title: Inhibition of methylation and changes in gene expression in relation to neural tube defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An impaired DNA methylation has been suggested to underlie the complex etiology of neural tube defects (NTDs). Previously, we have demonstrated that inhibition of methylation by periodate oxidized adenosine (Adox) results in a widening of the anterior neuropore (ANP) in our in vitro chick embryo model. Since DNA methylation is the chief regulator of gene expression, we hypothesize that inhibition of methylation by Adox in our in vitro chick embryo model will affect the expression of genes that may be involved in neurulation. In the present study, we therefore examined differential gene expression between Adox-treated and control chick embryos, using the Affymetrix Genechip Chicken Genome Array.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chick embryos of 4/5 somites were cultured in vitro with saline (control) or Adox and cranial parts were excised. Gene expression profiling was determined using the Affymetrix Genechip Chicken Genome Array on RNA isolated from two pools of Adox-treated cranial parts (n = 12) and two pools of saline-treated cranial parts (n = 12). Microarray data were validated by QPCR analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the Adox-treated chick embryos, 45 probesets were up-regulated (fold > or = 2.0, p < 0.05) and 32 probesets were down-regulated (fold < or = 0.5, p < 0.05). Of the 15 genes selected for QPCR analysis, the up-regulation of phosphoserine phosphatase (PSPH), unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12/stromal cell-derived factor 1 (CXCL12/SDF-1) was confirmed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibition of methylation by Adox affects gene expression in our in vitro chick embryo model. Further research will focus on the gene-specific methylation patterns of PSPH, ULK1, and CXCL12/SDF-1 and the role of the products of these genes in neurulation.
authors.affiliation: The Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ivon J M
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: van der Linden
authors.forename: Sandra G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Heil
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Egmont Petersen
authors.forename: Henny W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: van Straaten
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: den Heijer
authors.forename: Henk J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Blom
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015870:Gene Expression; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C027579:periodate-oxidized adenosine; D000241:Adenosine