title: Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta and tau genes interact in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the epistatic effect between haplotypes of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3B) gene and microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT) gene in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A genetic association study of three AD cohorts was made. Linear regression analyses were used to examine effects of MAPT polymorphisms on gene expression and alternative splicing. beta-Catenin levels and signaling were determined using Western blot and luciferase reporter assays in cells transfected with a combination of GSK3B and MAPT complementary DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consistent interaction between GSK3B and MAPT genes in three late-onset AD cohorts was observed, with the GSK3B haplotype (T-T) significantly increasing the risk for AD in individuals with at least one H2 haplotype (odds ratio, 1.68-2.33; p = 0.005-0.036). The GSK3B haplotype was significantly protective in the Chinese cohort (odds ratio, 0.33; p = 0.016), after adjusting for the effect of age and sex. There are significant differences in in vivo transcriptional efficiency between the two MAPT haplotypes (H1 and H2) as determined by measurement of cerebellar transcripts (p < 0.001). Overexpression of either MAPT or GSK3B resulted in decreased beta-catenin levels compared with a control vector (p < 0.001). Conversely, cotransfection of both of these molecules increased beta-catenin signaling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our genetic and biochemical analyses have identified a novel interaction between Tau and GSK-3beta in late-onset AD causative factors. Our data are consistent with an epistatic model of interaction where discordant levels of GSK3B and MAPT gene expression can lead to altered beta-catenin levels and pathogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Randwick, Sydney, Australia. j.kwok@powmri.edu.au
authors.forename: John B J
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: Clement T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Loy
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Edmond
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallupp
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: G Anthony
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Broe
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lovestone
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Schofield
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000378:metabolism; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D014162:Transfection; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C054369:MAPT protein, human; D051176:beta Catenin; D016875:tau Proteins; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3