title: National Cancer Institute Patient Navigation Research Program: methods, protocol, and measures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient, provider, and systems barriers contribute to delays in cancer care, a lower quality of care, and poorer outcomes in vulnerable populations, including low-income, underinsured, and racial/ethnic minority populations. Patient navigation is emerging as an intervention to address this problem, but navigation requires a clear definition and a rigorous testing of its effectiveness. Pilot programs have provided some evidence of benefit, but have been limited by evaluation of single-site interventions and varying definitions of navigation. To overcome these limitations, a 9-site National Cancer Institute Patient Navigation Research Program (PNRP) was initiated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PNRP is charged with designing, implementing, and evaluating a generalizable patient navigation program targeting vulnerable populations. Through a formal committee structure, the PNRP has developed a definition of patient navigation and metrics to assess the process and outcomes of patient navigation in diverse settings, compared with concurrent continuous control groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PNRP defines patient navigation as support and guidance offered to vulnerable persons with abnormal cancer screening or a cancer diagnosis, with the goal of overcoming barriers to timely, quality care. Primary outcomes of the PNRP are 1) time to diagnostic resolution; 2) time to initiation of cancer treatment; 3) patient satisfaction with care; and 4) cost effectiveness, for breast, cervical, colon/rectum, and/or prostate cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The metrics to assess the processes and outcomes of patient navigation have been developed for the NCI-sponsored PNRP. If the metrics are found to be valid and reliable, they may prove useful to other investigators.
authors.affiliation: Women's Health Unit, Department of Medicine, and Women's Health Interdisciplinary Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA. Karen.freund@bmc.org
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.forename: Tracy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Dudley
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fiscella
authors.forename: Electra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Paskett
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Raich
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Roetzheim
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006078:Government Programs; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D054547:National Cancer Institute (U.S.); D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D010346:Patient Care Management / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010358:Patient Participation; D014481:United States