title: c-Myc is required for maintenance of glioma cancer stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malignant gliomas rank among the most lethal cancers. Gliomas display a striking cellular heterogeneity with a hierarchy of differentiation states. Recent studies support the existence of cancer stem cells in gliomas that are functionally defined by their capacity for extensive self-renewal and formation of secondary tumors that phenocopy the original tumors. As the c-Myc oncoprotein has recognized roles in normal stem cell biology, we hypothesized that c-Myc may contribute to cancer stem cell biology as these cells share characteristics with normal stem cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on previous methods that we and others have employed, tumor cell populations were enriched or depleted for cancer stem cells using the stem cell marker CD133 (Prominin-1). We characterized c-Myc expression in matched tumor cell populations using real time PCR, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Here we report that c-Myc is highly expressed in glioma cancer stem cells relative to non-stem glioma cells. To interrogate the significance of c-Myc expression in glioma cancer stem cells, we targeted its expression using lentivirally transduced short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Knockdown of c-Myc in glioma cancer stem cells reduced proliferation with concomitant cell cycle arrest in the G(0)/G(1) phase and increased apoptosis. Non-stem glioma cells displayed limited dependence on c-Myc expression for survival and proliferation. Further, glioma cancer stem cells with decreased c-Myc levels failed to form neurospheres in vitro or tumors when xenotransplanted into the brains of immunocompromised mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support a central role of c-Myc in regulating proliferation and survival of glioma cancer stem cells. Targeting core stem cell pathways may offer improved therapeutic approaches for advanced cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Jialiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhizhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Qiulian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Justin D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lathia
authors.forename: Roger E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: McLendon
authors.forename: Anita B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Hjelmeland
authors.forename: Jeremy N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Rich
mesh_terms: D000071916:AC133 Antigen; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D002453:Cell Cycle; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005910:Glioma / Q000378:metabolism*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010455:Peptides; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000071916:AC133 Antigen; D015703:Antigens, CD; D006023:Glycoproteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D010455:Peptides; C000606024:Prom1 protein, mouse; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc