title: Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus DNA in the human placenta.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are part of the human normal intestinal microbiota and may possibly be transferred to the placenta. It was hypothesized that intestinal bacteria or their components are present in the placenta and that the foetus may be exposed to them. We investigated the presence of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and their DNA in the human placenta.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 34 human placentae (25 vaginal and nine caesarean deliveries) for the presence Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Cultivation was used for the detection of viable cells and genus and species-specific PCR for the detection of DNA. No bifidobacteria or lactobacilli were found by cultivation. Bifidobacterial DNA was detected in 33 and L. rhamnosus DNA in 31 placenta samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DNA from intestinal bacteria was found in most placenta samples. The results suggest that horizontal transfer of bacterial DNA from mother to foetus may occur via placenta.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacterial DNA contains unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide motifs which induce immune effects. Specific CpG motifs activate Toll-like receptor 9 and subsequently trigger Th-1-type immune responses. Although the newborn infant is considered immunologically immature, exposure by bacterial DNA may programme the infant's immune development during foetal life earlier than previously considered.
authors.affiliation: Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4A, Turun Yliopisto, Finland. reetta.satokari@utu.fi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Satokari
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grönroos
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Laitinen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salminen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Isolauri
mesh_terms: D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D033261:Maternal-Fetal Relations; D010920:Placenta / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial