title: Impact of an integrated nutrition and health programme on neonatal mortality in rural northern India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of the newborn health component of a large-scale community-based integrated nutrition and health programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a quasi-experimental design, we evaluated a programme facilitated by a nongovernmental organization that was implemented by the Indian government within existing infrastructure in two rural districts of Uttar Pradesh, northern India. Mothers who had given birth in the 2 years preceding the surveys were interviewed during the baseline (n = 14 952) and endline (n = 13 826) surveys. The primary outcome measure was reduction of neonatal mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the intervention district, the frequency of home visits by community-based workers increased during both antenatal (from 16% to 56%) and postnatal (from 3% to 39%) periods, as did frequency of maternal and newborn care practices. In the comparison district, no improvement in home visits was observed and the only notable behaviour change was that women had saved money for emergency medical treatment. Neonatal mortality rates remained unchanged in both districts when only an antenatal visit was received. However, neonates who received a postnatal home visit within 28 days of birth had 34% lower neonatal mortality (35.7 deaths per 1000 live births, 95% confidence interval, CI: 29.2-42.1) than those who received no postnatal visit (53.8 deaths per 1000 live births, 95% CI: 48.9-58.8), after adjusting for sociodemographic variables. Three-quarters of the mortality reduction was seen in those who were visited within the first 3 days after birth. The effect on mortality remained statistically significant when excluding babies who died on the day of birth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The limited programme coverage did not enable an effect on neonatal mortality to be observed at the population level. A reduction in neonatal mortality rates in those receiving postnatal home visits shows potential for the programme to have an effect on neonatal deaths.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. abaqui@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Abdullahh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baqui
authors.forename: Emma K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rosecrans
authors.forename: Praween K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: Saifuddin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Darmstadt
authors.forename: Vishwajeet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kiran
authors.forename: Dharmendra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Panwar
authors.forename: Ramesh C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Ahuja
authors.forename: Vinod K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Manthuram
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santosham
mesh_terms: D002662:Child Health Services; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008427:Maternal Health Services; D018743:Perinatal Care / Q000379:methods; D012423:Rural Health