title: Preclinical atherosclerosis covaries with individual differences in reactivity and functional connectivity of the amygdala.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major source of medical comorbidity for patients with mood and anxiety disorders, and it remains the leading public health burden for the general population in industrialized nations. Indirect neurobiological evidence suggests that preclinical risk for atherosclerosis, the main contributor to CVD, may be conferred by interindividual variation in the functionality of the amygdala, a brain system jointly involved in processing behaviorally salient stimuli and regulating the cardiovascular system.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a neuroimaging study of 36 middle-aged adults (18 women) who were screened for confounding clinical cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders, we examined the direct covariation between a marker of preclinical atherosclerosis, carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), and interindividual variation in amygdala reactivity and functional connectivity assessed during the processing of behaviorally salient stimuli (angry and fearful facial expressions).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After accounting for traditional CVD risk factors, a thickening of carotid IMT across individuals covaried with greater amygdala reactivity and a more positive functional connectivity between the amygdala and perigenual anterior cingulate cortex, a corticolimbic area also implicated in behavioral salience processing and cardiovascular regulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individual differences in amygdala reactivity and functional connectivity may reflect facets of a novel, systems-level neural phenotype conferring risk for atherosclerosis and CVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. gianarospj@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Gianaros
authors.forename: Ahmad R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hariri
authors.forename: Lei K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Sheu
authors.forename: Matthew F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Muldoon
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sutton-Tyrrell
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Manuck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007206:Individuality; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen