title: MAL promoter hypermethylation as a novel prognostic marker in gastric cancer.
abstract: T-lymphocyte maturation associated protein, MAL, has been described as a tumour-suppressor gene with diagnostic value in colorectal and oesophageal cancers, and can be inactivated by promoter hypermethylation. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of MAL promoter hypermethylation and the association with mRNA expression in gastric cancers and to correlate methylation status to clinicopathological data. Bisulphite-treated DNA isolated from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples of 202 gastric adenocarcinomas and 22 normal gastric mucosae was subjected to real-time methylation-specific PCR (Q-MSP). Two regions within the MAL promoter (M1 and M2) were analysed. In addition, 17 frozen gastric carcinomas and two gastric cancer cell lines were analysed both by Q-MSP and real-time RT-PCR. Methylation of M1 and M2 occurred in 71 and 80% of the gastric cancers, respectively, but not in normal gastric mucosa tissue. Hypermethylation of M2, but not M1, correlated with significantly better disease-free survival in a univariate (P=0.03) and multivariate analysis (P=0.03) and with downregulation of expression (P=0.01). These results indicate that MAL has a putative tumour-suppressor gene function in gastric cancer, and detection of promoter hypermethylation may be useful as a prognostic marker.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Buffart
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Overmeer
authors.forename: R D M
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Steenbergen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tijssen
authors.forename: N C T
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: van Grieken
authors.forename: P J F
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Snijders
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Grabsch
authors.forename: C J H
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van de Velde
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Meijer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009185:Myelin Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D062806:Myelin and Lymphocyte-Associated Proteolipid Proteins; D011379:Prognosis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011510:Proteolipids / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D012372:ROC Curve; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C569026:MAL protein, human; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D009185:Myelin Proteins; D062806:Myelin and Lymphocyte-Associated Proteolipid Proteins; D011510:Proteolipids; D012333:RNA, Messenger