title: Contact allergy in children referred for patch testing: North American Contact Dermatitis Group data, 2001-2004.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of positive and relevant patch tests in children referred for patch testing in North America; to compare results of patch testing children and adults; and to compare our results with international data on contact allergy in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cross-sectional analyses of North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) data from January 1, 2001, through December 31, 2004. Patch test reactions for allergens that were positive and considered of clinical importance to the patient's eczematous problem were defined as being of current or past relevance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical patch test data from 13 NACDG members, primarily a referral population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pediatric population (hereafter referred to as "children") was defined as patients aged 0 to 18 years (n = 391). Patients 19 years and older constituted the comparison adult group (n = 9670).
  
  
  METHODS
  The frequency of positive patch test reactions and number of relevant ones. Secondary measures included the association of atopic markers, frequency of irritant reactions, and sources of relevant supplementary allergens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant difference in the overall frequency of at least 1 relevant positive patch test reaction was noted in children (51.2%) compared with adults (54.1%). The most frequent positive reactions in children were to nickel (28.3%), cobalt chloride (17.9%), thimerosal (15.3%), neomycin sulfate (8.0%), gold sodium thiosulfate (7.7%), and fragrance mix (5.1%). For children aged 0 to 18 the most frequent relevant positive reactions were to nickel sulfate (26.0%), cobalt (12.4%), neomycin (4.4%), fragrance mix (4.1%), gold (3.6%), and quaternium 15 (3.6%). The frequency of irritant reactions in adults and children was similar. Of the children with a relevant positive reaction, 34.0% had atopic dermatitis included as one of their final diagnoses, compared with 11.2% of adults (P < .001). Fifteen percent and 39% of children had relevant allergens not included in the NACDG series and a commercially available skin patch test (T.R.U.E. TEST [thin-layer rapid use epicutaneous test], panel 1.1 and 2.1; Allerderm, Phoenix, Arizona), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adults and children in this group are equally likely to have allergic contact dermatitis; frequency of relevant allergen reactions differs.
authors.affiliation: Section of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA. Kathryn.A.Zug@Hitchcock.org
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Zug
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McGinley-Smith
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Warshaw
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rietschel
authors.forename: Howard I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Maibach
authors.forename: Donald V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Belsito
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Frances J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Storrs
authors.forename: Vincent A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: DeLeo
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: C G Toby
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Mathias
authors.forename: Melanie D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Pratt
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sasseville
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D010328:Patch Tests / Q000379:methods*; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens