title: The ABCs of cardioprotection in dialysis patients: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several classes of medications have been shown to decrease all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population. However, dialysis patients have been systematically excluded from these large trials, and the benefits of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, adrenergic beta antagonists (beta-blockers), and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are uncertain in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic review using the MEDLINE database (inception to October 14, 2007) to identify studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incident and prevalent dialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies investigating the use of ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and CCBs in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  ACE-inhibitor, beta-blocker, and CCB administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decreases in all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular morbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  674 reports yielded 13 suitable reports for ACE inhibitors, 12 for beta-blockers, and 6 for CCBs. Because most studies investigated more than 1 class of drug, there were 17 unique reports; 2 were RCTs, 1 was a "pseudo-RCT," and 14 were observational studies. Meta-analysis was not possible because of the heterogeneity of studies. There is considerable discrepancy in the literature about the utility of these agents. ACE inhibitors have not consistently shown survival benefits in either the single RCT or observational studies. beta-Blockers showed mortality benefit in only 1 large cohort study plus an RCT of patients with congestive heart failure, but results were not duplicated in other studies; the magnitude of beta-blocker benefit after myocardial infarction was similar in dialysis and nondialysis individuals in another study. CCBs show the most consistent benefits, albeit only from observational studies, of the classes examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several major limitations were present, including a paucity of RCTs and nonrandom treatment assignment and lack of data for longitudinal medication exposure in observational studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite considerable uncertainty about the benefits and risks in this population, for individuals with well-established traditional indications for these medications, refraining from prescribing them may be imprudent at this time. However, RCTs, as well as well-designed observational studies that adjust for nonrandom treatment assignment and longitudinal drug exposure, are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. jwetmore@kumc.edu
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Wetmore
authors.forename: Theresa I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Shireman
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers