title: Expression of leptin and its functional receptor on disc cells: contribution to cell proliferation.
abstract: METHODS
  Human herniated disc tissues and rat nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were used following approval by the authors' institutional Human Ethics Review Committee and Animal Care and Use Committee.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the expression of leptin and its functional receptor in herniated disc tissues, and to elucidate whether leptin can stimulate rat NP cells to proliferate in vitro.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is evidence showing that chondrocytes express leptin and functional leptin receptor, and leptin stimulates chondrocyte proliferation in vitro and may play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis by contributing to osteophyte formation. Intervertebral disc degeneration, similar to osteoarthritis, is also a complicated process in which increased cell proliferation is involved. However, little attention has been paid to the causes of the increased cell proliferation during disc degeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five herniated discs were harvested and immunostained to determine the distribution and type of leptin/functional leptin receptor-expressing cells. The proliferating activity of rat NP cells stimulated with leptin was also evaluated by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and by immunostaining for proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical results from 45 herniated discs showed that leptin/functional leptin receptor-positive cells are commonly seen in cell clusters and proliferating fibrocartilaginous areas, and that the percentage of leptin/functional leptin receptor-positive cells correlates with the age of the patients. Leptin administration led to increased proliferation of rat NP cells in a dose-dependent manner, as shown by MTT assay and by counting the percentage of PCNA-positive cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggested that disc cells can express leptin and its functional receptor, that leptin can stimulate proliferation of disc cells in vitro, and therefore that leptin may play a role in the process of intervertebral disc degeneration by contributing to the formation of cell cluster and proliferating fibrocartilaginous tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chang-Qing
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Da
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Lei-Sheng
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Li-Yang
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D019085:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct; D005562:Formazans / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000378:metabolism*; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D054411:Receptors, Leptin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005562:Formazans; D020738:Leptin; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D054411:Receptors, Leptin; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; C079782:MTT formazan