title: Intracerebroventricular injection of L-proline and D-proline induces sedative and hypnotic effects by different mechanisms under an acute stressful condition in chicks.
abstract: The central effects of L-proline, D-proline and trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline were investigated by using the acute stressful model with neonatal chicks in Experiment 1. Sedative and hypnotic effects were induced by all compounds, while plasma corticosterone release under isolation stress was only attenuated by L-proline. To clarify the mechanism by which L-proline and D-proline induce sedative and hypnotic effects, the contribution of the strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor (glycine receptor) and N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDA receptor) were further investigated. In Experiments 2-3, the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine was co-injected intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) with L-proline or D-proline. The suppression of isolation-induced stress behavior by D-proline was attenuated by strychnine. However, the suppression of stress behavior by L-proline was not attenuated. In Experiment 4, the NMDA receptor antagonist (+)-MK-801 was co-injected i.c.v. with L-proline. The suppression of stress behavior by L-proline was attenuated by (+)-MK-801. These results indicate that L-proline and D-proline differentially induce sedative and hypnotic effects through NMDA and glycine receptors, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Advanced Animal and Marine Bioresources, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamasu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shigemi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsuneyoshi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamane
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Denbow
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Furuse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007267:Injections; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D011392:Proline / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018009:Receptors, Glycine / Q000378:metabolism; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects*; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D018009:Receptors, Glycine; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D011392:Proline