title: Repeated developmental exposure to chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion causes persistent alterations in nicotinic acetylcholine subunit mRNA expression with chlorpyrifos altering dopamine metabolite levels.
abstract: Organophosphates (OPs), commonly used as insecticides, inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme responsible for the inactivation of synaptic acetylcholine, which results in elevated acetylcholine neurotransmission. Nigrostriatal dopamine neurons receive substantial cholinergic innervation and express a number of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits. Since epidemiological data have implicated pesticides in the incidence of Parkinson's disease, the current experiment investigated how repeated, developmental exposure to the OPs chlorpyrifos (CPS) or methyl parathion (MPT) affects striatal dopamine levels and dopamine neuron gene expression. Newborn rats were treated daily via oral gavage with corn oil vehicle, CPS, or MPT from postnatal days (PND) 1-21. Rats were sacrificed at PND 22 and 50. Levels of dopamine and its metabolites 3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were measured in the striatum and mRNA expression was measured in the substantia nigra. At 22 days of age, CPS and MPT treatment had no effect on dopamine, DOPAC or HVA levels. At 50 days of age, CPS significantly elevated DOPAC levels and elevated dopamine turnover (DOPAC/dopamine) but did not affect dopamine or HVA levels. MPT had no significant effects on any of these parameters. Interestingly, both CPS and MPT treatments caused a significant alteration in the ratio of alpha7 to alpha6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit expression in the substantia nigra with a non-significant elevation in alpha6 and a reduction in alpha7 at 22 days. At 50 days of age, a significant elevation in alpha6 nAChR subunit was observed in the MPT treated rats. No differences in dopamine neuron transcription factors (Nurr1 or Lmx1b) or neurotransmission genes were observed. These data demonstrate that repeated exposure to OPs during postnatal maturation can have a significant effect on dopamine neurochemistry, primarily by modifying dopamine metabolism, which can persist for up to 1 month (CPS) and alter acetylcholine subunit expression (CPS and MPT).
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA. eells@cvm.msstate.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Eells
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006719:Homovanillic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D008297:Male; D008743:Methyl Parathion / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D057126:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000378:metabolism*; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D064569:alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; C579165:Chrna7 protein, rat; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; C112149:LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 beta; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C539884:Nr4a2 protein, rat; D057126:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D014157:Transcription Factors; D064569:alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; C104518:nicotinic receptor alpha6; D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; D008743:Methyl Parathion; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D004298:Dopamine; D006719:Homovanillic Acid