title: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presenting with visual manifestations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare and progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized pathologically by spongiform changes in various CNS tissues. It most often presents with rapidly progressing dementia and cognitive decline, along with other neurologic findings that correspond to affected areas of the CNS. We present 5 sporadic cases of CJD presenting with visual manifestations, 2 of which were consistent with the Heidenhain variant, which predominantly affects the occipital lobe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each of the cases demonstrated electroencephalographic changes suggestive of CJD. The neuro-ophthalmic findings included both sensory and motor manifestations, including cortical blindness, hemianopsia, dysmetria, visual hallucinations, hypometric saccades, and diplopia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients died within 5 months after the onset of signs of the disease and pathologic specimens were obtained in 4 of the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although CJD is not a commonly seen condition, its possibility should be entertained in any patient presenting with typical neurologic deterioration and complaining of visual symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Opthamology, University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 4V2. aproulx6@uwo.ca
authors.forename: Alain A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Proulx
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Strong
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Nicolle
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019575:Blindness, Cortical / Q000175:diagnosis; D002524:Cerebellar Ataxia / Q000175:diagnosis; D007562:Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004172:Diplopia / Q000175:diagnosis; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis; D006423:Hemianopsia / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012438:Saccades; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*