title: A novel camptothecin derivative incorporated in nano-carrier induced distinguished improvement in solubility, stability and anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An oil/water nanoemulsion was developed in the present study to enhance the solubility, stability and anti-tumor activity of a novel 10-methoxy-9-nitrocamptothecin (MONCPT).
  
  
  METHODS
  MONCPT nanoemulsion was prepared using Lipoid E80 and cremophor EL as main emulsifiers by microfluidization. The droplet size of the nanoemulsion was measured by dynamic light scattering. In vitro drug release was monitored by membrane dialysis. Kinetics of MONCPT transformed into carboxylic salt was performed in phosphate buffer at different pH. Hemolysis of MONCPT nanoemulsion was conducted in rabbit erythrocytes. Solubilization character of MONCPT in nanoemulsion was experimented using Nile red as a solvatochromic probe. In vitro cytotoxicity of the nanoemulsion was measured in A549 and S180 cells using Sulforhodamine B protein stain method, and suppression rate of tumor growth was investigated in S180-bearing mice. The cell cycle effects of MONCPT nanoemulsion on S180 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Distribution of the nanoemulsion in A549 cells and S180-bearing mice were also investigated by fluorescence image.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MONCPT is incorporated in the nanoemulsion in form of lactone with concentration of 489 microg/ml, more than 200 folds higher than that in water. Experiments using Nile red as a solvatochromic probe indicated that more MONCPT might be located in the interfacial surfactant layer of the nanoemulsion than that in discrete oil droplet or continuous aqueous phase. Nanoemulsion could release MONCPT in a sustained way, and it was further shown to notably postpone the hydrolysis of MONCPT with longer hydrolysis half-life time (11.38 h) in nanoemulsion at pH 7.4 than that of MONCPT solution (4.03 h). No obvious hemolysis was caused by MOCPT nanoemulsion in rabbit erythrocytes. MONCPT nanoemulsion showed a marked increase in cytotoxic activity, 23.6 folds and 28.6 folds in S180 cells and A549 cells respectively via arresting the cell at G2 phase, compared to that induced by MONCPT injection. It correlated well to the in vivo anti-tumor activity of MONCPT nanoemulsion with suppression rate of 93.6%, while that of MONCPT injection was only 24.2% at the same dosage. Moreover, nanoemulsion exhibited enhanced capability of delivering drug into malignant cell's nucleus in vitro and induced drug accumulation in tumor in S180-bearing mice using in vivo imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nanoemulsion prepared exhibited an improved MONCPT solubility, stability and anti-tumor activity, providing a promising carrier for cancer chemotherapy using MONCPT.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Cai-Xia
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Qiu-Li
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Xiao-Chun
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yuan-Yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Diao
authors.forename: Dong-Hang
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Qiao-Jun
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Yong-Zhou
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Wen-Quan
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jian-Qing
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004355:Drug Stability; D045703:Emulsifying Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D004655:Emulsions; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005990:Glycerol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D049329:Nanostructures; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D010078:Oxazines; D010316:Particle Size; D011817:Rabbits; D012995:Solubility; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: C513484:10-methoxy-9-nitrocamptothecin; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D004337:Drug Carriers; D045703:Emulsifying Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D010078:Oxazines; C000515:cremophor EL; C044808:nile red; D005990:Glycerol; D002166:Camptothecin