title: Evidence that molecular changes in cells occur before morphological alterations during the progression of breast ductal carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast includes a heterogeneous group of preinvasive tumors with uncertain evolution. Definition of the molecular factors necessary for progression to invasive disease is crucial to determining which lesions are likely to become invasive. To obtain insight into the molecular basis of DCIS, we compared the gene expression pattern of cells from the following samples: non-neoplastic, pure DCIS, in situ component of lesions with co-existing invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive ductal carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one samples were evaluated: four non-neoplastic, five pure DCIS, 22 in situ component of lesions with co-existing invasive ductal carcinoma, and 10 invasive ductal carcinoma. Pure cell populations were isolated using laser microdissection. Total RNA was purified, DNase treated, and amplified using the T7-based method. Microarray analysis was conducted using a customized cDNA platform. The concept of molecular divergence was applied to classify the sample groups using analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the tumor sample groups, cells from pure DCIS exhibited the most divergent molecular profile, consequently identifying cells from in situ component of lesions with co-existing invasive ductal carcinoma as very similar to cells from invasive lesions. Additionally, we identified 147 genes that were differentially expressed between pure DCIS and in situ component of lesions with co-existing invasive ductal carcinoma, which can discriminate samples representative of in situ component of lesions with co-existing invasive ductal carcinoma from 60% of pure DCIS samples. A gene subset was evaluated using quantitative RT-PCR, which confirmed differential expression for 62.5% and 60.0% of them using initial and partial independent sample groups, respectively. Among these genes, LOX and SULF-1 exhibited features that identify them as potential participants in the malignant process of DCIS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified new genes that are potentially involved in the malignant transformation of DCIS, and our findings strongly suggest that cells from the in situ component of lesions with co-existing invasive ductal carcinoma exhibit molecular alterations that enable them to invade the surrounding tissue before morphological changes in the lesion become apparent.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Genômica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer A C Camargo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nadia P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Cynthia A B T
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Osório
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Elen P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Bastos
authors.forename: Mário
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mourão-Neto
authors.forename: Fernando A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Helena P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Brentani
authors.forename: Dirce M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Carraro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D052138:Genes, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D042282:Microdissection; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015238:Sulfotransferases / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D008249:Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase; C470791:SULF1 protein, human; D015238:Sulfotransferases