title: A novel targeted inhibitor of the alternative pathway of complement and its therapeutic application in ischemia/reperfusion injury.
abstract: Bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of soluble Crry, a mouse inhibitor of all complement activation pathways, is significantly enhanced when linked to a fragment of complement receptor 2 (CR2), a receptor that targets C3 activation products. In this study, we characterize alternative pathway-specific inhibitors consisting of a single or dimeric N-terminal region of mouse factor H (fH; short consensus repeats 1-5) linked to the same CR2 fragment (CR2-fH and CR2-fHfH). Both CR2-fH and CR2-fHfH were highly effective at inhibiting the alternative pathway in vitro and demonstrated a higher specific activity than CR2-Crry. CR2-fH was also more effective than endogenous serum fH in blocking target deposition of C3. Target binding and complement inhibitory activity of CR2-fH/CR2-fHfH was dependent on CR2- and C3-mediated interactions. The alternative pathway of complement plays a role in intestine ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, serum fH fails to provide protection against intestine ischemia/reperfusion injury although it can bind to and provide cell surfaces with protection from complement and is present in plasma at a high concentration. In a mouse model, CR2-fH and CR2-fHfH provided complete protection from local (intestine) and remote (lung) injury. CR2-fH targeted to the site of local injury and greatly reduced levels of tissue C3 deposition. Thus, the targeting mechanism significantly enhances alternative pathway-specific complement inhibitory activity of the N-terminal domain of fH and has the potential to reduce side effects that may be associated with systemic complement blockade. The data further indicate alternative pathway dependence for local and remote injury following intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in a clinically relevant therapeutic paradigm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Yuxiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.forename: V Michael
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Holers
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003176:Complement C3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D017242:Complement Factor H / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003170:Complement Pathway, Alternative / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D019281:Dimerization; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C527099:CR2-Crry fusion protein, mouse; C000597269:CR2-fH protein; D003176:Complement C3; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D017242:Complement Factor H