title: Face transplant graft procurement: a preclinical and clinical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most articles on face composite tissue allotransplantation have considered ethical and immunologic aspects. Few have dealt with the technical aspects of graft procurement. The authors report the technical difficulties involved in procuring a lower face graft for allotransplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a preclinical study of 20 fresh cadavers, the authors carried out an allotransplantation of the lower two-thirds of the face on a patient in January of 2007. The graft included all the perioral muscles, the facial nerves (VII, V2, and V3) and, for the first time, the parotid glands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The preclinical study and clinical results confirm that complete revascularization of a graft consisting of the lower two-thirds of the face is possible from a single facial pedicle. All dissections were completed within 3 hours. Graft procurement for the clinical study took 4 hours. The authors harvested the soft tissues of the face en bloc to save time and to prevent tissue injury. They restored the donor's face within approximately 4 hours, using a resin mask colored to resemble the donor's skin tone. All nerves were easily reattached. Voluntary activity was detected on clinical examination 5 months postoperatively, and electromyography confirmed nerve regrowth, with activity predominantly on the left side. The patient requested local anesthesia for biopsies performed in month 4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Partial facial composite tissue allotransplantation of the lower two-thirds of the face is technically feasible, with a good cosmetic and functional outcome in selected clinical cases. Flaps of this type establish vascular and neurologic connections in a reliable manner and can be procured with a rapid, standardized procedure.
authors.affiliation: Créteil, France From the Université Paris 12, Faculté de Médecine, and Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Service de Chirurgie Plastique, Reconstructrice, et Esthétique.
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Meningaud
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paraskevas
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ingallina
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bouhana
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lantieri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection / Q000379:methods; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000637:transplantation*; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000637:transplantation*; D054445:Facial Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017253:Neurofibromatoses / Q000601:surgery*; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000637:transplantation*; D016038:Skin Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014019:Tissue Donors; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous