title: Monitoring anti-TNFalpha treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: responsiveness of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography of the dominant wrist joint compared with conventional measures of disease activity and structural damage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the responsiveness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography (US) compared with conventional measures of disease activity and structural damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during the first year of treatment with anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of patients with RA (N = 36, median age 53 years, disease duration 7.6 years and disease activity score (DAS28) 5.7) was evaluated by core measures of disease activity, US (one wrist), MRI (one wrist) and conventional radiography (CR, both hands and wrists) at initiation of treatment with anti-TNFalpha agents and after 3, 6 and 12 months. Responsiveness was assessed by standardised response means (SRM). Accepted thresholds were applied to classify responsiveness as trivial, low, moderate or good.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRI synovitis (SRM between -0.79 and -0.92) and the MRI total inflammation score comprising synovitis, tenosynovitis and bone marrow oedema (SRM between -1.05 and -1.24) were highly responsive. Moderate to high responsiveness was found for MRI tenosynovitis and bone marrow oedema, all the composite indices (DAS28, simplified disease activity index (SDAI) and clinical disease activity index (CDAI)) and the 28-swollen joint count. US displayed low to moderate responsiveness. The MRI erosion score displayed low responsiveness but was more responsive than CR measures at 3 and 6 months follow-up. MRI and CR measures of annual progression rates of damage performed similarly and were highly responsive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most responsive measure of inflammation when evaluating anti-TNFalpha medication was a composite measure comprising MRI synovitis, tenosynovitis and bone marrow oedema, and this may be a promising outcome measure in clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Box 23 Vinderen, N-0319 Oslo, Norway. e.a.haavardsholm@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Haavardsholm
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Østergaard
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bøyesen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boonen
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van der Heijde
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kvien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D001855:Bone Marrow Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013585:Synovitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D013717:Tenosynovitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha