title: MR imaging in patients at risk for developing nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: protocols, practices, and imaging techniques to maximize patient safety.
abstract: Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a rare but potentially debilitating or even fatal fibrosing condition that most often affects the skin but is now also recognized to involve multiple organs. The first report on NSF was published in 1997, and there is mounting evidence that this condition is associated with renal failure and the administration of large amounts of gadolinium. Although gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was once considered one of the safer imaging procedures, concerns over NSF have led the radiology community to rethink its imaging practices. Several noncontrast angiographic techniques based on fast spin-echo, gradient-echo, phase-contrast, and inversion-recovery principles are currently available. These techniques allow MR angiography to be performed safely, even in patients at risk for developing NSF. When use of gadolinium-based contrast material is necessary for diagnosis, it is possible to reduce total gadolinium administration through the use of agents with higher relaxivity, time-resolved imaging, high-field-strength magnets, and body compression devices. Management of NSF also requires an understanding of the risk factors of this disease and developing an institutional policy for identifying and testing at-risk patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 525 E 68th St, F-056, New York, NY 10065, USA. kjuluru@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Juluru
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vogel-Claussen
authors.forename: Katarzyna J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Macura
authors.forename: Ihab R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Kamel
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steever
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bluemke
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects*; D054989:Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017751:Safety Management
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium