title: Changes in salivary physiological stress markers induced by muscle stretching in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychophysiological processing has been reported to play a crucial role in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but there has been no report on modulation of the stress marker chromogranin A (CgA) resulting from muscle stretching. We hypothesized that abdominal muscle stretching as a passive operation would have a beneficial effect on a biochemical index of the activity of the sympathetic/adrenomedullary system (salivary CgA) and anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen control and eighteen untreated IBS subjects underwent experimental abdominal muscle stretching for 4 min. Subjects relaxed in a supine position with their knees fully flexed while their pelvic and trunk rotation was passively and slowly moved from 0 degrees of abdominal rotation to about 90 degrees or the point where the subject reported feeling discomfort.Changes in the Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale (GSRS), State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), ordinate scale and salivary CgA levels were compared between controls and IBS subjects before and after stretching. A three-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with period (before vs. after) as the within-subject factor and group (IBS vs. Control), and sex (men vs. female) as the between-subject factors was carried out on salivary CgA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CgA showed significant interactions between period and groups (F[1, 31] = 4.89, p = 0.03), and between groups and sex (F[1, 31] = 4.73, p = 0.03). Interactions between period and sex of CgA secretion were not shown (F[1, 3] = 2.60, p = 0.12). At the baseline, salivary CgA in IBS subjects (36.7 +/- 5.9 pmol/mg) was significantly higher than in controls (19.9 +/- 5.5 pmol/mg, p < 0.05). After the stretching, salivary CgA significantly decreased in the IBS group (25.5 +/- 4.5 pmol/mg), and this value did not differ from that in controls (18.6 +/- 3.9 pmol/mg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest the possibility of improving IBS pathophysiology by passive abdominal muscle stretching as indicated by CgA, a biochemical index of the activity of the sympathetic/adrenomedullary system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama, Japan. hamaguchi-toyohiro@spu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Toyohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hamaguchi
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukudo
authors.forename: Motoyori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanazawa
authors.forename: Tadaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomiie
authors.forename: Kunihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Mineo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oyama
authors.forename: Kohji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakurai