title: Effects of a pharmacist-to-dose computerized request on promptness of antimicrobial therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of computerized requests for pharmacist-to-dose (PTD), an advanced clinical decision support tool for dosing guidance, on antimicrobial therapy with vancomycin and aminoglycosides, describe PTD request utilization, and identify factors that may prolong this process.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review was conducted of patients hospitalized from Jan 2004 to Jun 2006 with suspected pneumonia who received vancomycin, tobramycin, or gentamicin via PTD (study) or routine provider order entry (control).
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary endpoint was time to pharmacist completion of PTD request. Secondary data points included medication turn-around times for first doses of vancomycin or aminoglycosides and for first doses of any antibiotic, dose adjustment for renal dysfunction, medication errors, and time of order entry. Multivariate analysis was conducted to identify predictors of total time to pharmacist verification and time to administration of first doses of vancomycin or aminoglycosides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median time for pharmacist completion of PTD requests was 29 minutes. Delays were noted in the study group (n = 49) by comparison with the control group (n = 48) for median time to first dose of vancomycin or aminoglycoside (185 vs. 138 min, p = 0.45) and for any antibiotic (134 vs. 118 min, p = 0.42), respectively. Fewer medication errors were reported in the study group (5 vs. 18 errors, p = 0.002). In a multivariate model, PTD was not significantly predictive of time to pharmacy verification or medication turn-around time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacists completed pharmacist-to-dose consultations for dosing guidance of vancomycin and aminoglycosides within a median of 30 minutes. Implementation of a computerized request for clinical pharmacists to provide medication-related clinical decision support increased medication turn-around time of vancomycin and aminoglycosides and reduced medication errors. Consultation of clinical pharmacists by computerized request for initial antibiotic dosing of medications with narrow therapeutic windows is an option for medication-related clinical decision support but providers should be aware that consultation may delay medication turn-around time.
authors.affiliation: Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: P Shane
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Winstead
authors.forename: Kelly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gatz
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016303:Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems; D004360:Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D050316:Medical Order Entry Systems; D008510:Medication Systems, Hospital; D008875:Middle Aged; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014031:Tobramycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins; D014640:Vancomycin; D014031:Tobramycin