title: [Diagnostic procedures in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma].
abstract: Upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinomas represent 5-6% of all urothelial carcinomas. Macroscopic hematuria is the most common symptom. The diagnostic algorithm contains medical history, clinical investigation, cystoscopy, urinary cytology, ultrasound and intravenous urography. When suspected, a complementary retrograde pyeloureterography with collecting selective urinary cytology is conducted. When radiological findings are doubted or when conservative treatment is planned, an ureterorenoscopy for biopsy of the suspected area is indicated. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance tomography is used to define the local extension of invasive tumors and to detect metastases. The use of urinary markers in the diagnosis of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma has to be evaluated in prospective trials.
authors.affiliation: Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland. o.patschan@gmx.net
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Patschan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horstmann
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Schlemmer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stenzl
mesh_terms: D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006417:Hematuria / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000209:etiology; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009378:Neoplasms, Multiple Primary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D018666:Ureteroscopy; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology; D014567:Urography