title: Stagonolides G-I and modiolide A, nonenolides produced by Stagonospora cirsii, a potential mycoherbicide for Cirsium arvense.
abstract: Stagonospora cirsii Davis, a fungal pathogen isolated from Cirsium arvense (commonly called Canada thistle) and proposed as a potential mycoherbicide of this perennial noxious weed, produces phytotoxic metabolites in liquid and solid cultures. Stagonolide, the main phytotoxic metabolite, and five new related nonenolides, named stagonolides B-F, were isolated from the fungus. When grown on solid culture, nonenolide yields increased. A further four nonenolides were isolated and characterized by spectroscopy. Three were new compounds and named stagonolides G-I, and the fourth was identified as modiolide A, previously isolated from Paraphaeosphaeria sp., a fungus separated from the horse mussel. Leaf disk-puncture assays at 1 mg/mL of stagonolides H-I and modiolide A were phytotoxic to C. arvense. Only stagonolide H inhibited chicory seedling root growth. The most potent toxin, stagonolide H, indicated selectivity when tested on leaves of eight different plants: Canada thistle was most sensitive to the compound.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, dell'Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy. evidente@unina.it
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evidente
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cimmino
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berestetskiy
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andolfi
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Motta
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000737:chemistry*; D031180:Cirsium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007783:Lactones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D006573:Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; D007783:Lactones; C527511:stagonolide