title: Is ineffective esophageal motility associated with gastropharyngeal reflux disease?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) and gastropharyngeal reflux disease (GPRD) in patients who underwent ambulatory 24-h dual-probe pH monitoring for the evaluation of supraesophageal symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 632 patients who underwent endoscopy, esophageal manometry and ambulatory 24-h dual-pH monitoring due to supraesophageal symptoms (e.g. globus, hoarseness, or cough) were enrolled. Of them, we selected the patients who had normal esophageal motility and IEM. The endoscopy and ambulatory pH monitoring findings were compared between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 264 patients with normal esophageal motility and 195 patients with the diagnosis of IEM were included in this study. There was no difference in the frequency of reflux esophagitis and hiatal hernia between the two groups. All the variables showing gastroesophageal reflux and gastropharyngeal reflux were not different between the two groups. The frequency of GERD and GPRD, as defined by ambulatory pH monitoring, was not different between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no association between IEM and GPRD as well as between IEM and GERD. IEM alone cannot be considered as a definitive marker for reflux disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 602-739, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Yup
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Gwang-Ha
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dong-Uk
authors.initials: DU
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Soo-Geun
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Byung-Joo
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jin-Choon
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Do-Youn
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Geun-Am
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015154:Esophageal Motility Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050782:Esophageal pH Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005683:Gagging / Q000502:physiology; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies