title: Chemokine markers predict biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer following prostatectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stratifying patients who have a high risk of prostate cancer recurrence following prostatectomy can potentiate the use of adjuvant therapy at an early stage. Inflammation has emerged as a mediator of prostate cancer metastatic progression. We hypothesized that chemokines can be biomarkers for distinguishing patients with high risk for biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a nested case-control study, 82 subjects developed biochemical recurrence within 5 years of prostatectomy. Prostate tissues from 98 age-matched subjects who were recurrence-free following prostatectomy in the same period were the controls. A high-throughput lectin-based enrichment of prostate tissue enabled multiplex ELISA to identify the expression of three chemokines to discriminate the two patient populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of CX3CL1 and IL-15 in prostate tissue was associated with 5-year biochemical recurrence-free survival following prostatectomy. However, the expression of chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4) was associated with biochemical recurrence. Multivariable logistic regression model combining preoperative prostate-specific antigen, Gleason score, surgical margin, and seminal vesicle status with the three chemokines doubled the specificity of prediction at 90% sensitivity compared with use of the clinicopathologic variables alone (P < 0.0001). Survival analysis yielded a nomogram that supported the use of CX3CL1, IL-15, and CCL4 in predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year recurrence-free survival after prostatectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Each of the three chemokines can serve as independent predictors of biochemical recurrence. However, the combination of chemokine biomarkers plus clinicopathologic variables discriminated prostatectomy subjects for the probability of biochemical recurrence significantly better than clinicopathologic variables alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Tatsuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.forename: Amosy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: M'Koma
authors.forename: Juan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Iturregui
authors.forename: Magaly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinez-Ferrer
authors.forename: Consolate
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Uwamariya
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bhowmick
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D054407:Chemokine CCL4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D054407:Chemokine CCL4; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1; D019409:Interleukin-15