title: Altered upper airway and soft tissue structures in the New Zealand Obese mouse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of obesity on upper airway soft tissue structure and size was examined in the New Zealand Obese (NZO) mouse and in a control lean mouse, the New Zealand White (NZW).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that the NZO mouse has increased volume of neck fat and upper airway soft tissues and decreased pharyngeal airway caliber.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharyngeal airway size, volume of the upper airway soft tissue structures, and distribution of fat in the neck and body were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Dynamic MRI was used to examine the differences in upper airway caliber between inspiration and expiration in NZO versus NZW mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data support the hypothesis that, in obese NZO versus lean NZW mice, airway caliber was significantly smaller (P < 0.03), with greater parapharyngeal fat pad volumes (P < 0.0001) and a greater volume of other upper airway soft tissue structures (tongue, P = 0.003; lateral pharyngeal walls, P = 0.01; soft palate, P = 0.02). Dynamic MRI showed that the airway of the obese NZO mouse dilated during inspiration, whereas in the lean NZW mouse, the upper airway was reduced in size during inspiration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to the increased volume of pharyngeal soft tissue structures, direct fat deposits within the tongue may contribute to airway compromise in obesity. Pharyngeal airway dilation during inspiration in NZO mice compared with narrowing in NZW mice suggests that airway compromise in obese mice may lead to muscle activation to defend upper airway patency during inspiration.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. brennick@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Brennick
authors.forename: Allan I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Pack
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pickup
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maislin
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schwab
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008820:Mice, Obese; D009520:New Zealand; D009765:Obesity / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000473:pathology*; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000473:pathology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014059:Tongue / Q000473:pathology