title: Vascular endothelial growth factor C stimulates progression of human gastric cancer via both autocrine and paracrine mechanisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C induces lymphangiogenesis by activating the VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-3, which is expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells. VEGFR-3 has also been detected on several malignant cells, but the significance of VEGFR-3 expression on malignant cells remains unclear. In this study, we examined the expression and function of VEGFR-3 in gastric carcinoma cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the expression of VEGFR-3 by four human gastric carcinoma cell lines and in 36 surgical specimens of gastric carcinoma. We also used cDNA microarrays to examine the effect of VEGF-C on gene expression in VEGFR-3-expressing KKLS cells. To stimulate VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling in an autocrine manner, the VEGF-C expression vector was transfected into KKLS cells, and stable transfectants were established. These cells were then transplanted into the gastric walls of nude mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two of the four gastric carcinoma cell lines expressed VEGFR-3 mRNA. In 17 of 36 gastric carcinoma specimens, VEGFR-3-specific immunoreactivity was detected on tumor cells. In vitro treatment of KKLS cells with VEGF-C stimulated cell proliferation and increased expression of mRNAs encoding cyclin D1, placental growth factor, and autocrine motility factor. Following inoculation of VEGF-C-transfected and control cells into the gastric walls of nude mice, tumor growth of the VEGF-C-transfected cells was greatly accelerated in comparison with that of control cells. Greater angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis were also detected in VEGF-C-transfected tumors than in control tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gastric carcinoma cells express VEGF-C and VEGFR-3. VEGF-C may play a role in the progressive growth of human gastric carcinoma through both autocrine and paracrine mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kitadai
authors.forename: Miwako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuwai
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Naohide
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oue
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yasui
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chayama
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D019898:Autocrine Communication / Q000502:physiology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018450:Disease Progression; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D042583:Lymphangiogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D019899:Paracrine Communication / Q000502:physiology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014162:Transfection; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3