title: Effectiveness of acupuncture for low back pain: a systematic review.
abstract: METHODS
  A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the evidence for the effectiveness of acupuncture for nonspecific low back pain (LBP).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Since the most recent systematic reviews on RCTs on acupuncture for LBP, 6 RCTs have been published, which may impact on the previous conclusions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches were completed for RCTs on all types of acupuncture for patients with nonspecific LBP published in English. Methodologic quality was scored using the Van Tulder scale. Trials were deemed to be high quality if they scored more than 6/11 on the Van Tulder scale, carried out appropriate statistical analysis, with at least 40 patients per group, and did not exceed 20% and 30% dropouts at short/intermediate and long-term follow-up, respectively. High quality trials were given more weight when conducting the best evidence synthesis. Studies were grouped according to the control interventions, i.e., no treatment, sham intervention, conventional therapy, acupuncture in addition to conventional therapy. Treatment effect size and clinical significance were also determined. The adequacy of acupuncture treatment was judged by comparison of recommendations made in textbooks, surveys, and reviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three trials (n = 6359) were included and classified into 5 types of comparisons, 6 of which were of high quality. There is moderate evidence that acupuncture is more effective than no treatment, and strong evidence of no significant difference between acupuncture and sham acupuncture, for short-term pain relief. There is strong evidence that acupuncture can be a useful supplement to other forms of conventional therapy for nonspecific LBP, but the effectiveness of acupuncture compared with other forms of conventional therapies still requires further investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acupuncture versus no treatment, and as an adjunct to conventional care, should be advocated in the European Guidelines for the treatment of chronic LBP.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Co Antrim, Northern Ireland.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Nithima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Purepong
authors.forename: Daniel Paul
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Jongbae
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bradbury
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McDonough
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome