title: Saline contrast echocardiography in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome awaiting liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) have higher cardiorespiratory mortality than those without. The aims of this study were to determine whether echocardiography could distinguish patients with ESLD with and without HPS and whether the diagnosis of HPS by contrast echocardiography (CE) was altered by the performance of the test in a supine or standing position.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were recruited prospectively from patients with end-stage liver disease undergoing assessment for liver transplantation. Hepatopulmonary syndrome was diagnosed on the basis of arterial blood gas analysis, lung function testing and agitated saline contrast echocardiography in the absence of primary cardiac or pulmonary disease. Bubble contrast injections were performed supine or standing in a randomised order and read by a blinded observer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CE showed late right-to-left shunting in 13 of 50 consecutive patients with cirrhosis (26%). Eight patients (16%) had definite diagnoses of HPS. CE in the standing position consistently increased both the number and the size of shunts compared with supine injection. CE detected intrapulmonary shunting before a change in arterial blood gases. Standard echocardiographic parameters did not distinguish between those with and without HPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that screening for HPS in patients with advanced cirrhosis should be done using CE with patients in the upright position.
authors.affiliation: Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lenci
authors.forename: Ace
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alvior
authors.forename: Tommaso Maria
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Manzia
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Toti
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neuberger
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steeds
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D020065:Hepatopulmonary Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012965:Sodium Chloride
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D012965:Sodium Chloride