title: Disparity in drug-eluting stent utilization by insurance type.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because of the expense of drug-eluting stents (DES) and associated adjuvant therapy, nonclinical, socioeconomic factors may be associated with DES use in clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on 112,588 patients from the National Cardiovascular Data CathPCI Registry (NCDR) between 2004 and 2005 with "on-label" indications for DES were analyzed. Insurance status was categorized as No Insurance, Governmental, and Private Insurance. Hierarchical multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between insurance status and DES use, after adjusting for patient and procedural characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drug-eluting stent use was >96% during the study period, with utilization significantly associated with insurance status. Compared with patients with Private Insurance, patients with No Insurance (odds ratio 0.44, 95% confidence interval 0.37-0.53) and Government Insurance (odds ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.67-0.80) were significantly less likely to receive a DES than a bare metal stent. Repeat analysis of patients <65 years of age demonstrated virtually identical results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the high penetration of DES, significant associations between insurance status and DES utilization were identified. This indicates that disparities in health care based on socioeconomic factors extend to DES utilization and highlights the need to address such disparities as novel therapies emerge.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Cardiology, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. jakao@uic.edu
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vicuna
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: House
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rumsfeld
authors.forename: Henry H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Spertus
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D054855:Drug-Eluting Stents / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000191:economics*; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006278:Medicare / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012042:Registries; D013221:State Health Plans / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States; D014600:Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data