title: Evaluation of pediatric patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension: yield of diagnostic testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children and adolescents with newly diagnosed hypertension undergo various tests to define the cause and target organ consequences of the elevated blood pressure. We tested the hypothesis that the diagnostic yield of individual components of the currently recommended assessment does not justify performance for all patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients who were referred between July 2002 and June 2007 for mild-to-moderate hypertension, defined as maximum blood pressure at >or=95% + 20/10 mmHg. The assessment included history and physical examination, nutritional assessment, urinalysis, biochemical and fasting lipid profile, renal ultrasound, echocardiogram, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 249 patients were identified, and charts for 220 (88%) were available for review. There were 156 boys and 64 girls aged 13.3 +/- 4.4 years. BMI was 26.1 +/- 6.7 kg/m(2), and 143 (65%) had a BMI of >or=90%. Results of urinalysis and serum biochemical testing were clinically normal in all cases. Among those with a lipid profile, 59 (42%) had total cholesterol values of >170 mg/dL, and 26 (19%) had severe hypercholesterolemia (>200 mg/dL). Renal sonography revealed findings plausibly associated with hypertension in 14 (8%) patients; 4 (2%) had renovascular abnormalities. Yield of echocardiography was 17%. On ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, 47 (60%) children had systolic readings of >95% at least 20% of the time, and 28 (36%) had diastolic readings of >95% at least 20% of the time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For children and adolescents with mild-to-moderate hypertension, on the basis of a cutoff of 5% to 20% abnormal results to define a useful test, the initial evaluation can range from a serum cholesterol level and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to a panel that consists of a fasting lipid profile, renal ultrasound, echocardiogram, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Additional assessment should be guided by specific clinical features and the nature of the patient population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Schneider Children's Hospital of North Shore-LIJ Health System, Long Island Campus, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York 11040, USA. trachtma@lij.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiesen
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adkins
authors.forename: Sherwin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fortune
authors.forename: Judah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horowitz
authors.forename: Nava
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pincus
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vento
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goilav
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Trachtman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008487:Medical History Taking; D010808:Physical Examination; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine