title: A single-nucleotide polymorphism in a methylatable Foxa2 binding site of the G6PC2 promoter is associated with insulin secretion in vivo and increased promoter activity in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The G6PC2 gene encoding islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase related protein (IGRP) has a common promoter variant, rs573225 (-231G/A), located within a Foxa binding site. We tested the cis-regulatory effects of rs573225 on promoter activity and its association with insulin response to oral glucose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional effects of rs573225 were explored in transfected INS-1 and HIT-T beta-cell lines. A total of 734 young obese subjects of European ancestry were genotyped for rs573225. Insulin and glucose levels were measured in response to oral glucose, and the insulinogenic index (IGI) of insulin secretion was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro, the G allele showed a higher affinity for binding Foxa2 transcription factor and increased G6PC2 promoter activity. Foxa2 binding is modified if the C adjacent to the G allele is methylated. IGI was associated with rs573225 by linear regression analysis and was 30% greater in AA or AG than in GG obese children. rs573225 was also associated with fasting glucose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  rs573225 is a functional cis-regulatory (epi)-single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of G6PC2 associated with glucose-insulin homeostasis in obese children, likely to explain the results of recent genome-wide association studies in nondiabetic adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and U561 Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale, Hôpital Saint-Vincent de Paul, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bougnères
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fradin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005838:Genotype; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics*; D051542:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: C496502:FOXA2 protein, human; C496504:Foxa2 protein, rat; D007328:Insulin; D051542:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta; D005952:Glucose-6-Phosphatase; C492194:G6PC2 protein, human