title: Gender specificity in the prediction of clinically diagnosed depression. Results of a large cohort of Belgian workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The recent increase in the incidence of clinical depression represents a major public health and socio-economical burden. Depression has its roots in both professional and private domains but few epidemiological studies have looked at predictors of long term clinical depression as defined by a sick-leave of 28 days or more and a diagnosis by a general practitioner in both genders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study baseline predictors of long term spells of clinical depression within the framework of a large prospective study, the Belstress Study, in 6,659 men and 2,737 women aged 35-59 years at baseline survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kaplan-Meyer survival curves and Cox regression models were used in order to relate long term clinical depression defined by a sick-leave of 28 days or more to baseline socio-demographic and work and non-work variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Density incidence of long term clinical depression is 0.5 years and 1.1/1,000 persons/months for men and women respectively. In univariate analyses specific gender predictors were observed as for men predictors besides level of education, were work related: high job-strain OR 1.67 (CI 95% 1.03; 2.71) and work dissatisfaction OR 1.78 (CI 95% 1.09; 2.91) whereas for women baseline predictors are related to private life dissatisfaction OR 1.84 (CI 95% 1.16; 2.91) and to a lesser degree low social support from co-workers OR 1.50 (CI 95% 0.93; 2.40). In both genders baseline severe depression symptoms defined by a CES-D score of percentile 90 or above is a predictor of long term sick-leave for clinical depression. In multivariate analyses, in a model without baseline CES-D high job-strain and job dissatisfaction remain independent predictors for incident clinical depression in men whereas only private life dissatisfaction remains a significant predictor in women. When added to the model CES-D is the most powerful predictor of clinical depression in both genders. Together with level of education, work dissatisfaction remains borderline significant in men whereas private life dissatisfaction remains an independent predictor for clinical depression in women. In men baseline symptoms of depression alleviate the impact of high job-strain on incident clinical depression whereas in women, private life dissatisfaction remains an independent predictor of clinical depression.
authors.affiliation: Dépt. d'Epidémiologie et Promotion de la Santé, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, CP 596, Route de Lennik 808, 1070, Anderlecht, Belgium. igodin@ulb.ac.be
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Godin
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kornitzer
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Clumeck
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Linkowski
authors.forename: Filomena
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.forename: France
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kittel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012737:Sex Factors; D018582:Sick Leave / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016019:Survival Analysis