title: Diurnal correlation of ambulatory blood pressure and interstitial glucose in patients with normal glucose tolerance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Among the physiological variables whose diurnal profile is governed by circadian rhythmicity, plasma glucose concentrations, and arterial blood pressure constitute key elements of the physiological regulation of energy homeostasis. Evidence on their diurnal association derived from frequent measurements of both variables is, however, lacking in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the relationship between blood pressure levels recorded by an ambulatory device and interstitial glucose concentrations on an outpatient basis, in patients with normal glucose tolerance (N=20), either normotensive (group A; N=10), or newly diagnosed with essential hypertension (group B; N=10).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the population throughout the 24-h monitoring period, there was a significant positive correlation between interstitial glucose concentrations and systolic, diastolic, and mean 24-h blood pressure levels, which was retained in patients with hypertension compared with normotensive patients. In patients with newly diagnosed hypertension, interstitial glucose concentrations exhibit significant correlation to systolic blood pressure levels during the 24-h period, but no association with diastolic and mean blood pressure during the night, whereas the reverse is the case in patients with normal glucose tolerance and normal blood pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diurnal variations of continuously monitored interstitial glucose concentrations significantly associate with blood pressure levels in both normotensive and hypertensive humans, indicating a common pathway of circadian autoregulation, probably stemming from both central mechanisms and peripheral inputs. Such a pathway might underlie similar pathophysiological aberration in disease states such as the metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Therapeutics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Zakopoulos
authors.forename: Konstantinos J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Dolianitis
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Theodorakis
authors.forename: Efstathios D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alevizaki
authors.forename: Kimon S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Stamatelopoulos
authors.forename: Eleni A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Koroboki
authors.forename: Ioanna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Spiliopoulou
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anastasiou
authors.forename: Myron
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mavrikakis
authors.forename: Spyridon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Moulopoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000502:physiology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005947:Glucose