title: Multilevel analysis of the impact of community vs patient factors on access to immediate breast reconstruction following mastectomy in Maryland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether various individual factors such as patient demographics and various community factors such as characteristics of the neighborhood in which the patient lives would influence access to immediate breast reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multilevel analysis of the Maryland Hospital Discharge Database, a prospectively collected observational database of inpatient care for all hospitals in Maryland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Database analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We queried for International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision procedure codes for all patients undergoing mastectomy and reconstruction during the same hospitalization in Maryland from January 1, 1995, through December 31, 2004.
  
  
  METHODS
  Disparities in immediate reconstruction rates via analysis of the impact of patient-level and community-level factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 18 690 patients underwent mastectomy in Maryland during the study period, 27.9% of whom had immediate reconstruction. On multivariate analysis, patient factors such as African American race/ethnicity and older age had a negative association. Community factors such as increasing household income, increasing population density, and increasing proportion of the community with at least some college education had a positive association, while increasing home value and increasing African American composition of the patient's neighborhood had a negative association. The impacts of ethnic/racial mix and educational level of the patient's neighborhood were independent of the patient's race/ethnicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Community factors beyond patient characteristics have a significant association with immediate reconstruction. Prospective community-level public health policy measures should be developed to address these inequalities (particularly racial/ethnic disparities based on neighborhood) and to increase the likelihood of obtaining immediate reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center, Eighth Floor, McElderry 8161, 601 North Caroline St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. gedge@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Gedge D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Rosson
authors.forename: Navin K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Nita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahuja
authors.forename: Lisa K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008408:Mastectomy; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*