title: Cyanuric acid biodegradation by a mixed bacterial culture of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Acinetobacter sp. in a packed bed biofilm reactor.
abstract: Cyanuric acid (1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triol [OOOT]) is a common biodegradation byproduct of triazinic herbicides, frequently accumulated in soils or water when supplementary carbon sources are absent. A binary bacterial culture able to degrade OOOT was selected through a continuous selection process accomplished in a chemostat fed with a mineral salt (MS) medium containing cyanuric acid as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. By sequence comparison of their 16S rDNA amplicons, bacterial strains were identified as Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and Acinetobacter sp. When the binary culture immobilized in a packed bed reactor (PBR) was fed with MS medium containing OOOT (50 mg L(-1)), its removal efficiencies were about 95%; when it was fed with OOOT plus glucose (120 mg L(-1)) as a supplementary carbon source, its removal efficiencies were closer to 100%. From sessile cells, attached to PBR porous support, or free cells present in the outflowing medium, DNA was extracted and used for Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA analysis. Electrophoretic patterns obtained were compared to those of pure bacterial strains, a clear predominance of A. tumefaciens in PBR was observed. Although in continuous suspended cell culture, a stable binary community could be maintained, the attachment capability of A. tumefaciens represented a selective advantage over Acinetobacter sp. in the biofilm reactor, favoring its predominance in the porous stone support.
authors.affiliation: Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala. Col. Santo Tomás, C.P. 11340, Mexico, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Galíndez-Nájera
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Llamas-Martínez
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Ordaz
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Juárez-Ramírez
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Mondragón-Parada
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ahuatzi-Chacón
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galíndez-Mayer
mesh_terms: D000150:Acinetobacter / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D016960:Agrobacterium tumefaciens / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001674:Bioelectric Energy Sources; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology*; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods; D018914:Cells, Immobilized; D003470:Culture Media; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D006540:Herbicides; D014227:Triazines; D000581:Amidohydrolases; C004632:cyanuric acid