title: Enrichment of intestinal mucosal phospholipids with arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids fed to suckling piglets is dose and time dependent.
abstract: Infant formula companies began fortifying formulas with long-chain PUFA in 2002, including arachidonic acid (ARA) at approximately 0.5% of total fatty acids. The primary objective of this study was to determine the time-specific effects of feeding formula enriched with supra-physiologic ARA on fatty acid composition of intestinal mucosal phospholipids. One-day-old pigs (n = 96) were fed a milk-based formula for 4, 8, or 16 d. Diets contained either no PUFA (0% ARA, negative control), 0.5% ARA, 2.5% ARA, 5% ARA, or 5% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) of total fatty acids (wt:wt). Growth (299 +/- 21 g/d) and clinical hematology were unaffected by treatment (P > 0.6). Although minimal on d 4, concentrations of ARA in jejunal mucosa were enriched 47, 272 and 428% by d 8 and 144, 356, and 415% by d 16 in pigs fed the 0.5% ARA, 2.5% ARA, and 5% ARA diets, respectively, compared with the 0% ARA control pigs (P < 0.01). On d 16, ARA enrichment increased progressively with increasing dietary ARA supplementation from 0 to 2.5% but plateaued as dietary ARA rose to 5%. A similar pattern of ARA enrichment was observed in ileal mucosal phospholipids, but maximal enrichment in the ileum exceed that in the jejunum by >50%. As ARA increased, linoleic acid content decreased reciprocally. Although maximal enterocyte enrichment with EPA approached 20-fold by d 8, concentrations were only approximately 50% of those attained for ARA. Negligible effects on gross villus/crypt morphology were observed. These data demonstrate a dose-dependent response of intestinal mucosal phospholipid ARA concentration to dietary ARA with nearly full enrichment attained within 8 d of feeding formula containing ARA at 2.5% of total fatty acids and that supra-physiologic supplementation of ARA is not detrimental to growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Holly A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Corl
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Sheila K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jacobi
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Harrell
authors.forename: Anthony T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Blikslager
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Odle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004032:Diet; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D043322:Lactase / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D043322:Lactase