title: Physical control on CCl4 and CHCl3 desorption from artificially contaminated and aged sediments with supercritical carbon dioxide.
abstract: The long-term interactions of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) and chloroform (CHCl(3)) with sediments that are low in organic matter (OM) are not well studied. In this study, CCl(4) and CHCl(3) were mixed with supercritical carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and loaded onto columns packed with two sediments with low OM and different textures, to establish contamination and achieve expedited artificial aging. The columns were subsequently leached with a simulated groundwater under hydraulically saturated conditions. Scanning electron microscopy was used to inspect the morphology of sediment single particles, determine the degree of particle association in aggregates and qualitatively estimate porosity and the possible diffusional pathways that might affect the overall contaminant desorption rates. Results demonstrated that most of contaminant inventories were rapidly released in the first pore volume of effluent, although a small portion of contaminants' total mass exhibited time-dependent desorption. The calculated K(d) values of CCl(4) or CHCl(3) partition were negligibly small. Both contaminants had similar transport behavior which was simulated well with a distributed (multiple)-rate (DR) statistical model. The model accounted for the apparent contaminant mass transfer through diffusional pathways of different lengths, towards the advective pores. The distribution of contaminant mass between equilibrium and kinetic fractions, the distribution of the individual rate constants, and the average rate constants calculated with the parameters of the gamma-distribution function (beta and eta) of the DR model, were sediment (texture) dependent. This indicated that contaminant desorption during the late stage of leaching was driven by concentration gradients (i.e., diffusion) within sediment matrix porosity.
authors.affiliation: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA. nik.qafoku@pnl.gov
authors.forename: Nikolla P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Qafoku
authors.forename: Lirong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Chongxuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bruce W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Arey
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mitroshkov
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Riley
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000032:analysis*; D002725:Chloroform / Q000032:analysis*; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008956:Models, Chemical; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002725:Chloroform; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride