title: The effects of spinal cord stimulation in neuropathic pain are sustained: a 24-month follow-up of the prospective randomized controlled multicenter trial of the effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After randomizing 100 failed back surgery syndrome patients to receive spinal cord stimulation (SCS) plus conventional medical management (CMM) or CMM alone, the results of the 6-month Prospective Randomized Controlled Multicenter Trial of the Effectiveness of Spinal Cord Stimulation (i.e., PROCESS) showed that SCS offered superior pain relief, health-related quality of life, and functional capacity. Because the rate of crossover favoring SCS beyond 6 months would bias a long-term randomized group comparison, we present all outcomes in patients who continued SCS from randomization to 24 months and, for illustrative purposes, the primary outcome (>50% leg pain relief) per randomization and final treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients provided data on pain, quality of life, function, pain medication use, treatment satisfaction, and employment status. Investigators documented adverse events. Data analysis included inferential comparisons and multivariate regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 42 patients continuing SCS (of 52 randomized to SCS) reported significantly improved leg pain relief (P < 0.0001), quality of life (P <or= 0.01), and functional capacity (P = 0.0002); and 13 patients (31%) required a device-related surgical revision. At 24 months, of 46 of 52 patients randomized to SCS and 41 of 48 randomized to CMM who were available, the primary outcome was achieved by 17 (37%) randomized to SCS versus 1 (2%) to CMM (P = 0.003) and by 34 (47%) of 72 patients who received SCS as final treatment versus 1 (7%) of 15 for CMM (P = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At 24 months of SCS treatment, selected failed back surgery syndrome patients reported sustained pain relief, clinically important improvements in functional capacity and health-related quality of life, and satisfaction with treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Regina General Hospital, Regina, Canada.
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Rod S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Line
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eldabe
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meglio
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Molet
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
authors.forename: Elon
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.forename: Germain
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Milbouw
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buchser
authors.forename: Gianpaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fortini
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: North
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008875:Middle Aged; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000628:therapy*; D018579:Patient Selection; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013577:Syndrome; D016896:Treatment Outcome