title: Listeria monocytogenes in Gorgonzola: subtypes, diversity and persistence over time.
abstract: L. monocytogenes represents a primary concern in the production of Gorgonzola, a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Italian blue-veined cheese produced only in the Piedmont and Lombardy regions. L. monocytogenes isolates (N=95) obtained from Gorgonzola rinds, paste, and production/ripening environments were serotyped and then genotyped using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). The goal of this study was to investigate the variability of L. monocytogenes PFGE-types across different PDO Gorgonzola manufacturers (N=22). The majority of the strains (88%) were serotyped as 1/2a. PFGE identified 2 major pulse-types grouping 62 strains, detected from different plants and years, suggesting the presence of persistent and niche-adapted L. monocytogenes. In 9 plants, environmental strains shared the same pulse-types with strains from rinds or paste, suggesting a possible transmission pathway. Encouragingly, L. monocytogenes was retrieved from only 1 paste, indicating that production processes were under control in 21 plants. In the remaining plant, un-effective pasteurization or cross-contamination during production processes could be the cause of the contamination. Consequently, it is imperative that producers operate under the total respect of the Good Manufacturing Practices and following the principles of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point plans, in order to contain contamination throughout the whole processing.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università degli Studi di Torino, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lomonaco
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Decastelli
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nucera
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallina
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Manila Bianchi
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Civera
mesh_terms: D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002611:Cheese / Q000382:microbiology*; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D013997:Time Factors