title: Climatic change and wetland desiccation cause amphibian decline in Yellowstone National Park.
abstract: Amphibians are a bellwether for environmental degradation, even in natural ecosystems such as Yellowstone National Park in the western United States, where species have been actively protected longer than anywhere else on Earth. We document that recent climatic warming and resultant wetland desiccation are causing severe declines in 4 once-common amphibian species native to Yellowstone. Climate monitoring over 6 decades, remote sensing, and repeated surveys of 49 ponds indicate that decreasing annual precipitation and increasing temperatures during the warmest months of the year have significantly altered the landscape and the local biological communities. Drought is now more common and more severe than at any time in the past century. Compared with 16 years ago, the number of permanently dry ponds in northern Yellowstone has increased 4-fold. Of the ponds that remain, the proportion supporting amphibians has declined significantly, as has the number of species found in each location. Our results indicate that climatic warming already has disrupted one of the best-protected ecosystems on our planet and that current assessments of species' vulnerability do not adequately consider such impacts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Stanford University, 301 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA. sarahkm@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: McMenamin
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hadly
authors.forename: Christopher K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000663:Amphibians / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D002980:Climate; D017753:Ecosystem; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D011156:Population Density; D011157:Population Dynamics; D014481:United States; D053833:Wetlands