title: Brain edema after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats: the role of iron overload and aquaporin 4.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Brain edema formation following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) appears to be partly related to erythrocyte lysis and hemoglobin release. An increase of brain water content was associated with an increase of brain iron, which is an erythrocyte degradation product. Expression of AQP4 is highly modified in several brain disorders, and it can play a key role in cerebral edema formation. However, the question whether AQP4 is regulated by drugs lacks reliable evidence, and the interacting roles of iron overload and AQP4 in brain edema after ICH are unknown. The goal of this study was to clarify the relationship between iron overload and AQP4 expression and to characterize the effects of the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) on delayed brain edema after experimental ICH.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 144 Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 250 and 300 g were used in this work. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups. The ICH models (Group C) were generated by injecting 100 microl autologous blood stereotactically into the right caudate nucleus; surgical control rats (Group B) were generated in a similar fashion, by injecting 100 microl saline into the right caudate nucleus. Intervention models (Group D) were established by intraperitoneal injection of DFO into rats in the ICH group. Healthy rats (Group A) were used for normal control models. Brain water content, iron deposition, and AQP4 in perihematomal brain tissue were evaluated over the time course of the study (1, 3, 7, and 14 days) in each group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Iron deposition was found in the perihematomal zone as early as the 1st day after ICH, reaching a peak after 7 days and remaining at a high level thereafter for at least 14 days following ICH. Rat brain water content around the hematoma increased progressively over the time course, reached its peak at Day 3, and still was evident at Day 7 post-ICH. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that AQP4 was richly expressed over glial cell processes surrounding microvessels in the rat brain; there was upregulation of the AQP4 expression in perihematomal brain during the observation period, and it reached maximum at 3 to 7 days after ICH. The changes of brain water content were accompanied by an alteration of AQP4. The application of the iron chelator DFO significantly reduced iron overload, brain water content, and AQP4 level in the perihematomal area compared with the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iron overload and AQP4 may play a critical role in the formation of brain edema after ICH. In addition, AQP4 expression was affected by iron concentration. Importantly, treatment with DFO significantly reduced brain edema in rats and inhibited the AQP4 upregulation after ICH. Deferoxamine may be a potential therapeutic agent for treating ICH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Second XiangYa Hospital of Central-South University, Tai Yuan, Shan Xi, China. wanggq08@126.com
authors.forename: Wang Gai
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Qing
authors.forename: Yang Qi
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Tang Qing
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Ping
authors.forename: Li Guang
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Li Dong
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Hu Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Pei Yu
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Heng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D003676:Deferoxamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019190:Iron Overload / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017262:Siderophores / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051401:Aquaporin 4; D017262:Siderophores; D014867:Water; D003676:Deferoxamine