title: Nuclear imaging of prostate cancer with gastrin-releasing-peptide-receptor targeted radiopharmaceuticals.
abstract: Prostate cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer in men. Evaluating the different stages of prostate cancer with conventional imaging techniques still proves difficult. Nuclear imaging might provide a technique that is able to evaluate prostate cancer, but clinical application has been limited due to lack of accuracy of current radiopharmaceuticals. The development of radiopharmaceuticals that can be targeted to specific antigens, overexpressed in prostate cancer, but sparse in normal tissue, is crucial. Peptides are of particular interest because of their favourable characteristics, leading to increased attention for nuclear imaging of the gastrin-releasing-peptide-receptor (GRPR) with radiolabelled bombesin-like peptides. Several derivatives of bombesin and its truncated form have been prepared for imaging with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET), thereby delivering potent candidates for further clinical evaluation. This article provides an overview of the development and preclinical evaluation of radiolabelled bombesin analogues for in vivo targeting of GRPR in prostate cancer. The effect of the radionuclide, chelator, spacer and unnatural amino acids on affinity, metabolic stability and image quality are discussed, as well as agonistic or antagonistic properties. Potent candidates are proposed based on these selection criteria: (I) high affinity for GRPR, with rapid and specific tumour uptake (II) high hydrophilicity resulting in the preferred renal-urinary mode of excretion and low hepatobiliary excretion, (III) high stability, but relatively rapid clearance from blood. Also, a summary is made of clinical studies that report on the detection of prostate cancer with GRPR targeted radiopharmaceuticals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. h.j.k.ananias@uro.umcg.nl
authors.forename: H J K
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ananias
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dierckx
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van de Wiele
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Helfrich
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Elsinga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001839:Bombesin / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018004:Receptors, Bombesin / Q000378:metabolism*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D018004:Receptors, Bombesin; D001839:Bombesin