Chemical fate and changes in mutagenic activity of antibiotics nitrofurazone and furazolidone during aqueous chlorination.
Reactions of nitrofuran antibiotics (nitrofurazone (NFZ) and frazolidone (FZD)) with hypochlorite in aqueous solution were investigated under the conditions that simulate wastewater disinfection. The chlorination byproducts were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. At the levels of 5 microM, NFZ reacted rapidly with free chlorine in neutral pH (7.0), while the FZD-hypochlorite reaction was reasonably slow under the same pH. Nevertheless, the strong mutagenic parents disappeared completely after the hypochlorite reactions, and the chlorination byproducts were observed to exert a weak mutagenic effect on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without S9-mix. The extent of the reactions depended on the chlorine dose, solution pH and compound structures.
Nakamura
Hitomi
H
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.
Kawakami
Tsuyoshi
T
Niino
Tatsuhiro
T
Takahashi
Yasuo
Y
Onodera
Sukeo
S
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005664:Furazolidone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D054879:Halogenation; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D009583:Nitrofurazone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012996:Solutions; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009153:Mutagens; D012996:Solutions; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005664:Furazolidone; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid; D009583:Nitrofurazone