title: Determination of cadmium in urine by extraction and flameless atomic-absorption spectrophotometry Comparison of urine from smokers and non-smokers of different sex and age.
abstract: A method is presented for determining cadmium in urine by nameless atomic-absorption spectrophotometry after extraction. The sample is dried, ashed in the presence of nitric acid, and then the residue is dissolved in hydrochloric acid. Cadmium is extracted as its tetrahexylammonium iodide complex into methyl isobutyl ketone. The organic phase is analysed for cadmium by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry with electrothermal atomization. The median urinary excretion of cadmium for smokers aged 50-64 has been found to be 0.7 and 0.75 mug l . for males and females respectively, the values for non-smokers being 0.25 and 0.4mug l .
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Environmental Medicine and Department of Environmental Hygiene, Karolinska Institute, P.O. Box 60208, S-10401 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jawaid
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Elinder