title: Enhanced generation of Alzheimer's amyloid-beta following chronic exposure to phorbol ester correlates with differential effects on alpha and epsilon isozymes of protein kinase C.
abstract: Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein (APP) sorting and processing are modulated through signal transduction mechanisms regulated by protein phosphorylation. Notably, protein kinase C (PKC) appears to be an important component in signaling pathways that control APP metabolism. PKCs exist in at least 11 conventional and unconventional isoforms, and PKCalpha and PKCepsilon isoforms have been specifically implicated in controlling the generation of soluble APP and amyloid-beta (Abeta) fragments of APP, although identification of the PKC substrate phospho-state-sensitive effector proteins remains challenging. In the current study, we present evidence that chronic application of phorbol esters to cultured cells in serum-free medium is associated with several phenomena, namely: (i) PKCalpha down-regulation; (ii) PKCepsilon up-regulation; (iii) accumulation of APP and/or APP carboxyl-terminal fragments in the trans Golgi network; (iv) disappearance of fluorescence from cytoplasmic vesicles bearing a green fluorescent protein tagged form of APP; (v) insensitivity of soluble APP release following acute additional phorbol application; and (vi) elevated cellular APP mRNA levels and holoprotein, and secreted Abeta. These data indicate that, unlike acute phorbol ester application, which is accompanied by lowered Abeta generation, chronic phorbol ester treatment causes differential regulation of PKC isozymes and increased Abeta generation. These data have implications for the design of amyloid-lowering strategies based on modulating PKC activity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Neurociências, Centro de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal. odetecs@ua.pt
authors.forename: Odete A B
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: da Cruz e Silva
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rebelo
authors.forename: Sandra I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gandy
authors.forename: Edgar F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: da Cruz e Silva
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Greengard
mesh_terms: D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases / Q000378:metabolism; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D010703:Phorbol Esters / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050765:Qa-SNARE Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D021601:trans-Golgi Network / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D010703:Phorbol Esters; D050765:Qa-SNARE Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D051744:Protein Kinase C-epsilon; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases