title: Maternal gestational weight gain and offspring weight in adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study associations of maternal gestational weight gain with offspring weight status in adolescence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed 11,994 adolescents aged 9-14 years enrolled in the Growing Up Today Study cohort and their mothers, members of the Nurses' Health Study II. We used multivariable linear and logistic regression to study associations of gestational weight gain with offspring adiposity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (standard deviation) gestational weight gain was 31.5 (11.2) pounds, and offspring body mass index (BMI) z score (BMI standardized for age and sex) was 0.15 (1.0) units; 6.5% of adolescents were obese (BMI 95th percentile or higher) (BMI is calculated as weight [kg]/[height (m)]2). Gestational gain was linearly associated with adolescent adiposity: compared with 20-24 pounds, gain less than 10 pounds was associated with child BMI z score 0.25 units lower (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.47 to -0.04), and gain 45 pounds or more with BMI z score 0.18 units higher (95% CI 0.11-0.25). Compared with women with adequate gain according to 1990 Institute of Medicine guidelines, women with excessive gain had children with higher BMI z scores (0.14 units, 95% CI 0.09-0.18) and risk of obesity (odds ratio 1.42, 95% CI 1.19-1.70). The predicted prevalence of term low birth weight declined modestly across the range of gain (2% for gain less than 10 pounds, 1% for gain 45 pounds or more), whereas term high birth weight increased dramatically with higher gain (10% for gain less than 10 pounds, 35% for gain of 45 pounds or more).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gestational weight gain is directly associated with BMI and risk of obesity in adolescence. Revised gestational weight-gain guidelines should account for influences on child weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  II.
authors.affiliation: Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. emily_oken@hphc.org
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oken
authors.forename: Sheryl L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rifas-Shiman
authors.forename: Alison E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: A Lindsay
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gillman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000502:physiology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult