title: Metabolism of echinacoside, a good antioxidant, in rats: isolation and identification of its biliary metabolites.
abstract: Echinacoside (ECH) is one of the major active phenylethanoid glycosides (PEGs) in famous traditional Chinese medicine, Herba Cistanches. Although it has various bioactivities, such as antioxidation, neuroprotection, and hepatoprotection, knowledge about its metabolic fate is scant. In the present study, eight phase II metabolites, 3,4 -O-dimethyl-ECH-3 -O-beta-d-glucuronide (M1); 4,4 -O-dimethyl-ECH-3 -O-beta-d-glucuronide (M2); 3,4 -O-dimethyl-ECH-4-O-sulfate ester (M3); 4,4 -O-dimethyl-ECH-3-O-sulfate ester (M4); 3,3 -O-dimethyl-ECH (M5); 3,4 -O-dimethyl-ECH (M6); 4,3 -O-dimethyl-ECH (M7); and 4,4 -O-dimethyl-ECH (M8), were isolated from rat bile sample after intravenous administration of ECH and identified by mass spectra and NMR spectroscopy, including (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, nuclear Overhauser effect difference spectroscopy, and two-dimensional NMR (heteronuclear single quantum correlation, heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation spectroscopy, gradient-selected correlation spectroscopy, and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy). Among them, M5 to M8 were O-di-methylated conjugates; M1 and M2 and M3 and M4 were O-dimethyl glucuronides and O-dimethyl sulfates, respectively. In the three types of metabolites of rat, the major metabolites were the methyl ethers and the glucuronides, whereas the sulfates were minor. The regioselectivity of conjugation for ECH and metabolic pathway of ECH were proposed, which gave insight into the mechanism of ECH for its bioactivities in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, No. 38 Xueyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Cunqin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Haiming
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Mingbo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001659:Biliary Tract / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001669:Biochemical Phenomena; D006027:Glycosides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D006027:Glycosides; C060297:echinacoside