title: Cryopreservation of immature bovine oocytes to reconstruct artificial gametes by germinal vesicle transplantation.
abstract: Joining immature gamete cryopreservation and germinal vesicle transplantation (GVT) technique could greatly improve assisted reproductive technologies in animal breeding and human medicine. The present work was aimed to assess the most suitable cryopreservation protocol between slow freezing and vitrification for immature denuded bovine oocytes, able to preserve both nuclear and cytoplasmic competence after thawing. In addition, the outcome of germinal vesicle transfer procedure and gamete reconstruction was tested on the most effective cryopreservation system. Oocytes, isolated from slaughterhouse ovaries, were stored after cumulus cells removal either by slow freezing or by vitrification in open pulled straws. After thawing, oocytes were matured for 24 h in co-culture with an equal number of just isolated intact cumulus enclosed oocytes, and fixed in order to evaluate the stage of meiotic progression and cytoskeleton organization. Our results showed that after warming, vitrified oocytes reached metaphase II (MII) in a percentage significantly higher than oocytes cryopreserved by slow freezing (76.2% and 36.5% respectively, p < 0.05). Moreover, vitrification process preserved the organization of cytoskeleton elements in a higher proportion of oocytes than slow freezing procedure. Therefore vitrification has been identified as the elective method for denuded immature oocytes banking and it has been applied in the second part of the study. Our results showed that 38.3% of oocytes reconstructed from vitrified gametes reached the MII of meiotic division, with efficiency not different from oocytes reconstructed with fresh gametes. We conclude that vitrification represents a suitable method of GV stage denuded oocyte banking since both nuclear and cytoplasmic components derived from cryopreserved immature oocytes can be utilized for GVT.
authors.affiliation: Division of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, Milan, Italy. alberto.luciano@unimi.it
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Luciano
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Franciosi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lodde
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perazzoli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slezáková
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Modina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000502:physiology; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D054885:Cumulus Cells / Q000502:physiology; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000502:physiology; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008540:Meiosis; D008677:Metaphase; D053652:Nuclear Transfer Techniques / Q000662:veterinary*; D009865:Oocytes / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure