title: Pharmacogenomics of CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and MDR1 in Vietnam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to obtain pharmacogenetic data in a Vietnamese population on genes coding for proteins involved in the elimination of drugs currently used for the treatment of malaria and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main polymorphisms on the cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, and the multi-drug resistance 1 gene (MDR1) were genotyped in 78 healthy Vietnamese subjects. Pharmacokinetic metrics were available for CYP2A6 (coumarin), CYP2C19 (mephenytoin), CYP2D6 (metoprolol) and CYP3As (midazolam), allowing correlations with the determined genotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the CYP2 family, we detected alleles CYP2A6*4 (12%) and *5 (15%); CYP2B6*4 (8%), *6 (27%); CYP2C19*2 (31%) and *3 (6%); CYP2D6*4, *5, *10 (1, 8 and 44%, respectively). In the CYP3A family, CYP3A4*1B was detected at a low frequency (2%), whereas CYP3A5 *3 was detected at a frequency of 67%. The MDR1 3435T allele was present with a prevalence of 40%. Allele proportions in our cohort were compared with those reported for other Asian populations. CYP2C19 genotypes were associated to the S-4'-OH-mephenytoin/S-mephenytoin ratio quantified in plasma 4 h after intake of 100 mg mephenytoin. While CYP2D6 genotypes were partially reflected by the alpha-OH-metroprolol/metoprolol ratio in plasma 4 h after dosing, no correlation existed between midazolam plasma concentrations 4 h post-dose and CYP3A genotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Vietnamese subjects of our study cohort presented allele prevalences in drug-metabolising enzymes that were generally comparable with those reported in other Asian populations. Deviations were found for CYP2A6*4 compared to a Chinese population (12 vs. 5%, respectively; P = 0.023), CYP2A6*5 compared with a Korean population (15 vs. <1%, respectively; P < 0.0001), a Malaysian population (1%; P < 0.0001) and a Chinese population (1%; P < 0.0001); CYP2B6*6 compared with a Korean population (27 vs. 12%; P = 0.002) and a Japanese population (16%; P = 0.021). Pharmacokinetic metrics versus genotype analysis reinforces the view that the predictive value of certain globally common variants (e.g. CYP2D6 single nucleotide polymorphisms) should be evaluated in a population-specific manner.
authors.affiliation: Malaria Research, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. isabel.veiga@ki.se
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Veiga
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asimus
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cavaco
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Hai
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Petzold
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Björkman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gil
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics*; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D065637:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6; D065702:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000235:genetics*; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating / Q000235:genetics*; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: C513055:ABCB1 protein, human; D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C585710:CYP2A6 protein, human; C585599:CYP2B6 protein, human; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; C510164:CYP3A5 protein, human; D065637:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6; D065702:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human; D010089:Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating