title: Direct and simultaneous determination of arsenic, manganese, cobalt and nickel in urine with a multielement graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer.
abstract: A simple method was developed for the direct and simultaneous determination of arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni) in urine by a multi-element graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer SIMAA 6000) equipped with the transversely heated graphite atomizer and longitudinal Zeeman-effect background correction. Pd was used as the chemical modifier along with either the internal furnace gas or a internal furnace gas containing hydrogen and a double stage pyrolysis process. A standard reference material (SRM) of Seronormtrade mark Trace Elements in urine was used to confirm the accuracy of the method. The optimum conditions for the analysis of urine samples are pyrolysis at 1350 degrees C (using 5% H(2) v/v in Ar as the inter furnace gas during the first pyrolysis stage and pure Ar during the second pyrolysis stage) and atomization at 2100 degrees C. The use of Ar and matrix-free standards resulted in concentrations for all the analytes within 85% (As) to 110% (Ni) of the certified values. The recovery for As was improved when mixture of 5% H(2) and 95% Ar (v/v) internal furnace gas was applied during the first step of a two-stage pyrolysis at 1350 degrees C, and the found values of the analytes were within 91-110% of the certified value. The recoveries for real urine samples were in the range 88-95% for these four elements. The detection limits were 0.78mugl(-1) for As, 0.054mugl(-1) for Mn, 0.22mugl(-1) for Co, and 0.35mugl(-1) for Ni. The upper limits of the linear calibration curve are 60mugl(-1) (As); 12mugl(-1) (Mn); 12mugl(-1) (Co) and 25mugl(-1) (Ni), respectively. The relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) for the analysis of SRM were 2% or less. The R.S.D.s of a real urine sample are 1.6% (As), 6.3% (Mn), 7.0% (Ni) and 8.0% (Co), respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Man-Ching
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hsiang
authors.forename: Yu-Hsiang
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Shang-Da
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Huang