title: Use of benzodiazepines, depressive symptoms and cognitive function in old age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Benzodiazepine use is more frequently observed in depressive and cognitively impaired subjects. The temporal relation behind this association is unknown. Here, we studied whether benzodiazepine use is associated with depressive symptoms and cognitive function and what the temporal relation underlying the associations is.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within the Leiden 85-plus Study, a prospective population based study of 599 subjects aged 85 years at baseline, we assessed benzodiazepine use, depressive symptoms, and cognitive function annually during a 5-year follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Benzodiazepine users were more likely to be female, be institutionalized, and have a low education. Benzodiazepine users scored 0.76 points higher on the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale than non-users (95% CI: 0.27-1.25, p = 0.002). They were 1.6-fold more likely to develop new depressive symptoms in 1 year when compared to non-users (95% CI: 1.05-2.55, p = 0.028). Benzodiazepine use did not associate with cognitive function, but discontinued benzodiazepine users had a 4.0 points lower Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score in the year before discontinuation than continued benzodiazepine users (95% CI: 1.31-6.73, p = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In old age the use of benzodiazepines is associated with depressive symptoms and the use of benzodiazepines may precede the development of depressive symptoms. Treating physicians seem to be aware of the detrimental effects of benzodiazepines on cognitive function. However, they should be cautious in prescribing a new benzodiazepine in old age and monitor elderly benzodiazepine users for development of depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. p.van_vliet@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Vliet
authors.forename: Roos C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: van der Mast
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van den Broek
authors.forename: Rudi G J
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Westendorp
authors.forename: Anton J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: de Craen
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over / Q000523:psychology*; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007326:Institutionalization; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines