title: [Suppression of cell proliferation by inhibitors to redox signaling in human lens epithelial cells].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Physiological level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been shown to play an important role in mitogen-stimulated cell signaling in many cell types. Both EGF and bFGF can induce ROS generation in human lens epithelial cells. But the role of ROS and Redox signaling on EGF and bFGF-stimulated cell proliferation is not clear. This study was to investigate the control of EGF and bFGF-induced cell proliferation by Redox signaling in human lens epithelial cells (SRA 01/04), using specific inhibitors to Redox signaling.
  
  
  METHODS
  EGF and bFGF-induced cell proliferation was measured by [methyl-3H] thymidine incorporation assay. In some experiments, cell proliferation was also measured by trypan blue negative cell counting parallel with 3H-thymidine incorporation assay. The inhibitors used in this study include: catalase (specific enzyme to detoxify hydrogen peroxide), N-acetyl-L-cysteine (free radical scavenger), DPI (inhibitor for NADPH oxidase) and AACOCF3 (specific inhibitor for cytosolic phospholipase A2, which had been shown to play important role in ROS generation in our previous study). Serum starved SRA 01/04 cells were pretreated with these inhibitors for 30 minutes before exposure to EGF or bFGF (20 microg/L). In short term study, all these inhibitors were removed before adding growth factor, while in long term study, inhibitors were maintained in the medium along with growth factor. Cells were kept growing in the medium with 20 microg/L EGF or 20 microg/L bFGF for 48 hours. Then cell proliferation was quantified by [methyl-3H] thymidine incorporation assay or by cell counting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that catalase, NAC, DPI and AACOCF3 were able to suppress EGF and bFGF-induced cell proliferation in both short term and long term study. In EGF study, 20 microg/L EGF produced about 26% (t = 7.093, P <0.01) increase in DNA synthesis after 48 hours. Pretreatment of the cells for 30 minutes with 1 x 10(5) U/L catalase, 0.5 mmol/L NAC, 0.1 micromol/L DPI or 0.5 micromol/L AACOCF3 inhibited EGF-stimulated DNA synthesis by 18.0% (t=6.132, P<0.01), 24.6% (t=6.188, P<0.01), 28.5% (t=6.386, P<0.01) and 16.4% (t =3.705, P =0.001) respectively. The inhibition was dose-dependent and was proved by trypan-blue negative cell counting. If the cells were treated with inhibitors for 48.5 hours (long term study), the lowest concentrations to inhibit cell proliferation were much lower than those used in short term study. Treatment of the cells with 0.5 x 10(5) U/L catalase, 0.2 mmol/L NAC, 0.01 micromol/L DPI and 0.1 micromol/L AACOCF3 led to suppression on DNA synthesis significantly. Similar results were detected in bFGF study. 48 hours treatment with 20 microg/L bFGF induced about 28.8% (t =9.523, P <0.01) increase in cell proliferation. If the cells were pretreated with 1 x 10(5) U/L catalase, 0.5 mmol/L NAC, 0.1 micromol/L DPI or 0.5 micromol/L AACOCF3 for 30 minutes, bFGF-stimulated cell proliferation was suppressed by 24.5% (t = 6.697, P < 0.01), 22.2% (t = 6.693, P<0.01), 23.9% (t =6.661, P<0.01) and 30.5% (t =8.959, P <0.01) respectively. If cells were treated with inhibitors for 48.5 hours, the lowest concentration of catalase, NAC, DPI and AACOCF3 to inhibit cell proliferation significantly was 0.5 x 10(5) U/L( t =21.641, P <0.01), 0.2 mmol/L (t =11.218, P < 0.01), 0.01 micromol/L (t = 4.570, P <0.01) and 0.1 micromol/L (t = 5.426, P < 0.01) respectively, lower than those used in short term study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that mitogenic stimulus function of EGF and bFGF in human lens epithelial cells appears to be mediated via ROS to activate cell proliferation. Inhibition of Redox signaling, either by removal of ROS (the role of catalase and NAC) or blocking ROS generation (the role of DPI and AACOCF3), eradicate EGF and bFGF-stimulated cell proliferation. It is proposed that Redox signaling may play an important role in cell proliferation in human lens epithelial cells.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ning-Li
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Zhi-Jie
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009249:NADP / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C081565:arachidonyltrifluoromethane; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D009249:NADP; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D002374:Catalase; D000111:Acetylcysteine