title: Firearm deaths by law enforcement.
abstract: The use of deadly force during law enforcement is a matter that compels public scrutiny. There were 42 gunshot deaths caused by police over a 4-year period in New York City. The decedents' average age was 31 years and ranged from 17 to 64 years. There were 41 males and one female; and 26 Black, nine Hispanic, and seven White decedents. Ethanol and/or drugs of abuse were detected in 78% (31/40) of the decedents. The vast majority of shootings occurred with the police responding to a crime and 90% of the decedents were armed (26 handguns, six knives, one axe, one metal pipe, and one toy gun). Vehicles were used as weapons in two incidents. A total of 177 bullets struck the 42 decedents. Fourteen decedents sustained single gunshot wounds (GSWs), and the remainder had multiple GSWs ranging from 2 to 21. In the majority of the cases in this study, the number of GSWs of the body was three or fewer. Thirteen decedents had at least one GSW of the back or buttocks, accounting for 25 of the total 177 wounds, and four of the 13 had GSWs of only the back. With the exception of the upper extremities, GSWs of all locations were more likely to penetrate than perforate. Although these deaths may be high profile, the certification is typically straightforward and the cause (i.e., GSW) and manner of death (homicide) are readily apparent. Although police shootings in which the decedent was unarmed and/or sustained numerous GSWs are widely reported by the lay press, these types of shootings were not typical in our study.
authors.affiliation: New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner and Department of Forensic Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. jgill@ocme.nyc.gov
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pasquale-Styles
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood; D003334:Coroners and Medical Examiners; D003415:Crime; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D006708:Homicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D016495:Police; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D054041:Weapons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D000431:Ethanol