title: The mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase vaccinia H1-related protein inhibits apoptosis in prostate cancer cells and is overexpressed in prostate cancer.
abstract: Androgen ablation during the initial stages of prostate cancer causes regression of the tumor due to an increase in apoptosis and reduced cellular proliferation. However, prostate cancer invariably progresses to an androgen-independent state for poorly understood reasons. Previous studies showed that c-Jun NH(2) terminal kinase (JNK) is required for 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)- and thapsigargin (TG)-induced apoptosis in the androgen-responsive prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Androgens protect LNCaP cells from TPA-induced or TG-induced apoptosis via down-regulation of JNK activation. However, the molecular mechanisms of this inhibition are not clear. Here, we systematically investigated the possible regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases/dual-specificity phosphatases during apoptosis of LNCaP cells and found that Vaccinia H1-related protein (VHR/DUSP3) is up-regulated by androgens during inhibition of apoptosis in LNCaP cells, but not in androgen-independent DU145 cells. Ectopic expression of wild-type VHR, but not a catalytically inactive mutant, interfered with TPA- and TG-induced apoptosis. Consistently, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous VHR increased apoptosis in response to TPA or TG in the presence of androgens. Furthermore, COS7 cells stably expressing wild-type VHR, but not a mutant, had a decrease in JNK phosphorylation. In vivo, VHR expression decreased in the androgen-dependent human prostate cancer xenograft CWR22 upon androgen withdrawal and was inversely correlated to JNK phosphorylation. Expression analysis in human prostate cancer specimens showed that VHR is increased in prostate cancer compared with normal prostate. These data show that VHR has a direct role in the inhibition of JNK-dependent apoptosis in LNCaP cells and may therefore have a role in prostate cancer progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Yke Jildouw
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Arnoldussen
authors.forename: Petra I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Lorenzo
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Pretorius
authors.forename: Håkon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Waehre
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Risberg
authors.forename: Gunhild M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Maelandsmo
authors.forename: Håvard E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Danielsen
authors.forename: Fahri
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saatcioglu
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000502:physiology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D054638:Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1 / Q000502:physiology; D054640:Dual Specificity Phosphatase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008297:Male; D015741:Metribolone / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D019284:Thapsigargin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D015741:Metribolone; D019284:Thapsigargin; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C517025:DUSP3 protein, human; D054638:Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1; D054640:Dual Specificity Phosphatase 3; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate