title: The use of the inhibitory receptors for modulating the immune responses.
abstract: Inhibitory receptors of the CD28 family, CTLA-4 and PD-1 deliver negative signals that regulate the balance between T cell activation, tolerance, and immunopathology. Manipulation of these pathways has been utilized by pathogens and tumors to establish chronic infections or to promote tumor survival. In this review, we examine the role of CTLA-4 and PD-1 in regulating immune response and discuss their therapeutic potential during aging.
authors.affiliation: Immunology, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, 46 Cleveland Street, London, W1T 4JF, UK. s.henson@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Henson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Macaulay
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiani-Alikhan
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Akbar
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor