title: Genetic diversity in two sibling species of the Anopheles punctulatus group of mosquitoes on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mosquito Anopheles irenicus, a member of the Anopheles punctulatus group, is geographically restricted to Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. It shows remarkable morphological similarities to one of its sibling species, An. farauti sensu stricto (An. farauti s.s.), but is dissimilar in host and habitat preferences. To infer the genetic variations between these two species, we have analyzed mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences from Guadalcanal and from one of its nearest neighbours, Malaita, in the Solomon Islands.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An. farauti s.s. was collected mostly from brackish water and by the human bait method on both islands, whereas An. irenicus was only collected from fresh water bodies on Guadalcanal Island. An. irenicus is distributed evenly with An. farauti s.s. (Phi SC = 0.033, 0.38%) and its range overlaps in three of the seven sampling sites. However, there is a significant population genetic structure between the species (Phi CT = 0.863, P < 0.01; Phi ST = 0.865, P < 0.01 and FST = 0.878, P < 0.01). Phylogenetic analyses suggest that An. irenicus is a monophyletic species, not a hybrid, and is closely related to the An. farauti s.s. on Guadalcanal. The time estimator suggests that An. irenicus diverged from the ancestral An. farauti s.s. on Guadalcanal within 29,000 years before present (BP). An. farauti s.s. expanded much earlier on Malaita (texp = 24,600 BP) than the populations on Guadalcanal (texp = 16,800 BP for An. farauti s.s. and 14,000 BP for An. irenicus).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that An. irenicus and An. farauti s.s. are monophyletic sister species living in sympatry, and their populations on Guadalcanal have recently expanded. Consequently, the findings further suggest that An. irenicus diverged from the ancestral An. farauti s.s. on Guadalcanal.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Medical Zoology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan. ahasan@med.kagawa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Arif U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.forename: Setsuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suguri
authors.forename: Chigusa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Rodney L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Itaki
authors.forename: Masakazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawabata
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bugoro
authors.forename: Bobogare
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Albino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D008542:Melanesia; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV