title: Clinical effectiveness of a brief educational intervention in Type 1 diabetes: results from the BITES (Brief Intervention in Type 1 diabetes, Education for Self-efficacy) trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intensive 5-day educational interventions for people with Type 1 diabetes have shown improved outcomes in a number of European studies. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of a brief (2.5 days) psycho-educational intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our randomized trial in a secondary-care setting had 54 and 60 participants allocated to intervention and control groups, respectively. Primary outcomes were HbA1c and severe hypoglycaemia. Secondary outcomes were blood pressure, weight, height, lipids and psychometric profile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HbA1c showed no statistically significant change at 3 months [difference = 0.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.23, 0.26, P = 0.92], 6 months (difference = -0.06, 95% CI -0.32, 0.20, P = 0.67) and 12 months (difference = 0.01, 95% CI -0.30, 0.32, P = 0.94). Incidence of severe hypoglycaemia (per patient per year) in the intervention group (0.41) and control group (0.48) was not statistically different. Treatment satisfaction improved at 3 months (difference = 9.4, 95% CI 5.2, 13.6, P = 0.0005), 6 months (difference = 10.4, 95% CI 6.0, 14.8, P = 0.0005) and 12 months (difference = 7.1, 95% CI 2.1, 12.1, P = 0.006). The 'Managing psychological aspects' and 'Setting and achieving goals' dimensions of the Diabetes Empowerment Scale also showed significant improvement at 3, 6 and 12 months. Diabetes Knowledge Test, Illness Perception Questionnaire, Hypoglycaemia Fear Scale and Short Form 36 showed no significant change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This brief intervention had no significant impact on HbA(1c) or severe hypoglycaemia, but improved diabetes treatment satisfaction and patient empowerment. Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN75807800.
authors.affiliation: York Hospital and Hull-York Medical School (HYMS), York, UK.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Valdovinos
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dromgoole
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lomax
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Torgerson
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Thow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin