title: Promoter polymorphisms in ACE (angiotensin I-converting enzyme) associated with clinical outcomes in hypertension.
abstract: Genetic variants of ACE are suspected risk factors in cardiovascular disease, but the alleles responsible for the variations remain unidentified. To search for regulatory polymorphisms, allelic angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) mRNA expression was measured in 65 heart tissues, followed by genotype scanning of the ACE locus. Marked allelic expression imbalance (AEI) detected in five African-American subjects was associated with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs7213516, rs7214530, and rs4290) residing in conserved regions 2-3 kb upstream of ACE. Moreover, each of the SNPs affected transcription in reporter gene assays. SNPs rs4290 and rs7213516 were tested for associations with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive patients with coronary disease (International Verapamil SR Trandolapril Study Genetic Substudy (INVEST-GENES), n = 1,032). Both SNPs were associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, largely attributable to nonfatal myocardial infarction in African Americans, showing an odds ratio of 6.16 (2.43-15.60) (P < 0.0001) for rs7213516. The high allele frequency in African Americans (16%) compared to Hispanics (4%) and Caucasians (<1%) suggests that these alleles contribute to variation between populations in cardiovascular risk and treatment outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Program in Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Langaee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cooper-Dehoff
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Schork
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Binkley
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pepine
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sadee
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics*; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A