title: Ischemic intestinal injury during cardiopulmonary bypass does not show an association with neutrophil activation: a porcine study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neutrophil activation and tissue sequestration are crucial events in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, but their role in the gut wall after clinical cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) remains unclear. We tested whether local post-CPB inflammatory response in the gut wall would be associated with intestinal mucosal perfusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty pigs underwent 60 min of aortic clamping and 75 min of normothermic perfusion. Intestinal biopsies were taken after 120 min of reperfusion. Based on ileal myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), the animals were divided into 2 groups, CPB-induced increase in MPO (MPO+) versus no such increase (MPO-), for comparison of the parameters that measure gut mucosal perfusion. Ileal p(CO)((2)) and intramucosal pH were determined, and arterial gases were analyzed. Additionally, several hemodynamic parameters and blood thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Myocyte degeneration, endothelial activation and vasculitis were more pronounced in the MPO+ group (p < 0.05), while the MPO- group showed significantly increased pi(CO)((2)) and lower mucosal pH values during reperfusion. Hemodynamics and TAT levels did not differ between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tissue sequestration of neutrophils was poorly associated with perturbed mucosal perfusion after CPB. Mechanisms of gut wall injury after a low-flow/reperfusion setting can differ from those in reperfusion injury after total ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. mikko.jormalainen@hus.fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jormalainen
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Vento
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wartiovaara-Kautto
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Suojaranta-Ylinen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lauronen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paavonen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petäjä
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology / Q000293:injuries*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D018375:Neutrophil Activation; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D009195:Peroxidase