title: Decision making about pre-medication to children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inviting the child to participate in medical decisions regarding common medical procedures might influence the child's behaviour during the procedures. We wanted to study nurse decision-making communication regarding pre-medication before ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 102 children (3-6 years) signed for ENT surgery were video-filmed during the pre-medication process. The nurse decision-making communication was identified, transcribed and grouped in six main categories dependent on the level of participation (self-determination, compromise, negotiation, questioning, information, lack of communication). Associations between child factors (age, gender, verbal communication and non-verbal communication) and different nurse decision-making communication were studied. Associations between the decision-making communication and verbal hesitation and/or the child's compliance in taking pre-medication were also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Totally, information was the most frequently used category of decision making communication followed by negotiation and questioning. To the children showing signs of shyness, the nurse used more negotiation, questions and self-determination communication and less information. The nurse used more compromise, negotiation and gave less information to children with less compliance. No specific type of nurse decision-making communication was associated with verbal hesitation. The most important predictors for verbal hesitation were none or hesitant eye contact with nurse (OR = 4.5) and placement nearby or in parent's lap (OR = 4.7). Predictors for less compliance in taking pre-medication were verbal hesitation from the child (OR = 22.7) and children who did not give any verbal answer to nurse initial questions (OR = 5.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decision-making communication could not predict the child's compliance during pre-medication. Although negotiation, questioning and self-determination communication were associated with more unwillingness to take pre-medication. More knowledge is needed about communication to children in medical settings and how it influences the child's behaviours.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, IMK, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. marie.proczkowska.bjorklund@lj.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Proczkowska-Björklund
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Runeson
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Svedin
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003142:Communication; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000451:nursing / Q000601:surgery*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology*; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000523:psychology; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D013548:Sweden