title: An early Ca2+ influx is a prerequisite to thaxtomin A-induced cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana cells.
abstract: The pathogenicity of various Streptomyces scabies isolates involved in potato scab disease was correlated with the production of thaxtomin A. Since calcium is known as an essential second messenger associated with pathogen-induced plant responses and cell death, it was investigated whether thaxtomin A could induce a Ca2+ influx related to cell death and to other putative plant responses using Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells, which is a convenient model to study plant-microbe interactions. A. thaliana cells were treated with micromolar concentrations of thaxtomin A. Cell death was quantified and ion flux variations were analysed from electrophysiological measurements with the apoaequorin Ca2+ reporter protein and by external pH measurement. Involvement of anion and calcium channels in signal transduction leading to programmed cell death was determined by using specific inhibitors. These data suggest that this toxin induces a rapid Ca2+ influx and cell death in A. thaliana cell suspensions. Moreover, these data provide strong evidence that the Ca2+ influx induced by thaxtomin A is necessary to achieve this cell death and is a prerequisite to early thaxtomin A-induced responses: anion current increase, alkalization of the external medium, and the expression of PAL1 coding for a key enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway.
authors.affiliation: LEM (EA 3514), Université Paris Diderot-Paris7, 2, place Jussieu, F-75251 Paris cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Errakhi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dauphin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meimoun
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lehner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reboutier
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vatsa
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Briand
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Madiona
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rona
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barakate
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wendehenne
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beaulieu
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bouteau
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D001692:Biological Transport; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D007473:Ion Channels; D010879:Piperazines; D010940:Plant Proteins; C406691:thaxtomine A; D002118:Calcium