title: Status of biomolecular recognition using electrochemical techniques.
abstract: The use of nanoscale materials (e.g., nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanorods) for electrochemical biosensing has seen explosive growth in recent years following the discovery of carbon nanotubes by Sumio Ijima in 1991. Although the resulting label-free sensors could potentially simplify the molecular recognition process, there are several important hurdles to be overcome. These include issues of validating the biosensor on statistically large population of real samples rather than the commonly reported relatively short synthetic oligonucleotides, pristine laboratory standards or bioreagents; multiplexing the sensors to accommodate high-throughput, multianalyte detection as well as application in complex clinical and environmental samples. This article reviews the status of biomolecular recognition using electrochemical detection by analyzing the trends, limitations, challenges and commercial devices in the field of electrochemical biosensors. It provides a survey of recent advances in electrochemical biosensors including integrated microelectrode arrays with microfluidic technologies, commercial multiplex electrochemical biosensors, aptamer-based sensors, and metal-enhanced electrochemical detection (MED), with limits of detection in the attomole range. Novel applications are also reviewed for cancer monitoring, detection of food pathogens, as well as recent advances in electrochemical glucose biosensors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Sensors & Environmental Monitoring, State University of New York-Binghamton, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States. osadik@binghamton.edu
authors.forename: Omowunmi A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Sadik
authors.forename: Austin O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Aluoch
authors.forename: Ailing
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D001786:Blood Glucose; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D005504:Food Analysis; D016266:Food Parasitology; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001786:Blood Glucose