title: Evaluation of the acute, chronic and teratogenic effects of a mixture of eleven pharmaceuticals on the cnidarian, Hydra attenuata.
abstract: Pharmaceuticals have recently emerged as novel pollutants of potential concern in the aquatic environment where they are commonly introduced as complex mixtures via municipal effluent. In the present experiment, the freshwater cnidarian Hydra attenuata was exposed to a mixture of 11 pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen, naproxen, gemfibrozil, bezafibrate, carbamazepine, sulfapyridine, oxytetracycline, novobiocin, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole and caffeine) up to 10000 times (x) the concentration found in municipal effluent. Hydra regeneration and teratogenicity was measured, having an IC(50) of 781x and was found to be non teratogenic with an A/D value of approximately 1. Toxicity was investigated using both lethal (based on morphology) and sub-lethal (based on morphology, feeding behaviour, hydranth number and attachment) endpoints. The pharmaceutical mixture incurred a significant decrease in morphology at 0.1, 10 and 100x but a significant increase at 1000x. All parameters were significantly reduced at 10000x. An EC(50) of 425x and 65x based on morphology and feeding respectively and a toxicity threshold (TT) of 3.2x were calculated. When compared to the toxicity of each pharmaceutical exposed individually as previously reported [Quinn B, Gagné F, Blaise C. An investigation into the acute and chronic toxicity of eleven pharmaceuticals found in wastewater effluent on the cnidarian, H. attenuata. Sci Total Environ 2008a; 389: 306-314], the compounds in the mixture were present at concentrations 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower for the equivalent toxicity (EC(50) and TT). These results indicate that pharmaceuticals act additively in a mixture, having sub-lethal effects at environmentally relevant (microg/L-ng/L) concentrations and that their combined concentrations could potentially prove significantly ecotoxic to Hydra and possibly to other aquatic taxa.
authors.affiliation: Fluvial Ecosystem Research, Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research Division, Water Science and Technology, Environment Canada, 105 McGill, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2Y 2E7. brian.quinn@gmit.ie
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gagné
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blaise
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000633:toxicity*; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D001156:Artemia; D002110:Caffeine / Q000633:toxicity; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D006829:Hydra / Q000187:drug effects*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D012038:Regeneration; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D013723:Teratogens; D002110:Caffeine