title: Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy: the distal ureteral dilemma.
abstract: Transitional cell carcinoma affecting the upper urinary tract, though uncommon, constitutes a serious urologic disease. Radical nephroureterectomy remains the treatment of choice but has undergone numerous modifications over the years. Although the standard technique has not been defined, the laparoscopic approach has gained in popularity in the last two decades. The most appropriate oncological management of the distal ureteral and bladder cuff has been a subject of much debate. The aim of the nephroureterectomy procedure is to remove the entire ipsilateral upper tract in continuity while avoiding extravesical transfer of tumor-containing urine during bladder surgery. A myriad of technical modifications have been described. In this article, we review the literature and present an overview of the options for dealing with the lower ureter during radical nephroureterectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Royal Blackburn Hospital, Blackburn, BB2 3HH, UK. Shalom J. Srirangam, sjsrirangam@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Shalom J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Srirangam
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Cleynenbreugel
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Poppel