title: Education and occupation as proxies for reserve in aMCI converters and AD: FDG-PET evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous reports have shown that higher education is associated with more severe brain pathology in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), suggesting that these individuals have a functional reserve provided by education, which masks the clinical expression of a higher degree of neurodegeneration. It is unknown if a similar reserve mechanism exists in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). The aim of this study was to assess the impact of education and occupation on brain glucose metabolism (rCMRglc) measured with FDG-PET in aMCI and in a very large sample of subjects with probable AD (pAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 242 patients with pAD, 72 with aMCI, and 144 healthy controls participated in the study. At follow-up, 21 subjects with aMCI progressed to AD. A regression analysis was conducted (SPM2), with education and occupation as independent variables, and rCMRglc as dependent variable, adjusting for demographic data, global cognitive status, and neuropsychological scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis showed a significant association between higher education/occupation and lower rCMRglc in posterior temporoparietal cortex and precuneus in pAD and aMCI converters, and no correlation in aMCI nonconverters and healthy controls. This means that, when submitted to FDG-PET for diagnostic evaluation, pAD and aMCI converters with higher education/occupation had, for comparable cognitive impairment, a more severe rCMRglc reduction than the ones with lower education/occupation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that education and occupation may be proxies for brain functional reserve, reducing the severity and delaying the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology. The results in aMCI converters suggest that functional reserve is already at play in the predementia phase of AD.
authors.affiliation: Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. garibotto.valentina@hsr.it
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Garibotto
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Borroni
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kalbe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Herholz
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salmon
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Holtoff
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sorbi
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Cappa
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Padovani
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fazio
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations / Q000639:trends*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18