title: Factors affecting human supragingival biofilm composition. I. Plaque mass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about the factors that affect the microbial composition of supragingival biofilms. This study was designed to examine the relationship between total DNA probe counts of supragingival biofilm samples, clinical parameters and supragingival biofilm composition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Supragingival plaque samples were taken from 187 systemically healthy adult subjects (n = 4745 samples). All samples were individually analyzed for their content of 40 bacterial species using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. The relationship between total DNA probe counts and microbial composition was examined by subsetting the data into 10 groups based on 10 percentile increments of the total DNA probe counts. Differences among groups in terms of species counts and proportions were sought, as well as relationships of total plaque DNA probe count and clinical parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a wide distribution in mean total DNA probe counts among the 187 subjects. With increasing total plaque levels there was a change in the proportions of individual species and microbial complexes. 'Small plaques' were characterized by high proportions of species in the yellow, orange, purple and 'other' complexes; plaques of moderate mass were characterized by high proportions of Actinomyces and purple complex species, while 'large plaques' exhibited increased proportions of green and orange complex species. Measures of gingival inflammation, pocket depth and recession were significantly positively associated with total DNA probe counts. Increased plaque numbers were related to increased pocket depth irrespective of presence or absence of gingival inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proportions of individual species and microbial complexes in supragingival biofilms are influenced by the total numbers of organisms in the biofilm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ahaffajee@forsyth.org
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Haffajee
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Teles
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Veiga
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Socransky
mesh_terms: D000190:Actinomyces / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000145:classification*; D002206:Capnocytophaga / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D015342:DNA Probes; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D016124:Eikenella corrodens / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000382:microbiology; D005889:Gingival Recession / Q000382:microbiology; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009343:Neisseria / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000382:microbiology; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000382:microbiology; D018720:Prevotella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D048373:Treponema denticola / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014678:Veillonella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes; D004269:DNA, Bacterial