title: Validation of Quintero stage III sub-classification for twin-twin transfusion syndrome based on visibility of donor bladder: characteristic differences in pathophysiology and prognosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate the Quintero stage III subclassification for twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) based on visibility of the bladder of the donor twin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between July 2002 and August 2006, there were 131 pregnant Japanese women affected by severe TTTS before 26 weeks' gestation, treated with fetoscopic laser surgery at five centers in Japan, whose pregnancies continued beyond 22 weeks. Outcome data were available in all cases and surviving infants were followed up for at least 6 years. This study focused on the Stage III TTTS patients. These were subclassified into Stage III atypical (abnormal Doppler flow with visible donor bladder) and Stage III classical (abnormal Doppler flow with non-visible donor bladder) groups. Perioperative data and postnatal outcomes were compared between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven Stage I, 22 Stage II, 82 Stage III and 20 Stage IV pregnancies continued beyond 22 weeks. There was a significantly higher incidence of absent or reversed end-diastolic velocity in the umbilical artery (UA-AREDV) of the donor in Stage III atypical than in Stage III classical patients (83.8% vs. 53.3%, P = 0.004). Stage III atypical cases also had a significantly higher incidence of arterioarterial (AA) anastomoses (72.9% vs. 17.8%, P < 0.001) and intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) of the donor (43.2% vs. 13.3%, P = 0.002). However, there were no differences in overall survival or in abnormal brain scans of surviving infants. Donors with both UA-AREDV and AA anastomoses had a significantly higher incidence of IUFD compared with the others (53.3%, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quintero stage III atypical was characterized by a high incidence of AA anastomoses and UA-AREDV of the donor, resulting in IUFD. Subclassification of Stage III based on visibility of the bladder of the donor twin was adequate for and compatible with differentiating prognosis and pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: Division of Perinatology, Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy, Maternal and Perinatal Care Center, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan. t-murakoshi@sis.seirei.or.jp
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakoshi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sago
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Murotsuki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shinno
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naruse
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Torii
mesh_terms: D001163:Arteriovenous Anastomosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005330:Fetofetal Transfusion / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005332:Fetoscopy; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011379:Prognosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014427:Twins; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014469:Umbilical Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology