title: Acupuncture as an adjunct to standard treatment for pelvic girdle pain in pregnant women: randomised double-blinded controlled trial comparing acupuncture with non-penetrating sham acupuncture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether acupuncture has a greater treatment effect than non-penetrating sham acupuncture in women with pelvic girdle pain (PGP) during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised double-blinded controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  East Hospital, Gothenburg, and 25 antenatal primary care units in the region of Västra Götaland, Sweden.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 115 pregnant women with a clinical diagnosis of PGP who scored > or =50 on a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Women were randomly allocated to standard treatment plus acupuncture or to standard treatment plus non-penetrating sham acupuncture for 8 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Main outcome measure was pain. Secondary outcomes were frequency of sick leave, functional status, discomfort of PGP, health-related quality of life and recovery of severity of PGP as assessed by the independent examiner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After treatment, median pain decreased from 66 to 36 in the acupuncture group and from 69 to 41 in the non-penetrating sham group (P = 0.493) as assessed on a VAS. Women in the acupuncture group were in regular work to a higher extent than women in the sham group (n = 28/57 versus 16/57, P = 0.041). The acupuncture group had superior ability to perform daily activities measured with the disability rating index (DRI) (44 versus 55, P = 0.001). There were no significant differences in quality of life, discomfort of PGP and recovery from severity of PGP between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acupuncture had no significant effect on pain or on the degree of sick leave compared with non-penetrating sham acupuncture. There was some improvement in performing daily activities according to DRI. The data imply that needle penetration contributes to a limited extent to the previously reported beneficial effects of acupuncture.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, East Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden. helen.elden@vgregion.se
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elden
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fagevik-Olsen
authors.forename: H-C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Ostgaard
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stener-Victorin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hagberg
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011788:Quality of Life; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome