title: Culture, Method, and the Content of Self-Concepts: Testing Trait, Individual-Self-Primacy, and Cultural Psychology Perspectives.
abstract: Three theoretical perspectives on cultural universals and differences in the content of self-concepts were tested in individualistic (United States, n = 178; Australia, n = 112) and collectivistic (Mexico, n = 157; Philippines, n = 138) cultures, using three methods of self-concept assessment. Support was found for both trait perspectives and the individual-self-primacy hypothesis. In contrast, support for cultural psychology hypotheses was limited because traits and other personal attributes were not more salient, or social attributes less salient, in individualistic cultures than collectivistic cultures. The salience of some aspects of self-concept depended on the method of assessment, calling into question conclusions based on monomethod studies.
authors.affiliation: Washington State University.
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Del Prado
authors.forename: A Timothy
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Church
authors.forename: Marcia S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Katigbak
authors.forename: Lilia G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Miramontes
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whitty
authors.forename: Guy J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Jesús Vargas-Flores
authors.forename: Joselina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ibáñez-Reyes
authors.forename: Fernando A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Jose Alberto S
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Reyes