title: Prognostic value of nocturnal blood pressure and reverse-dipping status on the occurrence of cardiovascular events in hypertensive diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether reverse-dipping status is associated with cardiovascular (CV) events such as CV death, myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke in diabetic patients with hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 97 diabetic patients underwent their first ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM 1). "Reverse dippers" were defined as patients with a nighttime systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure (BP) greater than daytime systolic and/or diastolic BP. Other patients were called "others". A second ABPM (ABPM 2) was done after a median delay of 2.6 years. Patients were then followed for a further 2.9-year median period (total median follow-up: 5.5 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After ABPM 1, CV events occurred in 53% of the reverse dippers (n=15) and in 29% of the others (n=82). Kaplan-Meier curves showed significant differences between the two groups (P=0.003). Mean nighttime systolic BP on ABPM 1 was 148+/-23 mmHg and 142+/-19 mmHg in patients who did and did not experience a CV event, respectively. With Cox analysis adjusted for confounders, a 10 mmHg increase in nighttime systolic BP was associated with a 35% increase in the risk of a CV event (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.35, P=0.003). The HR for a CV event in reverse- versus nonreverse-dipping status was 2.79 (P=0.023). After ABPM 2, the relationship between the reverse-dipping status and occurrence of CV events was no longer evident (P=0.678). Nighttime systolic BP remained predictive of CV events (P=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that nighttime systolic BP per se appeared to be a stronger predictor of an excess risk of CV events compared with reverse-dipping status.
authors.affiliation: Service de médecine interne et HTA, CHU de Rangueil, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse cedex 09, France. duly-bouhanick.b@chu-toulouse.fr
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bouhanick
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bongard
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bousquel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chamontin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin