title: [Surgical treatment of anterior shoulder instability in rugby players: clinical and radiographic results with minimum five-year follow-up].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In rugby players, 9 to 11% of injuries involve shoulder trauma. Anterior dislocation is one of the most severe accidents affecting the upper limb; recurrent dislocation, observed in more than 60%, appears to be related to the characteristic mechanism of injury in this sport (tackling). Surgical treatment for this instability is a bone block or capsulolabral repair. The purpose of this work was to evaluate outcome with minimum five-years follow-up after treatment by selective capsule repair in a homogeneous series of rugby players.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1995 and 2001, 31 rugby players were reviewed at mean 82 months (range: 60 to 120 months) follow-up. Sixty-one percent were regional-level players. A tackle was involved in the instability accidents for half of the players. Age at surgery was 21 years (range: 16 to 34), on average 4.44 years (range: 2 to 20) after the instability accident. Signs of capsule hyperlaxity were noted in 16 shoulders (46%). Dislocation was noted in 27 shoulders, subluxation in five. Chronic pain and instability were noted for three shoulders. Disinsertion of the anteroinferior labrum was noted in 23 shoulders (65%) and was repaired with two, three or four anchors. Isolated capsule distension was observed in twelve shoulders. Neer capsuloplasty was performed on 33 shoulders, with complementary labral reinsertion for 21 of them.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-seven percent of the patients were playing rugby again after surgery, the longest delay being one year after the operation. A new episode of instability after major trauma was observed in six shoulders (17%), on average 3.8 years (range: 0.5 to 6) after the operation. Isolated capsule repair had the poorest prognosis (p=0.04). Compared with the contralateral side, external rotation decreased on average 6.2 degrees (elbow to chest) and 3.4 degrees at 90 degrees abduction. Subscapular muscle force decreased on average 2.05 kg. The Rowe and Duplay-Walch scores were good or excellent for 86% and 80% of shoulders, respectively. Patient satisfaction was 88%. According to Samilson, radiographic degeneration was noted in 32% of shoulders, with stage 1 osteoarthritis in 45% and stage 2 in 23%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young age appears to be a major factor, predictive of recurrence after a first instability accident; the type of sport would only be indirectly involved. Nevertheless, for patients playing this type of contact sports, the appropriateness of surgical stabilization can be debated; arthroscopic anatomic methods have not yet yielded results equivalent to open surgery. The results in this series are similar to those found elsewhere in the literature, but with a follow-up longer than generally reported. Anatomic reconstruction of anterior stability elements enables these patients to resume their contact sport at an equivalent level with restored joint motion.
authors.affiliation: Service d'orthopédie traumatologie, centre hospitalo universitaire Purpan, place Baylac, 31059 Toulouse cedex, France. nicolasbonnevialle@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bonnevialle
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mansat
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bellumore
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mansat
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bonnevialle
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005538:Football; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult