title: Allergen-enhanced thrombomodulin (blood dendritic cell antigen 3, CD141) expression on dendritic cells is associated with a TH2-skewed immune response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dendritic cells (DCs) are important in allergic diseases such as asthma, although little is known regarding the mechanisms by which DCs induce T(H)2-polarized responses in atopic individuals. It has been suggested that intrinsic properties of allergens can directly stimulate T(H)2 polarizing functions of DCs, but little is known of the underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify novel genes expressed by house dust mite (HDM) allergen-exposed DCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened for allergen-induced gene expression by microarray, and validated differentially expressed genes at the mRNA and protein levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thrombomodulin (CD141, blood dendritic cell antigen 3) expression by microarray was higher on HDM-stimulated DCs from atopic (relative to nonatopic) individuals. These findings were confirmed at both the mRNA and protein levels in an independent group. Purified thrombomodulin(+) DCs induced a strongly T(H)2-polarized cytokine response by allergen-specific T cells compared with DCs lacking thrombomodulin. In vivo, thrombomodulin(+) circulating DCs were significantly more frequent in subjects with HDM allergy and asthma, compared with control subjects. Furthermore, thrombomodulin expression in blood leukocytes was higher in children with acute asthma than at convalescence 6 weeks later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thrombomodulin expression on DCs may be involved in the pathogenesis of atopy and asthma.
authors.affiliation: Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Stephanie T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Yerkovich
authors.forename: Marjut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roponen
authors.forename: Miranda E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McKenna
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bosco
authors.forename: Lily S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Subrata
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mamessier
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wikström
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Le Souef
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Sly
authors.forename: Patrick G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Upham
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003289:Convalescence; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D018180:Thrombomodulin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides; D000954:Antigens, Surface; C546931:THBD protein, human; D018180:Thrombomodulin