title: Cytolethal distending toxin type I and type IV genes are framed with lambdoid prophage genes in extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli.
abstract: Five types of cytolethal distending toxin (CDT-I to CDT-V) have been identified in Escherichia coli. In the present study we cloned and sequenced the cdt-IV operon and flanking region from a porcine extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strain belonging to serogroup O75. We confirmed that similar to other CDTs, CDT-IV induced phosphorylation of host histone H2AX, a sensitive marker of DNA double-strand breaks, and blocked the HeLa cell cycle at the G(2)-M transition. The cdt-IV genes were framed by lambdoid prophage genes. We cloned and sequenced the cdt-I operon and flanking regions from a human ExPEC O18:K1:H7 strain and observed that cdt-I genes were also flanked by lambdoid prophage genes. PCR studies indicated that a gene coding for a putative protease was always associated with the cdtC-IV gene but was not associated with cdtC genes in strains producing CDT-I, CDT-III, and CDT-V. Our results suggest that the cdt-I and cdt-IV genes might have been acquired from a common ancestor by phage transduction and evolved in their bacterial hosts. The lysogenic bacteriophages have the potential to carry nonessential "cargo" genes or "morons" and therefore play a crucial role in the generation of genetic diversity within ExPEC.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Medical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. Tothi@vmri.hu
authors.forename: István
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tóth
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Nougayrède
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dobrindt
authors.forename: Terence Neil
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Ledger
authors.forename: Michèle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boury
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morabito
authors.forename: Tamaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Motoyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugai
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hacker
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oswald
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000821:virology*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D039002:Prophages / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C067044:cytolethal distending toxin