title: Genetic test for lactase non-persistence and hydrogen breath test: is genotype better than phenotype to diagnose lactose malabsorption?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adult-type hypolactasia is a widespread condition throughout the world, causing lactose malabsorption. The lactose breath test is a simple tool for diagnosis but the need for prolonged monitoring of hydrogen excretion has led to a genetic test proposal. The aim of this study was to compare the genetic test with the lactose breath test in order to give some insights into the clinical value of genetic testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two consecutive functional patients underwent lactose breath test and lactase genetic polymorphism analysis (C/T 13910 and G/A 22018). Intolerance symptoms after lactose load were also monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients with positive lactose breath test showed homozygosis for both polymorphisms. Among the nine patients with a negative breath test result, six showed heterozygosis while three showed homozygosis. Intolerance symptoms were present in 16 homozygotic patients but also in one heterozygotic patient. The k value for the agreement between the genetic test and the lactose breath test was 0.74.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A positive genetic test for lactase non-persistence indicates whether lactase activity decline may represent a clinical problem for the patient, but does not give information on actual patient symptoms. On the contrary, this information is already available by combining the lactose breath test with intolerance symptom evaluation. Lactose absorption phenotype may be not yet evident until young adult age.
authors.affiliation: 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Foundation IRCCS San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Stefano
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Terulla
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tana
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazzocchi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Corazza
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001944:Breath Tests; D005260:Female; D006579:Heterozygote; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D043322:Lactase / Q000235:genetics*; D007787:Lactose Intolerance / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D043322:Lactase