Folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine status in women of childbearing age: baseline data of folic acid wheat flour fortification in Iran.
BACKGROUND
Folic acid fortification implemented mandatorily in many countries has been associated with significant increase in blood folate concentrations and reduction in the prevalence of neural tube defects. However, there are controversial findings on the probability of vitamin B(12) deficiency being masked in the population after folic acid fortification. Baseline data on folate and vitamin B(12) status are necessary before mandatory flour fortification is implemented.


OBJECTIVE
To assess dietary intake of folate and vitamin B(12) and to determine blood concentrations of folate, vitamin B(12) and homocysteine in women of childbearing age as baseline data regarding folic acid fortification in Iran.


METHODS
A descriptive cross-sectional survey was performed with 579 healthy women as a representative sample of the Golestan province. Fasting blood samples were taken and dietary (24-hour recall), health and sociodemographic data were collected with an interview. Serum concentrations of folate and vitamin B(12) were measured with radioimmunoassay, and plasma homocysteine concentrations were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.


RESULTS
Mean serum concentrations of folate and vitamin B(12) were 13.6 nmol/l (95% CI 12.8-14.4) and 194.4 pmol/l (95% CI 183.8-205.0), respectively. Inadequate serum folate levels were present in 14.3% of the women and 22.7% had serum vitamin B(12) levels below normal. Mean plasma homocysteine concentration was 12.6 micromol/l (95% CI 12.1-13.2) and hyperhomocysteinemia was observed in 38.3% of the women. Mean daily intake of folate and vitamin B(12) was 198.3 microg (95% CI 185.4-211.3) and 2.6 microg (95% CI 1.9-3.2), respectively. Folate intake from food was positively correlated with serum folate concentrations (r = 0.084, p < 0.05) and inversely correlated with plasma homocysteine concentrations (r = -0.115, p < 0.01).


CONCLUSIONS
An insufficient vitamin B(12) as well as folate status is present in Iranian women of childbearing age. The final evaluation will be carried out 18 months after flour fortification and the results will be compared with baseline data obtained from the present study in order to show the efficacy and safety of folic acid fortification in Iran.
Abdollahi
Z
Z
Family Health Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
Elmadfa
I
I
Djazayeri
A
A
Sadeghian
S
S
Freisling
H
H
Mazandarani
F Salehi
FS
Mohamed
K
K
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005433:Flour / Q000032:analysis; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D005494:Folic Acid Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000517:prevention & control; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D014908:Triticum; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D014806:Vitamin B 12 Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
D006710:Homocysteine; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12