title: The impact of positive soft tissue surgical margins following radical cystectomy for high-grade, invasive bladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluate the incidence and risk factors associated with positive soft tissue surgical margins (STSM) and determine the association with various surgical and pathological characteristics and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  From November 1971 to December 2005, 1,591 patients with primary transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder underwent RC, with an extended bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and urinary diversion. A positive STSM was defined as tumor identified at the inked perivesical soft tissue surrounding the cystectomy specimen. Data were analyzed according to various clinical and pathologic variables, and survival analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 18 patients (1%) demonstrated pathologic evidence of a positive STSM following RC. Positive STSM were significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion, advanced pathologic stage, lymph node involvement, extent of nodal involvement and lymph node density. No patient with an organ-confined primary bladder tumor had a positive STSM, while 3% with extravesical tumor extension demonstrated a positive STSM. Recurrence-free and overall survival at 5 and 10 years for patients with a positive STSM was 29 and 22%, and 29 and 11%, respectively (p < 0.001). A positive STSM increased the risk of recurrence by threefold and the overall risk of death by 2.6 times. Only nine patients (1%) without evidence of nodal involvement had a positive STSM with a worse survival compared to those same pathologic subgroup and negative STSM. Nine patients (2%) with lymph node tumor involvement had positive STSM and also demonstrated significantly worse survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although a positive STSM was present in only 1% of patients undergoing a RC for TCC of the bladder, it was found to be an independent risk factor for advanced disease, lymph node involvement and tumor progression with worse survival. A dedicated effort should be made to avoid a positive STSM at the time of RC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, MS #74, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 7416, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
authors.forename: Pantelis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hadjizacharia
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Gus
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miranda
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D015653:Cystectomy; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D015996:Survival Rate; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*