title: Aspirin resistance in South African Caucasian patients with thrombotic cerebrovascular events.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke is the second commonest cause of death in both high and low- and middle-income countries [Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. The Lancet 2006; 367:1747-57]. In South Africa, a population undergoing demographic and epidemiological transition, stroke is the third commonest cause of death [Norman R, Bradshaw D, Schneider M, Pieterse D, Groenewald P. Revised burden of disease estimates for the comparative risk factor assessment, South Africa, 2000. Cape Town: Medical Research Council. 2006]. Although aspirin remains an essential part of stroke prevention, platelet response to therapeutic doses is not uniform. Some patients exhibit aspirin resistance and develop secondary thrombotic events. We decided to determine the prevalence of aspirin resistance and/or platelet hypersensitivity, as determined by platelet aggregometry, in sixty Caucasian patients who have suffered one or more Strokes and/or Transient Ischaemic Attacks (TIAs) as compared with sixty control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aspirin resistance was determined by platelet aggregation (>20%) to one or more of the four agonists, namely arachidonic acid (1.5 mM), adrenaline (0.05 microg/ml), collagen (0.2 microg/ml) or ADP (0.1x10(-5) M).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients demonstrated "complete aspirin resistance" (non-responder to aspirin) with resistance to arachidonic acid (high concentration) noted. Three patients demonstrated "partial aspirin resistance" (semi-responder to aspirin). One contol subject showed "complete aspirin resistance". There is a 1.67% chance of a control subject being resistant to aspirin in a general South African Caucasian population. A history of prior stroke or transient ischaemic attack was associated with a statistically significant increase in risk of aspirin resistance with an odds ratio of 5.36.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results essentially concur with those of the studied literature in showing an 8% prevalence (statistically significant) of aspirin resistance (complete and partial) in South African Caucasian patients with previous atherothrombotic cerebrovascular events i.e. CVAs and/or TIAs. The current study shows an increased prevalence of aspirin resistance in people who have had prior strokes/TIAs and raises the question whether people who have had these events are somehow predisposed to vascular events or indeed recurrent vascular events. "Aspirin resistant" patients or "poor responders" to aspirin must be considered at heightened risk of atherothrombotic events and laboratory monitoring of antiplatelet therapy may become clinically useful.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS) and the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. bernsteinp@ampath.co.za
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: B F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020767:Intracranial Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015995:Prevalence; D012008:Recurrence; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D001241:Aspirin