title: Evaluation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterins for porcine torque teno virus DNAs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether commercial Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterins sold for use in swine contain porcine torque teno virus (TTV).
  
  
  METHODS
  22 commercially available M hyopneumoniae bacterins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Direct and nested PCR assays for genogroup-specific TTV DNAs were performed on serials of M hyopneumoniae bacterins by use of published and custom-designed primer pairs at 3 laboratories in North America and Europe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 22 bacterins tested by use of direct and nested PCR assays, 7 of 9 from the United States, 2 of 5 from Canada, and 4 of 8 from Europe contained genogroup 1- and genogroup 2-TTV DNAs. In some bacterins, the TTV DNAs were readily detected by use of direct PCR assays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of these data indicated that many of the commercially available M hyopneumoniae bacterins were contaminated with TTV DNA. It is possible that some of these bacterins could inadvertently transmit porcine TTV infection to TTV-naïve swine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krakowka
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ringler
authors.forename: Prakash
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arumugam
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McKillen
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hartunian
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamberg
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rings
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ellis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000821:virology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D004266:DNA Virus Infections / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004340:Drug Contamination; D045705:Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000635:transmission; D022783:Torque teno virus / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D004279:DNA, Viral