title: Role of some biomarkers of atherogenic risk in the screening for molecular defects in the low density lipoprotein receptor in severe hypercholesterolemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Familial hypercholesterolemia is difficult to diagnose because of different expressions of the defective gene in low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor mutation carriers and the presence of elevated LDL levels in noncarriers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study specific biomarkers of atherogenic risk in carriers and noncarriers of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) defective gene and utilize them to screen in molecular biological analysis for defects in the LDL receptor (spot mutation and polymorphism) in severe hypercholesterolemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 120 patients after screening using the Simon-Broome criteria. According to whether there were molecular defects or not, the patients were assigned to two groups--carriers (22 patients, 18.33%) and non-carriers (98 patients, 81.67%). Total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins Apo-B and Al were determined using routine methods. LDL-cholesterol was determined by direct methods. ELISA was used in determining the soluble cell adhesion molecules (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1), P-selectine and E-selectine, and high-performance liquid chromatography--total homocysteine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in gender and anthropometric parameters (P > 0.05) between carriers and non-carriers, but the groups differed significantly in age (P < 0.001). No significant differences were found between the groups in the routine lip profile, the atherogenic lipid index, apolipoproteins B and A1, ADMA, total homocysteine, and the soluble cell adhesion molecules (P > 0.05). We found a statistically significant difference only for the Apo-B/Apo-A1 index in values non standardized by age, which was confirmed after standardization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Examining all 18 exons of LDLR gene in patients with severe HC we found that 18.33% of them were carriers of mutations and polymorphisms. There was no correlation between the presence of a molecular defect and the routine lipid profile, ADMA, total homocysteine and the soluble cell adhesion molecules; the presence of a molecular defect however, correlated with the Apo-B/Apo-A1 index.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Cardiology, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Lyudmila G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Vladimirova-Kitova
authors.forename: Tania I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Deneva
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Angelova
authors.forename: Anton N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Bichev
authors.forename: Fedia P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Nikolov
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D008055:Lipids; D011973:Receptors, LDL; C018524:N,N-dimethylarginine; D001120:Arginine