title: Impact of lambdacyhalothrin capsule suspension treated bed nets on malaria in tribal villages of Malkangiri district, Orissa, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Insecticide treated mosquito nets are increasingly being used in malaria control programmes. One of the problems with the treatment of bed nets with conventional formulations of insecticides was that regular washing of treated nets diminish insecticidal effect. Lambdacyhalothrin 2.5 capsule suspension (CS) (2.5% a.i., w/v), a new water-based microencapsulated formulation is reported to have wash-resistant property and longer persistence on the netting material than other formulations. We evaluated the impact of the use of nylon bed nets treated with lambdacyhalothrin 2.5 CS at 10 mg (a.i.)/m(2) in comparison to untreated nets and no nets on malaria in tribal villages in Orissa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine foothill villages, highly endemic for falciparum malaria, from the Primary Health Centre (PHC) areas of Khairput and Kudumulugumma of Malkangiri district, Orissa, were divided into three groups, each with a population of about 500 and allocated randomly for treated (TN) and untreated nets (UN) and no nets (NN). Bed nets were distributed in September 2001 and retreatment was done in June 2002. The impact was assessed based on the changes in vector density, parous rate, malaria incidence and parasite rates. Indoor-resting collections of Anopheles fluviatilis and An. culicifacies were made at fortnightly intervals from fixed human dwellings. Mass blood surveys before and after distribution of nets and fortnightly active surveillance were carried out to assess the change in parasite rates and malaria incidence. Bioassays were conducted at fortnightly intervals on the bed nets supplied to the villagers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reductions in indoor resting catches of An. fluviatilis and An. culicifacies were 96 and 38 per cent in villages with treated nets and 2.6 and 23 per cent in villages with untreated nets respectively compared to no net villages. For six months following treatment, 100 per cent mortality of An. fluviatilis was observed on the unwashed nets and on the nets washed once or twice. After re-treatment, 100 per cent mortality of An. fluviatilis or An. culicifacies was observed for nine months even after two washes. Usage rates of treated and untreated nets varied seasonally; 58.9 and 46.3 per cent in rainy season, 48.6 and 37.1 per cent in winter season and 38.1 and 31.6 per cent in summer season respectively. Reductions in malaria parasite rates were about 65 per cent in the treated net villages and 39 per cent in the untreated net villages compared to no net villages. About 75 per cent of treated nets and 60 per cent of untreated nets were in usable condition 19 months after distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The estimated protection factor based on malaria incidence was 86 per cent for the treated nets during both post-treatment and post-retreatment periods and 34 and 51 per cent for untreated nets for the corresponding periods compared to no nets. The results of the study showed that the use of bed nets treated nets with CS formulation of lambdacyhalothrin at 10 mg (a.i.)/m(2) was acceptable to the community and re-treatment of nets at nine-monthly intervals can significantly reduce density and survival of An. fluviatilis and incidence of falciparum malaria.
authors.affiliation: Vector Control Research Centre, (Indian Council of Medical Research), Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sahu
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vijayakumar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalyanasundaram
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jambulingam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D001513:Beds; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D007313:Insecta; D007306:Insecticides; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009570:Nitriles; D009757:Nylons; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014867:Water; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D009757:Nylons; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014867:Water; C037304:cyhalothrin