title: Tolerance of dormant and active cells in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 biofilm to antimicrobial agents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to determine the susceptibility of active and dormant cell populations from Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms to non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents such as chlorine, hydrogen peroxide and silver ions in comparison with antibiotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Active cells in colony biofilm were differentially labelled by induction of a green fluorescent protein (GFP). Active and dormant cells were sorted in phosphate buffered solution by flow cytometry. Reductions in viability were determined with plate counts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The spatial pattern of metabolic activity in colony biofilm was verified, and the active and dormant cells were successfully sorted according to the GFP intensity. Active cells had bigger cell size and higher intracellular density than dormant cells. While dormant cells were more tolerant to tobramycin and silver ions, active cells were more tolerant to chlorine. Metabolically active cells contain denser intracellular components that can react with highly reactive oxidants such as chlorine, thereby reducing the available concentrations of chlorine. In contrast, the concentrations of silver ions and hydrogen peroxide were constant during treatment. Aerobically grown stationary cells were significantly more tolerant to chlorine unlike other antimicrobial agents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chlorine was more effective in inactivation of metabolically inactive dormant cells and also more effective under anaerobic conditions. The high oxidative reactivity and rapid decay of chlorine might influence the different antimicrobial actions of chlorine compared with antibiotics. This study contributes to understanding the effects of dormancy and the presence of oxygen on the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa biofilm to a wide range of antimicrobial agents.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanangno Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jaeeun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ji-Sook
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: Jeyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects*; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012834:Silver / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D012834:Silver; D002713:Chlorine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide