title: Stress fractures and stress reactions of the diaphyseal femur in collegiate athletes: an analysis of 25 cases.
abstract: In this review of prospectively collected data, representing the largest series of its kind, we identified 25 stress injuries of the diaphyseal femur in 20 athletes at an NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) Division I university. All 20 patients successfully completed rehabilitation and returned to activity without limitations. Seventeen of these patients (representing 22 injuries) were female, and all 5 patients who sustained 2 stress injuries were female. The higher proportion of injured females in this study, and the histories of menstrual irregularities and disordered eating, raised the concern that the female athlete triad may be a factor. It is important to consider the diagnosis of stress injuries of the diaphyseal femur when evaluating thigh pain in running athletes, especially females, as early diagnosis and treatment lead to excellent outcomes and full return to activity. Magnetic resonance imaging should be considered the gold standard in the diagnostic evaluation of these injuries. Further, as stress fractures may be the first presentation of the female athlete triad, it is also important for orthopedic surgeons to identify the presence of risk factors that may predispose athletes to recurrent stress injuries and other health problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA. scott.koenig@bmc.org
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Alison P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Toth
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bosco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018483:Diaphyses / Q000293:injuries; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult