title: Profiles of service utilization and the resultant economic impact in preschoolers with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether preschool children with Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) utilize more speech and language therapy (ST), occupational therapy (OT), and physical therapy (PT) services and are more likely to be placed in special education (SPED) classrooms as compared to their peers. Corresponding financial consequences were also examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The amount of ST, OT, and PT, as well as SPED placements, was examined in 3- and 4-year-old children with and without ADHD (n = 109 and n = 97, respectively) during the baseline portion of an ongoing, 5-year longitudinal study. Costs for individual services and aggregate cost were determined per child and compared across groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preschool children with ADHD were more likely to receive individual and multiple services. Higher rates of service utilization translated into increased costs for each individual service with the exception of PT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A comprehensive understanding of service utilization in the early years of development is important in addressing the increased service use in the preschool years and assist in guiding allocation of resources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. david.marks@mssm.edu
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mlodnicka
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chacko
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Halperin
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004519:Education, Special / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007808:Language Therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009788:Occupational Therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D040841:Resource Allocation / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013070:Speech Therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States; D014600:Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data