title: Chronic pain and obesity in elderly people: results from the Einstein aging study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of chronic pain in elderly people and its relationship with obesity and associated comorbidities and risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative community sample of 840 subjects aged 70 and older.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence of chronic pain and its relationship with obesity (categories defined according to body mass index (BMI)), other medical risk factors, and psychiatric comorbidities were examined. Chronic pain was defined as pain of at least moderate severity (> or =4 on a 10-point scale) some, most, or all of the time for the previous 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sample was mostly female (62.8%), and the average age was 80 (range 70-101). The prevalence of chronic pain was 52% (39.7% in men; 58.9% in women). Subjects with chronic pain were more likely to report a diagnosis of depression (odds ratio (OR)=2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.40-4.55) and anxiety (OR=2.3, 95% CI=1.22-4.64). Obese subjects (BMI 30-34.9) were twice as likely (OR=2.1, 95%CI=1.33-3.28) and severely obese subjects (BMI> or =35) were more than four times as likely (OR=4.5, 95% CI=1.85-12.63) as those of normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9) to have chronic pain. Obese subjects were significantly more likely to have chronic pain in the head, neck or shoulder, back, legs or feet, and abdomen or pelvis than subjects who were not obese. In multivariate models, obesity (OR=2.0, 95% CI=1.27-3.26) and severe obesity (OR=4.1, 95% CI=1.57-10.82) were associated with chronic pain after adjusting for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, depression, anxiety, and education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic pain is common in this elderly population, affects women more than men, and is highly associated with obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Lucas H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: Marcelo E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bigal
authors.forename: Mindy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Derby
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lipton
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors