title: A noninvasive imaging approach to understanding speech changes following deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the use of noninvasive functional imaging and "virtual" lesion techniques to study the neural mechanisms underlying motor speech disorders in Parkinson's disease. Here, we report the use of positron emission tomography (PET) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to explain exacerbated speech impairment following subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) in a patient with Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Perceptual and acoustic speech measures, as well as cerebral blood flow during speech as measured by PET, were obtained with STN-DBS on and off. TMS was applied to a region in the speech motor network found to be abnormally active during DBS. Speech disruption by TMS was compared both perceptually and acoustically with speech produced with DBS on.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Speech production was perceptually inferior and acoustically less contrastive during left STN stimulation compared to no stimulation. Increased neural activity in left dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) was observed during DBS on. "Virtual" lesioning of this region resulted in speech characterized by decreased speech segment duration, increased pause duration, and decreased intelligibility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case report provides evidence that impaired speech production accompanying STN-DBS may result from unintended activation of PMd. Clinical application of functional imaging and TMS may lead to optimizing the delivery of STN-DBS to improve outcomes for speech production as well as general motor abilities.
authors.affiliation: Research Imaging Center, Honors College, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive MSC 6240, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA. narayana@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Shalini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narayana
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jacks
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Robin
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Poizner
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Crystal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liotti
authors.forename: Deanie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008959:Models, Neurological; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000503:physiopathology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation