title: Trends in dietary intakes of vitamins A, C and E among Japanese men and women from 1974 to 2001.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate long-term trends in dietary intakes of vitamins A, C and E in Japanese adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Time series by community-based nutrition survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two rural communities (Ikawa and Kyowa) between 1974 and 2001 in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3713 men and 3726 women aged 40-69 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dietary intake data were collected by the 24 h dietary recall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Ikawa, mean intake of vitamin A (beta-carotene and retinol) increased by 13-40%; vitamins C and E increased by approximately 23-33% among men and women from 1974-1977 to 1998-2000. In Kyowa, mean intake of vitamin A, primarily retinol, increased by 13-21% among men and women; vitamin C from fruits decreased by 16% among men; and vitamin E increased by 29% among women from 1982-1986 to 1998-2001. Mean intake of vitamin E in the latest survey period was lower than the Adequate Intake among men and women in both communities. Generally, there were increased intakes of beta-carotene and vitamin C from green/yellow and other vegetables; increased retinol intake from fish/shellfish, eggs, milk/dairy products and fats/oils; and increased vitamin E intake from green/yellow and other vegetables, fish/shellfish, eggs, milk/dairy products and fats/oils.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean intakes of the antioxidant vitamins A, C and E increased among middle-aged Japanese men and women between the 1970s and the 1990s except for decreased vitamin C among Kyowa men. The lower mean intake of vitamin E than the Adequate Intake should be considered a potential public health issue for the prevention of CVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshimi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Satoyo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikehara
authors.forename: Koutatsu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.forename: Mieko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inagawa
authors.forename: Miyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Kimiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.forename: Taeko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Masa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kishi
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murai
authors.forename: Mitsumasa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Umesawa
authors.forename: Enbo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanigawa
authors.forename: Michinori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurokawa
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimamoto
authors.forename: Hiroyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004032:Diet / Q000639:trends*; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D001205:Ascorbic Acid