title: A kinematic and electromyographic analysis of turning in people with Parkinson disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parkinson disease frequently causes difficulty turning that can lead to falls, loss of independence, and diminished quality of life. Turning in tight spaces, which may be particularly impaired in Parkinson disease, is an essential part of our daily lives, yet a comprehensive analysis of in-place turning has not been published.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to determine whether there are objective differences in turning between people with Parkinson disease and unimpaired people.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-place turning with kinematics and electromyographic measures was characterized in 11 participants with Parkinson disease and 12 healthy people. Kinematic data were recorded using a 3-dimensional motion capture system in synchrony with electromyographic data from lower extremity muscles as participants turned 180 degrees . Those with Parkinson disease were tested after overnight withdrawal of medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups used 2 distinct turning strategies. In one, the foot ipsilateral to the turning direction initiated the turn; in the other, the foot contralateral to the turning direction initiated the turn. Kinematic analysis demonstrated a craniocaudal sequence of turning in the unimpaired group, whereas those with Parkinson disease had a simultaneous onset of yaw rotation of the head, trunk, and pelvis. They also took a longer time and more steps to complete turns. Overall, lower extremity muscle activation patterns appeared similar between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences between the groups were noted for axial control, but lower extremity muscle patterns were similar. This work may provide the foundation for development of new treatments for turning difficulty in Parkinson disease.
authors.affiliation: Movement Science Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Perlmutter
authors.forename: Gammon M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Earhart
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007866:Leg / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D014741:Video Recording