title: Glucocorticoids enhance regeneration of murine olfactory epithelium.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Glucocorticoid (GC) administration enhanced apoptotic changes in mature olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). GC administration may enhance regeneration of olfactory epithelium (OE).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The mechanism underlying olfactory epithelial cells turnover involves apoptosis replaced by new ORNs. On regeneration of OE, we evaluated the apoptotic changes in OE. Our aim was to corroborate the enhancement of apoptosis of ORNs induced by GCs that are generally administered locally or systemically to patients with olfactory dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the in vitro study, we established cultured murine ORNs. Triamcinolone acetonide was added to culture supernatants. ORNs were then cultured for another 2 weeks. In the in vivo study, triamcinolone acetonide was administered to mice 5 or 10 times. The mice were dissected 3 days after the final injection, and the olfactory regions were removed and embedded in paraffin. All samples were examined by immunohistochemical staining and the TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression of cultured murine ORNs was observed among ORNs at the mature stage. Expression of GRs by murine OE was localized on mature ORNs and supporting cells. Administration of GC to both cultured ORNs and mice resulted in proportions of apoptotic cells that were significantly higher than those in the control groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan. minako-t@jichi.ac.jp
authors.forename: Minako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takanosawa
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ichimura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D018034:Olfactory Receptor Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000378:metabolism; D012038:Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide