title: Serum uric acid and its association with metabolic syndrome and carotid atherosclerosis in obese children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between hyperuricemia, metabolic syndrome (MS), and atherosclerotic vascular disease has been reported in adults, but very little is known about this association in children. The aims of our study were to ascertain the correlates of uric acid (UA) in a sample of obese children, and to investigate whether UA is associated with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) independently from classical risk factors including MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed carotid IMT along with serum triglycerides, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index (as homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance), alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, creatinine, and UA in 120 obese children and 50 healthy control children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  UA concentrations were significantly higher in obese children compared with controls; moreover, they correlated with the most established cardiovascular risk factors. In the group of obese children, after adjustment for age, sex, pubertal stage, and creatinine, an independent association between UA levels and the presence of MS syndrome was observed (unstandardized coefficient, 0.044 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.015-0.072); P<0.01). Carotid IMT significantly increased in the fourth quartile of UA compared with that in the first, second, and third quartile (0.49 (0.46-0.53), 0.53 (0.49-0.56), and 0.55 (0.52-0.59) vs 0.61 (95% CI, 0.58-0.64); P<0.01). When multivariate analysis was performed after adjusting for age, gender, pubertal stage, creatinine, and MS (considered as a single clinical entity), or the individual components of MS simultaneously included, the association between UA and carotid IMT was significant (P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In obese children and adolescents, increased UA levels are associated with carotid atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. lucia.pacifico@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pacifico
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cantisani
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anania
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bonaiuto
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pascone
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiesa
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002648:Child; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D014527:Uric Acid; D002784:Cholesterol; D003404:Creatinine; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D000410:Alanine Transaminase