title: Remodeling of hippocampal spine synapses in the rat learned helplessness model of depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although it has been postulated for many years that depression is associated with loss of synapses, primarily in the hippocampus, and that antidepressants facilitate synapse growth, we still lack ultrastructural evidence that changes in depressive behavior are indeed correlated with structural synaptic modifications.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed hippocampal spine synapses of male rats (n=127) with electron microscopic stereology in association with performance in the learned helplessness paradigm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inescapable footshock (IES) caused an acute and persistent loss of spine synapses in each of CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus, which was associated with a severe escape deficit in learned helplessness. On the other hand, IES elicited no significant synaptic alterations in motor cortex. A single injection of corticosterone reproduced both the hippocampal synaptic changes and the behavioral responses induced by IES. Treatment of IES-exposed animals for 6 days with desipramine reversed both the hippocampal spine synapse loss and the escape deficit in learned helplessness. We noted, however, that desipramine failed to restore the number of CA1 spine synapses to nonstressed levels, which was associated with a minor escape deficit compared with nonstressed control rats. Shorter, 1-day or 3-day desipramine treatments, however, had neither synaptic nor behavioral effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that changes in depressive behavior are associated with remarkable remodeling of hippocampal spine synapses at the ultrastructural level. Because spine synapse loss contributes to hippocampal dysfunction, this cellular mechanism may be an important component in the neurobiology of stress-related disorders such as depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. tibor.hajszan@yale.edu
authors.forename: Tibor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hajszan
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dow
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Warner-Schmidt
authors.forename: Klara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szigeti-Buck
authors.forename: Nermin L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Sallam
authors.forename: Arpad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parducz
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leranth
authors.forename: Ronald S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Duman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological / Q000032:analysis; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D003891:Desipramine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004924:Escape Reaction / Q000187:drug effects*; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological; D003891:Desipramine; D003345:Corticosterone