title: Artery and vein size is balanced by Notch and ephrin B2/EphB4 during angiogenesis.
abstract: A mutual coordination of size between developing arteries and veins is essential for establishing proper connections between these vessels and, ultimately, a functional vasculature; however, the cellular and molecular regulation of this parity is not understood. Here, we demonstrate that the size of the developing dorsal aorta and cardinal vein is reciprocally balanced. Mouse embryos carrying gain-of-function Notch alleles show enlarged aortae and underdeveloped cardinal veins, whereas those with loss-of-function mutations show small aortae and large cardinal veins. Notch does not affect the overall number of endothelial cells but balances the proportion of arterial to venous endothelial cells, thereby modulating the relative sizes of both vessel types. Loss of ephrin B2 or its receptor EphB4 also leads to enlarged aortae and underdeveloped cardinal veins; however, endothelial cells with venous identity are mislocalized in the aorta, suggesting that ephrin B2/EphB4 signaling functions distinctly from Notch by sorting arterial and venous endothelial cells into their respective vessels. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into the processes underlying artery and vein size equilibration during angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Yung Hae
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Huiqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guevara-Gallardo
authors.forename: Michael T Y
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Shun-Yin
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: Rong A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D036388:Ephrin-B2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D036224:Receptor, EphB4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051881:Receptor, Notch1 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000074562:Receptor, Notch4; D051880:Receptors, Notch / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014680:Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D036388:Ephrin-B2; C497762:Notch1 protein, mouse; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D051881:Receptor, Notch1; D000074562:Receptor, Notch4; D051880:Receptors, Notch; C073572:Notch4 protein, mouse; C086681:Ephb4 protein, mouse; D036224:Receptor, EphB4