title: Markers of acculturation and risk of NTDs among Hispanic women in California.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prevalences of NTDs are typically 50-100% greater among Hispanic women compared to non-Hispanic Whites. This article examines whether markers of acculturation such as "language preference" allow the identification of high-risk groups within the Hispanic population. It also examines whether known NTD risk factors explain observed differences in risk among Hispanic women who are more and less acculturated.
  
  
  METHODS
  This population-based case-control study of deliveries in selected California counties from 1999-2003 included 337 NTD cases and 626 nonmalformed, liveborn controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to less acculturated US-born Hispanic women (i.e., women who preferred reading and speaking Spanish), other subgroups (i.e., US-born Hispanic women who preferred English, foreign-born Hispanic women regardless of "language preference", and non-Hispanic White women) had approximately twofold increased risks of spina bifida. Only the less acculturated foreign-born women (i.e., women with a preference for Spanish) had substantially increased risk of anencephaly (OR 1.7; 95% CI 0.9, 3.4). Adjustment for several NTD risk factors (maternal intake of folic acid-containing supplements, dietary folate intake, body mass index, food insecurity, stressful life events, smoking, alcohol intake, education, income, and neighborhood education and poverty) resulted in modest or no reductions in most of the ORs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The explanation for variability in NTD risks among Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women therefore likely extends beyond most known NTD risk factors.
authors.affiliation: California Research Division, March of Dimes Foundation, Oakland, California 94609, USA. scarmichael@marchofdimes.com
authors.forename: Suzan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abrams
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000208:ethnology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People; D016387:Women's Health; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers