title: Low anxiety males display higher degree of salt sensitivity, increased autonomic reactivity, and higher defensiveness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological parameters such as heightened anxiety and defensiveness are associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Autonomic dysfunction is considered to be an important pathogenetic pathway. Little research has been done regarding potential links between emotional factors and salt sensitivity. The aim of the present study was to determine whether subjects with different levels of trait anxiety differ in the degree of salt sensitivity and autonomic reactivity to a mental stress task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two young normotensive men were phenotyped for salt sensitivity and underwent a standardized mental stress test and psychological assessment. According to their trait anxiety test scores, they were classified as low-, moderate- or high-anxiety subjects. A measure of defensiveness was used to assess self-deceptive tendencies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low-anxiety subjects displayed a higher degree of salt sensitivity compared to moderate- and high-anxiety subjects (P < 0.001), increased heart rate (HR) and electrodermal responses to the stressor compared to moderate-anxiety subjects (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 respectively) and elevated levels of self-deception compared to moderate- and high-anxiety subjects (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-anxiety subjects were characterized by a higher degree of salt sensitivity and increased autonomic responsiveness. Defensiveness was also shown to be elevated in this group and might be the underlying psychological trait explaining these findings. Future research on the associations of anxiety and cardiovascular risk should implement measurement of defensiveness in order to identify these subjects at potential risk for cardiovascular disease despite self-reports of low anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany. frank.zimmermann@charite.de
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zimmermann-Viehoff
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merswolken
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rudat
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Deter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects; D001007:Anxiety; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000187:drug effects; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality / Q000187:drug effects; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary