Targeting inactive enzyme conformation: aryl diketoacid derivatives as a new class of PTP1B inhibitors.
There has been considerable interest in protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) as a therapeutic target for diabetes, obesity, as well as cancer. Identifying inhibitory compounds with good bioavailability is a major challenge of drug discovery programs targeted toward PTPs. Most current PTP active site-directed pharmacophores are negatively charged pTyr mimetics which cannot readily enter the cell. This lack of cell permeability limits the utility of such compounds in signaling studies and further therapeutic development. We identify aryl diketoacids as novel pTyr surrogates and show that neutral amide-linked aryl diketoacid dimers also exhibit excellent PTP inhibitory activity. Kinetic studies establish that these aryl diketoacid derivatives act as noncompetitive inhibitors of PTP1B. Crystal structures of ligand-bound PTP1B reveal that both the aryl diketoacid and its dimeric derivative bind PTP1B at the active site, albeit with distinct modes of interaction, in the catalytically inactive, WPD loop open conformation. Furthermore, dimeric aryl diketoacids are cell permeable and enhance insulin signaling in hepatoma cells, suggesting that targeting the inactive conformation may provide a unique opportunity for creating active site-directed PTP1B inhibitors with improved pharmacological properties.
Liu
Sijiu
S
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
Zeng
Li-Fan
LF
Wu
Li
L
Yu
Xiao
X
Xue
Ting
T
Gunawan
Andrea M
AM
Long
Ya-Qiu
YQ
Zhang
Zhong-Yin
ZY
D000577:Amides / Q000737:chemistry; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D019281:Dimerization; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007651:Keto Acids / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011485:Protein Binding; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
D000577:Amides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007651:Keto Acids; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1