title: What happens to patients with treatment-resistant depression? A systematic review of medium to long term outcome studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is relatively common and accounts for a large proportion of the overall burden caused by depression. We conducted a systematic review of outcome studies of TRD in order to summarise findings on the longer term outcome of TRD and make recommendations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were identified through MEDLINE (1960--June Week 1 2008), EMBASE (1974--June Week 1 2008) and PsycINFO (1967--June Week 1 2008) searches. We included studies that followed adults with highly probable TRD for a minimum of 6 months. Statistical analyses were conducted on selected outcome variables whenever possible. Methodological heterogeneity of studies prohibited formal meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified nine outcome studies with a total of 1279 participants and follow-up duration of between 1 and 10 years. In the short term, TRD was highly recurrent with as many as 80% of those requiring multiple treatments relapsing within a year of achieving remission. For those with a more protracted illness, the probability of recovery within 10 years was about 40%. TRD was also associated with poorer quality of life and increased mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Included primary studies were heterogeneous.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TRD is associated with poorer clinical outcome, particularly among those who require multiple antidepressant medications. The main limitations of the review arise from the variability in recruitment procedures, definitions and outcome assessments of the original studies. We recommend further follow-up studies of carefully identified samples in order to gain a more detailed understanding of this domain of depression and plan effective interventions.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Division of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, PO 074, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK. Abe.Wassie@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Abebaw
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fekadu
authors.forename: Sarah C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wooderson
authors.forename: Kalypso
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Markopoulo
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cleare
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012008:Recurrence; D012074:Remission Induction; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents