title: The whole nine yards: multiple cardiac surgical and percutaneous interventions in a patient during 30 years of care.
abstract: A 38-year-old man underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery for angina pectoris following myocardial infarction. During the following 28 years, he required two repeat coronary artery bypass graft surgical procedures, nine percutaneous coronary interventions and 17 coronary angiograms. His treatment included saphenous vein, left internal mammary artery and gastroepiploic artery grafting, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and intragraft thrombolytic therapy, directional coronary atherectomy, cutting balloon angioplasty, intracoronary stenting with bare-metal and drug-eluting stents, treatment for in-stent restenosis, stenting of the left main and circumflex coronary arteries and saphenous vein graft as well as intracoronary pressure wire diagnostics. In addition to his statin therapy, antiplatelets and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, he also underwent biventricular automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation and atrioventricular node radiofrequency ablation for his impaired left ventricular function, ventricular tachycardia and rapid atrial fibrillation. The present unusual case represents almost 'the whole nine yards' of treatment that has become available to patients with coronary artery disease during the past 30 years of technological development.
authors.affiliation: The Cardiothoracic Centre, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Albouaini
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ramsdale
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Ramsdale
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000379:methods; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D023903:Coronary Restenosis / Q000628:therapy*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D054855:Drug-Eluting Stents; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D012086:Reoperation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors