title: Cancer patients' barriers to pain management and psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the Barriers Questionnaire II.
abstract: The Barriers Questionnaire II (BQ-II) was developed to assess barriers to effective pain management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the BQ-II in a sample of Norwegian cancer patients. The BQ-II was translated into Norwegian and pilot tested with eight oncology outpatients. Then, a convenience sample of 321 cancer patients from two different sites was recruited to maximize the number of questionnaires available for the psychometric analyses. Patients were included if they: were >18 years of age; had a diagnosis of cancer; and self-reported pain and/or use of analgesics. Construct validity of the Norwegian version of the BQ II (NBQ-II) was evaluated using an exploratory factor analysis. A seven-factor solution was found that was more consistent with the original version of the BQ. Construct validity of the NBQ-II was demonstrated through positive correlations between most of the subscale and total scores on the NBQ-II and pain intensity and pain interference scores. Finally, Cronbach's α coefficients of ≥0.7 for six of the seven subscales and 0.89 for the total scale demonstrated acceptable levels of internal consistency. In conclusion, the NBQ-II demonstrated adequate psychometric properties. However, further revision and testing of the questionnaire should be performed to confirm the factor structure that was identified in this study.
authors.affiliation: Oslo University College, Faculty of Nursing, Oslo, Norway. berit.valeberg@su.hio.no
authors.forename: Berit Taraldsen
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Valeberg
authors.forename: Berit Rokne
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Hanestad
authors.forename: Pål
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klepstad
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miaskowski
authors.forename: Torbjørn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moum
authors.forename: Tone
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rustøen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D009664:Norway; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires