title: Analysis of the effects of injecting drug use and HIV-1 infection on 18F-FDG PET brain metabolism.
abstract: Injecting drug use (IDU) is a major risk factor for contracting HIV-1 infection. Both HIV and IDU are neurotoxic, and their coexistence may lead to increased dysfunction of brain metabolic processes. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of HIV-1 infection and IDU on (18)F-FDG PET brain metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  (18)F-FDG PET brain imaging, with a standard clinical protocol, was performed on 59 subjects who belonged to 3 groups: HIV-positive/IDU-positive (n = 17), HIV-negative/IDU-positive (n = 13), and HIV-negative/IDU-negative controls (n = 29). A voxel-based analysis of the (18)F-FDG PET brain images was performed using statistical parametric mapping. The images were spatially normalized to a standard (18)F-FDG template, proportionally scaled to compensate for count differences, and then appropriately smoothed. Statistical 2-sample t tests were performed to determine regional metabolic distribution differences in the 3 groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diffuse hypermetabolism in the subcortical and deep white matter, the basal ganglia, and the thalami was observed in HIV-1 infection. IDU resulted in increased brainstem metabolism and decreased activity in cortical structures including bilateral medial frontal lobes and the right inferior frontal and temporal cortices. The cortical hypometabolism was more extensive in HIV-1-infected subjects, involving the left temporoparietal and right parietal cortices and bilateral medial frontal lobes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Voxel-based analysis of (18)F-FDG PET brain images demonstrated statistically significant differences in regional metabolism for the 3 studied groups. It also showed that HIV-1 infection may have a synergistic effect with IDU, resulting in more extensive cortical hypometabolism. Correlation of these findings with other quantitative approaches and neurocognitive functioning is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA. mgeorgio@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Michalis F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Georgiou
authors.forename: Ati
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonenc
authors.forename: Drenna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Waldrop-Valverde
authors.forename: Russ A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kuker
authors.forename: Shabbir H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ezuddin
authors.forename: George N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Sfakianakis
authors.forename: Mahendra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D001928:Brain Diseases, Metabolic / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18