title: Effects of raloxifene on Ki-67 and CD34 antigen expression in breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of raloxifene on CD34 and Ki-67 antigen expression in breast cancer specimens from postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen postmenopausal patients with operable, stage II (>or=3 cm), estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, who took 60 mg of raloxifene daily for 28 days, participated in this study. Immunohistochemistry was carried out in tumor samples prior to and following raloxifene treatment to evaluate CD34 and Ki-67 protein expression. Angiogenesis was quantified in 10 randomly selected fields per slide, and Ki-67-stained nuclei were counted in 1,000 cells per slide using an image capture and analysis system with 400x magnification. Student's t test for paired samples was used for the statistical analysis of data. Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean number of microvessels was 44.44 +/- 3.54 prior to raloxifene therapy and 22.63 +/- 1.61 following therapy (p < 0.001), and the mean percentage of Ki-67-stained nuclei was 19.28 +/- 1.61 and 12.13 +/- 1.48 prior to and following raloxifene treatment, respectively (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Raloxifene significantly reduces CD34 and Ki-67 protein expression in breast carcinoma in postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil. beneditoborges@globo.com
authors.forename: Benedito Borges
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Cleicilene Gomes
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.forename: Alesse Ribeiro
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.forename: Adriel Herbert
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: de Castro-Leão
authors.forename: Airlane Pereira
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Alencar
authors.forename: Pedro Vitor
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Lopes-Costa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015412:Mastectomy, Segmental / Q000379:methods; D055806:Microvessels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000517:prevention & control; D015588:Observer Variation; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000032:analysis; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D015415:Biomarkers; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride