title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma overexpression suppresses growth and induces apoptosis in human multiple myeloma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a transcription factor that regulates immune and inflammatory responses. Our laboratory has shown that normal and malignant B cells, including multiple myeloma, express PPARgamma. Moreover, certain PPARgamma ligands can induce apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. Because PPARgamma ligands can also have PPARgamma-independent effects, the role of PPARgamma in B-cell malignancies remains poorly understood. To further understand the role of PPARgamma, we examined the functional consequences of its overexpression in human multiple myeloma.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the present work, we developed a lentiviral vector for PPARgamma gene delivery. We transduced multiple myeloma cells with a lentivirus-expressing PPARgamma and studied the involvement of this receptor on cell growth and viability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PPARgamma overexpression decreased multiple myeloma cell proliferation and induced spontaneous apoptosis even in the absence of exogenous ligand. These PPARgamma-overexpressing cells were dramatically more sensitive to PPARgamma ligand-induced apoptosis compared with uninfected or LV-empty-infected cells. Apoptosis was associated with the down-regulation of antiapoptotic proteins X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein and myeloid cell leukemia-1 as well as induction of caspase-3 activity. Importantly, PPARgamma overexpression-induced cell death was not abrogated by coincubation with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC), which are known to protect multiple myeloma cells from apoptosis. Additionally, PPARgamma overexpression in multiple myeloma or BMSC inhibited both basal and multiple myeloma-induced interleukin-6 production by BMSC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that PPARgamma negatively controls multiple myeloma growth and viability in part through inhibition of interleukin-6 production by BMSC. As such, PPARgamma is a viable therapeutic target in multiple myeloma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Tatiana M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Garcia-Bates
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Phipps
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016086:Lentivirus; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000473:pathology*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D015850:Interleukin-6; D047495:PPAR gamma; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; D020169:Caspases; C039671:ciglitazone