title: Toxicokinetics of waterborne trivalent arsenic in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea.
abstract: Arsenite (As(III)) uptake and elimination kinetics were studied in a freshwater bivalve, Corbicula fluminea, exposed to several nominal concentrations of As(III) (0, 100, 300, 500, and 1000 microg L(-1)) in a static 28-day assay, followed by a depuration stage of 14 days. At the end of each sampling time (days 0, 7, 28, and 42) whole-body portions were surveyed for total As concentrations and, complimentarily, surveyed for whole-body metallothionein (MT) induction to assess its role as a defense mechanism against exposure to As(III). Histochemical evaluation of the digestive gland was performed to verify As deposition and elimination in the tissue. Results show a significant increase in whole-body total As after 28 days of exposure for all treatments, followed by a decrease at the end of the depuration phase. Biodynamic kinetic models for As uptake and elimination were obtained from bioaccumulation data during the exposure phase, for all As treatments, by estimating uptake and elimination rate constants. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were estimated by the ratio of these constants. Results revealed that exposure to higher concentrations of As(III) causes a decrease in BCFs, suggesting that C. fluminea triggers effective regulatory mechanisms when exposed to higher concentrations of the metalloid. Significant induction of MT was detected during the exposure phase, followed by a decrease in MT concentration to control levels after depuration for all treatments. No significant differences in MT concentrations were observed between treatments. This finding may confirm the role of MT as part of the As regulation process, but its independence relative to concentrations of As(III) in water suggests that MT induction is not dose dependent. The histochemical evaluation provided clear evidence that As was effectively accumulated in the digestive gland during exposure and eliminated during depuration. The present work demonstrated that C. fluminea is capable of regulating As, even at exposures as high as 1000 microg L(-1) of waterborne As(III).
authors.affiliation: IMAR-Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. pmcosta@fct.unl.pt
authors.forename: Pedro M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Hugo M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Peres
authors.forename: Maria H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: José Luís
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Capelo-Martinez
authors.forename: Mário S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Diniz
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D049874:Corbicula / Q000502:physiology*; D004064:Digestive System / Q000378:metabolism; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis*; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001152:Arsenicals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008668:Metallothionein