rac1, and in p47(phox) phosphorylation as detected by immunoblotting (all p < 0.03). Increased Nox2 activity was accompanied by the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase, notably in the cardiomyocytes. Cell culture experiments revealed that cocaine-induced ROS production was primarily a direct action of cocaine on cardiac myocytes, which caused severe oxidative damage to myocytes and cell death as detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay. These could be inhibited by inhibitors to protein kinase C (bisindolymaleimide) or by depletion of Nox2 using small interfering RNA. In conclusion, chronic cocaine administration directly causes severe myocardial oxidative stress through the activation of Nox2 oxidase. Increased ROS production contributes to MAPK activation and the subsequent myocyte damage. Inhibitors to NADPH oxidase or antioxidants may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of cocaine cardiotoxicity.
Fan
Lampson
L
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
Sawbridge
David
D
George
Vinoj
V
Teng
Lei
L
Bailey
Alexis
A
Kitchen
Ian
I
Li
Jian-Mei
JM
D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D003042:Cocaine / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides; C500593:Cybb protein, rat; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D003042:Cocaine