title: Survival in type 2 diabetic patients in dialysis and the number of risk alleles in polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system genes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the combined effect of polymorphisms in genes of the renin-angiotensin system on mortality in type 2 diabetic patients in dialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1993 to 2007, we followed 89 patients from the start of dialysis until the end point, which was all-cause mortality. All patients were genotyped for the following polymorphisms: ACE (I/D), AGT (p.235M>T) and AGTR1 (g.1166A>C). The relative risks of death were examined by Cox-proportional hazard analysis after adjusting for age, sex, modality of dialysis, baseline and residual filtration rate, cardiovascular comorbidity, anemia, glycemic control, hypertension, nutritional status, risk of infection and dyslipidemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We first assigned and quantified the number of risk alleles--D (I/D), M (p.235 M>T) and A (g.1166A>C)--each patient carried. The Cox-proportional hazard analysis showed that every single additional risk allele multiplied the mortality hazard ratio by 1.58 (95% CI: 1.16-2.15, P=0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest a combined effect among the polymorphisms of the Renin-Angiotensin-System genes on mortality in type 2 diabetic patients undergoing dialysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hormone and Genetic Section, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain. apadro@bellvitgehospital.cat
authors.forename: Ariadna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Padró-Miquel
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alía-Ramos
authors.forename: Ma Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: González-Alvarez
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Navarro-Moreno
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000808:Angiotensinogen / Q000235:genetics; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin / Q000235:genetics; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D011945:Receptors, Angiotensin; D000808:Angiotensinogen; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A