title: Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of anterior uveitis investigation by Canadian ophthalmologists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of anterior uveitis investigation by Canadian ophthalmologists and to assess the role of implementing national clinical guidelines for such investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on data extracted from the Canadian National Uveitis Survey (CNUS, 2007 version), the cost of investigating a patient with anterior uveitis, according to current practice patterns of Canadian ophthalmologists, was determined and grouped across 4 clinical scenarios: (i) nongranulomatous anterior uveitis in an adult, (ii) granulomatous anterior uveitis in an adult, (iii) granulomatous anterior uveitis with suspected sarcoidosis in an adult or a child, and (iv) nongranulomatous anterior uveitis in a child. Similarly, the cost of investigating a patient with anterior uveitis as per published evidence-based guidelines was determined and compared with the current practice pattern using a cost-minimization model, sensitivity analyses, and Monte Carlo simulations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ophthalmologists were found to consistently order more tests than recommended by evidence-based guidelines, across each of the scenarios studied (p < 0.05). Overall, complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, antinuclear antibody, and rheumatoid factor were the most commonly ordered extraneous tests that were not included in the evidence-based guidelines for the routine investigation of anterior uveitis. Also, there were significant differences in the cost of investigating a patient with anterior uveitis when compared with those predicted by adhering to evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Cost minimization and sensitivity analyses revealed that published guidelines imparted cost savings when compared with current practice patterns across the 4 clinical scenarios studied (p < 0.01). The maximum additional cost was associated with investigating nongranulomatous anterior uveitis in an adult, where a minimal additional cost of $75 per patient was spent. For granulomatous anterior uveitis in an adult, the additional cost was approximately $40, whereas the additional cost for investigating an adult or a child with suspected sarcoidosis was $36. Only $11 of additional cost was spent in the workup of a child with nongranulomatous anterior uveitis. When applied to the Canadian population, adherence to the Clinical Practice Guidelines recommended by the CNUS may result in cost savings of $600,000 per year to the Canadian health care system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adherence to the evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines recommended by the CNUS may result in significant cost savings, with virtually no loss of sensitivity in the routine investigation of anterior uveitis in Canada.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: Hussein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hollands
authors.forename: Farzin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forooghian
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yazdani
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Larissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Derzko-Dzulynsky
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D017046:Cost Savings; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological / Q000191:economics*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000191:economics; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000191:economics*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000191:economics; D014606:Uveitis, Anterior / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics* / Q000209:etiology