title: Nifedipine intake increases the risk for periodontal destruction in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated the possible association of nifedipine (NIF) intake and diabetes mellitus (DM) with periodontal destruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of Chinese subjects (N = 1,083, age: 63 +/- 8.7 years) were screened. Three hundred fifty-eight non-smokers with hypertension were selected for the study and were grouped based on DM status as non-DM and DM groups, DM(-) and DM(+) respectively. NIF(+) and NIF(-) indicated NIF intake or not. The groups were further divided: NIF(-)/DM(-) (n = 135); NIF(+)/DM(-) (n = 108); NIF(-)/DM(+) (n = 64); and NIF(+)/DM(+) (n = 51). The periodontal conditions in anterior teeth were assessed using plaque index, sulcus bleeding index, clinical attachment loss (AL), probing depth (PD), and the number of missing teeth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using analysis of covariance, NIF intake was associated with mean PD and extent of PD > or =4 mm in the non-DM and DM groups. The subjects in the NIF(+)/DM(+) subgroup showed greater mean AL and percentage of sites with AL > or =5 mm and AL > or =7 mm than those in NIF(-)/DM(+) subgroup, whereas no significant difference existed between subjects in NIF(-)/DM(-) and NIF(+)/DM(-) subgroups. The NIF(+)/DM(+) subgroup exhibited a greater percentage of sites with AL > or =5 mm (35.5%) compared to the other three subgroups (24.7% for NIF[-]/DM[-], P = 0.004; 25.0% for NIF[+]/DM[-], P = 0.007; and 25.2% for NIF[-]/DM[+], P = 0.016). Logistic regression analysis showed that the NIF(+)/DM(+) subgroup had a significantly higher risk for having >10% of sites with AL > or =5 mm compared to the NIF(-)/DM(-) subgroup (odds ratio [OR] = 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2 to 7.4; P = 0.022), the NIF(+)/DM(-) subgroup (OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.2 to 8.1; P = 0.020), and the NIF(-)/DM(+) subgroup (OR = 5.1; CI: 1.8 to 14.3; P = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NIF intake may increase the risk for periodontal destruction in patients with type 2 DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Qingxian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Luan
authors.forename: Xingyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yueqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sha
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Caifang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Lijian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D009543:Nifedipine