title: Does cytokine gene polymorphism affect steroid responses in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunological responses may be possibly involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). Cytokines act as a potent immunomodulator. Pathogenesis of INS is associated with Th1 and Th2 cytokines imbalance. AIMS, SETTINGS AND DESIGN: We have investigated the association of IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms and analyzed the data to evaluate the effect of these polymorphisms on the pathogenesis and clinical course of INS.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty children with INS were selected. Children were analyzed for IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms by using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chi-square test was used for different comparisons. The synergistic effects of IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms were evaluated by using logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We compared the steroid-resistant (SR) and steroid-responsive (SS) groups. Our results showed strong association of IL-6 -G174C, and IL-4 -C590T at genotypic level (P = 0.0121, OR = 14.71, 95% CI = 1.59-136.46; and P = 0.0386, OR = 7.29, 95% CI = 1.26-41.69). TNF-alpha revealed a strong association at genotypic level (P = 0.0121, OR = 14.71, 95% CI = 1.59-136.46), as well as at allelic level (P = 0.0433, OR = 2.251, 95% CI = 1.09-4.66), demonstrating that it may be considered one of the genetic risk factors affecting the steroid response in INS patients. The GG genotype of IL-6 -G174C, TT genotype of IL-4 -C590T, and AA genotype of TNF-alpha -G308A cytokine gene polymorphisms may be causative factors for nonresponsiveness towards steroid therapy among INS children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.forename: Tabrez
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jafar
authors.forename: Kaushik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mandal
authors.forename: Abbas A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mahdi
authors.forename: Shally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Awasthi
authors.forename: Raj K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Alok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gulati
authors.forename: Suraksha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agrawal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000235:genetics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4