title: Screening for proteinuria and chronic kidney disease risk factors in Kinshasa: a World Kidney Day 2007 study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although screening programs for chronic kidney disease (CKD) may be of great value, these programs are not yet implemented in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This study focused on proteinuria and examined its prevalence in terms of the number needed to screen for the different risk factors of CKD. Such knowledge would guide the utility of population screening to prevent end-stage renal disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Kinshasa on the Second World Kidney Day. A sample of 3,018 subjects was interviewed and the following measurements were performed: blood pressure, body mass index, glycemia and urine protein. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify determinants of proteinuria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of proteinuria was 17.1% (95% CI 15.8-18.6). Other CKD risk factors identified were: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity and metabolic syndrome. To identify 1 case of proteinuria, one would need to screen 4 persons with diabetes, 5 persons with hypertension, 4 subjects having metabolic syndrome, 5 persons aged >or=72 years and 9 persons without any of the conditions mentioned above. Age, overweight and diabetes were the strongest factors associated with proteinuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that proteinuria and traditional risk factors for CKD are very prevalent in Kinshasa. Realistic policies to stem these conditions should be a public health priority.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Unit, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. skiswaya@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Ernest K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Sumaili
authors.forename: Nazaire M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Nseka
authors.forename: François B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Lepira
authors.forename: Jean Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Krzesinski
authors.forename: Jean Robert R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Makulo
authors.forename: Justine B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bukabau
authors.forename: Josée B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Nkoy
authors.forename: Vieux M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Mokoli
authors.forename: Murielle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Longokolo
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Owandjalola
authors.forename: Patrick K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kayembe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult