title: The central nervous system cytokine response to global ischemia following resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation in a porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pro-inflammatory cytokines have been implicated as culprits in neurotoxicity following ischemia in small animal models of stroke. The aim of this study was to measure the central nervous system (CNS) cytokine response following resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation (VF) in a porcine model of cardiac arrest and global hypoxic ischemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  VF was induced electrically in 11 anesthetized swine. Following 7 min of untreated VF, animals were resuscitated. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum was sampled prior to VF and at 60, 120, and 180 min post-resuscitation from which levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 were measured. Levels were also drawn in three sham pigs, instrumented but not fibrillated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSF levels of TNF-alpha rose following resuscitation and were associated with CSF levels of IL-1 beta (p=0.0002). CSF levels of all cytokines except TNF-alpha were associated with their serum counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurable increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the CSF follow resuscitation from cardiac arrest in this porcine model. The CNS response TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta are associated. However, serum levels of TNF-alpha did not seem to predict CSF levels in this study, consistent with the concept of immune privilege of the CNS.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Surgery, The Air Medical Research Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. scott.youngquist@utah.edu
authors.forename: Scott T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Youngquist
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Niemann
authors.forename: Theodore W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Heyming
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rosborough
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D004554:Electric Countershock; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D013552:Swine; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines