title: Neighborhood characteristics and change in depressive symptoms among older residents of New York City.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the relationship between the depressive symptoms of older adults over time and the characteristics of the neighborhoods in which they live.
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed a random sample of 1325 New York City residents aged 50 years or older in 2005 and conducted 808 follow-up interviews in 2007. We assessed the compositional characteristics of the respondents' neighborhoods at a census-tract level and determined the relationships between these characteristics and changes in respondents' depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In multivariable models that adjusted for individual-level covariates including income, a range of neighborhood characteristics predicted worsening depressive symptoms. Factor analysis suggested that these characteristics operated in 3 clusters: neighborhood socioeconomic influences, residential stability, and racial/ethnic composition, with positive neighborhood socioeconomic influences being significantly protective against worsening symptoms. Life stressors, personality trait neuroticism, African American race, and daily baseline contact with social networks were also associated with worsening symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An older adult's neighborhood of residence is an important determinant of his or her mental health. Those making efforts to improve mental health among the elderly need to consider the role of residential context in improving or impairing mental health.
authors.affiliation: Center for Urban Epidemiological Studies, New York Academy of Medicine, 1216 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10029-5202, USA. jbeard@nyam.org
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Beard
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cerdá
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blaney
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahern
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vlahov
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galea
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires