title: Variability in the response of  human dendritic cells  stimulated with  Porphyromonas gingivalis  or Aggregatibacter  actinomycetemcomitans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dendritic cells are able to prime and polarize naïve T cells towards either a T helper 1 or a T helper 2 response, depending on the antigen type and concentration, the costimulatory signals and the local cytokine millieu. In this investigation, we analyzed the response of human dendritic cells to stimulation with different concentrations of Porphyromonas gingivalis or Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using different concentrations of P. gingivalis ATCC33277 and A. actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 33384, we determined the expression of the maturation markers CD80 and CD86 from purified human dendritic cells by flow cytometry. We also evaluated the mRNA expression levels for the cytokines interleukin-1beta, interleukin-2, interleukin-5, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interleukin-12, interleukin-13, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and tumor necrosis factor-beta by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans led to dendritic cell maturation, but the expression of CD80 was higher when the dendritic cells were stimulated with A. actinomycetemcomitans. Although both pathogens induced a T helper 1 pattern of cytokine expression, A. actinomycetemcomitans-stimulated dendritic cells expressed interleukin-1beta, interleukin-12, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and tumor necrosis factor-beta at lower bacterial concentrations than P. gingivalis. While 10(6) bacteria/mL of P. gingivalis or 10(4) bacteria/mL of A. actinomycetemcomitans induced expression of interleukin-12p40, the expression of other cytokines required 10 to 100-fold higher concentrations of bacteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that A. actinomycetemcomitans is a more potent immunogen than P. gingivalis because, at least in vitro, it induces stronger differentiation and activation of dendritic cells. In addition, our data also show that for a given strain, the bacterial load determines the pattern of cytokines that are expressed.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, España. rvernal@uchile.cl
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vernal
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herrera
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Garcia-Sanz
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanz
mesh_terms: D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000276:immunology*; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051940:B7-2 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007378:Interleukins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000276:immunology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D051940:B7-2 Antigen; D016207:Cytokines; D007378:Interleukins; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha