title: Disruption of orbitofrontal cortex laterality in offspring from multiplex alcohol dependence families.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased susceptibility for developing alcohol dependence (AD) might be related to structural differences in brain circuits that influence the salience of rewards and/or modify the efficiency of information processing. The role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in regulating emotional processing is increasingly being recognized along with its association with impulsive behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure the OFC in 107 high- and low-risk offspring (mean age 17.6 +/- 4.69 years) from either multiplex AD families or control families. Region of interest measures including segmented values were obtained by reliable raters using BRAINS2 software. Statistical analyses were adjusted for intracranial volume, age, socioeconomic status (SES), IQ, and handedness. The Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) was administered to determine scale scores for Control. Genotyping was performed for the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-risk offspring from multiplex for AD families showed decreased right/left OFC volumes in comparison with control subjects. Smaller volume in the right hemisphere was significantly associated with variation in the 5-HTT and BDNF genes. White matter (WM) ratios showed a positive correlation with MPQ Control scale scores, indicating that reduced OFC WM is related to greater impulsivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Offspring from multiplex families for AD manifest genetic susceptibility by exhibiting disruption in the laterality of the OFC volume that is related to greater impulsivity (lower Control scale scores). This disruption in OFC laterality is related to variation in genes associated with neuronal growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3811 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. syh50@imap.pitt.edu
authors.forename: Shirley Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Shuhui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kostelnik
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zezza
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stiffler
authors.forename: Matcheri S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Keshavan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics*; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000235:genetics; D010375:Pedigree; D012016:Reference Values; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins