Long-term outcomes of cochlear implantation in the preschool years: from elementary grades to high school.
The objective of this study was to document the development of speech, language, and reading skills between primary and secondary school ages in children who received cochlear implants during preschool years. Subjects were a sample of 85 North American adolescents recruited from a larger sample of 181 participants from a previous investigation. Students were first tested in early elementary school (ages eight to nine years) and were re-evaluated in high school (ages 15-18 years) for this study. The methods used were: performance on a battery of speech perception, language, and reading tests. These were compared at both test ages and significant predictors of outcome level identified through multiple regression analysis. Speech perception scores improved significantly with long-term cochlear implant use. Average language scores improved at a faster than normal rate, but reading scores did not quite keep pace with normal development. Performance in high school was most highly correlated with scores obtained in elementary grades. In addition, better outcomes were associated with lower PTA cochlear implant threshold, younger age at implantation and higher nonverbal IQ. In conclusion, early cochlear implantation had a long-term positive impact on auditory and verbal development, but did not result in age-appropriate reading levels in high school for the majority of students.
Geers
Ann
A
Callier Advanced Hearing Research Center, University of Texas at Dallas, Texas, USA. ageers@earthlink.net
Tobey
Emily
E
Moog
Jean
J
Brenner
Chris
C
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019929:Cochlear Implantation; D012048:Correction of Hearing Impairment; D003638:Deafness / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D019986:Persons with Hearing Disabilities / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011932:Reading; D013063:Speech Discrimination Tests; D013067:Speech Perception; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome