title: Usefulness of proteinuria as a prognostic marker of mortality and cardiovascular events among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (data from the Evaluation of Oral Xemilofiban in Controlling Thrombotic Events [EXCITE] trial).
abstract: Proteinuria was associated with cardiovascular events and mortality in community-based cohorts. The association of proteinuria with mortality and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was unknown. The association of urinary dipstick proteinuria with mortality and cardiovascular events (composite of death, myocardial infarction, or nonhemorrhagic stroke) in 5,835 subjects of the EXCITE trial was evaluated. Dipstick urinalysis was performed before PCI, and proteinuria was defined as trace or greater. Subjects were followed up for 210 days/7 months after enrollment for the occurrence of events. Multivariate Cox regression analysis evaluated the independent association of proteinuria with each outcome. Mean age was 59 years, 21% were women, 18% had diabetes mellitus, and mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 90 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Proteinuria was present in 750 patients (13%). During follow-up, 22 subjects (2.9%) with proteinuria and 54 subjects (1.1%) without proteinuria died (adjusted hazard ratio 2.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.65 to 4.84, p <0.001). The severity of proteinuria attenuated the strength of the association with mortality after PCI (low-grade proteinuria, hazard ratio 2.67, 95% CI 1.50 to 4.75; high-grade proteinuria, hazard ratio 3.76, 95% CI 1.24 to 11.37). No significant association was present for cardiovascular events during the relatively short follow-up, but high-grade proteinuria tended toward increased risk of cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 1.45, 95% CI 0.81 to 2.61).In conclusion, proteinuria was strongly and independently associated with mortality in patients undergoing PCI. These data suggest that such a relatively simple and clinically easy to use tool as urinary dipstick may be useful to identify and treat patients at high risk of mortality at the time of PCI.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California.
authors.forename: Nestor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mercado
authors.forename: Jasper J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Brugts
authors.forename: Joachim H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ix
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Shlipak
authors.forename: Simon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Bernard J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Gersh
authors.forename: Pedro A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lemos
authors.forename: Mimi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guarneri
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Teirstein
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wijns
authors.forename: Patrick W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Serruys
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boersma
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: O'Neill
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000652:urine*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011507:Proteinuria; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers