title: Vascular adaptation of the internal thoracic artery graft early and late after bypass surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Flow mismatch between the supplying artery and the myocardial perfusion region has been observed in patients with internal thoracic artery grafts. Thus coronary flow changes of arterial (internal thoracic artery grafts) and saphenous (saphenous vein grafts) bypass grafts were studied early and late after coronary artery bypass grafting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients undergoing elective bypass surgery (internal thoracic artery and saphenous vein grafts) were studied intraoperatively and (17 patients) 3 to 10 months postoperatively. Coronary flow was measured intraoperatively with the transit-time Doppler scanning technique. Postoperatively, flow velocity and coronary flow reserve were determined with the Doppler flow wire technique. Quantitative angiographic analysis was used to determine vessel size for calculation of absolute flow.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraoperatively, internal thoracic artery graft flow was significantly lower than saphenous vein graft flow (31 +/- 8 vs 58 +/- 29 mL/min, P < .01). Postoperatively, internal thoracic artery graft flow increased significantly to 42 +/- 24 mL/min at 3 months and to 56 +/- 30 mL/min (P < .02 vs intraoperative value) at 10 months, respectively. However, saphenous vein graft flow remained unchanged over time (58 +/- 29 to 50 +/- 27 mL/min at 3 months and 46 +/- 27 mL/min at 10 months). Coronary flow reserve was abnormally low intraoperatively in the internal thoracic artery (1.3 +/- 0.3) and saphenous vein (1.6 +/- 0.5) grafts but increased significantly to normal values in both types of graft at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bypass flow of the internal thoracic artery graft is significantly reduced intraoperatively when compared with that of the saphenous vein graft. However, 3 and 10 months after the operation, flow of the internal thoracic artery graft increases significantly and is similar to saphenous vein graft flow. This finding can be explained by an early flow mismatch of the native internal thoracic artery in the presence of a large perfusion territory. During follow-up, there is vascular remodeling of the internal thoracic artery, probably because of endothelium-mediated mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland. beat.walpoth@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: Beat H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Walpoth
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bosshard
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eckstein
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carrel
authors.forename: Otto M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000368:Aged; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D018619:Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011336:Probability; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000637:transplantation*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013895:Thoracic Arteries / Q000637:transplantation*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014654:Vascular Patency