title: Enhanced expression of a cloned and sequenced Ciona intestinalis TNFalpha-like (CiTNF alpha) gene during the LPS-induced inflammatory response.
abstract: A tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)-like gene from Ciona intestinalis (CiTNF alpha-like) body wall challenged with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was cloned and sequenced 4 h after LPS inoculation. An open reading frame of 936 bp encoding a propeptide of 312 amino acids (35.4 kDa) displaying a transmembrane domain from positions 7 to 29, a TACE cleavage site, and a mature peptide domain of 185 amino acids (20.9 kDa), was determined with a predicted isoelectric point of 9.4. The phylogenetic tree based on deduced amino acid sequences of invertebrate TNF-like protein and vertebrate TNFs supported the divergence between the ascidian and vertebrate TNF families, whereas D. melanogaster Eiger A and B TNF-like sequences were distinctly separated from the chordate TNFs. Thus, the ascidian TNFalpha-like cytokine was upregulated by in vivo LPS challenge supporting its pro-inflammatory role. In the pharynx, increased expression levels were found following analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction, whereas in situ hybridization assay showed positive hemocytes both in the tissue and in circulating hemocytes. Finally, Western blot with monoclonal antibodies disclosed human TNFalpha epitopes in a 15-kDa protein component of the hemolymph serum and in a 43-kDa protein contained in the hemocyte lysate supernatant prepared in the presence of detergents. Both soluble and hemocyte-bound CiTNF alpha-like protein therefore appeared to be modulated by the LPS challenge.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Laboratory of Marine Immunobiology, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123, Palermo, Italy. nicpar@unipa.it
authors.forename: Nicolò
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Parrinello
authors.forename: Aiti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vizzini
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Arizza
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salerno
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parrinello
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cammarata
authors.forename: Francesca Tiziana
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Giaramita
authors.forename: Mirella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vazzana
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002938:Ciona intestinalis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D015870:Gene Expression; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha