title: Emotional effects of hypospadias surgery on Turkish boys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to investigate in Turkish boys the emotional effects of hypospadias repair before and after the optimal age for repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty hypospadias patients treated in our department were included in this study. Group 1 consisted of 13 patients operated on at less than 30 months of age. Group 2 consisted of 27 patients operated on at over 30 months of age. Age at time of study, severity of hypospadias, age at repair and number of operations were evaluated for both groups retrospectively. Socio-economic and socio-demographic characteristics of these patients including place of residence, educational level of their parents and parental occupations were determined. The Turkish versions of the Children's Depression Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children A-State scale were used to evaluate the emotional effects of hypospadias surgery. For statistical analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test, Student's t test and Chi-squared test were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant difference in the age at repair between Groups 1 and 2. No significant differences existed in severity of hypospadias and number of operations between the two groups. All 40 patients had the same socio-economic and socio-demographic characteristics. Group 1 did not significantly differ from Group 2 in regard to the educational level of their parents and parental occupations. Age at repair, which was the only difference between the two groups, did not affect the level of depression and anxiety-state symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a close relationship between emotional effect of hypospadias surgery and age at repair. Possibility of depression and anxiety, which were dominating emotional symptoms among boys operated on for hypospadias, was found not to be high after the recommended age. It is concluded that, as hypospadias surgery creates a circumcised penis, the degree of emotional trauma is lower in Turkish boys than in other nationalities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. cbuyukunal@tnn.net
authors.forename: Nur
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eray
authors.forename: Burak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dogangun
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kayaalp
authors.forename: Haluk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Emir
authors.forename: Yunus
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Soylet
authors.forename: Nur
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Danismend
authors.forename: S N Cenk
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Buyukunal