title: Decreased heart rate variability is associated with poststroke depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although decreased heart rate variability (HRV) has been well-documented in association with depression after myocardial infarction, this phenomenon has not been studied in patients with stroke. The present study was designed to prospectively assess heart rate in relationship to depression among patients with acute stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using 24-hour Holter monitoring, HRV was assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large university rehabilitation hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with first ever stroke and no other severe physical illness, cigarette smoking, or drug therapy that could affect HRV were evaluated over 24 hours for HRV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for depression diagnosis. Severity was assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Stroke severity was assessed by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, the Barthel Index, and the Mini- Mental State Exam. The standard deviation (SD) of time in milliseconds of normal to normal beats (SDNN) was the primary measure of HRV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among patients with poststroke major or minor depression (N = 33), the SDNN was 109 +/- 32.6 SD compared with nondepressed patients (N = 16) whose SDNN was 133.9 +/- 40.1 SD (Wilcoxon rank test S = 492, p = 0.048). The SDNN was significantly and independently related to the existence of depression, but no other intergroup differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings, for the first time, have provided some evidence that both major and minor poststroke depression may lead to decreased HRV. Future research in larger groups of patients should determine whether other measures of HRV more specific to sympathetic-parasympathetic tone are decreased in patients with poststroke depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. robert-robinson@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spalletta
authors.forename: Ricardo E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Jorge
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bassi
authors.forename: Furio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Colivicchi
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ripa
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Caltagirone
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology