title: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: Inflammatory processes may substantially contribute to the cerebral pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and accelerate the disease progression. The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine which promotes the production of several inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IFN-gamma, and plays a central regulatory role in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. There is now first evidence that MIF may be involved in the neuroinflammation in AD. To determine whether MIF production is up-regulated early in the course of AD, we compared the levels of MIF assessed by ELISA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 31 patients with AD, 28 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 19 subjects without cognitive deficits. Additionally, we measured the CSF concentrations of the inflammatory mediators TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IFN-gamma, which are thought to be both up-regulated by MIF and involved in the pathophysiology of AD. CSF MIF concentrations were significantly increased in AD (p=0.003) and MCI patients (p<0.001) compared to controls. The levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IFN-gamma did not differ significantly between the groups. There was a correlation only between the concentrations of MIF and of TNF-alpha in the AD group (r=0.407; p=0.023). These results demonstrate increased MIF production in AD and MCI suggesting that MIF may be involved in the occurring neuroinflammatory process at a clinical pre-dementia disease stage.
authors.affiliation: University of Bonn, Department of Psychiatry, Bonn, Germany. Julius.Popp@ukb.uni-bonn.de
authors.forename: Julius
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Popp
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bacher
authors.forename: Heike
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kölsch
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Noelker
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Deuster
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dodel
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jessen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000276:immunology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma