title: Comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of bisoprolol and carvedilol in healthy dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability following oral and IV administration of bisoprolol, a second-generation beta1-adrenoceptor-selective blocking agent, with those of carvedilol, a third-generation beta1/beta2 and alpha1-adrenoceptor blocking agent, in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  12 healthy adult Beagles.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, parallel group study was performed. The dogs were allocated to 1 of 2 groups (6 dogs/group) and were administered orally a 1 mg/kg dose of either bisoprolol or carvedilol. Following a 1-week washout period, each cohort received a 1 mg/kg dose of the same drug IV. Blood samples were collected before and after drug administration, and serum concentrations, pharmacokinetic variables, and bioavailability for each agent were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After oral administration of bisoprolol, the geometric mean value of the area under the concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUCinf) was 2,195 microg/L (coefficient of variation [CV], 15%). After IV administration of bisoprolol, the dose-normalized geometric mean AUCinf was 2,402 microg/L (CV, 19%). Oral bioavailability of bisoprolol was 91.4%. After oral administration of carvedilol, the geometric mean AUCinf was 70 microg/L (CV, 81%). After IV administration of carvedilol, the geometric mean AUCinf was 491 microg/L (CV, 23%). Oral bioavailability of carvedilol was 14.3%. Total body clearance was low (0.42 L/h/kg) for bisoprolol and high (2.0 L/h/kg) for carvedilol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After oral administration, carvedilol underwent extensive first-pass metabolism and had limited bioavailability; bisoprolol had less first-pass effect and higher bioavailability. Collectively, these differences suggested that, in dogs, bisoprolol has less interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, compared with carvedilol.
authors.affiliation: Research & Development-Clinical Research & Development, Animal Health Division, Bayer HealthCare AG, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Beddies
authors.forename: Philip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Papich
authors.forename: Venkata-Rangaro
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Kanikanti
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krebber
authors.forename: Bruce W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Keene
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D017298:Bisoprolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000077261:Carvedilol; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004285:Dogs / Q000378:metabolism*; D006207:Half-Life; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol; D017298:Bisoprolol