title: Removal of fecal indicators and pathogens in a waste stabilization pond system treating municipal wastewater in India.
abstract: This study assess the removal of fecal indicators (i.e., total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli, fecal streptococci, and pathogens [Salmonella sp. and helminth eggs]) in a full-scale facultative and maturation pond system with primary screening and manual grit removal facility. The capacity of the plant is 6 ML/d. The results showed that the system was able to remove approximately 2.0 to 3.5 log units of fecal indicators and almost 100% of helminth eggs. Meanwhile, Salmonella was not eliminated significantly, as only 1.26 log units removal was found. Removal efficiency of fecal indicator bacteria was reported maximum during summers (3.4 to 4.0 log units) and minimum (1.9 to 2.0 log units) in winters. Further efforts were made to seek the correlation between key physicochemical wastewater quality parameters (biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity, and suspended solids) and indicator microorganisms (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci). Among all these parameters, suspended solids showed the highest correlation coefficient (r2) with total coliforms (0.79), fecal coliforms (0.78), and fecal streptococci (0.75). These correlations manifest that the improvement of microbiological quality of wastewater is strongly linked to the removal of suspended solids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India. vinayiitr@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Vinay Kumar
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Tyagi
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kazmi
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chopra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002947:Cities; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D006376:Helminths / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007194:India; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010063:Ovum; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012621:Seasons; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012722:Sewage; D010100:Oxygen