title: Capacity utilization and the cost of primary care visits: implications for the costs of scaling up health interventions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A great deal of international attention has been focussed recently on how much additional funding is required to scale up health interventions to meet global targets such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Most of the cost estimates that have been made in response have assumed that unit costs of delivering services will not change as coverage increases or as more and more interventions are delivered together. This is most unlikely. The main objective of this paper is to measure the impact of patient load on the cost per visit at primary health care facilities and the extent to which this would influence estimates of the costs and financial requirements to scale up interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariate regression analysis was used to explore the determinants of variability in unit costs using data for 44 countries with a total of 984 observations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for other possible determinants, we find that the cost of an outpatient visit is very sensitive to the number of patients seen by providers each day at primary care facilities. Each 1% increase in patient through-put results, on average, in a 27% reduction in the cost per visit (p < 0.0001), which can lead to a difference of up to $30 in the observed costs of an outpatient visit at primary facilities in the same setting, other factors held constant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variability in capacity utilization, therefore, need to be taken into account in cost estimates, and the paper develops a method by which this can be done.
authors.affiliation: Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. adamt@who.int
authors.forename: Taghreed
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: Steeve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebener
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Evans