title: Five year outcomes in a cohort study of physicians treated for substance use disorders in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of US state physician health programmes in treating physicians with substance use disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five year, longitudinal, cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Purposive sample of 16 state physician health programmes in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  904 physicians consecutively admitted to one of the 16 programmes from September 1995 to September 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  Completion of the programme, continued alcohol and drug misuse (regular urine tests), and occupational status at five years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  155 of 802 physicians (19.3%) with known outcomes failed the programme, usually early during treatment. Of the 647 (80.7%) who completed treatment and resumed practice under supervision and monitoring, alcohol or drug misuse was detected by urine testing in 126 (19%) over five years; 33 (26%) of these had a repeat positive test result. At five year follow-up, 631 (78.7%) physicians were licensed and working, 87 (10.8%) had their licences revoked, 28 (3.5%) had retired, 30 (3.7%) had died, and 26 (3.2%) had unknown status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  About three quarters of US physicians with substance use disorders managed in this subset of physician health programmes had favourable outcomes at five years. Such programmes seem to provide an appropriate combination of treatment, support, and sanctions to manage addiction among physicians effectively.
authors.affiliation: Treatment Research Institute, 600 Public Ledger Building, 150 S Independence Mall, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA. tmclellan@tresearch.org
authors.forename: A Thomas
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: McLellan
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Skipper
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: DuPont
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054538:Occupational Health Physicians; D010815:Physician Impairment; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology