Hopelessness -- novel facet of the metabolic syndrome in men.
OBJECTIVE
Recent studies have shown that lack of hope is linked to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Little is known, however, about the relationship of hopelessness and the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study is to examine the association of hopelessness and the metabolic syndrome.


METHODS
This cross-sectional study examines the relationship between hopelessness and the metabolic syndrome as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program in a population-based cohort of 1743 non-diabetic men aged 42, 48, 54 and 60 years old at baseline (1984-89). Hopelessness was measured by one's expectations about the future and reaching goals.


RESULTS
In simple age-adjusted univariate analyses the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, many of its components and other cardiovascular risk factors were more common in men with higher levels of hopelessness. In a logistic regression model adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, cardiovascular disease, adult socioeconomic status and physical activity, men in the highest third were 2.1 (95% CI 1.3-3.2) times more likely to have the metabolic syndrome than those in the lowest third. After further adjusting for body mass index and elevated depressive symptoms the respective figures were 1.9 (95% CI 1.2-3.1) and 2.1 (95% CI 1.4-3.4).


CONCLUSIONS
Hopelessness was strongly associated with the metabolic syndrome in these middle-aged men, independent of other depressive symptoms and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. These findings suggest that hopelessness is very closely related to the metabolic syndrome. Therefore lifestyle management of the metabolic syndrome should also take into account patients' expectations more thoroughly than hitherto acknowledged.
Valtonen
Maarit
M
Department of Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland. maarit.valtonen@ksshp.fi
Laaksonen
David E
DE
Tolmunen
Tommi
T
Nyyssönen
Kristiina
K
Viinamäki
Heimo
H
Kauhanen
Jussi
J
Niskanen
Leo
L
D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D054526:Men's Health; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055105:Waist Circumference
D008055:Lipids