title: Assessment of end-tidal carbon dioxide during pediatric and adult sedation for endoscopic procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulse oximetry has become the standard of care during endoscopic procedures, despite the fact that significant alveolar hypoventilation may be undetected.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the value of end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO(2)) measurement during pediatric and adult endoscopic procedures with the patient under general anesthesia (GA) and conscious sedation (CS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Oridion Microcap hand-held capnography by using Smart Bite Bloc with oxygen (O(2)) delivery were used for the procedures. Microstream nondispersive infrared (IR) spectroscopy is used to measure the concentration of molecules that absorb IR light in CO(2) exhaled by the subject. For each patient, we defined an "event" based on a combination of a >or=20% change (increase or decrease) in EtCO(2), with at least one of the following: O(2) saturation (SPO(2)) <or=90%, a >or=20% change of pulse rate or respiratory rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 57 patients, with an age range of 4 to 62 years. Nineteen patients (33.3%) had CS and 38 (66.6%) had GA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty patients had no events, 32 had 1 event, and 5 patients had 2 events. The highest observed frequency of an event was noted during upper endoscopy under GA (0.35), followed by upper endoscopy under CS (0.32). Fitted univariate logistic regression models indicated that higher variability in EtCO(2) is associated with a higher probability for an event (P < .0001) and that an increase in age is associated with a lower probability for an event (P < .0001). Significant differences in the frequencies of SPO(2) events were related to the type of procedure (P = .0002; highest estimated probability for upper endoscopy) and GA (P < .0001). Similar conclusions were obtained based on the fitted multivariate model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EtCO(2) contributes significantly to the prediction of events during endoscopy. A lower mean of EtCO(2), higher variability of EtCO(2), younger age, GA, and upper endoscopy increase the probability of an event.
authors.affiliation: Anesthesia Department, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yarchi
authors.forename: Ayala
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Umansky
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sukhotnik
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shaoul
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D019296:Capnography; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide