title: Failure analysis: enamel fracture after debonding orthodontic brackets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the location and size of enamel fracture (EF) when debonding a bracket.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tests on actual EF situations were conducted in different debonding load modes (tension, shear, and torsion) via mechanical testing, finite element model (FEM) analysis, and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Through these simultaneous analyses of the relationships among debonding load modes, value/distribution of stress, and actual enamel fracture location/size, an investigation was undertaken to explore the complex failure mode during enamel fracture after debonding of an orthodontic bracket.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The EF usually was located in the area where the force was exerted during various loading modes. The tensile, shear, and torsion debonding modes produce EF sizes and incidences with no significant differences. Findings on FEM matched the mechanical testing and SEM results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The EF locations coincided with the areas where the tensile, shear, or torsion force was exerted. Therefore, the dentist should give extra care and attention to these specific areas of enamel after debonding. The sizes and incidences of EF produced by these three debonding modes showed no significant difference. Thus, clinically, when the sizes and incidences of produced EF are considered, it should not matter which of these three exerting forces is used to debond a bracket.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chen-Sheng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ming-Lun
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Kin-Di
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Shou-Hsin
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kuang
authors.forename: Ping-Ting
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yih-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Gung
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D017005:Dental Debonding / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000293:injuries* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D055115:Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008954:Models, Biological; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014082:Tooth Fractures / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D054159:Torsion, Mechanical; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D019279:Resin Cements; C477790:Transbond XT; D014867:Water