title: Variation in ptaquiloside content In bracken (Pteridium esculentum (Forst. f) Cockayne ) in New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine stands of bracken fern (Pteridium esculentum) from throughout New Zealand for the presence and concentration of ptaquiloside (Pta), and to compare the presence and/or concentrations of Pta in areas where bovine enzootic haematuria (BEH) and/or acute haemorrhagic syndrome (AHS) has been known to occur with those where BEH/AHS has not been recorded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stands of bracken fern were sampled from 275 sites throughout New Zealand. Sixty-two stands were from a regional survey predominantly from the Waikato and Coromandel regions, 27 were from a farm in the King Country where BEH/AHS had been investigated previously, and 186 were from a national survey of the North and South Islands. Sampling sites were from a mixture of grazed paddocks, roadsides, and forest and bush areas. Samples comprised whole young fronds, the tops of unfurling young fronds, or, for the Regional Survey, mature green fronds from the previous season. Pta was extracted from the samples, and measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Information on the occurrence of BEH/AHS at specific locations was obtained from published information and records from animal health laboratories in New Zealand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 275 samples contained widely varying concentrations of Pta. In the Farm Survey, concentrations ranged from 280-13,300 (mean 3,800) microg/g (on a dry-weight basis) in the 63% of samples that contained Pta. A high proportion of samples from the Regional and National Surveys covering large areas of the country contained no detectable levels of Pta. The majority (61%) of samples from these two surveys which contained Pta were from areas where BEH/AHS was reported to occur. Combining data from all surveys, in areas with reported BEH/AHS, 42% of samples collected contained Pta, compared with 6% where BEH/AHS was not known to occur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concentrations of Pta in bracken in New Zealand vary greatly, and in a high proportion of stands Pta is not found. A higher incidence of Pta, and some very high concentrations, are found in areas where BEH/AHS was known to occur.
authors.affiliation: FOOD Denmark Research School, Centre for Advanced Food Studies, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Dr
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lauren
authors.forename: Bl
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Hcb
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hansen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D030243:Hemorrhagic Syndrome, Bovine / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007189:Indans / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D010947:Plants, Toxic / Q000633:toxicity; D032498:Pteridium / Q000737:chemistry*; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007189:Indans; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C043680:ptaquiloside