title: fMRI evidence for multisensory recruitment associated with rapid eye movements during sleep.
abstract: We studied the neural correlates of rapid eye movement during sleep (REM) by timing REMs from video recording and using rapid event-related functional MRI. Consistent with the hypothesis that REMs share the brain systems and mechanisms with waking eye movements and are visually-targeted saccades, we found REM-locked activation in the primary visual cortex, thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), 'visual claustrum', retrosplenial cortex (RSC, only on the right hemisphere), fusiform gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, and the oculomotor circuit that controls awake saccadic eye movements (and subserves awake visuospatial attention). Unexpectedly, robust activation also occurred in non-visual sensory cortices, motor cortex, language areas, and the ascending reticular activating system, including basal forebrain, the major source of cholinergic input to the entire cortex. REM-associated activation of these areas, especially non-visual primary sensory cortices, TRN and claustrum, parallels findings from waking studies on the interactions between multiple sensory data, and their 'binding' into a unified percept, suggesting that these mechanisms are also shared in waking and dreaming and that the sharing goes beyond the expected visual scanning mechanisms. Surprisingly, REMs were associated with a decrease in signal in specific periventricular subregions, matching the distribution of the serotonergic supraependymal plexus. REMs might serve as a useful task-free probe into major brain systems for functional brain imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. charleschhong@gmail.com
authors.forename: Charles Chong-Hwa
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Godfrey D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Pearlson
authors.forename: Jin-Suh
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Vince D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Fallon
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Golay
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gillen
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Simmonds
authors.forename: Peter C M
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: van Zijl
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Zee
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Pekar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004585:Electrooculography; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology; D017286:Polysomnography; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology*; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen