title: Basic and escalating immunomodulatory treatments in multiple sclerosis: current therapeutic recommendations.
abstract: This review updates and extends earlier Consensus Reports related to current basic and escalating immunomodulatory treatments in multiple sclerosis (MS). The recent literature has been extracted for new evidence from randomized controlled trials, open treatment studies and reported expert opinion, both in original articles and reviews, and evaluates indications and safety issues based on published data. After data extraction from published full length publications and critically weighing the evidence and potential impact of the data, the review has been drafted and circulated within the National MS Societies and the European MS Platform to reach consensus within a very large group of European experts, combining evidence-based criteria and expert opinion where evidence is still incomplete. The review also outlines a few areas of controversy and delineates the need for future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Clinical Research, Unit for MS and Neuroimmunology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. heinz.wiendl@klinik.uni-wuerzburg.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wiendl
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Toyka
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rieckmann
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gold
authors.forename: H-P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Hartung
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hohlfeld
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D001379:Azathioprine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005060:Europe; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate; D006287:Health Planning Guidelines; D006801:Humans; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008942:Mitoxantrone / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D000069442:Natalizumab; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010956:Plasmapheresis; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012952:Societies / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D000069442:Natalizumab; D010455:Peptides; D000068717:Glatiramer Acetate; D016899:Interferon-beta; D008942:Mitoxantrone; D001379:Azathioprine