title: Integration of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy and cystectomy in the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
abstract: Bladder cancer is a potentially curable malignancy but for those patients who present with or develop muscle-invasive disease, there is a high risk of metastases and cancer-related death. The treatment of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer uses a multimodal approach, including radical cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection and perioperative chemotherapy. Neoadjuvant cisplatin combination chemotherapy has a modest survival benefit, with those patients achieving a complete pathological response after chemotherapy having the best outcome. Adjuvant chemotherapy, although less well substantiated, is a reasonable option for patients with extravesical disease or lymph node involvement after cystectomy. Perioperative chemotherapy is substantially underused despite the level-1 evidence showing a survival benefit. Ongoing research will focus on individualized patient care, with biomarkers to predict a pathological complete response and the development of novel targeted therapies.
authors.affiliation: Genitourinary Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. milowskm@mskcc.org
authors.forename: Matthew I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Milowsky
authors.forename: Walter M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Stadler
authors.forename: Dean F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Bajorin
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000379:methods*; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D004317:Doxorubicin; D002945:Cisplatin; D008727:Methotrexate