title: Incorporating tiotropium into a respiratory therapist-directed bronchodilator protocol for managing in-patients with COPD exacerbations decreases bronchodilator costs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tiotropium is used in maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but there are no guidelines on when to start tiotropium following an exacerbation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the addition of tiotropium to a respiratory-therapist-directed bronchodilator protocol affects bronchodilator costs for patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed data on the number and type of bronchodilator treatments administered to all patients admitted for COPD exacerbation during the 3-month period (January through March 2006) after tiotropium was added to our bronchodilator protocol, and compared that data to a historical control period (January through March 2004) before tiotropium was available in our hospital. We compared the costs of bronchodilator treatments, baseline patient characteristics, comorbidities, concomitant medications, length of stay, adverse events, and in-hospital deaths.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline characteristics, comorbidities, and concomitant medications were similar in the 2004 control group (n = 181) and the 2006 intervention group (n = 174). The mean +/- SD number of bronchodilator treatments per admission was significantly higher in the control period (13.6 +/- 15.6) than in the intervention period (10.6 +/- 9.4). That difference correlated to a reduction in combination therapy (short-acting inhaled beta(2) agonist plus ipratropium), which decreased from a per-admission average of 6.7 +/- 14.2 in the control period to 1.9 +/- 5.1 in the intervention period. Calculated bronchodilator costs were significantly lower in the intervention period than in the control period. Length of stay also significantly decreased, from 6.5 +/- 5.0 d to 5.5 +/- 4.0 d. There were no adverse events related to tiotropium. Pulmonary-related in-hospital deaths were not significantly different between the 2 periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early addition of maintenance-treatment tiotropium to a respiratory-therapist-directed bronchodilator protocol for patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbation reduced costs and produced no safety concerns.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Services Department, Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA. Gail.S.Drescher@medstar.net
authors.forename: Gail S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Drescher
authors.forename: Bettye J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Carnathan
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imus
authors.forename: Gene L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Colice
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012138:Respiratory Therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide