title: Atropine for prevention of cardiac dysrhythmias in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing percutaneous ethanol instillation: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) is an established method in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). During this procedure, severe cardiac bradyarrhythmias can occur. A preemptive injection of atropine is recommended by professional guidelines to prevent these dysrhythmias.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients scheduled for PEI were randomized 1:1 to receive 0.5 mg atropinehydrochloride or placebo in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Patients were electrocardiogram monitored, which were then analysed by an experienced rhythmologist blinded to the treatment arm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in 40 consecutive PEI sessions were included. During PEI, a significant reduction in the mean heart rate (>15%) was seen in 15% of patients in the placebo group (median, -37%; range, 15-41%) and in 25% of patients receiving atropine (median, -20%; range, 16-64%). There was no significant difference between both groups. During PEI, two patients (10%) in the placebo group developed a sinuatrial block (SAB). Four patients in the atropine group (20%) developed arrhythmias: three patients SAB, one of them with escape rhythm and one AV-bundle block. Blood ethanol levels post-PEI, amount of instilled ethanol, tumour size and location were not different between patients with or without dysrhythmias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this randomized-controlled trial, a preprocedure atropine injection did not prevent the occurrence of bradyarrhythmias. Prophylactic use of atropine might not be effective and therefore cannot be recommended as a routine procedure. Clinicaltrials.gov-identifier: NCT00575523.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Ferlitsch
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arnulf
authors.forename: Schmid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Monika
authors.forename: Schmidinger
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herwig
authors.forename: Homoncik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Monika
authors.forename: Pleiner-Duxneuner
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Johannes
authors.forename: Ulbrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gregor
authors.forename: Gangl
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alfred
authors.forename: Peck-Radosavljevic
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Markus
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D000431:Ethanol; D001285:Atropine