title: Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperresponsiveness is associated with increased social avoidance behavior in social phobia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Social avoidance and inhibition in animals is associated with hyperresponsiveness of the glucocorticoid stress-system. In humans, the relation between glucocorticoid stress-reactivity and social avoidance behavior remains largely unexplored. We investigated whether increased cortisol stress-responsiveness is linked to increased social avoidance behavior in patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with SAD (n = 18) as well as two control groups of healthy participants (n = 22) and patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; n = 17), respectively, performed a social approach-avoidance task (AA-task) in a baseline condition and in a social stress condition (provided by the Trier Social Stress Test). The AA-task is a computerized reaction-time task measuring the speed of manual approach and avoidance responses to visually presented social threat cues (angry faces). Salivary cortisol, blood pressure, and subjective anxiety were assessed throughout the experiment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with SAD showed larger cortisol responses to the social stress test, as compared with healthy and PTSD control subjects. Most crucially, these increased cortisol responses were significantly correlated to the increase in social avoidance behavior measured by the AA-task in the social stress condition in SAD. An additional regression analysis showed that the cortisol responses predicted the stress-induced increase in social avoidance tendencies over and above the effects of blood pressure and subjective anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide the first evidence for a direct link between increased cortisol stress-responsiveness and social avoidance behavior in patients with SAD. The results support animal models of social avoidance and inhibition and might have important treatment implications.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University Institute for Psychological Research, The Netherlands. Roelofs@fsw.leidenuniv.nl
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roelofs
authors.forename: Jacobien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Peer
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berretty
authors.forename: Paula de
authors.initials: Pd
authors.lastname: Jong
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spinhoven
authors.forename: Bernet M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Elzinga
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone