title: Lithium reduces Gsk3b mRNA levels: implications for Alzheimer Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is evidence of increased systemic expression of active GSK3B in Alzheimer's disease patients, which apparently is associated with the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Due to its central role in the pathogenesis of AD, GSK3B is currently a promising target of the pharmaceutical industry. Whilst trials with specific GSK inhibitors in AD are under way, major attention has been focused on the neuroprotective effects of lithium. Whereas the direct and indirect inhibitory effects of lithium over GSK3 activity have been documented by several groups, its effects over Gsk3 transcription have not yet been addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used quantitative PCR to evaluate the transcriptional regulation of Gsk3a and Gsk3b in lithium-treated primary cultures of rat cortical and hippocampal neurons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a significant and dose-dependent reduction in the expression of Gsk3b, which was specific to hippocampal cells. This same effect was further confirmed in vivo by measuring Gsk3 expression in different brain regions and in peripheral leukocytes of adult rats treated with lithium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our studies show that LiCl can modulate Gsk3b transcription in vitro and in vivo. This observation suggest new regulatory effects of lithium over Gsk3b, contributing to the better understanding of its mechanisms of action, offering a new and complementary explanation for Gsk3b modulation and reinforcing its potential for the inhibition of key pathological pathways in Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences-LIM27, Department & Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila Teixeira
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.forename: Fábio Borges
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Mury
authors.forename: Eloísa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Sá Moreira
authors.forename: Fernando Lopes
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Alberto
authors.forename: Orestes Vicente
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Forlenza
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dias-Neto
authors.forename: Wagner Farid
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Gattaz
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008094:Lithium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D008094:Lithium; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605508:Gsk3b protein, rat; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; C448021:glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha