title: Incomplete resection of focal cortical dysplasia is the main predictor of poor postsurgical outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is recognized as the major cause of focal intractable epilepsy in childhood. Various factors influencing postsurgical seizure outcome in pediatric patients with FCD have been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze different variables in relation to seizure outcome in order to identify prognostic factors for selection of pediatric patients with FCD for epilepsy surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 149 patients with histologically confirmed mild malformations of cortical development or FCD with at least 2 years of postoperative follow-up was retrospectively studied; 113 subjects had at least 5 years of postoperative follow-up. Twenty-eight clinical, EEG, MRI, neuropsychological, surgical, and histopathologic parameters were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The only significant predictor of surgical success was completeness of surgical resection, defined as complete removal of the structural MRI lesion (if present) and the cortical region exhibiting prominent ictal and interictal abnormalities on intracranial EEG. Unfavorable surgical outcomes are mostly caused by overlap of dysplastic and eloquent cortical regions. There were nonsignificant trends toward better outcomes in patients with normal intelligence, after hemispherectomy and with FCD type II. Other factors such as age at seizure onset, duration of epilepsy, seizure frequency, associated pathologies including hippocampal sclerosis, extent of EEG and MRI abnormalities, as well as extent and localization of resections did not influence outcome. Twenty-five percent of patients changed Engel's class of seizure outcome after the second postoperative year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability to define and fully excise the entire region of dysplastic cortex is the most powerful variable influencing outcome in pediatric patients with focal cortical dysplasia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charles University, Second Medical School, Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, CZ 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic. pavel.krsek@post.cz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Krsek
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maton
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jayakar
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dean
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Korman
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rey
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dunoyer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pacheco-Jacome
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ragheb
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Vinters
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duchowny
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D038421:Hemispherectomy / Q000592:standards*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D054220:Malformations of Cortical Development / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012598:Sclerosis; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult