title: Effect of opium addiction on new and traditional cardiovascular risk factors: do duration of addiction and route of administration matter?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a belief among some society that opium has a number of beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present investigation as a cross-sectional study was to assess this hypothesis. Several biochemical factors (Fasting blood sugar, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, LDL-Cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol, HbA1C, CRP, Fibrinogen, Factor VII, SGOT, SGPT, Lpa, apo A and apo B were evaluated in opium-addicted men (case) against non opium-addicted men(control). Three hundred and sixty opium-addicted men were divided into three groups according to the route of administration (Orally, Vafour and Sikh-Sang) and each group was divided into four subgroups according to the duration of addiction (5 months, 1 year, 2 years and 5 years). Blood morphine concentration was measured by ELISA method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that morphine concentration was significantly higher in orally administration. In all routes, there was a direct correlation between blood morphine concentration and period of addiction. Regardless to the period and route of administration, the level of HbA1C, CRP, factor VII, Fibrinogen, apo B, Lpa, SGOT, and SGPT were significantly higher in the case subjects as compared with controls and HDL-Cholesterol and apo a were significantly lower in the case subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated the deleterious effects of opium on some traditional and new cardiovascular disease risk factors. These deleterious effects are related to the period of addiction and their levels are significantly increased after 2 years of addiction. Route of administration impresses cardiovascular risk factors and "Sikh-Sang" showed the worst effect.
authors.affiliation: Basic Sciences Department, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research, Center, Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. sasgary@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Sedigheh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asgary
authors.forename: Nizal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sarrafzadegan
authors.forename: Gholam-Ali
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Naderi
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rozbehani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000150:complications*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D009892:Opium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine; D009892:Opium