title: Differential impact of adherence on long-term treatment response among naive HIV-infected individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the long-term impact of adherence on virologic, immunologic, and dual response stratified by type of HAART regimen in treatment-naive patients starting HAART in British Columbia, Canada; and to assess the degree of virologic and immunologic response associated with emergence of drug resistance, progression to AIDS, and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible participants initiated HAART between 1 January 2000 and 30 November 2004, were followed until 30 November 2005, and had at least 2 years of follow-up. Virologic and immunologic responses were dichotomized at their median values. Virologic response was defined as at least 65% of follow-up time with plasma viral load (pVL) of less than 50 copies/ml. Immunologic response was defined as a CD4 cell count increase of at least 145 cells/microl. Adherence measures were based on prescription refill compliance. Proportional odds models and logistic regression were used to address our objectives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distribution of patient responses was 394 (44.9%) for CD4+/pVL+ (best), 350 (39.9%) for CD4-/pVL+ or CD4+/pVL- (incomplete), and 134 (15.3%) for CD4-/pVL- (worst). We found a positive correlation between adherence and virologic and immunologic responses (P < 0.01). Having worst compared with best response (reference group) was associated with higher odds of mortality (odds ratio: 6.09; 95% confidence interval: 2.57-14.42) and emergence of drug resistance (odds ratio: 10.56; 95% confidence interval: 5.93-18.81) even after adjusting for adherence and HAART regimen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients not attaining the best virologic and immunologic responses are at a high risk for emergence of drug resistance and mortality, and these responses are highly dependent on the adherence level and initial HAART regimen. Patients on protease inhibitor-single did worse no matter the adherence level.
authors.affiliation: British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Viviane D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Harrigan
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.forename: Julio Sg
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Montaner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods*; D001955:British Columbia; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D018450:Disease Progression; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors