title: What is the significance of vortex vein invasion in uveal melanoma?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To correlate vortex vein invasion with established prognostic factors for uveal melanoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Enucleated eyes with a confirmed histopathological diagnosis of uveal melanoma with vortex vein invasion were identified, over a 10-year period. Established uveal melanoma prognostic factors, with tumour genetics were correlated with vortex vein invasion and patient survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microscopic vortex vein involvement was present in 29 of 244 (11.9%) uveal melanomas. Of 29, 6 (20.7%) tumours had macroscopic evidence of vortex vein invasion. Of 29, 14 (48.3%) tumours also showed evidence of non-vortex vein, 'direct' scleral invasion. 23 (79.3%) of 29 melanomas involved only the choroid. The mean maximum diameter of tumours with vortex vein invasion was 15.8 mm and the mean thickness was 9.7 mm. The uveal melanoma was a discrete nodule in 27 of 29 (93.1%) cases. Histologically, 8 of 29 tumours (27.6%) were spindle cell, 19 of 29 (65.5%) were mixed cell, and 2 of 29 (6.9%) were epithelioid cell type. Of 29, 22 (75.9%) uveal melanomas with vortex vein invasion contained extracellular matrix networks and loops. Genetic abnormalities correlated with poor prognosis were seen in 25 of 29 (86.2%) tumours with vortex vein invasion. Liver metastasis was confirmed in 19 of 29 (65.5%) patients with vortex vein invasion. No patients with uveal melanomas showing vortex vein invasion suffered orbital recurrence of disease following enucleation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The trends show that vortex vein invasion is associated with a choroidal location, large tumour size, spindle cell bias, presence of extracellular matrix loops/networks and genetic markers. A higher proportion of patients with vortex vein invasion progress to develop liver metastasis compared with the general uveal melanoma population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK. nazraoof@hotmail.com
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raoof
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Rennie
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Salvi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sisley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caine
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Mudhar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002829:Choroid / Q000098:blood supply*; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D047368:Tumor Burden; D014604:Uveal Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D014680:Veins / Q000473:pathology