title: Molecular epidemiology and dual serotype specificity detection of echovirus 11 strains in Finland.
abstract: Echovirus 11 (E-11) has been one of the most frequently discovered human enterovirus (HEV) in Finland during the past few years. We have studied molecular epidemiological patterns of E-11 from 1993 to 2007 exploiting the 257-nucleotide region in the 5'-part of the VP1 used for genetic typing of HEV. Designated genogroup D strains had a striking prevalence among the Finnish strains, a finding in accordance with the recent data from other geographical regions. The subgroup D4, harboring the oldest strains, had become extinct in the beginning of the millennium and D5 strains had taken over. Similarly, a new subgroup of D5 had started to diverge from the main D5 in 2006. However, in addition to endemic D strains, few single strains clustered also to genogroups A and C suggesting importation from more distant locations. The relatively large amino acid sequence variability between and within the genogroups favored the idea of antigenic differences. Neutralization assays confirmed that antigenic differences existed, although all studied E-11 strains were neutralized with antisera against the prototype strain Gregory. Five of the six studied strains belonging to genogroup D were, unexpectedly, also neutralized with antisera against coxsackievirus A9 Griggs.
authors.affiliation: Enterovirus Laboratory, Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland. carita.savolainen-kopra@ktl.fi
authors.forename: Carita
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Savolainen-Kopra
authors.forename: Haider
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Hello
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paananen
authors.forename: Soile
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blomqvist
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klemola
authors.forename: Zdenka
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sobotova
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roivainen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D000940:Antigenic Variation; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004457:Echovirus Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D029822:Enterovirus B, Human / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D010802:Phylogeny; D012703:Serotyping; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D012722:Sewage