title: Combination therapy with histone deacetylase inhibitors and lithium chloride: a novel treatment for carcinoid tumors.
abstract: In carcinoid cell lines, the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors valproic acid (VPA) and suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid (SBHA) activate the Notch1 pathway, whereas lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta). These compounds limit growth and decrease hormonal secretion in vitro. We hypothesized that lower-dose combination therapy of HDAC inhibitors and lithium chloride could achieve similar growth inhibition to that of the drugs alone. Gastrointestinal and pulmonary carcinoid cells were treated with either VPA or SBHA and lithium chloride for up to 48 hours. Western blot analysis was used to measure the effects on the Notch1 and GSK-3beta pathways and the neuroendocrine tumor marker chromogranin A (CgA). Growth was measured by a cellular proliferation assay. With lower-dose combination therapy, a decrease in CgA was observed. The HDAC inhibitors increased the amount of active Notch1 protein, whereas treatment with lithium was associated with inhibition of GSK-3beta. Moreover, growth was inhibited with lower-dose combination therapy. Treatment of carcinoid cells with either VPA or SBHA and lithium chloride suppresses the neuroendocrine marker CgA while upregulating Notch1 and inhibiting GSK-3beta. This combination effectively reduces growth. Thus, lower-dose combination therapy may be a viable therapeutic approach for carcinoid tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Clinical Science Center, Madison, 53792, USA.
authors.forename: Joel T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Hottinger
authors.forename: Muthusamy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kunnimalaiyaan
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D053379:Chromogranin A / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051819:Immunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051881:Receptor, Notch1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D053379:Chromogranin A; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D051819:Immunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding Protein; C497570:RBPJ protein, human; D051881:Receptor, Notch1; C528828:suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid; D014635:Valproic Acid; D008156:Luciferases; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D018021:Lithium Chloride