title: Effects of oil on internal gas transport, radial oxygen loss, gas films and bud growth in Phragmites australis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oil pollution of wetlands is a world-wide problem but, to date, research has concentrated on its influences on salt marsh rather than freshwater plant communities. The effects of water-borne light oils (liquid paraffin and diesel) were investigated on the fresh/brackish wetland species Phragmites australis in terms of routes of oil infiltration, internal gas transport, radial O(2) loss (ROL), underwater gas films and bud growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pressure flow resistances of pith cavities of nodes and aerenchyma of leaf sheaths, with or without previous exposure to oil, were recorded from flow rates under applied pressure. Convective flows were measured from living excised culms with oiled and non-oiled nodes and leaf sheaths. The effect of oil around culm basal nodes on ROL from rhizome and root apices was measured polarographically. Surface gas films on submerged shoots with and without oil treatment were recorded photographically. Growth and emergence of buds through water with and without an oil film were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Internodes are virtually impermeable, but nodes of senesced and living culms are permeable to oils which can block pith cavity diaphragms, preventing flows at applied pressures of 1 kPa, natural convective transport to the rhizome, and greatly decreasing ROL to phyllospheres and rhizospheres. Oil infiltrating or covering living leaf sheaths prevents humidity-induced convection. Oil displaces surface gas films from laminae and leaf sheaths. Buds emerge only a few centimetres through oil and die.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oil infiltrates the gas space system via nodal and leaf sheath stomata, reducing O(2) diffusion and convective flows into the rhizome system and decreasing oxygenation of phyllospheres and rhizospheres; underwater gas exchange via gas films will be impeded. Plants can be weakened by oil-induced failure of emerging buds. Plants will be most at risk during the growing season.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK. j.armstrong@hull.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.forename: Rory
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Keep
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D018481:Convection; D035264:Flowers / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D005740:Gases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005742:Gasoline; D006813:Humidity; D009821:Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010232:Paraffin / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006109:Poaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development*; D011312:Pressure; D027343:Rhizome / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005740:Gases; D005742:Gasoline; D009821:Oils; D010232:Paraffin; D010100:Oxygen