title: Thermal properties of ration components as affected by moisture content and water activity during freezing.
abstract: Beef roast with vegetables is an example of a meal, ready-to-eat (MRE) ration entrée. It is a mixture of meat, potato, mushroom, and carrot with a gravy sauce. The thermal properties of each component were characterized in terms of freezing point, latent heat, freezable and unfreezable water contents, and enthalpy during freezing using differential scanning calorimetry. Freezing and thawing curves and the effect of freezing and thawing cycles on thermal properties were also evaluated. The freezing points of beef, potato, mushroom, and sauce were all in the range of -5.1 to -5.6 degrees C, but moisture content, water activity, latent heat, freezable and unfreezable water contents, and enthalpy varied among these components. Freezing temperature greatly affected the unfrozen water fraction. The unfreezable water content (unfrozen water fraction at -50 degrees C) of ration components was in the range of 8.2% to 9.7%. The freezing and thawing curves of vegetables with sauce differed from those of beef but took similar time to freeze or thaw. Freezing and thawing cycles did not greatly affect the thermal properties of each component. Freezing point and latent heat were reduced by decreasing moisture content and water activity of each component. Water activity was proportionally linear to freezing point at a(w) > 0.88, and moisture content was proportionally linear to freezable water content in all ration components. Water was not available for freezing when moisture content was reduced to 28.8% or less. This study indicates that moisture content and water activity are critical factors affecting thermal behavior of ration components during freezing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chinachoti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hallberg
authors.forename: X S
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002417:Cattle; D003296:Cooking; D004189:Disaster Planning; D005511:Food Handling; D019649:Food Industry; D005522:Food Services; D005612:Freeze Drying; D005615:Freezing; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat; D008889:Military Personnel; D014675:Vegetables; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014867:Water