title: Evaluation of induction of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome in gnotobiotic pigs with negative results for porcine circovirus type 2.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) could be experimentally induced in gnotobiotic swine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma samples from 27 sows and 20 conventional weaned piglets were obtained, and 30 gnotobiotic pigs were used in experiments.
  
  
  METHODS
  3 experiments were conducted. Groups of 3-day-old gnotobiotic pigs were inoculated with pooled plasma samples obtained from healthy feeder pigs in a herd that was in the initial phases of an outbreak of respiratory disease; gross and histologic lesions of PDNS were detected in the inoculated pigs. In a second experiment, 2- and 3-day-old gnotobiotic pigs were inoculated with porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and with PRRSV-negative tissue homogenate containing genogroup 1 torque teno virus (g1-TTV). Lesions of PDNS were detected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pigs inoculated with pooled plasma or the combination of tissue-culture-origin PRRSV and g1-TTV tissue homogenate developed systemic hemostatic defects, bilaterally symmetric cutaneous hemorrhages, generalized edema, icterus, bilaterally symmetric renal cortical hemorrhage, dermal vasculitis with hemorrhage, and interstitial pneumonia consistent with a clinical and pathologic diagnosis of PDNS. The PRRSV RNAs and g1-TTV DNAs were detected in plasma; all pigs seroconverted to PRRSV, and all had negative results for porcine circovirus type 2 when tested by use of PCR assays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggested that PDNS is a manifestation of disseminated intravascular coagulation in swine. For the experimental conditions reported here, combined infection with g1-TTV and PRRSV was implicated in the genesis of these lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krakowka
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hartunian
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamberg
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shoup
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rings
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ellis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017925:Circovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003872:Dermatitis / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D005856:Germ-Free Life; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000821:virology*