title: Nitric oxide-dependent human acrosomal loss induced by PPCM (SAMMA) and by nitric oxide donors occurs by independent pathways: basis for synthesis of an improved contraceptive microbicide.
abstract: PPCM (previously designated sulfuric acid-modified mandelic acid [SAMMA]) is a contraceptive microbicide in preclinical development. Its contraceptive activity is attributable in part to its ability to promote premature acrosomal loss. Prior studies showed that PPCM-induced human acrosomal loss (PAL) is Ca(2+)-dependent. This study was carried out to determine transduction elements downstream from Ca(2+) entry. PAL is inhibited by inhibitors selective for endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase. PAL is completely inhibited by 0.1 microM ODQ (soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor). PAL is inhibited by protein kinase G inhibitors with selectivity for the type II isotype. Several inhibitors of the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/protein kinase G pathway induce Ca(2+)-dependent acrosomal loss when added alone. These responses are inhibited by nifedipine, a blocker of Ca(v1.x) voltage-dependent channels. Acrosomal loss induced by the nitric oxide donor SNAP (SNAL) does not require added Ca(2+). Sperm production of nitric oxide is increased by PPCM, an effect inhibited by nitro-L-arginine (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor). Although inhibited by ODQ, SNAL and acrosomal loss induced by other nitric oxide donors are unaffected by KT5823 (protein kinase G inhibitor). Unlike PAL, SNAL is partially inhibited by KT5720 (protein kinase A inhibitor) and genistein (protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor). Acrosomal loss response to PPCM and SNAP added in combination suggests that these agents act by independent mechanisms. A PPCM derivative was synthesized, in which a nitric oxide donor was esterified to PPCM (NOSPPA-23). NOSPPA-23 induces acrosomal loss with or without added Ca(2+). The ED(50) of NOSPPA-23 (4.8 nM) in the presence of Ca(2+) is 35-fold less than that of PPCM. These findings suggest the following: 1) elements responsible for PAL include endothelial nitric oxide synthase, soluble guanylate cyclase, and type II protein kinase G; 2) the resting state of the nitric oxide/cGMP/protein kinase G pathway is a determinant of acrosomal status; 3) PPCM and nitric oxide donors induce acrosomal loss via nitric oxide, but through independent pathways; and 4) covalent attachment of a nitric oxide donor to PPCM provides synergistic efficacy as a stimulus of acrosomal loss. Further studies with this novel prototype as an improved contraceptive microbicide are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Program for the Topical Prevention of Conception and Disease, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rush Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. robertan@corecomm.net
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Feathergill
authors.forename: Calvin J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chany
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Aleksej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krunic
mesh_terms: D000177:Acrosome / Q000187:drug effects*; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D003270:Contraceptive Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008333:Mandelic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011108:Polymers / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D003270:Contraceptive Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008333:Mandelic Acids; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D011108:Polymers; C468727:SAMMA; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D002118:Calcium