title: Occupational functioning and impairment in adults with body dysmorphic disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is relatively common and appears to be associated with marked impairment in psychosocial functioning. Previous reports, however, did not investigate occupational functioning in detail, assess impairment specifically in occupational functioning using standardized measures in a nontreatment seeking sample, or examine correlates of occupational impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Occupational functioning and other clinical variables were assessed in 141 adults with BDD. Measures included the Range of Impaired Functioning Tool and other reliable and valid self-report and interviewer-administered measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fewer than half of subjects were working full-time, and 22.7% were receiving disability pay. Thirty-nine percent of the sample reported not working in the past month because of psychopathology. Of those subjects who worked in the past month, 79.7% reported impairment in work functioning because of psychopathology. Adults with BDD who were not working because of psychopathology were comparable to subjects who were working in most demographic variables, delusionality of BDD beliefs, and duration of BDD. However, compared to subjects who worked in the past month, those not currently working because of psychopathology had more severe BDD and more chronic BDD. They also were more likely to be male, had less education, and had more severe depressive symptoms, a higher rate of certain comorbid disorders, poorer current social functioning and quality of life, a higher rate of lifetime suicidality, and were more likely to have been psychiatrically hospitalized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high proportion of individuals with BDD were unable to work because of psychopathology; most who worked reported impairment in occupational functioning. Certain clinical variables, including more severe and chronic BDD, were associated with not working.
authors.affiliation: Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. elizabeth_didie@brown.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Didie
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Menard
authors.forename: Adam P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Katharine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Phillips
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment; D014478:Unemployment / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States