title: Family and peer influences on adjustment among Chinese, Filipino, and White youth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the influence of parent-adolescent relationships and peer behavior on emotional distress and risky behaviors among Asian American adolescents; in particular, cross-cultural and longitudinal examinations are missing from the extant research.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test and compare a theoretical model examining the influence of family and peer factors on adolescent distress and risky behavior over time, using a nationally representative sample of Chinese, Filipino, and White adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were utilized from Waves I (1994) and II (1995) of the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health; the sample is composed of 194 Chinese, 345 Filipino, and 395 White adolescents and weighted to correct for design effects, yielding a nationally representative sample. Structural equation modeling was used to test the theoretical model for each ethnic group separately followed by multiple-group analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The measurement model was examined for each ethnic group, using both unweighted and weighted samples, and was deemed equivalent across groups. Tests of the theoretical model by ethnicity revealed that for each group, family bonds have significant negative effects on emotional distress and risky behaviors. For Filipino and White youth, peer risky behaviors influenced risky behaviors. Multiple-group analyses of the theoretical model indicated that the three ethnic groups did not differ significantly from one another.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that family bonds and peer behavior exert significant influences on psychological and behavioral outcomes in Asian American youth and that these influences appear to be similar with White adolescents. Future research should be directed toward incorporating variables known to contribute to the impact of distress and risky behaviors in model testing and validating findings from this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Child Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA. mayumiw@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Mayumi Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Willgerodt
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D001213:Asian / Q000208:ethnology*; D001294:Attitude to Health / Q000208:ethnology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005190:Family / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009769:Object Attachment; D010287:Parent-Child Relations / Q000208:ethnology; D010379:Peer Group; D010679:Philippines / Q000208:ethnology; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology*