title: Biomechanical comparison of cervical transfacet pedicle screws versus pedicle screws.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transfacet pedicle screws provide another alternative for standard pedicle screw placement for plate fixation in the lumbar spine. However, few studies looking at transfacet pedicle screw fixation in the cervical spine are available. Therefore, cervical transfacet pedicle screw fixation and standard pedicle screw fixation techniques were biomechanically compared in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten fresh human cadaveric cervical spines were harvested. On one side, transfacet pedicle screws were placed at the C3-4, C5-6, and C7-T1 levels. On the other side, pedicle screws were placed at the C3, C5, and C7 levels. The screw insertion technique at each level was randomized for right or left. The starting point for the transfacet pedicle screw insertion was located at the midpoint of the inferolateral quadrant of the lateral mass and the direction of the screw was about 50 degrees caudally in the sagittal plane and about 45 degrees toward the midline in the axial plane. Screws were placed from the inferior articular process, across the facet complex and the pedicle into the body of the caudal vertebra. The entry point for the pedicle screw was located at the midpoint of the superolateral quadrant of the lateral mass, and the direction of the screw was about 45 degrees toward the midline in the axial plane and toward the upper third of the vertebral body in the sagittal plane. After screw placement we performed axial pullout testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the cervical transfacet pedicle screws and the pedicle screws were inserted successfully. The mean pullout strength for the transfacet pedicle screws was 694 N, while for the pedicle screws 670 N (P=0.013). In all but six instances (10%), the pedicle screw pullout values exceeded the values for the transfacet pedicle screws; this occurred three times at the C3/C4 level, twice at the C5/C6 level and once at the C7/T1 level. The greatest pullout strength difference at a single level was observed at the C5/C6 level, with a mean difference of 38 N (t=-1.557, P=0.154). The C7/T1 level had a mean difference of 26 N and the C3/C4 level had a mean difference of 14 N.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cervical transfacet pedicle screws exhibited higher pullout strength than pedicle screws. Posterior transfacet pedicle screw fixation in the cervical spine may afford an alternative to standard screw placement for plate fixation and cervical stabilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Ningbo Sixth People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China. lgysimon@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Guan-Yi
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Rong-Ming
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Wei-Hu
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Shao-Hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jiang-Wei
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Wei-Yu
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001863:Bone Screws; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans