title: Presynaptic prostaglandin E2 EP1-receptor facilitation of cerebral nitrergic neurogenic vasodilation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) modulates autonomic transmission in the peripheral circulation. We investigated the role of endogenous PGE(2) and its presynaptic EP(1) receptor subtype in modulating the autonomic neurotransmission in cerebral vasculature.
  
  
  METHODS
  The standard in vitro tissue-bath technique was used for measuring changes in isolated porcine basilar arterial tone. Calcium imaging and nitric oxide estimation along with immunohistochemical analysis for cyclo-oxygenase-1, cyclo-oxygenase-2, EP(1) receptor, PGE synthase, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase were done in cultured sphenopalatine ganglia and basilar artery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Selective EP(1) receptor antagonists (SC-19220 and SC-51322) inhibited relaxation of endothelium-denuded basilar arterial rings elicited by transmural nerve stimulation (2 and 8 Hz) without affecting that induced by nicotine or sodium nitroprusside (a nitric oxide donor). The SC-19220 inhibition of transmural nerve stimulation-elicited relaxation was blocked by cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors (salicylic acid and naproxen) but was not affected by guanethidine (a sympathetic neuronal blocker) or atropine. Perivascular cyclo-oxygenase-1- and cyclo-oxygenase-2-immunoreactive fibers were observed in basilar arteries. PGE synthase and EP(1) receptor immunoreactivities were coincident with neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivities in perivascular nerves of the basilar arteries and the sphenopalatine ganglia. omega-conotoxin (an N-type calcium channel blocker) significantly blocked transmural nerve stimulation-induced relaxation, which was further attenuated by SC-19220. In cultured sphenopalatine ganglia neurons, exogenous PGE(2) significantly increased calcium influx and diaminofluorescein fluorescence indicative of nitric oxide synthesis. Both responses were blocked by SC-19220.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that neuronal PGE(2) facilitates nitric oxide release from the cerebral perivascular parasympathetic nitrergic nerve terminals by increasing neuronal calcium influx through activation of presynaptic EP(1) receptors. PGE(2) may play an important role in regulating the nitrergic neurovascular transmission in the cerebral circulation.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, 701 Sec 3, Chung Yang Road, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jadhav
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jabre
authors.forename: Mei-Fang
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tony Jer-Fu
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017776:Autonomic Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001488:Basilar Artery / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D012531:Dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11H)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide / Q000494:pharmacology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism*; D005726:Ganglia, Parasympathetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D026602:Nitrergic Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D011448:Prostaglandin Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D058306:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D011448:Prostaglandin Antagonists; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058306:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype; D012531:Dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11H)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone