title: Ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction of metals from sediment: a comparison with the BCR procedure.
abstract: In this paper we investigate alternatives to mechanical stirring for the extraction of the mobile fraction of metals from sediment, and analyze whether these techniques can reduce extraction time and improve reproducibility. We compare the quantities of metal extracted from BCR601 and BCR701 certified sediments using ultrasound bath, microwave-assisted extraction and the first step in the certified BCR sequential extraction procedure. Some environmentally important not-certified metals such as As, Mn, Co, Fe and Al have been included in this study. In the case of microwave-assisted extraction, we compare tests in which samples are exposed to constant, low power irradiation with tests using pulsed high power. In the tests using the ultrasound bath, less metal was extracted than with the other extractive techniques and standard deviations were comparable to those obtained with the BCR procedure; in assays using microwaves at constant power, extraction efficiencies were different for different metals and for different reference materials and, in some cases, standard deviations were higher than those for the reference method. In contrast, tests with microwaves and constant temperature produced encouraging results: R.S.D.s lay in the 2-4% range, both for certified and not-certified metals; these values are very low compared to those for the reference method. Extraction efficiencies for certified metals were close to 100% for Cd, Zn, Cu and Ni and around 80% for Pb and Cr.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "LaSapienza", P.le Aldo Moro, 5 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Canepari
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cardarelli
authors.forename: Silvano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghighi
authors.forename: Luigia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scimonelli