title: New treatment protocol for primary nocturnal enuresis in children according to ultrasound bladder measurements.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the response rate of various modalities of therapy in primary nocturnal enuretic children according to the ultrasound bladder volume and wall thickness index (BVWI) measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February 2006 to November 2007, a total of 31 children, aged 6-12 years old were enrolled in a clinical trial. Based on BVWI they were divided into 3 groups as follows: Group 1 (BVWI <70%) was treated with oral desmopressin and oxybutynin; Group 2 (BVWI 70% to <130%) was treated with oral desmopressin. Group 3 (BVWI >130%) was treated with oral desmopressin accompanied by double-voiding technique and scheduled voiding. All of them were treated for 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant reductions in mean bed-wetting frequency before and after first treatment cycle were observed in all groups (p<0.05). The complete response rate was 70% in Group 1, 25% in Group 2, and 20% in Group 3. Overall, the complete and partial response rate was 9/10 (90%) children in Group 1, 13/16 (81%) in Group 2, and 3/5 (60%) in Group 3. Bedwetting frequency significantly decreased at the first and second treatment cycles in Group 2 (p<0.05) for each pair wise comparison.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed treatment representation according to ultrasound BVWI measurements achieves favorable response rates in children with PNE. We suggest that this treatment should be used to develop the management of enuresis in children.
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Department, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. azhir@med.mui.ac.ir/azhir@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Afshin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azhir
authors.forename: Alaleh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gheissari
authors.forename: Ziba
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fragzadegan
authors.forename: Atosa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adebi
mesh_terms: D050034:Antidiuretic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008333:Mandelic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D009929:Organ Size; D014463:Ultrasonography; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D050034:Antidiuretic Agents; D008333:Mandelic Acids; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D003894:Deamino Arginine Vasopressin; C005419:oxybutynin