title: Using acetone as solvent to study removal of anthracene in soil inhibits microbial activity and alters nitrogen dynamics.
abstract: Acetone is often used as a carrier to contaminate soil with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and then to study the factors that control their removal. Acetone is an organic solvent that might affect soil processes. An alkaline saline (Texcoco soil) and an agricultural soil (Acolman soil) were amended with or without acetone, nitrogen + phosphorus (NP), and contaminated with anthracene at 520 mg/kg soil while emissions of CO2 and N2O and concentrations of NH4+, NO2(-) and NO3(-) were monitored. The CO2 emission rate decreased greater than 10 times in the soils amended with acetone. Emission of N2O decreased 70 times in the Acolman soil amended with acetone and NP and 5 times in the Texcoco soil. The concentration of NH4+ decreased in the unamended Acolman and Texcoco soil but increased when acetone was added in the first and remained constant in the latter. Acetone inhibited the increase in the amount of NO3(-) in the Acolman soil but not in the Texcoco soil. It was found that microbial activity as evidenced by the emission of CO2, nitrification, and production of N2O were inhibited by acetone. The amount of acetone used as solvent should thus be kept to a minimum, but it can be assumed that its effect on soil processes will be temporary, as microorganisms are known to repopulate soil quickly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Cinvestav, Mexico D.F, C.P. 07000, Mexico. evazquez@cinvestav.mx
authors.forename: Edgar Vázquez
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Núñez
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Alejandro García
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Gaytán
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luna-Guido
authors.forename: Liliana A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Betancur-Galvis
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marsch
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dendooven
mesh_terms: D000096:Acetone / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000873:Anthracenes / Q000032:analysis*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008800:Mexico; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry*; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D012997:Solvents; D000096:Acetone; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen