title: Search and rescue in Alaska's national parks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recreational travel to wilderness destinations such as national parks is increasing. The inherent risks present in such destinations can result in injury and illness, have a significant impact on local medical resources, and end with expensive search and rescue operations. In order to increase our understanding of the activities and situations which lead to wilderness search and rescue incidents, this study examines search and rescue operations from National Park Service units in Alaska.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of all search and rescue incident reports filed by National Park Service units in Alaska during 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 2002 there were 25 reported search and rescue incidents involving 38 individuals. The majority of incidents (19 of 25) occurred at Denali National Park and Preserve. Thirteen fatalities were reported in six incidents, nine incidents involved traumatic injuries, eight involved illnesses, and two involved both injuries and an illness. Mountain climbing (20) and hiking (8) were the most common subject activities at the time search and rescue assistance was required. Climbing solo (4), uneven and wet terrain (4), falls into crevasses (3), and a lack of experience or ability (3) were the factors most commonly contributing to search and rescue incidents. Nineteen helicopters were utilized in 15 operations and fixed-wing aircraft were utilized in seven operations. Males accounted for 33 of the 38 individuals involved in all search and rescue incidents and United States citizens accounted for 74% of the individuals involved. The mountain environment higher than 4500m was the most common search and rescue environment (11). The average cost was USD $6253.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Search and rescue operations in Alaska can be expensive and end with severe health consequences. Preventive education efforts at park visitor centers and at the lower and upper base camps on Mt. McKinley should be continued. In addition, pre-departure travel education efforts via the internet should be expanded for all park units and match the detail provided on the Denali National Park and Preserve website.
authors.affiliation: University of North Dakota, Recreation and Tourism Studies Program, 225 Centennial Drive, Mail Stop 7116, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA. travis.heggie@und.edu
authors.forename: Travis W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Heggie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000413:Alaska; D002648:Child; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011998:Recreation; D018635:Rescue Work / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult