title: Effectiveness of oral vs rectal acetaminophen: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine, on the basis of published studies, the efficacy of rectal vs oral acetaminophen as treatment of fever and pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, PubMed, and the Cochrane database as well as major pharmacologic textbooks and the references of all included studies were searched for studies comparing oral and rectal administration of acetaminophen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled studies comparing rectal and oral administration of acetaminophen were included. Reviews, letters, and studies that compared combined treatments or additional drugs were excluded. Main Exposure Oral vs rectal acetaminophen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standardized measures of temperature and pain reduction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For temperature reduction, 4 studies met the inclusion criteria. The decline in temperature 1 hour after administration of acetaminophen was no different between rectal and oral administration (weighted mean difference [WMD], -0.14 degrees C; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.36 degrees C to 0.08 degrees C; P for heterogeneity = .49). There was no difference in the decline of temperature 3 hours after administration (WMD, -0.10 degrees C; 95% CI, -0.41 degrees C to 0.21 degrees C; P = .84), the maximum decline in temperature (WMD, -0.10 degrees C; 95% CI, -0.24 degrees C to 0.04 degrees C; P > .99), or the average time to temperature reduction of 1 degrees C (WMD, -0.06 degrees C; 95% CI, -1.34 degrees C to 1.23 degrees C; P < .001). We did not perform a meta-analysis comparing rectal and oral acetaminophen for pain reduction because only 1 study fulfilled the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rectal and oral acetaminophen are comparable with respect to temperature reduction. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation to refrain from rectal acetaminophen in children should possibly be revised.
authors.affiliation: Medicine C, Haemek Medical Center, Afula, Israel. Goldstein_le@clalit.org.il
authors.forename: Lee Hilary
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berlin
authors.forename: Matitiahu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berkovitch
authors.forename: Eran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kozer
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000285:Administration, Rectal; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D005334:Fever / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000082:Acetaminophen