title: Antibody-mediated growth inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum: relationship to age and protection from parasitemia in Kenyan children and adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibodies that impair Plasmodium falciparum merozoite invasion and intraerythrocytic development are one of several mechanisms that mediate naturally acquired immunity to malaria. Attempts to correlate anti-malaria antibodies with risk of infection and morbidity have yielded inconsistent results. Growth inhibition assays (GIA) offer a convenient method to quantify functional antibody activity against blood stage malaria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A treatment-time-to-infection study was conducted over 12-weeks in a malaria holoendemic area of Kenya. Plasma collected from healthy individuals (98 children and 99 adults) before artemether-lumefantrine treatment was tested by GIA in three separate laboratories.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median GIA levels varied with P. falciparum line (D10, 8.8%; 3D7, 34.9%; FVO, 51.4% inhibition). The magnitude of growth inhibition decreased with age in all P. falciparum lines tested with the highest median levels among children <4 years compared to adults (e.g. 3D7, 45.4% vs. 30.0% respectively, p = 0.0003). Time-to-infection measured by weekly blood smears was significantly associated with level of GIA controlling for age. Upper quartile inhibition activity was associated with less risk of infection compared to individuals with lower levels (e.g. 3D7, hazard ratio = 1.535, 95% CI = 1.012-2.329; p = 0.0438). Various GIA methodologies had little effect on measured parasite growth inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma antibody-mediated growth inhibition of blood stage P. falciparum decreases with age in residents of a malaria holoendemic area. Growth inhibition assay may be a useful surrogate of protection against infection when outcome is controlled for age.
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Arlene E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Dent
authors.forename: Elke S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Bergmann-Leitner
authors.forename: Danny W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Tisch
authors.forename: Rhonda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kimmel
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vulule
authors.forename: Peter Odada
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Sumba
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Beeson
authors.forename: Evelina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Angov
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Moormann
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kazura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood*; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000276:immunology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006131:Growth Inhibitors / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000276:immunology*; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D006131:Growth Inhibitors