title: A randomized, open-label, 2-period, crossover bioequivalence study of two oral formulations of 75 mg oseltamivir in healthy Thai volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oseltamivir, an ester prodrug of its active carboxylate metabolite, is an effective neuraminidase inhibitor used to treat influenza A and B virus infections. The purpose of this study was to compare the bioavailability of two 75 mg oral formulations of oseltamivir: a generic drug, GOP-A-Flu (test, Government Pharmaceutical Organization, Thailand) and Tamiflu (reference, Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Nutley, NJ, USA) in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-dose, randomized, 2-sequence, crossover study was conducted in 24 healthy Thai volunteers. Each volunteer received a 75 mg capsule of the reference or test drugs under fasting conditions. Blood samples were collected before dosing and at various time points up to 48 hours after dosing and analyzed for plasma oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate concentrations. The pharmacokinetic parameters including Cmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-infinity, tmax and t1/2 were analyzed using the non-compartmental method. Drug safety was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  23 volunteers completed both treatment periods. The geometric mean ratios (test/reference) between the two formulations of oseltamivir were 96.83% (90% CI, 76.85 - 123.15%) for Cmax 103.66% (86.44 - 113.56%) for AUC0-t, and 103.98% (86.44 - 113.56%) for AUC0-infinity. Those of oseltamivir carboxylate were 102.17% (90% CI, 90.90 - 109.10%) for Cmax, 103.95% (90.90 - 109.10%) for AUC0-t, and 103.95% (90.92 - 109.08%) for AUC0-infinity. No significant difference of the tmax of oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate between the two formulations was detected (p > 0.05). Both formulations were well-tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the Cmax of oseltamivir was the only parameter not entirely within the equivalence criteria, the two capsule formulations were considered bioequivalent in terms of rate and extent of absorption regarding its active carboxylate metabolite.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. siskt@mahidol.ac.th
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kongpatanakul
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chatsiricharoenkul
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Panich
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sathirakul
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pongnarin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sangvanich
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002214:Capsules; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D053139:Oseltamivir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013785:Thailand; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D002214:Capsules; D011355:Prodrugs; D053139:Oseltamivir; D009439:Neuraminidase