title: The relationship between illness perceptions and panic in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated levels of anxiety and panic are common in respiratory disease. To date the cognitive-behavioural model of panic has been utilised to help explain and manage panic in respiratory disease. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between illness perceptions and panic in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) within a self-regulatory framework of adaptation to physical illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-nine participants with COPD completed questionnaires measuring illness perceptions, anxiety and depression, frequency and severity of panic attacks and impact of disease on daily life and well-being. The percent forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV(1)%) was used as an objective measure of lung function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High levels of clinical anxiety and depression were reported (35% and 19% respectively). Sixty-three percent of participants reported experiencing a panic attack during the previous year and of these 51% during the previous month. Panic was unrelated to level of disease severity. Specific illness perceptions (beliefs relating to illness identity, timeline, consequences and emotional representations) were important in differentiating between panickers and non-panickers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results highlight the importance of assessing illness perceptions within the framework of the self-regulatory model to provide an additional theoretical perspective for investigating and managing panic in chronic respiratory disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation & Therapies, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, Harefield Hospital, Hill End Road, Harefield, Middlesex, UK. c.howard@rbht.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Claire N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Hallas
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wray
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carby
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors