title: Cyclooxygenase-2/carbonic anhydrase-IX up-regulation promotes invasive potential and hypoxia survival in colorectal cancer cells.
abstract: Inflammation promotes colorectal carcinogenesis. Tumour growth often generates a hypoxic environment in the inner tumour mass. We here report that, in colon cancer cells, the expression of the pro-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) associates with that of the hypoxia response gene carbonic anhydrase-IX (CA-IX). The COX-2 knockdown, achieved by the stable infection of a COX-2 specific short harpin RNA interference (shCOX-2), down-regulates CA-IX gene expression. In colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, PGE(2), the main COX-2 gene products, promotes CA-IX gene expression by ERK1/2 activation. In normoxic environment, shCOX-2 infected/CA-IX siRNA transfected CRC cells show a reduced level of active metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) that associates with a decreased extracellular matrix invasion capacity. In presence of hypoxia, COX-2 gene expression and PGE(2) production increase. The knockdown of COX-2/CA-IX blunts the survival capability of CRC cells in hypoxia. At a high cell density, a culture condition that creates a mild pericellular hypoxic environment, the expression of COX-2/CA-IX genes is increased and triggers the invasive potential of colon cancer cells. In human colon cancer tissues, COX-2/CA-IX protein expression levels, assessed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, correlate each other and increase with tumour stage. In conclusion, these data indicate that COX-2/CA-IX interplay promotes the aggressive behaviour of CRC cells.
authors.affiliation: Center for Applied Biomedical Research, St Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. pasquale.sansone2@unibo.it
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sansone
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piazzi
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paterini
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strillacci
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ceccarelli
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Minni
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Biasco
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chieco
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonafè
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; D015232:Dinoprostone