title: Type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of stress, urge and mixed urinary incontinence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To improve the understanding of the etiological relation between type 2 diabetes and urinary incontinence, we examined associations between diabetes and urinary incontinence type in 71,650 women 37 to 79 years old in the Nurses' Health Study and the Nurses' Health Study II.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1976 to 2000 in the Nurses' Health Study and 1989 to 2001 in the Nurses' Health Study II participants reported diagnoses of type 2 diabetes. Women with incident urinary incontinence at least weekly were identified from 2000 to 2002 in the Nurses' Health Study and 2001 to 2003 in the Nurses' Health Study II. We pooled data from the 2 cohorts, and estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for age, parity, body mass index, smoking, hysterectomy, functional limitations, menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, incontinence promoting medications and study cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of at least weekly urinary incontinence was 5.3% (3,612 of 67,984) among women without type 2 diabetes and 8.7% (318 of 3,666) among women with diabetes. Overall the multivariable adjusted odds of incident urinary incontinence were increased 20% (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.3, p = 0.01) among women with vs without type 2 diabetes. This increase appeared largely explained by significantly greater odds of urge urinary incontinence (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-1.9, p = 0.03). There was no apparent association between diabetes and stress (p = 0.3) or mixed (p = 0.6) urinary incontinence, although confidence intervals were somewhat wide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that type 2 diabetes may especially influence urge urinary incontinence. Further research is needed to confirm this finding and identify pathways linking these conditions.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Kim N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Danforth
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: Gary C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Curhan
authors.forename: Neil M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grodstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology