title: Ten year outcome of tardive dyskinesia during continuous treatment with first generation antipsychotics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to determine the course of tardive dyskinesia (TD) during continuous medication with first generation antipsychotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients of a psychiatric nursing home were assessed for TD by means of the AIMS on two occasions ten years apart.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 10 patients who met criteria for TD at baseline the global judgement of severity of the AIMS improved in 5, worsened in 4 and remained unchanged in one patient. The mean sum score of the AIMS slightly increased from 5.5 to 6.3. No patient developed movements that incapacitated him in his daily activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In concordance with the available literature these findings support the view that under continuous treatment with antipsychotics there is an equal chance for improvement as for deterioration. Progressive worsening to severe forms of TD was not observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry 1, Landesnervenklink Wagner-Jauregg, Linz, Austria. hans.rittmannsberger@gespag.at
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rittmannsberger
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001317:Austria; D018450:Disease Progression; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects*; D009735:Nursing Homes; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents