title: Lesion complexity and angiographic outcomes in radial access percutaneous coronary intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is increasingly performed from the radial arterial (RA) access site. Few studies have examined the interaction between a default radial approach, lesion complexity, and angiographic outcome. This study investigates lesion complexity, arterial access route, and angiographic outcome in routine clinical practice by default radial operators.
  
  
  METHODS
  All cases of PCI over a 12-month period (Jan 2005 to Jan 2006) at our regional cardiac center were prospectively entered into a database detailing arterial access route, target vessel and lesion characteristics, and lesion-specific angiographic outcome. Angiographic success was defined as residual stenosis <50% for balloon angioplasty alone or <20% for a stented lesion in the presence of TIMI 3 flow in the target vessel. All procedures carried out by default radial operators were selected for further retrospective analysis. Reasons for not completing a case via the radial route were recorded. Radial and femoral cases by default radial operators were evaluated on grounds of lesion complexity and angiographic outcome for each treated lesion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RA was the intended route in 91.5% of 1,324 procedures (91.5% of 2,239 lesions), and the final route in 90.1% of procedures (90.2% of lesions). There were 19 crossover procedures (30 lesions), all from radial to femoral access (FA). Crossovers were due to failed radial artery cannulation or sheath placement (9 procedures), inability to advance the guide catheter into the aortic root (7 procedures), and other guide catheter handling or support issues (3 procedures). Counting crossovers as failures, angiographic success rate was 96% among lesions for which RA was the primary intention. Complexity of cases was high (80.1% of RA lesions ACC/AHA type B2 or C).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A default radial approach is compatible with successful treatment of a wide range of coronary lesions, with a low incidence of crossover to femoral access. When the radial approach fails, it is usually due to access problems rather than issues of guide catheter handling and support.
authors.affiliation: Liverpool Cardiothoracic Center, Liverpool, United Kingdom. elvedroberts@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Elved Bryn
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Sudhir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rathore
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beaumont
authors.forename: Albert E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Alahmar
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andron
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Raphael A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Rodney H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Stables
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017534:Radial Artery; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome