title: Impact of schizophrenia and schizophrenia treatment-related adverse events on quality of life: direct utility elicitation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the impact of schizophrenia, its treatment and treatment-related adverse events related to antipsychotics, on quality of life from the perspective of schizophrenia patients and laypersons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Health state descriptions for stable schizophrenia, extra pyramidal symptoms (EPS), hyperprolactinemia, diabetes, weight gain and relapse were developed based on a review of the literature and expert opinion. The quality of life impact of each health state was elicited using a time trade-off instrument administered by interview to 49 stable schizophrenia patients and 75 laypersons. Regression techniques were employed to examine the importance of subject characteristics on health-related utility scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients and laypersons completed the interview in similar times. Stable schizophrenia had the highest mean utility (0.87 and 0.92 for laypersons and patients respectively), while relapse (0.48 and 0.60) had the lowest mean utility. Of the treatment-related adverse events, EPS had the lowest mean utility (0.57 and 0.72, respectively). Age, gender and PANSS score did not influence the utility results independently of health state. On average, patient utilities are 0.077 points higher than utilities derived from laypersons, although the ranking was similar between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Events associated with schizophrenia and treatment of schizophrenia can bring about a significant detriment in patient quality of life, with relapse having the largest negative impact. Results indicate that patients with stable schizophrenia are less willing to trade years of life to avoid schizophrenia-related symptoms compared to laypersons. Both sets of respondents showed equal ability to complete the questionnaire.
authors.affiliation: Oxford Outcomes Ltd, Oxford, UK. andrew.briggs@oxfordoutcomes.com
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briggs
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reaney
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dursun
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Parry
authors.forename: Jayanti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents