title: Dystonia associated with pontomesencephalic lesions.
abstract: Secondary dystonia is well known subsequent to lesions of the basal ganglia or the thalamus. There is evidence that brainstem lesions may also be associated with dystonia, but little is known about pathoanatomical correlations. Here, we report on a series of four patients with acquired dystonia following brainstem lesions. There were no basal ganglia or thalamic lesions. Three patients suffered tegmental pontomesencephalic hemorrhage and one patient diffuse axonal injury secondary to severe craniocerebral trauma. Dystonia developed with a delay of 1 to 14 months, at a mean delay of 6 months. The patients' mean age at onset was 33 years (range 4-56 years). All patients presented with hemidystonia combined with cervical dystonia, and two patients had craniofacial dystonia in addition. Three patients had postural or kinetic tremors. Dystonia was persistent in three patients, and improved gradually in one. There was little response to medical treatment. One patient with hemidystonia combined with cervical dystonia improved after thalamotomy. Overall, the phenomenology of secondary dystonia due to pontomesencephalic lesions is similar to that caused by basal ganglia or thalamic lesions. Structures involved include the pontomesencephalic tegmentum and the superior cerebellar peduncles. Such lesions are often associated with fatal outcome. While delayed occurrence of severe brainstem dystonia appears to be rare, it is possible that mild manifestations of dystonia might be ignored or not be emphasized in the presence of other disabling deficits.
authors.affiliation: praxisloher@bluewin.ch
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Loher
authors.forename: Joachim K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Krauss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D020203:Brain Stem Hemorrhage, Traumatic / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003389:Cranial Nerve Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D020833:Diffuse Axonal Injury / Q000209:etiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000150:complications; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011149:Pons / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D012012:Red Nucleus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013681:Tegmentum Mesencephali / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology; D013788:Thalamus / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014202:Tremor / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology