title: Y chromosome evidence of earliest modern human settlement in East Asia and multiple origins of Tibetan and Japanese populations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The phylogeography of the Y chromosome in Asia previously suggested that modern humans of African origin initially settled in mainland southern East Asia, and about 25,000-30,000 years ago, migrated northward, spreading throughout East Asia. However, the fragmented distribution of one East Asian specific Y chromosome lineage (D-M174), which is found at high frequencies only in Tibet, Japan and the Andaman Islands, is inconsistent with this scenario.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we collected more than 5,000 male samples from 73 East Asian populations and reconstructed the phylogeography of the D-M174 lineage. Our results suggest that D-M174 represents an extremely ancient lineage of modern humans in East Asia, and a deep divergence was observed between northern and southern populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We proposed that D-M174 has a southern origin and its northward expansion occurred about 60,000 years ago, predating the northward migration of other major East Asian lineages. The Neolithic expansion of Han culture and the last glacial maximum are likely the key factors leading to the current relic distribution of D-M174 in East Asia. The Tibetan and Japanese populations are the admixture of two ancient populations represented by two major East Asian specific Y chromosome lineages, the O and D haplogroups.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology and Kunming Primate Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China. shihong@mail.kiz.ac.cn
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Yong-Li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Xue-Bin
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lu-Fang
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Si-Jie
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Runlin Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Chun-Jie
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: R Spencer
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Su
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D005202:Asia, Eastern; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D018609:Tibet
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers