title: A short-oligonucleotide microarray that allows improved detection of gastrointestinal tract microbial communities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains a diverse collection of bacteria, most of which are unculturable by conventional microbiological methods. Increasingly molecular profiling techniques are being employed to examine this complex microbial community. The purpose of this study was to develop a microarray technique based on 16S ribosomal gene sequences for rapidly monitoring the microbial population of the GI tract.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have developed a culture-independent, semi-quantitative, rapid method for detection of gut bacterial populations based on 16S rDNA probes using a DNA microarray. We compared the performance of microarrays based on long (40- and 50-mer) and short (16-21-mer) oligonucleotides. Short oligonucleotides consistently gave higher specificity. Optimal DNA amplification and labelling, hybridisation and washing conditions were determined using a probe with an increasing number of nucleotide mismatches, identifying the minimum number of nucleotides needed to distinguish between perfect and mismatch probes. An independent PCR-based control was used to normalise different hybridisation results, and to make comparisons between different samples, greatly improving the detection of changes in the gut bacterial population. The sensitivity of the microarray was determined to be 8.8 x 104 bacterial cells g-1 faecal sample, which is more sensitive than a number of existing profiling methods. The short oligonucleotide microarray was used to compare the faecal flora from healthy individuals and a patient suffering from Ulcerative Colitis (UC) during the active and remission states. Differences were identified in the bacterial profiles between healthy individuals and a UC patient. These variations were verified by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and DNA sequencing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study we demonstrate the design, testing and application of a highly sensitive, short oligonucleotide community microarray. Our approach allows the rapid discrimination of bacteria inhabiting the human GI tract, at taxonomic levels ranging from species to the superkingdom bacteria. The optimised protocol is available at: http://www.ifr.ac.uk/safety/microarrays/#protocols. It offers a high throughput method for studying the dynamics of the bacterial population over time and between individuals.
authors.affiliation: Commensals and Microflora, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UA, UK. Carl.Harrington@bbsrc.ac.uk
authors.forename: Carl R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: Sacha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lucchini
authors.forename: Karyn P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Ridgway
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wegmann
authors.forename: Tracy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: Jay C D
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hinton
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gasson
authors.forename: Arjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Narbad
mesh_terms: D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D015342:DNA Probes; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S