title: Built environment and physical functioning in Hispanic elders: the role of "eyes on the street".
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research on neighborhood effects increasingly includes the influences of the built environment on health and social well-being.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this population-based study in a low-socioeconomic-status (SES), Hispanic neighborhood, we examined whether architectural features of the built environment theorized to promote direct observations and interactions (e.g., porches, stoops) predicted Hispanic elders' social support and psychological and physical functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  We coded built-environment features for all 3,857 lots in the 403-block area of an urban Miami, Florida, community. We then conducted three annual assessments of social support, psychological distress, and physical functioning in a population-based sample of 273 low-SES Hispanic elders (70-100 years of age). We used structural equation modeling analytic techniques to examine hypothesized relationships between the built environment and elders' social support, psychological distress, and physical functioning over a 3-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for age, sex, and income, architectural features of the built environment theorized to facilitate visual and social contact had a significant direct relationship with elders' physical functioning as measured 3 years later, and an indirect relationship through social support and psychological distress. Further binomial regression analyses suggested that elders living on blocks marked by low levels of positive front entrance features were 2.7 times as likely to have subsequent poor levels of physical functioning, compared with elders living on blocks with a greater number of positive front entrance features [b = 0.99; chi(2) (1 df) = 3.71; p = 0.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-7.3].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Architectural features that facilitate visual and social contacts may be a protective factor for elders' physical functioning.
authors.affiliation: University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Center for Family Studies, Miami, Florida 33136, USA. Sbrown@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Scott C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Perrino
authors.forename: Joanna L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lombard
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Plater-Zyberk
authors.forename: Arnold R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Spokane
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szapocznik
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D012923:Social Class