title: Pesticidal seed coats based on azadirachtin-A: release kinetics, storage life and performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infestation of seeds by pests during storage leads to deterioration in quality. Seed coating is an effective option to overcome the menace. Unlike synthetic fungicidal seed coats, little is known of those based on botanicals. This study aims at developing azadirachtin-A-based pesticidal seed coats to maintain seed quality during storage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polymer- and clay-based coats containing azadirachtin-A were prepared and evaluated for quality maintenance of soybean seed during storage. Gum acacia, gum tragacanth, rosin, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyethyl methacrylate, methyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and Agrimer VA 6 polymers and the clay bentonite were used as carriers. The time for 50% release (t(1/2)) of azadirachtin-A into water from the seeds coated with the different coats ranged from 8.02 to 21.36 h. The half-life (T(1/2)) of azadirachtin-A in the coats on seed ranged from 4.37 to 11.22 months, as compared with 3.45 months in azadirachtin-A WP, showing an increase by a factor of nearly 1.3-3.3 over the latter. The coats apparently acted as a barrier to moisture to reduce azadirachtin-A degradation and prevented proliferation of storage fungi. Polyethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl pyrrolidone were significantly superior to the other polymers. Azadirachtin-A showed a significant positive correlation with seed germination and vigour, and negative correlation with moisture content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effective polymeric carriers for seed coats based on azadirachtin-A are reported. These checked seed deterioration during storage by acting as a barrier to moisture and reduced the degradation of azadirachtin-A.
authors.affiliation: Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India.
authors.forename: Keyath
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nisar
authors.forename: Jitendra
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Arun Kumar
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walia
authors.forename: Najam A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Shakil
authors.forename: Rajender
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parsad
authors.forename: Balraj S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Parmar
mesh_terms: D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects; D007700:Kinetics; D036701:Limonins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D013025:Glycine max / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D036701:Limonins; D010575:Pesticides; C010329:azadirachtin