title: Sonographic evaluation of hemorrhagic transformation and arterial recanalization in acute hemispheric ischemic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We conducted this prospective study to evaluate the time course of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and arterial recanalization in the early phase of ischemic stroke using transcranial sonography (TCS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-five patients with acute ischemic hemispheric stroke <32 hours after symptom onset were studied. A 2-MHz sector probe was used to evaluate brain tissue by TCS and basal cerebral arteries by transcranial color-coded sonography. Follow-up investigations were performed up to 6 days. Lesion size and localization were determined by cranial computed tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 20 patients with HT, 18 displayed by computed tomography could be identified by TCS. In 1 patient, TCS provided a wrong positive result, and in another 2 patients with small cortical HT, a wrong negative result was provided (sensitivity 90.0%, specificity 97.4%). HT was detected in the first 60 hours after symptom onset in 62.5% of patients treated with tissue plasminogen activator in comparison to 33.3% without thrombolysis. Recanalization of middle cerebral artery occurred earlier in tissue plasminogen activator-treated patients compared to those without tissue plasminogen activator treatment (in the first 60 hours after symptom onset: 78.5% vs 50.0%, respectively; P=0.34). There was a significant time difference between middle cerebral artery recanalization and HT occurrence (n=13, median time interval: 20 vs 60 hours; P=0.035).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcranial ultrasound is a useful bedside method to depict and closely monitor HT in patients with acute hemispheric stroke. The strong influence of tissue plasminogen activator treatment on HT could be demonstrated. HT development is dependent on the time of artery recanalization.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Department of Neurology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Luebeck, Germany. guenter.seidel@neuro.uni-luebeck.de
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Seidel
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cangür
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Albers
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burgemeister
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meyer-Wiethe
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator