title: Classification of glass fragments based on elemental composition and refractive index.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of likelihood ratio (LR)-based measures when they are applied to solving various classification problems for glass objects which are described by elemental composition, and refractive index (RI) values, and compare LR-based methods to other classification methods such as support vector machines (SVM) and naïve Bayes classifiers (NBC). One hundred and fifty-three glass objects (23 building windows, 25 bulbs, 32 car windows, 57 containers, and 16 headlamps) were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Refractive indices for building and car windows were measured before (RI(b)), and after (RI(a)) an annealing process. The proposed scheme for glass fragment(s) classification demonstrates some efficiency, although the classification of car windows (c) and building windows (w) must be treated carefully. This is because of their very similar elemental content. However, a combination of elemental content and information on the change in RI during annealing (DeltaRI = RI(a)-RI(b)) gave very promising results. A LR model for the classification of glass fragments into use-type categories for forensic purposes gives slightly higher misclassification rates than SVM and NBC. However, the observed differences between results obtained by all three approaches were very similar, especially when applied to the car window and building window classification problem. Therefore, the LR model can be recommended because of the ease of interpretation of LR-based measures of certainty.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033 Krakow, Poland. gzadora@ies.krakow.pl
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zadora