title: Efficacy of percutaneous versus intradermal BCG in the prevention of tuberculosis in South African infants: randomised trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the incidence of tuberculosis over two years in infants vaccinated at birth with intradermal BCG or with percutaneous BCG.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  11,680 newborn infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infants were randomised by week of birth to receive Tokyo 172 BCG vaccine through the percutaneous route (n=5775) or intradermal route (n=5905) within 24 hours of birth and followed up for two years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome measure was documented Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection or radiological and clinical evidence of tuberculosis disease. Secondary outcome measures were rates of adverse events, all cause and tuberculosis specific admissions to hospital, and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The difference in the cumulative incidence of definite, probable, and possible tuberculosis between the intradermal group and the percutaneous group, as defined using study definitions based on microbiological, radiological, and clinical findings was -0.36% (95.5% confidence interval -1.27% to 0.54%). No significant differences were found between the routes in the cumulative incidence of tuberculosis using a range of equivalence of "within 25%." Additionally, no significant differences were found between the routes in the cumulative incidence of adverse events (risk ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.91 to 1.06), including deaths (1.19, 0.89 to 1.58).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Equivalence was found between intradermal BCG vaccine and percutaneous BCG in the incidence of tuberculosis in South African infants vaccinated at birth and followed up for two years. The World Health Organization should consider revising its policy of preferential intradermal vaccination to allow national immunisation programmes to choose percutaneous vaccination if that is more practical. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00242047.
authors.affiliation: South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, University of Cape Town, South Africa. thawkridge@aeras.org
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hawkridge
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hatherill
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Margaret Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.forename: Lew
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mahomed
authors.forename: Jerald
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sadoff
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hanekom
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Geiter
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hussey
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017589:Immunization Programs; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012423:Rural Health; D013019:South Africa; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001500:BCG Vaccine