title: Redundant chemical sensors for calibration-impossible applications.
abstract: Multiple chemical sensors are used to measure the same analyte simultaneously to determine whether the redundant signals can improve the long-term accuracy and circumvent the need for periodic calibrations. A specific marine chemistry application was investigated where six glass pH electrodes were placed in a synthetic seawater solution for nearly 2 months without recalibration. The pH accuracy was evaluated by comparison with spectrophotometric pH measurements. The standard deviation, t-test and principal-component analysis were used to evaluate the redundant signals. The average signal standard deviation was useful for determining the onset of drift, whereas, the principal-component analysis readily identified specific sensors that were drifting. The sensor signals, shown through t-tests to be outliers, were eliminated from the data set, resulting in a significant improvement in measurement accuracy. After 56 days, the signals from non-drifting and drifting sensors resulted in a pH accuracy of +/-0.012 and +/-0.040, respectively, over a threefold improvement. The residual +/-0.012 inaccuracy was limited by the performance of the remaining sensors, which appeared to drift with similar magnitude and could therefore not be statistically separated. These results indicate that redundant sensors coupled with a principal-component analysis are a potential alternative for situations where calibrations are not feasible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT59812, USA.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Seiter
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Degrandpre