title: Motor development in individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: strength, targeting, and fine motor skill.
abstract: This study investigated early androgen influence on the development of human motor and visuomotor characteristics. Participants, ages 12-45 years, were individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a disorder causing increased adrenal androgen production before birth (40 females, 29 males) and their unaffected relatives (29 females, 30 males). We investigated grip strength and visuomotor targeting tasks on which males generally outperform females, and fine motor pegboard tasks on which females generally outperform males. Physical characteristics (height and weight) were measured to explore whether body parameters could explain differences in motor skills. Females with CAH were stronger and showed better targeting than unaffected females and showed reduced fine visuomotor skill on one pegboard measure, with no difference on the other. Males with CAH were weaker than unaffected males in grip strength but did not differ on the targeting or pegboard measures. Correction for body size could not explain the findings for females, but suggests that the reduced strength of males with CAH may relate to their smaller stature. Further, the targeting advantage in females with CAH persisted following adjustment for their greater strength. Results in females support the hypothesis that androgen may masculinize, or promote, certain motor characteristics at which males excel, and contribute to defeminization of certain fine motor characteristics at which females excel. Thus, these data suggest that organizational effects of androgens on behavior during prenatal life may extend to motor characteristics and may contribute to general sex differences in motor-related behaviors; however, alternative explanations based on activational influences of androgen or altered experiential factors cannot be excluded without further study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology & Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA. Electronic address: collaer@middlebury.edu.
authors.forename: Marcia L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Collaer
authors.affiliation: University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Charles G D
authors.initials: CGD
authors.lastname: Brook
authors.affiliation: Department for Endocrinology, University College London Hospital, UK.
authors.forename: Gerard S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.affiliation: Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hindmarsh
authors.affiliation: Cambridge University, UK.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hines
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000150:complications*; D000328:Adult; D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology; D049628:Body Size; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009048:Motor Skills; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens