title: Heritability of changes in brain volume over time in twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Structural brain abnormalities have consistently been found in schizophrenia, with increased familial risk for the disease associated with these abnormalities. Some brain volume changes are progressive over the course of the illness. Whether these progressive brain volume changes are mediated by genetic or disease-related factors is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether genetic and/or environmental factors are associated with progressive brain volume changes in schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal 5-year follow-up in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia and healthy comparison twin pairs using brain magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited from the twin pair cohort at the University Medical Center Utrecht.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 92 participants completed the study: 9 MZ and 10 DZ twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia and 14 MZ and 13 DZ healthy twin pairs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Percentage volume changes of the whole brain; cerebral gray and white matter of the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes; cerebellum; and lateral and third ventricles over time between and within twin pairs were compared using repeated measures analysis of covariance. Structural equation modeling was applied to estimate contributions of additive genetic and common and unique environmental factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant decreases over time in whole brain and frontal and temporal lobe volumes were found in patients with schizophrenia and their unaffected co-twins compared with control twins. Bivariate structural equation modeling using cross-trait/cross-twin correlations revealed significant additive genetic influences on the correlations between schizophrenia liability and progressive whole brain (66%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 51%-100%), frontal lobe (76%; 95% CI, 54%-100%), and temporal lobe (79%; CI, 56%-100%) volume change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The progressive brain volume loss found in patients with schizophrenia and their unaffected co-twins is at least partly attributable to genetic factors related to the illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, A01-126, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht CX 3584, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rachel G H
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Brans
authors.forename: Neeltje E M
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: van Haren
authors.forename: G Caroline M
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: van Baal
authors.forename: Hugo G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Schnack
authors.forename: René S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: Hilleke E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hulshoff Pol
mesh_terms: D000275:Adjustment Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D020547:Lateral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D012016:Reference Values; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D012569:Schizotypal Personality Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D020542:Third Ventricle / Q000473:pathology; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics