title: Handsearching still a valuable element of the systematic review.
abstract: METHODS
  The Cochrane Methodology Register, Medline, Embase, AMED, Biosis, Cinahl, LISA, and Psycinfo were consulted along with researchers who may have carried out relevant studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were considered eligible if they compared searching by hand with searching one or more electronic databases to identify reports of randomised trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcome measure was the number of reports of randomised trials identified from searches made by hand compared with electronic searching. Data were extracted regarding the electronic database searched, the complexity of electronic search strategy used, the characteristics of the journal reports identified, and the type of trial report identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four studies were included. Handsearching identified between 92 and 100% of the total number of reports of randomised trials found in the various comparisons in this review. Searching Medline retrieved 55%, Embase 49% and Psycinfo 67%. The retrieval rate of the electronic database varied depending on the complexity of the search. The Cochrane highly sensitive search strategy (HSSS) identified 80% of the total number of reports of randomised trials found; searches categorised as 'complex' (including the Cochrane HSSS) found 65% and 'simple' searches found 42%. The retrieval rate for an electronic search was higher when the search was restricted to English-language journals, at 62% versus 39% for journals published in languages other than English. When the search was restricted to full reports of randomised trials, the retrieval rate for an electronic search improved: a complex search strategy retrieved 82% of the total number of such reports of randomised trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hand searching is still valuable in identifying randomised trials for inclusion in systematic reviews of healthcare, particularly trials reported as abstracts or letters, those published in languages other than English, along with all reports published in journals not indexed in electronic databases. Where time and resources are limited, however, searching an electronic database using a complex search (or the Cochrane HSSS) will identify the majority of trials published as full reports in English language journals, provided, of course, that the relevant journals have been indexed in the database.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Evidence-based Dentistry, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Richards