title: Testing gender as a moderator of associations between psychosocial variables and functional disability in children and adolescents with chronic pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate gender as a moderator of associations between psychosocial variables and functional disability in children and adolescents with chronic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 266 patients (177 girls; mean age = 13.3 years) with chronic or recurrent headache or abdominal pain who were evaluated at a pediatric chronic pain clinic. Patients completed measures of pain intensity, anxiety, depression, pain coping, and functional disability. Parents completed a measure of protective behavior.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Girls and boys reported similar levels of pain intensity. Girls were more likely to endorse depressive symptoms, and internalizing symptoms were associated with disability in girls, not in boys. No gender differences were found in links between coping and protective parenting and disability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In general, psychosocial factors influenced functional disability similarly in girls and boys, although some gender differences were found. Findings highlight the importance of considering child gender when evaluating factors that contribute to functional disability.
authors.affiliation: Pain Treatment Service, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. karen.kaczynski@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kaczynski
authors.forename: Robyn Lewis
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Claar
authors.forename: Deirdre E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Logan
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007406:Interview, Psychological / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology