title: Activation of MEK1 or MEK2 isoform is sufficient to fully transform intestinal epithelial cells and induce the formation of metastatic tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Ras-dependent ERK1/2 MAP kinase signaling pathway plays a central role in cell proliferation control and is frequently activated in human colorectal cancer. Small-molecule inhibitors of MEK1/MEK2 are therefore viewed as attractive drug candidates for the targeted therapy of this malignancy. However, the exact contribution of MEK1 and MEK2 to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer remains to be established.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wild type and constitutively active forms of MEK1 and MEK2 were ectopically expressed by retroviral gene transfer in the normal intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6. We studied the impact of MEK1 and MEK2 activation on cellular morphology, cell proliferation, survival, migration, invasiveness, and tumorigenesis in mice. RNA interference was used to test the requirement for MEK1 and MEK2 function in maintaining the proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that expression of activated MEK1 or MEK2 is sufficient to morphologically transform intestinal epithelial cells, dysregulate cell proliferation and induce the formation of high-grade adenocarcinomas after orthotopic transplantation in mice. A large proportion of these intestinal tumors metastasize to the liver and lung. Mechanistically, activation of MEK1 or MEK2 up-regulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, promotes invasiveness and protects cells from undergoing anoikis. Importantly, we show that silencing of MEK2 expression completely suppresses the proliferation of human colon carcinoma cell lines, whereas inactivation of MEK1 has a much weaker effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MEK1 and MEK2 isoforms have similar transforming properties and are able to induce the formation of metastatic intestinal tumors in mice. Our results suggest that MEK2 plays a more important role than MEK1 in sustaining the proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Voisin
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Julien
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duhamel
authors.forename: Kailesh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gopalbhai
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Claveau
authors.forename: Marc K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Saba-El-Leil
authors.forename: Ian Gaël
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Rodrigue-Gervais
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gaboury
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lamarre
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basik
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meloche
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D000818:Animals; D023102:Anoikis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048370:MAP Kinase Kinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; C482128:MAP2K2 protein, human; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D048370:MAP Kinase Kinase 2; C482125:MAP2K1 protein, human; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases