title: Prostaglandin E2 via steroidogenic factor-1 coordinately regulates transcription of steroidogenic genes necessary for estrogen synthesis in endometriosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Products of at least five specific steroidogenic genes, including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), which facilitates the entry of cytosolic cholesterol into the mitochondrion, side chain cleavage P450 enzyme, 3beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase-2, 17-hydroxylase/17-20-lyase, and aromatase, which catalyzes the final step, are necessary for the conversion of cholesterol to estrogen. Expression and biological activity of StAR and aromatase were previously demonstrated in endometriosis but not in normal endometrium. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induces aromatase expression via the transcriptional factor steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1) in endometriosis, which is opposed by chicken-ovalbumin upstream-transcription factor (COUP-TF) and Wilms' tumor-1 (WT1) in endometrium.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to demonstrate a complete steroidogenic pathway leading to estrogen biosynthesis in endometriotic cells and the transcriptional mechanisms that regulate basal and PGE2-stimulated estrogen production in endometriotic cells and endometrium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with normal endometrial tissues, mRNA levels of StAR, side chain cleavage P450, 3beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase-2, 17-hydroxylase/17-20-lyase, aromatase, and SF1 were significantly higher in endometriotic tissues. PGE2 induced the expression of all steroidogenic genes; production of progesterone, estrone, and estradiol; and StAR promoter activity in endometriotic cells. Overexpression of SF1 induced, whereas COUP-TFII or WT1 suppressed, StAR promoter activity. PGE2 induced coordinate binding of SF1 to StAR and aromatase promoters but decreased COUP-TFII binding in endometriotic cells. COUP-TFII or WT1 binding to both promoters was significantly higher in endometrial compared with endometriotic cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endometriotic cells contain the full complement of steroidogenic genes for de novo synthesis of estradiol from cholesterol, which is stimulated by PGE2 via enhanced binding of SF1 to promoters of StAR and aromatase genes in a synchronous fashion.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, 4-123, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Erkut
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Attar
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tokunaga
authors.forename: Gonca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Imir
authors.forename: M Bertan
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Redwine
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Putman
authors.forename: Bilgin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gurates
authors.forename: Rukset
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Attar
authors.forename: Nobuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yaegashi
authors.forename: Dale B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Hales
authors.forename: Serdar E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Bulun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004958:Estradiol / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010049:Ovarian Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011374:Progesterone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D054339:Steroidogenic Factor 1 / Q000502:physiology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein
chemical_list: C515057:NR5A1 protein, human; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D054339:Steroidogenic Factor 1; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D015232:Dinoprostone