title: Determination of nitrogen balance in goats fed a meal produced from hydrolyzed spent hen hard tissues.
abstract: To provide an economically viable and environmentally sound method for disposing of spent laying hens, we manufactured a proteinaceous meal from the hard tissue fraction of mechanically deboned laying hens (primarily feathers, bones, and connective tissue). We hydrolyzed the hard tissue and coextruded it with soybean hulls to create a novel feather and bone meal (FBM) containing 94.2% DM, 23.1% CP, 54.5% NDF, and 7.3% fat (DM basis). We evaluated the FBM in supplements for meat goats in which it provided 0, 20, 40, or 60% of the N added to the supplement compared with a negative control supplement with no added N source. The remainder of the N was contributed by soybean meal (SBM). Supplementation of N resulted in greater DMI than the negative control (P = 0.005), and DMI changed quadratically (P = 0.11) as FBM increased in the supplement. Digestibility of DM was similar in all diets, including the negative control (P > 0.10). Fiber digestibility increased linearly as dietary inclusion of FBM increased (P = 0.04 for NDF, P = 0.05 for ADF), probably as a result of the soybean hulls in the FBM. Nitrogen digestibility declined linearly from 60.5% with 0% FBM to 55.6% with 60% FBM (P = 0.07), but N retention changed by a quadratic function as FBM replaced SBM (P = 0.06). Negative control goats had less N digestibility (P < 0.001) and N retention (P = 0.008) than N-supplemented goats. Feather and bone meal had a greater proportion of ruminally undegradable B(3) protein than SBM (23.1 vs. 0.3% of CP, respectively). Ruminal VFA and pH were unaffected by replacing SBM with FBM, but supplying no source of N in the concentrate resulted in reduced total VFA in ruminal fluid (P = 0.04). Ruminal ammonia concentration increased quadratically (P = 0.07) as FBM increased, reflecting increased intake, and it was much less in unsupplemented goats (P < 0.001). Serum urea had less variation between 0 and 4 h after feeding in goats receiving 40 or 60% of added N as FBM in comparison with those receiving only SBM or 20% FBM. Feather and bone meal promoted a more stable rumen environment, possibly because of reduced rates of protein degradation within the rumen. A palatable by-product meal for ruminants can be made from spent laying hen hard tissue, one that supports N metabolism similar to that of traditional protein sources.
authors.affiliation: Animal Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA. Sharon_Freeman@ncsu.edu
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Poore
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Huntington
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Ferket
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001688:Biological Products / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000592:standards; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000032:analysis; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D005241:Feathers / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000737:chemistry; D006041:Goats / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008903:Minerals / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000592:standards; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D008903:Minerals; D009584:Nitrogen; C027762:bone meal