title: A mechanism to explain the selection of the hepatitis e antigen-negative mutant during chronic hepatitis B virus infection.
abstract: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) expresses two structural forms of the nucleoprotein, the intracellular nucleocapsid (hepatitis core antigen [HBcAg]) and the secreted nonparticulate form (hepatitis e antigen [HBeAg]). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of HBcAg- and HBeAg-specific genetic immunogens to induce HBc/HBeAg-specific CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cell immune responses and the potential to induce liver injury in HBV-transgenic (Tg) mice. Both the HBcAg- and HBeAg-specific plasmids primed comparable immune responses. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were important for priming/effector functions of HBc/HBeAg-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses. However, a unique two-step immunization protocol was necessary to elicit maximal CTL priming. Genetic vaccination did not prime CTLs in HBe- or HBc/HBeAg-dbl-Tg mice but elicited a weak CTL response in HBcAg-Tg mice. When HBc/HBeAg-specific CTLs were adoptively transferred into HBc-, HBe-, and HBc/HBeAg-dbl-Tg mice, the durations of the liver injury and inflammation were significantly greater in HBeAg-Tg recipient mice than in HBcAg-Tg mice. Importantly, liver injury in HBc/HBeAg-dbl-Tg mice was similar to the injury observed in HBeAg-Tg mice. Loss of HBeAg synthesis commonly occurs during chronic HBV infection; however, the mechanism of selection of HBeAg-negative variants is unknown. The finding that hepatocytes expressing wild-type HBV (containing both HBcAg and HBeAg) are more susceptible to CTL-mediated clearance than hepatocytes expressing only HBcAg suggest that the HBeAg-negative variant may have a selective advantage over wild-type HBV within the livers of patients with chronic infection during an immune response and may represent a CTL escape mutant.
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Research Institute of San Diego, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 300, San Diego, CA 92109, USA.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frelin
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wahlström
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Byung O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jean-Noel
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Billaud
authors.forename: Cory
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Whitacre
authors.forename: Darrell
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Milich
mesh_terms: D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D018963:Hepatitis Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000276:immunology*; D016752:Hepatitis E virus / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009154:Mutation; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018963:Hepatitis Antigens