title: Gender differences exist in the hip joint moments of healthy older walkers.
abstract: Gender differences in the incidence of symptomatic hip osteoarthritis (OA), changes in hip cartilage volume and hip joint space and rates hip arthroplasty of older people are reported in the literature. As the rate of progression of OA is in part mechanically modulated it is possible that this gender bias may be related to inherent differences (if they exist) in walking mechanics between older males and females. The purpose of this study was to examine potential mechanisms for gender differences in hip joint mechanics during walking by testing the hypotheses that females would exhibit higher hip flexion, adduction and internal rotation moments but not significantly greater normalized ground reaction forces (GRFs). Forty-two healthy subjects (21 male, 21 female), ages 50-79yr were recruited for gait analysis. In support of the hypotheses, greater external hip adduction and internal rotation along with hip extension moments were found for females compared to males after normalizing for body size for all self-selected walking speeds. Differences in walking style (kinematics) were the main determinants in the joint kinetic differences as no differences in the normalized GRFs were found. As external joint moments are surrogate measures of the joint contact forces, the results of this study suggest the hip joint stress for the female population is higher compared to male population. This is in favor of a hypothesis that the increased joint contact stress in a female population could contribute to a greater joint degeneration at the hip in females as compared with males.
authors.affiliation: VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Bone and Joint Rehabilitation R&D Center of Excellence, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. kboyer@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Beaupre
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Andriacchi
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D012737:Sex Factors; D019415:Torque; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*