title: Seizure suppression by EEG-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the anticonvulsive potential of a range of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) frequencies by novel methods for simultaneous EEG and rTMS in a rat seizure model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seizures were triggered by intraperitoneal kainic acid (KA; 10mg/kg). Rats (n=21) were divided into three groups in which individual seizures were treated with rTMS trains at one of three frequencies: 0.25, 0.5 or 0.75 Hz. EEG was continuously viewed by an operator who identified each seizure onset. Consecutive seizures in each animal were (1) treated with active rTMS, (2) treated with sham rTMS, or (3) were untreated. EEG was re-analyzed post hoc by visual inspection, and seizure durations were compared within and between treatment groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  KA-induced seizures were abbreviated by 0.75 Hz (P=0.019) and 0.5 Hz (P=0.033) active EEG-guided rTMS. In contrast, neither active 0.25 Hz rTMS nor the control conditions affected seizure duration (P>0.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that EEG-guided rTMS can suppress seizures in the rat KA epilepsy model, and that the effect is frequency dependent, with 0.75 and 0.5 Hz rTMS being superior to 0.25 Hz rTMS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support the use of rat seizure models in translational research aimed at evaluation and development of effective rTMS anticonvulsive protocols. We also offer a proof of principle that real-time analysis of EEG can be used to guide rTMS to suppress individual seizures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue Fegan 9, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rotenberg
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Riviello
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
authors.forename: Frances E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004569:Electroencephalography; D007608:Kainic Acid; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007608:Kainic Acid