title: A comparison of four clustering methods for brain expression microarray data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  DNA microarrays, which determine the expression levels of tens of thousands of genes from a sample, are an important research tool. However, the volume of data they produce can be an obstacle to interpretation of the results. Clustering the genes on the basis of similarity of their expression profiles can simplify the data, and potentially provides an important source of biological inference, but these methods have not been tested systematically on datasets from complex human tissues. In this paper, four clustering methods, CRC, k-means, ISA and memISA, are used upon three brain expression datasets. The results are compared on speed, gene coverage and GO enrichment. The effects of combining the clusters produced by each method are also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  k-means outperforms the other methods, with 100% gene coverage and GO enrichments only slightly exceeded by memISA and ISA. Those two methods produce greater GO enrichments on the datasets used, but at the cost of much lower gene coverage, fewer clusters produced, and speed. The clusters they find are largely different to those produced by k-means. Combining clusters produced by k-means and memISA or ISA leads to increased GO enrichment and number of clusters produced (compared to k-means alone), without negatively impacting gene coverage. memISA can also find potentially disease-related clusters. In two independent dorsolateral prefrontal cortex datasets, it finds three overlapping clusters that are either enriched for genes associated with schizophrenia, genes differentially expressed in schizophrenia, or both. Two of these clusters are enriched for genes of the MAP kinase pathway, suggesting a possible role for this pathway in the aetiology of schizophrenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considered alone, k-means clustering is the most effective of the four methods on typical microarray brain expression datasets. However, memISA and ISA can add extra high-quality clusters to the set produced by k-means, so combining these three methods is the method of choice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, University Hospital Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, UK. richardsal1@cardiff.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alexander L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holmans
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: O'Donovan
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics