title: The use of noninvasive electromagnetic neuronavigation for slit ventricle syndrome and complex hydrocephalus in a pediatric population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the use of noninvasive electromagnetic neuronavigation in children, in particular its use in complex hydrocephalus and slit ventricle syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective data was collected from all pediatric patients undergoing insertion of ventriculoperitoneal shunts using electromagnetic frameless neuronavigation from January 2006 to November 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three patients fulfilled the study criteria. All ventricles were cannulated on the first pass. There were no immediate or early postprocedural complications. All but 1 patient had resolution of symptoms (mainly chronic headache) on follow-up (median 7 months, range 1-17 months). The proximal revision rate was 9% (2 of 23 patients). One patient required distal catheter revision. Infection occurred in 1 patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electromagnetic neuronavigation using a frameless and pinless system is especially suited for pediatric patients. The authors hypothesize that successful placement of ventricular catheters will reduce morbidity and improve shunt longevity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Royal Liverpool Children's NHS Trust, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, United Kingdom. simon.clark@thewaltoncentre.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Meharpal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sangra
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hayhurst
authors.forename: Jothi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kandasamy
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jenkinson
authors.forename: Maggie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Conor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mallucci
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013577:Syndrome; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000379:methods*