title: Secular trends in the European male facial skull from the Migration Period to the present: a cephalometric study.
abstract: Secular trends in the facial skull over three Central European samples spanning more than 13 centuries were examined. Data were 43 conventional cephalometric landmark points for samples dating from 680 to 830 AD (29 male Avars), from the mid-19th century (49 adult Hapsburg Monarchy males), and from the 20th century (54 living Austrian young adult males). Analyses by standard methods of geometric morphometrics demonstrated shape differences by data and by size, with a strong interaction of these with sample, in that group mean differences were different for small and large individuals (allometry is different from period to period). The oldest sample, from the Migration Period, exhibited allometric features that may possibly be Turkic. There are implications for the orthodontist interested in growth trends or growth predictions in ethnically mixed patient samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jonke
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Prossinger
authors.forename: Fred L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Bookstein
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernhard
authors.forename: Josef W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Freudenthaler
mesh_terms: D000717:Anatomy, Comparative; D000885:Anthropology, Physical; D002508:Cephalometry; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D044465:White People