title: Ubiquitin proteasome system stress underlies synergistic killing of ovarian cancer cells by bortezomib and a novel HDAC6 inhibitor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elevated metabolic activity of ovarian cancer cells causes increased ubiquitin-proteasome-system (UPS) stress, resulting in their greater sensitivity to the toxic effects of proteasomal inhibition. The proteasomes and a potentially compensatory histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6)-dependent lysosomal pathway mediate eukaryotic protein turnover. We hypothesized that up-regulation of the HDAC6-dependent lysosomal pathway occurs in response to UPS stress and proteasomal inhibition, and thus, ovarian cancer cell death can be triggered most effectively by coinhibition of both the proteasome- and HDAC6-dependent protein degradation pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  To address this hypothesis, we examined HDAC6 expression patterns in normal and cancerous ovarian tissues and used a novel HDAC6-specific inhibitor, NK84, to address HDAC6 function in ovarian cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Abnormally high levels of HDAC6 are expressed by ovarian cancer cells in situ and in culture relative to benign epithelium and immortalized ovarian surface epithelium, respectively. Specific HDAC6 inhibition acts in synergy with the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib (PS-341) to cause selective apoptotic cell death of ovarian cancer cells at doses that do not cause significant toxicity when used individually. Levels of UPS stress regulate the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to proteasome/HDAC6 inhibition. Pharmacologic inhibition of HDAC6 also reduces ovarian cancer cell spreading and migration consistent with its known function in regulating microtubule polymerization via deacetylation of alpha-tubulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest the elevation of both the proteasomal and alternate HDAC6-dependent proteolytic pathways in ovarian cancer and the potential of combined inhibition of proteasome and HDAC6 as a therapy for ovarian cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bazzaro
authors.forename: Zhenhua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santillan
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mei-Cheng
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kwun C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Bristow
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mazitschek
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bradner
authors.forename: Richard B S
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Roden
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000069286:Bortezomib; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D000073864:Histone Deacetylase 6; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001897:Boronic Acids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D011719:Pyrazines; D025801:Ubiquitin; D000069286:Bortezomib; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; C433811:HDAC6 protein, human; D000073864:Histone Deacetylase 6; D006655:Histone Deacetylases