title: Prognostic factors in the persistence of posttraumatic epilepsy after penetrating head injuries sustained in war.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this paper was to investigate the long-term outcome and the possible prognostic factors that might have influenced the persistence of posttraumatic epilepsy after penetrating head injuries sustained during the Iraq-Iran war (1980-1988).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective study, the authors evaluated 189 patients who sustained penetrating head injury and suffered posttraumatic epilepsy during the Iraq-Iran war (mean 18.6 +/- 4.7 years after injury). The probabilities of persistent seizures (seizure occurrence in the past 2 years) in different periods after injury were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The possible prognostic factors (patients and injury characteristics, clinical findings, and seizure characteristics) were studied using log-rank and Cox regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The probability of persistent seizures was 86.4% after 16 years and 74.7% after 21 years. In patients with < 3 pieces of shrapnel or no sphincter disturbances during seizure attacks, the probability of being seizure free after these 16 and 21 years was significantly higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early seizures, prophylactic antiepileptics drugs, and surgical intervention did not significantly affect long-term outcome in regard to persistence of seizures.
authors.affiliation: Sina Trauma Research Center, Sina Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Beftekhar@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eftekhar
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sahraian
authors.forename: Banafsheh
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nouralishahi
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khaji
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Vahabi
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghodsi
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Araghizadeh
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Soroush
authors.forename: Sima Karbalaei
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Esmaeili
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masoumi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020208:Brain Injury, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D004834:Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020197:Head Injuries, Penetrating / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011379:Prognosis; D012075:Remission, Spontaneous; D014728:Veterans; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy