title: Cytotoxicity of sigma-receptor ligands is associated with major changes of cellular metabolism and complete occupancy of the sigma-2 subpopulation.
abstract: Tumor cells can be selectively killed by application of sigma-ligands; high concentrations (20-100 muM) are often required, however, because either diffusion barriers must be passed to reach intracellular sites or the entire sigma-receptor population should be occupied to induce cell death. We measured receptor occupancies associated with the cytotoxic effect and dose-dependent changes of cellular metabolism in a tumor cell line.
  
  
  METHODS
  C6 cells (rat glioma) were grown in monolayers and exposed to (+)-pentazocine (sigma-1 agonist), AC915 (sigma-1 antagonist), rimcazole (sigma-1/sigma-2 antagonist), or haloperidol (sigma-1/sigma-2 antagonist). Occupancy of sigma-receptors by the test drugs was measured by studying the competition of the test drugs with cellular binding of the ligand (11)C-SA4503. Metabolic changes were quantified by measuring cellular uptake of (18)F-FDG, (18)F-FLT, (11)C-choline, or (11)C-methionine. Cytotoxicity was assessed by cellular morphology observation and cell counting after 24 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IC(50) values (drug concentrations resulting in 50% occupancy of the available binding sites) of the test drugs for inhibition of cellular (11)C-SA4503 binding were 6.5, 7.4, 0.36, and 0.27 muM for (+)-pentazocine, AC915, rimcazole, and haloperidol, respectively. EC(50) values (dose required for a 50% reduction of cell number after 24 h) were 710, 819, 31, and 58 muM, for pentazocine, AC915, rimcazole, and haloperidol, respectively. Cytotoxic doses of sigma-ligands were generally associated with increased uptake of (18)F-FDG, decreased uptake of (18)F-FLT and (11)C-choline, and little change in (11)C-methionine uptake per viable cell.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IC(50) values of the test drugs reflect their in vitro affinities to sigma-2 rather than to sigma-1 receptors. Because cytotoxicity occurred at concentrations 2 orders of magnitude higher than IC(50) values for inhibition of cellular (11)C-SA4503 binding, high (99%) occupancy of sigma-2 receptors is associated with loss of cell viability. (18)F-FLT, (11)C-choline, and (18)F-FDG responded most strongly to drug treatment and showed changes corresponding to the cytotoxicity of the test compounds.
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anna A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rybczynska
authors.forename: Rudi A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dierckx
authors.forename: Kiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishiwata
authors.forename: Philip H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Elsinga
authors.forename: Aren
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Waarde
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D051381:Rats; D017480:Receptors, sigma / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D017480:Receptors, sigma