title: Sex differences in injury patterns among workers in heavy manufacturing.
abstract: The objective of the study was to determine if female workers in a heavy manufacturing environment have a higher risk of injury compared with males when performing the same job and to evaluate sex differences in type or severity of injury. By use of human resources and incident surveillance data for the hourly population at 6 US aluminum smelters, injuries that occurred from January 1, 1996, through December 21, 2005, were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for job, tenure, and age category, was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for female versus male injury risk for all injuries, recordable injuries, and lost work time injuries. The analysis was repeated for acute injuries and musculoskeletal disorder-related injuries separately. Female workers in this industry have a greater risk for sustaining all forms of injury after adjustment for age, tenure, and standardized job category (odds ratio = 1.365, 95% confidence interval: 1.290, 1.445). This excess risk for female workers persisted when injuries were dichotomized into acute injuries (odds ratio = 1.2) and musculoskeletal disorder-related injuries (odds ratio = 1.1). This study provides evidence of a sex disparity in occupational injury with female workers at higher risk compared with their male counterparts in a heavy manufacturing environment.
authors.affiliation: Yale Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Oyebode A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Taiwo
authors.forename: Linda F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Cantley
authors.forename: Martin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Slade
authors.forename: Keshia M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vegso
authors.forename: Martha G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fiellin
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cullen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000535:Aluminum / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008420:Manufactured Materials / Q000633:toxicity*; D008669:Metallurgy; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000535:Aluminum