title: An experimental in-vivo canine model for adult shunt infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Detailed human studies of the mechanisms and development of shunt infection in real time are not possible, and we have developed a canine hydrocephalus model to overcome this. The intention of this pilot study was to show that the canine hydrocephalus model could be shunted using conventional "human" shunts, and that a shunt infection could be established so that further studies could then be planned.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hydrocephalus was induced in seven dogs (Canis familiaris) by fourth ventricle obstruction. Four weeks later they were shunted using a Hakim Precision valve. Four of the dogs received shunts whose ventricular catheter had been inoculated with Staphylococcus epidermidis, and three were uninoculated controls. Four weeks after shunting the dogs were sacrificed and necropsy was performed. Removed shunts and tissue samples were examined microbiologically and isolates were subjected to detailed identification and genomic comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the dogs remained well after shunting. Examination of removed shunt components revealed S. epidermidis in the brain and throughout the shunt system in the four inoculated animals, but in two of these Staphylococcus intermedius was also found. S. intermedius was also isolated from all three "negative" controls. There were slight differences between S. intermedius strains suggesting endogenous infection rather than cross- infection from a point source.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Shunt infection was established in the canine model, and had the experiment been extended beyond four weeks the typical microbiological, pathological and clinical features might have appeared. The occurrence of unplanned shunt infections in control animals due to canine normal skin flora reflects human clinical experience and underlines the usual source of bacteria causing shunt infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery - S80, the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. lucianm@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bayston
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brant
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dombrowski
authors.forename: Geraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tuohy
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Procop
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Luciano