title: Alzheimer disease with cerebrovascular disease and vascular dementia: clinical features and course compared with Alzheimer disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer disease with cerebrovascular disease (AD+CVD) are the leading causes of dementia after Alzheimer disease alone (AD). Little is known about the progression of either VaD or AD+CVD. The aim of this study was to compare demographic features, cognitive decline and survival of patients with VaD, AD+CVD and AD alone attending a memory clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 970 patients who were followed at the Lille-Bailleul memory clinic, France. Cognitive functions were measured with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS). Survival rate was analysed with a left-truncated Cox model. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, education, hypertension, diabetes and baseline MMSE and DRS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 970 patients, 141 had VaD, 663 AD alone and 166 AD+CVD. The latter were significantly older than AD or VaD patients at onset (71 (SD 7) vs 69 (9) and 68 (9) years, p = 0.01) and at first visit (75 (6) vs 73 (8) and 72 (8) years, p = 0.0002). Baseline MMSE and DRS evaluations were highest for VaD compared with AD alone or AD+CVD patients (p<0.006). Cognitive decline during follow-up was slowest for VaD, intermediate for AD+CVD and fastest for AD alone (p = 0.03). After adjustment, compared with AD patients, mortality risk was similar for those with VaD (relative mortality risk (RR) = 0.7 (0.5 to 1.1)) and tended to be lower for AD+CVD (RR = 0.7 (0.5 to 1.0)). The shorter the delay between first symptoms and first visit, the longer patients survived.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This clinical cohort study shows that patients with VaD, AD+CVD and AD present different characteristics at baseline and during follow-up, and underlines the need to distinguish between them.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U744, Lille, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bruandet
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bombois
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Maurage
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Deramecourt
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lebert
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amouyel
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pasquier
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003710:Demography; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed