title: Expression and functional analyses of circadian genes in mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos: Cry1 is involved in the meiotic process independently of circadian clock regulation.
abstract: In mammals, circadian genes, Clock, Arntl (also known as Bmal1), Cry1, Cry2, Per1, Per2, and Per3, are rhythmically transcribed every 24 h in almost all organs and tissues to tick the circadian clock. However, their expression and function in oocytes and preimplantation embryos have not been investigated. In this study we found that the circadian clock may stop in mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Real-time PCR analysis revealed the presence of transcripts of these genes in both oocytes and preimplantation embryos; however, their amounts did not oscillate every 24 h in one- to four-cell and blastocyst-stage embryos. Moreover, immunofluorescence analyses revealed that CLOCK, ARNTL, and CRY1 were localized similarly in the nuclei of germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes and one-cell- to four-cell-stage embryos. Because CRY1 is known to interact with the CLOCK-ARNTL complex to suppress transcription-promoting activity of the complex for genes such as Wee1, Cry2, Per1, Per2, and Per3 in cells having the ticking circadian clock, we hypothesized that if the circadian clock functions in GV oocytes and one-cell- to four-cell-stage embryos, CLOCK, ARNTL, and CRY1 might suppress the transcription of these genes in GV oocytes and one-cell- to 4-cell-stage embryos as well. As a result, knockdown of CRY1 in GV oocytes by RNA interference did not affect the transcription levels of Wee1, Cry2, Per1, Per2, and Per3, but it reduced maturation ability. Thus, it seems that circadian genes are not involved in circadian clock regulation in mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos but are involved in physiologies, such as meiosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Kinokawa City, Wakayama, Japan. amano@waka.kindai.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hatanaka
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Katsutaka
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anzai
authors.forename: Tasuku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mitani
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kishigami
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saeki
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hosoi
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iritani
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
mesh_terms: D056930:ARNTL Transcription Factors; D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D056926:CLOCK Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D056931:Cryptochromes; D005260:Female; D005420:Flavoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008540:Meiosis / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D056930:ARNTL Transcription Factors; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D056926:CLOCK Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D056931:Cryptochromes; D005420:Flavoproteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D056950:Period Circadian Proteins; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; C538961:Bmal1 protein, mouse; C538964:Cry1 protein, mouse; C538967:Cry2 protein, mouse; C539023:Per1 protein, mouse; C513312:Per2 protein, mouse; C512645:Per3 protein, mouse; C538944:Clock protein, mouse; C499348:Wee1 protein, mouse