title: Effect of road deicing salt on the susceptibility of amphibian embryos to infection by water molds.
abstract: Some causative agents of amphibian declines act synergistically to impact individual amphibians and their populations. In particular, pathogenic water molds (aquatic oomycetes) interact with environmental stressors and increase mortality in amphibian embryos. We documented colonization of eggs of three amphibian species, the wood frog (Rana sylvatica), the green frog (Rana clamitans), and the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), by water molds in the field and examined the interactive effects of road deicing salt and water molds, two known sources of mortality for amphibian embryos, on two species, R. clamitans and A. maculatum in the laboratory. We found that exposure to water molds did not affect embryonic survivorship in either A. maculatum or R. clamitans, regardless of the concentration of road salt to which their eggs were exposed. Road salt decreased survivorship of A. maculatum, but not R. clamitans, and frequency of malformations increased significantly in both species at the highest salinity concentration. The lack of an effect of water molds on survival of embryos and no interaction between road salt and water molds indicates that observations of colonization of these eggs by water molds in the field probably represent a secondary invasion of unfertilized eggs or of embryos that had died of other causes. Given increasing salinization of freshwater habitats on several continents and the global distribution of water molds, our results suggest that some amphibian species may not be susceptible to the combined effects of these factors, permitting amphibian decline researchers to devote their attention to other potential causes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA. karraker@hkucc.hku.hk
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Karraker
authors.forename: Gregory R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Ruthig
mesh_terms: D000557:Ambystoma / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007053:Ice; D009868:Oomycetes / Q000254:growth & development; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011898:Ranidae / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D014871:Water Microbiology / Q000592:standards; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007053:Ice; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012965:Sodium Chloride