title: Sex difference in the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in dialysis patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an important, independent negative predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general population and in dialysis patients. Previous studies suggest a sex dimorphism in the prevalence of LVH; however, this issue has never been approached in dialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study enrolled 237 prevalent dialysis patients: 49 on hemodialysis (HD) and 188 on peritoneal dialysis (PD) from a single center. LVH was defined by echocardiography measurements, which were normalized to body surface area (BSA) and height(2.7), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean ages in HD and PD patients were 60 +/- 14 and 60 +/- 13 years, with a median dialysis vintage of 43 and 20 months, respectively. Although there was no significant difference in age, diabetes, proportion of uncontrolled hypertension, antihypertensive medication and blood pressure between male and female patients within each dialysis modality, the prevalence of LVH (whether indexed to BSA or height(2.7)) was consistently higher in females than in males. When these patients were divided into LVH or non-LVH groups, a significant difference in sex distribution was observed between the two groups (62.0% vs. 41.0% when the BSA-indexed standard was used, p < 0.01; 62.8% vs. 37.1% when the height(2.7)-indexed standard was used, p < 0.001). In logistic regression analysis, female sex was identified as a risk factor of LVH (odds ratio, OR = 2.48, 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.33-4.59; when BSA-indexed LVH was treated as dependent variable, and OR = 4.05, 95% CI = 1.96-8.38, when height(2.7)-indexed LVH was treated as dependent variable) even after adjustment for age, diabetes, blood pressure and antihypertensive medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that the prevalence of LVH determined by echocardiography was significantly higher in female dialysis patients than in male dialysis patients. Compared with males, female patients had a 2.5- to 4-fold higher risk to develop LVH even after adjustment for other potential confounding factors, which may indicate that elderly females in the uremic scenario are more prone to develop LVH than elderly males.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Li-Tao
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Yan-Li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Jun-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shu-Hong
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindholm
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001827:Body Height; D001830:Body Surface Area; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D012737:Sex Factors