title: Hormonal strategies for fertility preservation in patients receiving cyclophosphamide to treat glomerulonephritis: a nonrandomized trial and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prepubertal patients receiving chemotherapy are relatively resistant to cyclophosphamide-induced germinal cell alterations. We studied the possible protective effect of testosterone and triptorelin to inhibit gonadal activity in men and women receiving cyclophosphamide, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonrandomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  28 consecutive patients, 11 men and 17 women, from a university medical center with various forms of glomerulonephritis, treated with cyclophosphamide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men received cyclophosphamide plus testosterone; women were divided into 2 groups: 13 patients (group A) received cyclophosphamide plus triptorelin; 4 (group B) received only cyclophosphamide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and serum luteinizing hormone levels and, in addition, sperm counts and testosterone levels in men and estradiol levels in women were measured before and after treatment with cyclophosphamide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 10 men became azoospermic or severely oligospermic during treatment; after 12 months, all except 1 had a normal sperm count and FSH levels were normal. In women during cyclophosphamide therapy, amenorrhea occurred in all patients. After cessation of therapy, all women in group A started to menstruate regularly, and at the end of follow-up, ovulatory cycles were demonstrated in all women. Hormone levels showed no significant changes throughout the observation period. Six women conceived, and the pregnancies were brought to term successfully without complications. In group B, all 4 women developed sustained amenorrhea; serum FSH and luteinizing hormone levels at the end of therapy and follow-up were significantly higher with respect to baseline; estradiol levels at the end of follow-up were significantly lower compared with baseline and corresponding values in group A.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The substudy in men is uncontrolled, the substudy in women is nonrandomized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study suggests a protective effect of testosterone and triptorelin against cyclophosphamide-induced gonadal damage in men and women with various forms of kidney disease, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy. cignale@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cigni
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Faedda
authors.forename: Maria Maddalena
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Atzeni
authors.forename: Piera Veronica
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Pileri
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alagna
authors.forename: Pierpaolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rovasio
authors.forename: Andrea Ercole
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Satta
authors.forename: Maria Rita
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Loi
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sini
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Satta
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masala
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007246:Infertility / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013739:Testosterone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017329:Triptorelin Pamoate / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D017329:Triptorelin Pamoate; D013739:Testosterone; D003520:Cyclophosphamide