title: Therapeutic options in the management of intermediate-risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer.
abstract: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers form a heterogeneous group of tumours with varying recurrence and progression rates. Recently low-, intermediate- and high-risk categories, based on tumour stage and grade, have been used to predict prognosis and guide treatment. Whilst the therapeutic options for the low- and high-risk groups are well defined, the optimal treatment for patients in the intermediate-risk group is unknown. We review current treatment options, recent advances and future developments in the treatment of patients with intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, North Hampshire Hospital, Basingstoke, UK.
authors.forename: Andras
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horvath
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mostafid
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D016685:Mitomycin