Depressive symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes in the ambulatory care setting: opportunities to improve outcomes in the course of routine care.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the frequency of untreated, self-reported depressive symptoms in a cross section of adult ambulatory patients with type 2 diabetes and to identify demographic and/or clinical characteristics associated with depressive symptoms in study patients.


METHODS
Cross-sectional study.


METHODS
Three ambulatory care clinics in the southwestern United States in fall 2005.


METHODS
217 primary care patients aged 18 years or older with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.


METHODS
Administration of the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (Zung SDS).


METHODS
Self-reported data on demographic characteristics and depressive symptoms. Data for insurance, comorbid conditions, and glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) values were abstracted from patient charts.


RESULTS
Depressive symptoms (Zung SDS score > or =50) were identified in 72.1% of patients. Overall, 13% of the patients with a diagnosis of depression (based on patient charts) were not receiving treatment. Factors significantly associated with depressive symptoms were past history of depression (beta= 0.53, P < 0.01), Medicaid insurance (beta= 0.15, P < 0.02), and insulin use (beta= 0.12, P < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that possible undetected or untreated depression can be assessed in patients with type 2 diabetes through use of a self-rating scale in the course of routine ambulatory care. Adding the Zung SDS screen to routine care protocols could facilitate improved detection and treatment of comorbid depression in ambulatory patients with type 2 diabetes.
Shah
Bijal M
BM
College of Pharmacy, Touro University, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA. bijal.shah@touro.edu
Gupchup
Gireesh V
GV
Borrego
Matthew E
ME
Raisch
Dennis W
DW
Knapp
Katherine K
KK
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin