title: A novel gene signature for molecular diagnosis of human prostate cancer by RT-qPCR.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer (CaP) is one of the most relevant causes of cancer death in Western Countries. Although detection of CaP at early curable stage is highly desirable, actual screening methods present limitations and new molecular approaches are needed. Gene expression analysis increases our knowledge about the biology of CaP and may render novel molecular tools, but the identification of accurate biomarkers for reliable molecular diagnosis is a real challenge. We describe here the diagnostic power of a novel 8-genes signature: ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), ornithine decarboxylase antizyme (OAZ), adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC), spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT), histone H3 (H3), growth arrest specific gene (GAS1), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and Clusterin (CLU) in tumour detection/classification of human CaP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 8-gene signature was detected by retrotranscription real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in frozen prostate surgical specimens obtained from 41 patients diagnosed with CaP and recommended to undergo radical prostatectomy (RP). No therapy was given to patients at any time before RP. The bio-bank used for the study consisted of 66 specimens: 44 were benign-CaP paired from the same patient. Thirty-five were classified as benign and 31 as CaP after final pathological examination. Only molecular data were used for classification of specimens. The Nearest Neighbour (NN) classifier was used in order to discriminate CaP from benign tissue. Validation of final results was obtained with 10-fold cross-validation procedure. CaP versus benign specimens were discriminated with (80+/-5)% accuracy, (81+/-6)% sensitivity and (78+/-7)% specificity. The method also correctly classified 71% of patients with Gleason score<7 versus > or =7, an important predictor of final outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method showed high sensitivity in a collection of specimens in which a significant portion of the total (13/31, equal to 42%) was considered CaP on the basis of having less than 15% of cancer cells. This result supports the notion of the "cancer field effect", in which transformed cells extend beyond morphologically evident tumour. The molecular diagnosis method here described is objective and less subjected to human error. Although further confirmations are needed, this method poses the potential to enhance conventional diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicina Sperimentale, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rizzi
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belloni
authors.forename: Pellegrino
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crafa
authors.forename: Mirca
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lazzaretti
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Remondini
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cortellini
authors.forename: Arnaldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corti
authors.forename: Saverio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bettuzzi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018070:Biological Specimen Banks; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007755:Laboratories, Hospital; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*