title: The assessment of fetal neurobehavior by three-dimensional and four-dimensional ultrasound.
abstract: The development of three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional ultrasound (4D) has provided new opportunities to study fetal and even embryonic behavior. These techniques enable simultaneous spatial imaging of the entire fetus and its movements. Recently, multicenter studies of fetal brain function have been carried out, the aim of which is to establish the standards of embryonic and fetal peripheral and body movements and facial expression as additional diagnostic criteria for prenatal brain development. Additional studies have been conducted in order to provide more information on specific movement patterns and quality of movement in the high-risk fetus. The purpose of this paper is to review and analyze the published literature on the use of 3D and 4D ultrasound in the assessment of fetal behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Sveti Duh Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Asim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurjak
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tikvica
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stanojevic
authors.forename: Berivoj
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Miskovic
authors.forename: Baldreldeen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Azumendi
authors.forename: Gian Carlo
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Di Renzo
mesh_terms: D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*