title: Evidence-based labor and delivery management.
abstract: Our objective was to provide evidence-based guidance for management decisions during labor and delivery. We performed MEDLINE, PubMed, and COCHRANE searches with the terms labor, delivery, pregnancy, randomized trials, plus each management aspect of labor and delivery (eg, early admission). Each management step of labor and delivery was reviewed separately. Evidence-based good quality data favor hospital births, delayed admission, support by doula, training birth assistants in developing countries, and upright position in the second stage. Home-like births, enema, shaving, routine vaginal irrigation, early amniotomy, "hands-on" method, fundal pressure, and episiotomy can be associated with complications without sufficient benefits and should probably be avoided. We conclude that labor and delivery interventions supported by good quality data as just described should be routinely performed. All aspects with lower data quality should be researched with adequately powered and designed trials.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Berghella
authors.forename: Jason K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: Suneet P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Chauhan
mesh_terms: D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D009774:Obstetrics / Q000592:standards*; D011247:Pregnancy