title: Antiplasmodial, beta-haematin inhibition, antitrypanosomal and cytotoxic activity in vitro of novel 4-aminoquinoline 2-imidazolines.
abstract: A novel series of 4-aminoquinoline-containing 2-imidazolines were synthesized via a one-pot 3-component condensation reaction of amine, aldehyde and isocyanoacetate. The products were obtained in high yield as well as purity and were evaluated directly against two strains of Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei. Compound was the most active across all parasites with ED(50) = 3.3 nM against a chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive 3D7 strain, ED(50) = 33 nM against a CQ-resistant K1 strain and ED(50) = 70 nM against T. brucei. Several compounds were able to inhibit formation of beta-haematin in vitro, suggesting haemozoin formation in the malaria parasite as a possible target. On the other hand, evaluation against a human KB cell line revealed that the compounds were generally non-cytotoxic to the host cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
authors.forename: Chitalu C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Musonda
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yardley
authors.forename: Renata C Carvalho
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Kanyile
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ncokazi
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chibale
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity*; D015195:Drug Design; D006420:Hemeproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D048288:Imidazolines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity*; D007624:KB Cells; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects; D011804:Quinolines / Q000737:chemistry*; D014346:Trypanosoma brucei brucei / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D006420:Hemeproteins; D048288:Imidazolines; D011804:Quinolines; C020753:hemozoin; C037219:quinoline