title: Wall shear stress in intracranial self-expanding stents studied using ultra-high-resolution 3D reconstructions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Imaging of intracranial stents is constrained by resolution limits of current clinical imaging techniques providing insufficient visualization of deployment details and impeding its use for computational hemodynamic (CHD) simulations. The purpose of our study was to evaluate whether ultra-high-resolution MicroCT scans can illuminate detailed aspects of realistic in vitro stent deployment and serve as a reliable basis for CHD simulations of blood flow through self-expanding intracranial stents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Neuroform Treo (NF) stent and an Enterprise (ENT) stent were deployed in identical straight polytetrafluoroethylene tubes filled with contrast agent. MicroCT scans were obtained at a spatial resolution of 14 mum and used for ultra-high-resolution 3D reconstructions. CHD simulations were performed, with particular emphasis on local flow behavior near the wall and struts. Flow differences between the geometrically different stents were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MicroCT data revealed strut prolapse near the markers for the closed-cell design (ENT) stent and at some of the unconnected vertices of the open-cell design (NF) stent, which also showed some misalignments. CHD simulations showed that reverse wall shear stress occurred near some of the strut vertices and markers for the NF but only near the markers for the ENT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work demonstrates the feasibility of ultra-high-resolution MicroCT imaging in elucidating important details of intracranial stent deployment as a basis for accurate CHD simulations and in enabling a structural and hemodynamic study of realistically deployed stents with different geometry and design.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. benndorf@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benndorf
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ionescu
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Y Alvarado
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hipp
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D015607:Stents; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D011138:Polytetrafluoroethylene