title: Malignant tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: long-term outcome and morbidity with emphasis on hypothalamic-pituitary deficiency.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the long-term outcome after surgery and radiotherapy for patients with sinonasal cancer and assess late toxicity, with special emphasis on hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of 168 patients treated for sinonasal cancer in a single institute between 1986 and 2006. A more detailed analysis was performed on a subgroup of 76 patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma treated with curative intent. Long-term survivors were evaluated for late toxicity by a multidisciplinary team using the late effects of normal tissues (LENT SOMA) scoring system. Additional endocrinologic tests were performed for assessment of hypothalamic-pituitary function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five-year actuarial local control and overall survival rates were 62% and 35% for all patients and 64% and 42% for the subgroup with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. In multivariate analysis, T stage was the only significant factor predicting local relapse (79% at 5 years for T1-T3 vs. 53% for T4; p = 0.006). Sinonasal mucosal melanomas had the highest rate of regional failure (33% at 5 years). Thirteen of 21 patients (62%) evaluated at the late morbidity clinic had hormonal disturbances, of whom 5 (24%) had definitive evidence of hypopituitarism with multiple hormonal deficiencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local failure is the dominant cause of treatment failure for patients with sinonasal cancer, with T4 stage the only independent predictor. Because of a high rate of radiation-induced hypopituitarism, we recommend endocrinologic surveillance for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. a.snyers@rther.umcn.nl
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Snyers
authors.forename: Geert O R J
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Janssens
authors.forename: Marcel B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Twickler
authors.forename: Ad R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hermus
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Takes
authors.forename: Arnoud C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kappelle
authors.forename: Matthias A W
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Merkx
authors.forename: Piet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dirix
authors.forename: Johannes H A M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kaanders
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006728:Hormones