title: Opposite effects of high and low frequency rTMS on mood in depressed patients: relationship to baseline cerebral activity on PET.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optimal parameters of rTMS for antidepressant efficacy in general, or within patients, have not been adequately delineated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a double-blind, sham-controlled, cross-over design, 22 adult patients with treatment refractory major depression (n=9; bipolar disorder, depressed phase) were randomized to active rTMS (20-Hz or 1-Hz) or sham rTMS conditions and given 5 rTMS treatments per week for two weeks. Repetitive TMS was administered at 100% of motor threshold for 1600 pulses over the left prefrontal cortex using a figure-eight coil. Patients initially randomized to sham rTMS were then exposed to two weeks of active rTMS with each frequency under blinded conditions. Those who received active 20-Hz and 1-Hz rTMS were crossed over to the opposite frequency for two weeks. Improvement in Hamilton Depression ratings were assessed after each two-week treatment phase. PET imaging was used to evaluate the patient's baseline absolute regional cerebral activity (blood flow and metabolism) as potential predictor of clinical response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in depression severity on 1-Hz and 20-Hz rTMS were inversely correlated. PET scans with baseline hypoperfusion (but not hypometabolism) were associated with better improvement on 20-Hz rTMS as predicted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The magnitude of the clinical change with either frequency at 100% motor threshold was not robust, and larger studies with higher intensities of rTMS for longer durations of time should be explored.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High and low frequency rTMS exerts differential effects on depressed mood within individual subjects. The brain activity predictors and correlates of an optimal antidepressant response to rTMS remain to be better defined.
authors.affiliation: Biological Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Speer
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.forename: T K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Kimbrell
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wassermann
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herscovitch
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Post
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015225:Magnetoencephalography; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000098:blood supply; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012107:Research Design; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18