title: Diffusion tractography of the fornix in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  White matter fiber tracts, especially those interconnecting the frontal and temporal lobes, are likely implicated in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Very few studies, however, have focused on the fornix, a compact bundle of white matter fibers, projecting from the hippocampus to the septum, anterior nucleus of the thalamus and the mamillary bodies. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), and a new post-processing method, fiber tractography, provides a unique opportunity to visualize and to quantify entire trajectories of fiber bundles, such as the fornix, in vivo. We applied these techniques to quantify fornix diffusion anisotropy in schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  DTI images were used to evaluate the left and the right fornix in 36 male patients diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia and 35 male healthy individuals, group matched on age, parental socioeconomic status, and handedness. Regions of interest were drawn manually, blind to group membership, to guide tractography, and fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of fiber integrity, was calculated and averaged over the entire tract for each subject. The Doors and People test (DPT) was used to evaluate visual and verbal memory, combined recall and combined recognition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of variance was performed and findings demonstrated a difference between patients with schizophrenia and controls for fornix FA (p=0.006). Protected post-hoc independent sample t-tests demonstrated a bilateral FA decrease in schizophrenia, compared with control subjects (left side: p=0.048; right side p=0.006). Higher fornix FA was statistically significantly correlated with DPT and measures of combined visual memory (r=0.554, p=0.026), combined verbal memory (r=0.647, p=0.007), combined recall (r=0.516, p=0.041), and combined recognition (r=0.710, p=0.002) for the control group. No such statistically significant correlations were found in the patient group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show the utility of applying DTI and tractography to study white matter fiber tracts in vivo in schizophrenia. Specifically, we observed a bilateral disruption in fornix integrity in schizophrenia, thus broadening our understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. jfitzsimmons@bwh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fitzsimmons
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubicki
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bushell
authors.forename: R San Jose
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Estepar
authors.forename: C-F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Westin
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Nestor
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Niznikiewicz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kikinis
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: McCarley
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Shenton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016880:Anisotropy; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020712:Fornix, Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D011939:Mental Recall; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000473:pathology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents