title: Antimicrobial peptides effectively kill a broad spectrum of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus strains independently of origin, sub-type, or virulence factor expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Host defense peptides (HDPs), or antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are important components of the innate immune system that bacterial pathogens must overcome to establish an infection and HDPs have been suggested as novel antimicrobial therapeutics in treatment of infectious diseases. Hence it is important to determine the natural variation in susceptibility to HDPs to ensure a successful use in clinical treatment regimes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Strains of two human bacterial pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, were selected to cover a wide range of origin, sub-type, and phenotypic behavior. Strains within each species were equally sensitive to HDPs and oxidative stress representing important components of the innate immune defense system. Four non-human peptides (protamine, plectasin, novicidin, and novispirin G10) were similar in activity profile (MIC value spectrum) to the human beta-defensin 3 (HBD-3). All strains were inhibited by concentrations of hydrogen peroxide between 0.1% - 1.0%. Sub-selections of both species differed in expression of several virulence-related factors and in their ability to survive in human whole blood and kill the nematode virulence model Caenorhabditis elegans. For L. monocytogenes, proliferation in whole blood was paralleled by high invasion in Caco-2 cells and fast killing of C. elegans, however, no such pattern in phenotypic behavior was observed for S. aureus and none of the phenotypic differences were correlated to sensitivity to HDPs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strains of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus were within each species equally sensitive to a range of HDPs despite variations in subtype, origin, and phenotypic behavior. Our results suggest that therapeutic use of HDPs will not be hampered by occurrence of naturally tolerant strains of the two species investigated in the present study.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Bldg, 221, DK-2800 Kgs,, Lyngby, Denmark. ctg@aqua.dtu.dk
authors.forename: Caroline Trebbien
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.forename: Line Elnif
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ingmer
authors.forename: Per Holse
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Mygind
authors.forename: Hans-Henrik
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.forename: Lone
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gram
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010455:Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010641:Phenotype; D011479:Protamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D010455:Peptides; D011479:Protamines; D037521:Virulence Factors; C466663:novispirin G10; C504857:plectasin; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide