title: Rigid fixation of the spinal column improves scaffold alignment and prevents scoliosis in the transected rat spinal cord.
abstract: METHODS
  A controlled study to evaluate a new technique for spinal rod fixation after spinal cord injury in rats. Alignment of implanted tissue-engineered scaffolds was assessed radiographically and by magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the stability of implanted scaffolds and the extent of kyphoscoliotic deformities after spinal fixation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Biodegradable scaffolds provide an excellent platform for the quantitative assessment of cellular and molecular factors that promote regeneration within the transected cord. Successful delivery of scaffolds to the damaged cord can be hampered by malalignment following transplantation, which in turn, hinders the assessment of neural regeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radio-opaque barium sulfate-impregnated poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid scaffolds were implanted into spinal transection injuries in adult rats. Spinal fixation was performed in one group of animals using a metal rod fixed to the spinous processes above and below the site of injury, while the control group received no fixation. Radiographic morphometry was performed after 2 and 4 weeks, and 3-dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy analysis 4 weeks after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the course of 4 weeks, progressive scoliosis was evident in the unfixed group, where a Cobb angle of 8.13 +/- 2.03 degrees was measured. The fixed group demonstrated significantly less scoliosis, with a Cobb angle measurement of 1.89 +/- 0.75 degrees (P = 0.0004). Similarly, a trend for less kyphosis was evident in the fixed group (7.33 +/- 1.68 degrees ) compared with the unfixed group (10.13 +/- 1.46 degrees ). Quantitative measurements of the degree of malalignment of the scaffolds were also significantly less in the fixed group (5 +/- 1.23 degrees ) compared with the unfixed group (11 +/- 2.82 degrees ) (P = 0.0143).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radio-opaque barium sulfate allows for visualization of scaffolds in vivo using radiographic analysis. Spinal fixation was shown to prevent scoliosis, reduce kyphosis, and reduce scaffold malalignment within the transected rat spinal cord. Using a highly optimized model will increase the potential for finding a therapy for restoring function to the injured cord.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurology and Molecular Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Gemma E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Rooney
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaishya
authors.forename: Syed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ameenuddin
authors.forename: Bradford L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Currier
authors.forename: Terry K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Schiefer
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Bingkun
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Prasanna K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Spinner
authors.forename: Slobodan I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Macura
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yaszemski
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Windebank
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D003287:Contrast Media; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006016:Glycolates; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D020007:Implants, Experimental; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013997:Time Factors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D006016:Glycolates; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid