title: Immunohistochemical detection of HIF-1alpha and CAIX in advanced head-and-neck cancer. Prognostic role and correlation with tumor markers and tumor oxygenation parameters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor hypoxia has an impact on the outcome of cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. The validity of endogenous markers such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and carbonic anhydrase isozyme IX (CAIX) to detect therapeutically relevant Levels of hypoxia within tumors is controversially discussed. Furthermore, the association of these hypoxia markers with tumor markers or tumor oxygenation parameters is of importance for understanding the relationship between the different factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumortissue sections of 34 patients with advanced head-and-neck cancertreated with radio(chemo)therapy were assessed by immunohistochemistry for the expression of HIF-1alpha and CAIX. The relationships of both markers with tumor oxygenation parameters, molecular factors like P53, OPN, VEGF, VHL, survivin, and Ki67 levels, and clinical parameters were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bivariate analysis showed a significant correlation of HIF-1alpha expression with high P53 and high OPN expression, high serum VEGF Levels, and low VHL and low Ki67 expression. The CAIX expression was inversely correlated with pH value and directly correlated with T-stage. However, no correlation was found between HIF-1alpha and CAIX expression. Neither in a univariate Cox proportional hazard regression nor in a Kaplan-Meier analysis did expression of HIF-1alpha or CAIX have a significant impact on clinical outcome. However, in a Kaplan-Meier analysis, the combination of both factors showed that patients with intratumoral overexpression of either HIF-1alpha or CAIX or both markers died on average 2 years earlier than patients whose tumors had low expression of both factors (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of HIF-1alpha and CAIX was correlated with different tumor parameters. Only combined HIF-1alpha and CAIX expression was significantly predictive of patients' overall survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany. matthias.kappler@medizin.uni-halle.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kappler
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taubert
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Holzhausen
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reddemann
authors.forename: Swetlann
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rot
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuhnt
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dellas
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dunst
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vordermark
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hänsgen
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bache
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000032:analysis*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006452:Hemoglobinometry; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010039:Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D011379:Prognosis; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D016019:Survival Analysis; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C089226:CA9 protein, human; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases