title: Pain assessment in persons with dementia: relationship between self-report and behavioral observation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between self-report and behavioral indicators of pain in cognitively impaired and intact older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quasi-experimental, correlational study of older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from residents of nursing homes, assisted living, and retirement apartments in north-central Florida.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-six adults, mean age 83; 64 cognitively intact, 62 cognitively impaired.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain interviews (pain presence, intensity, locations, duration), pain behavior measure, Mini-Mental State Examination, analgesic medications, and demographic characteristics. Participants completed an activity-based protocol to induce pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-six percent self-reported regular pain. Controlling for analgesics, cognitively impaired participants reported less pain than cognitively intact participants after movement but not at rest. Behavioral pain indicators did not differ between cognitively intact and impaired participants. Total number of pain behaviors was significantly related to self-reported pain intensity (beta=0.40, P=.000) in cognitively intact elderly people.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitively impaired elderly people self-report less pain than cognitively intact elderly people, independent of analgesics, but only when assessed after movement. Behavioral pain indicators do not differ between the groups. The relationship between self-report and pain behaviors supports the validity of behavioral assessments in this population. These findings support the use of multidimensional pain assessment in persons with dementia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult and Elderly Nursing, University of Florida, College of Nursing, Gainesville, 32610, USA. ahorgas@ufl.edu
authors.forename: Ann L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Horgas
authors.forename: Amanda F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marsiske
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001519:Behavior; D015897:Comorbidity; D003704:Dementia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods