title: Evidence of dietary inadequacy in adults with chronic spinal cord injury.
abstract: METHODS
  Cross-sectional, observational study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Estimate prevalence of inadequate dietary intakes in community-dwelling men and women with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ontario, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-home interviewer administered multiple-pass 24-h recalls were collected at baseline (n=77) and at 6 months (n=68). Dietary intake (adjusted to remove intra-individual variation) was compared with the dietary reference intakes (DRIs), specifically the estimated average requirement, adequate intake (AI) and acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Macronutrient intakes, as percentages of daily energy, for men (16% protein, 52% carbohydrate, 30% fat) and women (17% protein, 53% carbohydrate, 28% fat) were within the AMDR. Despite this, inadequate intakes for men (n=63) and women (n=14) were determined for vitamin A (92 and 57%), magnesium (89 and 71%), folate (75 and 79%), zinc (71 and 29%), vitamin C (52 and 14%), thiamine (22 and 14%), vitamin B12 (6 and 29%), riboflavin (5% men) and vitamin B6 (24% men). Mean usual intakes of fiber, vitamin D, calcium and potassium fell below the AI for men and women. In all, 53% of participants consumed a micronutrient supplement in the previous 24 h at baseline and at 6 months-specifically, calcium (29, 19%), multivitamin (26, 25%), vitamin D (22, 12%) and vitamin C (9, 6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show numerous nutrient inadequacies, relative to the DRIs, for men and women with SCI. This study has important implications for clinical dietetic practice in the SCI population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Relations and Applied Human Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Buchholz
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Martin Ginis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D019370:Observation; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology