title: Do secondary conditions explain the relationship between depression and health care cost in women with physical disabilities?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of depression on health care utilization and costs among women with disabilities and to determine whether the severity of other secondary health conditions affects this association.
  
  
  METHODS
  A time series of 7 interviews over a 1-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Large, southern metropolitan area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-dwelling women (N=349) with a self-identified diagnosis of a physical disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary disability, secondary health conditions (Health Conditions Checklist), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition), and health care utilization (based on the Health and Social Service Utilization Questionnaire and the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire). We estimated health care costs using standardized criteria and published average costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Outpatient and emergency department health care utilization and overall costs were higher in women with depressive symptoms and increased with the frequency and severity of the symptoms. Depressive symptoms were highly correlated with the severity of secondary health conditions. Adjusting for demographics and primary disability, both the presence and severity of depressive symptoms were associated with significantly higher health care costs. However, secondary health condition severity explained the association between depressive symptoms and cost; it also substantially increased the variance in cost that was explained by the multivariate models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Secondary health conditions are significantly associated with depressive symptoms and higher health care costs, with secondary health conditions accounting for the association between depressive symptoms and costs. This association suggests that effective management of secondary health conditions may help reduce both depressive symptomatology and health care costs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Management, Policy, and Community Health, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Robert.O.Morgan@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Robert O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Rosemary B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Nancy J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Heather B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robinson-Whelen
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hasche
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Nosek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003863:Depression / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index