title: Inter-observer and intra-observer agreement on interpretation of uroflowmetry curves of kindergarten children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the inter-observer and intra-observer agreement on the interpretation of uroflowmetry curves of children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy kindergarten children were enrolled for evaluation of uroflowmetry. Uroflowmetry curves were classified as bell-shaped, tower, plateau, staccato and interrupted. Only the bell-shaped curves were regarded as normal. Two urodynamists evaluated the curves independently after reviewing the definitions of the different types of uroflowmetry curve. The senior urodynamist evaluated the curves twice 3 months apart. The final conclusion was made when consensus was reached. Agreement among observers was analyzed using kappa statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 190 uroflowmetry curves eligible for analysis, the intra-observer agreement in interpreting each type of curve and interpreting normalcy vs abnormality was good (kappa=0.71 and 0.68, respectively). Very good inter-observer agreement (kappa=0.81) on normalcy and good inter-observer agreement (kappa=0.73) on types of uroflowmetry were observed. Poor inter-observer agreement existed on the classification of specific types of abnormal uroflowmetry curves (kappa=0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uroflowmetry is a good screening tool for normalcy of kindergarten children, while not a good tool to define the specific types of abnormal uroflowmetry.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shang-Jen
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Stephen S D
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D003950:Diagnostic Techniques, Urological / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D012212:Rheology; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014563:Urodynamics