title: Cisplatin combined with zidovudine enhances cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human head and neck cancer cells via a thiol-dependent mechanism.
abstract: Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells represent features that may be exploited therapeutically. We determined whether agents that induce mitochondrial dysfunction, such as zidovudine (AZT) and cisplatin (CIS), could enhance killing of human head and neck cancer cells via oxidative stress. AZT- and/or CIS-induced cytotoxicity was determined using clonogenic survival, mitochondrial membrane potential was analyzed to investigate mitochondrial function, and glutathione was measured to determine thiol metabolism perturbations. AZT+CIS significantly increased toxicity and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential in FaDu, Cal-27, and SQ20B head and neck cancer cells while increasing the percentage of glutathione disulfide (%GSSG). Treatment with the thiol antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reversed the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the increase in %GSSG and partially protected FaDu and Cal-27 cells from AZT+CIS. Finally, an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, l-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine, sensitized the cells to AZT+CIS-induced cytotoxicity, which was partially reversed by NAC. These results suggest that exposure of cancer cells to agents that induce mitochondrial dysfunction, such as AZT, causes significant sensitization to CIS-induced toxicity via disruptions in thiol metabolism and oxidative stress. These findings provide a biochemical rationale for evaluating agents that induce mitochondrial dysfunction in combination with chemotherapy and inhibitors of glutathione metabolism in head and neck cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mattson
authors.forename: Iman M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Disha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dayal
authors.forename: Arlene D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: Nukhet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aykin-Burns
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Orcutt
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Spitz
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Dornfeld
authors.forename: Andrean L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Simons
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D015215:Zidovudine; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D005978:Glutathione; D002945:Cisplatin; D000111:Acetylcysteine