title: Low incidence of symptomatic strokes after carotid stenting without embolization protection devices for extracranial carotid stenosis: a single-institution retrospective review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) remains the primary modality of treating individuals with carotid stenosis and significant comorbidities or anatomically difficult lesions. The use of embolization protection devices (EPD) has been mandated by the cerebrovascular community even though the ability of these devices to prevent symptomatic strokes is not supported by the current literature. Our goal was to assess the clinical and radiological outcomes of patients who underwent CAS without EPDs at our hospital from 1996 to 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective chart analysis of all patients who underwent CAS without EPDs at the Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience in Philadelphia, PA. The clinical and angiographic outcomes of these patients were studied retrospectively using chart reviews and operative, angiographic, and radiological reports. The mean clinical and radiological follow-up period was 18.6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred five patients (97.2%) had clinical follow-up at 1 month. During this period, the following complications were observed: cerebrovascular accidents in 2 patients (1.9%), myocardial infarctions in 2 patients (1.9%), femoral hematoma in 1 patient (0.9%), retroperitoneal hematomas in 3 patients (2.8%), and cervical carotid dissections in 4 patients (3.7%); 2 patients (1.9%) died. Seventy-six patients (80.9%) had a mean clinical follow-up period of 18.6 months. During this period, 2 patients (2.6%) had cerebrovascular accidents, 1 of which was fatal. The long-term morbidity and mortality rate was 2.6%. In the same follow-up period, the restenosis (>50% stenosis from baseline) rate was 9.2% (7 patients). Three (3.9%) of these patients went on to require repeat CAS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our experience reveals that CAS can be performed safely with risks similar to those reported in series in which EPDs were used. Any procedure or device that adds risk and cost to the patient should be evaluated with a randomized, controlled trial to evaluate its efficacy, especially in situations in which published data provide conflicting results. The use of EPDs should be no exception to this paradigm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. aditya.pandey@mail.tju.edu
authors.forename: Aditya S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Koebbe
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liebman
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Rosenwasser
authors.forename: Erol
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Veznedaroglu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013995:Time; D016896:Treatment Outcome