title: National practice patterns for management of adult congenital heart disease: operation by pediatric heart surgeons decreases in-hospital death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgery for grown-up (age > or = 18 years) patients with congenital heart disease (GUCH) is frequently performed by surgeons without specialization in pediatric heart surgery. We sought to define national practice patterns and to determine whether outcomes for GUCH patients are improved if they are treated by specialized pediatric heart surgeons (PHSs) compared with non-PHSs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified index cardiac procedures in patients with 12 congenital heart disease diagnostic groups using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 1988 to 2003. PHSs were defined as surgeons whose annual practice volumes were made of >75% annual pediatric heart cases. GUCH operations were defined as operations within these 12 diagnoses occurring in patients > or =18 years of age. We identified 30,250 operations, yielding a national estimate of 152,277 +/- 7,875 operations. Of these, 111,816 +/- 7,456 (73%) were pediatric operations, and 40,461 +/- 1,365 (27%) were GUCH operations. PHSs performed 68% of pediatric operations in all diagnostic groups, whereas non-PHSs performed 95% of GUCH operations within the same diagnostic groups (P<0.0001). In-hospital death rates for GUCH patients operated on by PHSs were lower than death rates for GUCH patients operated on by non-PHSs (1.87% [95% CI, 0.62 to 3.13] versus 4.84% [95% CI, 4.30 to 5.38%]; P<0.0001). Survival advantage increased with increasing surgeon annual pediatric volume (P=0.0031).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric patients within specific diagnostic groups are more likely to undergo operation by PHSs, whereas GUCH patients within the same diagnostic groups are more likely to undergo operation by non-PHSs. In-hospital death rates are lower for GUCH patients operated on by PHSs. GUCH patients should be encouraged to obtain surgical operation by PHS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. tarakara@med.umich.edu
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karamlou
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Diggs
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Person
authors.forename: Ross M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ungerleider
authors.forename: Karl F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Welke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019468:Disease Management; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013903:Thoracic Surgery / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce