title: Chemotherapy induces tumor clearance independent of apoptosis.
abstract: Dysregulation of apoptosis is associated with the development of human cancer and resistance to anticancer therapy. The ultimate goal of cancer treatment is to selectively induce cancer cell death and overcome drug resistance. A deeper understanding of how a given chemotherapy affects tumor cell death is needed to develop strategically designed anticancer agents. Here, we use a xenograft mouse tumor system generated from genetically defined cells deficient in apoptosis to examine the involvement of multiple forms of cell death induced by cyclophosphamide (CP), a DNA alkylating agent commonly used in chemotherapy. We find that although apoptosis facilitates tumor regression, it is dispensable for complete tumor regression as other forms of cell death are activated. Sporadic necrosis is observed in both apoptosis-competent and deficient tumors evident by tumor cell morphology, extracellular release of high mobility group box 1 protein, and activation of innate immune cells in CP-treated tumors. Our findings indicate that in apoptosis-deficient tumors, necrosis may play a fundamental role in tumor clearance by stimulating the innate immune response.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5222, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Guerriero
authors.forename: Dara
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ditsworth
authors.forename: Yongjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Fangping
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Howard C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Wei-Xing
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Zong
mesh_terms: D017500:Adenovirus E1A Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D011905:Genes, ras; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009336:Necrosis; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / Q000172:deficiency; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D017500:Adenovirus E1A Proteins; D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D003520:Cyclophosphamide