title: Anatomical dimensions of trachea, main bronchi, subcarinal and bronchial angles in fetuses measured ex vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increasing opportunities to consider fetal intervention in selected cases of life-threatening malformations have necessitated airway management of fetuses with low gestational age. This study is aimed to determine the anatomical dimensions of trachea, main bronchi, subcarinal and bronchial angles and their correlation to age and crown rump length (CRL) in fetuses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements of tracheo-bronchial dimensions including the subcarinal and bronchial angles with the vertical were taken in specimens obtained from 40 fetuses, varying in CRL from 61 to 270 mm. The incidence of different shapes at the upper end of trachea was studied. The subcarinal and angles of main bronchi with the vertical were measured radiographically with 20% barium sulfate, in another group of 21 fetuses varying in CRL from 63 to 129 mm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty fetuses (22 males, 18 females) were analyzed for the dimensions based on CRL (61-130 mm; 131-200 mm; 201-270 mm--CRL 1, 2, and 3 respectively). The internal transverse diameter of trachea was found to increase steadily from 1.87 +/- 0.56 to 2.67 +/- 0.7 mm (P < 0.001) and 3.68 +/- 0.39 mm (P < 0.001) with increasing CRL. Similarly the outer transverse and antero-posterior diameter of the trachea increased steadily with age. Tracheal length was found to increase significantly to 17.48 +/- 2.89 mm and 24.17 +/- 2.3 from 12.72 +/- 2.5 mm (P < 0.001). The length of paries membranaceous increased with gestational age. Although the length of bronchi increased significantly and linearly, subcarinal and bronchial angles did not show any significant changes with age. There was no sexual dimorphism in measurements in the fetuses of corresponding CRL. Oval shaped trachea was found in 60% and circular in 40% of fetuses. The measurements of subcarinal and bronchial angles performed by radiology were almost the same as those measured in trachea separated from fetuses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The internal transverse, outer transverse and antero-posterior diameters, length of trachea and bronchi and circumference of trachea, relate in a linear fashion to CRL and age. However, subcarinal and bronchial angles remained constant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.lastname: Harjeet
authors.forename: Daisy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sahni
authors.forename: Yatindra Kumar
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.forename: Subramanyam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajeev
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001980:Bronchi / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001995:Bronchography; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008297:Male; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014132:Trachea / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging