title: Action without awareness: reaching to an object you do not remember seeing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous work by our group has shown that the scaling of reach trajectories to target size is independent of obligatory awareness of that target property and that "action without awareness" can persist for up to 2000 ms of visual delay. In the present investigation we sought to determine if the ability to scale reaching trajectories to target size following a delay is related to the pre-computing of movement parameters during initial stimulus presentation or the maintenance of a sensory (i.e., visual) representation for on-demand response parameterization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants completed immediate or delayed (i.e., 2000 ms) perceptual reports and reaching responses to different sized targets under non-masked and masked target conditions. For the reaching task, the limb associated with a trial (i.e., left or right) was not specified until the time of response cuing: a manipulation that prevented participants from pre-computing the effector-related parameters of their response. In terms of the immediate and delayed perceptual tasks, target size was accurately reported during non-masked trials; however, for masked trials only a chance level of accuracy was observed. For the immediate and delayed reaching tasks, movement time as well as other temporal kinematic measures (e.g., times to peak acceleration, velocity and deceleration) increased in relation to decreasing target size across non-masked and masked trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate that speed-accuracy relations were observed regardless of whether participants were aware (i.e., non-masked trials) or unaware (i.e., masked trials) of target size. Moreover, the equivalent scaling of immediate and delayed reaches during masked trials indicates that a persistent sensory-based representation supports the unconscious and metrical scaling of memory-guided reaching.
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. mheath2@uwo.ca
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: Anika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maraj
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Godbolt
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Binsted
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000503:physiopathology; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010470:Perceptual Masking / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*