title: A retrospective analysis of contamination and periphyton PICT patterns for the antifoulant irgarol 1051, around a small marina on the Swedish west coast.
abstract: Irgarol is a triazine photosystem II (PSII) inhibitor that has been used in Sweden as an antifouling ingredient since the 1990s. Early microcosm studies indicated that periphyton was sensitive to irgarol at concentrations regularly found in harbours and marinas. However, field studies of irgarol effects on the Swedish west coast in 1994, using the pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) approach, failed to detect any effects of the toxicant in the field. A PICT study involves sampling of replicate communities in a gradient of contamination, and a comparison of their community tolerance levels, with an increase being an indication that sensitive species have been eliminated and replaced by more tolerant ones. Typically, short-term assays are used to quantify the community tolerance levels. Later PICT studies in the same area over a 10 year period demonstrate that irgarol tolerance levels have increased, although the contamination pattern has been stable. Our results support the hypothesis that that the PICT potential was low initially, due to a small differential sensitivity between the community members, and that a persistent selection pressure was required to favour and enrich irgarol-tolerant species or genotypes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. hans.blanck@dpes.gu.se
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blanck
authors.forename: Karl Martin
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grönvall
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.forename: Karell Martinez
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Guijarro
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Birgersson
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kylin
mesh_terms: D021301:Antifreeze Proteins; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000187:drug effects*; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D013548:Sweden; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D021301:Antifreeze Proteins; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C103341:irgarol 1051