title: Pathways affected by asbestos exposure in normal and tumour tissue of lung cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies on asbestos-induced tumourigenesis have indicated the role of, e.g., reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, mitochondria, as well as NF-kappaB and MAPK signalling pathways. The exact molecular mechanisms contributing to asbestos-mediated carcinogenesis are, however, still to be characterized.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, gene expression data analyses together with gene annotation data from the Gene Ontology (GO) database were utilized to identify pathways that are differentially regulated in lung and tumour tissues between asbestos-exposed and non-exposed lung cancer patients. Differentially regulated pathways were identified from gene expression data from 14 asbestos-exposed and 14 non-exposed lung cancer patients using custom-made software and Iterative Group Analysis (iGA). Western blotting was used to further characterize the findings, specifically to determine the protein levels of UBA1 and UBA7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences between asbestos-related and non-related lung tumours were detected in pathways associated with, e.g., ion transport, NF-kappaB signalling, DNA repair, as well as spliceosome and nucleosome complexes. A notable fraction of the pathways down-regulated in both normal and tumour tissue of the asbestos-exposed patients were related to protein ubiquitination, a versatile process regulating, for instance, DNA repair, cell cycle, and apoptosis, and thus being also a significant contributor of carcinogenesis. Even though UBA1 or UBA7, the early enzymes involved in protein ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like regulation of target proteins, did not underlie the exposure-related deregulation of ubiquitination, a difference was detected in the UBA1 and UBA7 levels between squamous cell carcinomas and respective normal lung tissue (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01) without regard to exposure status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate alterations in protein ubiquitination related both to cancer type and asbestos. We present for the first time pathway analysis results on asbestos-associated lung cancer, providing important insight into the most relevant targets for future research.
authors.affiliation: Biological Mechanisms and Prevention of Work-related Diseases, Health and Work Ability, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41aA, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland. salla.ruosaari@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Salla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruosaari
authors.forename: Tuija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hienonen-Kempas
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puustinen
authors.forename: Virinder K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Sarhadi
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hollmén
authors.forename: Sakari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knuutila
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saharinen
authors.forename: Harriet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wikman
authors.forename: Sisko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anttila