title: The chilling effect: how do researchers react to controversy?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Can political controversy have a "chilling effect" on the production of new science? This is a timely concern, given how often American politicians are accused of undermining science for political purposes. Yet little is known about how scientists react to these kinds of controversies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drawing on interview (n = 30) and survey data (n = 82), this study examines the reactions of scientists whose National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded grants were implicated in a highly publicized political controversy. Critics charged that these grants were "a waste of taxpayer money." The NIH defended each grant and no funding was rescinded. Nevertheless, this study finds that many of the scientists whose grants were criticized now engage in self-censorship. About half of the sample said that they now remove potentially controversial words from their grant and a quarter reported eliminating entire topics from their research agendas. Four researchers reportedly chose to move into more secure positions entirely, either outside academia or in jobs that guaranteed salaries. About 10% of the group reported that this controversy strengthened their commitment to complete their research and disseminate it widely.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide evidence that political controversies can shape what scientists choose to study. Debates about the politics of science usually focus on the direct suppression, distortion, and manipulation of scientific results. This study suggests that scholars must also examine how scientists may self-censor in response to political events.
authors.affiliation: Rutgers University, Department of Sociology and Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kempner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000191:economics; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D005380:Financing, Government; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.) / Q000191:economics; D017712:Peer Review, Research; D011057:Politics; D012108:Research Personnel; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States