title: The upregulation of osteoblast marker genes in mesenchymal stem cells prove the osteoinductivity of hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate biomaterial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calcium phosphate (Ca-P), mainly concerning hydroxyapatite (HA), is the main inorganic component of the body's hard tissue. It is acknowledged that Ca-P biomaterial not only has osteoconduction but also can form bone bonding to host bone, making an ideal tissue-engineering scaffold. However, whether Ca-P biomaterial possesses osteoinductivity is still debated. The present study was performed to explore the expression level of osteoblast maker genes in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) grown on a Ca-P biomaterial.
  
  
  METHODS
  hMSCs were cultured on the HA/tricalcium phosphate-(TCP) double-phase ceramic. After coculture for 5, 10, 15, or 20 days, the cells were digested for isolation of total RNA. Fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the relative mRNA levels of Runx2, collagen type I, osteopontin, and osteocalcin, all of which are the marker genes for osteoblasts. The mg63 cell was recruited as the reference and un-cocultured hMSCs as the negative controls. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in the cells was also examined after culture for 10 or 20 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that the expression levels of all four genes continued to rise during the first 10 days. Then, both collagen type I and Runx2 decreased. In contrast, osteocalcin mRNA reached its maximum at day 15 and osteopontin mRNA kept increasing throughout the whole experimental period. Additionally, ALP activity increased in a time-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The up-regulation of all four osteoblast marker genes in hMSCs grown on Ca-P biomaterial suggested that HA/TCP biomaterials possess osteoinductivity on hMSCs, cells a mechanism that requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002516:Ceramics; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000235:genetics; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000235:genetics; D017886:Durapatite; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000235:genetics; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015415:Biomarkers; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D024042:Collagen Type I; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015675:Osteocalcin; D053495:Osteopontin; D017886:Durapatite; C018392:tricalcium phosphate