title: Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: role of cytokines in the pathogenesis and implications for treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the contribution of cytokines to pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and prognosis of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA).
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE database search for studies published between 1980 and April 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PMR and GCA are characterized by a hyperproduction of IL-6. The role of other circulating cytokines in their pathogenesis remains unclear. Cytokine mRNA in the arterial wall of GCA can distinguish different clinical subgroups of patients. The profile of T cell-derived cytokines in GCA suggests that it is a Th1-driven disease. The scarce number of studies makes difficult to evaluate the exact contribution of cytokine polymorphisms to their pathogenesis. Small studies have suggested the utility of TNF antagonists in patients with refractory PMR and GCA. However, these data have not been confirmed in controlled studies in patients with recent onset disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of circulating cytokines in PMR and GCA. The study of tissue cytokines has provided important insights into the mechanisms implicated in the local inflammatory response that occurs in GCA. The important advance in the knowledge of the role of cytokines in PMR and GCA will have clear implications for treatment.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Rheumatology Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla. Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla-IFIMAV. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Avda. Valdecilla s/n 39008, Spain. vmartinezt@medynet.com
authors.forename: Victor Manuel
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Martinez-Taboada
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: RuizSoto
authors.forename: Maria Jose
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Marin-Vidalled
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopez-Hoyos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D013700:Giant Cell Arteritis / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000276:immunology; D016239:MEDLINE; D011111:Polymyalgia Rheumatica / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6