title: Identification of precursor transcripts for 6 novel miRNAs expands the diversity on the genomic organisation and expression of miRNA genes in rice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The plant miRNAs represent an important class of endogenous small RNAs that guide cleavage of an mRNA target or repress its translation to control development and adaptation to stresses. MiRNAs are nuclear-encoded genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II, producing a primary precursor that is subsequently processed by DCL1 an RNase III Dicer-like protein. In rice hundreds of miRNAs have been described or predicted, but little is known on their genes and precursors which are important criteria to distinguish them from siRNAs. Here we develop a combination of experimental approaches to detect novel miRNAs in rice, identify their precursor transcripts and genes and predict or validate their mRNA targets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We produced four cDNA libraries from small RNA fractions extracted from distinct rice tissues. By in silico analysis we selected 6 potential novel miRNAs, and confirmed that their expression requires OsDCL1. We predicted their targets and used 5'RACE to validate cleavage for three of them, targeting a PPR, an SPX domain protein and a GT-like transcription factor respectively. In addition, we identified precursor transcripts for the 6 miRNAs expressed in rice, showing that these precursors can be efficiently processed using a transient expression assay in transfected Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Most interestingly, we describe two precursors producing tandem miRNAs, but in distinct arrays. We focus on one of them encoding osa-miR159a.2, a novel miRNA produced from the same stem-loop structure encoding the conserved osa-miR159a.1. We show that this dual osa-miR159a.2-osa-miR159a.1 structure is conserved in distant rice species and maize. Finally we show that the predicted mRNA target of osa-miR159a.2 encoding a GT-like transcription factor is cleaved in vivo at the expected site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of approaches developed here identified six novel miRNAs expressed in rice which can be clearly distinguished from siRNAs. Importantly, we show that two miRNAs can be produced from a single precursor, either from tandem stem-loops or tandemly arrayed in a single stem-loop. This suggests that processing of these precursors could be an important regulatory step to produce one or more functional miRNAs in plants and perhaps coordinate cleavage of distinct targets in the same plant tissue.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, Université de Perpignan via Domitia - CNRS-IRD, 52, Av, Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France. Severine.Lacombe@sainsbury-laboratory.ac.uk
authors.forename: Séverine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lacombe
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagasaki
authors.forename: Carole
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santi
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duval
authors.forename: Benoît
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Piégu
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bangratz
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Breitler
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guiderdoni
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brugidou
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brice
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Panaud
authors.forename: Wojciech M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Karlowski
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Echeverria
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D014644:Genetic Variation; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012322:RNA Precursors / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012322:RNA Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger