title: Residues affecting the chloride regulation and substrate selectivity of the angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE and ACE2) identified by site-directed mutagenesis.
abstract: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and its homologue angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) are critical counter-regulatory enzymes of the renin-angiotensin system, and have been implicated in cardiac function, renal disease, diabetes, atherosclerosis and acute lung injury. Both ACE and ACE2 have catalytic activity that is chloride sensitive and is caused by the presence of the CL1 and CL2 chloride-binding sites in ACE and the CL1 site in ACE2. The chloride regulation of activity is also substrate dependent. Site-directed mutagenesis was employed to elucidate which of the CL1 and CL2 site residues are responsible for chloride sensitivity. The CL1 site residues Arg186, Trp279 and Arg489 of testicular ACE and the equivalent ACE2 residues Arg169, Trp271 and Lys481 were found to be critical to chloride sensitivity. Arg522 of testicular ACE was also confirmed to be vital to the chloride regulation mediated by the CL2 site. In addition, Arg514 of ACE2 was identified as a residue critical to substrate selectivity, with the R514Q mutant, relative to the wild-type, possessing a fourfold greater selectivity for the formation of the vasodilator angiotensin-(1-7) from the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. The enhancement of angiotensin II cleavage by R514Q ACE2 was a result of a 2.5-fold increase in V(max) compared with the wild-type. Inhibition of ACE2 was also found to be chloride sensitive, as for testicular ACE, with residues Arg169 and Arg514 of ACE2 identified as influencing the potency of the ACE2-specific inhibitor MLN-4760. Consequently, important insights into the chloride sensitivity, substrate selectivity and inhibition of testicular ACE and ACE2 were elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rushworth
authors.forename: Jodie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Guy
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Turner
mesh_terms: D000495:Allosteric Site / Q000235:genetics; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000803:Angiotensin I / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000085962:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; D002216:Captopril / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002384:Catalysis / Q000187:drug effects; D020134:Catalytic Domain / Q000235:genetics; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D007930:Leucine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008958:Models, Molecular; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: C486469:2-(1-carboxy-2-(3-(3,5-dichlorobenzyl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl)ethylamino)-4-methylpentanoic acid; D002712:Chlorides; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000804:Angiotensin II; D000803:Angiotensin I; D002216:Captopril; C488034:ACE protein, human; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; C000705307:ACE2 protein, human; D000085962:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; D007930:Leucine