title: Cytokine levels in pleural effusions of patients under intensive care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pleural effusions develop for various reasons in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). To understand why this occurs is important, yet cytokine levels in pleural effusions have rarely been measured from a cardiovascular viewpoint.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To understand the characteristics of pleural cytokines in patients admitted to the ICU.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 43 patients with pleural effusion who were admitted to the ICU from June 2001 through March 2006. We divided the patients into transudate (n=23) and exudate (n=20) groups. We measured levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in pleural effusions and peripheral blood and evaluated their relationships with body temperature, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and the peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of pleural IL-6 were significantly higher and levels of TNF-alpha tended to be higher in pleural effusions from the exudate than in those from the transudate group (3,350+/-3,627 vs. 1,677+/-1,086 pg/m and 6.6+/-3.4 vs. 4.8+/-2.6 pg/mL, respectively). However, in both groups levels of IL-10 in pleural effusions were similar to those in serum and levels of IL-6 were significantly higher in pleural effusion than in serum. Serum IL-6 levels correlated with inflammatory markers (CRP and body temperature), whereas cytokines in pleural effusion did not correlate with any of these markers (body temperature, CRP, and WBC).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pleural levels of IL-6 were significantly higher in the exudate group than in the transudate group but did not correlate with serum levels of IL-6 or with systemic inflammatory markers. These findings suggest that pleural IL-6 levels correlate with local lung or pleural inflammation in patients admitted to the ICU.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inba-mura, Inba-gun, Chiba, Japan. s6042@nms.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shirakabe
authors.forename: Noritake
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Takuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shinada
authors.forename: Yuuichirou
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Nobuaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Arifumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Teruo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.forename: Kyoichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mizuno
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003422:Critical Care; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000032:analysis; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10