title: Lead in housing paints: an exposure source still not taken seriously for children lead poisoning in China.
abstract: After prohibitions on lead gasoline additives, which have proved to be a public health accomplishment world wide, many countries focus on other exposure source of children lead poisoning. Removing lead from paints is one of the important measures. Although there have been regulatory limits on lead in paints in China, evidence reported in this article indicates that lead-based paints were very common in new paints available for housing and in existing residential paints. Twenty-nine of 58 new paint samples (50%) had lead content equal to or exceeding 600 ppm, including 14 (24%) equal to or exceeding 5000 ppm. The highest sample contained 153,000 ppm lead, about 15% of the paint weight. Thirty-two new paints (55%) contained "soluble" lead exceeding 90 ppm, the current lead limit on paints in China. Of the existing paints, 16 of 28 samples of existing paint (57%) collected from 24 kindergartens and primary schools had lead concentrations equal to or exceeding 600 ppm, including six samples (21%) equal to or exceeding 5000 ppm. The highest concentration sample contained 51,800 ppm lead, accounting for 5.2% of the paint weight. It has been shown in many areas that paint lead is a major exposure source for lead poisoning in children. This is particularly true after the phasing out of lead from gasoline. Effective limitation on lead content in new paint, and lead hazard control measures directed towards existing paint, could reduce children blood lead levels (BLLs). There has been a lead standard for paints in China since 1986 and a stricter limit was introduced in recent years. Governments should take it seriously and enforce regulations, commit a long-term challenge to eliminate paint lead as it is the threat to current and the next generation.
authors.affiliation: Department of School Health, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 23# Zhongshan 3rd, Guangzhou, China. xwkgzcdc@126.com
authors.forename: G Z
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Z G
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002681:China; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity; D006798:Housing / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D010150:Paint / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007854:Lead