title: Comparing the effects of entertainment media and tobacco marketing on youth smoking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the concurrent effects of exposure to movie smoking and tobacco marketing receptivity on adolescent smoking onset and progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of 4524 northern New England adolescents aged 10-14 in 1999 with longitudinal follow-up of 2603 baseline never-smokers. Cross-sectional outcomes included ever tried smoking and higher level of lifetime smoking among 784 experimenters. The longitudinal outcome was onset of smoking among baseline never-smokers two years later. Movie smoking exposure was modelled as four population quartiles, tobacco marketing receptivity included two levels-having a favourite tobacco advert and wanting/owning tobacco promotional items. All analyses controlled for sociodemographics, other social influences, personality characteristics of the adolescent and parenting style.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the full cross-sectional sample, 17.5% had tried smoking; both exposure to movie smoking and receptivity to tobacco marketing were associated with having tried smoking. Among experimental smokers, the majority (64%) were receptive to tobacco marketing, which had a multivariate association with higher level of lifetime smoking (movie smoking did not). In the longitudinal study 9.5% of baseline never-smokers tried smoking at follow-up. Fewer never-smokers (18.5%) were receptive to tobacco marketing. Movie smoking had a multivariate association with trying smoking (receptivity to tobacco marketing did not).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest separate roles for entertainment media and tobacco marketing on adolescent smoking. Both exposures deserve equal emphasis from a policy standpoint.
authors.affiliation: Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, NH 03756, USA. james.d.sargent@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sargent
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Heatherton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004739:England; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008402:Mass Media; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D040241:Social Marketing