title: Lower visual acuity predicts worse utility values among patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We estimated the quality of life impact of vision loss in a community-based population with diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly surveyed 4,000 members of a large health maintenance organization with type 2 diabetes to assess quality of life using the EQ-5D instrument. Visual acuity was obtained by automated text processing of clinical notes recorded during the two years preceding subjects' surveys. Natural language processing was used to collect data from electronic medical records and to read clinical notes to determine the stage of retinopathy. Linear regression was used to model quality of life scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 4,000 surveys sent, approximately 55% of patients responded. Patients with > or = 20/20 acuity reported the highest mean utility (mean = 0.82), which declined as the visual angle doubled to 20/40 (mean = 0.75), and then doubled again to < or = 20/80 (mean = 0.71). Perfect utility (1.0) was reported by 28% of the sample. Only 7% of patients suffered visual impairment (< or = 20/40), and lower levels of visual acuity rarely occurred. Compared with patients with > or = 20/20 acuity, the first doubling of the visual angle (20/40) lowered utility by three points (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.05 to -0.01), and the second doubling of the visual angle (< or = 20/80) lowered utility by six points (95%CI, -0.10 to -0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study aimed to estimate disutility associated with visual loss in patients with diabetes using a community-based sample and controlled for many characteristics associated with quality of life. We found a smaller utility decrement compared to other studies, suggesting that visual acuity's impact on the quality of life for patients with diabetes in the community setting differs from more selected populations.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, 3800 N. Interstate Ave., Portland, OR 97227, USA. David.H.Smith@kpchr.org
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Eric S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hazlehurst
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muraki
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oglesby
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Betz-Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009323:Natural Language Processing; D011788:Quality of Life; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult