A case control population-based study investigating smoking as a risk factor for gastroschisis in Utah, 1997-2005.
BACKGROUND
Smoking in pregnancy increases the risk for many different adverse pregnancy outcomes, including birth defects. Gastroschisis, a birth defect most commonly associated with young maternal age has been associated with smoking, but findings are inconsistent. We assessed whether smoking increases the risk for gastroschisis using population-based data from Utah.


METHODS
Gastroschisis cases (n = 189) were identified from the Utah Birth Defect Network and all live births without birth defects (n = 423,499) occurring in Utah from January 1, 1997 through December 31, 2005 served as controls. Exposure data were derived from birth certificates and fetal death certificates and, for terminated pregnancies, the Utah Birth Defect Network.


RESULTS
Women who smoked during the first trimester of pregnancy had an increased risk of gastroschisis (OR 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.3) after adjusting for maternal age and preconception BMI. Discordance between birth certificate data and data from structured interviews increased exposure prevalence from 16.9 to 22.2% for case mothers and 7.4 to 13.2% for control mothers. Accounting for this misclassification, the crude OR decreased by 24%, 1.9 (1.3, 2.7).


CONCLUSIONS
Though first trimester cigarette smoking was reported on birth certificates by more mothers of gastroschisis cases than controls, adjustment for confounders (maternal age and preconception BMI) and smoking misclassification suggests the association is weak. Despite a decrease in smoking prevalence among all women of childbearing years in Utah between 1997 and 2005, the prevalence of gastroschisis has not followed a similar trend.
Feldkamp
Marcia L
ML
Department of Medical Genetics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA. Marcia.feldkamp@hsc.utah.edu
Alder
Stephen C
SC
Carey
John C
JC
D000328:Adult; D001719:Birth Certificates; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D020139:Gastroschisis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014589:Utah / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult