title: Role of sexual intercourse in hematuria and proteinuria in males and females.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A probable association has been proposed between sexual intercourse and hematuria and proteinuria in either sex. The present study was to assess the role of sexual intercourse in hematuria and proteinuria in immediate dipstick urine test and morning urine sample analysis and whether sexual intercourse might be a cause of microscopic hematuria and proteinuria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two healthy married adult volunteers (27 male and 15 female; age range 20-48) were enrolled in a prospective clinical trial. Immediately after sexual intercourse urine samples were analyzed regarding hematuria and proteinuria with a dipstick, and the next morning samples for standard urinalysis. For categorical data analysis Fisher's exact test was utilized. p < 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proteinuria immediately after intercourse was significantly higher in males (88.9 vs. 13.3%, p < 0.001) but females showed significant higher hematuria (73.3 vs. 22.2%). None of the women developed hematuria and/or proteinuria in morning after urinalysis samples but males indicated significant proteinuria (33.3 vs. 0%, p = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proteinuria and hematuria following sexual intercourse are gender-dependent, and temporally related to the timing of the testing and sexual activity. Testing the urine in the morning following intercourse may give false-positive protein results in men, but there is no evidence of false-positive hematuria in women unless the activity immediately precedes the testing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. rhosseinim@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Seyed Reza
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hosseini
authors.forename: Mohammad Ghasem
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Mohseni
authors.forename: Davood
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Atharikia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003075:Coitus; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D011934:Reagent Strips; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016482:Urinalysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011934:Reagent Strips