title: Characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates from infants and toddlers in Wuhan, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extended-spectrum cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are important antimicrobials for treating invasive salmonellosis, and emerging resistance to these antimicrobials is of paramount concern. This study reports on the antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates recovered in 2006 from 0- to 3-year-old outpatients in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  The isolates were subjected to serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, screening for beta-lactamase genes, mutations in the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDRs), qnr alleles and aac-(6')-Ib-cr by PCR followed by DNA sequence analysis. All Salmonella Typhimurium isolates and 43 selected non-Typhimurium isolates were further characterized by PFGE to determine the genetic relatedness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 3746 paediatric outpatient stool samples, 221 (5.9%) S. enterica isolates of 29 distinct serotypes were recovered. The antimicrobial resistance profiles differed among serotypes. Ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were concentrated in serotype Typhimurium that were resistant to at least four additional non-quinolone antimicrobials. Nineteen out of 22 ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were grouped into one PFGE cluster. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant aac-(6')-Ib-cr was detected in 18 S. enterica isolates and 4 isolates also carried qnr alleles. Plasmid-mediated blaCTX-M-14-like genes were found in seven ceftriaxone-resistant isolates, and two isolates also exhibited reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these results, fluoroquinolones should not be used to treat the invasive Salmonella Typhimurium infections in this local community. The monitoring programme should stay vigilant for ceftriaxone-resistant S. enterica isolates with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility.
authors.affiliation: The National Center for Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance, The State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shenghui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Jingyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ziyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Changqin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Shaohong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Fengqin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yunchang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ran
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012703:Serotyping; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D001618:beta-Lactamases