title: Clinical characteristics of bacterial vaginosis among women testing positive for fastidious bacteria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As the aetiology of bacterial vaginosis (BV) is not well understood, this study sought to determine the relationships between several fastidious microbes, BV and selected clinical characteristics of BV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endometrial and cervical specimens from 50 women with non-gonococcal, non-chlamydial endometritis were tested for Leptotrichia sanguinegens/amnionii, Atopobium vaginae, bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria 1 (BVAB1), Ureaplasma urealyticum biovar 2 (UU-2) and Ureaplasma parvum using PCR. BV was categorised using Nugent's and Amsel's criteria. Odds ratios (OR) adjusted for age and race were estimated using multivariable logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although elevated pH was a universal feature, other BV characteristics differed by pathogen, suggesting variable clinical presentation. Only UU-2 was strongly associated with vaginal discharge, but a positive whiff test and a 20% or greater classification of epithelial cells as clue cells were more common among women with L sanguinegens/amnionii, A vaginae and BVAB1. For each of these bacteria, there were trends towards associations with BV defined by Amsel's criteria (L sanguinegens/amnionii OR 2.9, 95% CI 0.5 to 15.7; A vaginae OR 2.6, 95% CI 0.6 to 11.4; BVAB1 OR 5.7, 95% CI 1.0 to 31.1) and significant associations with BV defined by Gram stain (L sanguinegens/amnionii OR 17.7, 95% CI 2.8 to 113.0; A vaginae OR 19.2, 95% CI 3.7 to 98.7; BVAB1 OR 21.1, 95% CI 2.2 to 198.5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  L sanguinegens/amnionii, A vaginae and BVAB1 are associated with clinical characteristics consistent with BV and BV defined by Nugent's and Amsel's criteria. These fastidious bacteria may cause unrecognised infection, as none was associated with abnormal vaginal discharge.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia 15261, USA. haggerty@pitt.edu
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Haggerty
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Totten
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferris
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoferka
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Astete
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ondondo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Norori
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Ness
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D045183:Leptotrichia / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009812:Odorants; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D011897:Random Allocation; D012307:Risk Factors; D014509:Ureaplasma / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014599:Uterus / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D019522:Vaginal Discharge / Q000382:microbiology*; D016585:Vaginosis, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult