title: Diverse expression patterns of subgroups of the rif multigene family during Plasmodium falciparum gametocytogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The maturation of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in the human host takes several days, during which the parasites need to efficiently evade the host immune system. Like asexual stage parasites, immature gametocytes can sequester at various sites in the human body, and only mature sexual stages are found in the circulation. Although the fundamental mechanisms of gametocyte immune evasion are still largely unknown, candidate molecules that may be involved include variant antigens encoded by multigene families in the P. falciparum genome, such as the PfEMP1, STEVOR and RIFIN proteins. While expression of the former two families in sexual stages has been investigated earlier, we report here RIFIN expression during gametocytogenesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Variants of two previously characterized RIFIN subfamilies (A- and B-type RIFINs) were found to be synthesized in gametocytes. Immunofluorescence experiments showed A-type RIFINs to be accumulated in a crescent-shaped pattern of discrete punctate structures at the infected erythrocyte membrane, while members of the B-type family were associated with the parasite. Transcription analysis demonstrated the existence of diverse transcriptional regulation patterns during sexual differentiation and indicated variant-specific regulation of B-type RIFINs, in contrast to group-specific regulation for A-type RIFINs. Phylogenetic analysis of 5'-upstream regions showed that the rif-gene family falls into five defined clusters, designated rups (rifupstream) A1, A2, AB, B and C. In trophozoites and early gametocytes, rif variants of the rupsA2-type were preferentially expressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this work we demonstrate the expression dynamics of the rif-gene family during sexual differentiation and present indications for subgroup specific regulation patterns. Therefore, our data provide a first foundation and point to new directions for future investigations of the potential role of RIFINs in gametocyte immune evasion.
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany. mpetter@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petter
authors.forename: Insa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bonow
authors.forename: Mo-Quen
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Klinkert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D017125:Genes, Protozoan; D007107:Immune System; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D005810:Multigene Family; D010271:Parasites / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C534665:RIFIN protein, Plasmodium falciparum; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C474556:STEVOR antigen, Plasmodium falciparum; C085731:erythrocyte membrane protein 1, Plasmodium falciparum