title: Depressed mood, positive affect, and heart rate variability in patients with suspected coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test associations between heart rate variability (HRV), depressed mood, and positive affect in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). Depression is associated with impaired HRV post acute cardiac events, but evidence in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) is inconsistent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six patients (52 men, 24 women; mean age = 61.1 years) being investigated for suspected CAD on the basis of symptomatology and positive noninvasive tests, completed 24-hour electrocardiograms. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was administered, and positive and depressed affect was measured over the study period with the Day Reconstruction Method (DRM). A total of 46 (60.5%) patients were later found to have definite CAD. HRV was analyzed, using spectral analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Typical diurnal profiles of HRV were observed, with greater normalized high frequency (HF) and lower normalized low frequency (LF) power in the night compared with the day. BDI depression scores were not consistently associated with HRV. But positive affect was associated with greater normalized HF power (p = .039) and reduced normalized LF power (p = .007) independently of age, gender, medication with beta blockers, CAD status, body mass index, smoking, and habitual physical activity level. In patients with definite CAD, depressed affect assessed using the DRM was associated with reduced normalized HF power and heightened normalized LF power (p = .007) independently of covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relationships between depression and HRV in patients with CAD may depend on affective experience over the monitoring period. Enhanced parasympathetic cardiac control may be a process through which positive affect protects against cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK. m.bhattacharyya@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mimi R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bhattacharyya
authors.forename: Daisy L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: Roby
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rakhit
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steptoe
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists