title: Combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization as primary treatment of hydrocephalus for infants with myelomeningocele: long-term results of a prospective intent-to-treat study in 115 East African infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Shunt dependence is more dangerous for children in less developed countries. Combining endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) with choroid plexus cauterization (CPC) was previously shown to treat hydrocephalus more effectively than ETV alone in infants < 1 year of age. The goal of this prospective study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ETV-CPC as primary treatment of hydrocephalus in infants with myelomeningocele.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifteen consecutive East African infants with myelomeningocele requiring treatment for hydrocephalus were intended for primary management using ETV-CPC. Patient information was prospectively entered into a database. Outcomes were evaluated by life table analysis. Potential predictors for treatment failure were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-three patients had a completed ETV-CPC with > 1 month of follow-up. The ETV-CPC procedure was successful in 71 patients (76%), with a mean and median follow-up of 19.0 months. Treatment failures occurred before 6 months in 86% of the patients, and none occurred after 10 months. The operative mortality rate was 1.1%, and there were no infections. Life table analysis suggested that 72% of the patients would be successfully treated using a single ETV-CPC and 78% would remain shunt-independent with reopening of a closed ETV stoma. Multivariate logistic regression showed scarring of the cistern (p = 0.021) or choroid plexus (p = 0.026) as predictors of failure, but age at the time of surgery was not a significant predictor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using ETV-CPC appears to successfully provide a more durable primary treatment of hydrocephalus for infants with spina bifida than does shunt placement. These results support ETV-CPC as the better treatment option for these children in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, USA. bcwarf@nemours.org
authors.forename: Benjamin C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Warf
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D002831:Choroid Plexus / Q000601:surgery*; D004564:Electrocoagulation; D004724:Endoscopy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020542:Third Ventricle / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014454:Uganda; D014696:Ventriculostomy