title: Bag of Peaks: interpretation of NMR spectrometry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The analysis of high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry can assist human experts to implicate metabolites expressed by diseased biofluids. Here, we explore an intermediate representation, between spectral trace and classifier, able to furnish a communicative interface between expert and machine. This representation permits equivalent, or better, classification accuracies than either principal component analysis (PCA) or multi-dimensional scaling (MDS). In the training phase, the peaks in each trace are detected and clustered in order to compile a common dictionary, which could be visualized and adjusted by an expert. The dictionary is used to characterize each trace with a fixed-length feature vector, termed Bag of Peaks, ready to be classified with classical supervised methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our small-scale study, concerning Type I diabetes in Sardinian children, provides a preliminary indication of the effectiveness of the Bag of Peaks approach over standard PCA and MDS. Consistently, higher classification accuracies are obtained once a sufficient number of peaks (>10) are included in the dictionary. A large-scale simulation of noisy spectra further confirms this advantage. Finally, suggestions for metabolite-peak loci that may be implicated in the disease are obtained by applying standard feature selection techniques.
authors.affiliation: Biocomputing, CRS4, Sardinia, Italy. gjb@crs4.it
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brelstaff
authors.forename: Manuele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bicego
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Culeddu
authors.forename: Matilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chessa
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular / Q000379:methods*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis