title: Patterns of distribution of oxygen-binding globins, neuroglobin and cytoglobin in human retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the distribution of 2 intracellular oxygen-carrying molecules, neuroglobin (NGB) and cytoglobin (CYGB), in specific retinal cell types of human retinas.
  
  
  METHODS
  Specific antibodies against NGB and CYGB were used in immunohistochemical studies to examine their distribution patterns in human retinal sections. Double-labeling studies were performed with the anti-NGB and anti-CYGB antibodies along with antibodies against neuronal (microtubule-associated protein 2, class III beta-tubulin [TUJ1], protein kinase C alpha, calretinin) and glial (vimentin, glial fibrillary acid protein) markers. Confocal microscopy was used to examine the retinal sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical analysis of human retinal tissue showed NGB and CYGB immunoreactivity in the ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, inner and outer plexiform layers, and retinal pigment epithelium. Neuroglobin immunoreactivity was also present in the outer nuclear layer and photoreceptor inner segments. Neuroglobin and CYGB were coexpressed in the neurons in the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer but not within glial cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuroglobin and CYGB are colocalized within human retinal neurons and retinal pigment epithelium but not within glial cells. Clinical Relevance Our results suggest that NGB and CYGB may serve a neuroprotective role as scavengers of reactive oxygen species and therefore should be considered when developing therapeutic strategies for treatment of hypoxia-related ocular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ostojić
authors.forename: Sinisa D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Grozdanić
authors.forename: Nasreen A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hargrove
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Trent
authors.forename: Markus H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kuehn
authors.forename: Young H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Randy H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Kardon
authors.forename: Donald S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015153:Blotting, Western; D064032:Calbindin 2; D002648:Child; D000078842:Cytoglobin; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005914:Globins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078787:Neuroglobin; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010857:Pigment Epithelium of Eye / Q000378:metabolism; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / Q000378:metabolism; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism; D014746:Vimentin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C576764:CALB2 protein, human; C000627265:CYGB protein, human; D064032:Calbindin 2; D000078842:Cytoglobin; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D000078787:Neuroglobin; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G; C498585:TUBB3 protein, human; D014404:Tubulin; D014746:Vimentin; D005914:Globins; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D010100:Oxygen