title: Impact of XIAP protein levels on the survival of myeloma cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  XIAP is the best characterized and the most potent direct endogenous caspase inhibitor and is considered a key actor in the control of apoptotic threshold in cancer cells. In this report, we specifically addressed XIAP regulation and function in myeloma cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  XIAP and its endogenous inhibitor XAF-1 protein levels and their regulation were assessed by immunoblot analysis in myeloma cell lines or primary myeloma cells. XIAP knockdown by RNA interference was used to evaluate XIAP impact on in vitro drug sensitivity and in vivo tumor growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results indicate that myeloma cells expressed high levels of XIAP protein that were tightly regulated during growth factor stimulation or stress condition. Of note, an increased XIAPlevel was evidenced during the blockade of the canonical cap-dependent translation by the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, supporting the hypothesis of a functional IRES sequence in XIAP mRNA. In addition, caspase-mediated XIAP cleavage correlated to an apoptotic process occurring upon cell treatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Importantly, XIAP knockdown using RNA interference enhanced drug sensitivity and decreased tumor formation in NOD/SCID mice. Finally, myeloma cells also expressed the XIAP inhibitor XAF-1 that interacted with XIAP in viable myeloma cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Altogether, our data argue for a delicate control of XIAP function in myeloma cells and stimulate interest in targeting XIAP in myeloma treatment.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR 892, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Grégoire
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Desplanques
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giuliani
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Delsignore
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rizzoli
authors.forename: Régis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bataille
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barillé-Nion
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D034622:RNA Interference; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein