title: Nanotechnology-based electrochemical sensors for biomonitoring chemical exposures.
abstract: The coupling of dosimetry measurements and modeling represents a promising strategy for deciphering the relationship between chemical exposure and disease outcome. To support the development and implementation of biological monitoring programs, quantitative technologies for measuring xenobiotic exposure are needed. The development of portable nanotechnology-based electrochemical (EC) sensors has the potential to meet the needs for low cost, rapid, high-throughput, and ultrasensitive detectors for biomonitoring an array of chemical markers. Highly selective EC sensors capable of pM sensitivity, high-throughput and low sample requirements (<50 microl) are discussed. These portable analytical systems have many advantages over currently available technologies, thus potentially representing the next generation of biomonitoring analyzers. This paper highlights research focused on the development of field-deployable analytical instruments based on EC detection. Background information and a general overview of EC detection methods and integrated use of nanomaterials in the development of these sensors are provided. New developments in EC sensors using various types of screen-printed electrodes, integrated nanomaterials, and immunoassays are presented. Recent applications of EC sensors for assessing exposure to pesticides or detecting biomarkers of disease are highlighted to demonstrate the ability to monitor chemical metabolites, enzyme activity, or protein biomarkers of disease. In addition, future considerations and opportunities for advancing the use of EC platforms for dosimetric studies are discussed.
authors.affiliation: aBiological Monitoring and Modeling Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA. charles.timchalk@pnl.gov
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.forename: Yuehe
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Guodong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Timchalk
mesh_terms: D004563:Electrochemistry; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances