title: Age- and serotype-specific pediatric invasive pneumococcal disease: insights from systematic surveillance in Santiago, Chile, 1994--2007.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We monitored pediatric invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Santiago, Chile, from 1994 to 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three related data sets were generated: (1) IPD cases requiring hospitalization, 1994--2007; (2) cases of bacteremia detected among febrile patients aged 0-35 months seen in emergency departments, 2000--2007; and (3) nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococcal serotypes, determined from repetitive culturing, among 524 newborns followed up through age 23 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2369 IPD cases requiring hospitalization, 1878 (79.3%) occurred in those aged 0-59 months, and 1200 (50.7%) occurred in those aged 6-35 months. Among infants aged 0-5 months, meningitis and sepsis comprised 48.4% of all IPD cases (serotype 5 predominated); among those 6-35 months old, 522 (43.5%) of 1200 cases were bacteremic pneumonia (serotype 14 predominated). Serotype 1 peritonitis was common among 5-14-year-old girls. Meningitis and sepsis exhibited high case fatality rates (14%-29%) among all ages. Remarkably, 34 (28.8%) of 118 children with sepsis died, versus 1 fatality (0.4%) among 276 children hospitalized with bacteremia without a focus (P < .001, Fisher's exact test). Serotype 5 was significantly more common among hospitalized patients < 36 months of age, whereas serotype 18C was overrepresented among ambulatory patients. The annual incidence of serotype 14 was stable; those of serotypes 1 and 5 fluctuated markedly. Serotypes 14, 5, and 1 were overrepresented among invasive compared with nasopharyngeal isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical syndromes of IPD and predominant serotypes vary with age.
authors.affiliation: Centro para Vacunas en Desarrollo, Chile, Hospital de Niños Roberto del Rio, Santiago, Chile. rosanna.lagos@adsl.tie.cl
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lagos
authors.forename: Alma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Oriana
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: San Martin
authors.forename: Aurora
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maldonado
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hormazabal
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Blackwelder
authors.forename: Myron M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012621:Seasons; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification*; D013997:Time Factors; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate