title: Skin immunosenescence: decreased receptor for activated C kinase-1 expression correlates with defective tumour necrosis factor-alpha production in epidermal cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Skin immunosenescence accounts for increased susceptibility in the elderly to cutaneous infections and malignancies, and decreased contact hypersensitivity and response to vaccination. We have recently shown in immune cells that decreased expression of the receptor for activated C kinase (RACK)-1 underlies defective protein kinase C (PKC) activation and functional immune impairment with ageing.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to determine if an age-related decline in skin RACK-1 expression was present and whether it correlated with defective tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production.
  
  
  METHODS
  PKC isoforms and RACK-1 expression were evaluated by Western blot analysis and by immunofluorescence in skin obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats of different ages. TNF-alpha release by epidermal cells induced by lipopolysaccharide, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate and the contact allergen dinitrochlorobenzene was assessed by the L929 biological assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Skin obtained from old rats (> 18 months) showed decreased RACK-1 immunoreactivity if compared with young rats (< 3 months). RACK-1 preferentially interacts with PKC beta. Despite a similar total skin content of this isoform, the reduced expression of RACK-1 was associated with a decreased translocation of PKC beta in the membrane compartment. The defective PKC beta translocation associated with ageing correlated with decreased TNF-alpha release from epidermal cells following treatment with different inflammatory stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, we demonstrated for the first time a decrease in RACK-1 expression, defective PKC beta translocation and reduced TNF-alpha release in epidermal cells with ageing. These alterations might be mechanistically significant, and provide a new understanding of the consequences of ageing on skin immunology.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corsini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Racchi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lucchi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Donetti
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bedoni
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Viviani
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marinovich
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000075370:Receptors for Activated C Kinase; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000075370:Receptors for Activated C Kinase; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D011493:Protein Kinase C