title: Fast and repetitive in-capillary production of [18F]FDG.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The increasing demand for radiopharmaceuticals to be provided reproducibly and flexibly with high frequency for clinical application and animal imaging would be better met by improved or even new strategies for automated tracer production. Radiosynthesis in microfluidic systems, i.e. narrow tubing with a diameter of approximately 50-500 microm, holds promise for providing the means for repetitive multidose and multitracer production. In this study, the performance of a conceptually simple microfluidic device integrated into a fully automated synthesis procedure for in-capillary radiosynthesis (ICR) of clinical grade [(18)F]FDG was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The instrumental set-up consisted of pumps for reagent and solvent delivery into small mixing chambers, micro-fluidic capillaries, in-process radioactivity monitoring, solid-phase extraction and on-column deprotection of the (18)F-labelled intermediate followed by on-line formulation of [(18)F]FDG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In-capillary(18)F-fluorination of 2.1 micromol 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-O-trifluoromethanesulphonyl-beta-D-mannopyranose (TATM; precursor for [(18)F]FDG) in acetonitrile (MeCN) at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min within 40 s and subsequent on-line hydrolysis of the intermediate by treatment with 0.3 M NaOH for 1 min at 40 degrees C resulted in a radiochemical yield of 88 +/- 4% within <7 min. Reproducibility, robustness and suitability as a fast and efficient radiopharmaceutical research tool for (18)F-fluorination was demonstrated by eight independent, sequentially performed ICRs which provided identical tracer quality (radiochemical purity >97%, MeCN <5 microg/ml) and similar absolute yields (approximately 1.4 GBq).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The described ICR process is a simple and efficient alternative to classic radiotracer production systems and provides a comparatively cheap instrumental methodology for the repetitive production of [(18)F]FDG with remarkably high efficiency and high yield under fully automated conditions. Although the results concerning the levels of activity need to be confirmed after installation of the equipment in a suitable GMP hot-cell environment, we expect the instrumental design to allow up-scaling without major difficulties or fundamental restrictions. Furthermore, we are convinced that similar or nearly identical procedures, and thus instrumentation, will allow ICR of other (18)F-labelled radiopharmaceuticals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. H.J.Wester@lrz.tum.de
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Wester
authors.forename: Bent Wilhelm
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Schoultz
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hultsch
authors.forename: Gjermund
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Henriksen
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007553:Isotope Labeling / Q000379:methods; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011854:Radiochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012997:Solvents; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18