title: Dietary fat and breast cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiologic studies have produced conflicting results with respect to an association of dietary fat with breast cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the association between fat consumption and breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively investigated fat consumption in a large (n = 319,826), geographically and culturally heterogeneous cohort of European women enrolled in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition who completed a dietary questionnaire. After a mean of 8.8 y of follow-up, 7119 women developed breast cancer. Cox proportional hazard models, stratified by age and center and adjusted for energy intake and confounders, were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for breast cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An association between high saturated fat intake and greater breast cancer risk was found [HR = 1.13 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.27; P for trend = 0.038) for the highest quintile of saturated fat intake compared with the lowest quintile: 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) for a 20% increase in saturated fat consumption (continuous variable)]. No significant association of breast cancer with total, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fat was found, although trends were for a direct association of risk with monounsaturated fat and an inverse association with polyunsaturated fat. In menopausal women, the positive association with saturated fat was confined to nonusers of hormone therapy at baseline [1.21 (0.99, 1.48) for the highest quintile compared with the lowest quintile; P for trend = 0.044; and 1.03 (1.00, 1.07) for a 20% increase in saturated fat as a continuous variable].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence indicates a weak positive association between saturated fat intake and breast cancer risk. This association was more pronounced for postmenopausal women who never used hormone therapy.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sieri
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berrino
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pala
authors.forename: Anne C M
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Thiébaut
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Kim
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authors.lastname: Overvad
authors.forename: Marianne Uhre
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.forename: Francoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Clavel-Chapelon
authors.forename: Veronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chajes
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Boutron-Ruault
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaaks
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Linseisen
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nöthlings
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trichopoulou
authors.forename: Androniki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naska
authors.forename: Pagona
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lagiou
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panico
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palli
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vineis
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumino
authors.forename: Eiliv
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Merethe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumle
authors.forename: Guri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Skeie
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ardanaz
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amiano
authors.forename: María José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tormo
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martínez-García
authors.forename: Jose R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Quirós
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gullberg
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hallmans
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lenner
authors.forename: H Bas
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors.forename: Fränzel J B
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Duijnhoven
authors.forename: Petra H M
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.forename: Carla H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: van Gils
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Key
authors.forename: Francesca L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Crowe
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: Kay Tee
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Slimani
authors.forename: Mazda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jenab
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Norat
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riboli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005224:Fats, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017698:Postmenopause; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005224:Fats, Unsaturated