title: Nitric oxide as an early marker of human embryo metabolic cleavage in ART using fresh or thawed oocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study a possible role of nitric oxide (NO) as a marker of development in the early phases of human embryo cleavage during assisted reproduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  179 women having ART were included. 123 women used fresh oocytes and 56 oocyte thawing cycles in the Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, between July 2005 and June 2006; 57 patients had IVF and 122 patients had ICSI. NO concentrations in IVF or ICSI embryo culture media were assessed by monitoring levels of NO stable oxidation products (nitrites/nitrates). Analysis of embryo quality was performed. Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney and logistic regression model tests were applied to the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients using fresh oocytes, there were greater NO production in embryos derived from ICSI than from IVF after 52 h of culture (38.64 micromol/L vs 11.2 micromol/L, p<0.05). No correlation with embryo quality was observed. Embryos derived from fresh oocytes produce more NO than embryos from thawed oocytes both after 48 and 52 h of culture (16.12 micromol/L vs 6.83 micromol/L and 25.93 micromol/L vs 2.98 micromol/L respectively, p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NO in embryo culture media is not a metabolic cleavage marker or a marker of embryo quality in ART. However, it could be an important parameter in the investigation of metabolism in frozen/thawed oocytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova (ASMN), 42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallinelli
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicoli
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Capodanno
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Valli
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Facchinetti
authors.forename: Giovanni B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: La Sala
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D015925:Cryopreservation; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D006801:Humans; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D009865:Oocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009569:Nitric Oxide