title: Antimicrobial activity of sub- and supercritical CO2 extracts of the green alga Dunaliella salina.
abstract: The objective of this research was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of carbon dioxide extracts of the unicellular biflagellated green alga Dunaliella salina against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. The effects of different extraction pressures ranging from 185 to 442 bar and extraction temperatures ranging from 9.8 to 45.2 degrees C on the extracts' composition and consequently on their antimicrobial activities were investigated. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in order to identify the compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity detected. Fourteen different volatile compounds and several fatty acids were identified. The highest antimicrobial activity was obtained using 314 bar and 9.8 degrees C. Under these conditions, the presence of an indolic derivative that had never been reported in D. salina was detected in the extract, together with polyunsaturated fatty acids and compounds related to carotene metabolism, such as beta-ionone and neophytadiene, with known antimicrobial activity.
authors.affiliation: Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mendiola
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santoyo
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cifuentes
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reglero
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ibáñez
authors.forename: F Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Señoráns
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000187:drug effects; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000737:chemistry*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D058870:Food, Organic; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002245:Carbon Dioxide