National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: environmental cold injuries.
OBJECTIVE
To present recommendations for the prevention, recognition, and treatment of environmental cold injuries.


BACKGROUND
Individuals engaged in sport-related or work-related physical activity in cold, wet, or windy conditions are at risk for environmental cold injuries. An understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology, risk management, recognition, and immediate care of environmental cold injuries is an essential skill for certified athletic trainers and other health care providers working with individuals at risk.


CONCLUSIONS
These recommendations are intended to provide certified athletic trainers and others participating in athletic health care with the specific knowledge and problem-solving skills needed to address environmental cold injuries. Each recommendation has been graded (A, B, or C) according to the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy criterion scale.
Cappaert
Thomas A
TA
Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, Michigan, USA.
Stone
Jennifer A
JA
Castellani
John W
JW
Krause
Bentley Andrew
BA
Smith
Daniel
D
Stephens
Bradford A
BA
D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005627:Frostbite / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States