title: Development and characterization of a blood mimicking fluid for high intensity focused ultrasound.
abstract: A blood mimicking fluid (BMF) has been developed for the acoustic and thermal characterizations of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation devices. The BMF is based on a degassed and de-ionized water solution dispersed with low density polyethylene microspheres, nylon particles, gellan gum, and glycerol. A broad range of physical parameters, including attenuation coefficient, speed of sound, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusivity, were characterized as a function of temperature (20-70 degrees C). The nonlinear parameter B/A and backscatter coefficient were also measured at room temperature. Importantly, the attenuation coefficient is linearly proportional to the frequency (2-8 MHz) with a slope of about 0.2 dB cm(-1) MHz(-1) in the 20-70 degrees C range as in the case of human blood. Furthermore, sound speed and bloodlike backscattering indicate the usefulness of the BMF for ultrasound flow imaging and ultrasound-guided HIFU applications. Most of the other temperature-dependent physical parameters are also close to the reported values in human blood. These properties make it a unique HIFU research tool for developing standardized exposimetry techniques, validating numerical models, and determining the safety and efficacy of HIFU ablation devices.
authors.affiliation: Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA.
authors.forename: Yunbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Subha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maruvada
authors.forename: Randy L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Wear
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D001769:Blood; D005990:Glycerol / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry / Q000295:instrumentation; D008863:Microspheres; D008954:Models, Biological; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D009757:Nylons / Q000737:chemistry; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D020959:Polyethylene / Q000737:chemistry; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013814:Thermal Conductivity; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000295:instrumentation; D014783:Viscosity; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D009757:Nylons; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D014867:Water; C048288:gellan gum; D020959:Polyethylene; D005990:Glycerol