title: Media coverage of violent deaths in iraQ: an opportunistic capture-recapture assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Western media coverage of the violence associated with the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq has contrasted in magnitude and nature with population-based survey reports.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which first-hand reports of violent deaths were captured in the English language media by conducting in-depth interviews with Iraqi citizens.
  
  
  METHODS
  The England-based Iraq Body Count (IBC) has methodically monitored media reports and recorded each violent death in Iraq that could be confirmed by two English language media sources. Using the capture-recapture method, 25 Masters' Degree students were assigned to interview residents in Iraq and asked them to describe 10 violent deaths that occurred closest to their home since the 2003 invasion. Students then matched these reports with those documented in IBC. These reports were matched both individually and crosschecked in groups to obtain a percentage of those deaths captured in the English language media.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen out of 25 students successfully interviewed someone in Iraq. Six contacted individuals by telephone, while the others conducted interviews via e-mail. One out of seven (14%) phone contacts refused to participate. Seventeen out of 18 primary interviewees resided in Baghdad, however, some interviewees reported deaths of neighbors that occurred while the neighbors were elsewhere. The Baghdad residents reported 161 deaths in total, 39 of which (24%) were believed to be reported in the press as summarized by IBC. An additional 13 deaths (8%) might have been in the database, and 61 (38%) were absolutely not in the database.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vast majority of violent deaths (estimated from the results of this study as being between 68-76%) are not reported by the press. Efforts to monitor events by press coverage or reports of tallies similar to those reported in the press, should be evaluated with the suspicion applied to any passive surveillance network: that it may be incomplete. Even in the most heavily reported conflicts, the media may miss the majority of violent events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. aes2169@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siegler
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Balch
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bargues
authors.forename: Asheesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhalla
authors.forename: Corey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bills
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dzeng
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Epelboym
authors.forename: Tory
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Latressa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fulton
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Juan David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Gastolomendo
authors.forename: Genessa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giorgi
authors.forename: Semhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Habtehans
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Blake
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McGee
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McMahan
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riese
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santamaria-Schwartz
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wahlstrom
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wedeles
mesh_terms: D022126:Access to Information; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D006806:Human Rights; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007493:Iraq; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008402:Mass Media; D014481:United States; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*