title: Vascular training and endovascular practice in Europe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of the status of vascular surgery (VS) training paradigms on the actual practice of endovascular therapy among the European countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  An email-based survey concerning vascular surgery training models and endovascular practices of different clinical specialties was distributed to a VS educator within 14 European countries. European Vascular and Endovascular Monitor (EVEM) data also were processed to correlate endovascular practice with training models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen questionnaires were gathered. Vascular training in Europe appears in 3 models: 1. Mono-specialty (independence): 7 countries, 2. Subspecialty: 5 countries, 3. An existing specialty within general surgery: 2 countries. Independent compared to non-independent certification shortens overall training length (5.9 vs 7.9 years, p=0.006), while increasing overall training devoted specifically to VS (3.9 vs 2.7 years, p=0.008). Among countries with independent certification an average of 76% of aortic and 50% of peripheral endovascular procedures are performed by vascular surgeons, while the corresponding values, for countries with a non-independent certification, are 69% and 36% respectively. Countries with independent vascular certification, despite their lower average endovascular index (procedures per 100,000 population), reported a higher growth rate of aortic endovascular procedures (VS independent 132% vs VS non-independent 87%), within a four-year period (2003-2007). Peripheral endovascular procedures, though, have similar growth rates in both country groups (VS independent 62% vs VS non-independent 60%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In European countries with VS as an independent specialty, vascular surgeons have a shorter total training period but spend more time in VS training, although they may not undertake a greater proportion of the endovascular procedures their countries appear to have adopted endovascular technologies more rapidly compared to the ones with non-independent VS curricula. Whether such differences influence patient outcomes requires investigation in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Chaidari, Athens, Greece. liapis@med.uoa.gr
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Liapis
authors.forename: E D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Avgerinos
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sillesen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beneddetti-Valentini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cairols
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Van Bockel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bergqvist
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Greenhalgh
mesh_terms: D017130:Angioplasty / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002568:Certification; D003625:Data Collection; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D005060:Europe; D005257:Fellowships and Scholarships; D006801:Humans; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013043:Specialties, Surgical / Q000193:education; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data