title: Genome-wide association scan of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: Results of behavioral genetic and molecular genetic studies have converged to suggest that genes substantially contribute to the development of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a common disorder with an onset in childhood. Yet, despite numerous linkage and candidate gene studies, strongly consistent and replicable association has eluded detection. To search for ADHD susceptibility genes, we genotyped approximately 600,000 SNPs in 958 ADHD affected family trios. After cleaning the data, we analyzed 438,784 SNPs in 2,803 individuals comprising 909 complete trios using ADHD diagnosis as phenotype. We present the initial TDT findings as well as considerations for cleaning family-based TDT data. None of the SNP association tests achieved genome-wide significance, indicating that larger samples may be required to identify risk loci for ADHD. We additionally identify a systemic bias in family-based association, and suggest that variable missing genotype rates may be the source of this bias.
authors.affiliation: Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Neale
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lasky-Su
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anney
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Kaixin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Julian B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Maller
authors.forename: Alejandro Arias
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vasquez
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Asherson
authors.forename: Wai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banaschewski
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ebstein
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Oades
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roeyers
authors.forename: Aribert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothenberger
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sergeant
authors.forename: Hans Christoph
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Steinhausen
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sonuga-Barke
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mulas
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Laird
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D000483:Alleles; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D015894:Genome, Human; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide