title: Biochemical and biological assays of endocrine disrupting compounds in various manure matrices.
abstract: Wastes generated by animal agriculture have complex matrices and present a significant challenge for achieving accurate measurements of estrogens. The objective of this study was to compare two different extraction methods and two different biochemical and biological estrogen assays on two dairy manure matrices. The two extraction methods studied in this research were a two-step base-toluene extraction and a one-step cyclohexane extraction. The two assays assessed were an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a yeast estrogen screen (YES) bioassay. Estrogenic activity was measured directly as 17beta-estradiol (E2) through the ELISA method or as E2 equivalents (E2-eq) through the YES bioassay. Both extraction methods yielded reasonable recoveries from distilled water in the absence of matrix interferences. In manure samples, ELISA resulted in recoveries slightly higher than 100% in two types of dairy manures, but YES recoveries varied. The YES bioassay detected much higher estrogenic activities in dairy manure compared to the E2 concentrations measured by ELISA. The base-solvent extraction yielded higher E2 concentrations in dairy manure compared to the one-step cyclohexane extraction. These results suggest that manure matrices vary sufficiently that extraction methods must be optimized for specific assays utilized to quantify estrogens in manures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Zunyang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Nancy G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Love
authors.forename: Katharine F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Knowlton
mesh_terms: D001681:Biological Assay; D003510:Cyclohexanes / Q000737:chemistry; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004958:Estradiol / Q000032:analysis; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis; D008372:Manure; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D014050:Toluene / Q000737:chemistry; D015003:Yeasts
chemical_list: D003510:Cyclohexanes; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004967:Estrogens; D008372:Manure; D014050:Toluene; C506365:Cyclohexane; D004958:Estradiol