title: Evidence for avian influenza A infections among Iowa's agricultural workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identifying risk factors for zoonotic influenza transmission may aid public health officials in pandemic influenza planning.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to evaluate rural Iowan agriculture workers exposed to poultry for previous evidence of avian influenza virus infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2004 we enrolled 803 rural adult Iowans in a 2-year prospective study of zoonotic influenza transmission. Their enrollment data and sera were compared with those from 66 adult controls enrolled at the University of Iowa in 2006 by proportional odds modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 803 participants were 58.8% male with a mean age of 55.6 yrs. Forty-eight percent reported previous poultry exposure. Sera were studied by microneutralization techniques for antibodies against avian H4, H5, H6, H7, and H9 viruses. Touching live birds was associated (OR = 1.2; 95% CI 1.02-1.8) with increased antibody titer against H5 virus. Similarly, participants who reported hunting wild birds had increased antibody titers against H7 virus (OR = 2.8; 95%CI = 1.2-6.5) and subjects who reported recent work with poultry had increased antibody titers against H6 (OR = 3.4; 95% CI 1.4-8.5) and H7 viruses (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.1-5.7). There was no evidence of elevated antibody against avian H4 or H9 viruses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that hunting and exposure to poultry may be important risk factors for avian influenza virus infection among rural US populations. Agriculture workers should be included in influenza pandemic plans.
authors.affiliation: Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology at the University of Iowa's College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. gregory-gray@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Gregory C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Troy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: Ana W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Capuano
authors.forename: Sharon F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Setterquist
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Alavanja
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Lynch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001717:Birds; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000821:virology*; D007484:Iowa / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011200:Poultry; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D055815:Young Adult; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral