title: Evaluation of the genotoxicity of treated urban sludge in the Tradescantia micronucleus assay.
abstract: The sludge produced in sewage treatment plants can contain toxic substances. Among these, the genotoxic substances are of great concern. The present paper aimed at evaluating the genotoxicity of treated sludge samples collected at four different sewage treatment plants (STP) located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil using the Trad-MN assay. Another objective of the study was to compare the responses of the Clone #4430 with the Tradescantia pallida. Sludge samples mixed with reference soil in concentrations of 10, 25 and 50% (v/v) were tested in experiments with 3 months exposure in the field. Negative and positive controls (arsenic trioxide) were also tested with both plants. In Clone #4430 two sludge samples induced genotoxicity while in T. pallida three were positive, although no clear dose-response were observed for both plants. Results with the negative and positive controls suggest that T. pallida presented similar results when compared to the Clone #4430. The protocol using plants chronically exposed to sludge mixed with soil seems to be a promising tool to assess the genotoxicity of sludge although time consuming.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology of the School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil. acmielli@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Ana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mielli
authors.forename: Marcus E M
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Matta
authors.forename: Armen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nersesyan
authors.forename: Paulo H N
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Saldiva
authors.forename: Gisela A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Umbuzeiro
mesh_terms: D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide; D001152:Arsenicals; D001938:Brazil; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015162:Micronucleus Tests / Q000379:methods*; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity; D012722:Sewage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D034823:Tradescantia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D010087:Oxides; D012722:Sewage; D000077237:Arsenic Trioxide