title: 2-methoxyestradiol mediates apoptosis through caspase-dependent and independent mechanisms in ovarian cancer cells but not in normal counterparts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The estrogen metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol has shown antitumorigenic action in some epithelial tumors. In the present work we investigate its effects in ovarian cancer used alone or in combination with other apoptotic-inducing reagents such as tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.
  
  
  METHODS
  To assess the effect of 2-methoxyestradiol, dose response and time courses in ovarian cancer and normal cells were conducted. Apoptosis was confirmed through DNA laddering, by flow cytometry, and Western blotting of proteins involved in the apoptotic cascade.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2-Methoxyestradiol induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells but not in normal counterparts. 2-Methoxyestradiol activates both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. 2-Methoxyestradiol-mediated apoptosis involves reactive oxygen species generation and caspase-dependent and caspase-independent mechanisms. We also demonstrate that 2-methoxyestradiol selectively induces an additive/synergistic apoptotic response in ovarian cancer cells when used in combination with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  2-Methoxyestradiol, alone or in combination with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, should be considered as a potential treatment for ovarian cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Sumie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadarangani
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Delpiano
authors.forename: Macarena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brañes
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carvajal
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lipkowitz
authors.forename: Gareth I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Mauricio A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cuello
mesh_terms: D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; C505653:TNFSF10 protein, human; D004958:Estradiol; D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol; D020169:Caspases