title: Child versus family cognitive-behavioral therapy in clinically anxious youth: an efficacy and partial effectiveness study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The efficacy and partial effectiveness of child-focused versus family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for clinically anxious youths was evaluated, in particular in relation to parental anxiety disorders and child's age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinically referred children with anxiety disorders (N = 128) and their parents were randomly assigned to child or family CBT and evaluated at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up. Twenty-five families were measured before and after a 2- to 3-month waitlist period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the waitlisted children recovered from their anxiety disorders. In contrast, 41% of the treated children no longer met criteria for any anxiety disorder after CBT, and 52% demonstrated continued improvement at the 3-month follow-up. Significantly more children were free of anxiety disorders (53%) in the child CBT condition compared with family CBT condition (28%) at posttreatment, whereas at 3-month follow-up, the superior effect of child CBT was no longer significant. Similar results were obtained from the questionnaire measures. Both child and family CBT were less effective if parents had an anxiety disorder themselves. On some of the measures, child CBT was superior if parents had anxiety disorders themselves, whereas family CBT was superior if parents had no anxiety disorders. Finally, younger children had better outcomes than older children, regardless of the treatment condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, child CBT seems slightly more beneficial than family CBT. Because this study was conducted in a clinical setting with clinically referred children, results indicate partial effectiveness for child CBT.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre of Psychosocial Development in Context, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. D.Bodden@uu.nl
authors.forename: Denise H M
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Bodden
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bögels
authors.forename: Maaike H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Nauta
authors.forename: Else
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Haan
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ringrose
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Appelboom
authors.forename: Andries G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Brinkman
authors.forename: Karen C M M J
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Appelboom-Geerts
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005196:Family Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy