title: Handedness and cognitive function in older men and women: a comparison of methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies of handedness and cognitive function rely on self-classification and yield inconsistent results. This study examines the associations of self-reported versus grip-strength-based handedness with cognitive function in healthy older men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  1988-91 follow-up clinic visit and 1991 mailed survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  684 men and 985 women aged 55-95 who were community dwelling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cognitive function was assessed with 12 tests and grip strength was measured by hand-held dynamometer. Self-reported handedness was obtained with a mailed survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By self-report, 92.1% of men and women were right-handed; 2.0% were left handed. By grip strength, in men, 64.3% were right-handed, 22.5% left-handed, and 13.2% ambidextrous. In women, 61.3% were right-handed, 17.3% left-handed, and 21.4% ambidextrous. No cognitive function differences were found by self-reported handedness in either sex (p's>0.10). However, based on grip strength, left-handed women scored poorer than right-handed or ambidextrous women in immediate and delayed memory, attention, and verbal fluency (p's<0.05). Using categorical definitions, left-handed or ambidextrous individuals based on grip strength were more likely to show poor cognitive function on 4 of 5 tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Grip strength is a useful alternative to self-reports for classifying handedness. Left-handedness by grip-strength, may be related to poorer cognitive function; this association may vary by gender.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Siengthai
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kritz-Silverstein
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barrett-Connor
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012650:Self Disclosure