title: Induction of PPM1D following DNA-damaging treatments through a conserved p53 response element coincides with a shift in the use of transcription initiation sites.
abstract: PPM1D (Wip1), a type PP2C phosphatase, is expressed at low levels in most normal tissues but is overexpressed in several types of cancers. In cells containing wild-type p53, the levels of PPM1D mRNA and protein increase following exposure to genotoxic stress, but the mechanism of regulation by p53 was unknown. PPM1D also has been identified as a CREB-regulated gene due to the presence of a cyclic AMP response element (CRE) in the promoter. Transient transfection and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments in HCT116 cells were used to characterize a conserved p53 response element located in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the PPM1D gene that is required for the p53-dependent induction of transcription from the human PPM1D promoter. CREB binding to the CRE contributes to the regulation of basal expression of PPM1D and directs transcription initiation at upstream sites. Following exposure to ultraviolet (UV) or ionizing radiation, the abundance of transcripts with short 5' UTRs increased in cells containing wild-type p53, indicating increased utilization of downstream transcription initiation sites. In cells containing wild-type p53, exposure to UV resulted in increased PPM1D protein levels even when PPM1D mRNA levels remained constant, indicating post-transcriptional regulation of PPM1D protein levels.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Oleg N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Demidov
authors.forename: Carl W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Ettore
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Appella
authors.forename: Sharlyn J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mazur
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D000071636:Protein Phosphatase 2C; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D020218:Response Elements; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D002843:Chromatin; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C000607458:PPM1D protein, human; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; C000607468:Ppm1d protein, mouse; D000071636:Protein Phosphatase 2C