title: Heritabilities of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression in earthquake exposed Armenian families.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the heritabilities of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and the shared genetic component of these symptoms among family members exposed to the 1988 Spitak earthquake in Armenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred members of 12 multigenerational families exposed to the Spitak earthquake were studied using a battery that assessed earthquake exposure and symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Heritabilities of these phenotypes were determined using variance component analyses and shared genetic vulnerabilities between these phenotypes were determined using bivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heritabilities were as follows: PTSD symptoms 41% (P<0.001), anxiety symptoms 61% (P<0.001), and depressive symptoms 66% (P<0.001). The genetic correlation (rhog>0) of PTSD symptoms with anxiety symptoms was 0.75 (P<0.001) and with depressive symptoms it was 0.71 (P<0.001). The genetic correlation of anxiety with depressive symptoms was 0.54 (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The heritabilities found in this multigenerational family study indicate that the genetic make-up of some individuals renders them substantially more vulnerable than others to develop symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression. A large proportion of the genetic liability for PTSD, anxiety, and depression are shared. The findings offer promise for identifying susceptibility genes for these phenotypes.
authors.affiliation: UCLA/Duke University National Center for Child Traumatic Stress, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. armengoenjian@cnstrial.com
authors.forename: Armen K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Goenjian
authors.forename: Ernest P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Walling
authors.forename: Haig A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Goenjian
authors.forename: Ida S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Karayan
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: Julia N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Bailey
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000235:genetics*; D001136:Armenia; D003863:Depression / Q000235:genetics*; D055866:Earthquakes; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000235:genetics*