Neutral degradates of chloroacetamide herbicides: occurrence in drinking water and removal during conventional water treatment.
Treated drinking water samples from 12 water utilities in the Midwestern United States were collected during Fall 2003 and Spring 2004 and were analyzed for selected neutral degradates of chloroacetamide herbicides, along with related compounds. Target analytes included 20 neutral chloroacetamide degradates, six ionic chloroacetamide degradates, four parent chloroacetamide herbicides, three triazine herbicides, and two neutral triazine degradates. In the fall samples, 17 of 20 neutral chloroacetamide degradates were detected in the finished drinking water, while 19 of 20 neutral chloroacetamide degradates were detected in the spring. Median concentrations for the neutral chloroacetamide degradates were approximately 2-60ng/L during both sampling periods. Concentrations measured in the fall samples of treated water were nearly the same as those measured in source waters, despite the variety of treatment trains employed. Significant removals (average of 40% for all compounds) were only found in the spring samples at those utilities that employed activated carbon.
Hladik
Michelle L
ML
Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 313 Ames Hall, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2686, USA. mhladik@usgs.gov
Bouwer
Edward J
EJ
Roberts
A Lynn
AL
D000081:Acetamides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D001280:Atrazine / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D005618:Fresh Water; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D045483:Rivers; D012621:Seasons; D014481:United States; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards
D000081:Acetamides; D006540:Herbicides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C013874:chloroacetamide; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D001280:Atrazine