title: Specific biarsenical labeling of cell surface proteins allows fluorescent- and biotin-tagging of amyloid precursor protein and prion proteins.
abstract: Fluorescent tagging is a powerful tool for imaging proteins in living cells. However, the steric effects imposed by fluorescent tags impair the behavior of many proteins. Here, we report a novel technique, Instant with DTT, EDT, And Low temperature (IDEAL)-labeling, for rapid and specific FlAsH-labeling of tetracysteine-tagged cell surface proteins by using prion protein (PrP) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) as models. In prion-infected cells, FlAsH-labeled tetracysteine-tagged PrP converted from the normal isoform (PrPsen) to the disease-associated isoform (PrPres), suggesting minimal steric effects of the tag. Pulse-chase analysis of PrP and APP by fluorescent gel imaging demonstrated the utility of IDEAL labeling in investigating protein metabolism by identifying an as-yet-unrecognized C-terminal fragment (C3) of PrPsen and by characterizing the kinetics of PrPres and APP metabolism. C3 generation and N-terminal truncation of PrPres were inhibited by the anti-prion compound E64, a cysteine protease inhibitor. Surprisingly, E64 did not inhibit the synthesis of new PrPres, providing insight into the mechanism by which E64 reduces steady-state PrPres levels in prion-infected cells. To expand the versatility of tetracysteine tagging, we created new Alexa Fluor- and biotin-conjugated tetracysteine-binding molecules that were applied to imaging PrP endocytosis and ultrastructural localization. IDEAL-labeling extends the use of biarsenical derivatives to extracellular proteins and beyond microscopic imaging.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases and Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
authors.forename: Yuzuru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.forename: Zhen-Dan
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ruddy
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dorward
authors.forename: Lois
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Gerald S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Baron
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D001710:Biotin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011328:Prions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D001152:Arsenicals; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D011328:Prions; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D001710:Biotin