title: The expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, its receptors and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein during corpus luteum regression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Corpus luteum (CL) regression is known to occur as two parts; functional regression when steroidogenesis declines and structural regression when apoptosis is induced. Previous studies suggest this process occurs by the production of luteolytic factors, such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha).
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined TNF-alpha, TNF-alpha receptors (TNFR1 and 2) and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein expression during CL regression in albino Wistar rats. CL from Days 16 and 22 of pregnancy and Day 3 post-partum were examined, in addition CL from Day 16 of pregnancy were cultured in vitro to induce apoptosis. mRNA was quantitated by kinetic RT-PCR and protein expression examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-alpha mRNA increased on Day 3 post-partum. TNFR were immunolocalized to luteal cells, and an increase in TNFR2 mRNA observed on Day 3 post-partum whilst no change was detected in TNFR1 mRNA relative to Day 16. StAR protein decreased on Day 3 post-partum and following trophic withdrawal but no change was observed following exogenous TNF-alpha treatment. StAR mRNA decreased on Day 3 post-partum; however, it increased following trophic withdrawal and TNF-alpha treatment in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate the existence of TNFR1 and TNFR2 in rat CL and suggest the involvement of TNF-alpha in rat CL regression following parturition. Furthermore, decreased StAR expression over the same time points was consistent with the functional regression of the CL.
authors.affiliation: School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia. michael.abdo@health.wa.gov.au
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdo
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hisheh
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arfuso
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dharmarajan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D003341:Luteolysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000378:metabolism*; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein
chemical_list: D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein