title: Control of bacterial contamination in microfiltered water dispensers (MWDs) by disinfection.
abstract: Three microfiltered water dispensers (MWDs) for domestic use were bacteriologically monitored over a period of 1 year to evaluate their hygienic status and to compare the ability of two disinfectants (peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide) to ensure adequate bacteriological quality of the dispensed water. To this end, two dispensers were purposely contaminated with a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa of environmental origin. A total of 324 samples of input and output water were analyzed. Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria at 22 degrees C and 36 degrees C, total coliforms (CT), Escherichia coli (EC), enterococci (ENT), P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were enumerated. Throughout the study period, the supply water was always of excellent bacteriological quality. All water samples taken from the MWDs complied with the legal requirements for drinking water: CT, EC, ENT and S. aureus were all consistently absent. P. aeruginosa was never isolated from the uncontaminated dispenser. However, an increase in HPCs up to levels of 10(3)-10(4) cfu/mL was found in the dispensed water. Under the present operative conditions, hydrogen peroxide was seen to be more effective than peracetic acid in controlling bacterial contamination in the water circuits. Periodic disinfection with hydrogen peroxide made it possible to obtain water with HPC levels conforming to Italian regulations for drinking water (< or =100 cfu/mL) as well as to the levels recommended by the American Dental Association (ADA) (< or =200 cfu/mL). Furthermore, in the contaminated circuits, H(2)O(2) disinfection led to a reduction in the concentrations of P. aeruginosa to only a few colony forming units/100 mL or to a complete, albeit temporary, disappearance of the microorganism. In conclusion, hydrogen peroxide at 3% can be proposed as a suitable product for periodic disinfection of domestic MWDs, taking into consideration also its low cost and easy availability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Public Health, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo, 12-40126 Bologna, Italy. franca.zanetti@unibo.it
authors.forename: Franca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zanetti
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: Rossella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sacchetti
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004326:Drinking; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010463:Peracetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D010463:Peracetic Acid