title: Intermolecular interactions identify ligand-selective activity of estrogen receptor alpha/beta dimers.
abstract: Estrogen receptor (ER) dimerization is prerequisite for its activation of target gene transcription. Because the two forms of ER, ERalpha and ERbeta, exhibit opposing functions in cell proliferation, the ability of ligands to induce ERalpha/beta heterodimers vs. their respective homodimers is expected to have profound impacts on transcriptional outcomes and cellular growth. However, there is a lack of direct methods to monitor the formation of ERalpha/beta heterodimers in vivo and to distinguish the ability of estrogenic ligands to promote ER homo- vs. heterodimerization. Here, we describe bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assays for monitoring the formation of ERalpha/beta heterodimers and their respective homodimers in live cells. We demonstrate that although both partners contribute to heterodimerization, ligand-bound ERalpha plays a dominant role. Furthermore, a bioactive component was found to induce ERbeta/beta homodimers, and ERalpha/beta heterodimers but had minimal activity on ERalpha/alpha homodimers, posing a model that compounds promoting ERalpha/beta heterodimer formation might have therapeutic value. Thus, ER homodimer and heterodimer BRET assays are applicable to drug screening for dimer-selective selective ER modulators. Furthermore, this strategy can be used to study other nuclear receptor dimers.
authors.affiliation: McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019281:Dimerization; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D044950:Flavanones / Q000378:metabolism; D019833:Genistein / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000378:metabolism; D020836:Protein Structure, Quaternary; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D004967:Estrogens; D044950:Flavanones; D008024:Ligands; D048789:Phytoestrogens; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D019833:Genistein; C083152:liquiritigenin