title: Three-dimensional laser imaging as a valuable tool for specifying changes in breast shape after augmentation mammaplasty.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three-dimensional (3D) terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is a valuable method for measuring shapes of objects and for obtaining quantitative measurements. These qualities of the 3D laser scanner have proved to be useful in reconstructive breast surgery. This study investigated various 3D parameters to obtain an optimal objective visualization of the breast after cosmetic augmentation mammaplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  The objects are represented in a point cloud, which comprises millions of x, y, and z coordinates representing a virtual image. The quantification of 3D points shows changes in height (z coordinate) at any chosen point on the augmented breast (x and y coordinates). To give visual feedback on the change in dimensions, a color elevation scheme was applied on the reconstructed surface of the breast. As a quantifying description, a sagittal B-spline was chosen in a plane through the nipple to obtain the breast shape via the lateral profile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre- and postoperative clear images were obtained. The color elevation model showed an increased projection and upper pole fullness after augmentation. The B-spline showed the gain in projection in a sagittal plane through the nipple.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three-dimensional TLS is capable of objectifying changes in shape after augmentation mammaplasty. This imaging technique represents superior visualization of the breast shape and can serve as a valuable tool to determine the changing dimensions of the breasts after augmentation mammaplasty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tergooiziekenhuizen Hilversum, Van Riebeeckweg 212, 1213 XZ, Hilversum, The Netherlands. danielle@sandan.nl
authors.forename: Danielle L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Esme
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bucksch
authors.forename: Werner H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Beekman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001837:Body Weights and Measures; D001940:Breast; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007834:Lasers; D016462:Mammaplasty; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care