title: Response of semen parameters to three training modalities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of different training modalities on various markers of semen quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Crossover study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical school.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-five men participated voluntarily in the study, being allocated into three groups according to their sports practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sperm parameters (volume, liquefaction time, pH, viscosity, sperm count, motility, and morphology).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sperm concentration; total sperm number; type "a," "b," and "d" velocity; and morphology were significantly different among the practitioners of the three different training modalities. Morphology was the parameter showing the greatest difference, even reaching clinical relevance for the triathlete group (4.7%, poor prognosis pattern). In addition, these parameters tended to decrease as training requirements increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are differences in the seminal profiles of individuals exercising in different modalities. The differences are more marked as intensity and volume of exercise increase, especially for morphology. These variables ought to be carefully analyzed and taken into account when designing a training protocol, especially with higher-level athletes, so that reproductive function is not compromised.
authors.affiliation: Morphological Sciences Department, School of Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. fivresearch@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vaamonde
authors.forename: Marzo Edir
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Da Silva-Grigoletto
authors.forename: Juan Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: García-Manso
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vaamonde-Lemos
authors.forename: Robert James
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Sergio Carlos
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Oehninger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D011379:Prognosis; D018456:Reproductive Medicine; D012661:Semen / Q000502:physiology*; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult