title: Development of a nondestructive method for underglaze painted tiles--demonstrated by the analysis of Persian objects from the nineteenth century.
abstract: The paper presents an analytical method developed for the nondestructive study of nineteenth-century Persian polychrome underglaze painted tiles. As an example, 9 tiles from French and German museum collections were investigated. Before this work was undertaken little was known about the materials used in pottery at that time, although the broad range of colors and shades, together with their brilliant glazes, made these objects stand out when compared with Iranian ceramics of the preceding periods and suggested the use of new pigments, colorants, and glaze compositions. These materials are thought to be related to provenance and as such appropriate criteria for art-historical attribution. The analytical method is based on the combination of different nondestructive spectroscopic techniques using microfocused beams such as proton-induced X-ray emission/proton-induced gamma-ray emission, X-ray fluorescence, 3D X-ray absorption near edge structure, and confocal Raman spectroscopy and also visible spectroscopy. It was established to address the specific difficulties these objects and the technique of underglaze painting raise. The exact definition of the colors observed on the tiles using the Natural Color System helped to attribute them to different colorants. It was possible to establish the presence of Cr- and U-based colorants as new materials in nineteenth-century Persian tilemaking. The difference in glaze composition (Pb, Sn, Na, and K contents) as well as the use of B and Sn were identified as a potential marker for different workshops.
authors.affiliation: UMR 171 CNRS-Centre for Research and Restoration of the French Museums (C2RMF), Palais du Louvre, 14 quai F. Mitterrand, 75001, Paris, France. ina.reiche@culture.gouv.fr
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Reiche
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Röhrs
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salomon
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kanngiesser
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Höhn
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Malzer
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Voigt
mesh_terms: D001895:Boron / Q000032:analysis / Q000266:history; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000266:history; D049672:History, 19th Century; D007492:Iran; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000266:history; D010150:Paint / Q000032:analysis* / Q000266:history; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis / Q000266:history; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis / Q000266:history; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D014001:Tin / Q000032:analysis / Q000266:history
chemical_list: D007854:Lead; D014001:Tin; D012964:Sodium; D001895:Boron; D011188:Potassium