Impact of natural sheep-goat transmission on detection and control of small ruminant lentivirus group C infections.
Dissemination of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections in Norway is affected by the different control strategies used for maedi-visna virus (MVV) infections in sheep and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infections in goats. Here we investigated SRLV phylogenetic group variants in sheep. CAEV-like isolates, belonging to phylogenetic group C, were found among both seropositive sheep and goats in mixed flocks, in which sheep and goats are kept together. Intra-herd clustering confirmed that mixed flock animals were infected by the same virus variant, suggesting ongoing interspecies transmission. Few sheep flocks were found to be infected with the MVV-like phylogenetic group A. The apparent absence of SRLV group A type in goats is probably due to the MVV control programme and animal management practices. SRLV group C targets lungs and mammary glands in sheep, and induces typical SRLV pathological lesions. SRLV group C isolated from the sheep mammary glands suggested a productive infection and potential for transmission to offspring. SRLV group C was most prevalent among goats. A lower PCR sensitivity in seropositive sheep suggested a lower load of SRLV group C provirus in sheep than in goats. Higher genetic divergence of group C than in other SRLV groups and extensive heterogeneity among group C isolates in the matrix C-terminal region demonstrate the need for identifying conserved target regions when developing PCR protocols for SRLV detection. As sheep and goats may serve as reservoirs for all SRLV genogroup types, successful control programmes require inclusion of both species.
Gjerset
Britt
B
Department of Food Safety & Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway. Britt.Gjerset@vetinst.no
Rimstad
Espen
E
Teige
Jon
J
Soetaert
Kristin
K
Jonassen
Christine Monceyron
CM
D000818:Animals; D002831:Choroid Plexus / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000235:genetics; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D006041:Goats; D016180:Lentivirus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000635:transmission* / Q000662:veterinary*; D017972:Lentiviruses, Ovine-Caprine / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000821:virology; D008168:Lung / Q000821:virology; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000821:virology; D008482:Mediastinum / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012418:Ruminants; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000821:virology; D014790:Visna-maedi virus / Q000145:classification
D004279:DNA, Viral; D015683:Gene Products, gag