title: Effects of training and withdrawal periods on heroin seeking induced by conditioned cue in an animal of model of relapse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A high incidence of relapse can be triggered by exposure to conditioned cues previously associated with heroin. Extended access to drug and withdrawal are thought to affect the motivation for drug seeking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study evaluated how different periods of training to self-administer heroin and different periods of withdrawal affected drug seeking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following 1 to 14 days of heroin self-administration, rats were left in the home environment for 1 or 14 days. Subsequently, rats were evaluated for extinction of nose poke during the first hour after being returned to the training apparatus. One hour later, a conditioned stimulus was presented to initiate cue-induced reinstatement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extending the training period from 1 to 14 days caused an escalation of reinstatement of drug seeking induced by conditioned cues. Increasing the withdrawal period from 1 to 14 days produced a similar increase in reinstatement of drug seeking induced by cues. Reinstatement of drug seeking induced by cues was augmented by pretreatment with naltrexone (1, 5 mg/kg) 24 h prior to reinstatement on day 1, but not at 14 days of withdrawal from heroin self-administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These experiments demonstrate that increasing the duration of either heroin self-administration or the withdrawal periods from heroin self-administration augments the reinstatement induced by cues that were associated previously with heroin reinforcement. Additionally, we provide one of the first demonstrations that opiate withdrawal induces heroin seeking, as assessed in the reinstatement model.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 42 Xibei Str., Ningbo, 315010, People's Republic of China. whzhou@vip.163.com
authors.forename: Wenhua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Fuqiang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Huifen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Suien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Miaojun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Huaqiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Kalivas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D003463:Cues; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D003932:Heroin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012646:Self Administration; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009294:Narcotics; D009271:Naltrexone; D003932:Heroin