Olive oil and walnut breakfasts reduce the postprandial inflammatory response in mononuclear cells compared with a butter breakfast in healthy men.
BACKGROUND
Inflammation is crucial in all stages of atherosclerosis, and few studies have investigated the effect of dietary fat on markers of inflammation related to this disease during the postprandial period.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the chronic effects of dietary fat on the postprandial expression of proinflammatory genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in healthy subjects.


METHODS
20 healthy men followed three different diets for 4 weeks each, according to a randomized crossover design: Western diet: 15% protein, 47% carbohydrates (CHO), 38% fat (22% saturated fatty acid (SFA)); Mediterranean diet: 15% protein, 47% CHO, 38% fat (24% monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)); CHO-rich and n-3 diet: 15% protein, 55% CHO, <30% fat (8% polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)). After 12-h fast, volunteers were given a breakfast with a fat composition similar to that consumed in each of the diets-butter breakfast: 35% SFA; olive oil breakfast: 36% MUFA; walnut breakfast: 16% PUFA, 4% alpha-linolenic acid (LNA).


RESULTS
The butter breakfast induced a higher increase in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha messenger RNA (mRNA) expression than the olive oil or walnut breakfasts (P=0.014) in PBMCs. Moreover, we found a higher postprandial response in the mRNA of interleukin (IL)-6 with the intake of butter and olive oil breakfasts than with the walnut breakfast (P=0.025) in these cells. However, the effects of the three fatty breakfasts on the plasma concentrations of these proinflammatory parameters showed no significant differences (P=N.S.).


CONCLUSIONS
Consumption of a butter-enriched meal elicits greater postprandial expression of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA in PBMCs, compared to the olive oil and walnut breakfasts.
Jiménez-Gómez
Yolanda
Y
The Lipids and Arteriosclerosis Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
López-Miranda
José
J
Blanco-Colio
Luis M
LM
Marín
Carmen
C
Pérez-Martínez
Pablo
P
Ruano
Juan
J
Paniagua
Juan A
JA
Rodríguez
Fernando
F
Egido
Jesús
J
Pérez-Jiménez
Francisco
F
D053318:Apolipoprotein E3 / Q000235:genetics; D002079:Butter; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D031324:Juglans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009754:Nuts; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000097:blood; D012016:Reference Values; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage
D053318:Apolipoprotein E3; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008055:Lipids; D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D002079:Butter