title: [Are there differences in immunogenicity and safety of vaccines according to the injection method?].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A literature review was made to answer the following question: are there differences in immunogenicity and safety of vaccines according to the administration route (intramuscular or subcutaneous) and the length of needles used for injection?
  
  
  METHODS
  The search strategy included electronic searching (Medline database via PubMed) and cross-references. Articles were selected by reading abstracts, guided by the clinical question. A total of 18 articles were selected and analyzed; 13 answered the question.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine articles compared the immunogenicity and/or the safety of a given vaccine administered via both intramuscular and subcutaneous routes. All the results showed that immunogenicity and systemic safety of the intramuscular route was at least as good as that of the subcutaneous route. Local tolerance was usually better via intramuscular route (lower risk of developing erythema or edema). Four articles compared the immunogenicity and the safety of vaccines administered with short (16mm) and long (25mm) needles in children. Long needles induced fewer local reactions, probably because they can reach more vascularized muscle, especially in overweight and obese patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunogenicity and safety results are in favor of intramuscular vaccination. The appropriate needle length must to be adapted according to the morphological aspects (subcutaneous tissue and muscle thickness).
authors.affiliation: Service universitaire régional des maladies infectieuses et du voyageur, centre hospitalier de Dron, 135, rue du Président-Coty, 59208 Tourcoing, France. fajana@ch-tourcoing.fr
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ajana
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sana
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Caulin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm; D049628:Body Size; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology; D004890:Erythema / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007223:Infant; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D018448:Models, Immunological; D009339:Needles; D009928:Organ Specificity; D013848:Thigh; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D014612:Vaccines