title: Influence of cervical preflaring on determination of apical file size in mandibular molars: SEM analysis.
abstract: This study investigated the influence of cervical preflaring with different rotary instruments on determination of the initial apical file (IAF) in mesiobuccal roots of mandibular molars. Fifty human mandibular molars whose mesial roots presented two clearly separated apical foramens (mesiobuccal and mesiolingual) were used. After standard access opening and removal of pulp tissue, the working length (WL) was determined at 1 mm short of the root apex. Five groups (n=10) were formed at random, according to the type of instrument used for cervical preflaring. In group 1, the size of the IAF was determined without preflaring of the cervical and middle root canal thirds. In groups 2 to 5, preflaring was performed with Gates-Glidden drills, ProTaper instruments, EndoFlare instruments and LA Axxes burs, respectively. Canals were sized manually with K-files, starting with size 08 K-files, inserted passively up to the WL. File sizes were increased until a binding sensation was felt at the WL and the size of the file was recorded. The instrument corresponding to the IAF was fixed into the canal at the WL with methylcyanoacrylate. The teeth were then sectioned transversally 1 mm short of the apex, with the IAF in position. Cross-sections of the WL region were examined under scanning electron microscopy and the discrepancies between canal diameter and the diameter of IAF were calculated using the tool "rule" (FEG) of the microscope's proprietary software. The measurements (microm) were analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests at 5% significance level. There were statistically significant differences among the groups (p<0.05). The non-flared group had the greatest discrepancy (125.30 +/- 51.54) and differed significantly from all flared groups (p<0.05). Cervical preflaring with LA Axxess burs produced the least discrepancies (55.10 +/- 48.31), followed by EndoFlare instruments (68.20 +/- 42.44), Gattes Glidden drills (68.90 +/- 42.46) and ProTaper files (77.40 +/- 73.19). However, no significant differences (p>0.05) were found among the rotary instruments. In conclusion, cervical preflaring improved IAF fitting to the canals at the WL in mesiobuccal roots of maxillary first molars. The rotary instruments evaluated in this study did not differ from each other regarding the discrepancies produced between the IAF size and canal diameter at the WL.
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. msendo@terra.com.br
authors.forename: Marcia da Silva
authors.initials: Mda S
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Capelli
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jacobovitz
authors.forename: Júlio César Emboava
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Spanó
authors.forename: Jesus Djalma
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pécora
mesh_terms: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009811:Odontometry; D011670:Pulpectomy / Q000295:instrumentation; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003722:Dental Alloys; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D013193:Stainless Steel; C041500:titanium nitride; D014025:Titanium; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite