title: Importance of dose settings in the x-ray systems used for interventional radiology: a national survey.
abstract: The purpose of this work was to investigate the differences in dose settings among the X-ray units involved in a national survey of patient doses in interventional radiology (IR). The survey was promoted by the National Society of IR and involved 10 centers. As part of the agreed quality control for the survey, entrance doses were measured in a 20-cm-thick acrylic phantom simulating a medium-sized patient. A standard digital subtraction angiography (DSA) imaging protocol for the abdomen was used at the different centers. The center of the phantom was placed at the isocenter of the C-arm system during the measurements to simulate clinical conditions. Units with image intensifiers and flat detectors were involved in the survey. Entrance doses for low, medium, and high fluoroscopy modes and DSA acquisitions were measured for a field of view of 20 cm (or closest). A widespread range of entrance dose values was obtained: 4.5-18.6, 9.2-28.4, and 15.4-51.5 mGy/min in low, medium, and high fluoroscopy mode, respectively, and 0.7-5.0 mGy/DSA image. The ratios between the maximum and the minimum values measured (3-4 for fluoroscopy and 7 for DSA) suggest an important margin for optimization. The calibration factor for the dose-area product meter was also included in the survey and resulted in a mean value of 0.73, with a standard deviation of 0.07. It seems clear that the dose setting for the X-ray systems used in IR requires better criteria and approaches.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain. eliseov@med.ucm.es
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rosales
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sotil
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carrera
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ciudad
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Soler
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ballester
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013030:Spain