title: The galanin signaling cascade is a candidate pathway regulating oncogenesis in human squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: To identify putative biomarkers in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), a survey of parallel chromosomal alterations and gene expression studies in 10 SCC cell lines were performed using array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and oligo-microarray techniques. The most frequent changes were gains of 11q13.1-13.3 and losses of 18q12.1-23 in SCC. Furthermore, the expression levels of the sets of genes at both these loci in SCC were measured using microarray analysis. By combining the array-CGH with the microarray data, 10 genes at 11q13.1-13.3 and 6 genes at 18q12.1-23 whose expression correlated with chromosomal alterations were identified. To verify the expression levels of the identified genes, we used expression analysis data derived from our earlier study of clinical specimens. In clinical samples, six genes (GAL, GSTP1, MRPL11, MRPL21, SF3B2, and YIF1A) at 11q13.1-13.3 and one gene (GALR1) at 18q23 showed a significant difference between normal and tumor samples. GAL, coding for the neuropeptide galanin, and GALR1, a galanin receptor, were identified as candidate genes of oncogenesis in SCC. The expression levels of GAL, GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3 were confirmed by real-time PCR. The expression ratio between GAL and GALR1 showed a significant negative correlation. GALR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor that activates GTP-binding proteins to trigger signaling cascades such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and is a well-established mitogenic pathway. This further supports the hypothesis that the genes involved in the GAL signaling cascade are candidates for regulation of oncogenesis in SCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Genomics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Naohiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seki
authors.forename: Satoya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kikkawa
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsukada
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Keita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Toyoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hanazawa
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hata
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002880:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 / Q000235:genetics; D002887:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 / Q000235:genetics; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D019004:Galanin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018628:Gene Dosage; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005796:Genes; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D044088:Receptors, Galanin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D044088:Receptors, Galanin; D019004:Galanin