Needle pain in children: contextual factors.
Pediatric pain experiences result from a complex interplay of genetic, experiential, and developmental factors. These elements, as they relate to needle-stick procedures and other relevant painful phenomena, are explored in this article so that the context of possible interventions may be more fully appreciated. Clinical implications are discussed incorporating ethical perspectives.
Walco
Gary A
GA
Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, 30 Prospect Ave, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA. gwalco@humed.com
D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D009339:Needles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods