title: Suppression of UVC-induced cell damage and enhancement of DNA repair by the fermented milk, Kefir.
abstract: An aqueous extract of Kefir, fermented milk originally produced in the Caucasus mountains, suppressed morphological changes of human melanoma HMV-1 and SK-MEL cells and human normal fibroblastTIG-1 cells caused by UVC-irradiation, suggesting that UV damage can be suppressed by the Kefir extract. The addition of the Kefir extract after UVC-irradiation of HVM-1 cells resulted in a remarkable decrease in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) which had been increased by UVC irradiation. The Kefir extract also stimulated unscheduled DNA synthesis and suppressed UVC-induced apoptosis of HMV-1 cells. A colony formation assay revealed that the Kefir extract rescued HMV-1 cells from cell death caused by UVC irradiation. The Kefir extract, as well as methyl methanethiosulfonate which is known to enhance the nucleotide excision repair (NER) activity, exhibited strong thymine dimer repair-enhancing activity. Epigalocatechin exhibited a weak NER activity but vitamins A, C, and E and catechin showed no NER activity. The thymine dimer repair-enhancing factors in the Kefir extract were heat-stable and assumed to be molecules with a molecular weight of less than 5000. The treatment of HMV-1 cells with the Kefir extract during or before UVC- irradiation also prevented the generation of ROS and thymine dimmer, and suppressed the apoptosis of HMV-1 cells, suggesting that application of Kefir can prevent UV damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagira
authors.forename: Junko
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authors.forename: Kiichirou
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authors.lastname: Teruya
authors.forename: Yoshinori
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authors.lastname: Katakura
authors.forename: Sun-Yup
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Ken-Ichi
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authors.lastname: Kusumoto
authors.forename: Sennosuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tokumaru
authors.forename: Koichiro
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authors.lastname: Tokumaru
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Sanetaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shirahata