Depression in women with metastatic breast cancer: a review of the literature.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this article is to review the available literature on depression in women with metastatic breast cancer in terms of prevalence, potential risk factors, and consequences, as well as pharmacological and psychological interventions.


METHODS
An extensive review of the literature was conducted.


RESULTS
The prevalence of depression appears to be especially elevated in patients with advanced cancer. Many demographic, medical, and psychosocial factors may increase the risk that women will develop depressive symptoms during the course of their illness. Despite the fact that depression appears to be associated with numerous negative consequences, this disorder remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. Both pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy have been found to treat effectively depressive symptoms in this population, but cognitive-behavioral therapy appears to be the most cost-effective approach.


CONCLUSIONS
Areas for future research are suggested.
Caplette-Gingras
Aude
A
School of Psychology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
Savard
Josée
J
D001293:Attitude to Death; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000379:methods; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016387:Women's Health