title: Chemical fate and changes in mutagenic activity of antibiotics nitrofurazone and furazolidone during aqueous chlorination.
abstract: Reactions of nitrofuran antibiotics (nitrofurazone (NFZ) and frazolidone (FZD)) with hypochlorite in aqueous solution were investigated under the conditions that simulate wastewater disinfection. The chlorination byproducts were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. At the levels of 5 microM, NFZ reacted rapidly with free chlorine in neutral pH (7.0), while the FZD-hypochlorite reaction was reasonably slow under the same pH. Nevertheless, the strong mutagenic parents disappeared completely after the hypochlorite reactions, and the chlorination byproducts were observed to exert a weak mutagenic effect on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without S9-mix. The extent of the reactions depended on the chlorine dose, solution pH and compound structures.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Tatsuhiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niino
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Sukeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Onodera
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005664:Furazolidone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D054879:Halogenation; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D009583:Nitrofurazone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012996:Solutions; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009153:Mutagens; D012996:Solutions; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005664:Furazolidone; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid; D009583:Nitrofurazone