title: Diaryl sulfide-based inhibitors of trypanothione reductase: inhibition potency, revised binding mode and antiprotozoal activities.
abstract: Trypanothione reductase (TR) is an essential enzyme of trypanosomatids and therefore a promising target for the development of new drugs against African sleeping sickness and Chagas' disease. Diaryl sulfides with a central anilino moiety, decorated with a flexible N-alkyl side chain bearing a terminal ammonium ion, are a known class of inhibitors. Using computer modelling, we revised the binding model for this class of TR inhibitors predicting simultaneous interactions of the ammonium ion-terminated N-alkyl chain with Glu18 as well as Glu465'/Glu466' of the second subunit of the homodimer, whereas the hydrophobic substituent of the aniline ring occupies the "mepacrine binding site" near Trp21 and Met113. Systematic alteration of the carboxylate-binding fragments and the diaryl sulfide core of the inhibitor scaffold provided evidence for the proposed binding mode. In vitro studies showed IC(50) values in the low micromolar to submicromolar range against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense as well as the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, HCI, , 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stump
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eberle
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Reto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brun
authors.forename: R Luise
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Krauth-Siegel
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Diederich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008024:Ligands; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009861:Onium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D000077489:Piperazine; D010879:Piperazines / Q000737:chemistry; D011485:Protein Binding; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013440:Sulfides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008024:Ligands; D009861:Onium Compounds; D010879:Piperazines; D013440:Sulfides; D000077489:Piperazine; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; C049608:trypanothione reductase