title: Inhaled milrinone attenuates experimental acute lung injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether inhalation of the phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor milrinone may attenuate experimental acute lung injury (ALI).
  
  
  METHODS
  In rats, ALI was induced by infusion of oleic acid (OA). After 30 min, milrinone was inhaled either as single dose, or repeatedly in 30 min intervals. In mice, ALI was induced by intratracheal instillation of hydrochloric acid, followed by a single milrinone inhalation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hours after OA infusion, ALI was evident as lung inflammation, protein-rich edema and hypoxemia. A single inhalation of milrinone attenuated the increase in lung wet-to-dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase activity, and reduced protein concentration, neutrophil counts and TNF-alpha levels in bronchoalveolar lavage. This effect was further pronounced when milrinone was repeatedly inhaled. In mice with acid-induced ALI, milrinone attenuated hypoxemia and prevented the increase in lung myeloperoxidase activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhalation of aerosolized milrinone may present a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ALI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bueltmann
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Zhongmin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koster
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuppe
authors.forename: Wolfgang M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Kuebler
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D020105:Milrinone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D020105:Milrinone