title: Managerial leadership is associated with self-reported sickness absence and sickness presenteeism among Swedish men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between managerial leadership and self-reported sickness absence/presenteeism among Swedish men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five thousand one hundred and forty-one Swedish employees, 56% of the participants in a nationally representative sample of the Swedish working population, were included in this cross-sectional questionnaire study. The leadership dimensions measured were five subscales of a standardized leadership questionnaire (Global Leadership and Organizational Behaviour Effectiveness Programme): Integrity, Team integration, Inspirational leadership, Autocratic leadership, and Self-centred leadership. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted, adjusting for factors in private life, employment category, labour-market sector, working conditions, self-reported general health, and satisfaction with life in general.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inspirational leadership was associated with a lower rate of short spells of sickness absence (<1 week) for both men and women. Autocratic leadership was related to a greater amount of total sick days taken by men. Sometimes showing integrity was associated with higher rate of sickness absence >1 week among men, and seldom showing integrity was associated with more sickness presenteeism among women. Managers performing Team integration were sometimes associated with women taking fewer short (<1 week) and long (>1 week) spells of sickness absence. Adjustment for self-reported general health did not alter these associations for men, but did so to some extent for women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Managerial leadership was found to be relevant for the understanding of sickness absence in the Swedish working population. There were distinctive gender differences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. anna.nyberg@ki.se
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Westerlund
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Magnusson Hanson
authors.forename: Töres
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Theorell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D015279:Organizational Culture; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D018582:Sick Leave; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology