title: Gender and fatigue have influence on knee joint control strategies during landing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gender and fatigue are thought to affect the anterior cruciate ligament injury risk. In spite of much effort, the influence of these factors on knee joint biomechanics is still under discussion. The purpose of this study was to investigate kinematics, kinetics, and active muscle control strategies of the knee joint across gender in fatigue conditions during a landing task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen females and thirteen males performed two-legged landings before and after a closed kinetic chain exercise protocol. Knee joint kinematics and vertical ground reaction forces were assessed as well as electromyography of the quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius muscles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Females landed with increased knee flexion velocities (P<0.001) and knee joint abduction angles (P<0.01). Compared to males, females also showed different muscle activation patterns such as a delayed activation of the lateral hamstring (P<0.05) and the m. vastus lateralis (P<0.05) during the preparatory phase of the landing. Fatigue led to a reduced pre-activation of the medial and lateral hamstrings (P<0.05 and P<0.001) and the gastrocnemius muscle (P<0.05) both in males and females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The gender differences in knee flexion velocity, abduction angle, and muscle activation suggest that females and males possess different neuromuscular strategies to control the knee joint during dynamic landing movements. These differences as well as decreased hamstring and gastrocnemius muscle activity, due to fatigue, provide evidence for different knee joint control in females as well as in fatigued conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstrasse 175, D-79117 Freiburg, Germany. dominic.gehring@sport.uni-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gehring
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melnyk
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gollhofer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013848:Thigh