title: Heat shock protein 90 overexpression independently predicts inferior disease-free survival with differential expression of the alpha and beta isoforms in gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors harbor a mutated KIT or PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a chaperone mediating the folding and stabilization of many oncoproteins, including KIT. An Hsp90 inhibitor, 17-AAG, can attenuate KIT activation and proliferation of gastrointestinal stromal tumor cell lines. We further evaluated Hsp90 immunoexpression and the difference between alpha and beta isoforms in gastrointestinal stromal tumor specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hsp90 immunostain was assessable in 306 cases on tissue microarrays of primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors and correlated with various variables and disease-free survival (DFS). RTK mutation variants, confirmed in 142 cases by sequencing with or without precedent denaturing high pressure liquid chromatography screening, were dichotomized into two prognostically different groups. Differential expression of transcript and protein isoforms was measured by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting in 16 and 6 cases, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hsp90 overexpression (55%) significantly correlated with larger size, nongastric location, higher mitotic count and NIH risk level, Ki-67 overexpression (all P < or = 0.001), and unfavorable RTK genotypes (P = 0.020). It strongly portended inferior DFS univariately (P < 0.0001) and remained independent in multivariate analysis (P = 0.031; risk ratio, 2.44), along with high-risk category, Ki-67 overexpression, and old age. For both mRNA and protein, Hsp90beta was more abundant than Hsp90alpha, whereas the latter was significantly higher in high-risk cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hsp90 overexpression represents a poor prognosticator that correlates with several adverse parameters, highlighting its role in disease progression and alternative therapy for high-risk, imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Hsp90alpha seems more relevant to the intrinsic aggressiveness of gastrointestinal stromal tumors, albeit less abundant than Hsp90beta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Foundation Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-Feng
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wen-Wei
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jing-Mei
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Shih-Chen
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Tsung-Hui
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Yih-Huei
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Uen
authors.forename: Yu-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Ching-Nan
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Fu-Min
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Hsuan-Ying
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D046152:Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020796:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D020796:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha