title: The C. elegans EMAP-like protein, ELP-1 is required for touch sensation and associates with microtubules and adhesion complexes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The founding member of the EMAP-like protein family is the Echinoderm Microtubule-Associated Protein (EMAP), so-named for its abundance in sea urchin, starfish, and sand dollar eggs. The EMAP-like protein family has five members in mammals (EML1 through EML5) and only one in both Drosophila (ELP-1) and C. elegans (ELP-1). Biochemical studies of sea urchin EMAP and vertebrate EMLs implicate these proteins in the regulation of microtubule stability. So far, however, the physiological function of this protein family remains unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined the expression pattern of C. elegans ELP-1 by means of transgenic gene expression in living embryos and adults, and by immunolocalization with an ELP-1-specific antibody in fixed tissues. In embryos, ELP-1 is expressed in the hypodermis. In larvae and adults, ELP-1 is expressed in the body wall, spermatheca and vulval muscles, intestine, and hypodermal seam cells. In muscle, ELP-1 is associated with adhesion complexes near the cell surface and is bound to a criss-crossing network of microtubules in the cytoplasm. ELP-1 is also expressed in a subset of mechanoreceptor neurons, including the ray neurons in the male tail, microtubule-rich touch receptor neurons, and the six ciliated IL1 neurons. This restricted localization in the nervous system implies that ELP-1 plays a role in mechanotransmission. Consistent with this idea, decreasing ELP-1 expression decreases sensitivity to gentle touch applied to the body wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data imply that ELP-1 may play an important role during the transmission of forces and signals between the body surface and both muscle cells and touch receptor neurons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA. hueston@ku.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hueston
authors.forename: Gina Purinton
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Herren
authors.forename: Juan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cueva
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buechner
authors.forename: Erik A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Lundquist
authors.forename: Miriam B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Kathy A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Suprenant
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding
chemical_list: D029742:Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; C539475:ELP-1 protein, C elegans; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins