title: Anti-microbial Activity of Urine after Ingestion of Cranberry: A Pilot Study.
abstract: We explore the anti-microbial activity of urine specimens after the ingestion of a commercial cranberry preparation. Twenty subjects without urinary infection, off antibiotics and all supplements or vitamins were recruited. The study was conducted in two phases: in phase 1, subjects collected the first morning urine prior to ingesting 900 mg of cranberry and then at 2, 4 and 6 h. In phase 2, subjects collected urine on 2 consecutive days: on Day 1 no cranberry was ingested (control specimens), on Day 2, cranberry was ingested. The pH of all urine specimens were adjusted to the same pH as that of the first morning urine specimen. Aliquots of each specimen were independently inoculated with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae or Candida albicans. After incubation, colony forming units/ml (CFU ml(-1)) in the control specimen was compared with CFU ml(-1) in specimens collected 2, 4 and 6 h later. Specimens showing ≥50% reduction in CFU ml(-1) were considered as having 'activity' against the strains tested. In phase 1, 7/20 (35%) subjects had anti-microbial activity against E. coli, 13/20 (65%) against K. pneumoniae and 9/20 (45%) against C. albicans in specimens collected 2-6 h after ingestion of cranberry. In phase 2, 6/9 (67%) of the subjects had activity against K. pneumoniae. This pilot study demonstrates weak anti-microbial activity in urine specimens after ingestion of a single dose of commercial cranberry. Anti-microbial activity was noted only against K. pneumoniae 2-6 h after ingestion of the cranberry preparation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Department of Family Medicine & Geriatrics, Irvine School of Medicine, University of California, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Yee Lean
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Wadie I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Najm
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thrupp
authors.forename: Sheryl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baron
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shanbrom
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cesario