title: Amifostine use in radiation-induced kidney damage. Preclinical evaluation with scintigraphic and histopathologic parameters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the degree of protective effects of amifostine on kidney functions via semiquantitative static renal scintigraphy and histopathologic analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 female albino rats were divided into three equal groups as control (CL), radiotherapy alone (RT), and radiotherapy + amifostine (RT+AMI). The animals in the CL and RT groups were given phosphate-buffered saline, whereas the animals in the RT+AMI group received amifostine (200 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection 30 min before irradiation. RT and RT+AMI groups were irradiated with a single dose of 6 Gy using a (60)Co unit at a source-skin distance of 80 cm to the whole right kidney. They were followed up for 6 months. CL, RT, and RT+AMI groups underwent static kidney scintigraphy at the beginning of the experiment and, again, on the day before sacrificing. Histopathologically, tubular atrophy and fibrosis of the kidney damage were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After irradiation, the median value of right kidney function was 48% (44-49%) and 50.5% (49%-52%) in RT and RT+AMI groups, respectively (p = 0.0002). Grade 1 kidney fibrosis was observed to be 60% in the RT group, while it was only 30% in the RT+AMI group. Grade 2 kidney fibrosis was 30% and 0% in the RT and RT+AMI group, respectively. Grade 1 tubular atrophy was 70% and 50% in the RT and RT+AMI group, respectively. Grade 2 tubular atrophy effect was the same in both groups (10%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Static kidney scintigraphy represents an objective and reproducible method to noninvasively investigate kidney function following irradiation. Amifostine produced a significant reduction in radiation-induced loss of renal function.
authors.affiliation: The Ministry of Health, Numune Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaldir
authors.forename: Rusen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cosar-Alas
authors.forename: Tevfik Fikret
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Cermik
authors.forename: Vuslat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yurut-Caloglu
authors.forename: Mert
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saynak
authors.forename: Semsi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Altaner
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caloglu
authors.forename: Zafer
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kocak
authors.forename: Fusun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tokatli
authors.forename: Mevlüt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Türe
authors.forename: Sule
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parlar
authors.forename: Cem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Uzal
mesh_terms: D004999:Amifostine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D011292:Premedication; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D051381:Rats; D019783:Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid
chemical_list: D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D019783:Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid; D004999:Amifostine