Why are predators more sensitive to habitat size than their prey? Insights from bromeliad insect food webs.
Ecologists have hypothesized that the exponent of species-area power functions (z value) should increase with trophic level. The main explanation for this pattern has been that specialist predators require prior colonization of a patch by their prey, resulting in a compounding of the effects of area up trophic levels. We propose two novel explanations, neither of which assumes trophic coupling between species. First, sampling effects can result in different z values if the abundances of species differ (in mean or evenness) between trophic levels. Second, when body size increases between trophic levels, effects of body size on z values may appear as differences between trophic levels. We test these alternative explanations using invertebrate food webs in 280 bromeliads from three countries. The z value of predators was higher than that of prey. Much of the difference in z values could be explained by sampling effects but not by body size effects. When damselflies occurred in the species pool, predator z values were even higher than predicted, as damselflies avoid small, drought-prone bromeliads. In one habitat, dwarf forests, detrital biomass became decoupled from bromeliad size, which also caused large trophic differences in z values. We argue that there are often simpler explanations than trophic coupling to explain differences in z values between trophic levels.
Srivastava
D S
DS
Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada. srivast@zoology.ubc.ca
Trzcinski
M K
MK
Richardson
B A
BA
Gilbert
B
B
D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D031229:Bromeliaceae; D017691:Caribbean Region; D017753:Ecosystem; D020387:Food Chain; D005843:Geography; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D013559:Symbiosis