title: An autonomous surgical robot for drilling a cochleostomy: preliminary porcine trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To produce an autonomous drilling robot capable of performing a bony cochleostomy whilst minimising the damage to the underlying cochlear endosteum.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this laboratory based study, a robotic drill was designed to measure the changes in force and torque experienced by the tool point during the drilling process. This information is used to predict the point of breakthrough and stop the drill prior to damaging the underlying endosteal membrane.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aston University.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five porcine cochleas.
  
  
  METHODS
  An assessment was made of whether a successful bony cochleostomy was performed, the integrity of endosteal membrane was then assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The autonomous surgical robotic drill successfully performed a bony cochleostomy and stopped without damaging the endosteal membrane in all five cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The autonomous surgical robotic drill can perform a cochleostomy whilst minimising the trauma to the endosteal membrane. The system allows information about the state of the drilling process to be derived using force and torque data from the tool point. This information can be used to effectively predict drill breakthrough and implement a control strategy to minimise drill penetration beyond the far surface.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. chriscoulson@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Coulson
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Proops
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Brett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003051:Cochlea / Q000601:surgery*; D013506:Otologic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012371:Robotics; D013552:Swine