title: Ecology of danger-dependent cytokine-boosted spontaneous abortion in the CBA x DBA/2 mouse model: II. Fecal LPS levels in colonies with different basal abortion rates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous data have shown that 'danger' signals, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) acting via toll-like receptors (TLR), are conditions antecedent to early pregnancy failure in several murine abortion models. Indeed, the abortion rate increased in the CBA x DBA/2 model after injection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) + interferon (IFN-gamma) on gestation day (GD) 7.5 only if the LPS-TLR signaling pathway was intact. High rates of cytokine-boosted abortion >80% loss can be demonstrable in certain animal colonies that have a high endogenous (spontaneous) rate of resorption (30-50%). A specific role for LPS on GD 0.5 determines the endogenous loss rate and on GD 6.5 the responsiveness to cytokine boosting of losses. Th1 cytokines (or the stress that induces these cytokines) increase intestinal permeability and absorption of luminal contents. It was predicted that intestinal availability of LPS was a major factor in the endogenous and cytokine-boosted resorption rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A fixed weight of fresh mouse droppings from CBA/J female mice house in a high-abortion-rate (30-40%) colony at Clamart, France was homogenized and filtered. Fresh mouse droppings from a low-abortion-rate (10-15%) colony in Berlin, Germany were similarly processed. LPS was assayed using the Limulus amoebocyte lysate bioassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To our surprise, there was no significant difference in LPS content of fecal samples from the two colonies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high endogenous rate of abortion and cytokine (or stress) boosted abortion in the CBA x DBA/2 model is not explained by the LPS content of feces. Possible explanations include: fecal LPS does not reflect small intestinal LPS, there are additional TLR signals besides LPS that are important and endogenous stress levels may be higher in high-abortion-rate colonies, so permeability of the intestine (and Th1 cytokine levels) may be already higher. These data have implications for studies on the role of flora in human pregnancy problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. clarkd@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chaouat
authors.forename: Daljeet
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Banwatt
authors.forename: Asreid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Friebe
authors.forename: Petra C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Arck
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides