title: The upper arm muscle and fat area of Santal children: an evaluation of nutritional status.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to determine the growth pattern of upper arm muscle area (UAMA), upper arm fat area (UAFA) and upper arm muscle area by height (UAMAH) and assessment of magnitude of undernutrition on the basis of these parameters in Santal children.
  
  
  METHODS
  UAMA and UAFA of 890 (473 boys and 417 girls) Santal children aged 5-12 years were calculated from mid-upper arm circumference and triceps skinfold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Growth curves of UAFA-for-age and UAMA by height in Santal boys and girls are placed at lower level of reference curve indicating severe undernutrition. The growth curves of UAMA-for-age in Santal children of both sexes do not indicate severe undernutrition. 17.13% Santal boys and 20.63% girls were truly undernourished on the basis of three Z-scores of height-for-age, weight-for-height and UAMAH of each subject. Santal children have more UAMA and less UAFA compared to similar undernourished children of Sugalis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Growth curves of UAFA-for-age and UAMA by height are good indicators of nutritional status in Santal children. UAMA and UAFA may not be similarly affected in undernourished children of every community. A comprehensive approach to identify the truly undernourished child has been suggested from this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Midnapur, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Sutanu Dutta
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: Tusharkanti
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ghosh
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000886:Anthropometry; D001132:Arm / Q000254:growth & development; D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012016:Reference Values; D012885:Skinfold Thickness