title: Chlamydia trachomatis responds to heat shock, penicillin induced persistence, and IFN-gamma persistence by altering levels of the extracytoplasmic stress response protease HtrA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chlamydia trachomatis, an obligate intracellular human pathogen, is the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide and a leading cause of preventable blindness. HtrA is a virulence and stress response periplasmic serine protease and molecular chaperone found in many bacteria. Recombinant purified C. trachomatis HtrA has been previously shown to have both activities. This investigation examined the physiological role of Chlamydia trachomatis HtrA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Chlamydia trachomatis htrA gene complemented the lethal high temperature phenotype of Escherichia coli htrA- (>42 degrees C). HtrA levels were detected to increase by western blot and immunofluorescence during Chlamydia heat shock experiments. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a likely periplasmic localisation of HtrA. During penicillin induced persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis, HtrA levels (as a ratio of LPS) were initially less than control acute cultures (20 h post infection) but increased to more than acute cultures at 44 h post infection. This was unlike IFN-gamma persistence where lower levels of HtrA were observed, suggesting Chlamydia trachomatis IFN-gamma persistence does not involve a broad stress response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The heterologous heat shock protection for Escherichia coli, and increased HtrA during cell wall disruption via penicillin and heat shock, indicates an important role for HtrA during high protein stress conditions for Chlamydia trachomatis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 60 Musk Ave, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia. w.huston@qut.edu.au
authors.forename: Wilhelmina M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Huston
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Theodoropoulos
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Timms
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D018869:Heat-Shock Response; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010406:Penicillins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019897:Periplasm / Q000737:chemistry; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D010406:Penicillins; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases