title: Race and surgical outcomes: it is not all black and white.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies using Medicare data have suggested that African American race is an independent predictor of death after major surgery. We hypothesized that the apparent adverse effect of race on surgical outcomes is due to confounding by comorbidity, not race itself.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified all non-Hispanic white and African American general surgery, private sector patients included in the National Surgery Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) Patient Safety in Surgery Study (2001-2004). Patient characteristics, comorbidities, and postoperative outcomes were collected/analyzed using NSQIP methodology. Characteristics between races were compared using Student t and chi(2) tests. Odds ratios (OR) for 30-day morbidity and mortality were calculated using multivariable logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 34,141 white and 5068 African American patients. African Americans were younger but more likely to undergo emergency surgery and present with hypertension, dyspnea, diabetes, renal failure, open wounds/infection, or advanced American Society of Anesthesiology class (all P < 0.001). African Americans underwent less complex procedures but had higher unadjusted 30-day morbidity (14.33% vs. 12.35%; P < 0.001) and mortality (2.09% vs. 1.65%; P = 0.02). After controlling for comorbidity, African American race had no independent effect on mortality (OR 0.95, (0.74-1.23)) but was associated with a higher risk of postoperative cardiac arrest (OR 2.49, (1.80-3.45)) and renal insufficiency/failure (OR 1.70 (1.32-2.18)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  African American race is associated with greater comorbidity and cardiac/renal complications but is not an independent predictor of perioperative mortality after general surgery. Efforts to improve postoperative outcomes in African Americans should focus on reducing the need for emergency surgery and improving perioperative management of comorbid conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. esnaolan@musc.edu
authors.forename: Nestor F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Esnaola
authors.forename: Bruce L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Patrick W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hosokawa
authors.forename: John Z
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Ayanian
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Shukri F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Khuri
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Zinner
authors.forename: Selwyn O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000401:mortality*; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People