title: Health-related physical fitness according to chronological and biological age in adolescents. The AVENA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Physical fitness has been proposed as a major marker of health status at any age. The aim of the present study was to determine the levels of several health-related physical fitness components with respect to chronological and biological age (sexual maturation status) in Spanish adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physical fitness was measured in a sample of Spanish adolescents (N. = 2859; 1357 males, 1502 females) from the AVENA study, by means of the following tests: sit and reach, handgrip, standing broad jump, bent arm hang, 4 x 10 m shuttle run, and 20 m shuttle run. Percentage body fat, fat free mass and leisure-time physical activity were used as confounders. Adolescents were classified according to chronological age and biological age (measured by Tanner stages). All the analyses were adjusted for the above- mentioned confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Muscular fitness was higher in older adolescents than in younger adolescents. Cardiorespiratory fitness was higher in younger compared to older females, as well as in early puberty compared to late puberty. In males, cardiorespiratory fitness was higher in younger adolescents, but no differences were observed when it was analysed according to sexual maturation status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Normative data for several health-related physical fitness components according to chronological and biological age are provided in this report. Discrepancies between biological and chronological age analysis were higher for cardiorespiratory fitness than for muscular fitness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. ortegaf@ugr.es
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urzanqui
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Gross
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjöström
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012741:Sexual Maturation; D013997:Time Factors