title: Might expectations explain early self-reported symptoms of nicotine dependence?
abstract: We examined youths' expectations about nicotine dependence to determine if these might explain the early appearance of symptoms. A convenience sample of 9th graders (n=460) completed a survey that asked them to imagine they were a novice teen smoker and an inveterate adult smoker and indicate whether they would expect to experience real and bogus symptoms of nicotine dependence. Responses were compared to actual symptom reports from 1375 adolescent novice smokers and 1102 adult smokers. The pattern of symptoms experienced by teen smokers did not match the pattern of symptoms expected by nonsmokers, but matched that of adult smokers almost exactly. The pattern of symptoms expected by novice teen smokers did not match the pattern of symptoms they reported experiencing. We found no evidence that youths' reports of symptoms of nicotine dependence are based on expectations. While youth do share expectations about nicotine dependence, it is not the expectation that they will become dependent; it is the expectation that if they smoke they will be able to quit whenever they want.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine & Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
authors.forename: W W Sanouri A
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Ursprung
authors.forename: Sharon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: DiFranza
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: DiFranza
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D014342:Truth Disclosure