title: Practicing a musical instrument in childhood is associated with enhanced verbal ability and nonverbal reasoning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study we investigated the association between instrumental music training in childhood and outcomes closely related to music training as well as those more distantly related.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children who received at least three years (M = 4.6 years) of instrumental music training outperformed their control counterparts on two outcomes closely related to music (auditory discrimination abilities and fine motor skills) and on two outcomes distantly related to music (vocabulary and nonverbal reasoning skills). Duration of training also predicted these outcomes. Contrary to previous research, instrumental music training was not associated with heightened spatial skills, phonemic awareness, or mathematical abilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While these results are correlational only, the strong predictive effect of training duration suggests that instrumental music training may enhance auditory discrimination, fine motor skills, vocabulary, and nonverbal reasoning. Alternative explanations for these results are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Forgeard
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Winner
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Gottfried
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schlaug
mesh_terms: D001076:Aptitude / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D014825:Vocabulary