title: Strength training increases training-specific multifinger coordination in humans.
abstract: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of finger strength training (ST) on finger strength, independence, force control, and adaptations in multifinger coordination. Thirty-three healthy, young (23.0+/-2.9 years) subjects were randomly assigned into 4 groups. Group 1 (G1) trained all fingers together, Group 2 (G2) trained individual fingers without restricting movements of the nontraining fingers, and Group 3 (G3) trained individual fingers while restricting the movement of the nontraining fingers. The control group (G0) did not undergo any training. A vertically hanging load was attached to a spring that passed through a pulley. The other end of the string extended to the horizontal plane and had thimblesattached to it. Subjects were asked to rest their forearm on the table and lift the load by inserting their fingers into the thimbles. The training protocol lasted 6 weeks. Identical experimental tests were conducted 4 times, biweekly, across the 6-week training. Force coordination and moment coordination, defined as synergies stabilizing the resultant force and the resultant moment of all finger forces, in a multifinger pressing task were quantified using the Uncontrolled Manifold (UCM) analysis. The UCM analysis allocates motor variability into two components, one in the null space of a motor task and the other perpendicular to the null space. During multifinger pressing tasks, multifinger coordination exists when the variability in the null space is greater than the variability in the subspace perpendicular to the null space. The multifinger coordination was quantified as the difference between the variance within the null space and that perpendicular to the null space, normalized by the total variance. Thus, the coordination measure in our analysis is a unitless variable. A greater coordination measure indicates better multifinger coordination. Moment-stabilizing multifinger coordination increased only in G1 (from 1.197+/-0.004 to 1.323+/-0.002, p<.01), and force-stabilizing coordination increased only in G3 (from 0.207+/-0.106 to 0.727+/-0.071, p<.01). Finger strength, measured by the maximal voluntary finger force of pressing 4 fingers, increased significantly in all training groups (from 103.7+/-3.1 N to 144.0+/-3.6 N for training groups, all p<.001). Finger-force errors, quantified by the deviations between the required force profiles (20% maximal voluntary force) presented to the subjects and the actual force produced, decreased significantly with ST for all the training groups (all p<.05). Finger independence also decreased significantly for all the training groups (p<.05). We conclude that the neuromuscular system adaptations to multifinger ST are specific to the training protocol being employed, yielding improvements in different types of multifinger coordination (i.e., coordination-specific ST), finger-force control, and finger strength and a decrease in finger independence. Finger independence, depending on the nature of the task, might or might not be favorable to certain task performances. We suggest that ST protocol should be carefully designed for the improvement of specific coordination of multieffector motor systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Jae Kun
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Sohit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karol
authors.forename: Ben F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Hurley
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*