title: Is it safe to allow patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators to drive? Learnings from a single center experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implant indications have widened in recent years after the publication of the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial 2 and the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial. On the contrary, guidelines on resumption of driving after ICD implant were published almost 10 years ago when the ICD implant rate was much lower and candidates were generally older.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The overall objective of our study was to evaluate whether patients implanted with ICDs have higher risk than the general driving population. The specific aim of the study was to verify the rate of car accidents in patients implanted with an ICD, both for primary and secondary indication, and compare this with the rate of accidents in the general population. The primary end point of the study was the annual car accident rate; the secondary end point was to determine if there were subgroups of patients with a higher risk of car accidents.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients (612) followed up in our outpatient clinic were sent a questionnaire in which they were asked five questions regarding their driving habits before and after ICD implant and, specifically, whether they had been involved in a car accident after the implant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred eighty-six patients (47%) responded to the questionnaire. Seventy-one patients had never driven; two patients were forbidden to drive for professional reasons (one bus and one truck driver). Two hundred thirteen (74.5% of all responding) patients (201 men, mean age 62 +/- 11 years) continued to drive after ICD implant. During the follow-up (1430 +/- 920 days) 11 patients had been involved in car accidents and, importantly 10 out of 11 were innocent bystanders. Thus, in 996 patient-years, 11 events happened, yielding an annual event rate of 1.1% per patient-years (and only 0.1% in which the driver could had been responsible).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Car accidents are infrequent in patients implanted with an ICD, and - in any case - not more frequent than in the general population. The old guidelines need to be updated and specific restrictions on car driving in ICD patients need to be revised to reflect the current data.
authors.affiliation: Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department and Chair of Cardiology, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Italy. antonio.curnis@libero.it
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Curnis
authors.forename: Giosue
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mascioli
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bontempi
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cerini
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bignotti
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bonetti
authors.forename: Livio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dei Cas
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001334:Automobile Driving; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires