title: Urethral diverticula in 90 female patients: a study with emphasis on neoplastic alterations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urethral diverticula are uncommon and occur predominantly in women. We examined a large series of female urethral diverticula to determine associated neoplastic alterations and subsequent clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  All pathological evaluations of female urethral diverticulectomies performed at our institution between 1981 and 2007 were retrospectively reviewed and the clinicopathological features were correlated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During this period 90 women underwent urethral diverticulectomy at our institution. Patient age was 24 to 78 years (mean 45). The most common clinical finding was urinary incontinence (29 of 78 women or 37%). Diverticular size was 0.3 to 5.0 cm (mean 1.7). Neoplastic alterations identified in 5 patients (6%) were glandular in nature, including 1 clear cell and 4 invasive adenocarcinomas. Superficial changes associated with invasive carcinoma included villous adenoma in 1 case, intestinal metaplasia in 2 and high grade dysplasia in 3. An additional 3 patients had extensive intestinal metaplasia. Of the 90 patients the remaining 82 demonstrated benign findings, including nephrogenic adenoma in 10 (11%). All 5 patients with invasive carcinoma underwent anterior pelvic exenteration with urinary diversion. In 2 patients with invasive adenocarcinoma metastatic disease subsequently developed, of which they died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although most cases of surgically resected diverticula demonstrate benign features, approximately 10% show atypical glandular findings, including invasive adenocarcinoma. Due to the risk of malignancy in a subset of patients careful clinical examination and followup are warranted in all patients to exclude neoplastic disease.
authors.affiliation: Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Anil A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Raymond R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Rackley
authors.forename: Una
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Howard B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Sandip P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Vasavada
authors.forename: Donna E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hansel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004240:Diverticulum / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014522:Urethral Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014523:Urethral Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult