title: Nonclinical antiangiogenesis and antitumor activities of axitinib (AG-013736), an oral, potent, and selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases 1, 2, 3.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Axitinib (AG-013736) is a potent and selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinases 1 to 3 that is in clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors. We provide a comprehensive description of its in vitro characteristics and activities, in vivo antiangiogenesis, and antitumor efficacy and translational pharmacology data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The potency, kinase selectivity, pharmacologic activity, and antitumor efficacy of axitinib were assessed in various nonclinical models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Axitinib inhibits cellular autophosphorylation of VEGF receptors (VEGFR) with picomolar IC(50) values. Counterscreening across multiple kinase and protein panels shows it is selective for VEGFRs. Axitinib blocks VEGF-mediated endothelial cell survival, tube formation, and downstream signaling through endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Following twice daily oral administration, axitinib produces consistent and dose-dependent antitumor efficacy that is associated with blocking VEGFR-2 phosphorylation, vascular permeability, angiogenesis, and concomitant induction of tumor cell apoptosis. Axitinib in combination with chemotherapeutic or targeted agents enhances antitumor efficacy in many tumor models compared with single agent alone. Dose scheduling studies in a human pancreatic tumor xenograft model show that simultaneous administration of axitinib and gemcitabine without prolonged dose interruption or truncation of axitinib produces the greatest antitumor efficacy. The efficacious drug concentrations predicted in nonclinical studies are consistent with the range achieved in the clinic. Although axitinib inhibits platelet-derived growth factor receptors and KIT with nanomolar in vitro potencies, based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis, axitinib acts primarily as a VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor at the current clinical exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The selectivity, potency for VEGFRs, and robust nonclinical activity may afford broad opportunities for axitinib to improve cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Biology, PGRD-La Jolla, Pfizer, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA. dana.hu-lowe@pfizer.com
authors.forename: Dana D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Hu-Lowe
authors.forename: Helen Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Maren L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Grazzini
authors.forename: Max E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hallin
authors.forename: Grant R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Wickman
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amundson
authors.forename: Jeffrey H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rewolinski
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Ellen Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Michele A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McTigue
authors.forename: Brion W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kania
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Shalinsky
authors.forename: Steve L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Bender
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077784:Axitinib; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D007191:Indazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000187:drug effects; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D007191:Indazoles; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D000077784:Axitinib; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor