title: Rate of MMSE score change in Alzheimer's disease: influence of education and vascular risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether higher education accelerates Alzheimer's Disease (AD) progression rate through an effect on the cognitive reserve capabilities of an individual.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the influence of schooling and other demographic and clinical conditions (including age, sex, diabetes, arterial hypertension, and acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor--AcheI--therapy) on Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score changes over time in 162 AD patients as well as the interaction of schooling with the above conditions using the Generalized Estimated Equation procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Generalized Estimated Equation procedure yielded an overall progression rate of 0.24 MMSE points per month. Patients with education > or = 8 years showed a faster cognitive decline. Male sex, occurrence of arterial hypertension and type II diabetes, and lack of AcheI therapy were associated to faster decline. Stratifying by gender, vascular risk factors, and AcheI therapy, we observed a significant interaction between education and time in the subgroup of patients who had vascular risk factors, and in those who were not treated with AcheI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm that schooling may be a significant predictor of cognitive decline as measured by MMSE in persons with AD and provide epidemiological support to "cognitive reserve" model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Bari, I - 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roselli
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tartaglione
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Federico
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lepore
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Defazio
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Livrea
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003071:Cognition; D015897:Comorbidity; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D018450:Disease Progression; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors