title: History of malaria control in Tajikistan and rapid malaria appraisal in an agro-ecological setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reported malaria cases in rice growing areas in western Tajikistan were at the root of a rapid appraisal of the local malaria situation in a selected agro-ecological setting where only scarce information was available. The rapid appraisal was complemented by a review of the epidemiology and control of malaria in Tajikistan and Central Asia from 1920 until today. Following a resurgence in the 1990s, malaria transmission has been reduced considerably in Tajikistan as a result of concerted efforts by the government and international agencies. The goal for 2015 is transmission interruption, with control interventions and surveillance currently concentrated in the South, where foci of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum persist.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rapid malaria appraisal was carried out in six communities of irrigated rice cultivation during the peak of malaria transmission (August/September 2007) in western Tajikistan. In a cross-sectional survey, blood samples were taken from 363 schoolchildren and examined for Plasmodium under a light microscope. A total of 56 farmers were interviewed about agricultural activities and malaria. Potential Anopheles breeding sites were characterized using standardized procedures. A literature review on the epidemiology and control of malaria in Tajikistan was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One case of P. vivax was detected among the 363 schoolchildren examined (0.28%). The interviewees reported to protect themselves against mosquito bites and used their own concepts on fever conditions, which do not distinguish between malaria and other diseases. Three potential malaria vectors were identified, i.e. Anopheles superpictus, Anopheles pulcherrimus and Anopheles hyrcanus in 58 of the 73 breeding sites examined (79.5%). Rice paddies, natural creeks and man-made ponds were the most important Anopheles habitats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of malaria vectors and parasite reservoirs, low awareness of, and protection against malaria in the face of population movements and inadequate surveillance may render local communities vulnerable to potential epidemics. To attain malaria transmission interruption in Tajikistan by 2015, there is a need for rigorous surveillance along with strengthening of primary health care facilities for effective case management, and possibly a more differentiated vector control strategy based on additional local evidence.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Centre for International Health, Swiss Tropical Institute, P,O, Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. barbara.matthys@unibas.ch
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Matthys
authors.forename: Tohir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sherkanov
authors.forename: Saifudin S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Karimov
authors.forename: Zamonidin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Khabirov
authors.forename: Till
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mostowlansky
authors.forename: Jürg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Utzinger
authors.forename: Kaspar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wyss
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000145:classification; D001769:Blood / Q000469:parasitology; D002648:Child; D004199:Disease Vectors / Q000145:classification; D005260:Female; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012424:Rural Population; D013620:Tajikistan / Q000453:epidemiology