title: The potential clinical relevance of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF-C in recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes tumor angioinvasion while VEGF-C is a potent lymphangiogenic factor. This study aims at evaluating serum VEGF (sVEGF) and sVEGF-C levels in recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples were collected preoperatively from 85 patients with primary PTC, 44 with benign thyroid diseases, and 19 with recurrent PTC. sVEGF and sVEGF-C levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients had locoregional recurrence only while 7 patients had distant metastases, including 6 with concomitant or history of locoregional recurrence. Patients with recurrent PTC had significantly higher sVEGF (432 vs 263 pg/mL, P = .004) and sVEGF-C (6,433 vs 5,289 pg/mL, P = .006) levels than benign controls. sVEGF level was significantly elevated in patients with distant metastases compared with those of local recurrences only (580 vs 345 pg/mL, P = .037) while there was no significant difference of sVEGF-C level in both subgroup of patients. sVEGF, but not VEGF-C, showed a linear correlation with thyroglobulin levels in recurrent PTC patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both sVEGF and sVEGF-C levels are elevated in patients with recurrent PTC, and sVEGF distinguishes the presence of distant metastasis. Angiogenic markers should be further evaluated for their clinical relevance in monitoring and predicting the type of recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Min
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Chung-Yau
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Alfred King-Yin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: Brian Hung-Hin
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Luk
mesh_terms: D000231:Adenocarcinoma, Papillary / Q000097:blood*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000097:blood*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000097:blood*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood*; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C