title: Impact of adherence to standard operating procedures for pneumonia on outcome of intensive care unit patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pneumonia accounts for almost half of intensive care unit (ICU) infections and nearly 60% of deaths from nosocomial infections. It increases hospital stay by 7-9 days, crude mortality by 70% and attributable mortality by 30%.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to assess the impact of standard operating procedures adapted to the local resistance rates in the initial empirical treatment for pneumonia on duration of first pneumonia episode, duration of mechanical ventilation, and length of ICU stay.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational cohort study with retrospective expert audit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five anesthesiologically managed ICUs at University hospital (one cardio-surgical, one neurosurgical, two interdisciplinary, and one intermediate care).
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 524 consecutive patients with > or = 36 hr ICU treatment 131 patients with pneumonia on ICU were identified. Their first pneumonia episode was evaluated daily for adherence to standard operating procedures. Pneumonia was diagnosed according to the American Thoracic Society guidelines. Patients with > 70% compliance were assigned to high adherence group (HAG), patients with < or = 70% to low adherence group (LAG).
  
  
  RESULTS
  HAG consisted of 45 (49 first episode) patients, LAG of 86 (82 first episode) patients, respectively. Mean duration of treatment of the first pneumonia episode was 10.11 +/- 7.95 days in the LAG and 6.22 +/- 3.27 days in the HAG (p = 0.001). Duration of mechanical ventilation was 317.59 +/- 336.18 hrs in the LAG and 178.07 +/- 191.33 hrs in the HAG (p = 0.017). Length of ICU stay was 20.24 +/- 16.59 days in the LAG and 12.04 +/- 10.42 days in the HAG (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Barriers in compliance need further evaluation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adherence to standard operating procedure is associated with a shorter duration of treatment of first pneumonia episode, a shorter duration of mechanical ventilation, and a shorter ICU stay.
authors.affiliation: Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Campus Charité Mitte, Germany.
authors.forename: Irit
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nachtigall
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tamarkin
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tafelski
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deja
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Halle
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gastmeier
authors.forename: Klaus D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Wernecke
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kastrup
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spies
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents