title: Is aggression in children with behavioural and emotional difficulties associated with television viewing and video game playing? A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Possible associations between television viewing and video game playing and children's aggression have become public health concerns. We did a systematic review of studies that examined such associations, focussing on children and young people with behavioural and emotional difficulties, who are thought to be more susceptible.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did computer-assisted searches of health and social science databases, gateways, publications from relevant organizations and for grey literature; scanned bibliographies; hand-searched key journals; and corresponded with authors. We critically appraised all studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 12 studies: three experiments with children with behavioural and emotional difficulties found increased aggression after watching aggressive as opposed to low-aggressive content television programmes, one found the opposite and two no clear effect, one found such children no more likely than controls to imitate aggressive television characters. One case-control study and one survey found that children and young people with behavioural and emotional difficulties watched more television than controls; another did not. Two studies found that children and young people with behavioural and emotional difficulties viewed more hours of aggressive television programmes than controls. One study on video game use found that young people with behavioural and emotional difficulties viewed more minutes of violence and played longer than controls. In a qualitative study children with behavioural and emotional difficulties, but not their parents, did not associate watching television with aggression. All studies had significant methodological flaws. None was based on power calculations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic review found insufficient, contradictory and methodologically flawed evidence on the association between television viewing and video game playing and aggression in children and young people with behavioural and emotional difficulties. If public health advice is to be evidence-based, good quality research is needed.
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Research Institute, Medical School Building, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. O.Mitrofan@warwick.ac.uk
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mitrofan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Spencer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000523:psychology; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D001290:Attitude; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002666:Psychology, Child; D013690:Television; D018910:Video Games / Q000523:psychology*