title: Striatal volumes in affected and unaffected relatives of bipolar patients--high-risk study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Striatal volume changes reported in bipolar disorders could represent artifacts of medication or comorbid conditions, or illness related changes, either biological predispositions or consequences of illness burden. We conducted volumetric high-risk study to investigate whether striatal volume changes represent primary biological risk factor for bipolar disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-risk (HR) participants (age range 15-30 years) were recruited from families multiply affected with bipolar disorders. They included 20 affected and 26 unaffected offspring of parents with primary mood disorders, matched by age and sex with 31 controls without a personal or family history of psychiatric disorders. Striatal volumes were measured on 1.5T 3D anatomical MRI images using standard methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant difference between groups (affected, unaffected HR and control subjects) in caudate volumes (F=3.50, DF=2; 74 and p=0.04) in absence of putamen volume changes. The caudate volumes were largest in unaffected HR subjects without differences between affected and control or affected and unaffected HR subjects. The maximum changes were found in the head of the caudate. Controlling for non-independence of observations in multiple subjects per family yielded non-significant differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the biological plausibility, partial agreement with previous studies and nominal statistical significance, controlling for non-independence of observations within families changed the increased caudate volumes among unaffected subjects to non-significant. We thus present these findings as negative, pending further replication. Striatal volume abnormalities did not meet criteria for endophenotype in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veteran's Memorial Lane, Halifax, Canada. tomas.hajek@dal.ca
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hajek
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gunde
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Slaney
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Propper
authors.forename: Glenda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: MacQueen
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000473:pathology; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000473:pathology*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011699:Putamen / Q000473:pathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult