title: Cigarette smoking and glutathione S-transferase M1 polymorphism associated with risk for uterine cervical cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the role of tobacco smoking and polymorphisms of carcinogen metabolism genes in cervical carcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed genotypes of nine genes, 11 polymorphisms encoding carcinogen metabolizing enzymes, information on smoking, and the presence of human papillomavirus in 124 Japanese cervical cancer patients and 125 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of human papillomavirus infection (95.5% vs 9.9%; P < 0.001; odds ratio (OR), 231.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 57.17-941.22), and smoking (41.1% vs 18.4%; P < 0.001; OR, 3.40; 95% CI, 1.88-6.17) were both significantly higher in patients than in controls. The genotype distributions of CYP1A1, CYP2E1, CYP2A6, NQO1, NAT2, mEH, MPO and GSTT1 genes were not statistically different; however, the ratio of the GSTM1 null genotype was significantly higher in patients than in controls (62.1% vs 47.2%; P = 0.019; OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.11-3.04). The incidence of GSTM1 null was significantly higher in the non-smoking group (63.0% vs 47.1%; P = 0.038; OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.04-3.54), and not in the smoking group (60.8% vs 47.8%; P = 0.300; OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 0.63-4.56).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the current study, risk factors for developing cervical cancer were tobacco smoking and GSTM1 null; however, no association was observed between these two factors. We could not prove that smoking-GSTM1 null interaction was responsible for the increase in cervical cancer among young Japanese, and further studies with more detailed smoking status, not only active but passive smoking, will be required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishino
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sekine
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: Norihito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sudo
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Nao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seki
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018307:Neoplasms, Squamous Cell / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000254:growth & development; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000821:virology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000235:genetics; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D005982:Glutathione Transferase