title: Longitudinal study of depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life during pregnancy and after delivery: the Health Status in Pregnancy (HIP) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depressive symptoms are known to affect functioning in early pregnancy. We estimated the effect of a change in depressive symptoms status on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) throughout pregnancy and after delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal study of 200 women. The independent variable was depressive symptoms, defined as a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) score of > or =16. The dependent variable was HRQoL from 8 domains of the Medical Outcomes Study (SF-36) Short Form. Women were categorized based on the change in CES-D score: (1) never depressed, (2) became well, (3) became depressed and (4) always depressed. A random effects model was used to (1) estimate the effect of a change in depressive symptomatology from the first to the second trimester on HRQOL in the second trimester and (2) estimate the change in depressive symptomatology from the second to the third trimester on HRQoL in the third trimester and after delivery, adjusting for covariates. Intra-individual correlations were accounted for using generalized estimating equations (GEE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of women with depressive symptoms was 15%, 14%, and 30% in the first, second and third trimesters, respectively, and 9% after delivery. Women who became depressed had scores in the social domains that were 10-23 points and 19-31 points lower in the second and third trimesters, respectively, compared to women with no depressive symptoms. Women who became well had scores that were 3-31 points lower, compared to women with no depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alterations in depressive symptomatology have a substantial effect on functioning during pregnancy and after delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Setse
authors.forename: Ruby
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grogan
authors.forename: Luu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Strobino
authors.forename: Neil R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Powe
authors.forename: Wanda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nicholson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000523:psychology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012919:Social Behavior; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors