title: Maternal cereal consumption and adequacy of micronutrient intake in the periconceptional period.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the adequacy of periconceptional intake of key micronutrients for perinatal health in relation to regular cereal consumption of pregnant women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Low-income pregnant women (n 596) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, who enrolled in a cohort study at <20 weeks' gestation. These women reported usual dietary intake in the three months around conception on an FFQ. Cereal consumers were women who reported consuming any dry cereal at least three times per week. High risk for nutrient inadequacy was defined as intake less than the Estimated Average Requirement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 31 % of the women regularly consumed cereal. After adjusting for energy intake, race/ethnicity, marital status, breakfast consumption and supplement use, cereal eaters had significantly higher intakes of folate, Fe, Zn, Ca, fibre and vitamins A, C, D and E (all P < 0.01) and were approximately two to six times more likely to have intakes in the highest third of the distribution for folate, Fe, Zn, Ca, vitamins A and D, and fibre (all P < 0.01) than cereal non-eaters. Cereal consumption was also associated with reductions of 65-90 % in the risk of nutrient inadequacies compared with non-consumption (all P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Encouraging cereal consumption may be a simple, safe and inexpensive nutrition intervention that could optimize periconceptional intake for successful placental and fetal development.
authors.affiliation: Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Snook Parrott
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bodnar
authors.forename: Hyagriv N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Simhan
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Harger
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Markovic
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002523:Edible Grain; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010414:Pennsylvania; D016742:Preconception Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D018977:Micronutrients