title: cAMP-Epac2-mediated activation of Rap1 in developing male germ cells: RA-RhoGAP as a possible direct down-stream effector.
abstract: Rap1 is a small GTPase that functions as a positional signal and organizer of cell architecture. Recently Rap1 is emerged to play a critical role during sperm differentiation since its inactivation in haploid cells leads to a premature release of spermatids from the supporting Sertoli cell resulting in male infertility. How Rap1 is activated in spermatogenic cells has not yet been determined. Our objective was to investigate on a possible cAMP-mediated activation of Rap1 employing a cAMP analogue selective to Epac, the Rap1 activator directly responsive to cAMP, for stimulating cultured testis germ cells. Here we provide biochemical, cellular and functional evidence that the Epac variant known as Epac2 is expressed as both a transcript and a protein and that it is able to promote Rap1 activation in the cultured cells. A time course immunofluorescence analysis carried out on stimulated cells revealed the translocation of endogenous Epac2, which is cytosolic, towards the site where Rap1 is located, i.e., the Golgi complex, thus documenting the effective Rap1-Epac2 protein interaction 'in vivo' leading to Rap1-GTP loading. A combination of biochemical and molecular techniques supported the immunofluorescence data. The search for the presence of a putative Rap1 downstream effector, described in differentiating somatic cells as a target of cAMP-Epac-activated Rap1, revealed the presence in spermatogenic cells of RA-RhoGAP, a Rap1-activated Rho GTPase-activating protein. Taken together, our results, obtained with endogenously expressed proteins, are consistent with a cAMP/Epac2/Rap1-mediated signaling that could exert its action, among others, through RA-RhoGAP to promote the progression of spermatogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Reproduction, Department of Biology, University of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Evanthia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aivatiadou
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ripolone
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brunetti
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berruti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D020827:rap1 GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; C482601:Epac protein, mouse; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; C486707:Rapgef4 protein, mouse; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; C085379:rho GTPase-activating protein; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D020827:rap1 GTP-Binding Proteins