title: Addition of neutral protamine lispro insulin or insulin glargine to oral type 2 diabetes regimens for patients with suboptimal glycemic control: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Injection of long-acting insulin at bedtime is a common therapeutic approach for patients with type 2 diabetes that is poorly controlled with oral regimens. Neutral protamine lispro (NPL) insulin has demonstrated better glycemic control and similar incidence of hypoglycemic events than that of neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of bedtime NPL insulin or insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes who had suboptimal glycemic control while receiving stable doses of metformin and sulfonylurea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open-label, randomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Teaching hospital (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Second University of Naples), Naples, Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  116 adults receiving stable doses of metformin plus sulfonylurea for longer than 90 days with hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) levels of 7.5% to 10% and fasting plasma glucose levels of 6.7 mmol/L or greater (> or =120 mg/dL).
  
  
  METHODS
  10 IU of NPL insulin or insulin glargine injected subcutaneously at bedtime with weekly dose titrations to target fasting glucose levels less than 5.6 mmol/L (<100 mg/dL) in addition to stable oral regimens. Patients receiving nighttime sulfonylurea before the study were switched to metformin.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was change in HbA(1c) levels from baseline to week 36. Secondary outcomes were HbA(1c) levels less than 7%, self-reported hypoglycemic episodes, insulin dose, self-monitored glucose level, and body weight. Twenty patients in each group had continuous glucose monitoring for 3 consecutive days before adding insulin and at week 36.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Improvement in HbA(1c) levels was similar in both groups (1.83% and 1.89% for NPL and glargine, respectively). The difference between the groups was 0.06 percentage point (95% CI, -0.1 to 0.15 percentage points). Secondary outcomes did not differ between groups. Hemoglobin A(1c) levels less than 7% occurred in 62% of patients receiving NPL and 64% of patients receiving glargine (difference, 2.0 percentage points [CI, -1.1 to 5.0 percentage points]). Fasting plasma glucose levels less than 5.6 mmol/L (<100 mg/dL) occurred in 40% of patients receiving NPL and 41% of patients receiving glargine (difference, 1.0 percentage point [CI, -0.9 to 3.0 percentage points]). Any hypoglycemic event occurred in 74% of patients receiving NPL and 67% of patients receiving glargine (difference, 7 percentage points [CI, -5 to 13 percentage points]). Continuous glucose level monitoring in the patients who had this measurement did not differ statistically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study was not blinded, had limited power to detect differences in hypoglycemic events, and did not obtain continuous glucose level monitoring for all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar glycemic control occurred with the addition of NPL or glargine insulin to oral regimens in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Hypoglycemia was similar in the 2 groups, but sample size limited the ability to make a definite safety assessment.
authors.affiliation: Second University of Naples and Azienda Sanitaria Locale Napoli 5, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Miryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciotola
authors.forename: Maria Ida
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Maiorino
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gualdiero
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schisano
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceriello
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beneduce
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feola
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giugliano
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D011479:Protamines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D008687:Metformin; D011479:Protamines; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; C110077:neutral protamine lispro insulin