title: IGF-I, EGF, and sex steroids regulate autophagy in bovine mammary epithelial cells via the mTOR pathway.
abstract: Mammary gland growth and involution are based on a dynamic equilibrium between proliferation and apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells (MEC). The main type of cell death responsible for bovine mammary gland involution is apoptosis, but MEC also exhibit morphological features of autophagy. The present study has been undertaken in order to examine factors, which are responsible for the regulation of autophagy in bovine MEC. We used a model of in vitro mammary gland involution known to be dependent on fetal bovine serum (FBS) deficiency in the culture of bovine BME-UV1 cells. We investigated the effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling, as well as sex steroids and rapamycin (a specific inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR, kinase) on autophagy in the MEC line BME-UV1. Our main focus was on the role of mTOR in the regulation of autophagy by growth factors and hormones. Laser scanning cytometry, electron microscopy, Western-blot analysis, GFP-LC3 reporter-based expression analysis, and LysoTracker Green-related fluorescence were used to determine the activity of autophagy in BME-UV1 cells. We found that FBS deficiency induced both autophagy and apoptosis with the highest intensity of both processes after 48h of MEC exposure to the deficient medium (0.5% FBS). Addition of IGF-I or/and EGF to the FBS-deficient medium clearly diminished autophagy. We also show that IGF-I and EGF are involved in the activation of mTOR in bovine MEC, whereas inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin abrogated the suppressive effects of IGF-I and EGF on autophagy. This suggests that mTOR links IGF-I and EGF signaling in inhibiting the autophagy pathways. Contrary to IGF-I and EGF, 17beta-estradiol and progesterone exerted stimulatory effects on autophagy in bovine MEC. At the same time we observed a suppressive effect of both steroids on mTOR activation/phosphorylation. In conclusion, autophagy in bovine MEC undergoes complex regulation, where its activity is controlled by survival pathways dependent on IGF-I and EGF, which are involved in suppression of autophagy, and by pregnancy steroids, which act as inducers of the process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sobolewska
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gajewska
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zarzyńska
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gajkowska
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Motyl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D011374:Progesterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D044967:Serum; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D011494:Protein Kinases; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D053148:Caspase 3; D020123:Sirolimus