title: Effects of time, albuterol, and budesonide on the shape of the flow-volume loop in children with asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assessment of asthma through spirometric analysis in children is challenging because of often normal FEV(1) values.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We used Mead's slope ratio (SR; (dV /dV)/(V /V)) to analyze the shape of the flow-volume loop.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the effects of time, albuterol, and budesonide on FEV(1), FEV(1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio, forced expiratory flow from 25% to 75% of expired volume, and Mead's SR both early (between 75% and 50% of FVC, SR61) and late (between 75% and 50% of FVC, SR35) in exhalation in the Childhood Asthma Management Program cohort at baseline, 4 months, and the end of the study in participants who received either inhaled placebo or budesonide twice daily.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the placebo group both SR61 and SR35 improved over time. Bronchodilator consistently improved both SR61 and SR35, without change in degree of improvement over time. Similarly, in the budesonide group time and bronchodilator each independently improved both SR61 and SR35. At 4 months and the end of the study, patients receiving budesonide had significant improvements in SR61 relative to patients receiving placebo, which was independent of bronchodilator effect. Budesonide and placebo were not different with respect to prebronchodilator or postbronchodilator SR35.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Budesonide-treated patients have less concave flow-volume loops when compared with placebo-treated patients. Time and bronchodilator also make the flow-volume loop less concave. Furthermore, it appears that there are discrete bronchodilator- and corticosteroid-responsive components of airflow obstruction in pediatric asthma.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy/Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo. Electronic address: patel_an@kids.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Anand C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Childhood Asthma Management Program Coordinating Center, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Van Natta
authors.affiliation: Childhood Asthma Management Program Coordinating Center, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tonascia
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy/Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, and St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Mo.
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Strunk
mesh_terms: D000420:Albuterol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019819:Budesonide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005540:Forced Expiratory Flow Rates / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D019819:Budesonide; D000420:Albuterol