title: Clearance and clearance inhibition of the HIV-1 protease inhibitors ritonavir and saquinavir in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes and rat microsomes.
abstract: The metabolism and active transport of ritonavir and saquinavir were studied using sandwich-cultured rat hepatoyctes and rat liver microsomes. For ritonavir four comparable metabolites were observed in the sandwich-culture and in microsomes. For saquinavir eight metabolites were observed in sandwich-culture and 14 different metabolites in microsomes. Ketoconazole did not affect the metabolism of ritonavir in sandwich-culture or microsomes and slightly inhibited the metabolism of saquinavir in sandwich-culture. This inhibition resulted in a different metabolite profile for saquinavir in microsomes. Ritonavir had a pronounced inhibiting effect on the metabolism of saquinavir and affected the hydroxylation of 6beta-testosterone negatively. In the active transport studies, cyclosporin A and PSC833 enhanced the metabolism of ritonavir, suggesting that ritonavir is normally excreted into the bile canaliculi. Verapamil, showed no effect on the metabolism of ritonavir. The intrinsic clearance was estimated at 1.65 and 67.5 microl/min/1 x 10(6) cells and the hepatic metabolism clearance at 0.017 and 6.83ml/min/SRW for ritonavir and saquinavir respectively. In conclusion, for saquinavir the metabolism rate and the amount of metabolites produced was higher than for ritonavir. Ritonavir had a strong inhibitory effect on the metabolism of saquinavir and seemed to be excreted into the bile.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80176, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands. nicoline.treijtel@gmail.com
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Treijtel
authors.forename: J C H
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: van Eijkeren
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nijmeijer
authors.forename: I C J
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: de Greef-van der Sandt
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Freidig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001693:Biological Transport, Active / Q000187:drug effects; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003524:Cyclosporins / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000633:toxicity*; D019258:Saquinavir / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D003524:Cyclosporins; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D016572:Cyclosporine; D019258:Saquinavir; D019438:Ritonavir; C070272:valspodar; D007654:Ketoconazole