title: Differentiation potential of multipotent progenitor cells derived from war-traumatized muscle tissue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent military conflicts have resulted in numerous extremity injuries requiring complex orthopaedic reconstructive procedures, which begin with a thorough débridement of all contaminated and necrotic tissue in the zone of injury. The site of injury is also the site of healing, and we propose that débrided muscle tissue contains cells with robust reparative and regenerative potential.
  
  
  METHODS
  Débrided muscle from soldiers who had sustained traumatic open extremity injuries was collected during surgical débridement procedures at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. With modifications to a previously described stem-cell-isolation protocol, mesenchymal progenitor cells were harvested from traumatized muscle, enriched, expanded in culture, and exposed to induction media for osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The isolated mesenchymal progenitor cells stained positive for cell-surface markers (CD73, CD90, CD105), which are characteristic of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Histological identification of lineage-specific markers demonstrated the potential of these cells to differentiate into multiple mesenchymal lineages. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed multilineage mesenchymal differentiation at the gene-expression level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, the present report provides the first description of mesenchymal progenitor cell isolation from traumatized human muscle. These cells may play an integral role in tissue repair and regeneration and merit additional investigation as they could be useful in future cell-based tissue-engineering strategies.
authors.affiliation: leonnesti@gmail.com
authors.forename: Leon J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Nesti
authors.forename: Wesley M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Rabie M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Shanti
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Koehler
authors.forename: Amber B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Aragon
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Sracic
authors.forename: Brett A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Giuliani
authors.forename: Rocky S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tuan
mesh_terms: D050156:Adipogenesis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods; D020219:Chondrogenesis; D003646:Debridement; D005121:Extremities / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries*; D010012:Osteogenesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods; D014857:Warfare
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers