title: Gastroduodenal opportunistic infections and dyspepsia in HIV-infected patients in the era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dyspeptic symptoms are frequently reported by human immunodefficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy. Whether opportunistic infections are a cause of dyspepsia is still unknown. In this study we prospectively compare the prevalence of gastrointestinal opportunistic infections in dyspeptic versus non-dyspeptic HIV-infected patients with advanced immunodeficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred and ninety HIV-infected patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy with mucosal biopsies from the stomach and duodenum. Group 1: 500 patients (161 women, 339 men; mean age 38.8 years; mean CD4 count 154.3 cells/mm(3) with dyspeptic symptoms such as epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting and fullness. Group 2: 190 patients (169 men, 21 women; mean age 40.7 years; mean CD4 count 171.6 cell/mm(3)) with no dyspeptic symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 1: Gastrointestinal opportunistic infections were observed in eight (1.6%), and non-opportunistic parasites in two (0.4%), patients. They were: Cytomegalovirus (four patients), Cryptosporidium sp. (two patients), Schistosoma mansoni sp. (one patient), Strongyloides stercoralis (one patient) and Giardia sp. (two patients). In five patients esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed no mucosal lesions. Group 2: Giardia sp. was detected in two patients (1.1%: P = 0.07947).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gastrointestinal opportunistic infections were shown in a small number of HIV-infected patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy with advanced immunodeficiency. Although gastrointestinal opportunistic infections were detected exclusively in the dyspeptic patient group, they could not be related to these symptoms, since the number of infected patients was not statistically significant. To correctly diagnose opportunistic infections, multiple biopsy specimens may be necessary even from normal-appearing mucosa.
authors.affiliation: Casa da AIDS-Infectious Disease Division, School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil. alwerneck@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Ana Luiza
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Werneck-Silva
authors.forename: Ivete Bedin
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Prado
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001706:Biopsy; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D005260:Female; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome