title: Transvenous removal of pacing and implantable cardiac defibrillating leads using single sheath mechanical dilatation and multiple venous approaches: high success rate and safety in more than 2000 leads.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to describe a 10 years single-centre experience in pacing and defibrillating leads removal using an effective and safe modified mechanical dilatation technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed a single mechanical dilating sheath extraction technique with multiple venous entry site approaches. We performed a venous entry site approach (VEA) in cases of exposed leads and an alternative transvenous femoral approach (TFA) combined with an internal transjugular approach (ITA) in the presence of very tight binding sites causing failure of VEA extraction or in cases of free-floating leads. We attempted to remove 2062 leads [1825 pacing and 237 implantable cardiac defibrillating (ICD) leads; 1989 exposed at the venous entry site and 73 free-floating] in 1193 consecutive patients. The VEA was effective in 1799 leads, the TFA in 28, and the ITA in 205; in the overall population, we completely removed 2032 leads (98.4%), partially removed 18 (0.9%), and failed to remove 12 leads (0.6%). Major complications were observed in eight patients (0.7%), causing three deaths (0.3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mechanical single sheath extraction technique with multiple venous entry site approaches is effective, safe, and with a good cost effective profile for pacing and ICD leads removal.
authors.affiliation: Arrhythmology Unit of CardioVascular Division, CardioThoracic Department, University Hospital, Via Paradisa 2, 56100 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Bongiorni
authors.forename: Ezio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Soldati
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zucchelli
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Cori
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Segreti
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Lucia
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Solarino
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balbarini
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marzilli
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mariani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D020878:Device Removal / Q000379:methods*; D004106:Dilatation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult