title: Sampling strategies for the analysis of glass fragments by LA-ICP-MS Part I. Micro-homogeneity study of glass and its application to the interpretation of forensic evidence.
abstract: The authors have previously reported the use of laser ablation ICP-MS as a powerful analytical tool for elemental analysis of glass. LA is a simpler, faster and less intrusive sample introduction method than the conventional solution ICP-MS. Due to the minute amount of material removed in LA ( approximately 300ng, 50mum crater size), the analyst should be aware of special sampling considerations such as characterization of the glass fragments originating from the "known" source, fragment size and selection of the area and surface of ablation. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the micro-homogeneity of the elemental composition of glass samples commonly found in crime scenes like containers, architectural windows and windshields. The set of glasses under study was comprised of 56 fragments originated from glass containers, 28 fragments from automobile windshields and 20 fragments from architectural windowpanes. All fragments were selected with a size smaller than 2mm(2) in order to simulate the typical glass fragments transferred from the crime scenarios. A Nd:YAG laser, 266nm, flat top beam profile was used in single point mode sampling 50mum spot size for 50s at 10Hz (500 shots). In this study, (29)Si was used as an internal standard and the standard reference material, SRM NIST 612, was used as a single point external calibrator. In addition, SRM 621 was used as another control standard for the containers set and SRM 1831 for the automobile and architectural window sets due to their very similar matrix with the samples of interest. For each set of glasses, the mean values and standard deviation of 10 replicates (n=10) of a single fragment were compared with the values obtained from 10 (n=10) different fragments of glass within the area of interest in order to evaluate whether or not the variation within a glass was bigger than the variation due to the method. In addition, a subset of tempered glasses was evaluated to perform an elemental composition profile within different depths of the fragments. Single shot (one laser pulse per analysis) was also evaluated and its limitations for the forensic analysis of glass are also presented. The results show that float glass is homogenous even at the micro-range level allowing LA-ICP-MS as an alternative technique to perform elemental analysis of glass. However, the variation of elemental composition of headlamps and containers is larger over the source than the instrumental variation due to inherent heterogeneity and therefore specific statistical methods are recommended to compare the glass samples.
authors.affiliation: International Forensic Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Trejos
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Almirall