title: Correlates of functioning in bipolar disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our primary aim was to describe unique correlates of functioning in bipolar disorder (BD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included the first 500 patients enrolled in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Patients were 41.9 +/- 12.7 years old, and diagnosed with bipolar I, II or NOS, verified by structured interview. Overall functionality was determined by the Range of Impaired Function Tool (LIFE-RIFT). Stepwise multiple regression analysis tested the non-redundant-independent-association of 28 variables on functioning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Severity of depression symptoms was significantly and uniquely correlated with impaired functioning in the context of a wide variety of demographic and clinical variables, contributing 60.9% to the total variance in overall functioning (ss = 0.254, p = 0.0001). Substantial variance in function remains unexplained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intensity of depressive symptoms is the major determinant of impaired functioning in bipolar disorder, but longitudinal analyses may further explain the substantial variance in function not explained by this large and comprehensive model. Treatments and outcome assessment for patients with bipolar disorders should consider both functional and symptomatic change.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. gyulai@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Laszlo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gyulai
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Lauren B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Marangell
authors.forename: Ellen B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Dennehy
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Thase
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Wisniewski
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Miklowitz
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Rapaport
authors.forename: Claudia F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Baldassano
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sachs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010551:Personality; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome