title: Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex function during anticipated peer evaluation in pediatric social anxiety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) dysfunction manifests in adolescents with anxiety disorders when they view negatively valenced stimuli in threatening contexts. Such fear-circuitry dysfunction may also manifest when anticipated social evaluation leads socially anxious adolescents to misperceive peers as threatening.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether photographs of negatively evaluated smiling peers viewed during anticipated social evaluation engage the amygdala and vlPFC differentially in adolescents with and without social anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Government clinical research institute.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen adolescents with anxiety disorders associated with marked concerns of social evaluation and 14 adolescents without a psychiatric diagnosis matched on sex, age, intelligence quotient, and socioeconomic status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood oxygenation level-dependent signal measured with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Before and during neuroimaging scans, participants anticipating social evaluation completed peer- and self-appraisals. Event-related analyses were tailored to participants' ratings of specific peers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants classified 40 pictures of same-age peers as ones with whom they did or did not want to engage in a social interaction. Anxious adolescents showed greater amygdala activation than healthy adolescents when anticipating evaluation from peers previously rated as undesired for an interaction. Psychophysiological interaction connectivity analyses also revealed a significant positive association between amygdala and vlPFC activation in anxious vs healthy adolescents in response to these stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anticipating social evaluation from negatively perceived peers modulates amygdala and vlPFC engagement differentially in anxious and healthy adolescents. Amygdala and vlPFC dysfunction manifests in adolescent anxiety disorders in specific contexts of anticipated peer evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Mood and Anxiety Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 15K North Dr, Room 208, Bethesda, MD 20892-2670, USA. amandaguyer@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Amanda E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Guyer
authors.forename: Jennifer Y F
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Erin B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: McClure-Tone
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parrish
authors.forename: Nina D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Shiffrin
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: R J R
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leibenluft
authors.forename: Nathan A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pine
authors.forename: Eric E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003469:Culture; D005149:Facial Expression; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D010379:Peer Group; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012938:Social Perception
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen