title: Genetic polymorphisms of MC2R gene associated with responsiveness to adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy in infantile spasms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infantile spasms is a severe epileptic encephalopathy, which is refractory to conventional antiepileptic drugs. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) has been the major therapy for infantile spasms; however, ACTH therapy is ineffective for some patients. The variations in the receptor genes can contribute to antiepileptic drug resistance. This study was to elucidate the possible associations between the variations of the MC2R gene and ACTH responsiveness in patients with infantile spasms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened for variations in the promoter and coding region of the MC2R gene in 91 Chinese patients with infantile spasms and 94 controls, using PCR and a direct sequencing method. The frequencies of the genotypes, alleles and reconstructed haplotypes were analyzed in the cases and controls. The association between ACTH responsiveness and genetic variations of the MC2R gene was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the MC2R promoter, one of which was a novel specimen at position-2 from the transcription start site ATT, -2T > C. Three SNPs (rs1893220, rs2186944 and -2T > C) showed a significant difference between the cases and controls (P < 0.05 for all). The frequency of the common TCCT haplotype carrying four-SNP major alleles was significantly lower in the cases (39%) than in the controls (60%) (P = 0.00003). The homozygous carriers of the TCCT haplotype had a much lower relative risk than the non-carriers (RR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.26-0.70, P = 0.0001). ACTH responsiveness was strongly associated with the TCCT haplotype (P = 0.000082). Compared with non-carriers of the TCCT haplotype, the homozygous and heterozygous carriers were more responsive to ACTH therapy (P = 0.0002; P = 0.0003, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicated that the TCCT haplotype in the MC2R promoter is strongly associated with the responsiveness of the ACTH therapy performed on patients with infantile spasms. The polymorphisms of the MC2R promoter might be one important factor that influences the efficacy of ACTH therapy on infantile spasms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China.
authors.forename: Zhan-Li
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Cai-Yun
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Li-Ping
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Zou
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D044103:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D013036:Spasms, Infantile / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D044103:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 2; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone