title: c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 deficiency protects against hypercholesterolemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypercholesterolemia-induced endothelial dysfunction due to excessive production of reactive oxygen species is a major trigger of atherogenesis. The c-Jun-N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are activated by oxidative stress and play a key role in atherogenesis and inflammation. We investigated whether JNK2 deletion protects from hypercholesterolemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male JNK2 knockout (JNK2(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) mice (8 weeks old) were fed either a high-cholesterol diet (HCD; 1.25% total cholesterol) or a normal diet for 14 weeks. Aortic lysates of WT mice fed a HCD showed an increase in JNK phosphorylation compared with WT mice fed a normal diet (P<0.05). Endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine were impaired in WT HCD mice (P<0.05 versus WT normal diet). In contrast, JNK2(-/-) HCD mice did not exhibit endothelial dysfunction (96+/-5% maximal relaxation in response to acetylcholine; P<0.05 versus WT HCD). Endothelium-independent relaxations were identical in all groups. A hypercholesterolemia-induced decrease in nitric oxide (NO) release of endothelial cells was found in WT but not in JNK2(-/-) mice. In parallel, endothelial NO synthase expression was upregulated only in JNK2(-/-) HCD animals, whereas the expression of antioxidant defense systems such as extracellular superoxide dismutase and manganese superoxide dismutase was decreased in WT but not in JNK2(-/-) HCD mice. In contrast to JNK2(-/-) mice, WT HCD displayed an increase in O(2)(-) and ONOO(-) concentrations as well as nitrotyrosine staining and peroxidation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  JNK2 plays a critical role as a mediator of hypercholesterolemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Thus, JNK2 may provide a novel target for prevention of vascular disease and atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Osto
authors.forename: Christian M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Matter
authors.forename: Alexei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kouroedov
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Malinski
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bachschmid
authors.forename: Giovanni G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Camici
authors.forename: Ulkan
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kilic
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stallmach
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boren
authors.forename: Sabino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iliceto
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lüscher
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cosentino
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000201:enzymology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000378:metabolism; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9 / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D014664:Vasodilation; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D008055:Lipids; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000109:Acetylcholine