title: Life-course socio-economic position, area deprivation and Type 2 diabetes: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined whether area deprivation influenced risk of Type 2 diabetes, fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance over and above the effect of individual socio-economic position (SEP) measured across the life course.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis of 4286 women aged 60 to 79 years from 457 British electoral wards in 23 towns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Area deprivation was positively associated with diagnosed [odds ratio (OR) 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13, 1.53, per quintile of area deprivation, n = 2895], but not undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes after adjustment for individual life-course SEP. This association was robust to adjustment for adult health behaviours and physiological risk factors. Insulin resistance [homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score] increased by 1.90% (95% CI 0.01, 3.82, n = 2526) per quintile of area deprivation after adjustment for individual SEP, while fasting blood glucose increased by 0.69% (95% CI 0.16, 1.22, n = 2875) after adjustment for individual SEP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Area level deprivation independently influences diagnosed Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and fasting blood glucose. Examination of more specific characteristics of places is needed to understand the mechanisms by which these effects arise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lawlor
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Avlund
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ebrahim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000502:physiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000208:ethnology / Q000502:physiology; D008019:Life Style / Q000208:ethnology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose