title: Serologic findings in autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with immunoglobulin M warm autoantibodies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) associated with immunoglobulin M (IgM) warm autoantibodies is unusual but often severe, with more fatalities than other types of AIHA. Diagnosing this type of AIHA can be difficult because routine serologic data are not always informative.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine cases of IgM warm AIHA in 25 years were studied by serologic methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Routine direct antiglobulin tests (DATs) detected red blood cell (RBC)-bound C3 in 90 percent of cases (65% had C3 but no immunoglobulin G [IgG] on their RBCs) and IgG in 24 percent. IgM was detected on 29 of 47 (62%) patients' RBCs; RBC-bound IgM was detected in 14 of 47 cases by a tube DAT method and in an additional 15 of 21 (71%) cases using fluorescein isothiocyanate anti-IgM and flow cytometry. Eighty-one percent of eluates from patients' RBCs reacted. Warm autoagglutinins were present in 94 percent of serum samples; untreated and enzyme-treated RBCs were hemolyzed at 37 degrees C by 13 and 65 percent of serum samples, respectively. Most agglutinins were optimally reactive at 30 to 37 degrees C. Patients' RBCs were spontaneously agglutinated in 78 percent of cases; washing with 37 degrees C saline or treating RBCs with dithiothreitol resolved this problem. Clear specificity of autoantibody was defined in 35 percent of serum samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IgM warm AIHA can be confused with cold agglutinin syndrome and "mixed/combined"-type AIHA; a serologic workup by a specialist reference laboratory can help with the diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: American Red Cross Blood Services, Southern California Region, Pomona, California 91768, USA. arndtp@usa.redcross.org
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Arndt
authors.forename: Regina M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Leger
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garratty
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000371:Agglutination / Q000276:immunology; D000373:Agglutinins / Q000276:immunology; D000744:Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D003176:Complement C3 / Q000276:immunology; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000276:immunology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000373:Agglutinins; D001323:Autoantibodies; D003176:Complement C3; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate