title: Depressive symptoms predispose females to metabolic syndrome: a 7-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the risk for developing metabolic syndrome when having depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome at baseline, and after a 7-year follow-up as measured with Beck depression inventory (BDI), and using the modified National Cholesterol Education Program--Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS) were studied in a middle-aged population-based sample (n = 1294).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The logistic regression analysis showed a 2.5-fold risk (95% CI: 1.2-5.2) for the females with depressive symptoms (BDI >or=10) at baseline to have MetS at the end of the follow-up. The risk was highest in the subgroup with more melancholic symptoms evaluated with a summary score of the melancholic items in BDI (OR 6.81, 95% CI: 2.09-22.20). In men, there was no risk difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher risks for MetS in females with depressive symptoms at baseline suggest that depression may be an important predisposing factor for the development of MetS.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Family Practice, Central Hospital of Middle Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vanhala
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jokelainen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kumpusalo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koponen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires