title: Turner syndrome: transition from pediatrics to adulthood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To highlight the importance of an improved, seamless, and effective transition from pediatric to adult care, especially for medically complex conditions such as Turner syndrome (TS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The morbidities in adult patients with TS are reviewed, including features of the metabolic syndrome, congenital and acquired cardiovascular conditions, osteopenia and osteoporosis, autoimmune thyroid disease, and obesity, and psychobehavioral issues are addressed, in terms of promoting the development of independent self-care and autonomy in adolescent patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An essential component of high-quality health care, transition for adolescents with TS needs to be reengineered as a staged process initiated during early-stage adolescence (about age 12 years), when exogenous estrogen therapy is begun in coordination with the final phase of growth hormone therapy. At this time, the focus of care shifts from the parent to the adolescent and from maximizing final adult height to inducing puberty with gradually increasing doses of estrogen. During this transition, the development of healthful and independent healthcare behaviors should be promoted to prepare patients with TS for the adult responsibility of self-care. During the final phase of transition, an adult care plan should be formulated in collaboration with the adolescent with TS and her providers of adult care to improve the likelihood that she will continue to be carefully monitored in a way that optimizes her adult health and longevity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transitional period from pediatrics to adulthood is the ideal time for patients with TS to be made aware of their health history and health needs and of the evolving impact of TS into adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT 06106, USA.
authors.forename: Karen R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D013006:Growth Hormone