title: KD-501, a standardized extract of Scrophularia buergeriana has both cognitive-enhancing and antioxidant activities in mice given scopolamine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cognitive-enhancing and antioxidant activities of KD-501, a standardized extract of the roots of Scrophularia buergeriana Miquel (Scrophulariceae) were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  KD-501 was orally administered to amnesic mice induced by scopolamine and we performed passive avoidance and the Morris water maze tests. To elucidate the mechanism of cognitive-enhancing activity, the effects of KD-501 on the activities of acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzymes within the cortex and hippocampus of mice were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute and prolonged oral administration of KD-501 significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced amnesia in passive avoidance test. In the Morris water maze test, acute and prolonged administration of KD-501 improved the impairment of spatial memory induced by scopolamine indicated by the formation of reference and working memories. The activity of acetylcholinesterase was significantly inhibited by KD-501 within the cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, the reduced activities or contents of glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced GSH within the cortex and hippocampus caused by scopolamine were elevated by the treatment of KD-501.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, it could be postulated that KD-501 may exert its potent cognitive-enhancing activity through both anti-acetylcholinesterase and antioxidative actions.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Ju
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Choong Je
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Ki Yong
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seung Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Young Choong
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots; D032266:Scrophularia; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase