title: Phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response trial of intravenous adenosine for perioperative analgesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adenosine regulates pain transmission by actions at spinal, supraspinal, and peripheral sites. A few studies have suggested that administration of adenosine might be associated with anesthetic- and analgesic-sparing effects. The primary aim of this multicenter study was to determine the dose-response profile of adenosine with respect to perioperative analgesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women undergoing major gynecologic surgery were enrolled. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive one of four doses of adenosine (25, 50, 100, or 200 microg x kg x min) or matching placebo. A dose-escalation cohort approach was followed. Study drug administration was started in the operating room at the time of skin incision and discontinued at the end of surgery. The anesthetic technique was standardized. Postoperative analgesia was provided with a standardized morphine patient-controlled analgesia system. Data were collected in the hospital and after discharge daily through postoperative day 7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 166 subjects received treatment with study drug: 125 received adenosine and 41 received placebo. Except for height, there were no differences between treatment groups with respect to demographic or baseline characteristics. Cumulative opioid use during the initial 24-h period after extubation was not significantly different between treatment groups. There were also no differences between treatment groups with respect to cumulative anesthetic use, intraoperative opioid requirements, pain scores, sedation, time to readiness for discharge from the postanesthesia care unit, time to readiness for discharge from the hospital, opioid-related symptom distress scores, patient satisfaction with pain control, and occurrence of adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no differences between placebo and adenosine with respect to efficacy and safety for perioperative analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. habib001@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Ashraf S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Habib
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minkowitz
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Osborn
authors.forename: Babatunde
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ogunnaike
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Candiotti
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Viscusi
authors.forename: Jiezhun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Mary R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Creed
authors.forename: Tong J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gan
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000241:Adenosine