title: Aldicarb and carbofuran transport in a Hapludalf influenced by differential antecedent soil water content and irrigation delay.
abstract: Pesticide use in agroecosystems can adversely impact groundwater quality via chemical leaching through soils. Few studies have investigated the effects of antecedent soil water content (SWC) and timing of initial irrigation (TII) after chemical application on pesticide transport and degradation. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of antecedent soil water content (wet vs dry) and timing of initial irrigation (0h Delay vs 24h Delay) on aldicarb [(EZ)-2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde O-methylcarbamoyloxime] and carbofuran [2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate] transport and degradation parameters at a field site with Menfro silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalf) soils. Aldicarb and carbofuran were applied to plots near field capacity (wet) or near permanent wilting point (dry). Half of the dry and wet plots received irrigation water immediately after chemical application and the remaining plots were irrigated after a 24h Delay. The transport and degradation parameters were estimated using the method of moments. Statistical significance determined for SWC included averages across TII levels, and significance determined for TII included averages across SWC levels. For the dry treatment, aldicarb was detected 0.10 m deeper (P<0.01) on two of the four sampling dates and carbofuran was detected at least 0.10 m deeper (P<0.05) on all of the sampling dates compared to the wet treatment. Pore water velocity was found to be higher (P<0.10) in the dry vs wet treatments on three of four dates for aldicarb and two of four dates for carbofuran. Retardation coefficients for both pesticides showed similar evidence of reduced values for the dry vs wet treatments. These results indicate deeper pesticide movement in the initially dry treatment. For aldicarb and carbofuran, estimated values of the degradation rate were approximately 40-49% lower in the initially dry plots compared to the initially wet plots, respectively. When the initial irrigation was delayed for 24h, irrespective of antecedent moisture conditions, a 30% reduction in aldicarb degradation occurred. This study illustrates the deeper transport of pesticides and their increased persistence when applied to initially dry soils.
authors.affiliation: Karadj Agricultural College, University of Tehran, Karadj, Iran.
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Kazemi
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Goyne
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gantzer
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000448:Aldicarb / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002235:Carbofuran / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014872:Water Movements
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014867:Water; D000448:Aldicarb; D002235:Carbofuran