title: Oncogenic and ligand-dependent activation of KIT/PDGFRA in surgical samples of imatinib-treated gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs).
abstract: As the range of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors widens, a detailed understanding of the activating mechanisms of KIT/platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)A and the related downstream pathways involved in the development and maintenance of GISTs is becoming increasingly important. We analysed areas with different histological response ratios in surgical specimens taken from imatinib-treated and untreated GIST patients in order to investigate KIT and PDGFRA expression/activation, the presence of their cognate ligands and the activation of downstream signalling, by means of biochemistry, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. All of the cases showed KIT and PDGFRA co-expression. In addition to the oncogenic activation of mutated receptors, activation of wild-type KIT and wild-type PDGFRA, sustained by heterodimerization and an autocrine-paracrine loop, was demonstrated by the presence of their specific ligands, stem cell factor (SCF) and PDGFA. To confirm RTK activation further, all of the samples (including those with the highest regression ratios) were investigated for downstream effectors, and all proved to have activated downstream signalling. The results show that after the mutated receptors are switched off, heterologous wild-type receptors become important in imatinib-treated GISTs as a means of maintaining signalling activation. Taken together, our findings suggest that drugs targeting wild-type receptors should be tested in imatinib-treated GIST patients.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Molecular Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bozzi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Conca
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brich
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gronchi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bertulli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fumagalli
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pierotti
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tamborini
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pilotti
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001549:Benzamides; D046152:Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit / Q000378:metabolism*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020796:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D019089:Stem Cell Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001549:Benzamides; D010879:Piperazines; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D011743:Pyrimidines; D019089:Stem Cell Factor; C075278:platelet-derived growth factor A; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit; D020796:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha