title: Duodenal ulcers dominate acute upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in childhood: a 10-year experience from Hong Kong.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systematic reports on acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children/adolescents are scanty. The aim of this study is to analyze its presentation, pathology and outcome in Hong Kong.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of the hospital database for admissions up to the age of 18 years with signs of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding between 1 June 1996 and 31 May 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 10-year period 76 patients (55 boys) were admitted with signs of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The median age was 13.5 (range 0.25-18) years. Melena and hematemesis were by far the most frequent presentations. Medication was implicated in 16 cases (21%) as the possible cause for the bleeding. Endoscopic findings were a duodenal ulcer in 57 (75%) patients (50 boys) and a gastric ulcer in eight (10.5%). Helicobacter pylori infection was identified in 42 (55%) patients, of which 38 were found in duodenal ulcer patients. Eleven patients (14.5%) had interventions to achieve hemostasis: six epinephrine spray only, three thermal probe and two vessel ligation. After a median follow-up time of 3.5 years six patients had a recurrent duodenal ulcer. Three patients died of unrelated illnesses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in children and adolescents in Hong Kong is dominated by a duodenal ulcer in 75% of the patients. Acute bleeding is more frequent in boys (boy to girl ratio 2.6:1). Medication is a predisposing factor in 20% of the bleedings. Six patients (8%) have recurrent duodenal ulcers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China. chhouben@web.de
authors.forename: Christoph Heinrich
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Houben
authors.forename: Philip Wai Yan
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: James Yun Wong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Kim Hung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Enders Kwok Wai
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Yuk Him
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.forename: Chung Kwong
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Yeung
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010438:Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors