title: Replication of a rare protective allele in the noradrenaline transporter gene and ADHD.
abstract: Replication is a key to resolving whether a reported genetic association represents a false positive finding or an actual genetic risk factor. In a previous study screening 51 candidate genes for association with ADHD in a multi-centre European sample (the IMAGE project), two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the norepinephrine transporter (SLC6A2) gene were found to be associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The same SNP alleles were also reported to be associated with ADHD in a separate study from the Massachusetts General Hospital in the US. Using two independent samples of ADHD DSM-IV combined subtype trios we attempted to replicate the reported associations with SNPs rs11568324 and rs3785143 in SLC6A2. Significant association of the two markers was not observed in the two independent replication samples. However, across all four datasets the overall evidence of association with ADHD was significant (for SNP rs11568324 P = 0.0001; average odds ratio = 0.33; for SNP rs3785143 P = 0.008; average odds ratio = 1.3). The data were consistent for rs11568324, suggesting the existence of a rare allele conferring protection for ADHD within the SLC6A2 gene. Further investigations should focus on identifying the mechanisms underlying the protective effect.
authors.affiliation: MRC Social Genetic Developmental and Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hawi
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Brookes
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anney
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bellgrove
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuntsi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banaschewski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ebstein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Oades
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roeyers
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sergeant
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sonuga-Barke
authors.forename: H-C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Steinhausen
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Asherson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000483:Alleles; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D050484:Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010290:Parents; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D035781:Siblings
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D050484:Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; C493227:SLC6A2 protein, human