title: Vitamin D insufficiency prior to bariatric surgery: risk factors and a pilot treatment study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess vitamin D status and the influences of race, sun exposure and dietary vitamin D intake on vitamin D levels, and to evaluate two vitamin D repletion regimens in extremely obese patients awaiting bariatric surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis of dietary vitamin D, sun exposure, PTH [intact (iPTH) and PTH(1-84)] and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD; differentiated 25OHD2 and 25OHD3) in 56 obese [body mass index (BMI) > 35 kg/m(2)] men and women (age 20-64 years). In a pilot clinical trial, 27 subjects with 25OHD levels < 62 nmol/l were randomized to receive ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol for 8 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum 25OHD was low (mean 45 +/- 22 nmol/l) and was inversely associated with BMI (r = -0.36, P < 0.01). Each BMI increase of 1 kg/m(2) was associated with a 1.3 nmol/l decrease in 25OHD (P < 0.01). BMI, sun exposure, African American race and PTH predicted 40% of the variance in 25OHD (P < 0.0001). Serum 25OHD significantly increased at 4 and 8 weeks in both treatment groups (P < 0.001), whereas PTH(1-84) declined significantly in subjects treated with cholecalciferol (P < 0.007) and tended to decrease following ergocalciferol (P < 0.09).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In severely obese individuals, those who are African American, have higher BMI and limited sunlight exposure are at greatest risk for vitamin D insufficiency. These demographic factors can help to identify at-risk patients who require vitamin D repletion prior to bariatric surgery. Commonly prescribed doses of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol are effective in raising 25OHD. Further investigation is needed to evaluate whether these regimens have differential effects on PTH, and to determine the optimal regimen for vitamin D repletion in the extremely obese patient.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Strain
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pomp
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dakin
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bockman
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Silverberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D050110:Bariatric Surgery; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004872:Ergocalciferols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012307:Risk Factors; D013472:Sunlight; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004872:Ergocalciferols; D002762:Cholecalciferol