The assessment of fetal neurobehavior by three-dimensional and four-dimensional ultrasound.
The development of three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional ultrasound (4D) has provided new opportunities to study fetal and even embryonic behavior. These techniques enable simultaneous spatial imaging of the entire fetus and its movements. Recently, multicenter studies of fetal brain function have been carried out, the aim of which is to establish the standards of embryonic and fetal peripheral and body movements and facial expression as additional diagnostic criteria for prenatal brain development. Additional studies have been conducted in order to provide more information on specific movement patterns and quality of movement in the high-risk fetus. The purpose of this paper is to review and analyze the published literature on the use of 3D and 4D ultrasound in the assessment of fetal behavior.
Kurjak
Asim
A
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Sveti Duh Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia.
Tikvica
Ana
A
Stanojevic
Milan
M
Miskovic
Berivoj
B
Ahmed
Baldreldeen
B
Azumendi
Guillermo
G
Di Renzo
Gian Carlo
GC
D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*