title: p21(Cip1) protects against oxidative stress by suppressing ER-dependent activation of mitochondrial death pathways.
abstract: Although it is well established that the cell cycle inhibitor p21 protects against genotoxic stress by preventing the replication of damaged DNA, recent studies have shown that the cytoplasmic form can also protect. It protects by delaying the loss of the antiapoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-X(L); however, the mechanism of regulation is unknown. Utilizing hyperoxia as a model of chronic oxidative stress and DNA damage, p21 was detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm and cytoplasmic expression of p21 was sufficient for cytoprotection. p21 was enriched in a subcellular fraction containing mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), suggesting that it may be coordinating ER and mitochondrial stress pathways. Consistent with this, p21 suppressed hyperoxic downregulation of BiP and subsequent activation of ER stress signaling, which affected Mcl-1, but not Bcl-X(L); though both inhibited hyperoxic cell death. Taken together, these data show that p21 integrates the DNA damage response with ER stress signaling, which then regulates mitochondrial death pathways during chronic genotoxic stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine, The University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Vitiello
authors.forename: Yu-Chieh M
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Rhonda J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Staversky
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
mesh_terms: D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D002458:Cell Fractionation; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000502:physiology*; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000235:genetics; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology*; D009154:Mutation; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals / Q000235:genetics; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000235:genetics; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; C497249:DDIT3 protein, human; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D021382:Protein Sorting Signals; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP