title: Lipid mediators in innate immunity against tuberculosis: opposing roles of PGE2 and LXA4 in the induction of macrophage death.
abstract: Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) induces a maladaptive cytolytic death modality, necrosis, which is advantageous for the pathogen. We report that necrosis of macrophages infected with the virulent Mtb strains H37Rv and Erdmann depends on predominant LXA(4) production that is part of the antiinflammatory and inflammation-resolving action induced by Mtb. Infection of macrophages with the avirulent H37Ra triggers production of high levels of the prostanoid PGE(2), which promotes protection against mitochondrial inner membrane perturbation and necrosis. In contrast to H37Ra infection, PGE(2) production is significantly reduced in H37Rv-infected macrophages. PGE(2) acts by engaging the PGE(2) receptor EP2, which induces cyclic AMP production and protein kinase A activation. To verify a role for PGE(2) in control of bacterial growth, we show that infection of prostaglandin E synthase (PGES)(-/-) macrophages in vitro with H37Rv resulted in significantly higher bacterial burden compared with wild-type macrophages. More importantly, PGES(-/-) mice harbor significantly higher Mtb lung burden 5 wk after low-dose aerosol infection with virulent Mtb. These in vitro and in vivo data indicate that PGE(2) plays a critical role in inhibition of Mtb replication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Minjian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Maziar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Divangahi
authors.forename: Huixian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.forename: Daniel S J
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Charles N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Serhan
authors.forename: Samuel M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Behar
authors.forename: Heinz G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Remold
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000502:physiology*; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D044045:Lipoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D044045:Lipoxins; C545644:PTGER2 protein, human; C545645:Ptger2 protein, mouse; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype; C040527:lipoxin A4; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone