title: Elevated iron stores are associated with HIV disease severity and mortality among postpartum women in Zimbabwe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between Fe status and HIV infection is complex and poorly understood. While anaemia is a major complication of HIV infection, higher Fe stores may be associated with disease progression. There is limited and conflicting data available from Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional and prospective cohort study. SETTING, SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We examined the association between postpartum Fe status (Hb, serum ferritin (SF) and transferrin receptor (TfR)) and viral load (VL) and HIV-related mortality in 643 HIV-positive Zimbabwean women over a period of 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In non-anaemic women a log10 increase in SF was associated with a 2.3-fold increase in VL (P = 0.019); this association was absent in anaemic women. In prospective analyses, a log10 increase in SF was associated with a 4-fold increase in mortality by 12 months (P = 0.002). Hb was negatively associated with VL (P = 0.001) and mortality (P = 0.047). The adverse associations between SF and both VL and mortality were found at SF concentrations > 45 microg/l (P < 0.05). Controlling for alpha1 acid glycoprotein, a marker of inflammation, attenuated the association between both SF and VL and mortality, but these remained significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are consistent with the hypothesis that high Fe stores have adverse consequences in HIV infection. If adverse consequences are real, our data suggest that they occur at SF concentrations exceeding those consistent with adequate Fe nutriture.
authors.affiliation: Food Consumption and Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street, Washington, DC 20006, USA. r.rawat@cgiar.org
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rawat
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Humphrey
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ntozini
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mutasa
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Iliff
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stoltzfus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism*; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D009752:Nutritional Status; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism; D019562:Viral Load; D015030:Zimbabwe
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D014131:Trace Elements; D005293:Ferritins; D007501:Iron