Effects of long-term practice and task complexity on brain activities when performing abacus-based mental calculations: a PET study.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to examine the neural bases for the exceptional mental calculation ability possessed by Chinese abacus experts through PET imaging.


METHODS
We compared the different regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) patterns using (15)O-water PET in 10 abacus experts and 12 non-experts while they were performing each of the following three tasks: covert reading, simple addition, and complex contiguous addition. All data collected were analyzed using SPM2 and MNI templates.


RESULTS
For non-experts during the tasks of simple addition, the observed activation of brain regions were associated with coordination of language (inferior frontal network) and visuospatial processing (left parietal/frontal network). Similar activation patterns but with a larger visuospatial processing involvement were observed during complex contiguous addition tasks, suggesting the recruitment of more visuospatial memory for solving the complex problems. For abacus experts, however, the brain activation patterns showed slight differences when they were performing simple and complex addition tasks, both of which involve visuospatial processing (bilateral parietal/frontal network). These findings supported the notion that the experts were completing all the calculation process on a virtual mental abacus and relying on this same computational strategy in both simple and complex tasks, which required almost no increasing brain workload for solving the latter.


CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, after intensive training and practice, the neural pathways in an abacus expert have been connected more effectively for performing the number encoding and retrieval that are required in abacus tasks, resulting in exceptional mental computational ability.
Wu
Tung-Hsin
TH
Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Chen
Chia-Lin
CL
Huang
Yung-Hui
YH
Liu
Ren-Shyan
RS
Hsieh
Jen-Chuen
JC
Lee
Jason J S
JJ
D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011361:Professional Competence; D011932:Reading; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
D010104:Oxygen Radioisotopes