title: Inference of haplotypic phase and missing genotypes in polyploid organisms and variable copy number genomic regions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The power of haplotype-based methods for association studies, identification of regions under selection, and ancestral inference, is well-established for diploid organisms. For polyploids, however, the difficulty of determining phase has limited such approaches. Polyploidy is common in plants and is also observed in animals. Partial polyploidy is sometimes observed in humans (e.g. trisomy 21; Down's syndrome), and it arises more frequently in some human tissues. Local changes in ploidy, known as copy number variations (CNV), arise throughout the genome. Here we present a method, implemented in the software polyHap, for the inference of haplotype phase and missing observations from polyploid genotypes. PolyHap allows each individual to have a different ploidy, but ploidy cannot vary over the genomic region analysed. It employs a hidden Markov model (HMM) and a sampling algorithm to infer haplotypes jointly in multiple individuals and to obtain a measure of uncertainty in its inferences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the simulation study, we combine real haplotype data to create artificial diploid, triploid, and tetraploid genotypes, and use these to demonstrate that polyHap performs well, in terms of both switch error rate in recovering phase and imputation error rate for missing genotypes. To our knowledge, there is no comparable software for phasing a large, densely genotyped region of chromosome from triploids and tetraploids, while for diploids we found polyHap to be more accurate than fastPhase. We also compare the results of polyHap to SATlotyper on an experimentally haplotyped tetraploid dataset of 12 SNPs, and show that polyHap is more accurate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the availability of large SNP data in polyploids and CNV regions, we believe that polyHap, our proposed method for inferring haplotypic phase from genotype data, will be useful in enabling researchers analysing such data to exploit the power of haplotype-based analyses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London, W2 1PG, UK. lshu-yi.su@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Shu-Yi
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Balding
authors.forename: Lachlan J M
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Coin
mesh_terms: D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X / Q000235:genetics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018628:Gene Dosage / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D005828:Genetics, Population; D015894:Genome, Human; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011123:Polyploidy; D012984:Software