title: The molecular signature of oxidative metabolism and the mode of macrophage activation determine the shift from acute to chronic disease in experimental arthritis: critical role of interleukin-12p40.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Repeated injection of streptococcal cell wall (SCW) fragments results in chronic arthritis in mice. The objective of this study was to identify genes and pathways that determine disease progression based on gene expression profiling in this model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronic arthritis was induced in mice by 4 injections of SCW fragments. RNA samples were isolated from synovial tissue obtained at various time points and were analyzed using mouse genome array and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction techniques. The functional role of potential key genes was evaluated in mice with specific gene deletions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene expression analyses revealed a shift in molecular signature. In contrast to an up-regulation of the inflammatory response pathway, the pathways involved in oxidative metabolism were significantly down-regulated during the chronic phase of arthritis. Since oxidative metabolism determines the mode of macrophage activation, we investigated phenotype switching in macrophages. Markers of alternatively activated macrophages, such as arginase 1, were at maximal levels during acute inflammation. In contrast, induction of markers of classically activated macrophages (M1), such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), was relatively low during the acute phase of disease, but highly increased toward the chronic phase. M1 polarization during the chronic phase was accompanied by a Th1 signature, characterized by IL-12p40, IL-12p35, and interferon-gamma. However, the absence of IL-12p40, but not IL-12p35, significantly inhibited the chronic phase of arthritis and was marked by a reduction in IL-17 and iNOS levels, as well as restored expression of oxidative metabolism genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  M1 polarization accompanied by a decline in oxidative metabolism determine the chronic phase of arthritis. IL-12p40, most likely acting through the IL-23/IL-17 axis, plays a critical role in this process.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. N.Takahashi@reuma.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Nozomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Victor C L
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: de Jager
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glück
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Letzkus
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Staedtler
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ribeiro-Dias
authors.forename: Marleen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heuvelmans-Jacobs
authors.forename: Wim B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Leo A B
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Joosten
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015870:Gene Expression; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40 / Q000502:physiology*; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000032:analysis; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000032:analysis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053762:Interleukin-12 Subunit p40; D020381:Interleukin-17; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II