title: Controlling tungiasis in an impoverished community: an intervention study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Brazil, tungiasis is endemic in some resource-poor communities where various domestic and sylvatic animals act as reservoirs for this zoonosis. To determine the effect of control measures on the prevalence and intensity of infestation of human and animal tungiasis, a repeated cross-sectional survey with intervention was carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a traditional fishing community in Northeast Brazil, humans and reservoir animals were treated, and premise-spraying using an insecticide was done, while a second fishing community served as a control. Both communities were followed up 10 times during a 12-month period. At baseline, prevalence of tungiasis was 43% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 35%-51%) and 37% (95% CI: 31%-43%) in control and intervention villages, respectively. During the study, prevalence of tungiasis dropped to 10% (95% CI: 8%-13%; p<0.001) in the intervention village, while the prevalence remained at a high level in the control village. However, after one year, at the end of the study, in both communities the prevalence of the infestation had reached pre-intervention levels. Whereas the intensity of infestation was significantly reduced in the intervention community (p<0.001), and remained low at the end of the study (p<0.001), it did not change in the control village.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that a reduction of prevalence and intensity of infestation is possible, but in impoverished communities a long-lasting reduction of disease occurrence can only be achieved by the regular treatment of infested humans, the elimination of animal reservoirs, and, likely, through environmental changes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN27670575.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité-University of Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pilger
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwalfenberg
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heukelbach
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mencke
authors.forename: Adak
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khakban
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feldmeier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D002415:Cats; D002417:Cattle; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004285:Dogs; D004478:Ectoparasitic Infestations / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy* / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty; D015995:Prevalence; D012423:Rural Health; D012756:Sheep; D005423:Siphonaptera / Q000502:physiology; D013552:Swine; D055815:Young Adult