title: Cleft closure and undersizing annuloplasty improve mitral repair in atrioventricular canal defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reoperation rates to correct left atrioventricular valve regurgitation after primary repair of atrioventricular canal defects remain relatively high. The causes of valvular regurgitation are likely multifactorial, and simple cleft closure is often insufficient to prevent recurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  To elucidate the mechanisms leading to regurgitation, we conducted hemodynamic studies using isolated native mitral valves. Anatomy of these valves was altered to mimic atrioventricular canal type valves and studied under pediatric hemodynamic conditions. The impact of subvalvular geometry, cleft closure, annular dilatation, and annular undersizing on regurgitation were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Papillary muscle position did not have a significant effect on regurgitation. Cleft closure had a significant impact on valvular competence, with reduction in regurgitation volume with increased cleft closure. Regurgitation volume decreased from 12.5 +/- 2.4 mL/beat for an open cleft to 4.9 +/- 1.9 mL/beat for a partially closed cleft and to 1.4 +/- 1.6 mL/beat when the cleft was completely closed. Annular dilatation had a significant impact on regurgitation even after cleft closure. A 40% increase in annular size increased regurgitation by 59% for a partially closed cleft and by 84% for a fully closed cleft. Reducing the annular size by 20% from the physiologic level decreased the regurgitation volume by 12% for a fully open cleft and by 58% for the partially closed cleft case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Annular dilatation after primary repair has a potentially significant role in the recurrence of atrioventricular valve regurgitation. Reducing the annular size and restricting dilatation as an adjunct to cleft closure is a promising surgical approach in such valve anatomies.
authors.affiliation: Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0535, USA.
authors.forename: Muralidhar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Padala
authors.forename: Nikolay V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Vasilyev
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Jorge H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Lakshmi P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Dasi
authors.forename: Pedro J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: del Nido
authors.forename: Ajit P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Yoganathan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000601:surgery*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D013552:Swine