title: Cerebral venous thrombosis presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Case report and review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study is to demonstrate the pitfalls in the diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) especially when subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated and discuss the diagnostic value of computed tomography (CT) imaging as well as the use of other diagnostic modalities. In addition, we will briefly summarize the pathophysiology of SAH in the setting of CVT.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 16 articles, which included 26 different case reports of SAH associated with CVT. In addition, we presented our experience with a case of SAH secondary to CVT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nonenhanced CT was able to detect SAH in 86% of cases and CVT in only 36%. Further imaging testing was necessary to further characterize the extent of the thrombosis. The location of the SAH varied, but it never involved the skull base. Risk factors for CVT development included hypercoagulable states, oral contraceptives use, history of recent fracture or surgery, family or personal history of deep vein thrombosis, smoking, and hyperlipidemia and migraines. Sixty-two percent of patients had acute onset severe headaches, 35% presented with nuchal rigidity, and 35% presented with seizures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cerebral venous thrombosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with a broad range of neurological presentations especially in the presence of new onset of seizures. Computed tomographic offers many clues to the diagnosis of CVT when concomitant SAH is present. These include the presence of SAH at cerebral convexities with associated basal cisterns and skull base sparing. Recognition of these subtleties will allow prompt and appropriate management and, when in doubt, encourage further investigations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Université de Laval, Quebec, Canada G1K 7P4.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Benabu
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, Sir Mortimer B. Davis - Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Levental
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.affiliation: McGill University Master Student in Epidemiology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Suissa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, Sir Mortimer B. Davis - Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Electronic address: rglikste@rad.jgh.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Glikstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002550:Cerebral Veins; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055815:Young Adult