title: A three-dimensional histological atlas of the human basal ganglia. II. Atlas deformation strategy and evaluation in deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The localization of any given target in the brain has become a challenging issue because of the increased use of deep brain stimulation to treat Parkinson disease, dystonia, and nonmotor diseases (for example, Tourette syndrome, obsessive compulsive disorders, and depression). The aim of this study was to develop an automated method of adapting an atlas of the human basal ganglia to the brains of individual patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance images of the brain specimen were obtained before extraction from the skull and histological processing. Adaptation of the atlas to individual patient anatomy was performed by reshaping the atlas MR images to the images obtained in the individual patient using a hierarchical registration applied to a region of interest centered on the basal ganglia, and then applying the reshaping matrix to the atlas surfaces.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results were evaluated by direct visual inspection of the structures visible on MR images and atlas anatomy, by comparison with electrophysiological intraoperative data, and with previous atlas studies in patients with Parkinson disease. The method was both robust and accurate, never failing to provide an anatomically reliable atlas to patient registration. The registration obtained did not exceed a 1-mm mismatch with the electrophysiological signatures in the region of the subthalamic nucleus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This registration method applied to the basal ganglia atlas forms a powerful and reliable method for determining deep brain stimulation targets within the basal ganglia of individual patients.
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 640, Laboratoire de Neuroscience et Imagerie Cognitive, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bardinet
authors.forename: Manik
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bhattacharjee
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dormont
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pidoux
authors.forename: Grégoire
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malandain
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schüpbach
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ayache
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cornu
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Agid
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yelnik
mesh_terms: D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008488:Medical Illustration; D008839:Microelectrodes; D008853:Microscopy; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012012:Red Nucleus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology