title: Toxicities associated with dual nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor regimens in HIV-infected children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy includes a backbone of nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Toxicities associated with NRTIs are not fully defined in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 2233 children < or =13 years of age who were perinatally infected with HIV and were receiving > or =2 NRTIs, to determine the relative toxicities of the 5 most common NRTI pairs: zidovudine (ZDV)/lamivudine (3TC), ZDV/didanosine (ddI), stavudine (d4T)/3TC, d4T/ddI, and ddI/3TC. Incidence rates for clinical and laboratory toxicities were estimated, and NRTI pairs were compared with regard to the time to the first toxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common clinical toxicities noted were hepatitis, peripheral neuropathy, lipodystrophy/lipoatrophy, and pancreatitis, whereas the most common laboratory toxicities were an elevated anion gap, an increased total amylase level, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. Overall, regimens containing ZDV were associated with a significantly lower rate of clinical toxicities than were those containing d4T (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.49; P = .02) ); regimens containing ddI were associated with a significantly lower rate of laboratory toxicities than were those containing 3TC (adjusted HR, 0.78; P = .04). ZDV/3TC was associated with a lower rate of clinical toxicities than were d4T/ddI and ddI/3TC and with a higher rate of laboratory toxicities than was ZDV/ddI. ZDV/ddI was associated with a lower rate of clinical toxicities than was d4T/3TC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children, regimens containing ZDV have less toxicity than do those containing d4T, thereby supporting their use in first-line regimens. D4T/3TC, d4T/ddI, and ddI/3TC have similar toxicity rates and are appropriate for second-line therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. vandyke@tulane.edu
authors.forename: Russell B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Van Dyke
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Paige L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors