title: Motivational enhancement therapy with and without cognitive behavior therapy to treat type 1 diabetes: a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although psychological issues can interfere with diabetes care, the effectiveness of psychological treatments in improving diabetes outcomes is uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether motivational enhancement therapy with or without cognitive behavior therapy improves glycemic control in type 1 diabetes compared with usual care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  8 diabetes centers in London and Manchester, United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  344 adults with type 1 diabetes for longer than 2 years, with hemoglobin A(1c) levels of 8.2% to 15%, and without complications or severe comorbid disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nurse-delivered motivational enhancement therapy (4 sessions over 2 months), motivational enhancement therapy plus cognitive behavior therapy (12 sessions over 6 months), or usual care.
  
  
  METHODS
  12-month change in hemoglobin A(1c) levels (primary outcome), hypoglycemic events, depression, quality of life, fear of hypoglycemia, diabetes self-care activities, and body mass index (secondary outcomes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In an analysis including all randomly assigned patients, the 12-month change in hemoglobin A(1c) levels compared with usual care was -0.46% (95% CI, -0.81% to -0.11%) in the motivational enhancement therapy plus cognitive behavior therapy group and -0.19% (CI, -0.53% to 0.16%) in the motivational enhancement therapy group alone. There was no evidence of treatment effects on secondary outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of 1659 screened patients, only 507 were eligible and 344 participated. Data on the primary outcome were unavailable for 11.3% of the participants. Study design did not permit distinction of the additive effect of cognitive behavior therapy plus motivational enhancement therapy from the effect of greater intensity and duration of the combined intervention compared with the motivational enhancement therapy alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurse-delivered motivational enhancement therapy and cognitive behavior therapy is feasible for adults with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes. Combined therapy results in modest 12-month improvement in hemoglobin A(1c) levels compared with usual care, but motivational enhancement therapy alone does not.
authors.affiliation: Instituteof Psychiatry, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, London, United Kingdom. khalida.ismail@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Khalida
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maissi
authors.forename: Trudie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chalder
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dickens
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Creed
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Treasure
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003863:Depression / Q000517:prevention & control; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009732:Nursing Care; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin