title: Carotid atherosclerotic disease following childhood scalp irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During the first half of the 20th century, scalp irradiation was a standard treatment for children suffering from Tinea Capitis. These children are now more than 50 years old, reaching the age when manifestations of atherosclerosis are common. We investigated the possible association between childhood low dose scalp irradiation and development of carotid atherosclerosis in adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 145 individuals treated by irradiation in their childhood, and 150 matched control subjects with no history of irradiation. The occurrence of stroke was disregarded during the inclusion. B-mode ultrasound imaging and US Doppler were used to measure carotid, femoral (distant from the radiated area) and intima media thickness (IMT). Blood lipids and homocysteine were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in the baseline patients' characteristics were observed. There were no differences in incidence of femoral IMT or prevalence of femoral stenosis between the groups. However, in the carotid of the irradiated group, a significantly elevated IMT and significantly increased prevalence of carotid stenosis were observed (p<0.001). In the irradiated group, 30.3% and 39.3% had stenosis in the right or left carotid arteries, compared to 12.7% and 16% in controls(p<0.001), adjusted OR=5.36[CI:2.78-10.33]. More participants in the irradiated group had experienced ischemic stroke: 13 patients (9%) from the irradiated group vs. 3 patients(2%) from the non-exposed group, p=0.01.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood scalp irradiation is a significant and thus far underestimated risk factor for adult carotid atherosclerosis disease. Physicians should be aware of the existence of such high risk populations.
authors.affiliation: Research & Development Unit, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, affiliated to Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. efratishai@013.net
authors.forename: Efrati
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shai
authors.forename: Sadetzki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siegal
authors.forename: Zaretsky
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: Kimiagar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Itzhak
authors.forename: Rosenblum
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ronen
authors.forename: Marchaim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dror
authors.forename: Berman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sylvia
authors.forename: Bar-Haim
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Adina
authors.forename: Abu Hamad
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Ramzia
authors.forename: Feigenzon
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marina
authors.forename: Chetrit
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Angela
authors.forename: Yassky
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dov
authors.forename: Weissgarten
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Joshua
authors.forename: Bass
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arie
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012535:Scalp; D013997:Time Factors; D014006:Tinea Capitis / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D006710:Homocysteine