title: Differential gene expression and biomarkers in zebrafish (Danio rerio) following exposure to produced water components.
abstract: The main effluent from oil and gas production is produced water (PW), a waste that contains low to moderate concentrations of oil-derived substances such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkylphenols (APs). PW components may be present in seawater at low concentrations over large areas in the vicinity of oil and gas production facilities. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to control and three treatments (high-, pulsed-, low-dose) of a synthetic PW mixture for 1, 7 and 13 weeks. The aim was to investigate the development of transcriptome and biomarker responses as well as relationships between early responses and population-relevant effects. The synthetic PW contained a mixture of low-molecular-weight PAHs (<5 ring) and short-chain APs (C1-C4). The water-borne exposure levels (sum PAH) ranged from 0.54 ppb (low dose) to 5.4 ppb (high dose). Bile pyrene metabolites ranged from 17-133 ng g(-1) bile in the control group to 23-1081 ng g(-1) bile in the high exposure group. Similar levels have been observed in wild fish, confirming an environmentally relevant exposure. The expression of mRNAs of hepatic genes was investigated in the high exposure group using the Zebrafish OligoLibrary from Compugen. Functional clustering analysis revealed effects in the reproductive system, the nervous system, the respiratory system, the immune system, lipid metabolism, connective tissue and in a range of functional categories related to cell cycle and cancer. The majority of differentially expressed mRNAs of genes were down-regulated, suggesting reduction in gene transcription to be as relevant as up-regulation or induction when assessing biological responses to PW exposure. Biomarkers for effects of PAHs (cytochrome P450 1A) and environmental estrogens (vitellogenin) did not appear to be affected by the chronic exposure to low concentration of PW components. Effects at the population level included a reduction in condition factor in male fish from all exposed groups and spinal column deformations in the F1 generation of exposed groups. The different exposure regimes did not produce any significant differences in reproduction or recruitment. The results from this study demonstrate that environmentally relevant concentrations of PW affect gene expression and population-relevant endpoints in zebrafish, although links between the two were not obvious.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway. tor.fredrik.holth@niva.no
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Holth
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nourizadeh-Lillabadi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blaesbjerg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grung
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Holbech
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aleström
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hylland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity*; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010578:Petroleum; D010636:Phenols; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical