title: Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus type 16/18 infection among women with normal cytology: risk factor analysis and implications for screening and prophylaxis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) 16/18 infection of uterine cervix among women in the reproductive age group, with cytologically normal cervical (Pap) smears; to analyse the risk factors for HR-HPV acquisition and to address their implications for cervical cancer screening and prophylaxis in a low resource setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cervical samples from 769 cytologically negative women (age 18-45 years) attending a tertiary care centre in Delhi were subjected to HPV DNA testing and HR-HPV 16/18 and low-risk (LR)-HPV 6/11 sub-typing by polymerase chain reaction. Univariate risk factor analysis was carried out in HR-HPV positive (n = 86) versus HR-HPV negative women (n = 683) by chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall HPV prevalence among cytologically normal women was 16.6%. HR-HPV16 was detected in 10.1%, whereas HPV18 was detected in 1% of women. HR-HPV 16/18 comprised 67% of the total HPV positives. There was no decline in HR-HPV positivity with age, and women aged 40-44 years were at significantly increased risk for HR-HPV prevalence (P = 0.03). Statistically significant associations of HR-HPV infection were found with risk factors such as high parity (P = 0.04), cervicitis/hypertrophic cervix (P = 0.01), unhealthy cervix (P = 0.04), rural residence (P = 0.03), low socioeconomic status (P = 0.01) and illiteracy (P = 0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the sample size was small, based on the observation that HR-HPV 16 and 18 contributed significantly to the overall HPV prevalence in our setting, we speculate that testing/prophylaxis for these prevalent high-risk types could perhaps make cervical cancer screening and preventive programmes cost-effective. Larger community-based studies on HPV prevalence and persistence are required to validate these findings before definitive recommendations can be made to the policy makers.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, Noida, India. sanjaydr17@hotmail.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sodhani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Halder
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Charchra
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sardana
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sehgal
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Das
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000821:virology*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D014626:Vaginal Smears