title: Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial isolates among patients with recent HIV infection in Mozambique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mycobacteriosis is frequently diagnosed among HIV-infected patients. In Mozambique, where few patients are under antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence of tuberculosis is high, there is need for better characterization of mycobacteria at the species level, as well as for the identification of patterns of resistance to antituberculous drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied a sample of 503 HIV-infected individuals suspected of having pulmonary tuberculosis. Of those 503, 320 tested positive for mycobacteria through sputum smear microscopy or culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acid-fast bacilli were observed in the sputum of 73% of the individuals presenting positive cultures. Of 277 isolates tested, only 3 were nontuberculous mycobacteria: 2 were identified as Mycobacterium avium and one was identified as M. simiae. Strains initially characterized as M. tuberculosis complex through polymerase chain reaction restriction analysis (PRA) of the hsp65 gene were later confirmed as such through PRA of the gyrB gene. Among the M. tuberculosis isolates, resistance patterns were as follows: to isoniazid, 14%; to rifampin, 6%; and multidrug resistance, 5%. Previously treated cases showed significantly higher rates of resistance to first-line antituberculous drugs. The most common radiological pattern was interstitial infiltrate (in 67%), followed by mediastinal lymph node enlargement (in 30%), bronchiectasis (in 28%), miliary nodules (in 18%) and cavitation (in 12%). Patients infected with nontuberculous mycobacteria presented clinical profiles indistinguishable from those of other patients. The median CD4 lymphocyte count in this group was 134 cells/mm(3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a strong association between tuberculosis and AIDS in Mozambique, as expected in a country with a high prevalence of tuberculosis. Although drug resistance rates are high, the isoniazid-rifampin regimen continues to be the appropriate choice for initial therapy.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.
authors.forename: Elizabete Abrantes
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Eduardo Mello
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: De Capitani
authors.forename: Elizabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.forename: Alessandra Costa
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Panunto
authors.forename: Orvalho Augusto
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Joaquim
authors.forename: Marcelo de Carvalho
authors.initials: Mde C
authors.lastname: Ramos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D004977:Ethambutol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009073:Mozambique; D015269:Mycobacterium avium Complex / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012293:Rifampin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D004977:Ethambutol; D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin; D013307:Streptomycin