title: Multiple-dose pharmacokinetic behavior of elvucitabine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, administered over 21 days with lopinavir-ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected subjects.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe the plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) of elvucitabine at different doses when administered daily or every other day for 21 days with lopinavir-ritonavir (Kaletra) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects. Three different dosing regimens of elvucitabine were administered with lopinavir-ritonavir to 24 subjects with moderate levels of HIV. Plasma samples were collected over 35 days. Elvucitabine concentrations were analyzed using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay. The PK of elvucitabine was determined using both noncompartmental and compartmental analyses. Models were developed and tested using ADAPT II, while a population analysis was performed using IT2S. The PK behavior of elvucitabine was best described by a two-compartment linear model using two absorption rates and an increase in the bioavailability after day 1. The augmentation in the bioavailability after day 1 was variable, with some subjects demonstrating a major increase while others had little or no increase. Elvucitabine has a long half-life of approximately 100 h. The increase in elvucitabine bioavailability may be due to ritonavir inhibiting an efflux gut transporter with activity present in various levels between subjects. The proposed PK model may be utilized and improved further by linking the PK behavior of elvucitabine to various markers of efficacy.
authors.affiliation: University of Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colucci
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pottage
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Robison
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Turgeon
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schürmann
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Hoepelman
authors.forename: Murray P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ducharme
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004338:Drug Combinations; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D061466:Lopinavir; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016047:Zalcitabine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D061466:Lopinavir; D016047:Zalcitabine; C099405:dexelvucitabine; D019438:Ritonavir