title: Increased ventricular premature contraction frequency during rem sleep in patients with coronary artery disease and obstructive sleep apnea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with obstructive sleep apnea are reported to have a peak of sudden cardiac death at night, in contrast to patients without apnea whose peak is in the morning. We hypothesized that ventricular premature contraction (VPC) frequency would correlate with measures of apnea and sympathetic activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electrocardiograms from a sleep study of 125 patients with coronary artery disease were evaluated. Patients were categorized by apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) into Moderate (AHI <15) or Severe (AHI>15) apnea groups. Sleep stages studied were Wake, S1, S2, S34, and rapid eye movement (REM). Parameters of a potent autonomically-based risk predictor for sudden cardiac death called heart rate turbulence were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 74 Moderate and 51 Severe obstructive sleep apnea patients. VPC frequency was affected significantly by sleep stage (Wake, S2 and REM, F=5.8, p<.005) and by AHI (F=8.7, p<.005). In Severe apnea patients, VPC frequency was higher in REM than in Wake (p=.011). In contrast, patients with Moderate apnea had fewer VPCs and exhibited no sleep stage dependence (p=.19). Oxygen desaturation duration per apnea episode correlated positively with AHI (r(2)=.71, p<.0001), and was longer in REM than in non-REM (p<.0001). The heart rate turbulence parameter TS correlated negatively with oxygen desaturation duration in REM (r(2)=.06, p=.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher VPC frequency coupled with higher sympathetic activity caused by longer apnea episodes in REM sleep may be one reason for increased nocturnal death in apneic patients.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, St. Louis University, USA. watanabe@slu.edu
authors.forename: Mari A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Rajeshkumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhalodia
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lundequam
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Domitrovich
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Steinmeyer
authors.forename: Phyllis K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Freedland
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Duntley
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Carney