title: Synergist coactivation and substitution pattern of the human masseter and temporalis muscles during sustained static contractions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous reports indicated that between-muscle substitution of active motor unit pools can be found in a variety of synergist muscles, including shoulder and leg muscles, but little information is available for the masticatory muscles. We hypothesized that, during a prolonged clenching effort performed at low- to moderate-bite force levels, a substitution pattern of activity can be found also in the masseter and anterior temporal muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten healthy volunteers were recruited and were asked to clench unilaterally on a force transducer for 10min at 10%, 15%, and 20% of the maximum bite force. During each session, bite force, perceived muscle pain and electromyographic activity were continuously assessed. Data analyses were performed by means of cross-correlation and periodogram analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During sustained static contractions, different contraction patterns of jaw elevator muscles could be identified. These included a coactivation pattern, a substitution pattern, and several intermediate situations between coactivation and substitution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the concept that the masticatory muscles are functionally heterogeneous and provide evidence that the neuromuscular strategies used by the masticatory system to perform sustained static contractions differ between individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individual neuromuscular strategies might play a role in the development of masticatory muscle pain conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral, Dental and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Section of Orthodontics and Clinical Gnathology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy. mauro.farella@unina.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farella
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palumbo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Milani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Avecone
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michelotti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001732:Bite Force; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000502:physiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013703:Temporal Muscle / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult