title: Atomoxetine modulates right inferior frontal activation during inhibitory control: a pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atomoxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) licensed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), has been shown to improve response inhibition in animals, healthy volunteers, and adult patients. However, the mechanisms by which atomoxetine improves inhibitory control have yet to be determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of atomoxetine (40 mg) were measured with a stop-signal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm in 19 healthy volunteers, in a within-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atomoxetine improved inhibitory control and increased activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus when volunteers attempted to inhibit their responses (irrespective of success). Plasma levels of drug correlated significantly with right inferior frontal gyrus activation only during successful inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that atomoxetine exerts its beneficial effects on inhibitory control via modulation of right inferior frontal function, with implications for understanding and treating inhibitory dysfunction of ADHD and other disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. srchamb@gmail.com
authors.forename: Samuel R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Chamberlain
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hampshire
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Katya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rubia
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Del Campo
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Regenthal
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suckling
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Roiser
authors.forename: Jon E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Edward T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Bullmore
authors.forename: Trevor W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Sahakian
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000328:Adult; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D011437:Propylamines / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D010919:Placebos; D011437:Propylamines; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride