title: Adrenocortical carcinoma in the United States: treatment utilization and prognostic factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor with a relatively poor prognosis. The authors' objectives were to examine treatment utilization and factors associated with long-term survival after resection of ACC in a large, national, patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients diagnosed with ACC from 1985 to 2005 were identified from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB). Patient, tumor, treatment, and hospital factors associated with survival after resection were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the current study, 3982 patients with ACC were identified. Median age at diagnosis was 55 years. Median tumor size was 13 cm. Of the patients with nodes examined, 26.5% had nodal metastases. Distant metastases were found on presentation in 21.6% of patients. A total of 57.4% of patients underwent surgical resection alone, whereas 16.0% underwent resection with adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation. A total of 19.4% had margin-positive resections. Treatment utilization remained unchanged from 1985 to 2005 (P = .28). Median follow-up was 24 months. Overall 5-year survival for all patients who underwent resection was 38.6% (median survival, 31.9 months). Multivariable analysis demonstrated a higher risk of death with increasing age, poorly differentiated tumors, involved margins, and nodal or distant metastases. Overall survival remained unchanged from 1985 to 2000 (P = .08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ACC carries a poor prognosis for patients commonly presenting with large, locally invasive tumors, involved margins, and metastatic disease. Survival is not affected by size but is diminished with increasing age, poorly differentiated tumors, involved margins, and the presence of regional and distant disease. Identification of novel therapies may help to increase survival, which has remained unchanged over the last 20 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. k-bilimoria@facs.org
authors.forename: Karl Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Bilimoria
authors.forename: Wen T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elaraj
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bentrem
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Winchester
authors.forename: Electron
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kebebew
authors.forename: Cord
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sturgeon
mesh_terms: D000306:Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D018268:Adrenocortical Carcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States