title: Pediatric facial trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the epidemiology, evaluation, and treatment of pediatric facial trauma, with emphasis on the unique challenges encountered in the pediatric patient. Current controversies in management will be discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Much of the current literature relating to pediatric facial trauma focuses on the etiology and epidemiology of these injuries, with few studies concentrating on the management. In general, treatment of pediatric maxillofacial fractures is more conservative than in adults. When open reduction and internal fixation is necessary, either temporary placement of permanent titanium plating systems or absorbable plating is recommended. Increasing use of resorbable plating systems in rigid fixation of pediatric fractures is noted; however, these have not become the standard of care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric facial fractures are relatively uncommon, but can cause significant short-term and long-term morbidity. A thorough understanding of the unique characteristics in the growing maxillofacial skeleton is a requisite for surgeons encountering these injuries.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Travis T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Tollefson
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000293:injuries; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy