title: Effects of a perioperative smoking cessation intervention on postoperative complications: a randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether an intervention with smoking cessation starting 4 weeks before general and orthopedic surgery would reduce the frequency of postoperative complications.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Complications are a major concern after elective surgery and smokers have an increased risk. There is insufficient evidence concerning how the duration of preoperative smoking intervention affects postoperative complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial, conducted between February 2004 and December 2006 at 4 university-affiliated hospitals in the Stockholm region, Sweden. The outcome assessment was blinded. The follow-up period for the primary outcome was 30 days. Eligibility criteria were active daily smokers, aged 18 to 79 years. Of the 238 patients assessed, 76 refused participating, and 117 men and women undergoing surgery for primary hernia repair, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, or a hip or knee prosthesis were enrolled.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smoking cessation therapy with individual counseling and nicotine substitution started 4 weeks before surgery and continued 4 weeks postoperatively. The control group received standard care. The main outcome measure was frequency of any postoperative complication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An intention-to-treat analysis showed that the overall complication rate in the control group was 41%, and in the intervention group, it was 21% (P = 0.03). Relative risk reduction for the primary outcome of any postoperative complication was 49% and number needed to treat was 5 (95% CI, 3-40). An analysis per protocol showed that abstainers had fewer complications (15%) than those who continued to smoke or only reduced smoking (35%), although this difference was not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perioperative smoking cessation seems to be an effective tool to reduce postoperative complications even if it is introduced as late as 4 weeks before surgery.
authors.affiliation: Surgery Section, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. David.lindstrom@ki.se
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lindström
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sadr Azodi
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wladis
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tønnesen
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nåsell
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ponzer
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adami
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005260:Female; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013997:Time Factors