title: Association of breakfast energy density with diet quality and body mass index in American adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1999-2004.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent reports suggest that dietary energy density (ED) is associated with diet quality, energy intake, and body weight. Breakfast consumption was also associated with diet quality and body weight; however, little is known about the association of breakfast consumption with dietary ED.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined differences in the ED (in energy content/g of food) of diets between breakfast consumers and nonconsumers, and in breakfast reporters we examined the association of ED of breakfast foods with ED of nonbreakfast foods, diet quality, and body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)).
  
  
  METHODS
  We combined dietary data from the 3 continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1999-2004) to determine the ED (in kcal/g) of foods and nutritive beverages and the ED of foods only (n = 12 316; >or=20 y). Linear and logistic regression methods were used to examine the independent associations of breakfast reporting or breakfast ED with 24-h ED, nonbreakfast ED, diet quality, and BMI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ED of 24-h dietary intake was lower among breakfast reporters than among nonreporters. Women breakfast reporters (but not men) had lower BMI than did nonreporters (27.9 +/- 0.2 compared with 29.4 +/- 0.4; P = 0.001). With increasing breakfast ED, nonbreakfast ED and fat intake increased, but micronutrient intake and the likelihood of mention of all 5 food groups declined. BMI increased with increasing breakfast ED in men but with increasing nonbreakfast ED in women (P <or= 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support recommendations to encourage breakfast consumption and suggest that the ED of breakfast was associated with diet quality, overall diet ED, and body weight.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA. ashima.kant@qc.cuny.edu
authors.forename: Ashima K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kant
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Andon
authors.forename: Theodore J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Angelopoulos
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rippe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009753:Nutritive Value; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology