title: Temperament, substance use and psychopathology in a prisoner population: implications for treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between temperament and drug use or temperament and psychopathology has previously been restricted to community clinical or non-clinical samples. The aim of the present study was therefore to examine these associations in a large cohort of Australian offenders using Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1322 prisoners from New South Wales (NSW) who completed all dimensions of the TCI and were screened for mental illness using the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing were included in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 15% of the sample fulfilled the criteria for a diagnosis for depression, 36% for anxiety disorders and 54% for a substance abuse disorder. Using logistic regression analysis, the TCI dimensions of harm-avoidance and low self-direction predicted depression. Being female, a poly-substance user and having high harm-avoidance, persistence, self-direction and self-transcendence predicted anxiety disorders. Significant stepped trends across age, gender, and type of drug use were found for all TCI dimensions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TCI is useful in identifying prisoners with a history of psychopathology and substance misuse. This tool also provides clinically relevant information about at-risk individuals and has the potential to guide the development of intervention programmes for inmates.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allnutt
authors.forename: Lucinda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wedgwood
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Butler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002605:Character; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011329:Prisoners / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013694:Temperament; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs