title: Vascular brachytherapy for patients with drug-eluting stent restenosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rate of drug-eluting stent (DES) in-stent restenosis (ISR) exceeds 10% in complex subsets of patients and lesions. The optimal management of DES ISR remains undetermined. Vascular brachytherapy (VBT) is proven to be effective for the treatment of bare metal stent ISR but its outcome for DES ISR has not been established.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-nine consecutive patients who presented with ISR following DES implantation in 122 lesions were subjected to conventional percutaneous coronary intervention with adjunct VBT using either beta radiation (Beta Rail in 74 patients [82.2%] and the Galileo system in 13 patients [14.4%]) or gamma radiation (Checkmate system in 3 patients [3.3%]). Patients were followed clinically for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during 1-year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high proportion of patients in this cohort presented with complex ISR; 31.1% had recurrences of ISR to the same site, 55% had diffuse or proliferate pattern of restenosis, and 23 lesions (18.9%) were located in a saphenous vein graft. Procedural success and uneventful in-hospital course were documented in all patients post VBT. At 12 months' follow-up, the target lesion revascularization (TLR) rate was 11% and the overall MACE rate was 26%. Patients with multiple episodes of ISR to the same site had a TLR of 16% and MACE rate of 35.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VBT for the treatment of DES ISR was found to be effective and safe and should be considered for the treatment of DES ISR, in particular in complex patients with multiple recurrences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonello
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaneshige
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Labriolle
authors.forename: Probal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lemesle
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torguson
authors.forename: Lowell F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Satler
authors.forename: Augusto D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pichard
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waksman
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D023903:Coronary Restenosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D004219:District of Columbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D054855:Drug-Eluting Stents / Q000009:adverse effects; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome