title: Influence of genetic discrimination perceptions and knowledge on cancer genetics referral practice among clinicians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe nongenetics clinicians' perceptions and knowledge of cancer genetics and laws prohibiting genetic discrimination, attitudes toward the use of cancer genetic testing, and referral practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Invitations to participate were sent to a random stratified sample of California Medical Association members and to all members of California Association of Nurse Practitioners and California Latino Medical Association. Responders in active practice were eligible and completed a 47-item survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 1181 qualified participants (62% physicians). Although 96% viewed genetic testing as beneficial for their patients, 75% believed fear of genetic discrimination would cause patients to decline testing. More than 60% were not aware of federal or California laws prohibiting health insurance discrimination--concern about genetic discrimination was selected as a reason for nonreferral by 11%. A positive attitude toward genetic testing was the strongest predictor of referral (odds ratio: 3.55 [95% confidence interval: 2.24-5.63], P < 0.001) in stepwise logistic regression analyses. The higher the belief in genetic discrimination, the less likely a participant was to refer (odds ratio: 0.72 [95% confidence interval: 0.518-0.991], P < 0.05), whereas more knowledge of genetic discrimination law was associated with comfort recommending (odds ratio: 1.18 [95% confidence interval: 1.11-1.25], P < 0.001) and actual referral (odds ratio: 3.55 [95% confidence interval: 2.24-5.63], P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concerns about genetic discrimination and knowledge deficits may be barriers to cancer genetics referrals. Clinician education may help promote access to cancer screening and prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Cancer Genetics, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA.
authors.forename: Katrina J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lowstuter
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sand
authors.forename: Kathleen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Blazer
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.forename: Kimberly C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Barbara U
authors.initials: BU
authors.lastname: Schwerin
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juarez
authors.forename: Gwen C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Uman
authors.forename: Jeffrey N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Weitzel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002140:California; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D030661:Genetic Privacy / Q000523:psychology*; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009722:Nurse Practitioners / Q000523:psychology*; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires