title: Agmatine protects cultured retinal ganglion cells from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the protective effects of agmatine against tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced apoptosis in transformed rat retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5 cell line).
  
  
  METHODS
  The RGC-5 cells were exposed to 50 ng/mL TNF-alpha for 48 h with or without presence of 100 microM agmatine as indicated. Cell viability was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Double staining with Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide for morphological analysis was performed. Subsequently, using annexin V assay, the proportion of cells actively undergoing apoptosis was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 48 h of exposure to 50 ng/mL TNF-alpha, 17.00% of RGC-5 cells were lost, as evident by LDH assay. TNF-alpha-induced RGC-5 cell death was reduced to 8.14% with 100 microM agmatine treatment. This observed cell loss was due to apoptotic cell death, as established by annexin V assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results reveal that agmatine has neuroprotective effects against TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in retinal ganglion cells in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Samin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Chan Yun
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jong Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Gong Je
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Seong
mesh_terms: D000376:Agmatine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000376:Agmatine; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase