title: Impact of novel MDR modulators on human cancer cells: reversal activities and induction studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Novel multidrug resistance (mdr) modulators have been proved as inhibitors of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). We first investigated the in vitro effects of selected compounds in human cancer cells on multidrug resistance reversal effects compared to drug standards and on P-gp induction to characterize the potential of the compounds as clinical candidates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The uptake of daunorubicin into a parental cancer cell line and P-gp expressing subcell line in presence of the modulators was characterized by flow cytometry. Induction of P-gp was investigated in P-gp expressing and non-expressing cancer cell lines on the RNA level by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTQ-PCR) and protein quantification. Results were additionally confirmed by northern blot techniques and functionality assays in selected cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The novel modulators showed activities as mdr reversers in a P-gp specific human cancer cell model with mainly increased uptake rates of daunorubicin into the drug-resistant cell line. H17 proved to be more active than cyclosporine A as a known strong mdr modulator. The induction studies revealed practically no induction potential of the compounds in usual short-time drug application regimes in all cell lines. Furthermore, the novel modulators did not increase the efflux of a P-gp model substrate in the functionality model assay. This confirmed the results of non-P-gp induction which was observed on both the RNA and the protein levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel mdr modulators proved as perspective candidates for further clinical studies because they turned out to be highly active in human cancer cell models. Furthermore, they showed no potential to induce the transmembrane efflux pump P-gp. This is a significant advantage compared to modulators which failed in clinical trials because of induction-effects that increase cellular resistances and, moreover, side effects in normal cells.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120, Halle, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudius
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coburger
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lage
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Molnár
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hilgeroth
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003630:Daunorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016572:Cyclosporine; D003630:Daunorubicin