title: Biopsychosocial influence on exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness at the shoulder: pain catastrophizing and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) diplotype predict pain ratings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The experience of pain is believed to be influenced by psychologic and genetic factors. A previous study suggested pain catastrophizing and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype influenced clinical pain ratings for patients seeking operative treatment of shoulder pain. This study investigated whether these same psychologic and genetic factors predicted responses to induced shoulder pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n=63) completed self-report questionnaires and had COMT genotype determined before performing a standardized fatigue protocol to induce delayed onset muscle soreness. Then, shoulder pain ratings, self-report of upper-extremity disability ratings, and muscle torque production were reassessed 24, 48, and 72 hours later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This cohort consisted of 35 women and 28 men, with a mean age of 20.9 years (SD=1.7). The frequency of COMT diplotypes was 42 with "high COMT enzyme activity" (low pain sensitivity group) and 21 with "low COMT enzyme activity" (average pain sensitivity/high pain sensitivity group). A hierarchical regression model indicated that an interaction between pain catastrophizing and COMT diplotype was the strongest unique predictor of 72-hour pain ratings. The same interaction was not predictive of self-report of disability or muscle torque production at 72 hours. The pain catastrophizingxCOMT diplotype interaction indicated that participants with high pain catastrophizing and low COMT enzyme activity (average pain sensitivity/high pain sensitivity group) were more likely (relative risk=3.5, P=0.025) to have elevated pain intensity ratings (40/100 or higher).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings from an experimental model converge with those from a surgical cohort and provide additional evidence that the presence of elevated pain catastrophizing and COMT diplotype indicative of low COMT enzyme activity have the potential to increase the risk of developing chronic pain syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Brooks Center for Rehabilitation Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0154, USA. szgeorge@phhp.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Steven Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Geoffrey C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Dover
authors.forename: Margaret R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Brandon K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Sack
authors.forename: Deborah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Herbstman
authors.forename: Ece
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aydog
authors.forename: Roger B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Fillingim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase