title: Symptomatic tachy- and bradyarrhythmias after transcatheter closure of interatrial communications with Amplatzer devices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this paper is to present our own experience related to frequency of symptomatic tachy- and bradyarrhythmias in patients after transcatheter closure of interatrial defects (ASD) and patent foramen ovale (PFO) using Amplatzer plugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transcatheter closure of interatrial communications with Amplatzer devices was carried out on 739 patients in our center. Only patients with new symptomatic arrhythmias (who required pharmacotherapy, cardioversion or pacemaker implantation) were included in to the study. All patients who had had arrhythmias prior to ASD closure, such as supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) or atrial flutter/fibrillation (AF), were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  New tachy- and bradyarrhythmias after implantation of Amplatzer devices were observed in 11 patients (1.5%). There were 9 patients (mean age 36.7 years) with atrial tachyarrhythmias (AF in 8 and SVT in 1 patients), which occurred between the first day and 3 months after implantation. Seven patients were treated initially by pharmacotherapy; in 2 of them sinus rhythm returned just after cardioversion. In other 2 patients cardioversion was performed as an initial therapy. In none of these patients, but one recurrence of tachycardia was observed; however, 7 of them had pharmacotherapy prolonged up to 1 year. In 2 patients, aged 15 and 16, complete atrioventricular (AV) block was observed 4.3 and 1.5 years after Amplatzer implantation, respectively. In the first patient intermittent second-degree AV block (Mobitz II) was observed before ASD closure. In both patients, a DDDR pacemaker was implanted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcatheter closure of ASD using Amplatzer devices is associated with a risk of new atrial tachyarrhythmias (usually early after the procedure and in older patients). The risk of conduction disturbances such as complete heart block, which can occur in late followup, is low. Thence, close long-term follow-up of these patients is obligatory.
authors.affiliation: Congenital Heart Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology Department, Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szkutnik
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lenarczyk
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kusa
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Białkowski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult