title: Drug dosing error with drops: severe clinical course of codeine intoxication in twins.
abstract: In spite of the lack of evidence for its efficacy, and of sporadic reports of severe adverse events, codeine is still widely used as an antitussive agent in children. A 3-year-old boy (twin 1) was found lying in vomit and apnoeic at night; he was resuscitated and immediately transferred to our paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Two and a half hours later, his twin brother (twin 2) was found dead in his bed at home. Twin 1 required mechanical ventilation for 3 days, but he eventually made a full recovery; autopsy in twin 2 showed massive aspiration of gastric content. History revealed that the monozygotic twins had an upper respiratory tract infection for several days and had both been given codeine at a dose of "10 drops per day" by their mother. The blood of both twins was found to contain high levels of codeine and its metabolites. The weight of "10 drops" was determined experimentally and was found to range from 494 to 940 mg. Thus, the highest possible dose given by mother was 23.5 mg of codeine instead of the recommended 10 mg. The twins had identical CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms corresponding to the "extensive metaboliser" type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the variability of drop size drug dosage, dosage "by drops" is unprecise and may result in accidental overdose. The combination of repeated overdosing and extensive metabolism to morphine is likely to have caused apnoea in these twins. These cases illustrate the danger of codeine as an antitussive in young children.
authors.affiliation: Poison Information Center VIZ-Freiburg, Center for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Freiburg, Germany. maren.hermanns-clausen@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Maren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hermanns-Clausen
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weinmann
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Auwärter
authors.forename: Nerea
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ferreirós
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Trittler
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pahl
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Superti-Furga
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hentschel
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000996:Antitussive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003061:Codeine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000235:genetics; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000150:complications; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D053120:Respiratory Aspiration / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014427:Twins; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000996:Antitussive Agents; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; D003061:Codeine