title: Voluntary brain processing in disorders of consciousness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disentangling the vegetative state from the minimally conscious state is often difficult when relying only on behavioral observation. In this study, we explored a new active evoked-related potentials paradigm as an alternative method for the detection of voluntary brain activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 22 right-handed patients (10 traumatic) diagnosed as being in a vegetative state (VS) (n = 8) or in a minimally conscious state (MCS) (n = 14). They were presented sequences of names containing the patient's own name or other names, in both passive and active conditions. In the active condition, the patients were instructed to count her or his own name or to count another target name.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Like controls, MCS patients presented a larger P3 to the patient's own name, in the passive and in the active conditions. Moreover, the P3 to target stimuli was higher in the active than in the passive condition, suggesting voluntary compliance to task instructions like controls. These responses were even observed in patients with low behavioral responses (e.g., visual fixation and pursuit). In contrast, no P3 differences between passive and active conditions were observed for VS patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results suggest that active evoked-related potentials paradigms may permit detection of voluntary brain function in patients with severe brain damage who present with a disorder of consciousness, even when the patient may present with very limited to questionably any signs of awareness.
authors.affiliation: Coma Science Group, Centre de Recherches du Cyclotron, Sart Tilman, B30, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium. C.Schnakers@student.ulg.ac.be
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schnakers
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schabus
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majerus
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ledoux
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Damas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boly
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vanhaudenhuyse
authors.forename: M-A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moonen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laureys
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D018913:Event-Related Potentials, P300 / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018458:Persistent Vegetative State / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011603:Psychophysiology