title: Aberrant brain activation during gaze processing in boys with fragile X syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eye contact is a fundamental component of human social behavior. Individuals with fragile X syndrome (fraX), particularly male subjects, avoid eye contact and display other social deficits. To date (to our knowledge), this behavior in fraX has been studied only in female subjects, who show lesser degrees of gaze aversion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the neural correlates of the perception of direct eye gaze in adolescent boys with fraX using functional magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen adolescent boys with fraX, 10 boys with developmental delay, and 13 typically developing control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Behavioral performance and brain activation during functional magnetic resonance imaging were evaluated during the presentation of faces with eye gaze directed to or averted away from subjects and during successive presentations of stimuli with eye gaze directed toward the subject. Whole-brain and region of interest analyses and regression analyses with task performance were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly greater activation was observed in prefrontal cortices in controls compared with boys having fraX, who (in contrast) demonstrated elevated left insula activation to direct eye gaze stimuli. Furthermore, compared with controls, boys with fraX showed greater sensitization in the left amygdala with successive exposure to direct gaze.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with controls, boys with fraX display distinct patterns of brain activation in response to direct eye gaze. These results suggest that aberrant neural processing of direct eye gaze in subjects with fraX may be related to the associated avoidant response.
authors.affiliation: Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd, Stanford, CA 94305-5795, USA.
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Fumiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hoeft
authors.forename: Amy S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.forename: Scott S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Allan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Reiss
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005145:Face; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D005600:Fragile X Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology