title: Tear cytokine profiles in dysfunctional tear syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare tear cytokine and chemokine concentrations in asymptomatic control and Dysfunctional Tear syndrome (DTS) patients and determine the correlations between tear inflammatory mediators and clinical severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concentrations of epidermal growth factor (EGF), interleukin (IL)-1 alpha (1alpha), 1 beta (1beta), 6, 10, 12, and 13, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and chemokines: IL-8 (CXC); macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1alpha) (CCL3); and regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES CCL5) were measured by a multiplex immunobead assay in an asymptomatic control group and DTS patients with and without meibomian gland disease (MGD). Spearman correlations between tear cytokines and severity of irritation symptoms and ocular surface signs were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tear concentrations of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha were significantly higher in DTS with and without MGD and EGF was significantly reduced in the DTS without MGD group compared with the control group. MIP-1alpha was greater in entire DTS and DTS without MGD groups than the control group and RANTES was greater in DTS with MGD than the control and DTS without MGD groups. IL-12 was significantly higher in the DTS with MGD than the DTS without MGD subgroup. Significant correlations were observed between IL-6 and irritation symptoms and between a number of cytokines and chemokines and clinical parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As predicted, patients with DTS have higher levels of inflammatory mediators in their tears that show correlation with clinical disease parameters. Furthermore, different tear cytokine/chemokine profiles were observed in DTS patients with and without MGD groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bleiden
authors.forename: Cintia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: de Paiva
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Farley
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Pflugfelder
mesh_terms: D054405:Chemokine CCL3 / Q000378:metabolism; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000378:metabolism; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D007378:Interleukins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008537:Meibomian Glands / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C515429:CCL3 protein, human; C483024:CCL5 protein, human; D054405:Chemokine CCL3; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D005136:Eye Proteins; D007378:Interleukins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C042434:tear proteins; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D007371:Interferon-gamma