title: Cognitive changes in asymptomatic drug-naïve human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade C infection.
abstract: Asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with impaired cognitive functioning in both clade B and C infections. The nature of cognitive change longitudinally has not been studied in asymptomatic clade C infection. The present study evaluated changes in neuropsychological functioning over a 2(1/2)-year period in a cohort of HIV-1 clade C-infected asymptomatic individuals from South India. Participants with CD4 counts below 250 were started on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) as per National AIDS Control Organisation NACO guidelines and hence excluded. The sample consisted of 68 patients (30 men and 38 women), with a mean age of 29.4 years (SD=5.6 years) and a mean education of 10.0 years (SD=2.7 years). A comprehensive neuropsychological assessment with 12 tests yielding 21 variables was used to examine cognitive functioning at baseline and subsequently at 6-monthly intervals for five follow-ups. Shift in CD4 and viral load categories measured by the McNemar's test indicated disease progression. Latent growth curve (LGC) modeling assessed the nature of change in cognition over the 2(1/2)-year study period. Ten variables representing attention, executive functions, and long-term memory fit the LGC model. Excepting visual working memory, the slope was nonsignificant for nine variables, indicating absence of deterioration in cognition over a 2(1/2)-year period. However, CD4 and viral load levels worsened, indicating disease progression. Asymptomatic individuals with HIV-1 clade C infection do not show any significant decline on individual neuropsychological functions over 2(1/2) years despite disease progression, as evidenced by immune suppression and viral loads.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health and Social Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gopukumar
authors.forename: Shobini L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Satishchandra
authors.forename: Jayashree
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Subbakrishna
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mariamma
authors.forename: Anupa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamat
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ravi
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Satish
authors.forename: Mahendra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests