title: Synthesis and in vitro studies on a potential dopamine prodrug.
abstract: Dopamine delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) undergoes the permeability limitations of blood-brain barrier (BBB) which is a selective interface that excludes most water-soluble molecules from entering the brain. Neutral amino acids permeate the BBB by specific transport systems. Condensation of dopamine with neutral amino acids could afford potential prodrugs able to interact with the BBB endogenous transporters and easily enter the brain. The synthesis and characterization of the dopamine derivative 2-amino-N-[2-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-3-phenyl-propionamide (7) is described. The chemical and enzymatic stability of 7 was evaluated. The molecular weight (300 Da) and Log Papp (0.76) indicated that the physico-chemical characteristics of compound 7 are adequate to cross biological membranes. Compound 7 was enzymatically cleaved to free dopamine in rat brain homogenate (t1/2 = 460 min). In human plasma, the t1/2 of 7 was estimated comparable to that reported for L-DOPA. In view of a possible oral administration of 7, studies of its chemical behavior under conditions simulating those of the gastrointestinal tract showed that no dopamine production occurred; furthermore, 7 is able to permeate through a simulated intestinal mucosal membrane. The collected data suggest that compound 7 could beconsidered a very valuable candidate for subsequent in vivo evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy. litagian@unipa.it
authors.forename: L I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Giannola
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Caro
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giandalia
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Siragusa
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lamartina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002021:Buffers; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004298:Dopamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011355:Prodrugs; D004298:Dopamine