title: Efficacy of fentanyl or alfentanil in suppressing reflex sneezing after propofol sedation and periocular injection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A sneeze reflex may occur after propofol sedation and during periocular injections. Unexpected movement from sneezing can result in needle injury to the globe or optic nerve, or hematoma. We investigate the efficacy of concomitant fentanyl or alfentanil in reducing sneezing following propofol and during periocular injections.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our prospective, randomized study included 81 adult patients undergoing conscious sedation prior to periocular injection of local anesthesia. All patients received propofol and were randomized to propofol only (25 patients), propofol plus midazolam (14 patients), propofol plus opioid (31 patients), propofol plus midazolam and opioid (11 patients). Periocular injection of local anesthetic was given in the usual manner. The main outcome measure was sneezing. Patients were also assessed for cardiorespiratory parameters, analgesia, and adverse side effects of sedatives.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the patients who received no opioid, 17 of 39 (43.6%) sneezed. Of the patients who received an opioid, 0 of 42 sneezed (p < 0.0001 by Fisher exact two-tailed test). Among subjects receiving no opioids, midazolam was associated with a higher incidence of the sneeze reflex, but this was not quite statistically significant (p = 0.09). No adverse cardiorespiratory events were noted and analgesia was universally adequate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fentanyl or alfentanil suppressed sneezing after propofol sedation and eyelid anesthetic injection. These medications may prevent needle injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA. j.tao@uci.edu
authors.forename: Jeremiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nunery
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kresovsky
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lister
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mote
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015760:Alfentanil / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019882:Blepharoplasty / Q000379:methods; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008875:Middle Aged; D009915:Orbit; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D012912:Sneezing / Q000187:drug effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D015760:Alfentanil; D005283:Fentanyl; D015742:Propofol