title: Vaccination history and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a population-based, case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As factors that alter the immune system have been implicated in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) etiology, it is of interest to explore the association between vaccination and risk of NHL. Results of few epidemiologic studies conducted thus far are inconsistent, and only one has examined the association by histologic subtype.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based, case-control study of 387 patients with NHL and 535 controls conducted in Nebraska between 1999 and 2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on vaccination for tetanus, polio, influenza, smallpox, and tuberculosis, as well as important environmental factors, was collected by telephone interview. Risk was estimated by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that NHL risk was inversely associated with ever receiving a polio (OR = 0.59, CI = 0.40-0.87) or smallpox (OR = 0.71, CI = 0.51-0.98) vaccination, and positively associated with influenza vaccination (OR = 1.53, CI = 1.14-2.06). No significant association was found for tetanus or tuberculosis vaccination. The patterns of association were similar between men and women. Analysis by histologic subtypes showed that polio vaccination was associated with a lower risk of follicular (OR = 0.54, CI = 0.31-0.92) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphomas (OR = 0.29, CI = 0.12-0.69) and smallpox vaccination was associated with a lower risk of marginal zone lymphoma (OR = 0.41, CI = 0.19-0.88). In contrast, ever receiving an influenza vaccination was associated with a higher risk of follicular (OR = 1.98, CI = 1.23-3.18) and diffuse large B cell lymphomas (OR = 1.88, CI = 1.13-3.12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk of NHL is inversely associated with polio and smallpox vaccination and positively associated with influenza vaccination. These associations appear to differ by histologic subtype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 680 North Lake Shore Drive, Suite 1102, Chicago, IL 60611-4402, USA.
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Lankes
authors.forename: Angela J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fought
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Evens
authors.forename: Dennis D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Weisenburger
authors.forename: Brian C-H
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Chiu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D044382:Population Groups; D012307:Risk Factors; D014611:Vaccination / Q000009:adverse effects*