title: Suicidal antidepressant overdoses: a comparative analysis by antidepressant type.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The safety of antidepressants following overdose is critical because of the high risk of suicide attempts in depressed patients. This study was conducted to decrease the fatality rate of antidepressant overdoses by providing data to shift prescribing toward safer antidepressants.
  
  
  METHODS
  US poison control data for 2000-2004 were analyzed by 25 antidepressant types. Medical outcome differences were quantified using a hazard index (number of major or fatal outcomes per 1000 reported antidepressant ingestions).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 82,802 suicidal single-agent ingestions of identifiable antidepressants approved for use in the US, cases occurred predominantly in females and peaked in teens. Fatal cases peaked at 40 to 49 years of age. Suicidal ingestions of the SSRIs, SNRIs, and other antidepressants peaked in teens, lithium in the twenties, tricyclics and tetracyclics in the thirties, and MAO inhibitors in the forties. There were 40 major or fatal outcomes per 1000 cases. Weighted by antidepressant type, the mean hazard index for the 25 antidepressants was 79 (range: 0 to 292). Amoxapine (292), maprotiline (211), and desipramine (187) had the highest hazard indices. The tricyclic antidepressants, MAO inhibitors, maprotiline, and bupropion were in the more severe half of antidepressants, ranked by hazard index. All SSRIs had low hazard indices. Hazard index and exposure frequency were inversely correlated (R = -0.423, p = 0.035), while hazard index and use of critical care were positively correlated for the 25 antidepressant types (R = 0.797, p < 0.001). Clinical effect profiles for each antidepressant type are presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suicidal overdose severity varied considerably by antidepressant type. Prescribing decisions should be informed by regularly updated comparative overdose severity data.
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Toby
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Litovitz
authors.forename: Cathleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clancy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000506:poisoning; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000506:poisoning*; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000506:poisoning; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000506:poisoning; D002648:Child; D062787:Drug Overdose; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000506:poisoning; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000506:poisoning; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000506:poisoning; D012737:Sex Factors; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013406:Suicide, Attempted; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D018021:Lithium Chloride; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors