title: Cell migration and activated PI3K/AKT-directed elongation in the developing rat Müllerian duct.
abstract: In vertebrates, the Müllerian duct elongates along the Wolffian duct, a mesonephric structure that is required for Müllerian duct formation. Recently, several genes required for initial Müllerian duct formation have been identified. However, the precise mechanism of Müllerian duct elongation remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated dynamic morphological changes in the elongating Müllerian duct in rat urogenital ridges in organ culture manipulated by microincision and/or chemical inhibitors. Mechanical division of the developing Müllerian duct showed that epithelial cells of the Müllerian duct actively migrate along the anterior-posterior axis independent of the proliferative expansion of the anterior portion of the duct. We found that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is activated in the Müllerian duct epithelium and is required for elongation of the tip of the duct; however, migration of Müllerian duct epithelial cells proximal to the tip remains intact when PI3K/AKT is inactivated. Although much is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to Müllerian duct regression, the present findings provide a fuller understanding of the mechanisms contributing to Müllerian duct formation and to the general process of early tubulogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN, 6100, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fujino
authors.forename: Nelson A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Arango
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Manganaro
authors.forename: Xianlin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: MacLaughlin
authors.forename: Patricia K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Donahoe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009095:Mullerian Ducts / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D014928:Wolffian Ducts / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002867:Chromones; D009025:Morpholines; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one