title: Risk factors for physical child abuse in infants and toddlers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We examined the risk factors and injuries in physical child abuse between November 2003 and February 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  The uptake area of the University Hospital of Turku, Finland, consists of about 700 000 inhabitants. Forty-eight cases of physical child abuse were examined. The median age of the abused children was 2.2 years, for children with skull fractures it was 0.5 years. The incidence of child physical abuse increased during the study period; it was 0.6/month in 2004 and 1.7/month in 2006. Mortality in the study group was 2.1 %.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depression, overactivity, crying and prematurity were risk factors in the physically abused children. Parental risk factors were alcohol and drug abuse. Most often the perpetrator was the father or stepfather; when the perpetrator was unknown, the children were mostly in their mothers' care. The average delay of 3 weeks until starting the investigation into abuse was mostly due to delays by health centers or homes. Radiographs were the cornerstones of the medical examination but magnetic resonance examinations were essential for the examination protocol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All levels of public health services, day care facilities and schools must be aware of possible physical child abuse and initiate an investigation as soon as possible by contacting the authorities. Physically abused children and their families must be followed up and supported for a sufficiently long period by social pediatric outpatient wards. The general information on child maltreatment provided to the public needs to be increased to prevent abuse. A child welfare report must be made to social workers in every maltreatment case examined in hospital, and in most cases the offence must also be reported to the police. Nevertheless, in certain cases even permanent custody of the child cannot be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Turku, Turku, Finland. timo.hurme@tyks.fi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hurme
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alanko
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anttila
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Juven
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Svedström
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality