title: Differentiation associated changes in gene expression profiles of interstitial cystitis and control urothelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated gene expression profiles after inducing differentiation in cultured interstitial cystitis and control urothelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bladder biopsies were taken from patients with interstitial cystitis and controls, that is women undergoing surgery for stress incontinence. Primary cultures were grown in keratinocyte growth medium with supplements. To induce differentiation in some plates the medium was changed to Dulbecco's modified Eagle's minimal essential medium-F12 (Media Tech, Herndon, Virginia) with supplements. RNA was analyzed with Affymetrix(R) chips. Three patients with nonulcerative interstitial cystitis were compared with 3 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After inducing differentiation 302 genes with a described function were altered at least 3-fold in interstitial cystitis and control cells (p <0.01). Functions of the 162 up-regulated genes included cell adhesion (eg claudins, occludin and cingulin), urothelial differentiation, the retinoic acid pathway and keratinocyte differentiation (eg skin cornified envelope components). The 140 down-regulated transcripts included genes associated with basal urothelium (eg p63, integrins beta4, alpha5 and alpha6, basonuclin 1 and extracellular matrix components), vimentin, metallothioneins, and members of the Wnt and Notch pathways. When comparing interstitial cystitis control cells after differentiation, only 7 genes with a described function were altered at least 3-fold (p <0.01). PI3, SERPINB4, CYP2C8, EFEMP2 and SEPP1 were decreased, and AKR1C2 and MKNK1 were increased in interstitial cystitis cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differentiation associated changes occurred in interstitial cystitis and control cells. Comparing interstitial cystitis vs control cases revealed few differences. This study may have included patients with interstitial cystitis and minimal urothelial deficiency, and/or we may have selected cells that were most robust in culture. Also, the abnormal urothelium in interstitial cystitis cases may be due to post-translational changes and/or to the bladder environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA. dreric2@email.uky.edu
authors.forename: Deborah R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Schwarze
authors.forename: Justin K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Curtis J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Matt A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hersh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000166:cytology* / Q000473:pathology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000166:cytology