title: Serum cholesterol, apolipoprotein E genotype and depressive symptoms in elderly European men: the FINE study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cohort and case-control studies found that lower serum total cholesterol is associated with depression. It is, however, unclear whether low cholesterol or its lipoprotein fractions are causally related to depression. Using a Mendelian randomization design, the potential association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype (affecting lifetime cholesterol levels) and depressive symptoms was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the longitudinal Finland, Italy, the Netherlands Elderly (FINE) Study 1089 men were included in 1985. The 435 men from Finland, 418 men from The Netherlands, and 236 men from Italy (aged 65-84 years) were free of myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes mellitus and cancer at all time points. They were prospectively studied around 1985 (n=658), 1990 (n=668), 1995 (n=327), and 2000 (n=82). Associations between serum cholesterol, lipoprotein fractions and APOE genotype, with depressive symptoms (by Zung self-rating depression scale [SDS]) were analyzed using multilevel regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum total cholesterol was inversely associated with the Zung SDS (-0.61 points per 1 mmol/L increase in cholesterol; 95% confidence interval: -1.05 to -0.17; P=0.007), after adjustment for country, age, body mass index, smoking, and alcohol intake. However, none of the cholesterol lipoprotein fractions were associated with the Zung SDS. The APOE genotypes epsilon4/4, epsilon4/3; epsilon3/3; epsilon4/2, and epsilon3/2 or epsilon2/2 were associated with decreasing levels of serum total and LDL cholesterol (Ps<0.001), but not with increasing depressive symptoms (P=0.67).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  APOE genotype was assessed through protein isoforms and not actual DNA-based typing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a modest inverse relationship between depression scores and serum total cholesterol in elderly men, but no associations with lipoprotein fractions or with the APOE genotype.
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Leiden, The Netherlands. giltay@dds.nl
authors.forename: Erik J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Giltay
authors.forename: Arianne K B
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: van Reedt Dortland
authors.forename: Aulikki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nissinen
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giampaoli
authors.forename: Tineke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Veen
authors.forename: Frans G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Zitman
authors.forename: Sinikka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bots
authors.forename: Daan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kromhout
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D009426:Netherlands; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D002784:Cholesterol