title: Transgenic model of cardiac rhabdomyosarcoma formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiac rhabdomyosarcomas are rare, and the pathogenesis of this detrimental disease is widely unknown. Most data are obtained from case reports or small series, and models for systematic pathogenetic studies are lacking. We aimed to establish a transgenic mouse model of cardiac rhabdomyosarcoma formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard techniques were used to construct a minigene comprised of the 5' region of the 1.4-kb SM22alpha gene (expressed in embryonic cardiac muscle) and the 2.7-kb SV40 T antigen early region. This T antigen fragment includes the coding sequences for the binding sites of p53 and the proteins of the pRb family. Genotyping of transgenic mice was performed by means of polymerase chain reaction, and phenotypic expression was evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transgenic mice were studied at the age of approximately 8 to 12 weeks. Cardiac tumors were found of variable size in the left or right sides of the heart and were associated with T antigen expression. Histologic analysis revealed a 3.1-fold enhanced cell density, enlarged cell nuclei, and a 3.4-fold enhanced DNA content. Phenotypic characterization of cardiac tumors resulted in positive staining for desmin, smooth muscle alpha-actin, troponin C, and Myo D1, which met the criteria for rhabdomyosarcomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first description of a mouse model of cardiac rhabdomyosarcoma formation based on genetic modulation. Our model will be a valuable tool for illuminating the pathogenesis of cardiac rhabdomyosarcomas and will allow the testing of new therapeutic approaches to fight this dreadful disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hospital of the University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Köbbert
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Möllmann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schäfers
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.forename: Hideo A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoffmeier
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Breithardt
authors.forename: Hans H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Scheld
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weissen-Plenz
authors.forename: Jürgen R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sindermann
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000957:Antigens, Viral, Tumor / Q000235:genetics; D003893:Desmin / Q000032:analysis; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006338:Heart Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000235:genetics*; D019209:Troponin C / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D000957:Antigens, Viral, Tumor; D003893:Desmin; D019209:Troponin C; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18