title: Long-term outcomes and costs of ventricular assist devices among Medicare beneficiaries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2003, Medicare expanded coverage of ventricular assist devices as destination, or permanent, therapy for end-stage heart failure. Little is known about the long-term outcomes and costs associated with these devices.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the acute and long-term outcomes of Medicare beneficiaries receiving ventricular assist devices alone or after open-heart surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of inpatient claims from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services for the period 2000 through 2006. Patients were Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries who received a ventricular assist device between February 2000 and June 2006 alone as primary therapy (primary device group; n = 1476) or after cardiotomy in the previous 30 days (postcardiotomy group; n = 1467).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cumulative incidence of device replacement, device removal, heart transplantation, readmission, and death, accounting for censoring and competing risks. Patients were followed up for at least 6 months and factors independently associated with long-term survival were identified. Medicare payments were used to calculate total inpatient costs and costs per day outside the hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 1-year survival was 51.6% (n = 669) in the primary device group and 30.8% (n = 424) in the postcardiotomy group. Among primary device patients, 815 (55.2%) were discharged alive with a device. Of those, 450 (55.6%) were readmitted within 6 months and 504 (73.2%) were alive at 1 year. Of the 493 (33.6%) postcardiotomy patients discharged alive with a device, 237 (48.3%) were readmitted within 6 months and 355 (76.6%) were alive at 1 year. Mean 1-year Medicare payments for inpatient care for patients in the 2000-2005 cohorts were $178,714 (SD, $142,549) in the primary device group and $111,769 (SD, $95,413) in the postcardiotomy group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among Medicare beneficiaries receiving a ventricular assist device, early mortality, morbidity, and costs remain high. Improving patient selection and reducing perioperative mortality are critical for improving overall outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, PO Box 17969, Durham, NC 27715, USA. adrian.hernandez@duke.edu
authors.forename: Adrian F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Alisa M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: Carmelo A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Milano
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: Bradley G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Hammill
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Lesley H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Curtis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices / Q000191:economics; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D010359:Patient Readmission; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States