Calcium-dependent NOX5 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase contributes to vascular oxidative stress in human coronary artery disease.
OBJECTIVE
This study sought to examine the expression and activity of the calcium-dependent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) in human atherosclerotic coronary arteries.


BACKGROUND
The NOX-based NADPH oxidases are major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human vessels. Several NOX homologues have been identified, but their relative contribution to vascular ROS production in coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear; NOX5 is a unique homolog in that it is calcium dependent and thus could be activated by vasoconstrictor hormones. Its presence has not yet been studied in human vessels.


METHODS
Coronary arteries from patients undergoing cardiac transplantation with CAD or without CAD were studied; NOX5 was quantified and visualized using Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Calcium-dependent NADPH oxidase activity, corresponding greatly to NOX5 activity, was measured by electron paramagnetic resonance.


RESULTS
Both Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction indicated a marked increase in NOX5 protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in CAD versus non-CAD vessels. Calcium-dependent NADPH-driven production of ROS in vascular membranes, reflecting NOX5 activity, was increased 7-fold in CAD and correlated significantly with NOX5 mRNA levels among subjects. Immunofluorescence showed that NOX5 was expressed in the endothelium in the early lesions and in vascular smooth muscle cells in the advanced coronary lesions.


CONCLUSIONS
These studies identify NOX5 as a novel, calcium-dependent source of ROS in atherosclerosis.
Guzik
Tomasz J
TJ
Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
Chen
Wei
W
Gongora
Maria C
MC
Guzik
Bartlomiej
B
Lob
Heinrich E
HE
Mangalat
Deepa
D
Hoch
Nyssa
N
Dikalov
Sergey
S
Rudzinski
Pawel
P
Kapelak
Boguslaw
B
Sadowski
Jerzy
J
Harrison
David G
DG
D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000201:enzymology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000201:enzymology; D004727:Endothelium / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000201:enzymology; D000074664:NADPH Oxidase 5; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors
D015220:Calcium Channels; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000074664:NADPH Oxidase 5; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C431571:NOX5 protein, human; D002118:Calcium