title: Therapeutic drug monitoring for triazoles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Invasive fungal infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, and mechanisms to optimize therapeutic outcomes are urgently required. Therapeutic drug monitoring represents an important component for the routine use of the triazoles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Triazoles have revolutionized the prevention and treatment of invasive fungal infections. Increasing data suggest that this class displays important concentration-effect and concentration-toxicity relationships. There has been an increased understanding of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of triazoles, and this has facilitated the identification of concentrations (or drug exposures) that are both effective and nontoxic. This review discusses the application of therapeutic drug monitoring to fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapeutic drug monitoring represents an important mechanism to optimize the outcome of immunocompromised patients receiving triazoles.
authors.affiliation: School of Translational Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. william.hope@manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Hope
authors.forename: Eliane M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Billaud
authors.forename: Jodie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lestner
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Denning
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009181:Mycoses / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D014230:Triazoles