title: The value of lipoprotein (a), homocysteine, and Doppler of carotid and femoral arteries in assessment of atherosclerosis in asymptomatic cardiovascular risk patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of non-traditional biochemical markers, and carotid and femoral Doppler in early detection of atherosclerosis in asymptomatic cardiovascular risk patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted on 72 patients with various cardiovascular risk factors (22 diabetic, 15 hypertensive, 20 smokers, and 15 obese), in addition to 18 healthy controls. All of them were subjected to complete examination, anthropometric measurements, calculation of Framingham risk score (FS) and measurement of lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), homocysteine, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and microalbumin in urine (UAER) and calculation of insulin sensitivity. Intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque formation were assessed in both carotid and femoral arteries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean values of serum insulin, homocysteine, CRP, UAER, and the IMT of right and left common carotid, and right femoral arteries revealed significant elevation in all studied groups compared to controls and insulin sensitivity showed significant reduction. In group C (FS≥20%) the mean values of triglycerides, Lp(a), and IMT of right femoral, right carotid, and left carotid arteries showed significant elevation compared to group A (FS<10%) (p<0.01). Age, waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, homocysteine, triglycerides, and CRP were predictors of IMT of carotid artery, while age, CRP, and triglycerides were predictors of atheroma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-traditional biochemical markers were elevated in all studied cardiovascular risk groups. IMT of carotid artery correlated with traditional risk factors and FS, as well as non-traditional risk factors. Carotid IMT measurement is recommended in both primary and secondary coronary heart disease prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt. salwaelgendi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Salwa S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: El-Gendi
authors.forename: Madeeha Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Bakeet
authors.forename: Eman Abu
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: El-Hamed
authors.forename: Fatihea K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Randa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000652:urine; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D017270:Lipoprotein(a) / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007328:Insulin; D017270:Lipoprotein(a); D006710:Homocysteine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein