Determinants of change in prostate-specific antigen over time and its association with recurrence after external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer in five large cohorts.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the relationship between prognostic factors, postradiation prostate-specific antigen (PSA) dynamics, and clinical failure after prostate cancer radiation therapy using contemporary statistical models.


METHODS
Data from 4,247 patients with 40,324 PSA measurements treated with external beam radiation monotherapy in five cohorts were analyzed. Temporal change of PSA after treatment completion was described by a specially developed linear mixed model that included standard prognostic factors. These factors, along with predicted PSA evolution, were incorporated into a Cox model to establish their predictive value for the risk of clinical recurrence over time.


RESULTS
Consistent relationships were found across cohorts. The initial PSA decline after radiation therapy was associated with baseline PSA and T-stage (p < 0.001). The long-term PSA rise was associated with baseline PSA, T-stage, and Gleason score (p < 0.001). The risk of clinical recurrence increased with current level (p < 0.001) and current slope of PSA (p < 0.001). In a pooled analysis, higher doses of radiation were associated with a lower long-term PSA rise (p < 0.001) but not with the risk of recurrence after adjusting for PSA trajectory (p = 0.63). Conversely, after adjusting for other factors, increased age at diagnosis was not associated with long-term PSA rise (p = 0.85) but was directly associated with decreased risk of recurrence (p < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that a linear mixed model can be reliably used to construct typical patient PSA profiles after prostate cancer radiation therapy. Pretreatment factors along with PSA evolution and the associated risk of recurrence provide an efficient and quantitative way to assess the impact of risk factors on disease progression.
Proust-Lima
Cécile
C
Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Taylor
Jeremy M G
JM
Williams
Scott G
SG
Ankerst
Donna P
DP
Liu
Ning
N
Kestin
Larry L
LL
Bae
Kyounghwa
K
Sandler
Howard M
HM
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods*; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen