title: Should nutrient profiles be based on 100 g, 100 kcal or serving size?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nutrient profiling of foods is defined as the science of ranking or classifying foods based on their nutrient content. Nutrient profiles can be calculated based on 100 g or 100 kcal of food or on standard serving sizes. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of nutrient profiles based on 100 g, 100 kcal and government-mandated serving sizes, and to identify the optimal base of calculation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nutrient profiles tested were composed of positive subscores based on nutrients to encourage and negative subscores based on nutrients to limit. Alternative profiles, computed using different bases of calculation, were used to rank order 378 commonly consumed foods from a food frequency instrument. Profile performance was tested with respect to the foods' energy density.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serving sizes, defined by the US Food and Drug Administration as reference amounts customarily consumed (RACC), were inversely linked to energy density of foods. Positive subscores based on 100 kcal were equivalent to those calculated using RACC values. Negative subscores performed better when based on 100 g as opposed to 100 kcal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Models based on serving sizes and on 100 kcal were preferable for positive subscores and models based on 100 g of food were preferable for negative subscores. RACC-based profiles may represent an attractive option for the US consumer.
authors.affiliation: Center for Public Health Nutrition and the Nutritional Sciences Program, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, 305 Raitt Hall, 353410, Washington, MI 98195-3410, USA. adamdrew@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drewnowski
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maillot
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Darmon
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*; D019992:Databases as Topic / Q000592:standards; D005062:European Union; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005515:Food Labeling / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009753:Nutritive Value; D014481:United States