title: Cyclin D1 is frequently overexpressed in microsatellite unstable colorectal cancer, independent of CpG island methylator phenotype.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinases are commonly activated in colorectal cancer. Microsatellite instability (MSI) and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) are important molecular classifiers in colorectal cancer. The aim was to clarify the relationship between cyclin D1, MSI and CIMP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 865 colorectal cancers with MSI and CIMP data, 246 tumours (28.4%) showed cyclin D1 overexpression by immunohistochemistry. DNA methylation in p14 and eight CIMP-specific promoters (CACNA1G, CDKN2A (p16), CRABP1, IGF2, MLH1, NEUROG1, RUNX3 and SOCS1) was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (MethyLight). Both MSI-high and CIMP-high were associated with cyclin D1 overexpression (P < 0.0001). After tumours were stratified by MSI and CIMP status, the relationship between MSI-high and cyclin D1 persisted (P < or = 0.02), whereas the relationship between CIMP-high and cyclin D1 did not. Cyclin D1 overexpression was correlated with BRAF mutation (P = 0.0001), p27 loss (P = 0.0007) and p16 loss (P = 0.02), and inversely with p53 expression (P = 0.0002) and p21 loss (P < 0.0001). After stratification by MSI status, the inverse relationship between cyclin D1 and p21 loss still persisted (P < 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cyclin D1 activation is associated with MSI and inversely with p21 loss in colorectal cancers. Cyclin D1 may play an important role in the development of MSI-high tumours, independent of CIMP status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nosho
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohnishi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suemoto
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kirkner
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogino
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053842:Microsatellite Instability; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D019938:Cyclin D1; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf