title: [Cerebral and spinal MRI examination in patients with clinically isolated syndrome and definite multiple sclerosis].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a valuable tool for diagnosing and monitoring multiple sclerosis (MS). The high sensitivity for the detection of hyperintense lesions in T 2-weighted scans contributes substantially to diagnosis. The initial lesion number or lesion volume stands for an increased probability of further accumulation of lesion burden, an earlier conversion to clinically definite MS and progression of disability in the next 5 - 15 years. This diagnostic and prognostic information gained from MRI early in the disease course lead in 2001 to a revision of the diagnostic criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the first time MRI criteria were defined in addition to the clinical and paraclinical criteria using the clinical terms for dissemination with respect to space and time. In particular, the defined MRI criteria are based on lesion number and location, the appearance of new lesions and lesion enhancement using contrast agent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reliable detection and description of older and new lesions in the disease course by MRI represents subclinical disease activity which can substitute the clinical confirmation of a relapse leading to an earlier diagnosis. This places importance on the assessment of the subclinical disease activity in sequential MR scans requiring a standardized and reproducible approach to minimize variability despite different MR scanners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review provides an updated proposal for the approach and management of cranial and spinal MR scans in patients with MS. We describe the influence of variables which cannot be standardized (scanner, field strength, manufacturer and software) and outline potential pitfalls of clinical MR imaging in MS resulting from a non-standardized approach. This updated proposal for slice positioning, sequences and documentation is a result of a consensus process targeting systematic and standardized use in clinical MR evaluations of MS.
authors.affiliation: Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg. michael.sailer@med.ovgu.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sailer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fazekas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gass
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kappos
authors.forename: E-W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Radue
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rieckmann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toyka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wiendl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bendszus
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D003287:Contrast Media; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013131:Spine / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media