title: Parallel MRI with extended and averaged GRAPPA kernels (PEAK-GRAPPA): optimized spatiotemporal dynamic imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate an optimized k-t-space related reconstruction method for dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a method called PEAK-GRAPPA (Parallel MRI with Extended and Averaged GRAPPA Kernels) is presented which is based on an extended spatiotemporal GRAPPA kernel in combination with temporal averaging of coil weights.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PEAK-GRAPPA kernel consists of a uniform geometry with several spatial and temporal source points from acquired k-space lines and several target points from missing k-space lines. In order to improve the quality of coil weight estimation sets of coil weights are averaged over the temporal dimension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The kernel geometry leads to strongly decreased reconstruction times compared to the recently introduced k-t-GRAPPA using different kernel geometries with only one target point per kernel to fit. Improved results were obtained in terms of the root mean square error and the signal-to-noise ratio as demonstrated by in vivo cardiac imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a uniform kernel geometry for weight estimation with the properties of uncorrelated noise of different acquired timeframes, optimized results were achieved in terms of error level, signal-to-noise ratio, and reconstruction time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Medical Physics, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany. bernd.jung@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ullmann
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Honal
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hennig
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markl
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity