title: Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 regulates proliferation, anti-apoptosis and alpha-fetoprotein secretion during hepatocellular carcinoma progression and represents a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  FGFR4, a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family, has been recently associated with progression of melanoma, breast and head and neck carcinoma. Given its uniquely high expression in the liver, we investigated its contributory role to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a comprehensive sequencing of full-length FGFR4 transcript in 57 tumor/normal HCC tissue pairs, and quantified their mRNA expressions. Notable mutations and expression patterns were correlated with patient data. Clinically significant trends were examined in in vitro models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found eight genetic alterations including two highly frequent polymorphisms (V10I and G338R). Secretion of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a HCC biomarker, was increased among patients bearing homozygous Arg388 alleles. One-third of these patients exhibited increased FGFR4 mRNA expression in the matched tumor/normal tissue. Subsequent in vitro perturbation of FGFR4 signaling through both FGF19-stimulation and FGFR4 silencing confirmed a mechanistic link between FGFR4 activities and tumor aggressiveness. More importantly, inhibition of FGFR activity with PD173074 exquisitely blocked HuH7 (high FGFR4 expression) proliferation as compared to control cell lines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FGFR4 contributes significantly to HCC progression by modulating AFP secretion, proliferation and anti-apoptosis. Its frequent overexpression in patients renders its inhibition a novel and much needed pharmacological approach against HCC.
authors.affiliation: Singapore OncoGenome Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, A *STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore. hankiat.ho@imb.a-star.edu.sg
authors.forename: Han Kiat
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pok
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Streit
authors.forename: Jens E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ruhe
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Kah Suan
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Hooi Linn
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Loo
authors.forename: Myat Oo
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Aung
authors.forename: Seng Gee
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ullrich
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D018450:Disease Progression; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051499:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C117476:FGF19 protein, human; C115711:PD 173074; D011743:Pyrimidines; D017468:Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; C496371:FGFR4 protein, human; D051499:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4