title: Toxicity of nanoparticles of CuO, ZnO and TiO2 to microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata.
abstract: Toxicities of ZnO, TiO2 and CuO nanoparticles to Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata were determined using OECD 201 algal growth inhibition test taking in account potential shading of light. The results showed that the shading effect by nanoparticles was negligible. ZnO nanoparticles were most toxic followed by nano CuO and nano TiO2. The toxicities of bulk and nano ZnO particles were both similar to that of ZnSO4 (72 h EC50 approximately 0.04 mg Zn/l). Thus, in this low concentration range the toxicity was attributed solely to solubilized Zn2+ ions. Bulk TiO2 (EC50=35.9 mg Ti/l) and bulk CuO (EC50=11.55 mg Cu/l) were less toxic than their nano formulations (EC50=5.83 mg Ti/l and 0.71 mg Cu/l). NOEC (no-observed-effect-concentrations) that may be used for risk assessment purposes for bulk and nano ZnO did not differ (approximately 0.02 mg Zn/l). NOEC for nano CuO was 0.42 mg Cu/l and for bulk CuO 8.03 mg Cu/l. For nano TiO2 the NOEC was 0.98 mg Ti/l and for bulk TiO2 10.1 mg Ti/l. Nano TiO2 formed characteristic aggregates entrapping algal cells that may contribute to the toxic effect of nano TiO2 to algae. At 72 h EC50 values of nano CuO and CuO, 25% of copper from nano CuO was bioavailable and only 0.18% of copper from bulk CuO. Thus, according to recombinant bacterial and yeast Cu-sensors, copper from nano CuO was 141-fold more bioavailable than from bulk CuO. Also, toxic effects of Cu oxides to algae were due to bioavailable copper ions. To our knowledge, this is one of the first systematic studies on effects of metal oxide nanoparticles on algal growth and the first describing toxic effects of nano CuO towards algae.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.
authors.forename: Villem
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aruoja
authors.forename: Henri-Charles
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Dubourguier
authors.forename: Kaja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kasemets
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kahru
mesh_terms: D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D003300:Copper / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity*; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: C009495:titanium dioxide; D003300:Copper; D014025:Titanium; D015034:Zinc Oxide; C030973:cupric oxide