title: Performance of screening tests for child physical abuse in accident and emergency departments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the clinical effectiveness of screening tests for physical abuse in children attending accident and emergency (A&E) departments in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches were limited to studies published after 1974 and were carried out from August 2004 to October 2006 using the following methods: searching electronic databases, searching the publications catalogue of the NSPCC, scanning reference lists, hand-searching journals, searching the internet, approaching professional contacts for unpublished data, and searching in three key journals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A simple decision-analytic model was used to integrate the findings of nine systematic reviews regarding the incidence of physical abuse, the characteristics of children attending A&E, and the performance of screening tests for physical abuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 66 studies, including 11 unpublished studies, were included in the nine systematic reviews. Overall the quality was poor. There was consistent evidence that physical abuse affects about 1 in 11 children in the UK each year. The proportion of abused children requiring medical attention is small but poorly quantified. Approximately 1% of all attendances of injured children at A&E are for physical abuse. There was clear evidence that physically abused children attending A&E are missed, but the performance of the clinical screening assessment was poorly quantified. There was no evidence that any test was highly predictive of physical abuse. Among severely injured children admitted to hospital, those under 1 year were more likely to be abused than older children. However, evidence that young age was a risk factor for abuse among all injured children attending A&E was inconsistent. There was weak evidence that a community liaison nurse improved the performance of the screening assessment in A&E, and it was estimated that combining a nurse with the standard screen would result in referral to social services of about half of the abused children attending A&E. However, given the poor quality of the data, this is highly uncertain. The addition of screening protocols to the clinical screening assessment offered marginal benefits, and additional false-positive referrals exceeded additional abused children detected. The benefits of protocols declined as the accuracy of the clinical screening assessment improved. The most effective protocol was to refer all injured infants and children who were social work active.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improving clinical screening assessment is likely to be more useful than protocols in improving the detection of physically abused children attending A&E. Further improvements might be achieved by following up children referred to paediatricians for suspected abuse who fail to reach the high level of certainty required to justify referral to social services. Many professionals voiced a need for access to experienced social services advice that is not under pressure to minimise referrals to an overloaded service, and consideration might be given to making such advice centrally available.
authors.affiliation: UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woodman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pitt
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wentz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hodes
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000592:standards*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000592:standards*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology