title: Characterization of age-related modifications of upper limb motor control strategies in a new dynamic environment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the past, several research groups have shown that when a velocity dependent force field is applied during upper limb movements subjects are able to deal with this external perturbation after some training. This adaptation is achieved by creating a new internal model which is included in the normal unperturbed motor commands to achieve good performance. The efficiency of this motor control mechanism can be compromised by pathological disorders or by muscular-skeletal modifications such as the ones due to the natural aging process. In this respect, the present study aimed at identifying the age-related modifications of upper limb motor control strategies during adaptation and de-adaptation processes in velocity dependent force fields.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight young and eight elderly healthy subjects were included in the experiment. Subjects were instructed to perform pointing movements in the horizontal plane both in a null field and in a velocity dependent force field. The evolution of smoothness and hand path were used to characterize the performance of the subjects. Furthermore, the ability of modulating the interactive torque has been used as a paradigm to explain the observed discoordinated patterns during the adaptation process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The evolution of the kinematics during the experiments highlights important behavioural differences between the two groups during the adaptation and de-adaptation processes. In young subjects the improvement of movement smoothness was in accordance with the expected learning trend related to the consolidation of the internal model. On the contrary, elders did not show a coherent learning process. The kinetic analysis pointed out the presence of different strategies for the compensation of the external perturbation: older people required an increased involvement of the shoulder with a different modulation of joint torque components during the evolution of the experiments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained with the present study seem to confirm the presence of different adaptation mechanisms in young and senior subjects. The strategy adopted by young subjects was to first minimize hand path errors with a secondary process that is consistent with the optimization of the effort. Elderly subjects instead, seemed to shift the importance of the two processes involved in the control loop slowing the mechanism optimizing kinematic performance and enabling more the dynamic adaptation mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Lucca Institute for Advanced Studies, IMT, Italy. b.cesqui@imtlucca.it
authors.forename: Benedetta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cesqui
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Macrì
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dario
authors.forename: Silvestro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Micera
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D001132:Arm / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D005246:Feedback / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D019415:Torque; D055815:Young Adult