title: Chloroacetonitrile induces intrauterine growth restriction and musculoskeletal toxicity in fetal mouse.
abstract: Chloroacetonitrile (CAN) is a by-product of chlorination of drinking water. Epidemiological studies indicate that it might present a hazard to human health. The present study was designed to investigate the potential adverse effects of intrauterine exposure to CAN on fetal body weight and development of the musculoskeletal system in mice. At gestation day 6, pregnant mice were given CAN (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg/day) till gestation day 18. Uteri were then examined and live fetuses were collected, weighed, and evaluated for any malformations. High doses of CAN (50 mg/kg) significantly elevated fetal anomalies and reduced fetal viability. Chloroacetonitrile at a dose of 25 mg/kg did not affect fetal viability and significantly reduced fetal body weight. Subsequent experimentation was performed using this dose level. Histological examination of fetal axial skeleton indicated that CAN resulted in delayed appearance of endochondral ossification centers, widening of the vertebrae, and destruction of the calcified zone. In addition, the skeletal muscle fibers were markedly distorted, were small in size, and were widely separated by connective tissue. Both connective tissue perimysium and endomysium were less cellular compared with control sections. The histological findings were further confirmed by assessing the morphometric changes. Ratios of calcified cartilage to non-calcified cartilage areas in both control and CAN-exposed groups were determined. Also, skeletal muscle fiber diameter of CAN-exposed fetuses was significantly decreased compared with control group. In conclusion, intrauterine exposure to low levels of CAN decreases fetal body weight and induces malformations in the musculoskeletal system in mice.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: El-Mazar
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Abdel-Naim
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000097:Acetonitriles / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005327:Fetal Resorption / Q000139:chemically induced; D020567:Fetal Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D008098:Litter Size / Q000187:drug effects; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects*; D009139:Musculoskeletal Abnormalities / Q000139:chemically induced; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D013723:Teratogens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C069277:chloroacetonitrile