title: Sensitivity of commercial scanners to microchips of various frequencies implanted in dogs and cats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the sensitivity of 4 commercially available microchip scanners used to detect or read encrypted and unencrypted 125-, 128-, and 134.2-kHz microchips under field conditions following implantation in dogs and cats at 6 animal shelters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study. Animals-3,949 dogs and cats at 6 animal shelters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each shelter was asked to enroll 657 to 660 animals and to implant microchips in 438 to 440 animals (each shelter used a different microchip brand). Animals were then scanned with 3 or 4 commercial scanners to determine whether microchips could be detected. Scanner sensitivity was calculated as the percentage of animals with a microchip in which the microchip was detected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the scanners examined had 100% sensitivity for any of the microchip brands. In addition, there were clear differences among scanners in regard to sensitivity. The 3 universal scanners capable of reading or detecting 128- and 134.2-kHz microchips all had sensitivities > or = 94.8% for microchips of these frequencies. Three of the 4 scanners had sensitivities > or = 88.2% for 125-kHz microchips, but sensitivity of one of the universal scanners for microchips of this frequency was lower (66.4% to 75.0%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicated that some currently available universal scanners have high sensitivity to microchips of the frequencies commonly used in the United States, although none of the scanners had 100% sensitivity. To maximize microchip detection, proper scanning technique should be used and animals should be scanned more than once. Microchipping should remain a component of a more comprehensive pet identification program.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Linda K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pennell
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ingwersen
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000823:Animal Identification Systems / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards*; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D011846:Radio Waves; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012984:Software