title: Four superoxide dismutases contribute to Bacillus anthracis virulence and provide spores with redundant protection from oxidative stress.
abstract: The Bacillus anthracis genome encodes four superoxide dismutases (SODs), enzymes capable of detoxifying oxygen radicals. That two of these SODs, SOD15 and SODA1, are present in the outermost layers of the B. anthracis spore is indicated by previous proteomic analyses of the exosporium. Given the requirement that spores must survive interactions with reactive oxygen species generated by cells such as macrophages during infection, we hypothesized that SOD15 and SODA1 protect the spore from oxidative stress and contribute to the pathogenicity of B. anthracis. To test these theories, we constructed a double-knockout (Delta sod15 Delta sodA1) mutant of B. anthracis Sterne strain 34F2 and assessed its lethality in an A/J mouse intranasal infection model. The 50% lethal dose of the Delta sod15 Delta sodA1 strain was similar to that of the wild type (34F2), but surprisingly, measurable whole-spore SOD activity was greater than that in 34F2. A quadruple-knockout strain (Delta sod15 Delta sodA1 Delta sodC Delta sodA2) was then generated, and as anticipated, spore-associated SOD activity was diminished. Moreover, the quadruple-knockout strain, compared to the wild type, was attenuated more than 40-fold upon intranasal challenge of mice. Spore resistance to exogenously generated oxidative stress and to macrophage-mediated killing correlated with virulence in A/J mice. Allelic exchange that restored sod15 and sodA1 to their wild-type state restored wild-type characteristics. We conclude that SOD molecules within the spore afford B. anthracis protection against oxidative stress and enhance the pathogenicity of B. anthracis in the lung. We also surmise that the presence of four SOD alleles within the genome provides functional redundancy for this key enzyme.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cybulski
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.forename: Farhang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alem
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stibitz
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bull
authors.forename: Alison D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000881:Anthrax / Q000382:microbiology; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D017353:Gene Deletion; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008264:Macrophages / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D008805:Mice, Inbred A; D016877:Oxidants / Q000633:toxicity; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014774:Virulence; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D016877:Oxidants; D037521:Virulence Factors; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase