title: Isolated posterior table frontal sinus fractures do not form mucoceles in a goat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to investigate how patency of the nasofrontal outflow tract would affect frontal sinus healing in the setting of displaced, comminuted, posterior table fractures in the adult goat (Capra hircus).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Posterior table fractures were created in 20 adult goats. The nasofrontal outflow tract was left patent in 10 goats (Group 1) and obstructed in 10 (Group 2). Gross, radiologic, and histologic evaluation were carried out six months postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One of nine subjects subjects (11%) in Group 1 developed a mucocele while eight of 10 (80%) in Group 2 developed mucoceles (P = 0.004). No subjects (100%) in Group 1 had gross, radiologic, or histologic evidence of mucosal ingrowth into the posterior table, while two of 10 (20%) in Group 2 showed evidence of mucosal ingrowth into, but not through, the posterior table. In both groups 100% of the subjects had gross and histologic evidence of intact posterior tables abutting the dura.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An occluded nasofrontal outflow tract leads to an increased mucocele formation rate at six months. In an unobstructed nasofrontal outflow tract there is no gross, radiologic, or histologic evidence of mucosal ingrowth into the posterior table at six months. These findings would suggest that not all comminuted, significantly displaced posterior table fractures need to be surgically addressed if the nasofrontal outflow tract is patent.
authors.affiliation: Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, TX, USA. stephen.maturo@sbcglobal.net
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Maturo
authors.forename: Erik K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Weitzel
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cowhart
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brennan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D017102:Fracture Healing; D018460:Fractures, Comminuted / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000293:injuries*; D006041:Goats; D009078:Mucocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*