title: Dietary patterns and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in 52 countries: results of the INTERHEART study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diet is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but it varies markedly in different regions of the world. The objectives of the present study were to assess the association between dietary patterns and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) globally.
  
  
  RESULTS
  INTERHEART is a standardized case-control study involving participants from 52 countries. The present analysis included 5761 cases and 10 646 control subjects. We identified 3 major dietary patterns using factor analysis: Oriental (high intake of tofu and soy and other sauces), Western (high in fried foods, salty snacks, eggs, and meat), and prudent (high in fruit and vegetables). We observed an inverse association between the prudent pattern and AMI, with higher levels being protective. Compared with the first quartile, the adjusted ORs were 0.78 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.88) for the second quartile, 0.66 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.75) for the third, and 0.70 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.80) for the fourth (P for trend <0.001). The Western pattern showed a U-shaped association with AMI (compared with the first quartile, the adjusted OR for the second quartile was 0.87 [95% CI 0.78 to 0.98], whereas it was 1.12 [95% CI 1.00 to 1.25] for the third quartile and 1.35 [95% CI 1.21 to 1.51] for the fourth quartile; P for trend <0.001), but the Oriental pattern demonstrated no relationship with AMI. Compared with the first quartile, the OR of a dietary risk score derived from meat, salty snacks, fried foods, fruits, green leafy vegetables, cooked vegetables, and other raw vegetables (higher score indicating a poorer diet) increased with each quartile: second quartile 1.29 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.42), third quartile 1.67 (95% CI 1.51 to 1.83), and fourth quartile 1.92 (95% CI 1.74 to 2.11; P for trend <0.001). The adjusted population-attributable risk of AMI for the top 3 quartiles compared with the bottom quartile of the dietary risk score was 30%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An unhealthy dietary intake, assessed by a simple dietary risk score, increases the risk of AMI globally and accounts for approximately 30% of the population-attributable risk.
authors.affiliation: Population Health Research Institute, Michael DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Romaina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ounpuu
authors.forename: Shofiqul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.forename: Xiaohe
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Sumathy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rangarajan
authors.forename: Jephat
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chifamba
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Hinai
authors.forename: Matyas
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keltai
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D005638:Fruit; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012307:Risk Factors; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D045730:Soy Foods; D013025:Glycine max; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary