title: Granulocyte stimulating factor attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury by inhibiting apoptosis in neonatal rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to determine the neuroprotective effect of granulocyte stimulating factor (G-CSF) on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven-day-old male newborn rat pups were subjected to 110 minutes of 8% oxygen following a unilateral carotid artery ligation. Apoptosis was identified by performing terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining and flow cytometry with a combination of fluorescinated annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) and JC-1 (5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'- tetraethylbenzimidazolyl-carbocyanine iodide). The extent of cerebral infarction was evaluated at 2 weeks after recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With a single dose (50microg/kg) of G-CSF treatment immediately after hypoxic-ischemic insult, hypoxia-ischemia induced increase in TUNEL-positive cells, annexinV+/PI- and JC-1 positive apoptotic cells in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex was significantly reduced at 24 hours, measured by flow cytometry, and the extent of cerebral infarction at 2 weeks after recovery was also significantly attenuated compared to the hypoxia-ischemia control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that G-CSF is neuroprotective by inhibiting apoptosis, thereby reducing the ensuing cerebral infarction in a newborn rat pup model of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Bong Rim
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jae Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Dong Kyung
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Sung Shin
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ga Won
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Myo Jing
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Yun Sil
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Won Soon
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Eung Sang
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D020011:Protective Agents; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor