title: Xenobiotic incorporation into pyruvate dehydrogenase complex can occur via the exogenous lipoylation pathway.
abstract: Lipoylated enzymes such as the E2 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2) are targets for autoreactive immune responses in primary biliary cirrhosis, with lipoic acid itself forming a component of the dominant auto-epitopes. A candidate mechanism for the initiation of tolerance breakdown in this disease is immune recognition of neo-antigens formed by xenobiotic substitution of normal proteins. Importantly, sensitization with proteins artificially substituted with the lipoic acid analogue xenobiotic 6-bromohexanoic acid (6BH) can induce an immune response that cross-reacts with PDC-E2. This study investigated the potential of recombinant lipoylation enzymes lipoate activating enzyme and lipoyl-AMP(GMP):N-lysine lipoyl transferase to aberrantly incorporate xenobiotics into PDC-E2. It was found that these enzymes could incorporate lipoic acid analogues including octanoic and hexanoic acids and the xenobiotic 6BH into PDC-E2. The efficiency of incorporation of these analogues showed a variable dependence on activation by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or guanosine triphosphate (GTP), with ATP favoring the incorporation of hexanoic acid and 6BH whereas GTP enhanced substitution by octanoic acid. Importantly, competition studies showed that the relative incorporation of both 6BH and lipoic acid could be regulated by the balance between ATP and GTP, with the formation of 6BH-substituted PDC-E2 predominating in an ATP-rich environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a well-defined system in vitro we have shown that an important xenobiotic can be incorporated into PDC in place of lipoic acid by the exogenous lipoylation system; the relative levels of lipoic acid and xenobiotic incorporation may be determined by the balance between ATP and GTP. These observations suggest a clear mechanism for the generation of an auto-immunogenic neo-antigen of relevance for the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis.
authors.affiliation: Liver Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Hannah R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Walden
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yeaman
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Jeremy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Palmer
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000502:physiology; D002208:Caproates / Q000378:metabolism; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004717:Endometrium / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005260:Female; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D006367:HeLa Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D054878:Lipoylation / Q000502:physiology*; D008105:Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010957:Plasmids; D011768:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D008063:Thioctic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C523145:6-bromohexanoate; D002208:Caproates; D011768:Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex; D015262:Xenobiotics; D008063:Thioctic Acid; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate