title: Protective factors in the lives of bisexual adolescents in North America.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared protective factors among bisexual adolescents with those of heterosexual, mostly heterosexual, and gay or lesbian adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 6 school-based surveys in Minnesota and British Columbia. Sexual orientation was measured by gender of sexual partners, attraction, or self-labeling. Protective factors included family connectedness, school connectedness, and religious involvement. General linear models, conducted separately by gender and adjusted for age, tested differences between orientation groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bisexual adolescents reported significantly less family and school connectedness than did heterosexual and mostly heterosexual adolescents and higher or similar levels of religious involvement. In surveys that measured orientation by self-labeling or attraction, levels of protective factors were generally higher among bisexual than among gay and lesbian respondents. Adolescents with sexual partners of both genders reported levels of protective factors lower than or similar to those of adolescents with same-gender partners.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bisexual adolescents had lower levels of most protective factors than did heterosexual adolescents, which may help explain their higher prevalence of risky behavior. Social connectedness should be monitored by including questions about protective factors in youth health surveys.
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia School of Nursing, T201-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5 Canada. saewyc@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Saewyc
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Homma
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Skay
authors.forename: Linda H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Bearinger
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001727:Bisexuality / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D020010:Heterosexuality / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006716:Homosexuality / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota; D009656:North America; D015995:Prevalence; D011634:Public Health; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology