title: Gemcitabine: vascular toxicity and prothrombotic potential.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gemcitabine has been associated with important thrombotic and vascular side effects. As indications for its use in oncology and hematology are expanding, comprehensive characterization of these complications becomes imperative.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews the prothrombotic potential and other vascular effects of gemcitabine and experience accrued through its use in research laboratories, clinical trials and clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The most relevant publications were identified through the PubMed database and by reviewing the drug information released by the FDA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the author's opinion, the incidence of thrombotic and vascular toxicity with gemcitabine is higher than previously estimated. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) and acute arterial events, digital ischemia and necrosis, vasculitis and thrombotic microangiopathy, potentially fatal systemic capillary leak and reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndromes are only a few items on the long list of vascular-toxic effects of gemcitabine. These toxicities seem to be more frequent with the use of gemcitabine-platinum doublets than with gemcitabine alone. Careful consideration of gemcitabine use should be given in the setting of pre-existing arterial vascular disease, venous thromboembolism, collagenoses, heart failure, liver damage and advanced hepatic metastases. Specific treatment requirements of individual patients, their comorbidities and the gemcitabine risk:benefit ratio should be always sought before using this agent in antineoplastic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Practicing Hematologist and Medical Oncologist, University Place, 2202 70th Ave W, Suite # 5, WA 98466, USA. c_dasanu@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Constantin A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dasanu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine