title: Globular adiponectin increases cGMP formation in blood platelets independently of nitric oxide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Platelet-derived nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to play conflicting roles in platelet function, although it is accepted that NO mediates its actions through soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). This confusion concerning the roles of platelet NO may have arisen because of an uncharacterized mechanism for activation of sGC.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the ability of the novel platelet agonist globular adiponectin (gAd) to stimulate the NO-independent cGMP-protein kinase G (PKG) signaling cascade.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used three independent markers of NO signaling, [(3)H]l-citrulline production, cGMP accrual, and immunoblotting of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), to examine the NO signaling cascade in response to gAd.
  
  
  RESULTS
  gAd increased platelet cGMP formation, resulting in a dose- and time-dependent increase in phospho-VASP(157/239). Phosphorylation of VASP in response to gAd was mediated by both protein kinase A and PKG. Importantly, cGMP formation occurred in the absence of NO synthase (NOS) activation and in the presence of NOS inhibitors. Indeed, inhibition of the NOS signaling cascade had no influence on gAd-mediated platelet aggregation. Exploration of the mechanism demonstrated that NO-independent cGMP formation, phosphorylation of VASP and association of sGCalpha(1) with heat shock protein-90 induced by gAd were blocked under conditions that inhibited Src kinases, implying a tyrosine kinase-dependent mechanism. Indeed, sGCalpha1 was reversibly tyrosine phosphorylated in response to gAd, collagen, and collagen-related peptide, an effect that required Src kinases and downstream Ca(2+) mobilization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate activation of the platelet cGMP signaling cascade by a novel tyrosine kinase-dependent mechanism in the absence of NO.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Atherothrombosis Research, Medical Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riba
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aburima
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Naseem
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism*; D002417:Cattle; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis*; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000098662:Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D000098662:Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D006152:Cyclic GMP