title: An H+ P-ATPase on the tonoplast determines vacuolar pH and flower colour.
abstract: The regulation of pH in cellular compartments is crucial for intracellular trafficking of vesicles and proteins and the transport of small molecules, including hormones. In endomembrane compartments, pH is regulated by vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), which, in plants, act together with H(+)-pyrophosphatases (PPase), whereas distinct P-type H(+)-ATPases in the cell membrane control the pH in the cytoplasm and energize the plasma membrane. Flower colour mutants have proved useful in identifying genes controlling the pH of vacuoles where anthocyanin pigments accumulate. Here we show that PH5 of petunia encodes a P(3A)-ATPase proton pump that, unlike other P-type H(+)-ATPases, resides in the vacuolar membrane. Mutation of PH5 reduces vacuolar acidification in petals, resulting in a blue flower colour and abolishes the accumulation of proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) in seeds. Expression of PH5 is directly activated by transcription regulators of the anthocyanin pathway, in conjunction with PH3 and PH4. Thus, flower coloration, a key-factor in plant reproduction, involves the coordinated activation of pigment synthesis and a specific pathway for vacuolar acidification.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, de Boelelaan 1087, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Verweij
authors.forename: Cornelis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spelt
authors.forename: Gian-Pietro
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Di Sansebastiano
authors.forename: Joop
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vermeer
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Reale
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferranti
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koes
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Quattrocchio
mesh_terms: D035264:Flowers / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000201:enzymology; D032306:Petunia / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010802:Phylogeny; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000502:physiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D025262:Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014617:Vacuoles / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D025262:Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases