title: Glycogene expression in conjunctiva of patients with dry eye: downregulation of Notch signaling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glycoconjugates regulate a variety of biological events in mucosal surfaces, such as differentiation of postmitotic epithelial cells and maintenance of the wet-surfaced phenotype. This study aimed to identify the repertoire of genes (glycogenes) involved in biosynthesis of glycoconjugates in conjunctiva of normal subjects and patients with dry eye.
  
  
  METHODS
  RNA from conjunctival impression cytology samples was amplified and hybridized to a custom-designed glycogene microarray. Intensity data were converted to expression values and analyzed by ANOVA. Microarray data for selected Notch glycogenes were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Notch receptors and ligands were immunolocalized on conjunctival biopsies by confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By microarray, 424 glycogenes were identified in normal conjunctival epithelium; galectins, glycosyltransferases, mucins, Notch signaling molecules, and proteoglycans were among the most highly expressed. In dry eye, 46 glycogenes were significantly downregulated, including five members of the Notch signaling pathway (Notch1, Notch 2, Notch 3, Jagged1, Delta1), four Wnt signaling molecules (Wnt4, -5A, Frizzled6, -7), and three heparan sulfate glycotransferases (HS2ST1, HS3ST6, EXTL2). Only interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 was upregulated. By real-time PCR, expression ratios of Notch1, Notch 3, and Jagged1 in dry eye were 0.43, 0.56, and 0.50, respectively, compared to controls (P < 0.05). Notch1, Notch3, and Jagged1 were immunolocalized throughout the conjunctival epithelium, whereas Notch2 and Delta1 were distributed apically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed the differential glycogene expression profiles in normal subjects and patients with dry eye. Downregulation of Notch signaling in dry eye may result in abnormal differentiation of the conjunctival epithelium and have implications in the pathogenesis of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mantelli
authors.forename: Lana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schaffer
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dana
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Head
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Argüeso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004848:Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006001:Glycoconjugates / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051880:Receptors, Notch / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D006001:Glycoconjugates; D051880:Receptors, Notch