title: Increased nucleotide polymorphic changes in the 5'-untranslated region of delta-catenin (CTNND2) gene in prostate cancer.
abstract: Cancer pathogenesis involves multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations, which result in oncogenic changes in gene expression. delta-Catenin (CTNND2) is overexpressed in cancer, although the mechanisms of its upregulation are highly variable. Here we report that in prostate cancer, the methylation of CpG islands in the delta-catenin promoter was not a primary regulatory event. There was also no delta-catenin gene amplification. However, using the single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, we observed the increased nucleotide changes in the 5'-untranslated region of delta-catenin gene in human prostate cancer. At least one such change (-9 G>A) is a true somatic point mutation associated with a high Gleason's score, poorly differentiated prostatic adenocarcinoma. Laser capture microdissection coupled with PCR analyses detected the mutation only in cancerous but not in the adjacent benign prostatic tissues. Using chimeric genes encoding the luciferase reporter, we found that this mutation, but not a random mutation or a mutation that disrupts an upstream open reading frame, resulted in a remarkably higher expression and enzyme activity. This mutation did not affect transcriptional efficiency, suggesting that it promotes delta-catenin translation. This is the first report of delta-catenin gene mutation in cancer and supports the notion that multiple mechanisms contribute to its increased expression in carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Y-H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jeansonne
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics*; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051186:Armadillo Domain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D051177:Catenins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D017354:Point Mutation; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000095002:Delta Catenin
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D051186:Armadillo Domain Proteins; D051177:Catenins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D000095002:Delta Catenin; C000722348:CTNND2 protein, human