title: Diagnostic ascertainment of suspicious pancreatic mass: a threshold analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is frequently difficult to differentiate between a benign and malignant pancreatic mass. The aim of this study was to assess the parameters that affect the decision to perform surgery on a suspicious pancreatic head lesion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cost-benefit analysis, using decision tree and threshold analysis, accumulates costs and quality-adjusted life years in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy or expectant management. The threshold value is defined as the diagnostic probability for pancreatic cancer when the cost-benefit relationships of pancreaticoduodenectomy or expectant management are equal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For a localized pancreatic head lesion, the threshold probability of cancer is 43%. Any higher probability of pancreatic cancer makes pancreaticoduodenectomy the preferred treatment option. Within a range of $20,000 to $80,000 spent on surgery, the threshold in favor of Whipple procedure remains relatively low at 40% to 65%. A reduced quality of life after surgery weighs against surgery and raises its threshold. Varying quality of life between 100% and 80% changes the threshold between 31% and 67%. The threshold also is increased in younger patients because of the potentially more dire consequences of unnecessary surgery in instances of long life expectancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even if diagnostic certainty cannot be achieved, it frequently is beneficial to perform surgery despite the risk of subjecting the occasional patient with benign pancreatic head lesion to an unnecessary pancreaticoduodenectomy.
authors.affiliation: Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. sonnenbe@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Amnon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sonnenberg
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Douglas O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Faigel
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery*; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy / Q000191:economics*; D011788:Quality of Life