title: The effects of simultaneous antegrade/retrograde cardioplegia on cellular volumes and energy metabolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Simultaneous antegrade/retrograde cardioplegia (SARC) has been employed frequently during cardiac surgery to preserve the jeopardized myocardium. However, retrograde perfusion of SARC may interfere with myocardial drainage and disrupt myocardial fluid homeostasis, which may affect the myocardial energy metabolism and contractile function. The study was, therefore, designed to assess the effects of SARC on myocardial fluid homeostasis, cellular volumes, and energy metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight isolated pig hearts were subjected to a protocol consisting of a 20-minute control perfusion, 120-minute SARC, and 20-minute reperfusion. The myocardial water content was monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy. Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance ((31)P MR) spectroscopy was used to monitor the volumes of both intracellular and extracellular compartments and assess myocardial energy metabolism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The near-infrared spectra showed that the 120-min SARC resulted in a 60 +/- 12% increase in the myocardial water content. (31)P MR spectra showed a 36 +/- 4% increase in the intracellular compartment and a 54 +/- 8% increase in the extracellular compartment during SARC relative to their initial volumes measured during control perfusion (100%). However, the myocardial energy metabolites (adenosine triphosphate [ATP] and phosphocreatine [PCr]) remained unchanged during the 120-minute SARC. Moreover, during reperfusion, the hearts showed an almost complete recovery in the left ventricular-developed pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A prolonged SARC resulted in water accumulation in both extracellular and intracellular compartments in the normal myocardium. Although its detrimental effect on tissue fluid homeostasis did not jeopardize the myocardial energy metabolism, a prolonged use of SARC should be avoided, particularly in the diseased hearts.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council Canada, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Weichen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jixian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Tomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Salerno
authors.forename: Roxanne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deslauriers
authors.forename: Ganghong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004489:Edema, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D006706:Homeostasis; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects*; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes