title: Urinary oxygen tension measurement in humans using magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Renal medullary hypoxia is frequently implicated in renal dysfunction, and urinary oxygen tension (PO(2)) in the renal pelvis can be used as a surrogate for the adjacent renal medullary oxygenation. We sought to assess the feasibility of magnetic resonance (MR) quantification of urinary PO(2) in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The longitudinal relaxivity (R1) of fluids is linearly related to PO(2), allowing MR quantification of urinary PO(2). We imaged urine phantoms with a range of PO(2) using a real-time saturation recovery T2-prepped single-shot fast spin-echo sequence to calibrate urine R1 values to PO(2). Following institutional review board approval, we imaged the urinary bladders of seven healthy subjects while they were breathing room air and the renal pelvis of nine healthy subjects while they were breathing room air or 100% oxygen via facemask. The renal pelvic urine PO(2) was compared before, during, and after 100% oxygen breathing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our phantom study confirmed that urine R1 is linearly related to PO(2): PO(2) (mm Hg) = (R1 - 0.2253 s(-1))/(2.61e(-4) s(-1)/mm Hg). The mean bladder urine PO(2) ranged from 23 to 45 mm Hg among the seven subjects. Successful MR measurements of renal pelvic urine PO(2) were obtained in seven of nine healthy subjects. Following 100% O(2) breathing, the renal pelvic urine PO(2) showed a significant mean increase of 29 mm Hg (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that MR quantification of urinary PO(2) is feasible. Noninvasive renal pelvic urine PO(2) determinations could serve as a valuable indirect measure for renal medullary oxygenation, allowing for clinical investigations of the role of renal medullary hypoxia in renal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, Abdominal Imaging, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA. jane.wang@radiology.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Zhen J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bonnie N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Joe
authors.forename: Fergus V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Coakley
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zaharchuk
authors.forename: Reed
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Busse
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Yeh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012016:Reference Values; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen