title: Investigation of gender heterogeneity in the associations of serum phosphorus with incident coronary artery disease and all-cause mortality.
abstract: Serum phosphorus levels in the general population have been reported to be associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and increased carotid intima-media thickness. The authors examined gender heterogeneity in the association of phosphorus with all-cause mortality and incident coronary artery disease using data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (1987-2001). Baseline phosphorus levels were higher in women and were associated differently among men and women with traditional atherosclerosis risk factors such as age, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. In a multivariable-adjusted model, men in the highest quintile of serum phosphorus level (>3.8 mg/dL) had an increased mortality rate (hazard ratio = 1.45, 95% confidence interval: 1.12, 1.88), while women did not (hazard ratio = 1.18, 95% confidence interval: 0.89, 1.57). The multivariable likelihood ratio test of effect modification by gender was significant at alpha = 0.1 (P = 0.085) for all-cause mortality. Although the associations of phosphorus with coronary artery disease also appeared to differ substantially by gender, the multivariable test for effect modification suggested that the difference was consistent with random variation (P = 0.195). These results suggest the need for further investigation into gender differences in the contribution of mineral metabolism to cardiovascular disease in the general population.
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Onufrak
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellasi
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cardarelli
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaccarino
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Muntner
authors.forename: Leslee J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raggi
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008922:Mississippi / Q000453:epidemiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D010758:Phosphorus