title: Preventive health care among older women: missed opportunities and poor targeting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experts recommend that clinicians target mammography and colon cancer screening to individuals with at least 5 years life expectancy. Generally, immunizations and exercise counseling are recommended for all women aged > or =65 years, while Pap smears are generally not encouraged for these women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the 2005 National Health Interview Survey to examine receipt of several preventive health measures simultaneously among community dwelling US women aged > or =65 years by age and health status. We used functional status, significant diseases, and perceived health to categorize women into those most likely to be in above-average, average, or below-average health status. We used age and health status to estimate life expectancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 4683 participants, 25.8% were > or =80 years; 81.8% were non-Hispanic white; 21% were in above-average and 20% were in below-average health status. Receipt of mammography and colon cancer screening decreased with age and was not associated with health status for women aged > or =80 years. Nearly half (49%) of women aged > or =80 years in below-average health received mammography screening, while 19% of women aged 65-79 years in above-average health did not report receiving mammography. Nearly half of women aged 65-79 years (49%) in above-average health did not report receiving colon cancer screening. Pap smear screening was common among older women. Few (34%) reported receiving exercise counseling. Many did not report receiving pneumococcal (43%) or flu vaccinations (40%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our comprehensive review of preventive health measures for older women, we found evidence to suggest a need to improve delivery and targeting of preventive health services.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. mschonbe@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Mara A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schonberg
authors.forename: Suzanne G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Leveille
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Marcantonio
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*