title: Self-reported use of pharmaceuticals among patients with irritable bowel syndrome in primary care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has an estimated 10%-12% prevalence in industrial countries. Studies from the United States have shown that IBS causes notable financial losses for employers. Due to the lack of pathophysiological markers, only a fraction of the pharmacological management of IBS has focused on etiological mechanisms. We hypothesized that there is a high consumption of nonspecific drugs among patients with IBS in their attempts to manage symptoms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze self-reported use of prescription and over-thecounter (OTC) drugs among patients with IBS in primary care compared with controls from the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based case-control design was used for the study. IBS cases were identified from the electronic medical records of 3 Swedish primary health care centers from January 1, 1997, through December 31, 2001. A questionnaire containing specific questions about prescription and OTC drugs was mailed in 2003 to 5,015 working-age (18-64 years) individuals (IBS cases and controls) in the Linkping IBS Population Study, a study of primary care patients with controls selected from the general population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 2 reminders, the overall response rate was 63% (3,074 respondents of 4,913 deliverable surveys); 71% responded for the IBS cases (347/486) and 57% (2,509/4,427) responded for the controls. 72.3% of the IBS respondents and 51.9% of the controls were female. Acid-suppressive agents were the most commonly cited drug category for abdominal complaints reported by IBS patients (13.3%) compared with controls (1.6%) (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] = 9.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.94-14.25). Antidepressants were the most commonly cited drug category for nonabdominal complaints, reported by 13.3% of IBS patients versus 4.5% of controls (OR = 3.27, 95% CI = 2.27-4.70). An unadjusted univariate correlation analysis revealed that prescription acid-suppressive drugs, fiber and bulking laxatives, and antiflatulents and antidiarrhea drugs, as well as motility-regulating and antispasmodics drugs, were significantly more common among IBS cases compared with controls. In addition to the higher use of antidepressants, there were 3 other drug classes for nongastrointestinal complaints with a higher rate of use among IBS patients compared with controls: sedative hypnotics (OR = 2.49, CI = 1.44- 4.29), analgesics (OR = 2.86, CI = 1.88-4.33), and thyroid hormones (OR = 2.43, CI = 1.39-4.26).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was higher use of antidepressants among patients with IBS compared with controls from the general population. Even though they are not recommended for this patient category, the use of prescription and OTC acid-suppressive drugs is also common among IBS cases in primary care.
authors.affiliation: Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping SE-58183, Sweden. ashild.olsen.faresjo@liu.se
authors.forename: Ashild
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faresjo
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grodzinsky
authors.forename: Saga
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Mari-Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wallander
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Faresjo
authors.forename: Toomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Timpka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000863:Antacids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012651:Self Medication / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000863:Antacids; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs; D013963:Thyroid Hormones