title: Analytical applications of ESCA to samples in powder form.
abstract: Analytical applications of ESCA to samples in powder form are described. These include the estimation of atomic ratios of metallic elements to oxygen in some typical oxides, the construction of calibration curves and the investigation of precipitation phenomena. The calibration curve method is useful in combination with the calculation method when the appropriate sample preparation has been carried out.
authors.affiliation: The Research Institute for Iron, Steel and Other Metals, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirokawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oku