title: A cardiopulmonary exercise testing score for predicting outcomes in patients with heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive accuracy of a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) score.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Cardiopulmonary exercise test responses, including peak VO(2), markers of ventilatory inefficiency (eg, the VE/VCO(2) slope and oxygen uptake efficiency slope [OUES]), and hemodynamic responses, such as heart rate recovery (HRR) and chronotropic incompetence (CRI) are strong predictors of outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF). However, there is a need for simplified approaches that integrate the additive prognostic information from CPX.
  
  
  METHODS
  At 4 institutions, 710 patients with HF (568 male/142 female, mean age 56 +/- 13 years, resting left ventricular ejection fraction 33 +/- 14%) underwent CPX and were followed for cardiac-related mortality and separately for major cardiac events (death, hospitalization for HF, transplantation, left ventricular assist device implantation) for a mean of 29 +/- 25 months. The age-adjusted prognostic power of peak VO(2), VE/VCO(2) slope, OUES (VO(2) = a log(10)VE + b), resting end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PetCO(2)), HRR, and CRI were determined using Cox proportional hazards analysis, optimal cutpoints were determined, the variables were weighted, and a multivariate score was derived.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 175 composite outcomes. The VE/VCO(2) slope (> or =34) was the strongest predictor of risk and was attributed a relative weight of 7, with weighted scores for abnormal HRR (< or =6 beats at 1 minute), OUES (>1.4), PetCO(2) (<33 mm Hg), and peak VO(2) (< or =14 mL kg(-1) min(-1)) having scores of 5, 3, 3, and 2, respectively. Chronotropic incompetence was not a significant predictor and was excluded from the score. A summed score >15 was associated with an annual mortality rate of 27% and a relative risk of 7.6, whereas a score <5 was associated with a mortality rate of 0.4%. The composite score was the most accurate predictor of cardiovascular events among all CPX responses considered (concordance indexes 0.77 for mortality and 0.75 for composite outcome composed of mortality, transplantation, left ventricular assist device implantation, and HF-related hospitalization). The summed score remained significantly associated with increased risk after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, ejection fraction, and cardiomyopathy type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multivariable score based on readily available CPX responses provides a simple and integrated method that powerfully predicts outcomes in patients with HF.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. drj993@aol.com
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arena
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dewey
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bensimhon
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abella
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guazzi
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Peberdy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen