title: In ovo electroporations of HH stage 10 chicken embryos.
abstract: Large size and external development of the chicken embryo have long made it a valuable tool in the study of developmental biology. With the advent of molecular biological techniques, the chick has become a useful system in which to study gene regulation and function. By electroporating DNA or RNA constructs into the developing chicken embryo, genes can be expressed or knocked down in order to analyze in vivo gene function. Similarly, reporter constructs can be used for fate mapping or to examine putative gene regulatory elements. Compared to similar experiments in mouse, chick electroporation has the advantages of being quick, easy and inexpensive. This video demonstrates first how to make a window in the eggshell to manipulate the embryo. Next, the embryo is visualized with a dilute solution of India ink injected below the embryo. A glass needle and pipette are used to inject DNA and Fast Green dye into the developing neural tube, then platinum electrodes are placed parallel to the embryo and short electrical pulses are administered with a pulse generator. Finally, the egg is sealed with tape and placed back into an incubator for further development. Additionally, the video shows proper egg storage and handling and discusses possible causes of embryo loss following electroporation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Marissa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Blank
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chizhikov
authors.forename: Kathleen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Millen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000502:physiology*; D002645:Chickens; D018274:Electroporation / Q000379:methods*; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054259:Neural Tube / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology