title: Genetic polymorphisms of the matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) modulate the development of ankylosing spondylitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aetiology of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) remains unclear. Inflammation progresses to fibrosis and calcification of the spine and sacroiliac joints in AS development. Fibrosis results from excessive accumulations of the extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM turnover depends on the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of the MMP-3 -1171 and TIMP-1 372 T>C polymorphisms on the modified risk of AS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genotypes of 241 patients with AS and 241 controls were identified by PCR. Disease activity and functional status were assessed by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Activity Index (BASDAI), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Global (BAS-G) Score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMP-3 6A/6A carriers had a 2.41-fold (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.55 to 3.74) increased risk of AS compared with 6A/5A and 5A/5A carriers. TIMP-1 C alleles had a greater risk of AS, but this was not significant (odds ratio (OR) = 1.28, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.77). Pairwise analysis of the MMP-3/TIMP-1 alleles showed that 6A/C (OR = 3.23, 95% CI 1.50 to 6.95) and 6A/T (OR = 2.55, 95% CI 1.17 to 5.54) had a significantly greater risk of AS than the 5A/T alleles. After adjustment for the effects of age, gender and disease duration, the MMP-3/TIMP-1 5A/T alleles had the lowest BASDAI (p = 0.02), BASFI (p = 0.05) and BAS-G (p = 0.02) among all MMP-3/TIMP-1 alleles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings highlight the importance of the MMP-3 and TIMP-1 genes as crucial elements in AS development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: J C-C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: H-S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: W-C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: L-J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Shiu
authors.forename: S-F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: R-H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000235:genetics*; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3