title: Lysophosphatidic acid receptors determine tumorigenicity and aggressiveness of ovarian cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) acts through the cell surface G protein-coupled receptors, LPA1, LPA2, or LPA3, to elicit a wide range of cellular responses. It is present at high levels in intraperitoneal effusions of human ovarian cancer increasing cell survival, proliferation, and motility as well as stimulating production of neovascularizing factors. LPA2 and LPA3 and enzymes regulating the production and degradation of LPA are aberrantly expressed by ovarian cancer cells, but the consequences of these expression changes in ovarian cancer cells were unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of LPA1, LPA2, or LPA3 was inhibited or increased in ovarian cancer cells using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and lentivirus constructs, respectively. We measured the effects of changes in LPA receptor expression on cell proliferation (by crystal violet staining), cell motility and invasion (using Boyden chambers), and cytokines (interleukin 6 [IL-6], interleukin 8 [IL-8], and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The role of LPA receptors in tumor growth, ascites formation, and cytokine production was assessed in a mouse xenograft model. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SKOV-3 cells with increased expression of LPA receptors showed increased invasiveness, whereas siRNA knockdown inhibited both migration (P < .001, Student t test) and invasion. Knockdown of the LPA2 or LPA3 receptors inhibited the production of IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF in SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 cells. SKOV-3 xenografts expressing LPA receptors formed primary tumors of increased size and increased ascites volume. Invasive tumors in the peritoneal cavity occurred in 75% (n = 4) of mice injected with LPA1 expressing SKOV-3 and 80% (n = 5) of mice injected with LPA2 or LPA3 expressing SKOV-3 cells. Metastatic tumors expressing LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3 were identified in the liver, kidney, and pancreas; tumors expressing LPA2 and LPA3 were detected in skeletal muscle; and tumors expressing LPA2 were also found in the cervical lymph node and heart. The percent survival of mice with tumors expressing LPA2 or LPA3 was reduced in comparison with animals with tumors expressing beta-galactosidase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of LPA2 or LPA3 during ovarian carcinogenesis contributes to ovarian cancer aggressiveness, suggesting that the targeting of LPA production and action may have potential for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Biology, Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Shuangxing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Mandi M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Murph
authors.forename: Yiling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Shuying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Hassan S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Jinsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Clifton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Xianjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Gordon B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Mills
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D016086:Lentivirus; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D010534:Peritoneal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000556:secondary; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D049368:Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D015854:Up-Regulation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D049368:Receptors, Lysophosphatidic Acid; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A