title: Chronic neuron-specific tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression enhances the local inflammatory environment ultimately leading to neuronal death in 3xTg-AD mice.
abstract: Inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta, appear integral in initiating and/or propagating Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated pathogenesis. We have previously observed a significant increase in the number of mRNA transcripts encoding the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha, which correlated to regionally enhanced microglial activation in the brains of triple transgenic mice (3xTg-AD) before the onset of overt amyloid pathology. In this study, we reveal that neurons serve as significant sources of TNF-alpha in 3xTg-AD mice. To further define the role of neuronally derived TNF-alpha during early AD-like pathology, a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector expressing TNF-alpha was stereotactically delivered to 2-month-old 3xTg-AD mice and non-transgenic control mice to produce sustained focal cytokine expression. At 6 months of age, 3xTg-AD mice exhibited evidence of enhanced intracellular levels of amyloid-beta and hyperphosphorylated tau, as well as microglial activation. At 12 months of age, both TNF receptor II and Jun-related mRNA levels were significantly enhanced, and peripheral cell infiltration and neuronal death were observed in 3xTg-AD mice, but not in non-transgenic mice. These data indicate that a pathological interaction exists between TNF-alpha and the AD-related transgene products in the brains of 3xTg-AD mice. Results presented here suggest that chronic neuronal TNF-alpha expression promotes inflammation and, ultimately, neuronal cell death in this AD mouse model, advocating the development of TNF-alpha-specific agents to subvert AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Janelsins
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mastrangelo
authors.forename: Keigan M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Sudol
authors.forename: Wade C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Narrow
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oddo
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: LaFerla
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Callahan
authors.forename: Howard J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Federoff
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Bowers
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000229:Dependovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019076:Transgenes; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016875:tau Proteins