title: Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride-based disinfectant: a novel tool to fight meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and nosocomial infections.
abstract: Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMGH), an antimicrobial biocide of the guanidine family, was tested for efficacy against quality-control strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis, meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli. Bactericidal activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and Salmonella choleraesuis was determined using the official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, with modifications as recommended by the Canadian General Standards Board. For MRSA and E. coli, the MIC and minimal bactericidal concentration were determined using the broth dilution technique. The experiments were carried out at 20 degrees C under a range of conditions including varying PHMGH concentration (0.001-0.1 %), contact time (0.5-10 min) and water type (distilled, tap and hard water). The phenol coefficient values determined with S. aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis and P. aeruginosa were 7.5, 6.1 and 5, respectively. No matter what type of water was used to make the dilutions, PHMGH killed MRSA and E. coli at concentrations as low as 0.04 and 0.005 % (w/v), respectively, within 1.5 min. The mode of action of PHMGH was elucidated by transmission electron microscopy: the cell envelope was broken, resulting in cell content leakage into the medium. The ultimate aim of this study was to show that PHMGH can be used as an odourless, colourless, non-corrosive and harmless disinfectant for hospital and household facilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Collège Universitaire de Saint-Boniface, 200 Avenue de la Cathédrale, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 0H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Mathias K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Oulé
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Collège Universitaire de Saint-Boniface, 200 Avenue de la Cathédrale, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 0H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Azinwi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Collège Universitaire de Saint-Boniface, 200 Avenue de la Cathédrale, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 0H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bernier
authors.affiliation: Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Technologie des Aliments, Abobo Adjamé University, 02 BP 801, Abidjan 02, Cote d'Ivoire.
authors.forename: Tano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kablan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Collège Universitaire de Saint-Boniface, 200 Avenue de la Cathédrale, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 0H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Maupertuis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Collège Universitaire de Saint-Boniface, 200 Avenue de la Cathédrale, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 0H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mauler
authors.affiliation: Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Technologie des Aliments, Abobo Adjamé University, 02 BP 801, Abidjan 02, Cote d'Ivoire.
authors.forename: Rose K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Nevry
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Collège Universitaire de Saint-Boniface, 200 Avenue de la Cathédrale, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 0H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Korami
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dembélé
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Collège Universitaire de Saint-Boniface, 200 Avenue de la Cathédrale, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 0H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Collège Universitaire de Saint-Boniface, 200 Avenue de la Cathédrale, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 0H7, Canada.
authors.forename: Lamine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diop
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006146:Guanidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects; D012475:Salmonella / Q000187:drug effects; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004202:Disinfectants; D006146:Guanidines; C060540:polyhexamethyleneguanidine