title: Medicare Part D's effects on elderly patients' drug costs and utilization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze Medicare Part D's net effect on elderly patients' use of and out-of-pocket (OOP) costs for prescription drugs and to compare these with standardized results from prior studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our dataset contains 1.4 billion prescriptions from Wolters Kluwer Health from December 2004 through December 2007 for patients whose age as of 2007 was more than 57 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Days' supply per capita, OOP cost per day's supply, and number of individuals filling prescriptions were compared before and after January 2006 for those over age 66 years versus those age 58-64 years. Adjustment was made for under-reporting of pure cash prescriptions in the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elderly patients' utilization in the first year of Part D increased compared with that of near-elderly patients by 8.1% for days' supply and 4.8% for the number of individuals filling prescriptions, and their OOP costs declined by 17.2%. Although elderly patients' OOP costs in the second year were reduced an additional 5.8%, days' supply increased by only an additional 1.0%. Correcting for the under-reporting of pure cash prescriptions yielded effects of 8.1% and -3.5% for days' supply and -15.6% and -7.2% for OOP costs in 2006 and 2007, respectively. A standardized comparison with previous estimates from Walgreens data showed that our utilization estimates were 2.6 times larger.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Part D lowered elderly patients' OOP costs and increased utilization, primarily during the first year of the program. Magnitudes vary substantially across studies because of differences in data and methods.
authors.affiliation: WP Carey School of Business, School of Health Management and Policy, Arizona State University, 300 E Lemon St, Tempe, AZ 85287-4506, USA. ketcham@asu.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ketcham
authors.forename: Kosali I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Simon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D054524:Medicare Part D / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D055553:Prescription Drugs