Prevalence and determinants of prehypertension in a Japanese general population: the Jichi Medical School Cohort Study.
It has been reported that subjects with prehypertension (pre-HT) (systolic blood pressure [SBP] 120-139 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] 80-89 mmHg) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We evaluated the prevalence and determinants of pre-HT in a Japanese general population. We enrolled 4,706 males and 7,342 females aged 18 to 90 years whose BPs were measured at baseline. The subjects' BPs were classified as follows: normotension (NT: SPB/DBP < 120/80 mmHg), pre-HT (120/80-139/89 mmHg), and hypertension (HT: > or = 140/90 mmHg or treated hypertension). The prevalence of pre-HT was 34.8% (males), and 31.8% (females). Body mass index (BMI) of more than 23.0 kg/m2 was the strongest determinant of pre-HT (Males--BMI: 23.0-24.9 kg/m2, odds ratio [OR] = 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.21-1.79; BMI: 25.0-26.9 kg/m2, OR = 2.20, 95% CI =1.68-2.87; BMI: 27.0-29.9 kg/m2, OR = 2.75, 95% CI = 1.80-4.19; BMI: > or = 30.0 kg/m2, OR = 3.39, 95% CI = 1.21-9.46. Females--BMI: 23.0-24.9 kg/m2, OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.42-1.95; BMI: 25.0-26.9 kg/m2, OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.46-2.19; BMI: 27.0-29.9 kg/m2, OR = 3.65, 95% CI = 2.73-4.89; BMI: > or = 30.0 kg/m2, OR = 4.23, 95% CI = 2.33-7.70). The other determinants of pre-HT were hyperlipidemia (Males: OR = 1.25; Females: OR = 1.43), and aging (by 10 years; Males: OR = 1.12; Females: OR = 1.48). Determinants of pre-HT in females were impaired glucose tolerance (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.03-1.94), diabetes (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.16-3.47) and a family history of HT in both parents (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.38-2.62), whereas in males the only other predictor was alcohol drinking (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.23-1.70). In conclusion, even subjects with a mild increase of BMI (23.0-24.9 kg/m2) had an increased risk of pre-HT in a Japanese population, and the level of BMI associated with pre-HT was lower than that in Western countries. Additionally, there were gender differences in the determinants of pre-HT.
Ishikawa
Yukiko
Y
Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan.
Ishikawa
Joji
J
Ishikawa
Shizukiyo
S
Kayaba
Kazunori
K
Nakamura
Yosikazu
Y
Shimada
Kazuyuki
K
Kajii
Eiji
E
Pickering
Thomas G
TG
Kario
Kazuomi
K
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics