title: Mechanisms underlying cognitive enhancement and reversal of cognitive deficits in nonhuman primates by the ampakine CX717.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Performance of cognitive tasks in nonhuman primates (NHPs) requires specific brain regions to make decisions under different degrees of difficulty or "cognitive load."
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Local cerebral metabolic activity ([18F]FDG PET imaging) in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), medial temporal lobe (MTL), and dorsal striatum (DStr) is examined in NHPs performing a delayed-match-to-sample (DMS) task with variable degrees of cognitive load.
  
  
  METHODS
  Correlations between cognitive load and degree of brain metabolic activity were obtained with respect to the influence of the ampakine CX717 (Cortex Pharmaceuticals), using brain imaging and recordings of neuronal activity in NHPs and measures of intracellular calcium release in rat hippocampal slices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Activation of DLPFC, MTL, and DStr reflected changes in performance related to cognitive load within the DMS task and were engaged primarily on high load trials. Similar increased activation patterns and improved performance were also observed following administration of CX717. Sleep deprivation in NHPs produced impaired performance and reductions in brain activation which was reversed by CX717. One potential basis for this facilitation of cognition by CX717 was increased firing of task-specific hippocampal cells. Synaptic mechanisms affected by CX717 were examined in rat hippocampal slices which showed that N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-mediated release of intracellular calcium was reduced in slices from sleep-deprived rats and reversed by application of CX717 to the bathing medium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings provide insight into how cognition is enhanced by CX717 in terms of brain, and underlying neural, processes that are activated on high vs. low cognitive load trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Hampson
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: España
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Porrino
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Deadwyler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000187:drug effects; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000523:psychology; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C542518:CX717; D007555:Isoxazoles; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D005947:Glucose; D002118:Calcium