title: Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: The idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, may be complicated by extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) in up to 40% of patients. Reports suggest that almost every organ system may be affected. The EIMs are a significant cause of morbidity and may be particularly distressing for the patient. Recent attempts have been made to define the phenotype of IBD in patients of different ethnicities. These studies have highlighted potential racial variations in the prevalence of specific EIMs, findings that are perhaps not surprising given the influence of genetic factors in their pathogenesis. Certain EIMs are related to the activity of the bowel disease, and their management often involves careful monitoring while the IBD is brought under control. Other EIMs, however, typically run a course independent of the IBD activity, and specific, targeted treatments may be required, even including biologic agents such as infliximab.
authors.affiliation: Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, GI Unit, 3rd Floor Clarence Wing, St. Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Horace
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Orchard
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D010641:Phenotype