title: MyD88 dependent signaling contributes to protective host defense against Burkholderia pseudomallei.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a central role in the recognition of pathogens and the initiation of the innate immune response. Myeloid differentiation primary-response gene 88 (MyD88) and TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein inducing IFNbeta (TRIF) are regarded as the key signaling adaptor proteins for TLRs. Melioidosis, which is endemic in SE-Asia, is a severe infection caused by the gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. We here aimed to characterize the role of MyD88 and TRIF in host defense against melioidosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First, we found that MyD88, but not TRIF, deficient whole blood leukocytes released less TNFalpha upon stimulation with B. pseudomallei compared to wild-type (WT) cells. Thereafter we inoculated MyD88 knock-out (KO), TRIF mutant and WT mice intranasally with B. pseudomallei and found that MyD88 KO, but not TRIF mutant mice demonstrated a strongly accelerated lethality, which was accompanied by significantly increased bacterial loads in lungs, liver and blood, and grossly enhanced liver damage compared to WT mice. The decreased bacterial clearance capacity of MyD88 KO mice was accompanied by a markedly reduced early pulmonary neutrophil recruitment and a diminished activation of neutrophils after infection with B. pseudomallei. MyD88 KO leukocytes displayed an unaltered capacity to phagocytose and kill B. pseudomallei in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MyD88 dependent signaling, but not TRIF dependent signaling, contributes to a protective host response against B. pseudomallei at least in part by causing early neutrophil recruitment towards the primary site of infection.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. w.j.wiersinga@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: W Joost
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wiersinga
authors.forename: Catharina W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Wieland
authors.forename: Joris J T H
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Roelofs
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van der Poll
mesh_terms: D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D016957:Burkholderia pseudomallei / Q000276:immunology*; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D008554:Melioidosis / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
chemical_list: D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; C476286:Ticam1 protein, mouse