title: Time- and dose-dependent effect of psyllium on serum lipids in mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidences from randomized clinical trials and meta-analysis have claimed an association between the use of soluble dietary fiber from psyllium and a cholesterol-lowering effect. However, there is still uncertainty as to the dose-response relationship and its long-term lipid-lowering efficacy. This meta-analysis was primarily conducted to address the dose-response relationship between psyllium and serum cholesterol level and time-dependent effect of psyllium in mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemic subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one studies, which enrolled a total of 1030 and 687 subjects receiving psyllium or placebo, respectively, were included in the meta-analysis. The studies were randomized placebo-controlled trials, double blinded or open label, on subjects with mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia. The dose of psyllium was between 3.0 and 20.4 g per day and intervention period was more than 2 weeks. Any type of diet background was permitted. Diet lead-in period was between 0 and 8 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with placebo, consumption of psyllium lowered serum total cholesterol by 0.375 mmol/l (95% CI: 0.257-0.494 mmol/l), and LDL cholesterol by 0.278 mmol/l (95% CI: 0.213-0.312 mmol/l). With random-effect meta-regression, a significant dose-response relationship were found between doses (3-20.4 g/day) and total cholesterol or LDL cholesterol changes. Regression model of total cholesterol was -0.0222+0.2061 x log (dose+1), and that of LDL cholesterol was 0.0485+0.1390 x log (dose+1). There was a time effect of psyllium on total cholesterol (equation: 6.3640-0.0316 x treatment period) and on LDL cholesterol (equation: 4.3134-0.0162 x treatment period), suggesting that psyllium reduced serum total cholesterol more quickly than LDL cholesterol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psyllium could produce dose- and time-dependent serum cholesterol-lowering effect in mild and moderate hypercholesterolemic patients and would be useful as an adjunct to dietary therapy for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Z-h
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: X-y
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: B-s
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Z-x
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Rong
authors.forename: B-s
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: B-h
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: H-z
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D054368:Laxatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011620:Psyllium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D054368:Laxatives; D014280:Triglycerides; D011620:Psyllium; D002784:Cholesterol