title: Heterozygous carriers of a Parkin or PINK1 mutation share a common functional endophenotype.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use a combined neurogenetic-neuroimaging approach to examine the functional consequences of preclinical dopaminergic nigrostriatal dysfunction in the human motor system. Specifically, we examined how a single heterozygous mutation in different genes associated with recessively inherited Parkinson disease alters the cortical control of sequential finger movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonmanifesting individuals carrying a single heterozygous Parkin (n = 13) or PINK1 (n = 9) mutation and 23 healthy controls without these mutations were studied with functional MRI (fMRI). During fMRI, participants performed simple sequences of three thumb-to-finger opposition movements with their right dominant hand. Since heterozygous Parkin and PINK1 mutations cause a latent dopaminergic nigrostriatal dysfunction, we predicted a compensatory recruitment of those rostral premotor areas that are normally implicated in the control of complex motor sequences. We expected this overactivity to be independent of the underlying genotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Task performance was comparable for all groups. The performance of a simple motor sequence task consistently activated the rostral supplementary motor area and right rostral dorsal premotor cortex in mutation carriers but not in controls. Task-related activation of these premotor areas was similar in carriers of a Parkin or PINK1 mutation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mutations in different genes linked to recessively inherited Parkinson disease are associated with an additional recruitment of rostral supplementary motor area and rostral dorsal premotor cortex during a simple motor sequence task. These premotor areas were recruited independently of the underlying genotype. The observed activation most likely reflects a "generic" compensatory mechanism to maintain motor function in the context of a mild dopaminergic deficit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: B F L
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: van Nuenen
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bloem
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reetz
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Eimeren
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lohmann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hagenah
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Pramstaller
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Binkofski
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Siebner
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000235:genetics; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening / Q000379:methods; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000235:genetics*; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010641:Phenotype; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics*; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics*; D000099202:PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011494:Protein Kinases; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D000099202:PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase; C111567:parkin protein