title: Prognostic factors and clinical outcomes in patients with leptomeningeal metastasis from solid tumors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) occurs in 4-15% of patients with solid tumors. Although the clinical outcomes in cancer patients have been improving recently, no standard treatment for LM has been established as yet. The purpose of this study was to identify the prognostic factors in patients with solid tumors with cytologically proven LM.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed a series of 85 consecutive patients with cytologically proven LM who were treated between 1997 and 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary diseases were as follows; lung cancer (n = 36), breast cancer (n = 33), gastric cancer (n = 8), and others (n = 8). Forty-nine patients had brain metastasis at the time of diagnosis of the LM, and in 51 patients, MRI revealed meningeal dissemination in the brain or spine. The performance status (PS) was 0-1 in 26 patients and 2-4 in 59 patients. Thirty-one patients, including 19 with breast cancer, four with lung cancer, five with gastric cancer and three with other cancers, were treated by intrathecal (IT) chemotherapy. The response rate to the IT was 52% (95% confidence interval (CI): 41.4-62.6%). The median survival was 51 days (range, 3-759 days). A univariate analysis identified breast cancer, good PS (0-1), time to development of the LM (>1 year), and treatment by IT chemotherapy as being associated with a good prognosis, and multivariate analysis identified poor PS (HR: 1.72 (95% CI, 1.04-2.86) P = 0.04) and MRI-proven LM (HR: 1.82 (95% CI, 1.11-2.98) P = 0.02) as being associated with a poor prognosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with poor prognostic factors, such as poor PS or MRI-proven LM, palliative therapy might be the most suitable treatment strategy.
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. fohara@med.kagawa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Fusako
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Waki
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Atsuo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takashima
authors.forename: Kan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yonemori
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nokihara
authors.forename: Mototaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.forename: Ukihide
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tateishi
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuta
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.forename: Tomohide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013120:Spinal Cord Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult