title: Pharmacotherapy according to treatment guidelines is associated with lower mortality in a community-based sample of patients with chronic heart failure: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effectiveness of chronic heart failure (CHF) pharmacotherapy in unselected cohorts is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the association between quality of CHF pharmacotherapy and all-cause mortality risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a prospective cohort study, 1054 unselected patients with CHF (61% with reduced and 39% with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)) were consecutively enrolled. Quality of pharmacotherapy was assessed by calculating a guideline adherence indicator (GAI-3, range 0-100%) based on prescription of beta blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor II type-1 blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Median follow-up in survivors was 595 days (100% complete). In patients with reduced LVEF the median GAI-3 was 67%, and inversely associated with age, CHF severity, and important comorbidities. Mortality rates in GAI-3 categories low/medium/high were 79/30/11 per 100 person-years. In multivariable Cox regression, high GAI-3 was independently predictive of lower mortality risk: hazard ratio (HR) 0.50 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32-0.74; P<0.001) vs low GAI-3. This association was also observed in subgroups of high age (HR 0.42, 95%CI 0.27-0.66; P<0.001) and women (HR 0.42, 95%CI 0.23-0.79; P=0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this community-based cohort with CHF, better implementation of pharmacotherapy was associated with better prognosis in patients with reduced LVEF, irrespective of age and sex.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I/Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Würzburg, Klinikstrasse 6-8, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany. stoerk_s@klinik.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Störk
authors.forename: Hans Werner
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Hense
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zentgraf
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Uebelacker
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jahns
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ertl
authors.forename: Christiane E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Angermann
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents