title: Determination of zearalenone and its metabolites in urine samples by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection using a carbon nanotube-modified electrode.
abstract: A simple and sensitive method for the separation and determination of zearalenone (ZON) and its secondary metabolites, namely beta-zearalenol (beta-ZAL), beta-zearalanol (beta-ZOL), alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZAL), alpha-zearalanol (alpha-ZOL) and zearalanone (ZAN) in urine (human, bovine and swine) samples is proposed. The method comprises previous clean-up and pre-concentration on C(18) adsorption cartridges of the analytes followed by liquid chromatographic separation and direct electrochemical detection at +0.85mV using a carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode (CNT-GCE). This method allows the determination of beta-ZAL, beta-ZOL, alpha-ZAL, alpha-ZOL, ZAN and ZON in a linear range between 5 and 50ngmL(-1), with relative standard deviation values lower than 6.9% (intra-day) and 7.1% (inter-day), in all cases. Detection limits ranging between 1.3ngmL(-1) (beta-ZOL, alpha-ZAL, alpha-ZOL) and 1.4ngmL(-1) (beta-ZAL, ZAN, ZON) were achieved. The usefulness of the proposed method was demonstrated by the analysis of spiked and natural samples of human, bovine and swine urine samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Andrés
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zougagh
authors.forename: Gregorio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castañeda
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ríos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods; D013552:Swine; D015025:Zearalenone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D015025:Zearalenone