title: Oxidized LDL affects smooth muscle cell growth through MAPK-mediated actions on nuclear protein import.
abstract: Oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis partly through an action on cell proliferation and cell apoptosis. Nuclear protein import (NPI) is critical in regulating gene expression, transcription, and subsequently cell proliferation and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to determine if exposure of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to oxLDL affects cell growth by inducing alterations in NPI and nuclear pore density. VSMC were exposed for different times to oxLDL. Cells were then injected with a protein import substrate (Alexa488-BSA-NLS) to visually monitor nuclear transport with the confocal microscope. The effect of MAPK inhibitors (SB203580 and PD98059) was investigated and western immunoblottings were also performed. Shorter exposure times of VSMC to oxLDL, but not to native LDL, significantly increased NPI, nuclear pore expression (p62), PCNA expression, and cell number. These changes occurred through an ERK MAPK-dependent mechanism. However, longer exposures to oxLDL decreased NPI, nuclear pore expression, and increased apoptosis marker (cleaved PARP) expression through a p38 MAPK-dependent mechanism. We conclude that limited exposure to oxLDL may influence cell proliferation and apoptosis through an action on nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. The nucleus and NPI may represent a novel therapeutic target to control diseases like atherosclerosis that have changes in cell growth as a central feature.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Mirna N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Chahine
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Blackwood
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dibrov
authors.forename: Melanie N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.forename: Grant N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Pierce
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D028861:Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011817:Rabbits; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D007093:Imidazoles; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D028861:Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D011725:Pyridines; C049312:nuclear pore protein p62; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C093642:SB 203580; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one