title: Exocervical pregnancy in a patient with intrauterine device: a case report.
abstract: Cervical pregnancy (CP) is a rare and life-threatening ectopic pregnancy characterized by implantation of the fertilized ovum into the cervix, whereas exocervical pregnancy is an extremely rare CP with implantation of the fertilized ovum on the exocervix. Possible causative factors of CP such as tubal dysfunction, impaired sperm motility, previous uterine surgery, or the use of intrauterine device were not clearly associated with the development of CP until now. Diagnosis of CP is usually established by ultrasonography and by beta-human chorionic gonadotropin serum tests, but definitive diagnosis is by histologic examination. Current treatment strategies of CP, which were described in some reports, involve: medical treatment with methotrexate, surgical removal of ectopic trophoblastic tissues, cervical cerclage and vaginal packing, ligation of descending branches of uterine arteries or hypogastric arteries, and unilateral internal iliac artery embolization. We report a case of exocervical pregnancy contemporary to intrauterine device normally inserted, diagnosed by colposcopy, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, and histology, and treated by a local excision without using methotrexate chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Santa Maria Hospital, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malvasi
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tinelli
authors.forename: Gernot
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hudelist
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tinelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007434:Intrauterine Devices / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome