title: Occupational stressors and its organizational and individual correlates: a nationwide study of Norwegian ambulance personnel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High levels of stress among ambulance personnel have been attributed to the conditions of ambulance work. However, there is little research to support this notion, and it has been questioned whether ambulance work is inherently stressful. We compared the severity and frequency level of organizational and ambulance-specific stressors, and studied their relationship to organizational conditions and individual differences
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of ambulance personnel (n = 1180) in operational duty. The questionnaire included the Job Stress Survey, the Norwegian Ambulance Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and questions addressing organizational conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serious operational tasks and physical demands were identified as the two most severe stressors. Lack of support from co-workers was the most severe and frequent organizational stressor. Higher frequency of stressors was most strongly associated with size of service districts (beta ranging between .18 and .30, p < .01) and working overtime (beta ranging from .13 to .27, p < .05). Stressor severity was related to lack of support after exposure to critical event (beta ranging from .11 to .24, p < .01) and working overtime. Neuroticism (beta ranging from .09 to .17, p < .01) and low general self-efficacy (beta ranging from -.12 to -.16, p < .001) were equally strongly related to severity of stressors, as were organizational conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ambulance-specific stressors were reported as both more severe and more frequently occurring stressors than were organizational stressors. Organizational working conditions were more strongly related to frequency of job stressors than were individual differences. In general, the relationship between occupational stressors and individual differences was weak.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioural Sciences in Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. tom.sterud@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sterud
authors.forename: Erlend
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hem
authors.forename: Oivind
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ekeberg
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000552:Ambulances; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance / Q000523:psychology; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult