title: Describing pediatric dysphonia with nonlinear dynamic parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonlinear dynamic analysis has emerged as a reliable and objective tool for assessing voice disorders. However, it has only been tested on adult populations. In the present study, nonlinear dynamic analysis was applied to normal and dysphonic pediatric populations with the goal of collecting normative data. Jitter analysis was also applied in order to compare nonlinear dynamic and perturbation measures. This study's findings will be useful in creating standards for the use of nonlinear dynamic analysis as a tool to describe dysphonia in the pediatric population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 38 pediatric subjects (23 children with dysphonia and 15 without). Recordings of sustained vowels were obtained from each subject and underwent nonlinear dynamic analysis and percent jitter analysis. The resulting correlation dimension (D2) and percent jitter values were compared across the two groups using t-tests set at a significance level of p=0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was shown that D2 values covary with the presence of pathology in children. D2 values were significantly higher in dysphonic children than in normal children (p=0.002). Standard deviations indicated a higher level of variation in normal children's D2 values than in dysphonic children's D2 values. Jitter analysis showed markedly higher percent jitter in dysphonic children than in normal children (p=0.025) and large standard deviations for both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that nonlinear dynamic analysis could be a viable tool for the detection and assessment of dysphonia in children. Further investigations and more normative data are needed to create standards for using nonlinear dynamic parameters for the clinical evaluation of pediatric dysphonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States. mmeredith@wisc.edu
authors.forename: Morgan L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Meredith
authors.forename: Shannon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Theis
authors.forename: J Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: McMurray
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jack J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D055154:Dysphonia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software; D013637:Tape Recording; D014831:Voice