Methods for estimating confidence intervals in interrupted time series analyses of health interventions.
OBJECTIVE
Interrupted time series (ITS) is a strong quasi-experimental research design, which is increasingly applied to estimate the effects of health services and policy interventions. We describe and illustrate two methods for estimating confidence intervals (CIs) around absolute and relative changes in outcomes calculated from segmented regression parameter estimates.


METHODS
We used multivariate delta and bootstrapping methods (BMs) to construct CIs around relative changes in level and trend, and around absolute changes in outcome based on segmented linear regression analyses of time series data corrected for autocorrelated errors.


RESULTS
Using previously published time series data, we estimated CIs around the effect of prescription alerts for interacting medications with warfarin on the rate of prescriptions per 10,000 warfarin users per month. Both the multivariate delta method (MDM) and the BM produced similar results.


CONCLUSIONS
BM is preferred for calculating CIs of relative changes in outcomes of time series studies, because it does not require large sample sizes when parameter estimates are obtained correctly from the model. Caution is needed when sample size is small.
Zhang
Fang
F
Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, MA 02215, USA. fang_zhang@hms.harvard.edu
Wagner
Anita K
AK
Soumerai
Stephen B
SB
Ross-Degnan
Dennis
D
D000925:Anticoagulants; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D000075202:Contraindications; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D055656:Prescriptions; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012107:Research Design; D012494:Sampling Studies; D014859:Warfarin
D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin