title: Childhood osteomyelitis-incidence and differentiation from other acute onset musculoskeletal features in a population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteomyelitis can be difficult to diagnose and there has previously not been a prospective approach to identify all children in a defined geographic area. The aim of this study was to assess the annual incidence of osteomyelitis in children, describe the patient and disease characteristics in those with acute (< 14 days disease duration) and subacute osteomyelitis (> or = 14 days disease duration), and differentiate osteomyelitis patients from those with other acute onset musculoskeletal features.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a population-based Norwegian study physicians were asked to refer all children with suspected osteomyelitis. Children with osteomyelitis received follow-up at six weeks, six months and thereafter as long as clinically needed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total annual incidence rate of osteomyelitis was 13 per 100,000 (acute osteomyelitis 8 and subacute osteomyelitis 5 per 100,000). The incidence was higher in patients under the age of 3 than in older children (OR 2.9, 95%: CI 2.3-3.7). The incidence of non-vertebral osteomyelitis was higher than the incidence of vertebral osteomyelitis (10 vs. 3 per 100 000; p = .002). Vertebral osteomyelitis was more frequent in girls than in boys (OR 7.0, 95%: CI 3.3-14.7). ESR > or = 40 mm/hr had the highest positive predictive laboratory value to identify osteomyelitis patients at 26% and MRI had a positive predictive value of 85%. Long-bone infection was found in 16 (43%) patients. ESR, CRP, white blood cell count, neutrophils and platelet count were higher for patients with acute osteomyelitis than for patients with subacute osteomyelitis. Subacute findings on MRI and doctor's delay were more common in subacute osteomyelitis than in acute osteomyelitis patients. Blood culture was positive in 26% of the acute osteomyelitis patients and was negative in all the subacute osteomyelitis patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The annual incidence of osteomyelitis in Norway remains high. ESR values and MRI scan may help to identify osteomyelitis patients and differentiate acute and subacute osteomyelitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. oystein.riise@rikshospitalet.no
authors.forename: Øystein Rolandsen
authors.initials: ØR
authors.lastname: Riise
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kirkhus
authors.forename: Kai Samson
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Handeland
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Flatø
authors.forename: Tor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reiseter
authors.forename: Milada
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cvancarova
authors.forename: Britt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nakstad
authors.forename: Karl-Olaf
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Wathne
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon