title: Perchlorate, nitrate, thiocyanate, and iodide levels in chicken feed, water, and eggs from three farms.
abstract: Perchlorate is an inhibitor of iodide uptake that is found widely in the environment. Given the potential for perchlorate accumulation during egg formation and the widespread consumption of eggs, it is important to examine eggs as a source of exposure to perchlorate and other potential inhibitors of iodide uptake (nitrate and thiocyanate). This study was conducted to determine potential human exposure to perchlorate from eggs produced by chicken flocks consuming differing amounts of perchlorate. The mean concentrations of perchlorate (7.16 ( 1.99 microg/kg of dry weight), nitrate (2820 ( 2100 microg/kg of dry weight), thiocyanate (574 +/- 433 microg/kg of dry weight), and iodide (2980 ( 1490 microg/kg of dry weight) in eggs (n = 180) from 15 chicken houses on 3 U.S. farms were determined. Chickens secreted into eggs an average of 23% of the perchlorate ingested from feed and water. Perchlorate levels in eggs were positively correlated with perchlorate intake (p < 0.001). Increased intake of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate was associated with decreased iodide levels in eggs, possibly indicating a competitive transport mechanism, such as sodium-iodide symporter. It was estimated that egg consumption contributes minimal perchlorate (approximately 0.040 microg) compared to the average total intake of approximately 10.5 microg for U.S. adults. Additionally, it was found that egg consumption was not associated with increased perchlorate exposure in 2820 individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (p value for the difference of least-squares means, pDiff = 0.225). From these findings it was concluded that, although chickens secrete perchlorate in eggs, eggs do not appear to be a significant source of perchlorate exposure for adults in the United States.
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA. bkb3@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Benjamin C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Blount
authors.forename: Aysel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozpinar
authors.forename: K Udeni
authors.initials: KU
authors.lastname: Alwis
authors.forename: Samuel P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Caudill
authors.forename: Jerry R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gillespie
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D004531:Eggs / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007454:Iodides / Q000032:analysis*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis*; D010472:Perchlorates / Q000032:analysis*; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000032:analysis*; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D007454:Iodides; D009566:Nitrates; D010472:Perchlorates; D013861:Thiocyanates; D014867:Water; C031760:thiocyanate; C494474:perchlorate