title: Spontaneous isolated convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage: presentation, radiological findings, differential diagnosis, and clinical course.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical characteristics and overall outcome in patients with spontaneous isolated convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are not well described in the literature. The purpose of this study was to examine the mode of presentation, common origins, radiographic findings, and clinical course in a large case series of such patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective single-center chart review of all patients in whom nontraumatic primary convexity SAH was diagnosed between 2002 and 2007 was performed. Twenty patients were identified and analyzed for presenting symptoms, radiological and laboratory findings, hospital course, and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 15 women and 5 men in our series, and the mean age was 52 years (range 18-86 years). The most common presenting symptom was headache, with 15 patients experiencing it as a chief complaint. Other frequent manifestations included altered mental status (8 patients), focal neurological deficits (7), and seizure (4 patients). An underlying cause of the hemorrhage was identified in 13 cases, whereas the remainder went unresolved. Of the known causes, 5 were due to posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, 3 were caused by thrombocytopenia or anticoagulation, and the remainder were isolated cases of lupus vasculitis, drug-induced vasculopathy, postpartum cerebral angiopathy, hypertensive microangiopathy, and Call-Fleming syndrome. All patients with unknown disease origins had favorable outcomes, whereas 8 of 13 patients with an identifiable underlying disorder experienced favorable outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spontaneous isolated convexity SAH is rarely caused by aneurysm rupture, has a distinct mode of presentation, and generally carries a more favorable prognosis than that of aneurysmal SAH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. refaid@nsurg.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Refai
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Botros
authors.forename: Russell G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Strom
authors.forename: Colin P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Derdeyn
authors.forename: Aseem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Zipfel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018450:Disease Progression; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D020945:Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000150:complications; D055815:Young Adult