title: Decreased expression of CXXC4 promotes a malignant phenotype in renal cell carcinoma by activating Wnt signaling.
abstract: The Wnt signaling pathway is involved in normal embryonic development and controls the homeostatic self-renewal of stem cells in adult tissues. Constitutive activation of Wnt signaling contributes to cancer development and progression. We identified a CXXC4 homozygous deletion at 4q24 in an aggressive renal cell carcinoma (RCC) using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. CXXC4 encodes Idax, which negatively regulates Wnt signaling by binding to the PDZ domain of Dishevelled. CXXC4 mRNA levels in tumor samples were significantly lower in patients with metastases compared with those without (P=0.0016). Patients whose tumors had lower CXXC4 expression than normal kidney showed a poorer cause-specific survival outcome than those with higher expression (P=0.0095). Decreased expression of CXXC4 also correlated with cytoplasmic staining of beta-catenin. Knockdown of CXXC4 induced the nuclear translocation of beta-catenin and altered expression of a set of genes involved in cell proliferation, invasion and survival. Furthermore, reduced expression of CXXC4 by small interfering RNAs promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis after 5-FU and doxorubicin treatment in RCC cells. These data suggest that CXXC4 plays a critical role in tumor progression of RCC through Wnt signaling. Wnt signaling could thus be a potential molecular target in RCC indicating decreased CXXC4 expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimazui
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hinotsu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joraku
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oikawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Horie
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagashima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Michiue
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asashima
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akaza
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D002455:Cell Division / Q000235:genetics; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics*; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 / Q000235:genetics; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D018628:Gene Dosage; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C495270:CTNNB1 protein, human; C418221:CXXC4 protein, human; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin