title: A multidisciplinary study of patients with early-onset PD with and without parkin mutations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish phenotype-genotype correlations in early-onset Parkinson disease (EOPD), we performed neurologic, neuropsychological, and psychiatric evaluations in a series of patients with and without parkin mutations.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Parkin (PARK2) gene mutations are the major cause of autosomal recessive parkinsonism. The usual clinical features are early-onset typical PD with a slow clinical course, an excellent response to low doses of levodopa, frequent treatment-induced dyskinesias, and the absence of dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 44 patients with EOPD (21 with and 23 without parkin mutations) and 9 unaffected single heterozygous carriers of parkin mutations underwent extensive clinical, neuropsychological, and psychiatric examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The neurologic, neuropsychological, and psychiatric features were similar in all patients, except for significantly lower daily doses of dopaminergic treatment and greater delay in the development of levodopa-related fluctuations (p < 0.05) in parkin mutation carriers compared to noncarriers. There was no major difference between the two groups in terms of general cognitive efficiency. Psychiatric manifestations (depression) were more frequent in patients than in healthy single heterozygous parkin carriers but did not differ between the two groups of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carriers of parkin mutations are clinically indistinguishable from other patients with young-onset Parkinson disease (PD) on an individual basis. Severe generalized loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta in these patients is associated with an excellent response to low doses of dopa-equivalent and delayed fluctuations, but cognitive impairment and special behavioral or psychiatric symptoms were not more severe than in other patients with early-onset PD.
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR S_679, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lohmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thobois
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lesage
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Broussolle
authors.forename: S Tezenas
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: du Montcel
authors.forename: M-J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Remy
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pelissolo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mallet
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pollak
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Agid
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brice
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005820:Genetic Testing; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; C111567:parkin protein