title: TRPV1: contribution to retinal ganglion cell apoptosis and increased intracellular Ca2+ with exposure to hydrostatic pressure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elevated hydrostatic pressure induces retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis in culture. The authors investigated whether the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel, which contributes to pressure sensing and Ca(2+)-dependent cell death in other systems, also contributes to pressure-induced RGC death and whether this contribution involves Ca(2+).
  
  
  METHODS
  trpv1 mRNA expression in RGCs was probed with the use of PCR and TRPV1 protein localization through immunocytochemistry. Subunit-specific antagonism (iodo-resiniferatoxin) and agonism (capsaicin) were used to probe how TRPV1 activation affects the survival of isolated RGCs at ambient and elevated hydrostatic pressure (+70 mm Hg). Finally, for RGCs under pressure, the authors tested whether EGTA chelation of Ca(2+) improves survival and whether, with the Ca(2+) dye Fluo-4 AM, TRPV1 contributes to increased intracellular Ca(2+).
  
  
  RESULTS
  RGCs express trpv1 mRNA, with robust TRPV1 protein localization to the cell body and axon. For isolated RGCs under pressure, TRPV1 antagonism increased cell density and reduced apoptosis to ambient levels (P <or= 0.05), whereas for RGCs at ambient pressure, TRPV1 agonism reduced density and increased apoptosis to levels for elevated pressure (P <or= 0.01). Chelation of extracellular Ca(2+) reduced RGC apoptosis at elevated pressure by nearly twofold (P <or= 0.01). Exposure to elevated hydrostatic pressure induced a fourfold increase in RGC intracellular Ca(2+) that was reduced by half with TRPV1 antagonism. Finally, in the DBA/2 mouse model of glaucoma, levels of TRPV1 in RGCs increased with elevated IOP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RGC apoptosis induced by elevated hydrostatic pressure arises substantially through TRPV1, likely through the influx of extracellular Ca(2+).
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0654, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Sappington
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sidorova
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Calkins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001369:Axons / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; C493921:TRPV1 protein, mouse; C493922:Trpv1 protein, rat; C468130:iodoresiniferatoxin; D002118:Calcium