title: Optimizing radiotherapy of brain tumours by a combination of temozolomide & lonidamine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Temozolomide (TMZ), a second generation alkylating drug, an effective cytotoxic agent as well as radiosensitizer for malignant brain tumours, has side effects like myelosuppression. Lonidamine (LND) increases the effectiveness of several experimental multiple chemotherapy protocols, without increasing bone marrow toxicities and is effective in brain tumour patients. The objective of the present studies was to investigate whether combining clinically relevant doses of LND and TMZ could increase the proliferation and radiation response of malignant human brain tumour cells in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  A malignant human glioma (U373MG) cell line was used in these studies. TMZ (20, 40 or 60 microM) or LND (100, 150 or 200 microM), or the combination of both (20 and 100 microM, respectively) in 0.1 per cent dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) were added three days after setting up cultures, in six well plates (5 x 10(4) cells/ well). The effects of continuous treatment for two days on proliferation response and cytotoxicity were studied after trypsinization; by cell counts and the uptake of trypan blue dye (0.5%). For the study of radiation (60Co-Gamma-rays, 2 Gy) response, drugs were removed 4 h after irradiation and cultures were grown further in drug free, normal growth medium for another 20 h or 44 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continuous presence of TMZ or LND for two days significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a concentration dependent manner. The frequencies of non viable cells increased significantly only at higher concentrations of LND. Combination of 20 microM TMZ with 100 microM LND had additive effects on proliferation response, without affecting cell viability. Short-term drug treatments without irradiation did not induce micronuclei formation. Cell proliferation and viability were also not affected. However, post-irradiation presence of either of these drugs for 4 h significantly reduced the proliferation response, 24 and 48 h after treatments. It was further inhibited by the combination treatment. On the contrary, radiation induced micronuclei formation was enhanced by either of the drugs; which was significantly increased by the combined treatment, 24 h as well as 48 h after irradiation. No effects on cell viability were observed, immediately after these treatments as well as at later time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings showed that combination of TMZ and LND at clinically achievable, low plasma concentrations could inhibit tumour growth, and lonidamine could reduce the dose of temozolomide required for radiosensitization of brain tumours.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prabhakara
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Kalia
mesh_terms: D000165:Acridine Orange; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D000077204:Temozolomide
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D007191:Indazoles; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D003606:Dacarbazine; D000165:Acridine Orange; C016371:lonidamine; D000077204:Temozolomide