title: Comparative study of in vivo lymphatic sealing capability of the porcine thoracic duct using laparoscopic dissection devices.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sealing the lymphatic vessels during abdominal and pelvic surgery is important to prevent the leakage of lymphatic fluid and its resultant sequelae. To our knowledge we compared for the first time the quality of lymphatic sealing by each of 4 commonly used laparoscopic dissection devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 12 domestic pigs were used to test dissecting devices, including monopolar scissors (Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Cincinnati, Ohio), Harmonic ACE Scalpel, LigaSure V, EnSeal and Trissector. A midline incision was made from mid sternum to umbilicus, the diaphragm was divided and the porcine thoracic duct was isolated. In all animals each device was used to seal an area of the duct and each seal was placed at least 2 cm from the prior seal. In group 1 the thoracic duct of 6 pigs was cannulated with a 5Fr catheter and the seal was subjected to burst pressure testing using a burst pressure measuring device (Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, Illinois). In the 6 pigs in group 2 each seal was immediately sent for histopathological evaluation. Specimens were given a score for the extent of cautery damage, including 0-none, 1-minimal, 2-moderate, 3-severe and 4-extreme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 64 seals were created, of which 35 were subjected to burst pressure testing. Mean size of the thoracic duct was 2.6 mm. No acute seal failures were observed with any bipolar device or the harmonic shears. However, 2 immediate failures (33%) were seen with monopolar scissors. Mean burst pressure for monopolar scissors, Harmonic ACE Scalpel, LigaSure V, EnSeal and Trissector was 46 (range 0 to 165), 540 (range 175 to 795), 258 (range 75 to 435), 453 (range 255 to 825) and 379 mm Hg (range 175 to 605), respectively (p <0.05). Trissector, Harmonic ACE Scalpel and EnSeal generated seals with significantly higher burst pressure than that of monopolar scissors (p <0.05). Histopathological evaluation revealed that LigaSure caused less thermal damage than Trissector and EnSeal (p <0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Each device tested except monopolar scissors consistently produced a supraphysiological seal and should be suitable for sealing lymphatic vessels during laparoscopic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California-Irvine, Orange, California, USA.
authors.forename: Geoffrey N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Box
authors.forename: Hak J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jose B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Deane
authors.forename: Erick R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Elchico
authors.forename: Corollos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Abdelshehid
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alipanah
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Borin
authors.forename: Elspeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: McDougall
authors.forename: Ralph V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Clayman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004210:Dissection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011312:Pressure; D013552:Swine; D013897:Thoracic Duct