title: Behavioral indices in medical care outcome: the working alliance, adherence, and related factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The working alliance has been shown to be a consistent predictor of patient outcome and satisfaction in psychotherapy. This study examines the role of the working alliance and related behavioral indices in predicting medical outcome.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Cognitive and emotional dimensions of the physician-patient relationship were examined in relation to patients' ratings of physician empathy, physician multicultural competence, perceived utility of treatment, and patients' adherence self-efficacy. These factors were then examined as part of a theoretical framework using path analyses to explain patient self-reported adherence to and satisfaction with treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was based on an ex-post facto field correlation design.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty-two adult outpatients from a neurology clinic at Bellevue Hospital, a large municipal hospital in New York City, participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys given to participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the following measurements: Physician-Patient Working Alliance Scale, Perceived Utility Scale, Treatment Adherence Self-Efficacy Scale, Medical Outcome Study Adherence Scale, Physician Empathy Questionnaire, Physician Multicultural Competence Questionnaire, Medical Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effect sizes for adherence are between 0.07 and 0.21 and for satisfaction between 0.10 to >0.50. Regression and path analyses showed that ratings of physician multicultural competence and patient adherence self-efficacy beliefs predicted patient adherence (SB = 0.34) and (SB = 0.30) and satisfaction (SB = 0.18) and (SB = 0.12), respectively. Working alliance ratings also predicted patient satisfaction (SB = 0.49).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychological and interpersonal dimensions of medical care are related to patient adherence and satisfaction. Medical care providers may be able to use these dimensions to target and improve health care outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychological & Educational Services, Counseling Psychology Program, Fordham University, Graduate School of Education, New York, NY 10023, USA. fuertes@fordham.edu
authors.forename: Jairo N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Fuertes
authors.forename: Laura S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Boylan
authors.forename: Jessie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Fontanella
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence; D018864:Cultural Diversity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005791:Patient Care / Q000379:methods*; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000208:ethnology; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000208:ethnology; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D016896:Treatment Outcome