title: An association between ethnicity and cardiovascular outcomes for people with Type 2 diabetes in New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between ethnicity and risk of first cardiovascular (CV) event for people with Type 2 diabetes in New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study using routinely collected data from a national primary health care diabetes annual review programme linked to national hospital admission and mortality data. Ethnicity was recorded as European, Maori, Pacific, Indo-Asian, East-Asian or Other. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate factors associated with first CV event. Data was collected from 48,444 patients with Type 2 diabetes, with first data collected between 1 January 2000 and 20 December 2005, no previous cardiovascular event at entry and with complete measurements. Risk factors included ethnicity, gender, socio-economic status, body mass index, smoking, age at diagnosis, duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, serum lipids, glycated haemoglobin and urine albumin : creatinine ratio. The main outcome measures were time to first fatal or non-fatal CV event.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median follow-up was 2.4 years. Using combined European and Other ethnicities as a reference, hazard ratios for first CV event were 1.30 for Maori (95% confidence interval 1.19-1.41), 1.04 for Pacific (0.95-1.13), 1.06 for Indo-Asian (0.91-1.24) and 0.73 for East-Asian (0.62-0.85) after controlling for all other risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethnicity was independently associated with time to first CV event in people with Type 2 diabetes. Maori were at 30% higher risk of first CV event and East-Asian 27% lower risk compared with European/Other, with no significant difference in risk for Pacific and Indo-Asian peoples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kenealy
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Elley
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bramley
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Drury
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Kerse
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Moyes
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arroll
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000208:ethnology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin