title: Prostate cancer control and survival in Vietnam veterans exposed to Agent Orange.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, we evaluated the impact of Agent Orange exposure on survival in Vietnam Veterans undergoing prostate brachytherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  From May 1995 to January 2005, 81 Vietnam veterans (29 with Agent Orange exposure and 52 without) and 433 nonveterans of comparable age (mean age, 58 years) underwent prostate brachytherapy. The mean follow-up was 5.0 years. Biochemical progression-free survival (bPFS) was defined as a prostate-specific antigen (PSA)< or =0.40ng/mL after nadir. Patients with metastatic prostate cancer or hormone refractory disease without obvious metastases who died of any cause were classified as died of prostate cancer. All other deaths were attributed to the immediate cause of death. Multiple parameters were evaluated for impact on survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 9 years, Agent Orange-exposed men were least likely to remain biochemically controlled (89.5%, 100%, and 97.2% in Agent Orange-exposed, nonexposed veterans, and nonveterans, respectively, p=0.012). No significant differences in cause-specific (CSS) (p=0.832) or overall survival (OS) (p=0.363) were discerned. In multivariate analysis, CSS was best predicted by Gleason Score and day 0 D(90), whereas Gleason Score, % positive biopsies, and D(90) predicted for bPFS. None of the evaluated parameters predicted for OS, however, a trend was identified for better OS in younger patients and those with a higher D(90). In addition, Agent Orange exposure did not predict for any of the survival parameters. To date, 22 patients have died (metastatic prostate cancer two, second malignancies nine, cardiovascular disease eight, trauma two, and pulmonary one).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cohort of prostate brachytherapy patients, Agent Orange exposure did not statistically impact survival in multivariate analysis.
authors.affiliation: Schiffler Cancer Center and Wheeling Jesuit University, Wheeling, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Everly
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Merrick
authors.forename: Zachariah A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Wayne M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wallner
authors.forename: Jonathan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lief
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Galbreath
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Adamovich
mesh_terms: D015085:2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000075182:Agent Orange; D001918:Brachytherapy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014728:Veterans; D047829:Vietnam Conflict
chemical_list: D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D000075182:Agent Orange; D015085:2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid