title: A novel asynchronous access method with binary interfaces.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditionally synchronous access strategies require users to comply with one or more time constraints in order to communicate intent with a binary human-machine interface (e.g., mechanical, gestural or neural switches). Asynchronous access methods are preferable, but have not been used with binary interfaces in the control of devices that require more than two commands to be successfully operated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present the mathematical development and evaluation of a novel asynchronous access method that may be used to translate sporadic activations of binary interfaces into distinct outcomes for the control of devices requiring an arbitrary number of commands to be controlled. With this method, users are required to activate their interfaces only when the device under control behaves erroneously. Then, a recursive algorithm, incorporating contextual assumptions relevant to all possible outcomes, is used to obtain an informed estimate of user intention. We evaluate this method by simulating a control task requiring a series of target commands to be tracked by a model user.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared to a random selection, the proposed asynchronous access method offers a significant reduction in the number of interface activations required from the user.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This novel access method offers a variety of advantages over traditionally synchronous access strategies and may be adapted to a wide variety of contexts, with primary relevance to applications involving direct object manipulation.
authors.affiliation: Komodo OpenLab, Toronto, Canada. jorge.silva@komodoopenlab.com.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Torres-Solis
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mihailidis
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D004582:Electronics, Medical / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D011381:Programming Languages; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software; D014584:User-Computer Interface