title: Identifying perceptions of professionalism in pharmacy using a four-frame leadership model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether professionalism in pharmacy education is addressed from Bolman and Deal's four-frame leadership model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Students (N=624), faculty (N=57), preceptors (N=56), and academic administrators (N=8) at 6 colleges and schools of pharmacy were surveyed to assess professionalism. Using grounded theory methodology and a constant comparative process, common themes were identified for each question in each group. Themes were assigned to the four-frame model and the data were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mechanisms of addressing professionalism consistent with all 4 frames of the Bolman and Deal's model were identified. Faculty assessment of student professionalism was significantly lower (P<0.05) than the student group, preceptors, and administrators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mechanisms of addressing professionalism in pharmacy education span all four frames of Bolman and Deal's leadership model. The values students bring into a pharmacy program may play an important role in the process of professional socialization. Faculty members have a tremendous opportunity to enhance student professionalism with their daily verbal and nonverbal interactions with students.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma City, OK 73103, USA. dennis.thompson@swosu.edu
authors.forename: Dennis F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: Donna G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Beall
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Russell B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Melchert
authors.forename: Leigh Ann
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Beverly J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Schmoll
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005178:Faculty; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007857:Leadership; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D010465:Perception; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011231:Preceptorship; D011361:Professional Competence; D024382:Professional Role; D013339:Students, Pharmacy / Q000523:psychology; D014705:Verbal Behavior