title: In vitro chelating, cytotoxicity, and blood compatibility of degradable poly(ethylene glycol)-based macromolecular iron chelators.
abstract: Desferrioxamine (DFO) is used to treat an excess accumulation of iron in the body and is currently the most commonly used iron chelator for the treatment of 'iron overload' disorder. However, the disadvantages of DFO surround its high toxicity and very short plasma half-life. Here, the detailed in vitro evaluation of a novel class of high molecular weight iron chelators based on DFO and polyethylene glycol methacrylate is reported. Reversible addition fragment chain transfer (RAFT) copolymerization afforded polymer conjugates (P-DFO) with well-controlled molecular weight (27-127 kDa) and substitution of DFO (5-26 units per chain) along the copolymer. Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) based cell viability assays showed that the cytotoxicity of P-DFO decreased more than 100-fold at identical concentrations of DFO. The hemocompatibilities of various P-DFO samples were determined by measuring prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombelastograph parameters (TEG), complement activation, platelet activation, and red blood cell aggregation. Furthermore, the iron binding properties and chelating efficiency of P-DFO were compared to DFO by measuring the spectral properties upon binding to iron(III), while the prevention of iron(III) mediated oxidation of hemoglobin was also determined. Degradation of the P-DFO conjugates via cleavable ester linkages between the polymer backbone and the PEG side chains was evaluated using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and NMR. Since the chelating ability of DFO remains intact after conjugation to the copolymer backbone, these macromolecular, blood compatible and degradable conjugates are promising candidates as long circulating, non-toxic iron chelators.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.
authors.forename: Nicholas A A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Burt
authors.forename: Sonja A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Horte
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Jayachandran N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Kizhakkedathu
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects; D002384:Catalysis / Q000187:drug effects; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003167:Complement Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D003676:Deferoxamine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004903:Erythrocyte Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008970:Molecular Weight; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D015539:Platelet Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D053657:Platelet-Rich Plasma; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013916:Thrombelastography
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D006454:Hemoglobins; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D007501:Iron; D003676:Deferoxamine