title: Vascular dysfunction and alteration of novel and classic cardiovascular risk factors in mothers of growth restricted offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Offspring and maternal birthweight are inversely associated with maternal cardiovascular disease. However, whether established or putative novel cardiovascular risk factors including vascular and metabolic function are disrupted in women who delivered small for gestational age (SGA) offspring is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case control study with analysis of inflammatory, lipid, metabolic and haemostatic markers and microvascular function as assessed by laser Doppler iontophoresis 4 years after the index pregnancy in 28 mothers who delivered SGA offspring at term and 29 matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Delivery of a SGA infant was associated with altered lipids [triglyceride median (IQR) mmol/l; control 0.64 (0.49-0.84); SGA 0.95 (0.67-0.95), p=0.012] [cholesterol:HDL ratio: control 2.64 (2.10-3.10); SGA 3.06 (2.65-3.89), p=0.013], systolic blood pressure [control mmHg: 110 (108-118); SGA 120 (110-130), p=0.031], subclinical inflammation [CRP mg/l: control 0.7 (0.3-2.1); SGA 2.2 (1.2-4.0), p=0.002] [IL-6 pg/ml: control 1.2 (0.8-1.4); SGA 1.5 (1.1-2.2), p=0.009] and endothelial activation [ICAM-1 ng/ml: control 237.7 (210.0-279.4); SGA 283.1 (240.5-366.3), p=0.013], with differences robust to confounder adjustment. Endothelium dependent (p=0.003) and independent microvascular function (p<0.001) were also impaired in mothers of SGA offspring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mothers of term SGA offspring exhibit perturbation of metabolic and vascular function, which may underlie a lifelong trajectory of impaired health incorporating adverse perinatal and cardiovascular events.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive and Maternal Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Malini G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kanagalingam
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Dilys J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Ferrell
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cherry
authors.forename: Gordon D O
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Greer
authors.forename: Naveed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sattar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007478:Iontophoresis; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008833:Microcirculation; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids