title: Efficacy and complications of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide for refractory cystoid macular edema associated with intraocular inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects and complications of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) for posterior sub-Tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide (PSTA)-resistant cystoid macular edema (CME) with intraocular inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of eight eyes of six patients with PSTA-resistant CME were retrospectively examined. Each eye received a 4-mg IVTA, and an additional injection was performed when CME recurred. Visual acuity as logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), intraocular pressure (IOP), and central macular thickness (CMT) were assessed before and after each treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CME improved in six eyes (75%) with mean visual acuity recovering from 0.56+/-0.29 to 0.41+/-0.195 (logMAR, P=0.13) and mean CMT decreasing from 470 microm (range, 275-660 microm) to 297 microm (range, 150-697 microm) (P=0.04) 2 months after the initial IVTA. CME recurred an average of 9 months (range, 5-11 months) after IVTA. A higher dose (16-mg) IVTA was effective for two eyes refractory to repeated 4-mg IVTA. IOP was elevated in two eyes (25%), of which one required filtration surgery (12.5%). In phakic eyes, cataracts progressed and necessitated surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IVTA is effective for PSTA-resistant CME with intraocular inflammation, and its efficacy might be dose dependent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Zhenyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. knamba@med.hokudai.ac.jp.|Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan. knamba@med.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Namba
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kitaichi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Chiho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goda
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Mizuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeaki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohno
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D009877:Endophthalmitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D019233:Retreatment; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014822:Vitreous Body
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide