title: The cost-effectiveness of Vancouver's supervised injection facility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cost-effectiveness of Canada's only supervised injection facility has not been rigorously evaluated. We estimated the impact of the facility on survival, rates of HIV and hepatitis C virus infection, referral to methadone maintenance treatment and associated costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We simulated the population of Vancouver, British Columbia, including injection drug users and persons infected with HIV and hepatitis C virus. The model used a time horizon of 10 years and the perspective of the health care system. We compared the situation of the supervised injection facility with one that had no facility but that had other interventions, such as needle-exchange programs. The effects considered were decreased needle sharing, increased use of safe injection practices and increased referral to methadone maintenance treatment. Outcomes included life-years gained, costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios discounted at 5% per year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Focusing on the base assumption of decreased needle sharing as the only effect of the supervised injection facility, we found that the facility was associated with an incremental net savings of almost $14 million and 920 life-years gained over 10 years. When we also considered the health effect of increased use of safe injection practices, the incremental net savings increased to more than $20 million and the number of life-years gained to 1070. Further increases were estimated when we considered all 3 health benefits: the incremental net savings was more than $18 million and the number of life-years gained 1175. Results were sensitive to assumptions related to injection frequency, the risk of HIV transmission through needle sharing, the frequency of safe injection practices among users of the facility, the costs of HIV-related care and of operating the facility, and the proportion of users who inject in the facility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vancouver's supervised injection site is associated with improved health and cost savings, even with conservative estimates of efficacy.
authors.affiliation: The Centre for Research on Inner City Health, The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont. ahmed.bayoumi@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bayoumi
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Zaric
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001955:British Columbia; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000191:economics*; D017046:Cost Savings; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D016485:Needle Sharing / Q000191:economics; D018671:Needle-Exchange Programs / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult