title: Thermal manipulations in late-term chick embryos have immediate and longer term effects on myoblast proliferation and skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
abstract: We investigated the cellular and molecular bases for the promotion of muscle development and growth by temperature manipulations (TMs) during late-term chick embryogenesis. We show that incubation at 39.5 degrees C (increase of 1.7 degrees C from normal conditions) from embryonic days 16 to 18 (E16 to E18) for 3 or 6 h daily increased diameter of myofibers as of day 13 of age and enhanced absolute muscle growth relative to controls, until day 35 of age. TMs had immediate (E17) and later (up to 2 wk posthatch) effects in elevating muscle cell proliferation relative to controls. This was indicated by higher DNA incorporation of thymidine and a higher number of cells expressing PCNA in intact muscle, accompanied by higher Pax7 levels, all reflecting a higher number of myogenic cells, and suggesting that the increased hypertrophy can be attributed to a higher reservoir of myogenic progeny cells produced in response to the TM. IGF-I levels were higher in the TM groups than in controls, implying a mechanism by which heat manipulations in chicks affect muscle development, with locally secreted IGF-I playing a major role. Whereas hypertrophy was similar in both TM groups, cell proliferation and Pax7 levels were more robust in the 6-h muscle, mainly posthatch, suggesting a differential effect of various TM periods on cell reservoir vs. hypertrophy and a high sensitivity of myoblasts to relatively small changes in heat duration with respect to these processes, which is manifested in the short and long term.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
authors.forename: Yogev
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Piestun
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harel
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barak
authors.forename: Shlomo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yahav
authors.forename: Orna
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Halevy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D048429:Cell Size; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004261:DNA Replication; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006984:Hypertrophy; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D024510:Muscle Development; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051763:PAX7 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D051763:PAX7 Transcription Factor; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I