title: Disease activity-guided rituximab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: the effects of re-treatment in initial nonresponders versus initial responders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the efficacy of re-treatment with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who were initial nonresponders to treatment, and to evaluate the effects of rituximab in RA when re-treatment is given in a standardized way based on the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), according to the international consensus statement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with RA who had a DAS28 of > or =3.2 received up to 3 courses of rituximab at intervals of at least 6 months, regardless of whether the patient had responded to the first course of treatment with rituximab.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 30 patients with RA who were included in the study, 26 could be evaluated for the efficacy of treatment after 6 months. Eighteen patients qualified for re-treatment at 6 months, 6 patients were re-treated at a later time point because of a disease relapse, and 2 other patients were not re-treated because they had low disease activity. Seven of the 24 patients who qualified for re-treatment had not exhibited clinical improvement after the first treatment course. These patients typically did not respond to subsequent courses of rituximab. Of interest, in the 17 patients who had exhibited a clinical response to the first course of rituximab, the second and third treatment courses resulted in European League Against Rheumatism responses similar to those observed after the first course, and no major relapses occurred before re-treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rituximab re-treatment is not effective in patients who do not exhibit clinical improvement after the first treatment course, which is consistent with the notion that such patients represent a different pathogenetic subset of RA. Patients who initially responded to rituximab treatment experienced sustained benefit from DAS28-based systematic re-treatment according to the international consensus statement.
authors.affiliation: Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rogier M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Thurlings
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.forename: Daniëlle M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gerlag
authors.forename: Paul P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Tak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D000069283:Rituximab; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D000069283:Rituximab