title: The effect of smoking on periodontal health of 15- to 16-year-old adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking is a severe risk factor for periodontal health in adults, but data on the effect of smoking on periodontal health in teenage populations are sparse. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of duration and quantity of smoking on periodontal health in teenagers and possible differences between genders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The oral health of 501 adolescents (15- to 16-year-old boys [n = 258] and girls [n = 243]) was examined. A structured questionnaire about self-reported smoking and health habits was filled out, and bitewing x-rays were taken. Clinical examinations included measuring periodontal indexes, such as visible plaque index, bleeding on probing, root calculus (RC), probing depth, and attachment loss. Results were analyzed by generalized linear logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five percent of boys and 27% of girls were smokers. The boys and girls who smoked had higher RC values than non-smokers (P <0.001). The adjusted scores for smoking boys and girls were 17.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.6 to 31.7) and 13.6 (95% CI: 5.5 to 29.7), respectively. The adjusted scores for non-smokers were 10.4 (95% CI: 5.7 to 18.3) and 7.7 (95% CI: 3.3 to 17.3), respectively. Smoking boys and girls also had more periodontal pockets > or =4 mm than non-smokers: the score for boys was 4.6 (95% CI: 2.2 to 9.1), and the score for girls was 5.4 (95% CI: 1.1 to 23.2; P <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking significantly impaired periodontal health in teenagers.
authors.affiliation: Kotka Health Center/Network of Academic Health Centers, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. mari.heikkinen@hel.fi
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Heikkinen
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pajukanta
authors.forename: Janne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pitkäniemi
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Broms
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sorsa
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koskenvuo
authors.forename: Jukka H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Meurman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000150:complications*; D003753:Dental Health Surveys; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*