title: Artificial odor discrimination system using electronic nose and neural networks for the identification of urinary tract infection.
abstract: Current clinical diagnostics are based on biochemical, immunological, or microbiological methods. However, these methods are operator dependent, time-consuming, expensive, and require special skills, and are therefore, not suitable for point-of-care testing. Recent developments in gas-sensing technology and pattern recognition methods make electronic nose technology an interesting alternative for medical point-of-care devices. An electronic nose has been used to detect urinary tract infection from 45 suspected cases that were sent for analysis in a U.K. Public Health Registry. These samples were analyzed by incubation in a volatile generation test tube system for 4-5 h. Two issues are being addressed, including the implementation of an advanced neural network, based on a modified expectation maximization scheme that incorporates a dynamic structure methodology and the concept of a fusion of multiple classifiers dedicated to specific feature parameters. This study has shown the potential for early detection of microbial contaminants in urine samples using electronic nose technology.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Systems Analysis, School of Computer Science, University of Westminster, London HA1 3TP, UK. kodogiv@wmin.ac.uk
authors.forename: Vassilis S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Kodogiannis
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Lygouras
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tarczynski
authors.forename: Hardial S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chowdrey
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D003950:Diagnostic Techniques, Urological / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004582:Electronics, Medical; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D006801:Humans; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012903:Smell; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds