title: Diabetes: a cardiac condition manifesting as hyperglycemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the reasons for the increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1990 to March 2008, literature relevant to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c, acute hyperglycemia, postprandial hyperglycemia, systolic blood pressure, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, microalbuminuria, diabetic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, function inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system, statins, and antiplatelet therapy as related to cardiac events and mortality in type 2 diabetic patients was reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased numbers of cardiac events and mortality in type 2 diabetes are associated with low HDL and high LDL cholesterol, high hemoglobin A1c, and high systolic blood pressure. Acute hyperglycemia, postprandial hyperglycemia, and possibly use of traditional sulfonylureas also increase incidence of cardiac events and mortality. The presence of microalbuminuria signifies endothelial dysfunction and an increased risk of cardiac events. Hypertension should be treated to goals that are lower in the diabetic patient with multiple therapies, which include suppressors of the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems. Decreased improvement in outcomes for the diabetic patient with cardiovascular disease may be accounted for by the failure to treat insulin resistance and ventricular dysfunction. The high incidence of heart failure in the diabetic patient is due to the toxic triad of diabetic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, and extensive coronary artery disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High risk of cardiovascular events, heart failure, and mortality in type 2 diabetes can be lowered with risk factor reduction and therapies that prevent or improve ventricular function.
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA. dshbell@yahoo.com
authors.forename: David S H
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors