title: Improved diagnosis of colorectal cancer using a combination of fecal occult blood and novel fecal protein markers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Annual testing for fecal occult blood is recommended as first-line screening for the detection of colorectal cancer (CRC), but is affected by limited sensitivity. We initiated a proteomics-based search for novel biomarkers to improve the sensitivity of detection of CRC in stool samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six markers, including immunologic fecal occult blood test (iFOBT), were evaluated in a collective of 551 samples (186 CRC, 113 advanced adenoma, and 252 control patients) to establish the diagnostic performance of each marker and marker combinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We tested the known stool markers hemoglobin (iFOBT), hemoglobin-haptoglobin, calprotectin, carcinoembryogenic antigen, and the novel fecal markers tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and S100A12. The best diagnostic performance was found for S100A12 with an area under the curve of 0.95, followed by TIMP-1 (0.92), hemoglobin-haptoglobin (0.92), hemoglobin (0.91), calprotectin (0.90), and carcinoembryogenic antigen (0.66). By using Bayes logistic regression as a mathematic model, the highest sensitivity (88%) for the detection of CRC at 95% specificity was obtained with the marker pair S100A12 and hemoglobin-haptoglobin. Increasing the specificity to 98%, the combination of S100A12, hemoglobin-haptoglobin, and TIMP-1 resulted in a sensitivity of 82%, with the highest increase of sensitivity found in early tumor stages (international union against cancer stage I: 74% sensitivity vs 57% of the best single marker).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depending on the specificity selected, a marker pair, S100A12 and hemoglobin-haptoglobin, or a triple combination including TIMP-1, allowed the detection of CRC at significantly higher rates than can be obtained with iFOBT alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of New Technologies, Professional Diagnostics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany. johann.karl@roche.com
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tacke
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Andres
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Garczarek
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rollinger
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zolg
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex / Q000032:analysis; D009780:Occult Blood; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D000067616:S100A12 Protein; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D006242:Haptoglobins; D006454:Hemoglobins; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex; D011506:Proteins; D009418:S100 Proteins; D000067616:S100A12 Protein; C090441:S100A12 protein, human; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; C035492:haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex