title: The short esophagus: intraoperative assessment of esophageal length.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the frequency and predictors of short esophagus in a case series of patients undergoing antireflux surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational prospective study from September 10, 2004, to October 31, 2006, was performed at 8 centers. The distance between the esophagogastric junction as identified by intraoperative esophagoscopy and the apex of the diaphragmatic hiatus was measured intraoperatively before and after esophageal mediastinal dissection; a distance of 1.5 cm was arbitrarily determined to categorize cases as long (>1.5 cm) or short (<or=1.5 cm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred eighty patients were enrolled; the mean age of patients was 49.3 +/- 15.3 years. At the first measurement (after isolation of the esophagogastric junction), the median distance between the esophagogastric junction and the apex of the hiatus was equal to or shorter than 1.5 cm in 68 (37.7%) patients; at the second measurement (after full mediastinal isolation), the measurement of the distance was still shorter than 1.5 cm in 34 (18.8%) patients and between 1.5 and 2.5 cm in 24 (13.4%) patients. The median length of the mediastinal esophageal dissection was 6 cm (range 1-12 cm). An esophageal lengthening procedure was performed in 26 (14.4%) patients. The duration of symptoms (P = .047), the General Health domain of the SF-36 questionnaire (P = .001), and an x-ray barium swallow (P = .000) are predictive factors for a "true" short esophagus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  True short esophagus is present in about 20% of patients undergoing routine antireflux surgery. Radiology, severity, and duration of symptoms are predictors of true foreshortening.
authors.affiliation: Division of Esophageal and Pulmonary Surgery, Villa Maria Cecilia e San Pier Damiano Hospitals, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. sandro.mattioli@unibo.it
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mattioli
authors.forename: Maria Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lugaresi
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Costantini
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Genio
authors.forename: Natale
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Di Martino
authors.forename: Landino
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fei
authors.forename: Uberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fumagalli
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Maffettone
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Monaco
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morino
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rebecchi
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosati
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santi
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Trapani
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zaninotto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods; D004947:Esophagus / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000379:methods*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome