title: Altered PI3-kinase/Akt signalling in skeletal muscle of young men with low birth weight.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with increased future risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We have previously shown that young LBW men have reduced skeletal muscle expression of PI3K p85alpha regulatory subunit and p110beta catalytic subunit, PKCzeta and GLUT4 in the fasting state. The aim of this study was to determine whether insulin activation of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK signalling pathways is altered in skeletal muscle of young adult men with LBW.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained from 20 healthy 19-yr old men with BW< or = 10th percentile for gestational age (LBW) and 20 normal birth weight controls (NBW), matched for physical fitness and whole-body glucose disposal, prior to (fasting state) and following a 4-hr hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (insulin stimulated state). Expression and phosphorylation of selected proteins was determined by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin stimulated expression of aPKCzeta (p<0.001) and Akt1 (p<0.001) was decreased in muscle of LBW men when compared to insulin stimulated controls. LBW was associated with increased insulin stimulated levels of IRS1 (p<0.05), PI3K p85alpha (p<0.001) and p110beta (p<0.05) subunits, while there was no significant change in these proteins in insulin stimulated control muscle. In addition LBW had reduced insulin stimulated phospho-Akt (Ser 473) (p<0.01), indicative of reduced Akt signalling. Insulin stimulated expression/phosphorylation of all the MAPK proteins studied [p38 MAPK, phospho-p38 MAPK (Thr180/Tyr182), phospho-ERK (Thr 202/Tyr204), JNK1, JNK2 and phospho-JNK (Thr 183/Tyr185)] was not different between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that altered insulin activation of the PI3K/Akt but not the MAPK pathway precedes and may contribute to development of whole-body insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in men with LBW.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Malgorzata S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Martin-Gronert
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Storgaard
authors.forename: Sten
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madsbad
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaag
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ozanne
mesh_terms: D005215:Fasting; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight / Q000378:metabolism*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult; D000099221:Protein Kinase C zeta
chemical_list: D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007328:Insulin; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D000099221:Protein Kinase C zeta; C526292:IRS1 protein, human