title: Closing the circadian negative feedback loop: FRQ-dependent clearance of WC-1 from the nucleus.
abstract: In Neurospora crassa, a transcription factor, WCC, activates the transcription of frq. FRQ forms homodimers as well as complexes with an RNA helicase, FRH, and the WCC, and translocates into the nucleus to inactivate the WCC, closing the time-delayed negative feedback loop. The detailed mechanism for closing this loop, however, remains incompletely understood. In particular within the nucleus, the low amount of FRQ compared with that of WC-1 creates a conundrum: How can the nuclear FRQ inactivate the larger amount of WCC? One possibility is that FRQ might function as a catalytic component in phosphorylation-dependent inhibition. However, in silico experiments reveal that stoichiometric noncatalytic binding and inhibition can generate a robust oscillator, even when nuclear FRQ levels are substantially lower than nuclear WCC, so long as there is FRQ-dependent clearance of WC-1 from the nucleus. Based on this model, we can predict and now demonstrate that WC-1 stability cycles, that WC-1 is stable in the absence of FRQ, and that physical binding between FRQ and WCC is essential for closure of the negative feedback loop. Moreover, and consistent with a noncatalytic clearance-based model for inhibition, appreciable amounts of the nuclear FRQ:WCC complex accumulate at some times of day, comprising as much as 10% of the nuclear WC-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
authors.forename: Christian I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruoff
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Loros
authors.forename: Jay C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dunlap
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D009492:Neurospora crassa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D011485:Protein Binding; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C087405:FRQ protein, Neurospora crassa; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C105589:wc-1 protein, Neurospora crassa