title: Association of the ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism with type 2 diabetes and obesity in the Moroccan population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 enzyme (ENPP1), which downregulates insulin signaling by inhibiting insulin-receptor tyrosine kinase activity, is encoded by the ENPP1 gene. A common functional ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism has been suggested to contribute to insulin resistance, obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in various ethnic groups. For this reason, we assessed the association between the ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism in T2D and obesity phenotypes in the Moroccan population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using LightCycler((R)) technology, we genotyped the ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism in 503 subjects with T2D and 412 normoglycaemic individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no evidence of an association between ENPP1 K121Q and T2D in either an additive (P=0.99) or recessive mode of inheritance (P=0.47). However, the Q121 variant was significantly more frequent in obese than in non-obese subjects after adjusting for age, gender and T2D status. We observed genetic heterogeneity between obese and non-obese T2D patients (P=0.02). The K121Q polymorphism was associated with T2D in the presence of obesity in both additive (1.55 [95% CI 1.16-2.07]; P=0.003) and recessive (2.31 [95% CI 1.34-3.97]; P=0.002) modes of inheritance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there was no evidence of an association between the ENPP1 K121Q variant and the general phenotype of T2D, we did find an association with adult obesity and T2D. The Q121 allele frequency in Morocco is 37.3%, placing it between European Caucasians (15%) and Black Africans (79%). This study is the first to report an association between K121Q and metabolic diseases in the Moroccan population.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: El Achhab
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meyre
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bouatia-Naji
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berraho
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deweirder
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vatin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delplanque
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Serhier
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lyoussi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nejjari
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Froguel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chikri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002896:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009018:Morocco; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics*; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011755:Pyrophosphatases / Q000235:genetics*; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; C065962:ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1; D011755:Pyrophosphatases