title: Risk factors for chronic kidney disease among American Indians and Alaska Natives--findings from the Kidney Early Evaluation Program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIAN) have a high incidence of end-stage renal disease. Less is known about chronic kidney disease (CKD) among AIAN and whether risk factors differ for low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) versus albuminuria with a normal eGFR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study examining the associations of age, sex, smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, family history, and geographic region with CKD among a screened population of AIAN participants in the Kidney Early Evaluation Program from 2000 to 2006. CKD was defined by the presence of either a low eGFR, <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2), or albuminuria, a urine albumin/creatinine ratio > or =30 mg/g.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of any CKD was 29%, of low eGFR was 17%, and of albuminuria with a normal eGFR was 12%. Older age was the strongest predictor of low eGFR (61+ years OR 8.42, 95% CI 5.92-11.98), followed by hypertension (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.74-3.26). In contrast, diabetes (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.57-2.64) and hypertension (OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.93-3.59) were the only predictors of albuminuria among persons with a normal eGFR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The burden of CKD was high among this screened population of AIAN, and different risk factor patterns were associated with low eGFR and albuminuria. Innovative programs and longitudinal research are needed to address CKD among AIAN.
authors.affiliation: General Internal Medicine Division, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. stacey.jolly@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Stacey E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Jolly
authors.forename: Suying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shu-Cheng
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Narva
authors.forename: Claudine T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Jurkovitz
authors.forename: Keith C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Shlipak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D004930:Inuit; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000208:ethnology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult