title: Management of postneurosurgical bone flap loss caused by infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  After studying this article, the participant should: 1. Be able to define indications and timing for secondary cranioplasty. 2. Understand the surgical options for reconstructing the cranium and overlying soft-tissue defect including their advantages and disadvantages. 3. Be able to apply this knowledge to the clinical setting of an infectious bone flap loss.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Infection after craniotomy occurs in approximately 1.1 to 8.1 percent of cases and often necessitates bone flap removal. For a secondary cranioplasty, there is an increased risk of recurrent infection, which influences the reconstructive plan. The soft tissue/scalp is frequently compromised by infection, sequelae of prior surgery, and/or adjuvant radiation therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was conducted to compile and summarize the indications for secondary cranioplasty after infectious bone flap loss, the timing of the procedure, and the surgical options for bone and soft-tissue reconstruction. In coordination with soft-tissue coverage, cranioplasty options include alloplastic reconstruction, allogeneic or autogenous bone grafts, and free tissue transfer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature review identified the following factors that must be considered in the treatment plan for secondary cranioplasty after postneurosurgical bone flap loss: indications, timing of reconstruction, soft-tissue status and the need for soft-tissue reconstruction, and method of cranioplasty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment recommendations for cranioplasty in the clinical setting of infectious postneurosurgical bone flap loss are presented. These guidelines consider the risk factors for a recurrent infection, the condition of the soft-tissue coverage, and the concavity of the preoperative cranial deformity.
authors.affiliation: Durham, N.C.; and Vogtareuth, Germany From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and the Division of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, and the Department of Plastic Surgery, Behandlungszentrum Vogtareuth.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baumeister
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peek
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: L Scott
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Marcus
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D006801:Humans; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012086:Reoperation; D012307:Risk Factors; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*