title: Silibinin inhibits established prostate tumor growth, progression, invasion, and metastasis and suppresses tumor angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The chronic nature of prostate cancer growth and progression leading to metastasis provides a large window for intervention. Herein, for the first time, we investigated the effect and associated mechanisms of silibinin phosphatidylcholine (silybin-phytosome) on established prostate tumors in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-week-old TRAMP male mice having palpable prostate tumor were fed with control or 0.5% and 1%, w/w, silybin-phytosome diets for 11 weeks and then sacrificed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary silibinin inhibited the growth of prostate tumors (up to 60%, P < 0.001) and suppressed tumor progression from prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia to differentiated adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, with a complete absence of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma at higher doses. It also inhibited the incidence of tumor invasion of seminal vesicle (up to 81%, P < 0.001) with complete absence of distant metastasis. Silibinin moderately inhibited tumor cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, but strongly suppressed tumor microvessel density (up to 60%, P < 0.001), vascular endothelial growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 expression. Antibody array analysis of plasma showed a decrease in the circulatory levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Decreased levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), snail-1, and vimentin, and an increased level of E-cadherin were also observed, indicating the anti-epithelial-mesenchymal transition effect of silibinin in tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, silibinin treatment of TRAMP mice bearing prostate tumor inhibited tumor growth, progression, local invasion, and distant metastasis involving suppression of tumor angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These findings would have greater relevance for the ongoing phase II clinical trial with silibinin-phytosome in prostate cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
authors.forename: Rana P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Komal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Raina
authors.forename: Girish
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D015820:Cadherins / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D018450:Disease Progression; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000188:drug therapy; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000077385:Silybin; D012838:Silymarin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014746:Vimentin / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D015820:Cadherins; D012838:Silymarin; D014746:Vimentin; C518471:silybin-phytosome; D000077385:Silybin; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases