title: Distribution of Typhula spp. and Typhula ishikariensis Varieties in Wisconsin, Utah, Michigan, and Minnesota.
abstract: ABSTRACT Snow molds are psychrophilic fungi that grow under snow cover by taking advantage of carbohydrate-depleted, dormant plants. Typhula snow molds caused by Typhula incarnata, T. phacorrhiza, and T. ishikariensis are the most important winter diseases of perennial grasses and winter cereals in the United States. Colonized turfgrass samples with sclerotia were collected from 135 golf courses in Wisconsin, Utah, Michigan, and Minnesota in spring 2001 and 2002. Species and varieties from a total of 2,864 samples were identified using Typhula spp.-specific polymerase chain reaction markers. All three species were found throughout the states sampled, except T. phacorrhiza, which was not found in Minnesota. T. incarnata was distributed in areas of shorter snow cover duration and higher mean temperature than T. ishikariensis. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that snow cover days and mean temperature were significantly correlated with frequency of Typhula spp. and T. ishikariensis varieties infecting turfgrasses on golf courses in Wisconsin, and that T. incarnata, T. phacorrhiza, and T. ishikariensis were ecologically distinct based on the 2001 data. However, because these two variables accounted for a relatively small proportion of total variation, other environmental variables also may be important in characterizing the distribution of these pathogens and require further study.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scheef
authors.forename: R A B
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Abler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jung