title: Simulation model of the impact of biofortification on the absorption of adequate amounts of zinc and iron among Mexican women and preschool children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biofortification is an agricultural process that attempts to increase the iron and zinc content of staple food crops. Improving the absorption of zinc and iron could contribute to reducing the high rates of deficiency of these micronutrients in developing-country settings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To simulate the effects of biofortification of staple food crops (maize, wheat, rice, and beans) on the absorption of zinc and iron among women and children in Mexico.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed dietary data from the 1999 Mexican National Nutrition Survey. On the basis of the intake of the four staple food crops and the increase in zinc and iron content that could be achieved by conventional breeding in the short term, the prevalence of inadequacy in the amounts of absorbed zinc and iron was determined. The mean increase in the amounts of absorbed zinc and iron was compared according to rural and urban residence and according to region of the country.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In rural areas, simulated biofortification of maize resulted in a reduction in the prevalence of absorption of inadequate amounts of zinc of 47% in children and 56% in women but had no effect on the prevalence of absorption of inadequate amounts of iron. The increase in zinc absorption was greater in rural populations and in the Central and Southern regions (p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biofortification of maize could significantly improve zinc absorption among children and women in Mexico living in areas most vulnerable to zinc deficiency. Studies of the biological impact of biofortified maize on zinc status are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Center for Medical Sciences Research, Toluca, Mexico State, Mexico. edenova03@yahoo.com.mx
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Denova-Gutiérrez
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García-Guerra
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Flores-Aldana
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Ramírez
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hotz
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D002523:Edible Grain; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000178:diet therapy*; D008800:Mexico; D008954:Models, Biological; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015032:Zinc / Q000172:deficiency / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc