title: Both a combined oral contraceptive and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate impair endothelial function in young women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study was conducted to determine whether the use of a combined oral contraceptive (COC) or depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) interferes with endothelial function.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted on 100 women between the ages of 18 and 30 years. Fifty women had not used hormonal contraception (control group) for at least 12 months, 25 were current users of a COC (ethinylestradiol 30 mcg+levonorgestrel 150 mcg) and 25 were current users of DMPA (150 mg) for at least a 6-month period. All women were evaluated for brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD), intima-media thickness, carotid distensibility and stiffness index, arterial pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, heart rate and lipid profile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant difference in FMD was observed between the COC and control groups (6.4+/-2.2% vs. 8.7+/-3.4%, p<.01) and between the DMPA and control groups (6.2+/-2.1% vs. 8.7+/-3.4%, p<.01). The DMPA group had lower values of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) than COC users and the control group (TC: DMPA=139.9+/-21.5 mg/dL vs. controls=167.1+/-29.2 mg/dL vs. COC=168.2+/-37.5, p=.001; LDL-C: DMPA=85.3+/-20.1 mg/dL vs. controls=102+/-24.5 mg/dL vs. COC=106.7+/-33.3 mg/dL, p=.01). The control group had higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) than the DMPA and COC groups (controls=52.4+/-14.1 mg/dL vs. DMPA=42.2+/-7.2 mg/dL vs. COC=45.4+/-9.1 mg/dL, p=.001). No significant differences were observed regarding the other variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FMD was lower among COC and DMPA users, suggesting that these hormonal contraceptives may promote endothelial dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics of the University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrícia Margareth
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lizarelli
authors.forename: Wellington Paula
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Carolina Sales
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Gustavo Mafaldo
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Sílvio Antônio
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Franceschini
authors.forename: Rui Alberto
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ferriani
authors.forename: Maristela Carbol
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Patta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D008055:Lipids; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate