title: Greater household expenditures on fruits and vegetables but not animal source foods are associated with decreased risk of under-five child mortality among families in rural Indonesia.
abstract: The specific aims of this study were to examine the relationships between household food expenditures and under-5 child mortality among families in rural Indonesia. Data collected between 2000 and 2003 in the Indonesia Nutrition and Health Surveillance System, a population-based surveillance system conducted in 7 rural provinces, were utilized for the analysis. Food expenditures were divided into 4 major categories: plant foods (fruits and vegetables), animal foods, other nongrain foods, and grain foods (primarily rice) and expressed as quintiles of proportional food expenditure. Of 292,894 households, 32,777 (11.2%) households reported a history of under-5 child mortality. Plant food expenditures were associated with reduced odds of under-5 child mortality [odds ratio (OR), 0.70; 95% CI, 0.67-0.73; P < 0.0001) among families in the highest quintile compared with the lowest quintile, adjusting for potential confounders. Grain food expenditures were associated with increased odds of under-5 child mortality (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.20-1.30; P < 0.0001) among families in the highest quintile compared with the lowest quintile, adjusting for potential confounders. Animal food expenditures were not consistently and significantly associated with under-5 child mortality across quintiles of expenditures. These findings suggest that lower under-5 child mortality is found in households that spend a greater proportion of income on plant foods and less on grain foods in rural Indonesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Ashley A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thorne-Lyman
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Pee
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moench-Pfanner
authors.forename: Mayang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sari
authors.forename: Nasima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akhter
authors.forename: Martin W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Bloem
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Semba
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens; D002648:Child; D046688:Child Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D005399:Fishes; D005638:Fruit / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D008460:Meat / Q000191:economics*; D008892:Milk / Q000191:economics*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D014675:Vegetables / Q000191:economics*