title: Hypoxia reprograms calcium signaling and regulates myoglobin expression.
abstract: Myoglobin is an oxygen storage molecule that is selectively expressed in cardiac and slow-twitch skeletal muscles that have a high oxygen demand. Numerous studies have implicated hypoxia in the regulation of myoglobin expression as an adaptive response to hypoxic stress. However, the details of this relationship remain undefined. In the present study, adult mice exposed to 10% oxygen for periods up to 3 wk exhibited increased myoglobin expression only in the working heart, whereas myoglobin was either diminished or unchanged in skeletal muscle groups. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that hypoxia in the presence or absence of exercise-induced stimuli reprograms calcium signaling and modulates myoglobin gene expression. Hypoxia alone significantly altered calcium influx in response to cell depolarization or depletion of endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores, which inhibited the expression of myoglobin. In contrast, our whole animal and transcriptional studies indicate that hypoxia in combination with exercise enhanced the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via the ryanodine receptors triggered by caffeine, which increased the translocation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells into the nucleus to transcriptionally activate myoglobin expression. The present study unveils a previously unrecognized mechanism where the hypoxia-mediated regulation of calcium transients from different intracellular pools modulates myoglobin gene expression. In addition, we observed that changes in myoglobin expression, in response to hypoxia, are not dependent on hypoxia-inducible factor-1 or changes in skeletal muscle fiber type. These studies enhance our understanding of hypoxia-mediated gene regulation and will have broad applications for the treatment of myopathic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Shane B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kanatous
authors.forename: Pradeep P A
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Mammen
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: Cindy M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dimaio
authors.forename: Guojin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Shmuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muallem
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Garry
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000494:pharmacology; D019703:Calcineurin / Q000378:metabolism; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002460:Cell Line; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006614:Hindlimb; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000378:metabolism; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D009211:Myoglobin; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D002110:Caffeine; D019703:Calcineurin