title: Risk-adjusted hazard rates of biochemical recurrence for prostate cancer patients after radical prostatectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current prostate cancer (PCa) follow-up guidelines do not account for the risk of disease relapse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the annual hazard rate (anHR) of biochemical recurrence (BCR) according to risk strata in patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) for localised PCa. These rates might be used to devise a risk-adjusted follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 1992 to December 2005, 2911 patients underwent RP for localised PCa in one institution. This cohort was used to identify three distinct risk groups for BCR. A cohort of 2875 patients operated on in a second institution was used for validation purpose.
  
  
  METHODS
  RP, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cox regression models addressing BCR were used to identify significant predictors and cut-offs for risk group stratification. The anHR for BCR was calculated (number of events divided by number of patients at risk) for each risk group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three risk groups could be identified: (1) low risk (23.7%), defined as PSA <11ng/ml plus clinical stage T1c plus pathological Gleason <6 plus negative surgical margins plus organ confined tumour; (2) high risk (18.9%), defined as PSA >22ng/ml or seminal vesicle invasion or pathological Gleason sum >8 or lymph node invasion or clinical stage T3; and (3) intermediate risk (57.4%), defined as all other patients. The anHR for the low-risk groups remained very low throughout follow-up (0-2.6). The anHR in the intermediate-risk group was initially low but remained elevated (1.3-7.2). The anHR for the high-risk group was initially markedly high (up to 32) and remained elevated during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Annual hazard rates of BCR differ according to risk strata. These data might be used to devise a risk-adjusted follow-up protocol. Low-risk patients appear to need less frequent follow-up, whereas high-risk patients might need to be followed more frequently, relative to the current recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. walzj@marseille.fnclcc.fr
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walz
authors.forename: Felix K H
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Alwyn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reuther
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Graefen
authors.forename: Hartwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huland
authors.forename: Pierre I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Karakiewicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009820:Ohio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen