title: Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis on cell cycle progression and apoptosis of primary human chondrocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that bacterial infections have a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). P gingivalis, a Gram-negative, anaerobic rod, is one of the major pathogens associated with periodontal disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine P gingivalis infection and its effects on cell cycle progression and apoptosis of human articular chondrocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary human chondrocytes cultured in monolayers were challenged with P gingivalis. Infection and invasion of P gingivalis into chondrocytes was analysed by scanning electron microscopy, double immunofluorescence and by antibiotic protection and invasion assay. Cell cycle progression of infected chondrocytes was evaluated by flow cytometry. Also, cell apoptosis was visualised by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) of DNA strand breaks and by western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data showed that P gingivalis could adhere and infect primary human chondrocytes. After chondrocyte infection, intracellular localisation of P gingivalis was noted. Flow cytometry analyses demonstrated affected cell cycle progression, with an increase of the G(1) phase and a significant decrease of the G(2) phase after infection. In addition, increased apoptosis of P gingivalis-infected chondrocytes was visualised by TUNEL assay and by upregulation of caspase-3 protein expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that P gingivalis infects primary human chondrocytes and affects cellular responses, which might contribute to the tissue damage seen in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Campus Virchow, 13353 Berlin, Germany. nicole.pischon@charite.de
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pischon
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Röhner
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hocke
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: N'Guessan
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matziolis
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kanitz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Purucker
authors.forename: B-M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kleber
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bernimoulin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burmester
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Buttgereit
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Detert
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D016866:Bacteroidaceae Infections / Q000473:pathology*; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D014774:Virulence