title: [Long-term drinking purified water may aggravate the inhibition of NMDA expression and spatial learning ability induced by lead on rat].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare brain lead accumulation and neurotoxicity induced by lead under drinking purified water and tap water on rat.
  
  
  METHODS
  All 104 male weaning SD rats were randomly divided into eight groups, matched-four pairs according to drinking water: tap water, purified water, tap water with lead 50 mg/L(lead acetate water-solution), purified water with lead 50 mg/L, tap water with lead 200 mg/L, purified water with lead 200 mg/L, tap water with lead 800 mg/L. All were fed with normal food and environmental cognitions kept consistent Morris water maze(including Place Navigation, Spatial Probe Test, Visible Platform Trial) was measured to test rat spatial learning at the 12 and 24 week. At the end of the experiment (28 week), rats were killed and the lead of brain and blood was measured by Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric method; the NR1, NR2A, NR2B of NMDAR (N-methyl-D-aspartame receptor) in hippocampus were analyzed by RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under the same lead exposure, no significant differences were observed in blood lead, however, brain lead level showed higher in drinking purified water group than that in tap water group. Expression of NR1, NR2A and NR2B in hippocampus of the rats drinking purified water was lower than those drinking tap water, especially at low lead exposure (50 mg/L) (P < 0.05). In the 24 week Morris water maze, place navigation test's escape latency showed significantly prolonged at the rats drinking purified water as compared with those drinking tap water on the pairs of 50 mg/L and 200 mg/L pb2+ groups (P < 0.05), and the differences occurred in early 1-2 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with drinking tap water, drinking purified water might increase the accumulation of brain lead, lower NR1, NR2A, NR2B expression and delay the spatial learning and memory ability under chronic lead exposure in water.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Hygiene, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei-qun
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Jiao-hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Wen-juan
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004326:Drinking; D007360:Intelligence / Q000187:drug effects; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D007854:Lead; D016202:N-Methylaspartate