title: Synthesis and DNA interactions of a bis-phenothiazinium photosensitizer.
abstract: We report the synthesis and characterization of N,N-bis[(7-dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium-3-yl]-4,4-ethylenedipiperidine diiodide (3), consisting of two photosensitizing phenothiazinium rings attached to a central ethylenedipiperidine linker. At all time points (10, 30, 60 min) and all wavelengths (676, 700, 710 nm) tested, photocleavage of pUC19 plasmid DNA (22 degrees C and pH 7.0) was markedly enhanced by 1 microM of 3 in comparison to 1 microM of the parent phenothiazine methylene blue (MB). At concentrations of phenothiazine ranging from 5 to 0.5 microM, the photocleavage levels produced by compound 3 were consistently higher than the cleavage produced using approximately twice the amount of MB (e.g., 710 nm irradiation of 5 microM of 3 and 10 microM of MB cleaved the plasmid DNA in 93% and 71% yields, respectively). Scavenger assays provided evidence for the involvement of singlet oxygen and, to a lesser extent, hydroxyl radicals in DNA damage. Analysis of photocleavage products at nucleotide resolution revealed that direct strand breaks and alkaline-labile lesions occurred predominantly at guanine bases. While compound 3 and MB were both shown to stabilize duplex DNA, the DeltaTm values of calf thymus (CT) and C. perfringens DNAs were approximately three fold higher in the presence of compound 3. Finally, viscometric data indicated that CT DNA interacts with compound 3 and MB by a combination of groove binding and monofunctional intercalation, and with compound 3 by a third, bisintercalative binding mode.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA.
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: María-José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lorente
authors.forename: Kathryn B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry*; D053837:DNA Cleavage; D004583:Electrons; D007202:Indicators and Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D007364:Intercalating Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D009691:Nucleic Acid Denaturation; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D010640:Phenothiazines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D010777:Photochemistry; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D044366:Transition Temperature; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007364:Intercalating Agents; C533508:N,N-bis((7-dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium-3-yl)-4,4-ethylenedipiperidine diiodide; D009711:Nucleotides; D010640:Phenothiazines; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D010880:Piperidines; C032727:piperidine; D004247:DNA; C031637:phenothiazine