title: Photoaffinity isolation and identification of proteins in cancer cell extracts that bind to platinum-modified DNA.
abstract: The activity of the anticancer drug cisplatin is a consequence of its ability to bind DNA. Platinum adducts bend and unwind the DNA duplex, creating recognition sites for nuclear proteins. Following DNA damage recognition, the lesions will either be repaired, facilitating cell viability, or if repair is unsuccessful and the Pt adduct interrupts vital cellular functions, apoptosis will follow. With the use of the benzophenone-modified cisplatin analogue Pt-BP6, 25 bp DNA duplexes containing either a 1,2-d(G*pG*) intrastrand or a 1,3-d(G*pTpG*) intrastrand crosslink were synthesized, where the asterisks designate platinated nucleobases. Proteins having affinity for these platinated DNAs were photocrosslinked and identified in cervical, testicular, pancreatic and bone cancer-cell nuclear extracts. Proteins identified in this manner include the DNA repair factors RPA1, Ku70, Ku80, Msh2, DNA ligase III, PARP-1, and DNA-PKcs, as well as HMG-domain proteins HMGB1, HMGB2, HMGB3, and UBF1. The latter strongly associate with the 1,2-d(G*pG*) adduct and weakly or not at all with the 1,3-d(G*pTpG*) adduct. The nucleotide excision repair protein RPA1 was photocrosslinked only by the probe containing a 1,3-d(G*pTpG*) intrastrand crosslink. The affinity of PARP-1 for platinum-modified DNA was established using this type of probe for the first time. To ensure that the proteins were not photocrosslinked because of an affinity for DNA ends, a 90-base dumbbell probe modified with Pt-BP6 was investigated. Photocrosslinking experiments with this longer probe revealed the same proteins, as well as some additional proteins involved in chromatin remodeling, transcription, or repair. These findings reveal a more complete list of proteins involved in the early steps of the mechanism of action of the cisplatin and its close analogue carboplatin than previously was available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Evan R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Guggenheim
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Christiana X
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Pamela V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lippard
mesh_terms: D020137:Base Pair Mismatch; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D019921:Biotinylation; D002457:Cell Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D015342:DNA Probes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D019920:Photoaffinity Labels / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D034622:RNA Interference; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D015342:DNA Probes; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D019920:Photoaffinity Labels; D004247:DNA; C499320:PARP1 protein, human; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D002945:Cisplatin