title: Modification of single walled carbon nanotube surface chemistry to improve aqueous solubility and enhance cellular interactions.
abstract: Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) continue to demonstrate the potential of nanoscaled materials in a wide range of applications. The ability to modulate the mechanical or electrical properties of a material by varying the SWNT component may result in diverse "application tunable" materials. Similarly, biomaterials used in tissue engineering applications may benefit from these characteristics by varying electrical and mechanical properties to enhance or direct tissue specific regeneration. The interactions between SWNTs and cellular systems need to be optimized to integrate these highly hydrophobic nanoparticles within an aqueous environment while maintaining their unique properties. We assessed solubility, conductance, and cellular interactions between four different SWNT preparations (unrefined, refined, and SWNT with either albumin or human plasma adsorbed). Initial interactions between cells and SWNTs were assessed within a 3D environment using a red blood cell lysis model, with longer-term interactions assessing the effects on PC12 and 3T3 fibroblast function when cultured on SWNT-collagen composite hydrogels. After SWNT purification, the lytic effect on red blood cells (RBCs) is significantly reduced from 11% to 0.7%, indicating manufacturing contaminants play a significant role in undesirable cell interactions. Nanotubes with either human plasma or albumin physisorbed onto the nanotube surface were significantly more hydrophilic than either unrefined or refined preparations and displayed improved RBC interactions. Despite improved dispersion, purification, and adsorption of either plasma or albumin, SWNTs caused a significant reduction in conductance. Although the molecular interactions occurring at the cell membrane remain unclear, these investigations have identified two main factors contributing to membrane failure: manufacturing impurities and to a lesser extend the material's innate hydrophobicity. Although purification is a critical step to remove toxic manufacturing contaminants, care must be taken to ensure improved aqueous dispersion does not compromise desirable mechanical and electrical attributes.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma Bioengineering Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019-1004, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Crouzier
authors.forename: Aditya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nimmagadda
authors.forename: Matthias U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Nollert
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: McFetridge
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000327:Adsorption; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D053758:Nanoparticles; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D016716:PC12 Cells; D051381:Rats; D012995:Solubility; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D014867:Water