title: Multislice display of the fetal face using 3-dimensional ultrasonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multislice 3-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) allows ultrasonographic volume data to be presented in parallel slices. Our aim was to develop a technique using a multislice display to specifically differentiate the maxilla (primary palate) from the mandible and to display the orbits in a single image in fetuses with normal anatomy and cleft lip/palate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional ultrasonographic volumes of the fetal face were acquired in 142 patients (49 prospective and 93 retrospective). Fifteen patients had a confirmed diagnosis of cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Three readers manipulated volumes in a standardized fashion to show the orbits, maxilla, and mandible. The best interslice distance was determined. Image quality was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean gestational age of the fetuses was 23 weeks (range, 11-38 weeks). The mean interval distance used varied from 3 to 3.7 mm (range, 1-5.8 mm). The interval distance correlated with gestational age (Spearman rho = 0.66; P < .0001). Image quality obtained through multislice evaluation of the orbits, maxilla, and mandible was high and did not vary with gestational age, interval distance, retrospective versus prospective acquisition, or 3DUS versus 4-dimensional volumes. A higher image quality rating was associated with axial and sagittal planes of acquisition as opposed to coronal and oblique planes (Wilcoxon P < .002). All cases of cleft lip with or without cleft palate were correctly identified retrospectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multislice 3DUS evaluation of the fetal face can be performed successfully with high image quality. This technique can be used to consistently and accurately differentiate the fetal primary palate and mandible. Fetuses with cleft lip with or without cleft palate can be identified with confidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
authors.forename: Michele C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: McGahan
authors.forename: Gladys A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Chenita
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Landry
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wolfson
authors.forename: B Brooke
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Sowell
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: D'Agostini
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patino
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Dolores H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pretorius
mesh_terms: D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*