title: Effect of a single dose of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetic behavior of elvucitabine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, administered in healthy volunteers.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a single dose of 300 mg of ritonavir on the plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) of a single dose of 20 mg of elvucitabine when the two drugs were coadministered in healthy subjects. In a three-way crossover design, 30 subjects received 20 mg of elvucitabine, 300 mg of ritonavir, or 20 mg of elvucitabine coadministered with 300 mg of ritonavir. Elvucitabine concentrations were analyzed using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay. The PK of elvucitabine was determined using both noncompartmental and compartmental analyses. Models were developed and tested using ADAPT-II, while a population analysis was performed using IT2S. Comparisons of PK parameters between groups were done with SAS. The pharmacokinetic behavior of elvucitabine was best described by a two-compartment linear model using two absorption rates and a first-order elimination rate. Ritonavir significantly impacted the PK of elvucitabine by reducing elvucitabine's bioavailability, with the most plausible explanation being an inhibition on influx transporters by ritonavir. The decrease in elvucitabine bioavailability when elvucitabine was coadministered with ritonavir may be due to ritonavir's inhibiting influx gut transporters. Continued development of elvucitabine is warranted to better characterize its PK and to determine its in vivo efficacy against human immunodeficiency virus.
authors.affiliation: University of Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colucci
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pottage
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Robison
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Turgeon
authors.forename: Murray P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ducharme
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001667:Binding, Competitive / Q000187:drug effects; D001682:Biological Availability; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000502:physiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011153:Population; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D055815:Young Adult; D016047:Zalcitabine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D016047:Zalcitabine; C099405:dexelvucitabine; D019438:Ritonavir