title: Computer-assisted interpretation of planar whole-body bone scans.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop a computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) system based on image-processing techniques and artificial neural networks for the interpretation of bone scans performed to determine the presence or absence of metastases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A training group of 810 consecutive patients who had undergone bone scintigraphy due to suspected metastatic disease were included in the study. Whole-body images, anterior and posterior views, were obtained after an injection of (99m)Tc-methylene diphosphonate. The image-processing techniques included algorithms for automatic segmentation of the skeleton and automatic detection and feature extraction of hot spots. Two sets of artificial neural networks were used to classify the images, 1 classifying each hot spot separately and the other classifying the whole bone scan. A test group of 59 patients with breast or prostate cancer was used to evaluate the CAD system. The patients in the test group were selected to reflect the spectrum of pathology found in everyday clinical work. As the gold standard for the test group, we used the final clinical assessment of each case. This assessment was based on follow-up scans and other clinical data, including the results of laboratory tests, and available diagnostic images, such as from MRI, CT, and radiography, from a mean follow-up period of 4.8 y.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CAD system correctly identified 19 of the 21 patients with metastases in the test group, showing a sensitivity of 90%. False-positive classification of metastases was made in 4 of the 38 patients not classified as having metastases by the gold standard, resulting in a specificity of 89%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A completely automated CAD system can be used to detect metastases in bone scans. Application of the method as a clinical decision support tool appears to have significant potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. may.sadik@vgregion.se
authors.forename: May
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadik
authors.forename: Iman
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hamadeh
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nordblom
authors.forename: Madis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suurkula
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Höglund
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Edenbrandt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013669:Technetium Tc 99m Medronate; D051598:Whole Body Imaging / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013669:Technetium Tc 99m Medronate