Assessment of the environmental risk of long-chain aliphatic alcohols.
An environmental assessment of long-chain alcohols (LCOH) has recently been conducted under the OECD SIDS High Production Volume (HPV) Program via the Global International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) Aliphatic Alcohols Consortium. LCOH are used primarily as intermediates, as a precursor to alcohol-based surfactants and as alcohol per se in a wide variety of consumer product applications. Global production volume is approximately 1.58 million metric tonnes. The OECD HPV assessment covers linear to slightly branched LCOH ranging from 6 to 22 alkyl carbons (C). LCOH biodegrade exceptionally rapidly in the environment (half-lives on the order of minutes); however, due to continuous use and distribution to wastewater treatment systems, partitioning properties, biodegradation of alcohol-based surfactants, and natural alcohol sources, LCOH are universally detected in wastewater effluents. An environmental risk assessment of LCOH is presented here by focusing on the most prevalent and toxic members of the linear alcohols, specifically, from C(12-15). The assessment includes environmental monitoring data for these chain lengths in final effluents of representative wastewater treatment plants and covers all uses of alcohol (i.e., the use of alcohol as a substance and as an intermediate for the manufacturing of alcohol-based surfactants). The 90th percentile effluent discharge concentration of 1.979microg/L (C(12)-C(15)) was determined for wastewater treatment plants in 7 countries. Chronic aquatic toxicity studies with Daphnia magna demonstrated that between C(13) and C(15) LCOH solubility became a factor and that the structure-activity relationship was characterized by a toxicity maximum between C(13) and C(14). Above C(14) the LCOH was less toxic and become un-testable due to insolubility. Risk quotients based on a toxic units (TU) approach were determined for various scenarios of exposure and effects extrapolation. The global average TU ranged from 0.048 to 0.467 depending on the scenario employed suggesting a low risk to the environment. The fact that environmental exposure calculations include large fractions of naturally derived alcohol from animal, plant, and microbially mediated biotransformations further supports a conclusion of low risk.
Belanger
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The Procter and Gamble Company, Central Product Safety, Miami Valley Innovation Center, P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, OH 45253-8707, USA. belanger.se@pg.com
Sanderson
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Fisk
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Schäfers
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Mudge
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Willing
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Kasai
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Nielsen
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Dyer
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Toy
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D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002170:Canada; D003621:Daphnia; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D005060:Europe; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D021281:Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis; D014481:United States; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical