title: Intra-dorsal hippocampal microinjections of lithium and scopolamine induce a cross state-dependent learning in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lithium, a mood stabilizer, may exert adverse effects on memory. We have previously shown that lithium induces state-dependent learning. Cholinergic systems of the brain may play an important role in memory function and mood regulation. In the present study, the effects of intra-dorsal hippocampal (intra-CA1) injections of lithium and scopolamine on memory and cross state-dependent learning between the two drugs were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  For memory assessment, a one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task was used in adult male NMRI mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intra-CA1 administration of lithium (0.5 and 1 microg/mouse) after training or injection of the drug (0.5microg/mouse) before testing impaired memory when retrieval was tested 24 hours later. The memory impairment by post-training lithium was reversed by pretest administration of the drug (0.5 microg/mouse, intra-CA1) suggesting lithium state-dependent learning. On the other hand, intra-CA1 administration of scopolamine (0.5, 1, and 2 microg/mouse) after training or injection of the drug (2 microg/mouse) before testing impaired memory when retrieval was tested 24 hours later. The impairment of memory by post-training injection of scopolamine (2 microg/mouse) was restored by the pretest injection of the drug (1 and 2 microg/mouse). Furthermore, memory impairment induced by post-training injection of lithium (0.5 microg/mouse) and scopolamine (2 microg/mouse) was reversed by pretest administration of scopolamine (0.5, 1, and 2 microg/mouse) and lithium (0.5 and 1 microg/mouse), respectively. The impairment by lithium was also reversed by physostigmine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that microinjections of both lithium and scopolamine induce state-dependent memory and there may be a cross state-dependency between the two drugs.
authors.affiliation: Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Batool
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ghorbanalizadeh-Khalifeh-Mahaleh
authors.forename: Saba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taheri
authors.forename: Mousa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sahebgharani
authors.forename: Ameneh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rezayof
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haeri-Rohani
authors.forename: Mohammad-Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Zarrindast
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018678:Cholinergic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects*; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008845:Microinjections; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D018678:Cholinergic Agents; D012601:Scopolamine; D018021:Lithium Chloride