title: Randomised controlled trial of the effect of standard and detailed risk disclosure prior to bronchoscopy on peri-procedure anxiety and satisfaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deciding what risks to disclose before a procedure is often challenging for clinicians. Consecutive patients undergoing elective fibreoptic bronchoscopy were randomised to receive simple or more detailed written information about the risks of the procedure and the effects on anxiety and satisfaction levels were compared.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 100 mm anxiety visual analogue scale (VAS) and a modified Amsterdam preoperative anxiety (scored 4-20) scale (APAIS) were completed before and after reading the designated information leaflet. Following bronchoscopy, subjects completed a satisfaction questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 142 consecutive patients, 122 (86%) (mean age 57.8 years, 53% male) completed the study. Baseline demographic, clinical and anxiety measures were similar in the two groups. Those who received more detailed risk information had significantly greater increase in anxiety levels than those who received simple information on both the VAS (mean 14.0 (95% CI 10.1 to 17.9) vs 2.5 (95% CI -1.4 to 6.4), p<0.001) and the APAIS (1.73 (95% CI 1.19 to 2.26) vs 0.57 (95% CI 0.05 to 1.10), p<0.001). Almost twice as many of those receiving detailed risk information reported that they felt they had received too much information about complications or that the information they had received about bronchoscopy had been worrying.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Provision of more detailed risk information before bronchoscopy may come at the cost of a small but significant increase in anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Merlin Park University Hospital, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uzbeck
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saleem
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cotter
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gilmartin
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: O'Keeffe
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010174:Pamphlets; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D014342:Truth Disclosure