title: ISSLS prize winner: integrating theoretical and experimental methods for functional tissue engineering of the annulus fibrosus.
abstract: METHODS
  Integrating theoretical and experimental approaches for annulus fibrosus (AF) functional tissue engineering.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Apply a hyperelastic constitutive model to characterize the evolution of engineered AF via scalar model parameters. Validate the model and predict the response of engineered constructs to physiologic loading scenarios.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is need for a tissue engineered replacement for degenerate AF. When evaluating engineered replacements for load-bearing tissues, it is necessary to evaluate mechanical function with respect to the native tissue, including nonlinearity and anisotropy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aligned nanofibrous poly-epsilon-caprolactone scaffolds with prescribed fiber angles were seeded with bovine AF cells and analyzed over 8 weeks, using experimental (mechanical testing, biochemistry, histology) and theoretical methods (a hyperelastic fiber-reinforced constitutive model).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The linear region modulus for phi = 0 degrees constructs increased by approximately 25 MPa, and for phi = 90 degrees by approximately 2 MPa from 1 day to 8 weeks in culture. Infiltration and proliferation of AF cells into the scaffold and abundant deposition of s-GAG and aligned collagen was observed. The constitutive model had excellent fits to experimental data to yield matrix and fiber parameters that increased with time in culture. Correlations were observed between biochemical measures and model parameters. The model was successfully validated and used to simulate time-varying responses of engineered AF under shear and biaxial loading.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AF cells seeded on nanofibrous scaffolds elaborated an organized, anisotropic AF-like extracellular matrix, resulting in improved mechanical properties. A hyperelastic fiber-reinforced constitutive model characterized the functional evolution of engineered AF constructs, and was used to simulate physiologically relevant loading configurations. Model predictions demonstrated that fibers resist shear even when the shearing direction does not coincide with the fiber direction. Further, the model suggested that the native AF fiber architecture is uniquely designed to support shear stresses encountered under multiple loading configurations.
authors.affiliation: McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, USA.
authors.forename: Nandan L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Nerurkar
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Mauck
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001363:Awards and Prizes; D002417:Cattle; D002420:Cauda Equina / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004548:Elasticity / Q000502:physiology; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008954:Models, Biological; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D033081:Shear Strength; D012955:Societies, Medical; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*