title: Effects of music composed by Mozart and Ligeti on blood pressure and heart rate circadian rhythms in normotensive and hypertensive rats.
abstract: There is continuing discussion on the effect of music ("Mozart effect") on numerous functions in man and experimental animals. Radiotelemetry now allows one to monitor cardiovascular functions in freely-moving unrestrained experimental animals. Radiotelemetry was used to monitor systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), heart rate (HR), and motor activity (MA) in male normotensive WKY and hypertensive SHR animals. Rats were synchronized to a 12 h light (L): 12 h dark (D) regimen in an isolated, ventilated, light-controlled, sound-isolated animal container. Music (Mozart, Symphony # 40; Ligeti, String Quartet # 2) were played for 2 h at 75 dB in the animal cabin starting at the onset of L or D in a cross-over design. Data were collected every 5 min for 24 h under control conditions and during and after music. In addition, plasma concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) were determined in unrestrained animals at 3 h intervals over 24 h. In both WKY and SHR, highly significant circadian rhythms were obtained in SBP, DBP, HR, and MA under control conditions; HR was lower and BP higher in SHR than in WKY. NE was circadian rhythmic in both strains with higher values in D; the increase in NE with immobilization was much more pronounced in SHR than in WKY. The music of Mozart had no effect on either parameter in WKY, neither in L nor in D. In contrast, in SHR, the music of Mozart presented in L significantly decreased HR and left BP unaffected, leading to a small decrease in cardiac output. The music of Ligeti significantly increased BP both in L and in D and reflexively reduced HR in L, the effects being long-lasting over 24 h. Interestingly, white noise at 75 dB had no effect at all on either function in both strains. The effects of both Mozart and Ligeti cannot be attributed to a stress reaction, as stress due to cage switch increased HR and BP both in WKY and SHR. The study clearly demonstrates that music of different character (tempo, rhythm, pitch, tonality) can modify cardiovascular functions in freely-moving rats, with SHR being more sensitive than normotensive animals. The relative contribution of the characteristics of the two pieces of music, however, needs further evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Institut fur Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. bjoern.lemmer@pharmtox.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lemmer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002319:Cardiovascular System; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D013686:Telemetry; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine