title: Sleep apnea in early and advanced chronic kidney disease: Kaiser Permanente Southern California cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep apnea (SA) has been reported to be highly prevalent in the dialysis population. The reported rates of SA in dialysis are severalfold greater than the 2 to 4% estimated in the general population. This study sought to determine whether an association exists between SA and early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) where SA may represent an important comorbidity and potential risk factor in kidney disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of adults from an integrated health plan with documented serum creatinine levels in the period January 1, 2002, through December 31, 2004. SA diagnosis determined by International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision, coding for SA and Current Procedural Terminology coding for positive airway pressure devices. Kidney function was determined by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Logistic was regression used to estimate the relative risk for SA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of SA was 2.5% in the study population that included subjects with normal renal function and those with CKD. The odds ratios (ORs) for SA by eGFRs of 75 to 89, 60 to 74, 45 to 59, 30 to 44, and 15 to 29 mL/min per 1.73 m(2), respectively, compared to normal kidney function, after adjustment for age, sex, and number of visits, were as follows: 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18 to 1.25); 1.32 (95% CI, 1.27 to 1.37); 1.42 (95% CI, 1.35 to 1.50); 1.37 (95% CI, 1.25 to 1.50); and 1.32 (95% CI, 1.13 to 1.55). The increased ORs for eGFRs > 45 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) were sustained even after controlling for diabetes, heart failure, and hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated an increased risk of SA in patients with early CKD. Further evidence of a causal relationship should be sought in the hope that the detection and management of SA may improve the course of CKD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA. Electronic address: John.j.sim@kp.org.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rasgon
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Dean A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kujubu
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Victoria A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA.
authors.forename: In Lu A
authors.initials: ILA
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA.
authors.forename: Jiaxiao M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Tam T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA.
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Derose
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine