title: Phylogeography and evolutionary history of dengue virus type 3.
abstract: In this study, we revisited the phylogeography of the three of major DENV-3 genotypes and estimated its rate of evolution, based on the analysis of the envelope (E) gene of 200 strains isolated from 31 different countries around the world over a time period of 50 years (1956-2006). Our phylogenetic analysis revealed a geographical subdivision of DENV-3 population in several country-specific clades. Migration patterns of the main DENV-3 genotypes showed that genotype I was mainly circumspect to the maritime portion of Southeast-Asia and South Pacific, genotype II stayed within continental areas in South-East Asia, while genotype III spread across Asia, East Africa and into the Americas. No evidence for rampant co-circulation of distinct genotypes in a single locality was found, suggesting that some factors, other than geographic proximity, may limit the continual dispersion and reintroduction of new DENV-3 variants. Estimates of the evolutionary rate revealed no significant differences among major DENV-3 genotypes. The mean evolutionary rate of DENV-3 in areas with long-term endemic transmissions (i.e., Indonesia and Thailand) was similar to that observed in the Americas, which have been experiencing a more recent dengue spread. We estimated the origin of DENV-3 virus around 1890, and the emergence of current diversity of main DENV-3 genotypes between the middle 1960s and the middle 1970s, coinciding with human population growth, urbanization, and massive human movement, and with the description of the first cases of DENV-3 hemorrhagic fever in Asia.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Flavivirus, Oswaldo Cruz Institute-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. joselio@ioc.fiocruz.br
authors.forename: Josélio M G
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Rita M R
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.forename: Hermann G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Schatzmayr
authors.forename: Paolo M de A
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Zanotto
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bello
mesh_terms: D000569:Americas; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D003715:Dengue / Q000821:virology*; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D051456:Gene Flow; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D010802:Phylogeny; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D013785:Thailand; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins