title: Determination of carotenoids in yellow maize, the effects of saponification and food preparations.
abstract: Maize is an important staple food consumed by millions of people in many countries. Yellow maize naturally contains carotenoids which not only provide provitamin A carotenoids but also xanthophylls, which are known to be important for eye health. This study was aimed at 1) evaluating the effect of saponification during extraction of yellow maize carotenoids, 2) determining the major carotenoids in 36 genotypes of yellow maize by high-performance liquid chromatography with a C30 column, and 3) determining the effect of cooking on the carotenoid content of yellow maize. The major carotenoids in yellow maize were identified as all-trans lutein, cis-isomers of lutein, all-trans zeaxanthin, alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin, all-trans beta-carotene, 9-cis beta-carotene, and 13-cis beta-carotene. Our results indicated that carotenoid extraction without saponification showed a significantly higher yield than that obtained using saponification. Results of the current study indicate that yellow maize is a good source of provitamin A carotenoids and xanthophylls. Cooking by boiling yellow maize at 100 degrees C for 30 minutes increased the carotenoid concentration, while baking at 450 degrees F for 25 minutes decreased the carotenoid concentrations by almost 70% as compared to the uncooked yellow maize flour.
authors.affiliation: Dorothy J. and Gerald R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Tawanda
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muzhingi
authors.forename: Kyung-Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Yeum
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Guangwen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000468:Alkalies / Q000737:chemistry; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005838:Genotype; D006358:Hot Temperature; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000468:Alkalies; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins; D002338:Carotenoids