title: Urology and the scientific method in ancient Egypt.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the practice of urology in ancient Egypt using various sources, including the Edwin Smith and Ebers Papyri. The sources of knowledge of ancient Egyptian medicine include medical papyri, paleopathology, art, and hieroglyphic carvings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A brief overview of the medical system in ancient Egypt was completed, in addition to an examination of the training and specialization of the physician in the ancient world. Urologic diseases treated in ancient Egypt and some of the first documented urologic surgeries are presented. Finally, we studied the role of the physician-priest and the intertwined use of religion and magic in ancient Egyptian medicine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The same medical conditions urologists treat in the office today were methodically documented thousands of years ago. Medical papyri show evidence that the ancient Egyptians practiced medicine using a scientific method based on the clinical observation of disease. This has been exemplified by the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, a collection of surgical cases that gives a diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for each ailment, and the discovery of medical specialization in ancient Egypt, giving us perhaps the world's first urologists. Intertwined with the scientific method was also the rich mysticism and religion of ancient Egypt, which were integral components of the healing process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present an overview of the practice of urology in ancient Egypt, in terms of both pharmacologic and surgical intervention, as well as with a look into the religion of medicine practiced at that time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642-8656, USA. Jennifer_Gordetsky@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gordetsky
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000266:history / Q000592:standards; D000076144:Egypt, Ancient; D049690:History, Ancient; D014572:Urology / Q000266:history*