title: Methylated N-(4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzyl) chitosan, a novel chitosan derivative, enhances paracellular permeability across intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2).
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of methylated N-(4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzyl) chitosan, TM-Bz-CS, on the paracellular permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayers and its toxicity towards the cell lines. The factors affecting epithelial permeability, e.g., degree of quaternization (DQ) and extent of dimethylaminobenzyl substitution (ES), were evaluated in intestinal cell monolayers of Caco-2 cells using the transepithelial electrical resistance and permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayers, with fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 4,400 (FD-4) as a model compound for paracellular tight-junction transport. Cytotoxicity was evaluated with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide viability assay. The results revealed that, at pH 7.4, TM-Bz-CS appeared to increase cell permeability in a concentration-dependent manner, and this effect was relatively reversible at lower doses of 0.05-0.5 mM. Higher DQ and the ES caused the permeability of FD-4 to be higher. The cytotoxicity of TM-Bz-CS depended on concentration, %DQ, and %ES. These studies demonstrated that this novel modified chitosan has potential as an absorption enhancer.
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology for Drug/Gene Delivery Systems Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Jariya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kowapradit
authors.forename: Praneet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Opanasopit
authors.forename: Tanasait
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ngawhiranpat
authors.forename: Auayporn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Apirakaramwong
authors.forename: Theerasak
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rojanarata
authors.forename: Uracha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ruktanonchai
authors.forename: Warayuth
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sajomsang
mesh_terms: D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D048271:Chitosan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D003911:Dextrans / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008745:Methylation; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000494:pharmacology; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003911:Dextrans; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C015219:fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran; C539634:methylated N-(4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzyl)chitosan; D048271:Chitosan; C022616:thiazolyl blue; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate