title: Mechanisms associated with tolerance to flooding during germination and early seedling growth in rice (Oryza sativa).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Flooding slows seed germination, imposes fatalities and delays seedling establishment in direct-seeded rice. This study describes responses of contrasting rice genotypes subjected to flooding or low oxygen stress during germination and discusses the basis of tolerance shown by certain cultivars.
  
  
  METHODS
  In one set of experiments, dry seeds were sown in soil and either watered normally or flooded with 10 cm of water. Seedling survival and shoot and root growth were assessed and seed portions of germinating seedlings were assayed for soluble sugars and starch concentrations. The whole germinating seedlings were assayed for amylase and peroxidase activities and for ethylene production. Activities of enzymes associated with anaerobic respiration were examined and gene expression was analysed separately with seeds germinating under different amounts of dissolved oxygen in dilute agar.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flooding during germination reduced survival but to a lesser extent in tolerant genotypes. Starch concentration in germinating seeds decreased while sugar concentration increased under flooding, but more so in tolerant genotypes. Amylase activity correlated positively with elongation (r = 0.85 for shoot and 0.83 for root length) and with plant survival (r = 0.92). Tolerant genotypes had higher amylase activity and higher RAmy3D gene expression. Ethylene was not detected in seeds within 2 d after sowing, but increased thereafter, with a greater increase in tolerant genotypes starting 3 d after sowing. Peroxidase activity was higher in germinating seeds of sensitive genotypes and correlated negatively with survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under low oxygen stress, tolerant genotypes germinate, grow faster and more seedlings survive. They maintain their ability to use stored starch reserves through higher amylase activity and anaerobic respiration, have higher rates of ethylene production and lower peroxidase activity as germinating seeds and as seedlings. Relevance of these traits to tolerance of flooding during germination and early growth is discussed.
authors.affiliation: International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines. abdelbagi.ismail@cgiar.org
authors.forename: Abdelbagi M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Evangelina S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ella
authors.forename: Georgina V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Vergara
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mackill
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000681:Amylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000096:biosynthesis; D055868:Floods; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005838:Genotype; D018525:Germination / Q000502:physiology*; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D012275:Oryza / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011767:Pyruvate Decarboxylase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D005030:Ethylenes; C036216:ethylene; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase; D009195:Peroxidase; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; C022699:sucrose synthase; D000681:Amylases; D011767:Pyruvate Decarboxylase