title: Recommendations for partner services programs for HIV infection, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydial infection.
abstract: This report provides updated, integrated recommendations for services provided to partners of persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and three other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (i.e., syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydial infection) and replaces the CDC 2001 Program Operations Guidelines for STD Prevention---Partner Services and the 1998 HIV Partner Counseling and Referral Services Guidance. These recommendations are intended for health department program managers responsible for overseeing partner services programs for HIV infection and the three other STDs at the state and local levels. The recommendations also might be beneficial for HIV prevention community planning groups, STD program advisory bodies, technical assistance providers, community-based organizations, and clinical care providers. The value of partner services in the control of syphilis and gonorrhea is widely accepted. However, such services are underused among partners of persons with HIV infection. On the basis of evidence of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these services, CDC strongly recommends that all persons with newly diagnosed or reported HIV infection or early syphilis receive partner services with active health department involvement. Persons with a diagnosis of, or who are reported with, gonorrhea or chlamydial infection also are suitable candidates for partner services; however, resource limitations and the numerous cases of these infections might preclude direct health department involvement in certain instances. Health departments might need to limit direct involvement in partner services for gonorrhea and chlamydial infection to selected high-priority cases and use other strategies for the remainder (e.g., expedited partner therapy). These recommendations highlight the importance of program collaboration and service integration in the provision of partner services. Because coinfection with HIV and one or more other STDs is common, all persons with a diagnosis of HIV should be tested for other types of STDs, and vice versa; rates of coinfection with HIV and syphilis have been particularly high in recent years. Many persons at risk for these infections also are at risk for other infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and viral hepatitis, as well as various other health conditions. STD and HIV partner services offer STD, HIV, and other public health programs an opportunity for collaboration to deliver comprehensive services to clients, improve program efficiency, and maximize the positive effects on public health.
mesh_terms: D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy / Q000635:transmission; D016358:Contact Tracing; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000941:ethics / Q000458:organization & administration; D005260:Female; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy / Q000635:transmission; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy / Q000635:transmission; D006296:Health Services; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008297:Male; D011634:Public Health; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013587:Syphilis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy / Q000635:transmission