title: Bilateral frontal transcranial direct current stimulation: Failure to replicate classic findings in healthy subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There has been no modern effort to replicate, further characterize, or quantify the dramatic effects on affect described in controlled studies from the 1960s using bilateral frontal electrodes with an extra-cephalic reference in a mixed group composed primarily of mildly depressed individuals. We performed a comprehensive, quantitative assessment of the effects of bifrontal TDCS on emotion in 21 healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind crossover study, we administered tests of emotional state, affect, emotional decision-making, arousal, and psychomotor functions during sham, anodal, and cathodal TDCS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no systematic effects on any measure, despite two subjects who had pronounced mood effects in the predicted direction. There were no adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In line with some other studies, we found no consistent effects of bifrontal TDCS on measures of emotional function of psychomotor performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate the safety of bilateral anterior frontal TDCS with an extra-cephalic reference, but raise questions about its effectiveness as a modulator of mood and emotional cognition, at least in healthy subjects.
authors.affiliation: Brain Stimulation Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1440, Bethesda, MD 20892-1440, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koenigs
authors.forename: Dede
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ukueberuwa
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Campion
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grafman
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wassermann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult