title: Medical decision-making capacity in mild cognitive impairment: a 3-year longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate longitudinal change in the medical decision-making capacity (MDC) of patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) under different consent standards.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-eight healthy older controls and 116 patients with MCI were administered the Capacity to Consent to Treatment Instrument at baseline and at 1 to 3 (mean = 1.7) annual follow-up visits thereafter. Covariate-adjusted random coefficient regressions were used to examine differences in MDC trajectories across MCI and control participants, as well as to investigate the impact of conversion to Alzheimer disease on MCI patients' MDC trajectories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, MCI patients performed significantly below controls only on the three clinically relevant standards of appreciation, reasoning, and understanding. Compared with controls, MCI patients experienced significant declines over time on understanding but not on any other consent standard. Conversion affected both the elevation (a decrease in performance) and slope (acceleration in subsequent rate of decline) of MCI patients' MDC trajectories on understanding. A trend emerged for conversion to be associated with a performance decrease on reasoning in the MCI group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical decision-making capacity (MDC) decline in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a relatively slow but detectable process. Over a 3-year period, patients with amnestic MCI show progressive decline in the ability to understand consent information. This decline accelerates after conversion to Alzheimer disease (AD), reflecting increasing vulnerability to decisional impairment. Clinicians and researchers working with MCI patients should give particular attention to the informed consent process when conversion to AD is suspected or confirmed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, SC 650K, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA.
authors.forename: O C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Okonkwo
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Belue
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lanza
authors.forename: E Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Zamrini
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Harrell
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Brockington
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Marson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D000647:Amnesia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013997:Time Factors