title: Is global quality of life reduced before fracture in patients with low-energy wrist or hip fracture? A comparison with matched controls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aims of the study were (i) to examine global quality of life (GQOL) before fracture in patients with low-energy wrist or hip fracture compared with an age- and sex-matched control group, and (ii) to identify relationships between demographic variables, clinical fracture variables, and health- and global-focused quality of life (QOL) prior to fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with a low-energy fracture of the wrist (n = 181) or hip (n = 97) aged >or= 50 years at a regional hospital in Norway and matched controls (n = 226) were included. The participants answered retrospectively, within two weeks after the fracture, a questionnaire on their GQOL before the fracture occurred using the Quality of Life Scale (QOLS), and health-focused QOL using the Short Form-36, physical component summary, and mental component summary scales. A broad range of clinical data including bone density was also collected. ANOVA and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyse the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Osteoporosis was identified in 59% of the hip fracture patients, 33% of the wrist fracture patients, and 16% of the controls. After adjusting GQOL scores and the three sub-dimensions for known covariates (sociodemographics, clinical fracture characteristics, and health-focused QOL), the hip patients reported significantly lower scores compared with the controls, except for the sub-dimension of personal, social, and community commitment (p = 0.096). Unadjusted and adjusted GQOL scores did not differ between the wrist fracture patients and controls. Sociodemographics (age, sex, education, marital status), clinical fracture variables (osteoporosis, falls, fracture group) and health-focused QOL explained 51.4% of the variance in the QOLS, 35.2% of the variance in relationship and marital well-being, 59.3% of the variance in health and functioning, and 24.9% of the variance of personal, social, and community commitment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hip fracture patients had lower GQOL before the fracture occurred than did controls, even after adjusting for known factors such as sociodemographics, clinical variables and health-focused QOL. The findings suggest that by identifying patients with low GQOL, in addition to other known risk factors for hip fracture, may raise the probability to target preventive health care activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Sorlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway. gudrun.rohde@sshf.no
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haugeberg
authors.forename: Anne Marit
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mengshoel
authors.forename: Torbjorn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moum
authors.forename: Astrid K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wahl
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014954:Wrist Injuries