title: Germany/Australia index of sperm sex sortability in elephants and rhinoceros.
abstract: Flow cytometric sexing of spermatozoa followed by application in artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization provides a unique opportunity to predetermine the sex of offspring and might enhance the conservation management of endangered species in captivity such as the elephant and rhinoceros. To obtain an indication of the sortability of spermatozoa from these species, the relative DNA differences between X and Y chromosome bearing spermatozoa (fresh, frozen thawed, epididymal) from three rhinoceros species [white (Ceratotherium simum), black (Diceros bicornis), Indian (Rhinoceros unicornis)] and both elephant species, the Asian and the African elephant (Elephas maximus, Loxodonta Africana), were determined through separation of spermatozoa into X and Y chromosome bearing populations, using a modified high speed flow cytometer. The head profile areas of spermatozoa from all five species were measured using light microscopy. By multiplying the relative DNA differences and the head profile areas, the sperm sorting indices were calculated to be 47, 48 and 51 for white, black and Indian rhinoceros respectively. The calculated sorting index for the Asian elephant was 66. In the African elephant, we determined the highest sorting index of 76. These results indicate the practicability of flow cytometric sex sorting of spermatozoa from the tested rhinoceros species and both elephant species. The lower sorting indices in rhinos indicate that sex sorting of spermatozoa from the rhinoceros will be more challenging than in elephants.
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, Berlin, Germany. behr@izw-berlin.de
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Behr
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rath
authors.forename: T B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Goeritz
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blottner
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Portas
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sieg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Knieriem
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: W M C
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hermes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000662:veterinary*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000662:veterinary; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D004606:Elephants; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D005858:Germany; D008297:Male; D010527:Perissodactyla; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000662:veterinary; D012732:Sex Determination Analysis / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D012743:Sex Preselection / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D013077:Sperm Head / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D004247:DNA