title: Children of low-income depressed mothers: psychiatric disorders and social adjustment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although several studies have documented a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children of depressed than nondepressed parents, previous research was conducted in predominantly White, middle, or upper-middle class populations. Only limited information is available on psychiatric disorders and psychosocial functioning in children of low-income depressed mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report the findings in children of mothers with and without a lifetime history of major depressive disorder, who were recruited from a large urban primary-care practice. Bilingual clinical interviewers assessed 58 children with structured diagnostic interviews administered to most children (90%) and to their mothers as informants. Diagnostic assessments and best estimate diagnoses of the children were blind to the mothers' diagnostic status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The families were poor and predominantly Hispanic, more than half of them headed by single mothers. After adjusting for child age and gender, and for any possible sibling correlation, children of depressed mothers had significantly higher rates of lifetime depressive, separation anxiety, oppositional defiant, and any psychiatric disorders than children of control mothers, with a lifetime prevalence of any psychiatric disorder of 84.6 versus 50.0%, respectively. Children of depressed mothers also reported significantly lower psychosocial functioning and had higher rates of psychiatric treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the risk for psychiatric disorders may be particularly high in children of low-income depressed mothers. The primary-care setting offers a unique opportunity for early intervention with this underserved group.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA. adriana.feder@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Feder
authors.forename: Angelique
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Wanda
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liriano
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pilowsky
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barranco
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Verdeli
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wickramaratne
authors.forename: Myrna M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Weissman
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009519:New York City; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D020954:Single-Parent Family / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D012917:Social Adjustment; D001741:Black or African American