title: CD40 ligand+ microparticles from human atherosclerotic plaques stimulate endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis a potential mechanism for intraplaque neovascularization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our goal was to demonstrate that microparticles (MPs) are the endogenous signal leading to neovessel formation through CD40 ligation in human atherosclerotic plaques.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques prone to rupture are characterized by an increased number of vasa vasorum and frequent intraplaque hemorrhage. Although inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, or CD40/CD40 ligand (CD40L) are possible candidates, the mechanism of atherosclerotic plaque neovascularization remains unknown. Atherosclerotic plaques contain large amounts of membrane-shed submicron MPs released after cell activation or apoptosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microparticles were isolated from endarterectomy specimens surgically obtained from 26 patients and characterized by phosphatidylserine exposure and specific markers of cellular origin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plaque MPs increased both endothelial proliferation assessed by (3)H-thymidine incorporation and cell number and stimulated in vivo angiogenesis in Matrigel (BD Biosciences, San Diego, California) assays performed in wild-type and BalbC/Nude mice, whereas circulating MPs had no effect. Microparticles from symptomatic patients expressed more CD40L and were more potent in inducing endothelial proliferation, when compared with asymptomatic plaque MPs. Most of CD40L+ MPs (93%) isolated from human plaques were of macrophage origin. Microparticle-induced endothelial proliferation was impaired by CD40L or CD40-neutralizing antibodies and abolished after endothelial CD40-ribonucleic acid silencing. In addition, the proangiogenic effect of plaque MPs was abolished in Matrigel assays performed in the presence of CD40L-neutralizing antibodies or in CD40-deficient mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that MPs isolated from human atherosclerotic lesions express CD40L, stimulate endothelial cell proliferation after CD40 ligation, and promote in vivo angiogenesis. Therefore, MPs could represent a major determinant of intraplaque neovascularization and plaque vulnerability.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Cardiovascular Research Center INSERM Lariboisière, Paris.
authors.forename: Aurélie S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Leroyer
authors.forename: Pierre-Emmanuel
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Rautou
authors.forename: Jean-Sébastien
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Silvestre
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Castier
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lesèche
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Devue
authors.forename: Micheline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duriez
authors.forename: Ralf P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Brandes
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lutgens
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tedgui
authors.forename: Chantal M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Boulanger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D023201:CD40 Ligand / Q000378:metabolism*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003470:Culture Media; D004691:Endarterectomy / Q000379:methods; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010316:Particle Size; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D023201:CD40 Ligand