title: Congenital scoliosis in monozygotic twins: case report and review of possible factors contributing to its development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The exact etiology of congenital scoliosis remains unknown as yet. It seems that its development may be influenced by both genetic predisposition and environmental factors, at varying degrees. International bibliography features few cases of monozygotic twins with congenital scoliosis. The aim of this study is to report a case in monozygotic twins and review the literature relating to the description of similar cases as well as the pathophysiological mechanism involved in its development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical examination and simple X-rays revealed scoliosis of differing degrees and types in male monozygotic twins with moderate mental retardation and dyslalia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Congenital scoliosis identified in both twins. In the first, this was manifested as left thoracic scoliosis, with Cobb angle of 34 degrees while in the second as left thoracolumbar scoliosis with Cobb angle of 10 degrees. Both were found to suffer from incarcerated hemivertebrae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to both its clinical identification and severity and to its course, not only the genetic but the environmental factors seem to play a leading role in the appearance of the condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, "Thriasio" General Hospital - NHS, G, Gennimata Av, 19600, Magoula, Attica, Greece. grivastb@vodafone.net.gr.
authors.forename: Angelos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaspiris
authors.forename: Theodoros B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Grivas
authors.forename: Hans-Rudolf
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Weiss