title: Experimental immunological infertility effect of anti-GAPDH-2 antibodies on the fertility of female mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between an antibody against GAPDH-2, a sperm-specific protein, and infertility of female mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Basic research.
  
  
  METHODS
  National Research Institute for Family Planning Beijing, World Health Organization Collaboration Center of Human Reproduction.
  
  
  METHODS
  New Zealand rabbit, NIH and ICR mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay, Western blot and indirect immunostaining assays, standard fertility assay, and sperm agglutination assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antibodies against the full-length GAPDH-2 were raised. Its specificity was assessed by immunoblotting and indirect immunostaining assays. The antibody immunoreacted with human sperm GAPDH-2 and the mouse homolog GAPDS but did not cross-react with GAPDH. Treatment of female mice with IP injection of anti-GAPDH-2 serum significantly reduced their fertility. Anti-GAPDH-2 serum caused the agglutination of normal mice sperm in vitro. The anti-GAPDH-2 antibody was detectable in the sera and uterine fluid of the mice immunized with GAPDH-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that GAPDH-2 should be further evaluated as a promising candidate in the development of an antifertility immunogen. Detecting anti-GAPDH-2 antibodies in the bodily fluid of subjects afflicted with indeterminate infertility may be a new diagnostic index.
authors.affiliation: National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shiying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: Shudong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zong
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Koide
authors.forename: Linfang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000276:immunology; D003270:Contraceptive Agents / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003429:Cross Reactions; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000276:immunology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D024581:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating) / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D011817:Rabbits; D013073:Sperm Agglutination / Q000276:immunology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000276:immunology*; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D014599:Uterus / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D003270:Contraceptive Agents; D005987:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; C546243:GAPDH2 protein, mouse; D024581:Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Phosphorylating)