title: Ethnic differences in the structural properties of facial skin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conspicuous facial pores are one type of serious aesthetic defects for many women. However, the mechanism(s) that underlie the conspicuousness of facial pores remains unclear. We previously characterized the epidermal architecture around facial pores that correlated with the appearance of those pores.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A survey was carried out to elucidate ethnic-dependent differences in facial pore size and in epidermal architecture.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects included 80 healthy women (aged 30-39: Caucasians, Asians, Hispanics and African Americans) living in Dallas in the USA. First, surface replicas were collected to compare pore sizes of cheek skin. Second, horizontal cross-sectioned images from cheek skin were obtained non-invasively from the same subjects using in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and the severity of impairment of epidermal architecture around facial pores was determined. Finally, to compare racial differences in the architecture of the interfollicular epidermis of facial cheek skin, horizontal cross-sectioned images were obtained and the numbers of dermal papillae were counted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Asians had the smallest pore areas compared with other racial groups. Regarding the epidermal architecture around facial pores, all ethnic groups observed in this study had similar morphological features and African Americans showed substantially more severe impairment of architecture around facial pores than any other racial group. In addition, significant differences were observed in the architecture of the interfollicular epidermis between ethnic groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that facial pore size, the epidermal architecture around facial pores and the architecture of the interfollicular epidermis differ between ethnic groups. This might affect the appearance of facial pores.
authors.affiliation: Kao Corporation Biological Science Laboratories, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan. nakagiri.yoriko@kao.co.jp
authors.forename: Yoriko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugiyama-Nakagiri
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugata
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hachiya
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Osanai
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohuchi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitahara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D001213:Asian; D002610:Cheek; D004817:Epidermis / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D016062:Porosity; D013781:Texas; D044465:White People