title: Maternal Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 is required for the differentiation of primary superficial epithelia in Danio and Xenopus embryos.
abstract: Early in the development of animal embryos, superficial cells of the blastula form a distinct lineage and adopt an epithelial morphology. In different animals, the fate of these primary superficial epithelial (PSE) cells varies, and it is unclear whether pathways governing segregation of blastomeres into the PSE lineage are conserved. Mutations in the gene encoding Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 (IRF6) are associated with syndromic and non-syndromic forms of cleft lip and palate, consistent with a role for Irf6 in development of oral epithelia, and mouse Irf6 targeted null mutant embryos display abnormal differentiation of oral epithelia and skin. In Danio rerio (zebrafish) and Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) embryos, zygotic irf6 transcripts are present in many epithelial tissues including the presumptive PSE cells and maternal irf6 transcripts are present throughout all cells at the blastula stage. Injection of antisense oligonucleotides with ability to disrupt translation of irf6 transcripts caused little or no effect on development. By contrast, injection of RNA encoding a putative dominant negative Irf6 caused epiboly arrest, loss of gene expression characteristic of the EVL, and rupture of the embryo at late gastrula stage. The dominant negative Irf6 disrupted EVL gene expression in a cell autonomous fashion. These results suggest that Irf6 translated in the oocyte or unfertilized egg suffices for early development. Supporting the importance of maternal Irf6, we show that depletion of maternal irf6 transcripts in X. laevis embryos leads to gastrulation defects and rupture of the superficial epithelium. These experiments reveal a conserved role for maternally-encoded Irf6 in differentiation of a simple epithelium in X. laevis and D. rerio. This epithelium constitutes a novel model tissue in which to explore the Irf6 regulatory pathway.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Jaime L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sabel
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: d'Alençon
authors.forename: Erin K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Otterloo
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lutz
authors.forename: Tawny N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Cuykendall
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Schutte
authors.forename: Douglas W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cornell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D019521:Body Patterning; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002470:Cell Survival; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004848:Epithelium / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D054262:Gastrulation; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D005855:Germ Layers / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D050835:Interferon Regulatory Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D014981:Xenopus / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C491656:IRF6 protein, Xenopus; C504917:IRF6 protein, zebrafish; D050835:Interferon Regulatory Factors; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins