title: Neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer is still controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the optimal use of chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings in patients with advanced urothelial cell carcinoma. Bladder preservation is also discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A critical review of the published literature on chemotherapy for patients with locally advanced bladder cancer was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of occult micrometastases at the time of radical cystectomy leads to both distant and local failure in patients with locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Both neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies have been evaluated in patients with locally advanced bladder cancer. Studies evaluating adjuvant chemotherapy have been limited by inadequate statistical power to detect meaningful clinical answers as well as by experimental arms utilizing inadequate chemotherapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The aggregate of available evidence suggests that neoadjuvant cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy should be considered as a standard of care for patients with muscle-invasive or locally advanced operable bladder cancer. In patients who are either unfit for or refuse radical cystectomy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy with or without radiation can render bladder preservation possible for patients who attain an excellent clinical response. With the introduction of new cytotoxic drugs, there is a need for well-designed studies to address the optimal utility of perioperative therapy in high-risk patients with bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Calabrò
authors.forename: Cora N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Sternberg
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery