title: Prophylaxis after first febrile urinary tract infection in children? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Febrile urinary tract infections are common in children and associated with the risk for renal scarring and long-term complications. Antimicrobial prophylaxis has been used to reduce the risk for recurrence. We performed a study to determine whether no prophylaxis is similar to antimicrobial prophylaxis for 12 months in reducing the recurrence of febrile urinary tract infections in children after a first febrile urinary tract infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a controlled, randomized, open-label, 2-armed, noninferiority trial comparing no prophylaxis with prophylaxis (co-trimoxazole 15 mg/kg per day or co-amoxiclav 15 mg/kg per day) for 12 months. A total of 338 children who were aged 2 months to <7 years and had a first episode of febrile urinary tract infection were enrolled: 309 with a confirmed pyelonephritis on a technetium 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid scan with or without reflux and 27 with a clinical pyelonephritis and reflux. The primary end point was recurrence rate of febrile urinary tract infections during 12 months. Secondary end point was the rate of renal scarring produced by recurrent urinary tract infections on technetium 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid scan after 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intention-to-treat analysis showed no significant differences in the primary outcome between no prophylaxis and prophylaxis: 12 (9.45%) of 127 vs 15 (7.11%) of 211. In the subgroup of children with reflux, the recurrence of febrile urinary tract infections was 9 (19.6%) of 46 on no prophylaxis and 10 (12.1%) of 82 on prophylaxis. No significant difference was found in the secondary outcome: 2 (1.9%) of 108 on no prophylaxis versus 2 (1.1%) of 187 on prophylaxis. Bivariate analysis and Cox proportional hazard model showed that grade III reflux was a risk factor for recurrent febrile urinary tract infections. Whereas increasing age was protective, use of no prophylaxis was not a risk factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For children with or without primary nonsevere reflux, prophylaxis does not reduce the rate of recurrent febrile urinary tract infections after the first episode.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Azienda Ospedaliera-University of Padua, Italy. montini@pediatria.unipd.it
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Montini
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rigon
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zucchetta
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fregonese
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toffolo
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gobber
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cecchin
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pavanello
authors.forename: Pier Paolo
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Molinari
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maschio
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zanchetta
authors.forename: Walburga
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cassar
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Casadio
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Crivellaro
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fortunati
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corsini
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calderan
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Comacchio
authors.forename: Lisanna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tommasi
authors.forename: Ian K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.forename: Liviana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Da Dalt
authors.forename: Graziella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zacchello
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dall'Amico
mesh_terms: D019980:Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; D019980:Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination