title: Dysregulated RANK ligand/RANK axis in hyperhomocysteinemic subjects: effect of treatment with B-vitamins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Homocysteine has been linked to increased risk of ischemic stroke and other cardiovascular events. Matrix degradation and inflammation play an important role in these disorders, and we have demonstrated increased levels of matrix-degrading enzymes and inflammatory cytokines in hyperhomocysteinemic individuals. Recent studies suggest that RANK ligand (RANKL) through interaction with its receptor RANK can modulate matrix degradation and inflammation. The present study aimed to examine the role of the RANKL/RANK axis in hyperhomocystinemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  RANKL/RANK was measured on protein or mRNA level before and after B-vitamin supplementation in hyperhomocysteinemic individuals. We also examined the in vitro effects of soluble RANKL in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from hyperhomocysteinemic individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our main findings were: (1) compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cells from controls, cells from hyperhomocysteinemic individuals had significantly higher gene expression of RANKL and RANK; (2) folic acid treatment for 6 weeks in an open, uncontrolled study significantly reduced gene expression of RANKL/RANK in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these individuals; (3) compared to placebo, treatment with folic acid, vitamin B(12), and vitamin B(6) for 3 months in a randomized, double-blind trial significantly lowered serum levels of soluble RANKL in hyperhomocysteinemic individuals; and (4) in vitro, soluble RANKL markedly increased the release of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and inflammatory cytokines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in hyperhomocysteinemic subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest a dysregulated RANKL/RANK axis in hyperhomocysteinemic subjects. Based on their role in atherogenesis, this enhanced expression of RANKL and RANK could contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in hyperhomocystinemia. Moreover, treatment with B-vitamins may have beneficial implications for plaque stability in these individuals.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, 0027 Oslo, Norway. marit.s.nenseter@rr-research.no
authors.forename: Marit S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nenseter
authors.forename: Thor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueland
authors.forename: Kjetil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Retterstøl
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Strøm
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mørkrid
authors.forename: Sverre
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Landaas
authors.forename: Leiv
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ose
authors.forename: Pål
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aukrust
authors.forename: Kirsten B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Holven
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001167:Arteritis / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000494:pharmacology; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000494:pharmacology; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D010919:Placebos; D053245:RANK Ligand; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; C505686:TNFRSF11A protein, human; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D025101:Vitamin B 6; D005492:Folic Acid; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D014805:Vitamin B 12