title: Soluble epoxide hydrolase and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids modulate two distinct analgesic pathways.
abstract: During inflammation, a large amount of arachidonic acid (AA) is released into the cellular milieu and cyclooxygenase enzymes convert this AA to prostaglandins that in turn sensitize pain pathways. However, AA is also converted to natural epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by cytochrome P450 enzymes. EET levels are typically regulated by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), the major enzyme degrading EETs. Here we demonstrate that EETs or inhibition of sEH lead to antihyperalgesia by at least 2 spinal mechanisms, first by repressing the induction of the COX2 gene and second by rapidly up-regulating an acute neurosteroid-producing gene, StARD1, which requires the synchronized presence of elevated cAMP and EET levels. The analgesic activities of neurosteroids are well known; however, here we describe a clear course toward augmenting the levels of these molecules. Redirecting the flow of pronociceptive intracellular cAMP toward up-regulation of StARD1 mRNA by concomitantly elevating EETs is a novel path to accomplish pain relief in both inflammatory and neuropathic pain states.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and UC Davis Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Bora
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Inceoglu
authors.forename: Steven L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Jinks
authors.forename: Arzu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ulu
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hegedus
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Georgi
authors.forename: Kara R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Schmelzer
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morisseau
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hammock
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015777:Eicosanoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004851:Epoxide Hydrolases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051379:Mice; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D015777:Eicosanoids; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D004851:Epoxide Hydrolases