title: Development of biomotor characteristics and sprint and throw athletic abilities in six- to eight-year-old girls.
abstract: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of programmed physical education on biomotor changes in girls, and the impact of these changes on relations between the set of morphological and motor variables, and athletic variables evaluating the sprint and throw abilities. Study sample included 310 six- to eight-year-old girls, elementary school first-graders from the Split area, divided into control group (n = 138) attending regular physical education classes and experimental group (n = 172) attending programmed physical education classes based on the elements of athletics, apparatus gymnastics, games and general preparatory exercises. Relations between the predictor set of variables consisting of 4 morphological measures and 6 motor tests, and the sprint and ball throw criteria were determined by regression correlation analysis at the beginning and at the end of the academic year. Both groups achieved favorable quantitative result improvement between the two measurement points, however, the improvement was considerably more pronounced in experimental group, especially in the motor abilities of coordination, flexibility, movement frequency, and explosive, repetitive and static strength. On final measurement, the number of significant predictors for the criterion variables of sprint and ball throw increased from the initial measurement in both experimental and control group of subjects. In control group, trunk strength, explosive strength and movement frequency as motor abilities and body height as a morphological characteristic were found to be the best result predictors in sprint. In experimental group, coordination, flexibility, static arm strength and trunk strength as motor abilities were the best result predictors in sprint. In the study sample as a whole, explosive strength and trunk strength were identified as the best predictors of ball throw as a criterion variable. In experimental group, it was accompanied by muscle mass development and adipose tissue reduction. Based on comparison of these results and those obtained in previous studies, a new model of work in the athletics events of sprint and throw in elementary school physical education is proposed.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Nebojsa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zagorac
authors.forename: Edvard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Retelj
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Babić
authors.forename: Tonci
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bavcević
authors.forename: Ratko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Katić
mesh_terms: D054874:Athletic Performance; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D048788:Growth and Development / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D010806:Physical Education and Training