title: Pediatric spinal cord injury: approach for urological rehabilitation and treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As proposed in this report, early urological rehabilitative management of patients with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) is mandatory, in order to prevent a poorly compliant bladder with related upper urinary tract complications and secondary renal failure. Moreover, the approach to treating this traumatic condition in children must be as much rapid as appropriate.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated our experience of the last 5 years with 17 patients (12 males and five females), with a mean age of 9.6 years at injury (range 6 months-18 years), all affected by an SCI and with direct trauma involved in more than 50%. Mechanism of injury, lesional level, the mean interval between injury and bladder management onset, and the mean interval between bladder management onset and our last control were evaluated. A standardized diagnostic approach was instituted, and all patients received at least a video-urodynamic evaluation before and after the start of urological management. A continence score was established and evaluated before and at least 6 months after the application of rehabilitation treatments (catheterization, medication). Follow-up ranged from 12 to 60 months (average 29.6 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen of the 17 patients showed, at first urodynamic evaluation, a neurogenic overactive bladder. Mean bladder maximum capacity was 287.7 ml+/-146.4 SD. Mean reflex volume and end filling pressure were 119.7 ml+/-76.4 SD and 44.6 cmH(2)O+/-25 SD, respectively. Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia was present in 16 out of 17 of the cases. All patients but one began self-catheterization and medication (anticholinergics). Urinary continence improved in all patients but one. An adjunctive endoscopic procedure for continence was carried out in five out of 17 cases. The upper urinary tract was involved in two out of 17 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A prompt and standardized urological approach to pediatric SCIs is mandatory. The aims of this initial management are the prevention of further secondary damage to the upper tract and the achievement of a socially acceptable degree of urinary continence as soon as possible after the traumatic event.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ospedale Pediatrico "Bambino Gesù"-Palidoro, Via Torre di Palidoro, 00050 Palidoro, Rome, Italy. maxsilveri@tin.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silveri
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salsano
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Pierro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mosiello
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Capitanucci
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Gennaro