title: Alcohol-induced tolerance and physical dependence in mice with ethanol insensitive alpha1 GABA A receptors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although many people consume alcohol (ethanol), it remains unknown why some become addicted. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of tolerance and physical dependence (withdrawal) may provide insight into alcohol addiction. While the exact molecular mechanisms of ethanol action are unclear, gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABA(A)-Rs) have been extensively implicated in ethanol action. The alpha1 GABA(A)-R subunit is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, but its exact role remains unknown. In this report, we tested the hypothesis that alpha1-GABA(A)-Rs mediate in part these effects of ethanol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ethanol-induced behavioral responses related to tolerance and physical dependence were investigated in knockin (KI) mice that have ethanol-insensitive alpha1 GABA(A)-Rs and wildtype (WT) controls. Acute functional tolerance (AFT) was assessed using the stationary dowel and loss of righting reflex (LORR) assays. Chronic tolerance was assessed on the LORR, fixed speed rotarod, hypothermia, and radiant tail-flick assays following 10 consecutive days of ethanol exposure. Withdrawal-related hyperexcitability was assessed by handling-induced convulsions following 3 cycles of ethanol vapor exposure/withdrawal. Immunoblots were used to assess alpha1 protein levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls, KI mice displayed decreased AFT and chronic tolerance to ethanol-induced motor ataxia, and also displayed heightened ethanol-withdrawal hyperexcitability. No differences between WT and KI mice were seen in other ethanol-induced behavioral measures. Following chronic exposure to ethanol, control mice displayed reductions in alpha1 protein levels, but KIs did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that alpha1-GABA(A)-Rs play a role in tolerance to ethanol-induced motor ataxia and withdrawal-related hyperexcitability. However, other aspects of behavioral tolerance and physical dependence do not rely on alpha1-containing GABA(A)-Rs.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Swihart
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Lariviere
authors.forename: Neil L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Gregg E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Homanics
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006948:Hyperkinesis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000139:chemically induced; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000187:drug effects; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; C546241:Gabra1 protein, mouse; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D000431:Ethanol