title: Making sense of primary care practices' capacity for change.
abstract: A deeper understanding of the forces that shape the motivation and willingness of primary care practices to adopt and implement new procedures-their "capacity for change"-may better guide development of interventions to foster adoption and implementation of evidence-based care. This study applies and evaluates the utility of a previously described framework for making sense of this complex construct in a diverse sample of primary care practices. A multidisciplinary team of 3 analysts examined ethnographic field notes that describe 15 single-physician or multiphysician practices in different organizational settings. Examples of the 4 components within the framework (ie, staff motivations, resources, opportunities for change, and external influences) and their interactions were identified. Cross-practice comparisons identified emerging themes relevant to capacity for change. Not surprisingly, variation among examples of individual components of change capacity across practices was present. Patterns among these components, however, seemed less informative in making sense of practices' capacity for change than patterns across component interactions. For example, the ability of practice members to recognize and act on opportunities for change seemed to be shaped by the extent to which motivations were broadly shared within the practice and by tangible and intangible resources (eg, leadership style, relationships among practice members, and financial resources of the practice). Revised operational definitions for framework components and careful reflection on the nature of their interactions helped make sense of practices' capacity for change in our sample and will enable future hypothesis testing to refine our understanding of factors that influence the translation of scientific knowledge in primary care settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA. David.Litaker@va.gov
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Litaker
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruhe
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flocke
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice; D006801:Humans; D017146:Models, Organizational; D009042:Motivation; D009820:Ohio; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*