title: The effects of a sound-field amplification system on managerial time in middle school physical education settings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The focus of this research effort was to examine the effect of a sound-field amplification system on managerial time in the beginning of class in a physical education setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multiple baseline design across participants was used to measure change in the managerial time of 2 middle school female physical education teachers using a portable sound-field amplification system. Managerial time is defined as the cumulative amount of time that students spend on organizational, transitional, and nonsubject matter tasks in a lesson.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings showed that the amount of managerial time at the beginning of class clearly decreased when the teacher used sound-field amplification feedback to physical education students.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings indicate an immediate need for administrators to determine the most appropriate, cost-effective procedure to support sound-field amplification systems in existing physical education settings.
authors.affiliation: University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, #72-259, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA. sryan@uwf.edu
authors.forename: Stu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D010806:Physical Education and Training; D012574:Schools; D013016:Sound; D013995:Time