title: Cytokine treatment improves parenchymal and vascular damage of salivary glands after irradiation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During radiotherapy for head and neck cancer, co-irradiation (IR) of salivary glands results in acute and often lifelong hyposalivation. Recently, we showed that bone marrow-derived cells (BMC) can partially facilitate postradiation regeneration of the mouse submandibular gland. In this study, we investigate whether optimized mobilization of BMCs can further facilitate regeneration of radiation-damaged salivary glands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Salivary glands of mice reconstituted with eGFP+ bone marrow cells were irradiated with a single dose of 15 Gy. One month later, BMCs were mobilized using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or the combination of FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand, stem cell factor, and G-CSF (termed F/S/G) as mobilizing agents. Salivary gland function and morphology were evaluated at 90 days post-IR by measuring the saliva flow rate, the number of acinar cells, and the functionality of the vasculature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with G-CSF alone, the combined F/S/G treatment mobilized a 10-fold higher number and different types of BMCs to the bloodstream and increased the number of eGFP+ cells in the irradiated submandibular gland from 49% to 65%. Both treatments reduced radiation-induced hyposalivation from almost nothing in the untreated group to approximately 20% of normal amount. Surprisingly, however, F/S/G treatment resulted in significant less damage to submandibular blood vessels and induced BMC-derived neovascularization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Post-IR F/S/G treatment facilitates regeneration of the submandibular gland and ameliorates vascular damage. The latter is partly due to BMCs differentiating in vascular cells but is likely to also result from direct stimulation of existing blood vessel cells.
authors.affiliation: Section of Radiation and Stress Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Isabelle M A
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Lombaert
authors.forename: Jeanette F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Brunsting
authors.forename: Pieter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Wierenga
authors.forename: Harm H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kampinga
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Coppes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines