title: Vascular endothelial growth factor in rabbits during development of corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis: a controlled experiment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic promoter that is rapidly induced as a response to local hypoxia. We investigated VEGF expression in rabbits in a controlled experiment to clarify the onset of ischemic events in corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis (ON).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-nine mature Japanese white rabbits were divided into 6 treatment groups and an untreated control group. The treatment groups received a single intramuscular injection of 4 mg/kg methylprednisolone acetate; they were euthanized at different times, and tissue samples were obtained from their femora. We examined the development of ON and the expression of VEGF using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, Northern blot analysis, and Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On histopathological examination, the earliest indication of ON was 5 days after the corticosteroid treatment. The frequency of ON occurrence reached a plateau at or after Week 1. VEGF expression was accompanied by the development of ON. VEGF-positive cells detected by immunohistochemistry were found among bone marrow cells, frequently located in the area surrounding ON, suggesting that VEGF production was switched on as a result of the ischemic events that cause ON. The level of VEGF-mRNA expression indicated by Northern blot analysis peaked at 3 days after the corticosteroid treatment and decreased gradually to the levels present in the control group at 7 days after treatment. Western blot analysis revealed VEGF protein production at 3 days after the corticosteroid treatments. Levels of VEGF expression 2 weeks or more after the corticosteroid treatment were almost the same as in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed early expression of VEGF in the cells around the corticosteroid-induced ON lesions in rabbits. These results suggest that the ischemic events that cause ON begin soon after the initial corticosteroid treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan. tamonkabata@aol.com
authors.forename: Tamon
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kabata
authors.forename: Tadami
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yagishita
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wakayama
authors.forename: Shoichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.forename: Katsuro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tomita
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005271:Femur Head Necrosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008775:Methylprednisolone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D000077555:Methylprednisolone Acetate; D011817:Rabbits; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000077555:Methylprednisolone Acetate; D008775:Methylprednisolone