title: Effects of smoking on the ex vivo cytokine production in periodontitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking is associated with increased severity of periodontitis. The underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon are not well understood. The purpose of the present study was to compare the monocyte-derived T cell directing (Th1/Th2) response and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in ex vivo whole blood cell cultures (WBCC) of smoking and non-smoking chronic periodontitis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Venous blood was collected from 29 periodontitis patients (18 non-smokers and 11 smokers) receiving supportive periodontal treatment, and diluted 10-fold for WBCC. The WBCC were stimulated for 18 h with Neisseria meningitidis lipo-oligosaccharide (LOS) or Porphyromonas gingivalis sonic extract (Pg-SE). The production of the T cell directing cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 p40 and IL-10, as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8, was measured in the culture supernatants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After LOS stimulation of WBCC, smokers showed a lower IL-12 p40/IL-10 ratio than non-smokers (P < 0.05). Interleukin-1beta production was significantly lower in smokers compared with non-smokers after stimulation with either LOS or Pg-SE (P < 0.05). Interleukin-6 and IL-8 production was similar in WBCC from both smokers and non-smokers, for both LOS and Pg-SE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A more pronounced Th2 response in smoking periodontitis patients may be related to increased severity of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), The Netherlands. g.torres@acta.nl
authors.forename: G L Torres
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: de Heens
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kikkert
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Aarden
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: van der Velden
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Loos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002460:Cell Line; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40 / Q000032:analysis; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000032:analysis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000276:immunology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000276:immunology; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016753:Interleukin-10