title: Direct and indirect effects of interdental hygiene in a clinical trial.
abstract: Many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in dental research test the efficacy of interventions on more than one outcome variable. Univariate methods, such as the t test or analysis of covariance, cannot evaluate the efficacy of interventions on multiple outcomes simultaneously. The aim of this study was to use structural equation modeling (SEM) to re-analyze a RCT, comparing the effects of pre-curved interdental brushes and flossing on probing pocket depth (PPD), plaque indices, and bleeding on probing (BOP) measured at baseline, intermediate, and final examinations. Results of SEM showed that the observed greater reduction in PPD and BOP in persons using interdental brushing than in those flossing is due mainly to the greater efficiency in plaque removal with the interdental brushes (indirect effect) rather than to the compression of the interdental papillae (direct effect). In contrast, smokers showed less BOP at baseline but also less improvement in BOP through direct effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, Clarendon Way, Leeds, LS2 9LU, UK. y.k.tu@leeds.ac.uk
authors.forename: Y-K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kellett
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Clerehugh
mesh_terms: D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000628:therapy*; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000379:methods*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000628:therapy*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation; D016896:Treatment Outcome