title: Addressing disease surveillance needs for marine recreational bathers.
abstract: Contamination of the nearshore marine environment contributes to a high burden of illness among recreational bathers. Disease surveillance activities carried out by local, state, and territorial agencies in the United States are at present voluntary and passive. Several gaps in the existing regulatory framework for beach management and public health protection are highlighted in this paper. The need for disease surveillance of marine bathers is established. A demonstration is made of how surveillance activities can be used to guide risk management and gauge the effectiveness of current water contact standards. Recommendations are offered for agencies to improve surveillance and protect public health. A foundation is presented on which to develop a model marine health code.
authors.affiliation: College of Health Sciences, TUI University, 5665 Plaza Drive, 3rd Floor, Cypress, CA 90630, USA. dturbow@tuiu.edu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turbow
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D002487:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007373:Interinstitutional Relations; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D012308:Risk Management / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000458:organization & administration*; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D013550:Swimming; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency; D014871:Water Microbiology / Q000592:standards