title: Alcohol availability and intimate partner violence among US couples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the relation between alcohol outlet density (the number of alcohol outlets per capita by zip code) and male-to-female partner violence (MFPV) or female-to-male partner violence (FMPV). We also investigated whether binge drinking or the presence of alcohol-related problems altered the relationship between alcohol outlet density and MFPV or FMPV.
  
  
  METHODS
  We linked individual and couple sociodemographic and behavioral data from a 1995 national population-based sample of 1,597 couples to alcohol outlet data and 1990 US Census sociodemographic information. We used logistic regression for survey data to estimate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios between alcohol outlet density and MFPV or FMPV along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p-values. We used a design-based Wald test to derive a p-value for multiplicative interaction to assess the role of binge drinking and alcohol-related problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In adjusted analysis, an increase of one alcohol outlet per 10,000 persons was associated with a 1.03-fold increased risk of MFPV (p-value for linear trend = 0.01) and a 1.011-fold increased risk of FMPV (p-value for linear trend = 0.48). An increase of 10 alcohol outlets per 10,000 persons was associated with 34% and 12% increased risk of MFPV and FMPV respectively, though the CI for the association with FMPV was compatible with no increased risk. The relationship between alcohol outlet density and MFPV was stronger among couples reporting alcohol-related problems than those reporting no problems (p-value for multiplicative interaction = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that as alcohol outlet density increases so does the risk of MFPV and that this relationship may differ for couples who do and do not report alcohol-related problems. Given that MFPV accounts for the majority of injuries related to intimate partner violence, policy makers may wish to carefully consider the potential benefit of limiting alcohol outlet density to reduce MFPV and its adverse consequences.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Houston School of Public Health, Dallas, TX 75390-9128, USA. christy.mckinney@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Christy M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caetano
authors.forename: Theodore Robert
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Malembe S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ebama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000191:economics*; D003625:Data Collection / Q000379:methods; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D040541:Marketing / Q000191:economics; D008875:Middle Aged; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult