title: The role of lysophosphatidic acid receptor (LPA1) in the oxygen-induced retinal ganglion cell degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although previous studies have demonstrated that hypoxia induces retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis and that transient retinal ischemia upregulates the expression of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors, it remains to be determined whether LPA(1) receptor mediates RGC degeneration during retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). By using an immortalized RGC line (RGC-5), primary neonatal RGC cultures, and oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) to model ROP, the authors explored whether LPA(1) receptor induces RGC degeneration and the potential mechanisms thereof.
  
  
  METHODS
  OIR was induced by exposing rat pups to alternating cycles of hyperoxia/hypoxia from postnatal day (P) 0 to P14. RGC viability was evaluated by Fluorogold labeling. Effects of hyperoxia or hypoxia on LPA(1) expression were determined in the RGC-5 line by Western blot. Roles of hypoxia, LPA(1) receptor (with agonist, stearoyl-LPA; antagonist, THG1603; LPA(1) knock-down, shRNA-LPA(1)), and Rho kinase (with inhibitor Y-27632) in mediating RGC survival and neurite outgrowth were assessed by MTT assay and phase-contrast microscopy, respectively. Expression of GFP-LPA(1) in RGC-5 under hypoxia was examined by confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OIR caused pronounced RGC loss in the retina. LPA(1) receptor was expressed by RGCs in retinal tissue, whereas oxygen stress induced its expression in RGC-5. Exposure to stearoyl-LPA or hypoxia substantially reduced the viability of RGCs; this was abrogated by THG1603 and shRNA-LPA(1). THG1603 and Y-27632 treatment also attenuated the adverse effects of hypoxia on RGC-5 neurite outgrowth, and their intravitreal administration prevented OIR-induced RGC loss. Interestingly, overexpression of LPA(1) increased RGC-5 susceptibility to hypoxia-induced cell loss.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current data strongly support a critical role for LPA(1) receptor in mediating RGC degeneration during OIR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Research Center of Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Josiane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lafleur
authors.forename: Bupe R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Mwaikambo
authors.forename: Tang
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chemtob
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Polo
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hardy
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002470:Cell Survival; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010100:Oxygen / Q000633:toxicity; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D049368:Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid / Q000502:physiology*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014162:Transfection; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D049368:Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid; C108830:Y 27632; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D010100:Oxygen