title: Fibrinogen-like protein 2/fibroleukin prothrombinase contributes to tumor hypercoagulability via IL-2 and IFN-gamma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the role of Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (fgl2)/fibroleukin in tumor development. Fgl2 has been reported to play a vital role in the pathogenesis in MHV-3 (mouse hepatitis virus) induced fulminant and severe hepatitis, spontaneous abortion, allo- and xeno- graft rejection by mediating "immune coagulation".
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor tissues from 133 patients with six types of distinct cancers and the animal tumor tissues from human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model on nude mice (established from high metastasis HCC cell line MHCC97LM6) were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hfgl2 was detected in tumor tissues from 127 out of 133 patients as well as tumor tissues collected from human HCC nude mice. Hfgl2 was highly expressed both in cancer cells and interstitial inflammatory cells including macrophages, NK cells, and CD8(+) T lymphocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Hfgl2 mRNA was localized in cells that expressed hfgl2 protein. Fibrin (nogen) co-localization with hfgl2 expression was determined by dual immunohistochemical staining. In vitro, IL-2 and IFN-gamma increased hfgl2 mRNA by 10-100 folds and protein expression in both THP-1 and HUVEC cell lines. One-stage clotting assays demonstrated that THP-1 and HUVEC cells expressing hfgl2 had increased procoagulant activity following cytokines stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hfg12 contributes to the hypercoagulability in cancer and may induce tumor angiogenesis and metastasis via cytokine induction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei-Ming
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Qi-Li
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pi
authors.forename: Xiao-Ping
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ning
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007948:Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000378:metabolism*; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C095202:FGL2 protein, human; D007376:Interleukin-2; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D005340:Fibrinogen; D013925:Thromboplastin