title: Prevalence of cervical spinal injury in trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diagnosis of cervical spinal injury (CSI) is an essential aspect of the trauma evaluation. This task is especially difficult in patients who are not clinically able to be evaluated (unevaluable) because of distracting painful injuries, intoxication, or concomitant head injury. For this population, the appropriate use of advanced imaging techniques for cervical spinal clearance remains undetermined. This study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of unstable CSI, particularly among patients in whom clinical evaluation is impossible or unreliable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Estimates of the prevalence of CSI in populations consisting of all trauma patients, alert patients only, and clinically unevaluable patients only were determined by variance-weighted pooling of data from 65 publications (281,864 patients) that met criteria for review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of CSI among all trauma patients was 3.7%. The prevalence of CSI in alert patients was 2.8%, whereas unevaluable patients were at increased risk of CSI with a prevalence of 7.7% (p = 0.007). Overall, 41.9% of all CSI cases were considered to exhibit instability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trauma patients who are clinically unevaluable have a higher prevalence of CSI than alert patients. Knowledge of the prevalence and risk of such injuries may help establish an evidence-based approach to the detection and management of clinically occult CSI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Milby
authors.forename: Casey H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Halpern
authors.forename: Wensheng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Sherman C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology