title: Clinical value of echocardiographic assessment of coronary flow reserve after left anterior descending coronary artery stenting in an unselected population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography is a valuable tool to measure coronary flow reserve (CFR) and detect in-stent restenosis (ISR) after percutaneous coronary angioplasty in selected series of patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the usefulness of coronary flow reserve measured by echocardiography in detecting significant (> or =70%) ISR of the left anterior descending coronary artery in a large unselected population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and twenty-three patients (age 61 +/- 10 years; 168 men) treated with left anterior descending stenting underwent CFR measurement by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography and venous adenosine infusion 24-72 h before control coronary angiography. Coronary-active drugs were continued, and patients with multiple risk factors and old anterior-apical myocardial infarction were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant ISR occurred in 56 patients (25%). Patients with ISR had higher basal coronary flow velocity (27 +/- 10 cm/s vs. 24 +/- 7 cm/s; P < 0.002) and lower CFR (1.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 2.7 +/- 0.6; P < 0.0001) than those without ISR. A linear relation was found between ISR and CFR (r = -0.73; P < 0.0001) and remained significant after adjustment for blood pressure and heart rate (r = -0.74; P < 0.0001). A CFR less than two identified significant ISR (sensitivity 88%, specificity 88%, area under the curve = 0.943; P < 0.001). In a multivariate model of CFR prediction, myocardial infarction and heart rate were slightly contributory (ss = -0.19, P < 0.01; ss = -0.16, P < 0.03, respectively), whereas ISR had a large influence (ss = -0.66; P < 0.0001). The inverse correlation between ISR and CFR persisted in patients with myocardial infarction (r = -0.64; P < 0.0001) and in those treated with beta-blockers (r = -0. 71; P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Echocardiographic measurement of CFR detects significant left anterior descending ISR in unselected patients with multiple risk factors, old anterior-apical myocardial infarction, and taking beta-blockers.
authors.affiliation: San Luca Hospital, Vallo della Lucania, Salerno, Italy. rodolfocitro@tele2.it
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Citro
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Voci
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pizzuto
authors.forename: Anton Giulio
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Maione
authors.forename: Marco Mariano
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Patella
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bossone
authors.forename: Gennaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Provenza
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gregorio
authors.forename: Enrica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mariano
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feinstein
authors.forename: Georgeos
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Athanassopoulos
authors.forename: Paolo Emilio
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Puddu
mesh_terms: D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D023903:Coronary Restenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015607:Stents