title: Shunt or snare: coronary endothelial damage due to hemostatic devices for beating heart coronary surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Occlusion of coronary arteries during off-pump coronary bypass operations bears the potential for endothelial injury. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of hemostatic devices on the beating heart in human coronaries by means of scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The coronary arteries of 9 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and 13 with ischemic heart disease undergoing heart transplantation were handled with intracoronary shunts as well as external snaring techniques on a beating heart, after cannulation but before starting cardiopulmonary bypass. Adjacent noninstrumented coronary artery segments served as controls. Integrity of endothelial lining was observed with scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly all coronary artery segments manipulated with a shunt exhibited a severe injury with extensive endothelial denudation. Endothelial injury was significantly higher after manipulation with intracoronary shunts compared with external occlusion devices (p < 0.001) or control specimens (p < 0.001). Plaque rupture was apparent in 3 samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Manipulation of human coronary arteries during off-pump operations leads to endothelial denudation and plaque rupture. From this investigation we conclude that insertion of intracoronary shunts during beating heart operations leads to severe endothelial denudation in human coronary arteries. We therefore recommend using shunts selectively in cases where critical ischemia or technical difficulties due to anatomic conditions are expected during anastomosis. The clinical significance of these structural damages has to be further investigated with clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hangler
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Elfriede
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruttmann
authors.forename: Herwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Antretter
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pfaller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D047549:Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000601:surgery; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000293:injuries* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000293:injuries / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006489:Hemostatic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013048:Specimen Handling; D015996:Survival Rate