title: Explaining the effects of an intervention designed to promote evidence-based diabetes care: a theory-based process evaluation of a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The results of randomised controlled trials can be usefully illuminated by studies of the processes by which they achieve their effects. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) offers a framework for conducting such studies. This study used TPB to explore the observed effects in a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial of a structured recall and prompting intervention to increase evidence-based diabetes care that was conducted in three Primary Care Trusts in England.
  
  
  METHODS
  All general practitioners and nurses in practices involved in the trial were sent a postal questionnaire at the end of the intervention period, based on the TPB (predictor variables: attitude; subjective norm; perceived behavioural control, or PBC). It focussed on three clinical behaviours recommended in diabetes care: measuring blood pressure; inspecting feet; and prescribing statins. Multivariate analyses of variance and multiple regression analyses were used to explore changes in cognitions and thereby better understand trial effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-nine general medical practitioners and 53 practice nurses (intervention: n = 55, 41.98% of trial participants; control: n = 57, 38.26% of trial participants) completed the questionnaire. There were no differences between groups in mean scores for attitudes, subjective norms, PBC or intentions. Control group clinicians had 'normatively-driven' intentions (i.e., related to subjective norm scores), whereas intervention group clinicians had 'attitudinally-driven' intentions (i.e., related to attitude scores) for foot inspection and statin prescription. After controlling for effects of the three predictor variables, this group difference was significant for foot inspection behaviour (trial group x attitude interaction, beta = 0.72, p < 0.05; trial group x subjective norm interaction, beta = -0.65, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Attitudinally-driven intentions are proposed to be more consistently translated into action than normatively-driven intentions. This proposition was supported by the findings, thus offering an interpretation of the trial effects. This analytic approach demonstrates the potential of the TPB to explain trial effects in terms of different relationships between variables rather than differences in mean scores. This study illustrates the use of theory-based process evaluation to uncover processes underlying change in implementation trials.
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. j.francis@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jillian J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Martin P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Eccles
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Whitty
authors.forename: Jeremy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Grimshaw
authors.forename: Eileen F S
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Kaner
authors.forename: Liz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walker