title: Vertebral fractures in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the EOLO Study.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of vertebral fractures to investigate the determinants of vertebral fracture risk in patients with COPD. The risk of vertebral fractures is strictly related to the severity of the disease. The use of glucocorticoids and the presence of low values of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) may represent additional risk factors.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) appears to be associated with osteoporosis. Our study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of vertebral fractures and to investigate the main determinants of vertebral fracture risk in patients with COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 3,030 ambulatory COPD patients (1,778 men and 1,262 women) aged 50 years or over, we evaluated: COPD severity, presence of vertebral fractures on lateral chest X-ray and bone status by using a quantitative ultrasound device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men there was a strong association between COPD severity and fractures (p < 0.001), conversely in women the association between COPD severity and fractures was at limit (p = 0.049). In men, but not in women, glucocorticoid treatment was significantly associated with vertebral fractures. The patients with high or moderate risk of osteoporosis presented an increased risk of vertebral fracture (OR 2.71; 95% CI 2.04-3.60 and OR 1.54; 95% CI 1.26-1.88, respectively). Logistic regression analysis showed that COPD severity and glucocorticoid treatment, both inhaled and oral, were associated with increased risk of vertebral fractures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In COPD patients the risk of vertebral fractures is strictly related to the severity of the disease. The use of glucocorticoids and reduced QUS at calcaneous may represent additional risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Science and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, Viale Bracci 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nuti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Siviero
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maggi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guglielmi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caffarelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crepaldi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gonnelli
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids