title: Positive crosstalk between ERK and p38 in melanoma stimulates migration and in vivo proliferation.
abstract: Melanoma is one of the most therapy-resistant cancers. Activating mutations in BRAF and NRAS are the source of extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway activation. We show that melanoma cell lines, originating in different metastatic sites, with BRAF or NRAS mutations, in addition to active mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)-ERK, also have highly activated stress activated protein kinase (SAPK)-p38. This is in direct contrast to carcinoma cells in which the activity of the two kinases appears to be mutually exclusive; high level of p38 activity inhibits, through a negative feedback, ERK activity and prevents tumorigenesis. Melanomas are insensitive to ERK inhibition by p38 and utilize p38-signaling pathway for migration and growth in vivo. We found a positive functional loop linking the high ERK activity to surface expression of alphaVbeta3-integrin. This integrin, by interacting with vitronectin, induces p38 activity and increases IL-8 production, enhancing cell migration. Because the negative loop from p38 to ERK is lost, the two kinases can remain simultaneously activated. Inhibition of ERK and p38 activities is more effective in blocking in vivo growth than inhibition of each kinase individually. Future therapies might have to consider targeting of both pathways.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Yeriel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Estrada
authors.forename: Jianli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ossowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002642:Chick Embryo; D049033:Chorioallantoic Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008545:Melanoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3; D016209:Interleukin-8; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases