title: Protective effects of glycyrrhizin in a gut hypoxia (ischemia)-reoxygenation (reperfusion) model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the effects of glycyrrhizin, a potent antioxidant, on tissue injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) of the gut.
  
  
  METHODS
  I/R injury of the intestine was caused by clamping both the superior mesenteric artery and the celiac trunk for 45 min followed by release of the clamp allowing reperfusion for 1 or 6 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of glycyrrhizin, significantly reduced the (a) fall of mean arterial blood pressure, (b) mortality rate, (c) myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, (d) production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)], (e) histological evidence of gut injury, (f) immunoreactivity of nitrotyrosine, (g) poly ADP-ribose (PAR) formation, (h) the expression of ICAM-1 and P-selectin, (i) activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and (j) signal transducer and activator transcription-3 (STAT-3) induced by splanchnic artery occlusion-reperfusion shock.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that glycyrrhizin exerts multiple protective effects in splanchnic artery occlusion-reperfusion shock.
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Paola
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menegazzi
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mazzon
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crisafulli
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dal Bosco
authors.forename: Zhenzhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Hisanori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cuzzocrea
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000293:injuries* / Q000378:metabolism; D019695:Glycyrrhizic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D019007:P-Selectin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D019695:Glycyrrhizic Acid; D009195:Peroxidase