title: Withaferin A induces apoptosis by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade in leukemic cells of lymphoid and myeloid origin through mitochondrial death cascade.
abstract: Withaferin A (WA) is present abundantly in Withania somnifera, a well-known Indian medicinal plant. Here we demonstrate how WA exhibits a strong growth-inhibitory effect on several human leukemic cell lines and on primary cells from patients with lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemia in a dose-dependent manner, showing no toxicity on normal human lymphocytes and primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells. WA-mediated decrease in cell viability was observed through apoptosis as demonstrated by externalization of phosphatidylserine, a time-dependent increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio; loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, cytochrome c release, caspases 9 and 3 activation; and accumulation of cells in sub-G0 region based on DNA fragmentation. A search for the downstream pathway further reveals that WA-induced apoptosis was mediated by an increase in phosphorylated p38MAPK expression, which further activated downstream signaling by phosphorylating ATF-2 and HSP27 in leukemic cells. The RNA interference of p38MAPK protected these cells from WA-induced apoptosis. The RNAi knockdown of p38MAPK inhibited active phosphorylation of p38MAPK, Bax expression, activation of caspase 3 and increase in Annexin V positivity. Altogether, these findings suggest that p38MAPK in leukemic cells promotes WA-induced apoptosis. WA caused increased levels of Bax in response to MAPK signaling, which resulted in the initiation of mitochondrial death cascade, and therefore it holds promise as a new, alternative, inexpensive chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with leukemia of both lymphoid and myeloid origin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India.
authors.forename: Chandan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.forename: Avijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.forename: Asish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mallick
authors.forename: Sarmila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Laxminarain
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.forename: Rajender S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Sangwan
authors.forename: Chitra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mandal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004875:Ergosterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects*; D054358:Withanolides; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D054358:Withanolides; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020169:Caspases; C009684:withaferin A; D004875:Ergosterol