title: Postprostatectomy incontinence: all about diagnosis and management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ever-increasing number of radical prostatectomies entails an increasing number of patients suffering from postprostatectomy stress incontinence despite improved surgical techniques. We provide an overview of the current diagnosis and treatment of postprostatectomy stress incontinence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review previous and recent literature on this subject and to assess the current standards of diagnosis and management of postprostatectomy incontinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed database was searched, and all articles published since 2000 were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review presents the current recommended diagnostic tools and available noninvasive and invasive treatment options.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The European Association of Urology (EAU) recommends a two-stage assessment for diagnosis of postprostatectomy incontinence. Noninvasive therapy, pelvic floor-muscle training and biofeedback, is recommended in early postoperative and mild incontinence. Pharmacological treatment with duloxetine is especially effective in combination with physiotherapy, where it synergistically improves the continence rate. For surgical treatment, the insertion of an artificial urinary sphincter, AS-800, is still the gold standard. In recent years, several minimal invasive treatment options have been introduced with different rates of success, but they have not yet surpassed the results of the artificial sphincter.
authors.affiliation: Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany. Ricarda.Bauer@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Ricarda M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bastian
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gozzi
authors.forename: Christian G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Stief
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008405:Massage; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D053825:Suburethral Slings; D014521:Urethra / Q000503:physiopathology; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery; D016741:Urinary Sphincter, Artificial; D014945:Wound Healing