title: Signal transduction in electrically stimulated articular chondrocytes involves translocation of extracellular calcium through voltage-gated channels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain, using specific inhibitors, the potential role of calcium-related signal transduction pathways in the mechanism of cartilage matrix protein gene induction and metalloproteinase gene suppression by capacitively coupled electric fields.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articular chondrocytes were isolated from adult bovine patellae and cultured in high density for 7 days. To study matrix protein expression, cells cultured in the absence or presence of specific calcium pathway inhibitors were exposed to a capacitively coupled electrical field (60 kHz, 20 mV/cm): for aggrecan 1h at 50% duty cycle and for type II collagen 6h at 8.3% duty cycle. To study metalloproteinase expression in the presence of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), cells were cultured as above but exposed for only 30 min to a 100% duty cycle signal. At harvest, total mRNA was isolated and aggrecan, type II collagen, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1, -3 and -13) and aggrecanase [a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin repeats (ADAMTS-4 and -5)] mRNA expression were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) In the absence of inhibitors, appropriate electrical stimulation induces a 3-4-fold up-regulation of both aggrecan and type II collagen mRNA and a 3.7-9.6-fold down-regulation of IL-1beta-induced metalloproteinases; (2) the presence of inhibitors alone does not affect any target mRNA levels; (3) inhibitors of intracellular calcium regulation and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP(3)) formation [8-(diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5,-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride (TMB-8) and neomycin, respectively] have no effect on regulation of target mRNA levels by electrical stimulation; and (4) inhibitors of voltage-gated calcium channels (verapamil), calmodulin activation (N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride, W-7), calcineurin activity (cyclosporin A), phospholipase C activity (bromophenacyl bromide, BPB) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesis (indomethacin) completely inhibit the effects of electrical stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are consistent with the effects of electrical stimulation involving a pathway of extracellular Ca(2+) influx via voltage-gated calcium channels rather than from intracellular Ca(2+) repositories; and with downstream roles for calmodulin, calcineurin and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NF-AT) rather than for phospholipase C and IP(3).
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Brighton
mesh_terms: D053674:Aggrecans / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D024043:Collagen Type II; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases