title: Fat, protein, and meat consumption and renal cell cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Results of several case-control studies suggest that high consumption of meat (all meat, red meat, or processed meat) is associated with an increased risk of renal cell cancer, but only a few prospective studies have examined the associations of intakes of meat, fat, and protein with renal cell cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies that included 530,469 women and 244,483 men and had follow-up times of up to 7-20 years to examine associations between meat, fat, and protein intakes and the risk of renal cell cancer. All participants had completed a validated food frequency questionnaire at study entry. Using the primary data from each study, we calculated the study-specific relative risks (RRs) for renal cell cancer by using Cox proportional hazards models and then pooled these RRs by using a random-effects model. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1,478 incident cases of renal cell cancer were identified (709 in women and 769 in men). We observed statistically significant positive associations or trends in pooled age-adjusted models for intakes of total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, cholesterol, total protein, and animal protein. However, these associations were attenuated and no longer statistically significant after adjusting for body mass index, fruit and vegetable intake, and alcohol intake. For example, the pooled age-adjusted RR of renal cell cancer for the highest vs the lowest quintile of intake for total fat was 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08 to 1.56; P(trend) = .001) and for total protein was 1.17 (95% CI = 0.99 to 1.38; P(trend) = .02). By comparison, the pooled multivariable RR for the highest vs the lowest quintile of total fat intake was 1.10 (95% CI = 0.92 to 1.32; P(trend) = .31) and of total protein intake was 1.06 (95% CI = 0.89 to 1.26; P(trend) = .37). Intakes of red meat, processed meat, poultry, or seafood were not associated with the risk of renal cell cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intakes of fat and protein or their subtypes, red meat, processed meat, poultry, and seafood are not associated with risk of renal cell cancer.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. jung.lee@channing.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Jung Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Demetrius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albanes
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Piet A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van den Brandt
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Buring
authors.forename: Eunyoung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Dallas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: English
authors.forename: Jo L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Freudenheim
authors.forename: Graham G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: Saxon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Pamela L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Horn-Ross
authors.forename: Niclas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Håkansson
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Leitzmann
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Männistö
authors.forename: Marjorie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: Anthony B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rohan
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schatzkin
authors.forename: Leo J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Schouten
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Walter C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolk
authors.forename: Shumin M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Smith-Warner
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000009:adverse effects; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012107:Research Design; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D004044:Dietary Proteins