title: The effect of piracetam on brain damage and serum nitric oxide levels in dogs submitted to hemorrhagic shock.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To demonstrate the effect of piracetam on changes in brain tissue and serum nitric oxide levels in dogs submitted to hemorrhagic shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were randomized into four subgroups each consisting of 10 dogs. Hemorrhagic shock was induced in Group I for 1 hour and no treatment was given to this group. Blood and saline solutions were administered to Group II following 1 hour hemorrhagic shock. Blood and piracetam were given to Group III following 1 hour shock. No shock was induced and no treatment was applied to Group IV. Blood samples were obtained at the onset of the experiment and at 60, 120 and 180 minutes for nitric oxide analysis. For histopathological examination, brain tissue samples were obtained at the end of the experiment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The observed improvement in blood pressure and pulse rates in Group III was more than in Group II. Nitric oxide levels were increased in Group I; however, no correlation between piracetam and nitric oxide levels was determined. It was seen that recovery in brain damage in Group III was greater than in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Piracetam, added to the treatment, may ecrease ischemic damage in hemorrhagic shock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Medicine Faculty of Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey. sedacil@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Seda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ikizceli
authors.forename: Erdoğan Mütevelli
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Sözüer
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Avşaroğullari
authors.forename: Figen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oztürk
authors.forename: Sebahattin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muhtaroğlu
authors.forename: Okhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Akdur
authors.forename: Can
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Küçük
authors.forename: Polat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Durukan
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood*; D010889:Piracetam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010889:Piracetam