title: Aminotransferase levels and 20-year risk of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels are used to detect NAFLD and have also been associated with increased risk for MetS, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We studied the relationship between ALT levels and these disorders in a long-term follow-up study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Framingham Offspring Heart Study participants (n = 2812; mean age, 44 years; 56% women) were followed for the development of MetS, diabetes, CVD, and all-cause mortality using logistic regression (MetS, diabetes) or Cox proportional hazards models (CVD, all-cause mortality).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among individuals at baseline, per 1 standard deviation increase in log ALT level, there were increased odds of the development of MetS (odds ratio [OR] 1.21, P < .001) and diabetes (OR, 1.48; P < .0001) over 20 years of follow-up. These findings also applied to participants with ALT levels within the normal range (MetS OR, 1.17; P = .006; diabetes OR, 1.34; P =.002). There was an increased risk of CVD in age/gender-adjusted models (hazard ratio, 1.23; P < .0001), but this was attenuated in multivariable-adjusted models (hazard ratio 1.05; P = .27); no association was observed for all-cause mortality. Aspartate aminotransferase levels were found to be associated with an increased risk of only diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both normal and increased levels of ALT are associated with long-term development of multiple metabolic disorders. These results indicate the potential for ALT values as biomarkers for the risk of metabolic disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetics and Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. wgoessling@partners.org
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Goessling
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Massaro
authors.forename: Ramachandran S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vasan
authors.forename: Ralph B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.forename: R Curtis
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.forename: Caroline S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D000637:Transaminases / Q000097:blood*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000637:Transaminases