title: Is urethane-chloralose anaesthesia appropriate for pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic assessment? Studies with carvedilol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the work was to establish the impact of urethane-chloralose anaesthesia on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) properties of carvedilol in control rats and L-NAME hypertensive animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar Rats were randomly divided into: control (n=12) with tap water to drink and L-NAME rats (n=12) with L-NAME solution (40 mg/kg/day) to drink for 2 weeks. Effects of carvedilol (1 mg kg(-1), i.v.) on blood pressure and heart rate were recorded during 3 h in conscious and urethane (500 mg kg(-1), i.p.) - chloralose (50 mg kg(-1), i.p.) anaesthetized rats. Carvedilol plasma pharmacokinetics was studied by means of traditional blood sampling. PK-PD modeling of carvedilol was made by means of an effect compartment model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither urethane-chloralose nor L-NAME modified estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters of carvedilol. Although urethane-chloralose did not modify potency of carvedilol comparing with awake animals in control and hypertensive group, maximal negative chronotropic response was significantly greater in anaesthetized L-NAME rats in comparison to awake animals. Conversely, anaesthesia did not modify maximal chronotropic response to carvedilol in control rats. Whilst no differences were found in the estimated potency of carvedilol hypotensive response comparing control and L-NAME rats in both awake and anaesthetized conditions, maximal hypotensive effect of carvedilol was significantly greater in anaesthetized control and L-NAME animals in comparison to conscious rats. L-NAME rats showed a greater maximal hypotensive response comparing to control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urethane-chloralose anaesthesia is an acceptable experimental condition for the evaluation of PK-PD properties of carvedilol, considering that it does not affect the potency of carvedilol for its chronotropic and hypotensive effect. Conclusions obtained from urethane-chloralose anaesthetized animals, regarding the impact of l-NAME treatment on PK-PD properties of carvedilol, did not differ from those obtained from conscious animals. Anaesthesia did not modify pharmacokinetic behaviour of carvedilol in both normotensive and L-NAME hypertensive rats.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Farmacología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Facundo Martín
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Bertera
authors.forename: Carla Andrea
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Di Verniero
authors.forename: Marcos Alejandro
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Guillermo Federico
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Bramuglia
authors.forename: Carlos Alberto
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Taira
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Höcht
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000465:Algorithms; D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D002698:Chloralose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006207:Half-Life; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006973:Hypertension / Q000139:chemically induced; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D014520:Urethane / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D012996:Solutions; D000077261:Carvedilol; D002698:Chloralose; D014520:Urethane; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester