title: Differential effects of bone graft substitutes on regeneration of bone marrow.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study used a rat tibial marrow ablation model to test the hypothesis that bone remodeling within the medullary canal varies with bone graft materials of different chemical compositions and structural properties, impacting marrow cavity restoration. Bone graft materials were selected based on their relative resorption or degradation in vivo and their osteogenic properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following ablation of the right tibial marrow in male Sabra-strain rats, materials were implanted in the proximal marrow cavity: poly-D,L-lactide-co-glycolide 75 : 25 (PLGA); coralline-hydroxyapatite (HA), calcium-sulfate (CaSO4), collagen-HA-tricalcium phosphate granules, anorganic bovine bone mineral, demineralized bone matrix (DBM), 45S5 Bioglass (BG), PLGA with BG 50 : 50, PLGA : BG 80 : 20, and PLGA and PLGA:BG 50 : 50 plus bone marrow (BM). Control tibias were ablated but received no implants. At 2 (endosteal bone healing), 4 (marrow cavity remodeling) and 8 weeks (marrow restoration), six to eight animals per group were euthanized and tibias processed for histomorphometry of proximal and distal medullary canals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Control tibias showed primary bone in proximal and distal medullary canals at 2 weeks, with trabeculae surrounded by cellular marrow. At 4 and 8 weeks, control trabeculae were thinned and marrow had more fat cells. In the treated tibias, trabecular bone volume (TBV) varied with time and was material specific. Most implants supported comparable TBV at 2 weeks. Sites with CaSO4 or DBM exhibited decreased TBV with time whereas trabecular bone was retained in proximal tibias containing other materials, closely juxtaposed to the implants. TBV did not always correlate directly with implant volume, but changes in BM volume were correlated inversely with TBV. Addition of BM increased marrow restoration in sites containing PLGA; however, BM reduced restoration of marrow when added to PLGA : BG. Although the presence of implants in the proximal tibia resulted in retention of trabecular bone, there was a time-dependent reduction in TBV in distal canals; the rate and extent of the distal TBV reduction were implant dependent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, although many materials can support bone formation in the marrow cavity, bone quality, quantity, and physical relationship to the implant, and its rate of resorption differ in a material-dependent manner, resulting in differences in the restoration of marrow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bone graft materials should be selected not only for their ability to support new bone formation but also for their impact on the remodeling phase of bone healing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Hebrew University Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Doukarsky-Marx
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nasatzky
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goultschin
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ranly
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Greenspan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sela
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Boyan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000187:drug effects*; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000494:pharmacology; D002516:Ceramics / Q000494:pharmacology; D003094:Collagen / Q000494:pharmacology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006882:Hydroxyapatites / Q000494:pharmacology; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008903:Minerals / Q000494:pharmacology; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D012038:Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013977:Tibia
chemical_list: C077540:Bio-Oss; C022107:Bioglass; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006882:Hydroxyapatites; D008903:Minerals; C119955:coralline hydroxyapatite; C065819:Collagraft; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D003094:Collagen; D002133:Calcium Sulfate