title: Selective COX2 inhibition improves whole body and muscular insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibition on insulin resistance in subjects with the metabolic syndrome remain elusive. Aims of this study were to examine the effects of COX1 and COX2 inhibitors on whole body and muscular insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats, an animal model of the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rats on regular or 60% fructose-enriched diets for 6 weeks were further divided into rats combined with or without piroxicam (a selective COX1 inhibitor) or celecoxib (a selective COX2 inhibitor) treatment for an additional 2 weeks. Euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp (EHC) with a tracer dilution method was performed at the end of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The present result showed that fructose-induced increases in systolic blood pressure and fasting plasma insulin levels were significantly suppressed in rats treated with celecoxib but not piroxicam. In the EHC period, celecoxib significantly reversed fructose-induced decreases in whole body glucose uptake, mainly by glucose storage. Hepatic glucose production and whole body glycolysis were not significantly changed among groups. Celecoxib but not piroxicam significantly reversed fructose-induced decreases in glycogen synthase activities in red and white quadriceps muscles and insulin-stimulated membrane GLUT4 recruitment in soleus muscles. Celecoxib and piroxicam both significantly diminished fructose-induced increases in plasma thromboxane B2 and 6-keto prostaglandin (PG) F1alpha; but only celecoxib treatment significantly attenuated a fructose-induced increase in 8-isoprostane levels. Plasma PGE metabolites were not different among groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that a therapeutic dose of celecoxib, but not piroxicam, could significantly attenuate fructose-induced whole body and muscular insulin resistance in rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology & Biophysics, National Defence Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan. pshsieh@hotmail.com
authors.forename: P-S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: H-C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: C-H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: J Y-H
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: J-F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Shyu
authors.forename: W-T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: T-T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D000068579:Celecoxib; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005632:Fructose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010894:Piroxicam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D007328:Insulin; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D010894:Piroxicam; D005632:Fructose; D000068579:Celecoxib