title: Long-term antipsychotic monotherapy for schizophrenia: disease burden and comparative outcomes for patients treated with olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, or haloperidol monotherapy in a pan-continental observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Noninterventional, naturalistic studies facilitate examination of current clinical practices and provide an understanding of the impact of the biopsychosocial aspects of schizophrenia. This article describes disease burden and patient outcomes, with an emphasis on the comparative effectiveness and tolerability of antipsychotic monotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatients initiating or changing antipsychotic therapy for DSM-IV- or ICD-10-defined schizophrenia (N = 7658) were allocated to olanzapine or nonolanzapine cohorts (November 2000 to December 2001). Treatment was at the psychiatrist's discretion, including flexible dosing and use of concomitant therapies and medications, with assessments at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months. Longitudinal clinical, pharmacologic, functional, and social data were collected over 36 months across 27 countries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At entry, 76% of patients were initiated/switched to antipsychotic monotherapy, most commonly with olanzapine (N = 3222), risperidone (N = 1117), quetiapine (N = 189), or haloperidol (N = 257). Patients prescribed olanzapine were more likely to maintain their baseline monotherapy (p < .001) and did so for a longer period (p < .001) compared with other antipsychotics. Median time to discontinuation (in months) was as follows: olanzapine 30.0, risperidone 23.1, quetiapine 13.9, haloperidol 12.5. Olanzapine-treated patients were also more likely to respond, and did so more rapidly than patients on other monotherapies (p < .001). Response data were also favorable for risperidone; median time to response (in months) was as follows: olanzapine 5.2, risperidone 6.3, quetiapine 11.3, haloperidol 11.7. Treatment-emergent adverse events varied: olanzapine patients had less favorable odds for significant weight gain (p < .001); haloperidol patients, for motor dysfunction (p < or = .002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These naturalistic data from less-studied outpatient communities highlight the variability in clinical and functional outcomes associated with long-term antipsychotic treatment.
authors.affiliation: Eli Lilly and Co., GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dossenbach
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pecenak
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szulc
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Irimia
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anders
authors.forename: Dusanka
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Logozar-Perkovic
authors.forename: Dalia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peciukaitiene
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kotler
authors.forename: Anatoly B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Smulevich
authors.forename: Teena M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lowry
authors.forename: Tamas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Treuer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077152:Olanzapine; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D018967:Risperidone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003987:Dibenzothiazepines; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000069348:Quetiapine Fumarate; D006220:Haloperidol; D018967:Risperidone; D000077152:Olanzapine