title: Review of goal attainment scaling as a useful outcome measure in psychogeriatric patients with cognitive disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since evidence-based interventions are the standard, there is an urgent need for more information concerning individual ways of measuring clinically relevant outcomes of interventions in cognitive disorders such as dementia. Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) seems to offer a meaningful outcome measure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the applicability of GAS in psychogeriatric patients with cognitive disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review was performed on the available literature on the clinimetric aspects and the feasibility of GAS when used as an outcome measure for psychogeriatric patients with cognitive disorders. Eight databases were screened. Two authors independently reviewed all the data. Ten studies were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mixed results were found for responsiveness, content validity, inter-rater reliability and construct/convergent validity. The involvement of patient and/or caregiver in the goal-setting procedure is possible and multiple domains can be implemented. The possibility to set at least 3 realistic goals per patient in less than 30 min is unclear and the need for involvement of a blinded assessor is not well established.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GAS proved to be useful on important aspects of an outcome measure for psychogeriatric patients with cognitive disorders. Since other relevant aspects showed mixed results and the number of studies investigating the use of GAS in psychogeriatric patients with cognitive disorders is small, the evidence is not strong enough yet to state that GAS is an applicable outcome measure in this population.
authors.affiliation: School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sharon F M
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Bouwens
authors.forename: Caroline M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van Heugten
authors.forename: Frans R J
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Verhey
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016896:Treatment Outcome