title: Functional analysis of a novel DNA polymorphism of a tandem repeated sequence in the asparagine synthetase gene in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells.
abstract: Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) is an enzyme expressed ubiquitously in mammalian cells. Here, we discovered two 14-bp tandem repeat (2R, wild-type) sequences in the first intron of the gene. The 14-bp sequence is similar to the three GC-boxes (GC-I, -II, and -III) found in the promoter region of the ASNS gene, as well as, the binding site of transcription factor Sp-1. Approximately 75% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) samples had the 2R sequence in both allele; however, 20% and 3% ALL samples had three (3R) and four (4R) 14-bp tandem repeats in one allele, respectively; the other allele had 2R. The tandem repeat sequence was not specific to the leukemia cells but represents a novel germline polymorphism. Interestingly, the 14-bp sequence functioned as a transcriptional enhancer element as shown by reporter analysis and formed a protein-DNA complex in vitro. Our data for the first time show that the ASNS gene has tandem repeated sequences as a polymorphism, and it can function as a transcriptional element; increased number of tandem repeat producing increased activity. Clinical significance in ALL requires further studies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. tadayuki@staff.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tadayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akagi
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawamata
authors.forename: Claus R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bartram
authors.forename: Wolf-K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Jee Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Carl W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Monique L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: den Boer
authors.forename: H Phillip
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Koeffler
mesh_terms: D001217:Aspartate-Ammonia Ligase / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D001217:Aspartate-Ammonia Ligase