title: Reduction of restraint and seclusion through collaborative problem solving: a five-year prospective inpatient study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined usage patterns of restraint and seclusion before and after the implementation of collaborative problem solving (CPS), a manualized therapeutic program for working with aggressive children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical setting was a 15-bed psychiatric inpatient unit for school-age children. A total of 755 children were hospitalized for a total of 998 admissions from fiscal years 2003 to 2007 (median age=11 years; 64% boys). Data were collected for three years before and 1.5 years after the six-month implementation of the CPS model of care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 559 restraint and 1,671 seclusion events during the study period. After implementation of the CPS model there was a reduction in the use of restraints (from 263 events to seven events per year, representing a 37.6-fold reduction, slope [beta]=-.696) and seclusion (from 432 to 133 events per year, representing a 3.2-fold reduction, beta=-.423). The mean duration of restraints decreased from 41+/-8 to 18+/-20 minutes per episode, yielding cumulative unitwide restraint use that dropped from 16+/-10 to .3+/-.5 hours per month (a 45.5-fold reduction, beta=-.674). The mean duration of seclusion decreased from 27+/-5 to 21+/-5 minutes per episode, yielding cumulative unitwide seclusion use that dropped from 15+/-6 to 7+/-6 hours per month (a 2.2-fold reduction; p for trend .01 or better for all slopes). During the early phases of implementation there was a transient increase in staff injuries through patient assaults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CPS is a promising approach to reduce seclusion and restraint use in a child psychiatric inpatient setting. Future research and replication efforts are warranted to test its effectiveness in other restrictive settings.
authors.affiliation: Children's Psychiatric Inpatient Service, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. andres.martin@yale.edu
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krieg
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stubbe
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cardona
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008370:Manuals as Topic; D010356:Patient Isolation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011340:Problem Solving; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*