title: African Americans present with more severe primary hyperparathyroidism than non-African Americans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Similar to other disease states, we postulated that African American patients present with more severe signs of primary hyperparathyroidism than non-African Americans. To test this hypothesis, we compared relevant preoperative laboratory values, sestamibi scan results, and intraoperative findings between African American and non-African American patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent parathyroidectomy between January 2002 and May 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 588 patients were included and 113 (19%) were African American. A linear model was used to examine the effect of race with respect to mean differences in serum calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) levels, gland weight, presence of double adenomas and, sestamibi scan sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adjusted for age and gender, African Americans exhibited significantly higher median calcium (11.36 [SD = 0.91] vs 11.06 [SD = 0.72] mg/dL, P < .001), iPTH (138.5 [SD = 166.03] vs 117 [73.22] pg/mL, P < .01), and ALKP (101 [SD = 57.86] vs 90.5 [SD = 29.78] U/L, P < .01) levels compared with non- African Americans. They exhibited significantly lower median serum 25(OH)D (14 [SD = 9.36] vs 23 [SD = 12.160] ng/mL, P < .001), greater gland weight (P < .001), a higher probability of double adenomas (odds ratio = 2.83, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36-5.88), and a higher probability of presenting with a positive sestamibi scan (odds ratio = 4.99, 95% CI = 2.44-10.19) compared with non-African Americans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  African Americans present with more advanced signs of primary hyperparathyroidism than non-African Americans. These results may reflect less access to health care, surgical consultations, or other unidentified factors. These highly significant findings, however, warrant additional investigation.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Emad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kandil
authors.forename: Hua Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Helina
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Somervell
authors.forename: Alan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Dackiw
authors.forename: Ralph P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Tufano
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Tufaro
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.forename: Martha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zeiger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D049950:Hyperparathyroidism, Primary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies