title: Gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated neurotransmission in the pontine reticular formation modulates hypnosis, immobility, and breathing during isoflurane anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many general anesthetics are thought to produce a loss of wakefulness, in part, by enhancing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission. However, GABAergic neurotransmission in the pontine reticular formation promotes wakefulness. This study tested the hypotheses that (1) relative to wakefulness, isoflurane decreases GABA levels in the pontine reticular formation; and (2) pontine reticular formation administration of drugs that increase or decrease GABA levels increases or decreases, respectively, isoflurane induction time.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test hypothesis 1, cats (n = 5) received a craniotomy and permanent electrodes for recording the electroencephalogram and electromyogram. Dialysis samples were collected from the pontine reticular formation during isoflurane anesthesia and wakefulness. GABA levels were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. For hypothesis 2, rats (n = 10) were implanted with a guide cannula aimed for the pontine reticular formation. Each rat received microinjections of Ringer's (vehicle control), the GABA uptake inhibitor nipecotic acid, and the GABA synthesis inhibitor 3-mercaptopropionic acid. Rats were then anesthetized with isoflurane, and induction time was quantified as loss of righting reflex. Breathing rate was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to wakefulness, GABA levels were significantly decreased by isoflurane. Increased power in the electroencephalogram and decreased activity in the electromyogram caused by isoflurane covaried with pontine reticular formation GABA levels. Nipecotic acid and 3-mercaptopropionic acid significantly increased and decreased, respectively, isoflurane induction time. Nipecotic acid also increased breathing rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreasing pontine reticular formation GABA levels comprises one mechanism by which isoflurane causes loss of consciousness, altered cortical excitability, muscular hypotonia, and decreased respiratory rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vanini
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lydic
authors.forename: Helen A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Baghdoyan
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D046353:Immobility Response, Tonic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D011149:Pons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D012154:Reticular Formation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D007530:Isoflurane