title: Hepatitis A, B, and C infection in a community of sub-Saharan immigrants living in Verona (Italy).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Italy, about 5% of the population is represented by immigrants. The epidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Africa is very different from Europe; the present study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of viral hepatitis infections in sub-Saharan African immigrants living in Verona.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 182 illegal immigrants were interviewed concerning sociodemographic characteristics and epidemiological information. Their serum was tested for anti-HAV [immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM], HBV (HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, HBeAg, and anti-HBe), and HCV (anti-HCV) markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The immigrants (age: 3 mo-60 y) were mostly single and males, with a higher education; only 50% of them declared having a regular job. Anti-IgG HAV+ prevalence was 99.5% (100% HAV positivity in the younger age bracket). As for HBV, 67.6% (123) of the immigrants were naturally infected and 9.3% had chronic infection; 4.4% were anti-HBs+ isolated (vaccinated). For HBV infection (any HBV marker), a significant difference was only found for increasing age ( p < 0.01) and married people ( p < 0.001). A statistically significant prevalence of HBsAg was found among the unemployed ( p < 0.001) and those with a lower education ( p < 0.05). Five cases (2.7%) resulted in HCV+ with no reported specific risk factors and with no significantly different sociodemographic features; these people tended to report a low level of education and unemployment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HAV and HBV positivity is higher than in the autochthonous population. While HAV positivity merely represents past infection, the high prevalence of HBsAg in immigrants and the presence of HBsAg/HBeAg in the same group may represent a risk for HBV transmission. The HCV positivity rate resulted similar to the prevalence of the Italian population.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Igiene e Medicina Preventiva Ambientale e Occupazionale, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy. silvia.majori@univr.it
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majori
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baldo
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tommasi
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malizia
authors.forename: Annarosa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Floreani
authors.forename: Geraldo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.forename: Aladino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Accordini
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guzzo
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baldovin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000208:ethnology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006506:Hepatitis A / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D035921:Hepatitis A Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D035921:Hepatitis A Antigens; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens