title: Variance of the SGK1 gene is associated with insulin secretion in different European populations: results from the TUEF, EUGENE2, and METSIM studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Serum- and Glucocorticoid-inducible Kinase 1 (SGK1) is involved in the regulation of insulin secretion and may represent a candidate gene for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three independent European populations were analyzed for the association of SGK1 gene (SGK) variations and insulin secretion traits. The German TUEF project provided the screening population (N = 725), and four tagging SNPs (rs1763527, rs1743966, rs1057293, rs9402571) were investigated. EUGENE2 (N = 827) served as a replication cohort for the detected associations. Finally, the detected associations were validated in the METSIM study, providing 3798 non-diabetic and 659 diabetic (type 2) individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carriers of the minor G allele in rs9402571 had significantly higher C-peptide levels in the 2 h OGTT (+10.8%, p = 0.04; dominant model) and higher AUC(C-Peptide)/AUC(Glc) ratios (+7.5%, p = 0.04) compared to homozygous wild type TT carriers in the screening population. As interaction analysis for BMIxrs9402571 was significant (p = 0.04) for the endpoint insulin secretion, we stratified the TUEF cohort for BMI, using a cut off point of BMI = 25. The effect on insulin secretion only remained significant in lean TUEF participants (BMI< or =25). This finding was replicated in lean EUGENE2 rs9402571 minor allele carriers, who had a significantly higher AUC(Ins)/AUC(Glc) (TT: 226+/-7, XG: 246+/-9; p = 0.019). Accordingly, the METSIM trial revealed a lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes (OR: 0.85; 95%CI: 0.71-1.01; p = 0.065, dominant model) in rs9402571 minor allele carriers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rs9402571 SGK genotype associates with increased insulin secretion in lean non-diabetic TUEF/EUGENE2 participants and with lower diabetes prevalence in METSIM. Our study in three independent European populations supports the conclusion that SGK variability affects diabetes risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Medicine, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Weyrich
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stancáková
authors.forename: Jianjung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuusisto
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laakso
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sesti
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Succurro
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Oluf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Machicao
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Teut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Risler
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ullrich
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stefan
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fritsche
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Häring
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005828:Genetics, Population; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008297:Male; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000502:physiology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D000099184:Serum-Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinases
chemical_list: D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D007328:Insulin; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D000099184:Serum-Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinases