title: Determinants of bioartificial myocardial graft survival and engraftment in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The specific interactions between tissue-engineered grafts and host tissue are frequently neglected. The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the fate of a tissue-engineered cardiac graft in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were cast into a collagen mesh, forming a bioartificial myocardial tissue (AMT). After 7 days in vitro, four groups were formed (Group A: sham; Group B: matrix; Group C: AMT [with additional host treatment with cyclosporine and prednisolone]; Group D: AMT; each n = 5) and the tissue grafts were implanted into the muscle pouch of adult rats at 14, 21 and 28 days. Implants were stained for troponin-T, BrdU, MF-20, desmin, vimentin, Flk-1, CD8, CD4, pentachrome, PSR and H&E.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AMT cell count, cell proportion, contractility, viability and metabolism proved stable in vitro. Grafted cells decreased over time and were detected in Group C until the end of the experiment (Day 28), and in Group D until Day 21. Angiogenesis began at the peripheries and slowly progressed toward the cores of the grafts. The thickness and collagen content of the matrix remained stable in Group C for 14 days, and decreased in all groups until Day 28 (thickness: Group B, -66%; Group C, -50%; Group D, -100%). Grafts were predominately infiltrated by macrophages and stromal cells, and less so by lymphocytes (Group D > B > C).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differentiation of cardiac and non-cardiac grafted cells, infiltrating cells, scaffold kinetics and angiogenesis showed host immune responses and degree of angiogenesis to be the determinants for AMT graft survival.
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Biotechnology and Artificial Organs, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mueller-Stahl
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kofidis
authors.forename: Payam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Akhyari
authors.forename: Darren H L
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.forename: Eliana C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Woitek
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haverich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001283:Atrioventricular Node / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D021522:Bioartificial Organs; D002452:Cell Count; D002470:Cell Survival; D003851:Deoxyribonucleases; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000502:physiology*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000502:physiology*; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003851:Deoxyribonucleases