title: Measuring empowerment among people with psychotic disorders: a comparison of three instruments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared three instruments that are used to measure empowerment of people with psychotic disorders. The study evaluated internal consistency, discriminant and convergent validity, sensitivity to symptom levels, and clinical usefulness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients in the Netherlands were administered the Empowerment Scale (ES), the Personal Empowerment Scale (PES), and the Mental Health Confidence Scale (MHCS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MHCS had good internal consistency, whereas the levels for the ES and PES were just below what would be considered acceptable. The instruments demonstrated moderate correlations between total scores; correlations between subscale scores were weaker. Scores for all three instruments were comparably associated with symptom severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All three instruments measure some aspect of empowerment among persons with severe mental illness. However, empowerment is too broadly defined to allow these instruments to have convergent validity. Among patients with psychotic disorders, the MHCS is recommended because it has good psychometric qualities and is clinically useful.
authors.affiliation: Rob Giel Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, Groningen, Netherlands. s.castelein@psy.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Stynke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Castelein
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Gaag
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruggeman
authors.forename: Jooske T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: van Busschbach
authors.forename: Durk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wiersma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult