title: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) compared with blood glucose awareness training (BGAT) in poorly controlled Type 1 diabetic patients: long-term effects on HbA moderated by depression. A randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the effectiveness at 6 and 12 months' follow-up of group cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) compared with blood glucose awareness training (BGAT) in poorly controlled Type 1 diabetic patients and to explore the moderating effect of baseline depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults with Type 1 diabetes (n = 86) with glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) >or= 8% were randomized to CBT or BGAT. Primary outcome was HbA(1c) control. Secondary outcomes were: self-care, diabetes-related distress (Problem Areas in Diabetes scale; PAID), diabetes self-efficacy (Confidence in Diabetes Self-care scale; CIDS) and depressive symptoms (Centre for Epidemiological Studies--Depression scale; CES-D). Measurements were scheduled before CBT and BGAT, and at 3, 6 and 12 months after. Differential effects were analysed for the subgroup of patients reporting low vs. high baseline levels of depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither CBT nor BGAT had a significant impact on HbA(1c) at 6 and 12 months' follow-up. Both interventions resulted in lower depressive symptoms (CES-D 15.7-13.3, P = 0.01) up to 12 months, but only CBT was effective in lowering HbA(1c) in patients with high baseline depression scores (HbA(1c) 9.5-8.8%) up to 1 year of follow-up (P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that group CBT can effectively help Type 1 diabetic patients with co-morbid depression achieve and maintain better glycaemic outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. fj.snoek@vumc.nl
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Snoek
authors.forename: N C W
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: van der Ven
authors.forename: J W R
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Twisk
authors.forename: M H E
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hogenelst
authors.forename: A M E
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tromp-Wever
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: van der Ploeg
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000592:standards; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents