Experimental study of European bat lyssavirus type-2 infection in Daubenton's bats (Myotis daubentonii).
European bat lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV-2) can be transmitted from Daubenton's bats to humans and cause rabies. EBLV-2 has been repeatedly isolated from Daubenton's bats in the UK but appears to be present at a low level within the native bat population. This has prompted us to investigate the disease in its natural host under experimental conditions, to assess its virulence, dissemination and likely means of transmission between insectivorous bats. With the exception of direct intracranial inoculation, only one of seven Daubenton's bats inoculated by subdermal inoculation became infected with EBLV-2. Both intramuscular and intranasal inoculation failed to infect the bats. No animal inoculated with EBLV-2 seroconverted during the study period. During infection, virus excretion in saliva (both viral RNA and live virus) was confirmed up to 3 days before the development of rabies. Disease was manifested as a gradual loss of weight prior to the development of paralysis and then death. The highest levels of virus were measured in the brain, with much lower levels of viral genomic RNA detected in the tongue, salivary glands, kidney, lung and heart. These observations are similar to those made in naturally infected Daubenton's bats and this is the first documented report of isolation of EBLV-2 in bat saliva. We conclude that EBLV-2 is most likely transmitted in saliva by a shallow bite.
Johnson
Nicholas
N
Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
Vos
Ad
A
IDT Biologika GmbH, Am Pharmapark, D-06861 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
Neubert
Larissa
L
IDT Biologika GmbH, Am Pharmapark, D-06861 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
Freuling
Conrad
C
Institute for Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Seestrasse 55, D-16868 Wusterhausen, Germany.
Mansfield
Karen L
KL
Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
Kaipf
Ingrid
I
Zoologisches Institut, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
Denzinger
Annette
A
Zoologisches Institut, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
Hicks
Dan
D
Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
Núñez
Alex
A
Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
Franka
Richard
R
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta GA30333, USA.
Rupprecht
Charles E
CE
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta GA30333, USA.
Müller
Thomas
T
Institute for Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Seestrasse 55, D-16868 Wusterhausen, Germany.
Fooks
Anthony R
AR
Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001733:Bites and Stings; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018114:Lyssavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018353:Rhabdoviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D015431:Weight Loss