title: The effect of humidity on the fracture properties of human fingernails.
abstract: Fingernails are a characteristic anatomical feature of primates and their function is dictated by the environment in which they are utilised. The present study examined the mechanical properties of human fingernails as a function of relative humidity (RH) and the subsequent moisture content of the nail material. Nail clippings were stored at a range of RH values and then weighed in order to determine their moisture content. There was a non-linear relationship between the moisture content of nails and the RH of their local environment. The in vivo moisture content of nails, measured from 55% to 80% RH, was between 14% and 30%, similar to other keratinous materials such as claws, hooves and feathers. Cutting tests on the nail samples showed that the work of fracture was between 11 and 22 kJ m(-2), rising to a peak at 55% RH and falling at higher and lower humidities. At all RH values there was anisotropy within the nail between the proximal and lateral directions, the work of fracture being greater proximally. This anisotropy was greatest at 55% RH, at which point the proximal work of fracture was double the lateral value. These results suggest that the mechanical behaviour of human fingernails is optimised at in vivo conditions; they resist tearing most strongly under these conditions and particularly resist tearing into the nail bed. At more extreme humidity levels the fracture properties of the nail deteriorate; they are brittle when fully dry and fracture and split when wet.
authors.affiliation: Materials Science Centre, School of Materials, Grosvenor Street, University of Manchester, M1 7HS, UK.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Farran
authors.forename: A Roland
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ennos
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Eichhorn
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D009262:Nails / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology