title: Ethnic disparities in blood pressure management in patients with hypertension after the introduction of pay for performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about the impact of pay-for-performance incentives on health care disparities. We examined ethnic disparities in the management of hypertension among patients with and without cardiovascular comorbidities after the implementation of a major pay-for-performance incentive scheme in UK primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We undertook a population-based, cross-sectional survey of medication prescriptions and blood pressure control among patients with hypertension using electronic medical records from 16 family practices in southwest London.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Black patients with hypertension were significantly less likely to achieve an established treatment target for blood pressure control than white or South Asian patients (adjusted odds ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.74-0.99). The prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities was higher among South Asian patients with hypertension than among their white or black counterparts (41.3% vs 28.5% vs 28.8%). The presence of 2 or more cardiovascular comorbidities was associated with significantly improved blood pressure control among white patients but not among black or South Asian patients (mean systolic blood pressure, -9.4 mm Hg, -0.6 mm Hg, and -1.8 mm Hg, respectively). South Asian patients with poorly controlled hypertension were prescribed fewer antihypertensive medications than their black or white peers (adjusted odds ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.46-0.96).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethnic disparities in the management of hypertension have persisted in the United Kingdom despite major investment in quality improvement initiatives, including pay for performance. These disparities are particularly marked among patients with multiple cardiovascular conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care & Social Medicine, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, England. c.millett@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Millett
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bottle
authors.forename: Azeem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majeed
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010816:Physician Incentive Plans; D015995:Prevalence; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012052:Reimbursement, Incentive; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents