title: Spatial and temporal variations in incidence of tuberculosis in Africa, 1991 to 2005.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the geographical and temporal distribution of tuberculosis in Africa in order to identify possible high-risk areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Time-trend and spatial analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  World Health Organization Statistical Information System and U.S. Census Bureau International Data Base.
  
  
  METHODS
  Time trends in the 15-year study period from 1991 to 2005 were analyzed by Poisson regression models. Global Moran's I and Moran Local Indicators of Spatial Associations were used to test for evidence of global and local spatial clustering, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Southern, Eastern and Middle Africa experienced an upward trend in the number of reported cases of tuberculosis (TB). The number of Northern African TB cases declined steadily over the 15-year study period. The spatial distribution of TB cases was nonrandom and clustered, with a Moran's I = 0.492 (p = .001). Spatial clustering suggested that 25 countries were at increased risk of tuberculosis, and ten countries could be grouped as "hot spots."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study identified spatial and temporal patterns in tuberculosis distribution, providing a means to quantify explicit tuberculosis risks and laying a foundation to pursue further investigation into the environmental factors responsible for increased disease risk. This information is important in guiding decisions on tuberculosis control strategies.
authors.affiliation: Center for Evidence-based Global Health, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. uthlekan@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Olalekan A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Uthman
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D013997:Time Factors; D019371:Topography, Medical; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology*