title: Enhanced production of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in very long chain saturated fatty acid-accumulated macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deterioration of peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity causes an accumulation of very long chain saturated fatty acids (VLCSFA) in various organs. We have recently reported that the levels of VLCSFA in the plasma and/or membranes of blood cells were significantly higher in patients with metabolic syndrome and in patients with coronary artery disease than the controls. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of VLCSFA accumulation on inflammatory and oxidative responses in VLCSFA-accumulated macrophages derived from X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) protein (ALDP)-deficient mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated levels of VLCSFA were confirmed in macrophages from ALDP-deficient mice. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) production stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interluekin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70), were significantly higher in macrophages from ALDP-deficient mice than in those from wild-type mice. The inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression also showed an increase in macrophages from ALDP-deficient mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggested that VLCSFA accumulation in macrophages may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases through the enhancement of inflammatory and oxidative responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. n-junten@juntendo.ac.jp
authors.forename: Naotake
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yanagisawa
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: Atsumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kume
authors.forename: Yohei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sumiyoshi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kiyanagi
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iesaki
authors.forename: Nao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Daida
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005227:Fatty Acids; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018664:Interleukin-12; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II