title: Toll-like receptor 2 is essential for the sensing of oxidants during inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanisms by which oxidants are sensed by cells and cause inflammation are not well understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine how cells "sense" soluble oxidants and how this is translated into an inflammatory reaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monocytes, macrophages, or HEK293 cells (stably transfected with human Toll-like receptor [TLR]2, TLR2/1, TLR2/6, or TLR4/MD2-CD14) were used. CXC ligand-8 (CXCL8) levels were measured using ELISA. Phosphorylated IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 levels were measured using Western blot. TLR2(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) mice were challenged with oxidants, and inflammation was measured by monitoring cell infiltration and KC levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oxidants evoked the release of CXCL8 from monocytes/macrophages; this was abrogated by pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine or binding antibodies to TLR2 and was associated with the rapid phosphorylation of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1. Oxidants added to HEK293 cells transfected with TLR2, TLR1/2, or TLR2/6 but not TLR4/MD2-CD14 or control HEK nulls resulted in the release of CXCL8. Oxidant challenge delivered intraperitoneally (2-24 hours) or by inhalation to the lungs (3 days) resulted in a robust inflammation in wild-type mice. TLR2(-/-) mice did not respond to oxidant challenge in either model. TLR4(-/-) mice responded as wild-type mice to oxidants at 2 hours but as TLR2(-/-) mice at later time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oxidant-TLR2 interactions provide a signal that initiates the inflammatory response.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, Cardiothoracic and Stem Cell Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom. m.paul-clark@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Paul-Clark
authors.forename: Shaun K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: McMaster
authors.forename: Rosalinda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sorrentino
authors.forename: Shiranee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sriskandan
authors.forename: Lucy K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ryffel
authors.forename: Valerie F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Quesniaux
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016877:Oxidants / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012907:Smoking / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016877:Oxidants; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2