title: Effect of transcriptional activators RamA and SoxS on expression of multidrug efflux pumps AcrAB and AcrEF in fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multidrug resistance (MDR) including fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium can result from overexpression of efflux pumps. We examined the mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance among in vitro-induced ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium mutants, LTL and LTH, derived from laboratory strain LT2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Deletion mutation and RT-PCR techniques were employed to study the role of efflux pumps in fluoroquinolone resistance and their regulation cascades.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to point mutations in DNA gyrase (gyrA, gyrB) and topoisomerase IV (parC, parE) genes, increased expression of efflux pump genes, such as acrAB and acrEF, was observed in fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella strains. Constitutive expression of ramA containing a 9 bp deletion in the promoter region was directly associated with the overexpression of acrAB and acrEF and conferred an MDR phenotype in LTL. Inactivation of ramA increased the antimicrobial susceptibility of LTL, whereas complementation with the mutant allele induced an MDR phenotype in drug-susceptible Salmonella Typhimurium LT2, as demonstrated by 2- to 64-fold increases in resistance to fluoroquinolones, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. On the other hand, inactivation of mutant soxRS resulted in a slight increase in the susceptibility of LTH to several fluoroquinolone drugs, and the introduction of the mutant allele had no effect on antimicrobial susceptibility of LT2, indicating that constitutive expression of soxRS played a minimum role in fluoroquinolone resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mutations in the promoter region of ramA appear to play a role in the up-regulation of RamA and AcrAB, and RamA is an activator of the MDR regulation cascade in Salmonella Typhimurium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Shenghui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Jianghong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meng
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015534:Trans-Activators; C493251:AcrAB-TolC protein, Salmonella enterica; C534525:AcrE protein, Salmonella enterica; C485378:AcrF protein, Salmonella enterica; C531999:RamA protein, Salmonella typhimurium; C485381:SoxS protein, Salmonella enterica