title: Fetal MRI of the central nervous system: clinical relevance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Specific conditions of the mother sometimes reduce the quality of ultrasound. In these cases, fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be performed after gestational week (GW) 18. Interpretation of subtle disorders or malformations becomes safe not before GW 23. Clinical development of children with central nervous system (CNS) disorders is not predictable with imaging alone. Statistical evidence and personal experience of the medical team are essential in counseling, but optimized imaging is helpful in being more precise. The value of fetal MRI (fMRI) is evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five pregnant women (30.5 +/- 4.5 years) were investigated by additional fMRI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Breath-hold technique with T2 half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo and T1 FLASH-2D images in three dimensions with field of view of 350 x 400 mm. All cases have been correlated with postnatal MRI, ultrasound, and clinical follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all fetuses, diagnostic MRI was performed 3-10 days after ultrasound between GW 22 and 34 (GW 26.1 +/- 3.6). Sedation was not necessary. In eight cases of suspicious ultrasound, fMRI confirmed ultrasound findings. In 13 cases, additional diagnoses or exclusions of suspected findings could be established. Complete revision of diagnosis was realized in four cases. Findings could be confirmed by postnatal MRI in 11 patients. The clinical course was not predictable in cases with ambivalent prognosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prenatal diagnosis of CNS pathologies should result in parental counseling. Sufficient diagnostic information, statistical data, and experience of the involved professionals are essential. These results show that in detecting congenital CNS abnormalities fMRI is superior to ultrasound and should be considered in difficult cases.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Neurochirurgie, Asklepios Kinderklinik Sankt Augustin, Universität Bonn, Sankt Augustin, Germany. m.messing@Asklepios.com
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Messing-Jünger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Röhrig
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stressig
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schaper
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Turowski
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blondin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009421:Nervous System Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods