title: [A case of acquired encephalopathy in a child. A cause that we thought had disappeared].
abstract: Subacute central nervous system infection must be considered in any infant presenting with progressive encephalopathy. We present the case of an 18-month-old child with normal neuromotor development until the age of 14 months admitted for spastic hypertonia of the legs and arms associated with axial hypotonia. The mother reported that she recently had been found to be HIV-seropositive. HIV antibodies were negative during the first trimester of pregnancy. On the child's blood sample, the HIV test was positive associated with a major decrease in CD4 cell count. Viral load (ARN-PCR) was 720 copies par millilitre. On brain MRI, hypersignals were found in the white matter. HIV related encephalopathy caused by maternal fetal transmission was diagnosed. After 2 months of antiretroviral treatment (azidothymidine, lamivudine, and boosted lopinavir), the child's neurological condition improved. HIV infection must be suspected in all infants with progressive encephalopathy. The HIV test in pregnant women must be proposed at the beginning of pregnancy and repeated during the last trimester.
authors.affiliation: Service de pédiatrie, hôpital de l'Archet II, 151, route de Saint-Antoine-de-Ginestière, 06202 Nice cedex 3, France. monpoux.f@chu-nice.fr
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Monpoux
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pitelet
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Richelme
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boutté
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000188:drug therapy; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000635:transmission*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061466:Lopinavir; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D061466:Lopinavir; D019259:Lamivudine; D015215:Zidovudine; D015662:Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; D015725:Fluconazole