title: Circulating level of macrophage colony-stimulating factor can be predictive for human in vitro fertilization outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the level of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in serum in response to ovarian stimulation (group 1) in low-response (n = 26), moderate-response (n = 40), and high-response (n = 29) patients and to compare its changes (n = 23, group 2) throughout the menstrual cycle between pregnant and nonpregnant patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  University IVF program.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five women undergoing IVF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum and FF collection from 95 women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The M-CSF concentration was determined by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The M-CSF levels in FF were higher than in serum. The M-CSF levels in serum increased from low-, through moderate-, to high-response patients; pregnancy rates were 11.5%, 22.5%, and 51.7%, respectively. Levels of M-CSF in serum increased throughout stimulation until the day of oocyte retrieval and decreased until ET. During the postretrieval days, from the day of ET, through implantation, to the day of confirmation of pregnancy, the M-CSF levels of those patients who became pregnant (n = 13) increased significantly and reached their highest level. After implantation the M-CSF level decreased slightly and reached a plateau during gestation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macrophage colony-stimulating factor is involved in follicle development and ovulation and could be an additional predictor for IVF outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salmassi
authors.forename: Liselotte
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mettler
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jonat
authors.forename: Sybille
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Andreas G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Schmutzler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D010064:Embryo Implantation; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005300:Fertility Agents, Female / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D043373:Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015571:Follicular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D054315:Oocyte Retrieval; D010060:Ovulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010062:Ovulation Induction; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005300:Fertility Agents, Female; D043373:Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor