title: Establishment of patient-derived non-small cell lung cancer xenografts as models for the identification of predictive biomarkers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It was the aim of our study to establish an extensive panel of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) xenograft models useful for the testing of novel compounds and for the identification of biomarkers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Starting from 102 surgical NSCLC specimens, which were obtained from primarily diagnosed patients with early-stage tumors (T(2)/T(3)), 25 transplantable xenografts were established and used for further investigations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early passages of the NSCLC xenografts revealed a high degree of similarity with the original clinical tumor sample with regard to histology, immunohistochemistry, as well as mutation status. The chemotherapeutic responsiveness of the xenografts resembled the clinical situation in NSCLC with tumor shrinkage obtained with paclitaxel (4 of 25), gemcitabine (3 of 25), and carboplatin (3 of 25) and lower effectiveness of etoposide (1 of 25) and vinorelbine (0 of 11). Twelve of 25 NSCLC xenografts were >50% growth inhibited by the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody cetuximab and 6 of 25 by the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib. The response to the anti-EGFR therapies did not correlate with mutations in the EGFR or p53, but there was a correlation of K-ras mutations and erlotinib resistance. Protein analysis revealed a heterogeneous pattern of expression. After treatment with cetuximab, we observed a down-regulation of EGFR in 2 of 6 sensitive xenograft models investigated but never in resistant models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An extensive panel of patient-derived NSCLC xenografts has been established. It provides appropriate models for testing marketed as well as novel drug candidates. Additional expression studies allow the identification of stratification biomarkers for targeted therapies.
authors.affiliation: Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany. Fichtner@mdc-berlin.de
authors.forename: Iduna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fichtner
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rolff
authors.forename: Richie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soong
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Merk
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000068818:Cetuximab; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D005047:Etoposide / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016513:Mice, SCID; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000494:pharmacology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D055752:Small Cell Lung Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077235:Vinorelbine; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011799:Quinazolines; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D014747:Vinblastine; D005047:Etoposide; D016190:Carboplatin; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D017239:Paclitaxel; D000068818:Cetuximab; D000077235:Vinorelbine; D000093542:Gemcitabine