title: Gradient flow titration for the determination of fluoride ion in natural waters.
abstract: The determination of fluoride ions in water samples was accomplished by using a gradient flow titration. A standard commercial combined electrode is used in a cell configuration that combines the gradient chamber and the electrode in a single unit. The methodology developed gives results with a relative standard deviation of about 3%. The average recoveries after spiking natural samples with fluoride are in the range 100-102%. The method was used successful in determining the fluoride concentration in water samples.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Superior Técnico, Centro de Quimica Estrutural, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisbon, Portugal. pcqaclc@alfa.ist.utl.pt
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lopes da Conceição
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Correia dos Santos
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Simões Gonçalves
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Santos