title: Racial differences in body mass indices for male convicts in nineteenth century Pennsylvania.
abstract: This paper demonstrates that although modern BMIs have increased, 19th century Middle-Atlantic black and white BMIs were in the normal range; neither underweight nor obese individuals were common. Farmers' BMIs were consistently heavier than non-farmers. Philadelphia residents' BMIs were lower than elsewhere within Pennsylvania, indicating that urbanization and agricultural commercialization were associated with current biological living standards in urbanized areas.
authors.affiliation: School of Business, University of Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Scott Alan
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Carson
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People / Q000266:history*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011329:Prisoners / Q000266:history*; D012016:Reference Values; D044465:White People / Q000266:history*; D001741:Black or African American