title: 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of neural progenitor cells in the developing fetal rat brain.
abstract: 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP), an analogue of hypoxanthine, is used in the therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and causes fetal neurotoxicity. To clarify the mechanisms of 6-MP-induced fetal neurotoxicity leading to the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of neural progenitor cells, pregnant rats were treated with 50 mg/kg 6-MP on embryonic day (E) 13, and the fetal telencephalons were examined at 12 to 72 h (h) after treatment. Flow-cytometric analysis confirmed an accumulation of cells at G2/M, S, and sub-G1 (apoptotic cells) phases from 24 to 72 h. The number of phosphorylated histone H3-positive cells (mitotic cells) decreased from 36 to 72 h, and the phosphorylated (active) form of p53 protein, which is a mediator of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, increased from 24 to 48 h. An executor of p53-mediated cell cycle arrest, p21, showed intense overexpression at both the mRNA and protein levels from 24 to 72 h. Cdc25A protein, which is needed for the progression of S phase, decreased at 36 and 48 h. In addition, phosphorylated cdc2 protein, which is an inactive form of cdc2 necessary for G2/M progression, increased from 24 to 48 h. These results suggest that 6-MP induced G2/M arrest, delayed S-phase progression, and finally induced apoptosis of neural progenitor cells mediated by p53 in the fetal rat telencephalon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate school of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. z021dc@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanemitsu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okazaki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakayama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000963:Antimetabolites / Q000633:toxicity*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D053686:Fetal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D015122:Mercaptopurine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013687:Telencephalon / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000963:Antimetabolites; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D015122:Mercaptopurine