title: Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plasmodium vivax accounts for about 40% of all malaria infection in Ethiopia. Chloroquine (CQ) is the first line treatment for confirmed P. vivax malaria in the country. The first report of CQ treatment failure in P. vivax was from Debre Zeit, which suggested the presence of chloroquine resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vivo drug efficacy study was conducted in Debre Zeit from June to August 2006. Eighty-seven patients with microscopically confirmed P. vivax malaria, aged between 8 months and 52 years, were recruited and treated under supervision with CQ (25 mg/kg over three days). Clinical and parasitological parameters were assessed during the 28 day follow-up period. CQ and desethylchloroquine (DCQ) blood and serum concentrations were determined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in patients who showed recurrent parasitaemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 87 patients recruited in the study, one was lost to follow-up and three were excluded due to P. falciparum infection during follow-up. A total of 83 (95%) of the study participants completed the follow-up. On enrolment, 39.8% had documented fever and 60.2% had a history of fever. The geometric mean parasite density of the patients was 7045 parasites/microl. Among these, four patients had recurrent parasitaemia on Day 28. The blood CQ plus DCQ concentrations of these four patients were all above the minimal effective concentration (> 100 ng/ml).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chloroquine-resistant P. vivax parasites are emerging in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. A multi-centre national survey is needed to better understand the extent of P. vivax resistance to CQ in Ethiopia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. hiwtek@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Hiwot
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Teka
authors.forename: Beyene
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Petros
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yamuah
authors.forename: Gezahegn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tesfaye
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Elhassan
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muchohi
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kokwaro
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aseffa
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Engers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001769:Blood / Q000469:parasitology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005002:Ethiopia; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018512:Parasitemia; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000187:drug effects*; D012008:Recurrence; D044967:Serum / Q000737:chemistry; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D002738:Chloroquine