title: Scavenging by mammalian carnivores on prairie dog colonies: implications for the spread of plague.
abstract: Plague causes mass mortality of prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) in shortgrass steppe. Although the pathogen, the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is spread within colonies by flea bites or contact between infected hosts, it is unclear how Y. pestis is transported over long distances between isolated colonies. One possibility is that wideranging, plague-resistant mammalian carnivores pick up fleas when scavenging prairie dog carcasses. Using guinea pigs as surrogates for prairie dogs, we compared how quickly scavengers discovered carcasses on active prairie dog colonies, on colonies recently extirpated by plague, and in grasslands without prairie dogs. In June-July 2007, we monitored the fates of 20 guinea pig carcasses for 4 consecutive days on each site type. Ten carcasses were placed in wire exclosures that restricted access only to arthropods and small rodents; the other 10 were exposed to all scavengers. Scavengers were identified by tracks, evidence of consumption, and/or remote cameras. Carnivores discovered carcasses more quickly on active and plague colonies (mean +/- 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6 +/- 0.7, 1.4 +/- 1.4 days, respectively) than on grasslands (3.1 +/- 0.7 days). By the end of the trials, all (100%) exposed carcasses were removed from active colonies, whereas 60% were removed from plague colonies and 30% were removed from grasslands. Rates of carcass discovery and removal on active colonies were significantly greater than in grasslands, which mirrored differences in carnivore activity recorded during earlier scat surveys. A small fraction (30%-40%) of carcasses in exclosures were eaten by rodents, but only on active and plague colonies, suggesting that small rodents, presumably grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster), may also consume carcasses and pick up fleas if carcasses are not removed by carnivores first. These results, combined with observations that fleas remain alive on prairie dogs at least 1 day following their death, suggest that carnivores may encounter infectious fleas while scavenging, and they could transport them over long distances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, California 92834-6850, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boone
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stapp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002335:Carnivora / Q000382:microbiology*; D003120:Colorado / Q000453:epidemiology; D004199:Disease Vectors; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D010930:Plague / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D012589:Sciuridae / Q000382:microbiology*; D005423:Siphonaptera / Q000382:microbiology*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D015010:Yersinia pestis / Q000472:pathogenicity*