title: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), an inexorably progressive motoneuron disease, is accompanied by significantly increased markers of inflammation. These inflammatory constituents could protect, harm, do neither, or do both.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was performed in patients with sporadic ALS to suppress neuroinflammation and improve clinical outcomes after CNS engraftment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients with definite ALS received total body irradiation followed by peripheral blood HSCT infusion from human leukocyte antigen identically matched sibling donors. Disease progression and survival were assessed monthly and compared with matched historic database patients. Autopsy samples from brain and spinal cord were examined immunohistochemically and by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Donor-derived DNA in brain and spinal cord tissue was evaluated for the extent of chimerism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No clinical benefits were evident. Four patients were 100% engrafted; postmortem tissue examination in two of the 100% engrafted patients demonstrated 16% to 38% donor-derived DNA at sites with motoneuron pathology, which may correspond to the observed increased CD68 or CD1a-positive cells. Neither donor DNA nor increased cell numbers were found in several unaffected brain regions. A third minimally engrafted patient had neither donor DNA nor increased infiltrating cells in the CNS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that peripheral cells derived from donor hematopoietic stem cells can enter the human CNS primarily at sites of motoneuron pathology and engraft as immunomodulatory cells. Although unmodified hematopoietic stem cells did not benefit these sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients, such cells may provide a cellular vehicle for future CNS gene therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA. sappel@tmhs.org
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Henkel
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Siklos
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Beers
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carrum
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Heslop
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Popat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019172:Transplantation Conditioning / Q000379:methods*