title: Floral morphogenesis: stochastic explorations of a gene network epigenetic landscape.
abstract: In contrast to the classical view of development as a preprogrammed and deterministic process, recent studies have demonstrated that stochastic perturbations of highly non-linear systems may underlie the emergence and stability of biological patterns. Herein, we address the question of whether noise contributes to the generation of the stereotypical temporal pattern in gene expression during flower development. We modeled the regulatory network of organ identity genes in the Arabidopsis thaliana flower as a stochastic system. This network has previously been shown to converge to ten fixed-point attractors, each with gene expression arrays that characterize inflorescence cells and primordial cells of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. The network used is binary, and the logical rules that govern its dynamics are grounded in experimental evidence. We introduced different levels of uncertainty in the updating rules of the network. Interestingly, for a level of noise of around 0.5-10%, the system exhibited a sequence of transitions among attractors that mimics the sequence of gene activation configurations observed in real flowers. We also implemented the gene regulatory network as a continuous system using the Glass model of differential equations, that can be considered as a first approximation of kinetic-reaction equations, but which are not necessarily equivalent to the Boolean model. Interestingly, the Glass dynamics recover a temporal sequence of attractors, that is qualitatively similar, although not identical, to that obtained using the Boolean model. Thus, time ordering in the emergence of cell-fate patterns is not an artifact of synchronous updating in the Boolean model. Therefore, our model provides a novel explanation for the emergence and robustness of the ubiquitous temporal pattern of floral organ specification. It also constitutes a new approach to understanding morphogenesis, providing predictions on the population dynamics of cells with different genetic configurations during development.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, México, D. F., México. elena.alvarezbuylla@gmail.com
authors.forename: Elena R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Buylla
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaos
authors.forename: Maximino
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aldana
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benítez
authors.forename: Yuriria
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cortes-Poza
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Espinosa-Soto
authors.forename: Diego A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hartasánchez
authors.forename: R Beau
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lotto
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malkin
authors.forename: Gerardo J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Escalera Santos
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Padilla-Longoria
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003198:Computer Simulation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000502:physiology*; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000235:genetics*