title: Temporal changes and geographical differences in multiple sclerosis phenotypes in Japanese: nationwide survey results over 30 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are two distinct phenotypes of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Asians, manifesting as optic-spinal (OSMS) and conventional (CMS) forms. In Japan, four nationwide surveys of MS have been conducted. The first three were in 1972, 1982, and 1989, and we performed the fourth in 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recent survey showed six main findings as follows: (1) a four-fold increase in the estimated number of clinically definite patients with MS in 2003 (9900; crude MS prevalence, 7.7/100,000) compared with 1972; (2) a shift in the peak age at onset from early 30s in 1989 to early 20s in 2003; (3) a successive proportional decrease in optic-spinal involvement in clinically definite patients with MS; (4) a significant north-south gradient for the CMS/OSMS ratio; (5) after subdivision of the mainland (30-45 degrees North) into northern and southern parts at 37 degrees N, northern-born northern residents (northern patients) showed a significantly higher CMS/OSMS ratio and higher frequency of brain lesions fulfilling the Barkhof criteria (Barkhof brain lesions) than southern-born southern residents (southern patients); (6) among northern patients, the absolute numbers of patients with CMS and those with Barkhof brain lesions rapidly increased with advancing birth year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that MS phenotypes are drastically altered by environmental factors, such as latitude and "Westernization."
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osoegawa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kira
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukazawa
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujihara
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kohriyama
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sobue
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamura
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Itoyama
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saida
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ochi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuoka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D017668:Age of Onset; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003469:Culture; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000145:classification* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D015995:Prevalence; D044465:White People