title: Functional and oncological outcomes after orthotopic neobladder reconstruction in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review our experience with orthotopic neobladder reconstruction (ONR) in women, highlighting functional and oncological outcomes, as ONR has been used increasingly for urinary diversion in women after radical cystectomy (RC), largely due to a better understanding of the natural history of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) and of the anatomy underlying the female continence mechanism, but defining the safety and long-term efficacy of ONR remain important to expanding its use.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 59 women who had RC with ONR between 1995 and 2006 at the Mayo Clinic. Their records were reviewed for clinicopathological demographics, and functional and oncological outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median (range) age at surgery of the women was 62 (20-82) years, and the median follow-up was 29.2 (1-141) months. Fifty-three women had RC for malignant disease, including UCC in 47. Five women (8.5%) required resection of the anterior vaginal wall during surgery, while 39 (66%) had concurrent hysterectomy. One patient had a positive surgical margin, at the left distal ureter, on final pathology. Thirteen (22%) patients had perioperative complications, including two (3%) who required reoperation. In addition, three patients (5%) developed a neobladder-vaginal fistula after RC with ONR, requiring surgical repair. At the last follow-up, daytime urinary continence (defined as needing no pads) was reported by 44/49 (90%) patients, while 28/49 (57%) had achieved continence at night. Seventeen (31%) patients required intermittent self-catheterization to facilitate emptying of the neobladder. Fifteen (28%) women had recurrence of disease, at a median of 8 (2-36) months after ONR, including seven (13%) who developed a pelvic recurrence. Twelve (20%) patients died during the follow-up, with four (8%) dying from UCC at a median of 14 (11-65) months after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ONR provides a safe and effective option for urinary diversion in women, with oncological and functional outcomes similar to those for men. Thus, the technique remains a preferred option for urinary diversion in appropriately selected women treated with RC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Mayo Medical School and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Candace F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Granberg
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Boorjian
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Crispen
authors.forename: Matthew K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Tollefson
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Blute
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000379:methods*; D003556:Cystitis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D014547:Urinary Diversion / Q000379:methods*