title: Association between use of hand hygiene products and rates of health care-associated infections in a large university hospital in Norway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An association between use of hand hygiene products and health care-associated infection rates was investigated in a large Norwegian university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an ecologic study by combining data from purchasing and admission systems with data from 32 point prevalence surveys (27,248 patients) in 1998-2005. Data on purchase of hand disinfectants and soap, and patient-days, were collected for 20 bed wards similar to those of the prevalence surveys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of infections was 7.1%. We found no significant decline in overall infections (P = .19), but use of hand hygiene products significantly increased from 28.5 L per 1000 patients-days in 1998 to 43.3 L per 1000 patient-days in 2005 (P < .001). After examining a linear dose-response relation between use and infection rates, we observed a borderline significant decline in infections from 8% to 6% with increased use of hand hygiene products (P = .05). This association appeared stronger for wards that were registered with infections >9% at study start in 1998 (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggests that infection rates may be reflected by amount of hand hygiene products used. Quantification of such products over time may serve as an indicator for hand hygiene performance in hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Infection Control, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. trine.herud@helse-bergen.no.
authors.forename: Trine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herud
authors.forename: Roy M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Nilsen
authors.forename: Kjersti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Svendheim
authors.forename: Stig
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harthug
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D002648:Child; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006757:Hospital Units; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene / Q000592:standards; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D017757:Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local