title: Emerging drugs for diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is prevalent even among "well controlled" diabetics, and remains the commonest cause of visual loss in working age adults. Current evidence based treatments, including intensive glycemic and hypertensive control and laser photocoagulation, rarely improves visual outcomes in those with established DR. There has been an increasing focus on the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in DR, and targeted therapeutic interventions to temper their damaging effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We review potential targets and emerging therapies for DR, including treatments currently in clinical trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Emerging therapies including inhibition of aldose reductase/polyol pathway, non-enzymatic glycation/advanced glycated end products inhibitors, protein kinase C inhibitors, and reduction of oxidative stress/superoxide induced damage. Newer drugs modulating growth factor and cytokine production (including VEGF, TNF and cytokines such as NF-kB) and newer targeted therapeutics utilising antisense oligonucleotides, and small interfering RNAs are also currently in clinical trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emerging treatments, possibly used in combination with standard therapy, offer the hope of effective and safe treatment that may allow us to improve visual outcomes and prevent the damaging consequences of DR.
authors.affiliation: Gloucestershire NHS Foundation Trust, Sandford Road, Cheltenham, GL54 6AN, UK. Quresh.Mohamed@glos.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Quresh
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.forename: Tien Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015507:Drugs, Investigational / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D006801:Humans; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015507:Drugs, Investigational