title: Morphometric signature differences in nuclei of Gleason pattern 4 areas in Gleason 7 prostate cancer with differing primary grades on needle biopsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since clinically significant upgrading of the biopsy Gleason score has an adverse clinical impact, ancillary tools besides the visual determination of primary Gleason pattern are essential to aid in better risk stratification.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 61 prostate biopsies were selected in patients with a diagnosis of Gleason score 7 prostatic adenocarcinoma, including 41 with primary Gleason pattern 3 and 20 with primary Gleason pattern 4. Slides from these tissues were stained using Feulgen stain, a nuclear DNA stain. Areas of Gleason pattern in all cases were analyzed for 40 nuclear morphometric descriptors of size, shape and chromatin using a CAS-200 system (BD). The primary outcome analyzed was the ability of morphometric features to identify visually determined primary Gleason pattern 4 on the biopsy. Data were analyzed using logistic regression as well as a C4.5 decision tree with and without preselection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decision tree analysis yielded the best model. Automatic feature selection identified minimum nuclear diameter as the most discriminative feature in a 3-parameter model with 85% classification accuracy. Using a preselected 3-parameter model including minimum diameter, angularity and sum optical density the decision tree yielded a slightly lesser accuracy of around 79%. Bootstrap validation of logistic regression results revealed that there was no unique model that could significantly explain the variance in primary Gleason pattern status, although minimum nuclear diameter was the most frequently selected parameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this small cohort of patients with Gleason score 7 disease we report that Gleason pattern 4 nuclei from those with primary Gleason pattern 4 are generally larger with coarser chromatin compared with the Gleason pattern 4 in patients with primary Gleason pattern 3. These findings may aid in better risk stratification of the Gleason score 7 group by supplementing visual estimation of the percent of primary Gleason pattern 3 and 4 in the biopsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA. gvenkat@lumc.edu
authors.forename: Girish
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Venkataraman
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rycyna
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rabanser
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heinze
authors.forename: Bart M M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Baesens
authors.forename: Vijayalakshmi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ananthanarayanan
authors.forename: Gladell P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Paner
authors.forename: Güliz A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Barkan
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Flanigan
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wojcik
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology*; D000368:Aged; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D012044:Regression Analysis