title: The risk of venous thromboembolism associated with the use of tranexamic acid and other drugs used to treat menorrhagia: a case-control study using the General Practice Research Database.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether use of tranexamic acid is associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nested case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Database study using the General Practice Research Database for the years 1992-1998.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women aged 15-49 years with a diagnosis of menorrhagia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multivariate conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the risk for VTE associated with different drug treatments for menorrhagia, adjusting for confounders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adjusted odds ratios with 95% CI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 134 cases of VTE and 552 matched controls were identified. Recent use of tranexamic acid was scarce, yielding an adjusted odds ratio for VTE of 3.20 (95% CI 0.65-15.78). The use of mefenamic acid (ORadj 5.54 [95% CI 2.13-14.40]) or norethisterone (ORadj 2.41 [95% CI 1.00-5.78]) was associated with an increased risk of VTE, as was a recent--in relation to menorrhagia--diagnosis of anaemia or a haemoglobin value <11.5 g/dl (ORadj 2.23 [95% CI 1.02-4.86]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that tranexamic acid was associated with an increased risk of VTE, although the risk estimate did not reach statistical significance. Increased risks of VTE associated with other treatments for menorrhagia were observed. The increased risk of VTE observed with a diagnosis of anaemia--a proxy for more severe menorrhagia--suggests that menorrhagia could be a prothrombotic condition. The observed association between VTE, tranexamic acid and other treatments for menorrhagia may thus partly be explained by confounding by indication. The possibility that menorrhagia is itself a risk factor for VTE merits further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. anders.sundstrom@ki.se
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sundström
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seaman
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kieler
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alfredsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000150:complications; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005194:Family Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008595:Menorrhagia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000139:chemically induced*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D014148:Tranexamic Acid