Online racial discrimination and psychological adjustment among adolescents.
OBJECTIVE
To examine associations between individual and vicarious racial discrimination via the Internet and psychological adjustment.


METHODS
This study was a cross-sectional survey using a school-based sample of adolescents. Two hundred sixty-four high school students aged 14-18 completed the online survey.


RESULTS
Twenty percent of whites, 29% of African Americans and 42% of multiracials/other experienced individual discrimination and approximately 71% of African Americans and whites and 67% of multiracials witnessed discrimination experienced by same-race and cross-race peers. Hierarchical linear regressions revealed that individual racial discrimination was significantly related to depression and anxiety over and above offline measures. Vicarious discrimination was not related to psychological adjustment measures.


CONCLUSIONS
Adolescents frequently experienced both individual and vicarious discrimination online. Consistent with offline studies, online racial discrimination was negatively associated with psychological functioning. This study highlights the need to address racial issues in Internet safety prevention.
Tynes
Brendesha M
BM
Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA. tynes@illinois.edu
Giang
Michael T
MT
Williams
David R
DR
Thompson
Geneene N
GN
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D011287:Prejudice; D011822:Race Relations; D044469:Racial Groups; D012737:Sex Factors