title: Guggulsterone inhibits angiogenesis by blocking STAT3 and VEGF expression in colon cancer cells.
abstract: The plant sterol guggulsterone has been shown to exert anti-tumor effects, making it a candidate chemotherapeutic agent. We investigated the anti-tumor effects of guggulsterone on colon cancer cells and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms related to angiogenesis. The apoptotic effects of guggulsterone were examined by cell survival assay. Western blot analysis was used to determine the levels of various down-stream intracellular proteins involved in angiogenesis, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT). Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we tested whether guggulsterone affects the recruitment of STAT3, ARNT and HIF-1alpha to the human VEGF promoter. To investigate the effect of guggulsterone on vascular endothelial cell migration and invasion, tube formation and migration assays were conducted using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 activities were measured by gelatin zymography. Guggulsterone significantly reduced cell viability in colon cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner and blocked VEGF, ARNT and STAT3 expression prominently in hypoxic conditions. The recruitment of STAT3 and ARNT, but not HIF-1alpha, to the VEGF promoter was inhibited by guggulsterone treatment. HUVECs produced much foreshortened and severely broken tubes and showed decreased migration activity under guggulsterone effects. In addition, zymography revealed that MMP-2 and -9 enzyme activities were markedly lower in the presence of guggulsterone. The results of this study suggest that guggulsterone not only induces apoptosis, but also inhibits angiogenesis and metastasis in colon cancer cells by blocking STAT3 and VEGF expression, suggesting its therapeutic potential in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Soo
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung Yi
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Hye Kyung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seung Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Min Ji
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: Tae Il
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyoung Ryul
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Won Ho
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jae Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cheon
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D011282:Pregnenediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000494:pharmacology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D011282:Pregnenediones; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494086:STAT3 protein, human; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C023617:pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione; C022616:thiazolyl blue