title: A scoring system to quantify late effects in children after treatment for medulloblastoma/ependymoma and its correlation with quality of life and neurocognitive functioning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to quantify the severity of late effects by a simple numerical score (late effects severity score, LESS) in patients who received radiochemotherapy for medulloblastoma or ependymoma. The LESS was correlated with neurocognitive and quality of life (QoL) outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The LESS was calculated by assigning 0, 1, or 2 points within each of four different categories (neurology, endocrine, visual/auditory, others). Twenty-three patients with medulloblastoma (n = 18) or ependymoma (n = 5) underwent extensive neurocognitive and QoL testing at a median of 56 months (range, 1-174) after the end of treatment. Eight patients with low-grade glioma (LGG) who underwent tumor resection only served as control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with medulloblastoma/ependymoma had significantly higher LESS and significantly lower Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)/Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC) scores compared to patients with LGG. There was no statistically significant correlation between neurocognitive performance and QoL. The total LESS was negatively correlated with WAIS/WISC, attention, concentration, and verbal learning scores. Comparison of QoL and late effects in patients with medulloblastoma/ependymoma demonstrated a significant negative correlation only for neurological late effects and the KINDL score suggesting that younger patients with more severe late effects reported on a worse QoL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This LESS seems to be a simple and practical tool to quantify late effects in former brain tumor patients. Although both groups differ significantly with regard to neurocognitive parameters and severity of late effects, this does not apply for all QoL outcomes. Neurological late effects seem to be most predictive for an impaired QoL in younger children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 30, 8036, Graz, Austria. martin.benesch@klinikum-graz.at
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benesch
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Spiegl
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Passini
authors.forename: Herwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lackner
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sovinz
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schwinger
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Urban
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D004806:Ependymoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006309:Hearing / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D011788:Quality of Life; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D055815:Young Adult