title: Speciation of iodine in high iodine groundwater in china associated with goitre and hypothyroidism.
abstract: Iodine intake affects the occurrence of disease in a population. Excessive iodine intake may be caused by a high iodine content of drinking water. Tap water in few locations in Europe contains up to 139 microg/L mostly bound to humic substances, probably leaching from marine sediments in the aquifers. Even higher iodine contents have been found in Chinese waters, previously shown to associate with goitre and hypothyroidism. The aims were to elucidate speciation of high iodine groundwater from deep wells in China and to compare with high iodine waters from Europe. Water was sampled from eight wells in five villages along Bohai Bay, China. Macro-molecules and low molecular weight (MW) substances were separated by size exclusion chromatography (high performance liquid chromatography, Superose 12 HR 10/30, buffer 0.1 M Tris, pH 7.0). Organic material was evaluated by A280 and iodine in fractions measured by the Ce/As method after alkaline incineration. Iodine content of well water varied from 135 to 880 microg/L (median 287 microg/L). The amount of organic material in water was low with A280, <1-5 mAU. The chromatographic traces were similar between samples: One peak of iodine eluted around K (AV) 0.65 corresponding to MW 5 kDa (humic substances) and one peak at V (total) (iodide/low MW substances). The fraction of iodine in macro-molecules, suggested to be humic substances, varied from 8% to 70% (median 27%). Iodine and peak absorbance were associated (p = 0.006). In conclusion, iodine in iodine-rich deep well water in northern China may have marine origin and may associate with humic substances, comparable to shallow well iodine-rich water in Europe. High iodine intake from iodine-rich water suggests the cause of endemic goitre and hypothyroidism in some areas in China being iodine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, Aalborg Hospital, Arhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark. stiga@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Stig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Haixia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laurberg
mesh_terms: D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D006043:Goiter, Endemic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000032:analysis; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007455:Iodine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006812:Humic Substances; D007455:Iodine