title: Single-injection femoral nerve block with 0.25% ropivacaine or 0.25% bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia after total knee replacement or anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of single-injection femoral nerve block (FNB) in postoperative pain after total knee replacement (TKR) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, randomized, double-blind study.
  
  
  METHODS
  96 ASA physical status I, II, and III patients, scheduled for TKR or ACL reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients received a standard spinal anesthetic, then were randomly divided into three treatment groups as follows: Group B (n = 30) received an FNB with 40 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine containing epinephrine, 1:200,000; Group R (n = 32) received an FNB with 40 mL of 0.25% ropivacaine; and Group C (n = 28) received no FNB.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following clinical outcomes were assessed at up to 6 hours (T1), 6 to 10 hours (T2), and 10 to 24 hours (T3) after spinal anesthesia was given: visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, both at rest and on movement (no or mild pain, moderate pain, or severe pain); morphine use; sensory block in the femoral, obturator, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve dermatomes; and motor block of the femoral and obturator nerves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Except for VAS during rest and on movement at time T3, there were more Group C patients who experienced moderate or severe pain than those who had no pain or mild pain, when compared with Groups R and B. Sensory block in the femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve dermatomes did not differ between Groups R and B at any times. However, sensory block in the obturator nerve dermatome was lower in Group R than Group B only at T3. We observed a lower, significant use of morphine at T2 when comparing Groups R and B with Group C. No Group R patient and about 30% of Group B patients remained with motor block of femoral and obturator nerves at T3. Except for frequency of nausea, which was highest in Group C, the frequency of other side effects was similar among the three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Femoral nerve block using 0.25% ropivacaine or 0.25% bupivacaine is an effective method of postoperative analgesia after TKR and ACL reconstruction, particularly for the first 10 hours after spinal anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Lima E Souza
authors.forename: Cláudio Henrique
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Maurício Delage
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Henriques
authors.forename: Christiano Barbosa
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Tarcizo Afonso
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Renato Santiago
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Gomez
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005267:Femoral Nerve; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine