title: Biophysics of zebrafish (Danio rerio) sperm.
abstract: In the past two decades, laboratories around the world have produced thousands of mutant, transgenic, and wild-type zebrafish lines for biomedical research. Although slow-freezing cryopreservation of zebrafish sperm has been available for 30 years, current protocols lack standardization and yield inconsistent post-thaw fertilization rates. Cell cryopreservation cannot be improved without basic physiological knowledge, which was lacking for zebrafish sperm. The first goal was to define basic cryobiological values for wild-type zebrafish sperm and to evaluate how modern physiological methods could aid in developing improved cryopreservation protocols. Coulter counting methods measured an osmotically inactive water fraction (Vb) of 0.37+/-0.02 (SEM), an isosmotic cell volume (V(o)) of 12.1+/-0.2 microm(3) (SEM), a water permeability (L(p)) in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide of 0.021+/-0.001(SEM)microm/min/atm, and a cryoprotectant permeability (P(s)) of 0.10+/-0.01 (SEM)x10(-3)cm/min. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that sperm membranes frozen without cryoprotectant showed damage and lipid reorganization, while those exposed to 10% glycerol demonstrated decreased lipid phase transition temperatures, which would stabilize the cells during cooling. The second goal was to determine the practicality and viability of shipping cooled zebrafish sperm overnight through the mail. Flow cytometry demonstrated that chilled fresh sperm can be maintained at 92% viability for 24h at 0 degrees C, suggesting that it can be shipped and exchanged between laboratories. Additional methods will be necessary to analyze and improve cryopreservation techniques and post-thaw fertility of zebrafish sperm. The present study is a first step to explore such techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Sciences, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, DC 20008, USA; Smithsonian Institution and Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, P.O. Box 1346, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA. Electronic address: hagedornm@si.edu.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hagedorn
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ricker
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Louisiana Agricultural Experimental Station, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Tiersch
authors.affiliation: Zebrafish International Resource Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
authors.forename: Z M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Varga
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Kleinhans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D048429:Cell Size; D002470:Cell Survival; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D044367:Phase Transition; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008563:Membrane Lipids