title: A method to distinguish between gaseous and solid cerebral emboli in patients with prosthetic heart valves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The difficulty of distinguishing solid from air emboli using transcranial Doppler has limited its use in situations where both types of emboli can occur, such as in mechanical heart valve patients. To make transcranial Doppler clinically useful, a method must be found to distinguish benign air bubbles from the more damaging solid particulates. Since inhalation of 100% oxygen reduces the amount of air bubbles in mechanical heart valve patients, the ultrasonic features of the remaining emboli would be characteristic of solid particulates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We determined the accuracy of the signal relative intensity measured with transcranial Doppler to distinguish between gaseous and non-gaseous emboli in mechanical heart valve patients examined during room air and 100% oxygen. Embolic signals detected in patients with bioprosthetic valves examined during 100% oxygen comprised the source of solid particulates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Embolic signals were detected during room air (n=141) and 100% oxygen (n=45) from 17 mechanical valve patients at two Doppler examinations (4h and 4 days after surgery). Solid embolic signals (n=31) from seven patients with bioprosthetic valves were identified with 100% oxygen within the first 4h after surgery. Frequency plots and receiver operating characteristic curves assessed signal intensity differences between mechanical and bioprosthetic valve groups during 100% oxygen and the efficacy of the relative intensity for differentiating gaseous from solid emboli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of 100% oxygen during transcranial Doppler examination in mechanical heart valve patients decreased the count of embolic signals compared with room air (p=0.006). The embolic signals of mechanical heart valve patients breathing 100% oxygen showed lower relative intensities compared with those during room air. The distribution of the signal relative intensity between mechanical and bioprosthetic valve groups during 100% oxygen was similar. A 16dB cut-off threshold achieved the best accuracy for differentiating non-gaseous from gaseous emboli (sensitivity: 60%; specificity: 82%; area: 0.721; p<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of a signal intensity cut-off offers adequate discrimination of the embolic composition in mechanical heart valve patients. Future studies evaluating prophylactic treatments of thrombosis in these patients should assess the predictive value of this intensity threshold and their potential association with outcome indicators and procoagulant markers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada.
authors.forename: Rosendo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Howard J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Nathan
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruel
authors.forename: Fraser
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rubens
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dafoe
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mesana
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery; D001705:Bioprosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery; D010100:Oxygen; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D010100:Oxygen