title: Transcatheter occlusion of antegrade pulmonary flow in children after cavopulmonary anastomosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report our experience with transcatheter occlusion of antegrade pulmonary blood flow (APF) for postoperative complications of cavopulmonary anastomosis (BCPA).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that limited APF enhances pulmonary arterial growth in patients undergoing BCPA. However, APF may result in suboptimal postoperative hemodynamics and sequelae such as SVC syndrome or prolonged chest tube drainage. For this subgroup, closure of APF may alleviate these problems.
  
  
  METHODS
  All BCPA procedures where APF was left open from 1995-2005 were reviewed. Symptomatic patients with APF who underwent a cardiac catheterization in the postoperative period comprised the study cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  179 BCPA procedures were performed during the study period. APF was left patent in 29/179. 6/29 patients (age 10-28 months, median 14 months) presented 12 to 130 day; (median 31 days) with persistent pleural effusions (5) or SVC syndrome (1, Five had a history of a previous pulmonary arterial band (PAB) and one pulmonary stenosis. PA pressure was elevated in all (range 17-27 mmHg; median 22 mmHg). Hemodynamic evaluation with temporary APF occlusion was repeated in all patients. APF was successfully closed in 4/6 patients. The Amplatzer POA occluder was used in 3 and the Amplatzer ASD occluder in 1. Pulmonary effusions resolved in all the patients who had transcatheter APF closure as did the case of SVC syndrome. There were no complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcatheter APF occlusion seems both safe and feasible in patients with hemodynamic compromise following BCPA with residual APF. Temporary occlusion testing prior to permanent device closure is recommended.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA. ajtorres@mac.com
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Pass
mesh_terms: D021721:Balloon Occlusion / Q000295:instrumentation; D001794:Blood Pressure; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004867:Equipment Design; D018610:Heart Bypass, Right / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013479:Superior Vena Cava Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome