title: Neural correlates of enhanced visual short-term memory for angry faces: an FMRI study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fluid and effective social communication requires that both face identity and emotional expression information are encoded and maintained in visual short-term memory (VSTM) to enable a coherent, ongoing picture of the world and its players. This appears to be of particular evolutionary importance when confronted with potentially threatening displays of emotion - previous research has shown better VSTM for angry versus happy or neutral face identities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, here we investigated the neural correlates of this angry face benefit in VSTM. Participants were shown between one and four to-be-remembered angry, happy, or neutral faces, and after a short retention delay they stated whether a single probe face had been present or not in the previous display. All faces in any one display expressed the same emotion, and the task required memory for face identity. We find enhanced VSTM for angry face identities and describe the right hemisphere brain network underpinning this effect, which involves the globus pallidus, superior temporal sulcus, and frontal lobe. Increased activity in the globus pallidus was significantly correlated with the angry benefit in VSTM. Areas modulated by emotion were distinct from those modulated by memory load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide evidence for a key role of the basal ganglia as an interface between emotion and cognition, supported by a frontal, temporal, and occipital network.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom. m.jackson@bangor.ac.uk
authors.forename: Margaret C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: David E J
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Linden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000786:Anger / Q000502:physiology*; D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005145:Face; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*