title: Obesity and morbid obesity are associated with a greater conversion rate to open surgery for standard but not hand assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We noted that the impact of obesity on renal laparoscopy may vary with the specific surgical approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients who underwent standard and hand assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy at our institution were categorized by body mass index as nonobese--body mass index less than 30, obese--30 to 39.9 and morbidly obese--40 kg/m(2) or greater. We assessed the association of intraoperative and postoperative outcomes with body mass index for standard and hand assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 350 patients who underwent standard (196) or hand assisted (154) laparoscopic radical nephrectomy 36% were obese and 12% were morbidly obese. Patients who underwent hand assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy had a greater body mass index, more frequent assignment of American Society of Anesthesiologists score 3 or 4 and larger masses than those who underwent standard laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. Despite this fact conversion to open surgery from hand assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy did not occur, while such conversion occurred in the standard laparoscopic radical nephrectomy group in 0.8% of nonobese, 3.0% of obese and 17% of morbidly obese patients (association with body mass index p = 0.003). Operative time, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and hospitalization duration did not vary with body mass index. On multivariate analysis only body mass index and not age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, prior abdominal surgery or tumor size was associated with an increasing likelihood of conversion to open surgery (p = 0.04), and only in the standard laparoscopic radical nephrectomy group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although obesity and morbid obesity are associated with more frequent conversion to open surgery during standard laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, such conversion did not occur during hand assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. This advantage of hand assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy should be considered when planning laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in obese and morbidly obese patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0330, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmed H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Gabr
authors.forename: Ehab R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Elsayed
authors.forename: Yehoshua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gdor
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: J Stuart
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000150:complications*