title: Epstein-Barr virus-encoded EBNA1 modulates the AP-1 transcription factor pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and enhances angiogenesis in vitro.
abstract: The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded EBNA1 protein is expressed in all virus-associated tumours, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), where it plays an essential role in EBV genome maintenance, replication and transcription. Previous studies suggest that EBNA1 may have additional effects relevant to oncogenesis, including enhancement of cell survival, raising the possibility that EBNA1 may influence cellular gene expression. We have recently demonstrated by gene expression microarray profiling in an NPC cell model that EBNA1 influences the expression of a range of cellular genes, including those involved in transcription, translation and cell signalling. Here, we report for the first time that EBNA1 enhances activity of the AP-1 transcription factor in NPC cells and demonstrate that this is achieved by EBNA1 binding to the promoters of c-Jun and ATF2, enhancing their expression. In addition, we demonstrate elevated expression of the AP-1 targets interleukin 8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in response to EBNA1 expression, which enhances microtubule formation in an in vitro angiogenesis assay. Furthermore, we confirm elevation of VEGF and the phosphorylated isoforms of c-Jun and ATF2 in NPC biopsies. These findings implicate EBNA1 in the angiogenic process and suggest that this viral protein might directly contribute to the development and aggressively metastatic nature of NPC.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: O'Neil
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Victoria H J
authors.initials: VHJ
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Date
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Marilyn B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Chukwuma
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Arrand
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Lawrence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019309:Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D016679:Genome, Viral; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000502:physiology; D007668:Kidney / Q000196:embryology; D008870:Microtubules / Q000473:pathology; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D019309:Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens; D016209:Interleukin-8; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C417029:EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1