title: Analysis of allergens in metalworking fluids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are well-known causes of occupational contact dermatitis in machinists.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To gain information about skin sensitizers in MWFs and to compare it with the information in safety data sheets (SDSs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 17 samples of MWF concentrates were analysed for skin sensitizers known or suspected to be used in MWF. Alkanolamines, formaldehyde, isothiazolinones, methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN), and iodopropynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC) were separated by liquid chromatography. Resin acids of colophonium (colophony) were separated by gas chromatography. The substances were identified with mass spectrometric detection and ultraviolet detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the MWFs, 15 contained 6-39% of alkanolamines, mostly monoethanolamine and triethanolamine. Formaldehyde was detected in all MWFs: the concentrations of total formaldehyde ranged between 0.002% and 1.3%. Benzisothiazolinone and octylisothiazolinone were detected in one fluid each. IPBC was detected in nine MWFs, and the highest concentration was 0.09%. Methylisothiazolinone and MDBGN were not detected in any of the fluids. Resin acids of colophonium were detected in seven MWFs in concentrations ranging from 0.41% to 3.8%. On the whole, the allergens analysed were poorly declared in the SDSs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The content of total formaldehyde was not declared in any SDS. IPBC, a relatively new allergen, seems to be common in MWFs. Isothiazolinones may be relevant allergens of machinists, and they should be analysed in MWFs in case other sources are not identified. The occupational relevance of positive patch test results to MWF ingredients in machinists is difficult to determine if information in the SDSs is relied upon.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Agents, Turku, Finnish Institute of Occupetional Health (FIOH), 00250 Helsinki, Finland. maj-len.henriks-eckerman@ttl.fi
authors.forename: Maj-Len
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Henriks-Eckerman
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suuronen
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jolanki
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000032:analysis*; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D009783:Dermatitis, Occupational / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005387:Finland; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007219:Industrial Oils / Q000032:analysis*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008669:Metallurgy; D016272:Occupational Health; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D023422:Skin Irritancy Tests
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens