title: Optimal serum cotinine levels for distinguishing cigarette smokers and nonsmokers within different racial/ethnic groups in the United States between 1999 and 2004.
abstract: Cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, is widely used to distinguish smokers from nonsmokers in epidemiologic studies and smoking-cessation clinical trials. As the magnitude of secondhand smoke exposure declines because of proportionally fewer smokers and more clean-indoor-air regulations, the optimal cotinine cutpoint with which to distinguish smokers from nonsmokers is expected to change. The authors analyzed data on 3,078 smokers and 13,078 nonsmokers from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 1999-2004. Optimal serum cotinine concentrations for discriminating smokers from nonsmokers were determined using receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. Optimal cotinine cutpoints were 3.08 ng/mL (sensitivity = 96.3%, specificity = 97.4%) and 2.99 ng/mL (sensitivity = 86.5%, specificity = 93.1%) for adults and adolescents, respectively. Among adults, optimal cutpoints differed by race/ethnicity: They were 5.92 ng/mL, 4.85 ng/mL, and 0.84 ng/mL for non-Hispanic blacks, non-Hispanic whites, and Mexican Americans, respectively. Among adolescents, cutpoints were 2.77 ng/mL, 2.95 ng/mL, and 1.18 ng/mL for non-Hispanic blacks, non-Hispanic whites, and Mexican Americans, respectively. Use of the currently accepted cutpoint of 14 ng/mL overestimates the number of nonsmokers in comparison with the proposed new overall cutpoint of 3 ng/mL or the race/ethnicity-specific cutpoints of 1-6 ng/mL.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-1220, USA. nbenowitz@medsfgh.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Neal L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Benowitz
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Bernert
authors.forename: Ralph S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Caraballo
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Holiday
authors.forename: Jiantong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000378:metabolism*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine