title: Early gene expression and morphogenesis of the murine chorioallantoic placenta in vivo and in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In mice the exchange of oxygen and nutrients between mother and fetus occurs in the chorioallantoic placenta where fetal capillaries come in close proximity with maternal blood perfusing trophoblast-lined sinusoids. Despite its critical importance, quantitative in vivo gene expression over the initial stages of chorioallantoic placental development has not been described, nor are there in vitro systems recapitulating the critical syncytiotrophoblast differentiation step in its formation. Here we describe molecular events that occur during the onset of chorioallantoic morphogenesis in mice in vivo, and in placental explant and whole conceptus cultures in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chorioallantoic morphogenesis began immediately following allantoic fusion with the chorion in vivo, and was associated with significant upregulation of syncytiotrophoblast associated mRNA (Gcm1 and Syncytin A). However mouse placentas with chorioallantoic point attachment cultured with the allantois or as whole conceptuses did not upregulate Gcm1 and/or Syncytin A, suggesting that syncytiotrophoblast differentiation did not occur in vitro. Failure of morphogenesis appeared to be due to failure to sustain in vitro the chorionic trophoblast cells from which the syncytiotrophoblast cells are derived. In vitro culture conditions did support the upregulation of ectoplacental cone marker Tpbpalpha, maintenance of giant cell marker Pl1, and maintenance of Fgfr2 expression; all of which mimicked in vivo events observed over this developmental interval.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that chorionic trophoblast maintenance and the early events that occur in vivo between chorioallantoic point attachment and primary villous formation are dependent on undefined intrauterine factors that were not present in the in vitro culture system. Nevertheless, in vitro culture conditions were appropriate to reproduce in vivo expression levels of Fgfr2, Pl1, and Tpbpalpha in placental explants.
authors.affiliation: Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dunk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baczyk
authors.forename: J C P
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kingdom
authors.forename: S Lee
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Adamson
mesh_terms: D000482:Allantois / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002823:Chorion / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D046508:Culture Techniques; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000196:embryology*; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C101631:Gcm1 protein, mouse; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; C497514:syncytin-A protein, mouse; C496354:Fgfr2 protein, mouse; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2