title: Seasonal variations of pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3- and Ca2+ in the haemolymph: implications on the calcification physiology in Anodonta cygnea.
abstract: A study about the relationship between the physical-chemical parameters and the calcium carbonate balance between the haemolymph fluid and mantle calcareous structures was carried out in Anodonta cygnea. An intense peak of HCO(3) (-) and a highest pH in December-January months may be understood as a preparation period for creating alkaline conditions. An intense pH decrease from January to February in parallel with the HCO(3) (-) reduction seems to indicate the beginning process of carbonate precipitation. On the other hand, the following calcium and HCO(3) (-) increases in February-May associated with a continuous and gradual pH fall profile may infer two combined aspects: calcium and HCO(3) (-) absorption from external environment and a simultaneous intense calcium carbonate deposition in the haemolymph. So, the pCO(2) peak in this period reflects a subsequent result on equilibrium balance between HCO(3) (-) absorption and deposition. The only significant pO(2) increase in the next period, from February to June, is related with an energetic increase to support the metabolic activity favouring the posterior intense pCO(2) peaks. The extended time of CO(2) production in the haemolymph from May to November should induce an increased metabolic acidosis with subsequent intense formation of both HCO(3) (-) and Ca(2+) ions in the same period. This seems to result from CaCO(3) deposits dissolution in the haemolymph, the most direct calcareous source. Additionally, the later increase of metabolic succinic acid during autumn may greatly potentiate this acidosis increasing the dissolution process. Consequently, the pH profile present two simultaneous alkaline peaks in July and October, probably due to a strong HCO(3) (-) release from the CaCO(3) dissolution. So, the present seasonal results indicate that in the freshwater bivalve A. cygnea, the low metabolism with higher pH from the early winter is the main cause which may favour a calcareous precipitation, while the high metabolism with lower pH from the early summer may function as an inductor of calcareous dissolution in the haemolymph.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Fisiologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopes-Lima
authors.forename: Anabela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Casaca
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Checa
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Machado
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D049877:Anodonta / Q000502:physiology*; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000097:blood; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000737:chemistry*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen; D002118:Calcium