title: Efficient tumour formation by single human melanoma cells.
abstract: A fundamental question in cancer biology is whether cells with tumorigenic potential are common or rare within human cancers. Studies on diverse cancers, including melanoma, have indicated that only rare human cancer cells (0.1-0.0001%) form tumours when transplanted into non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. However, the extent to which NOD/SCID mice underestimate the frequency of tumorigenic human cancer cells has been uncertain. Here we show that modified xenotransplantation assay conditions, including the use of more highly immunocompromised NOD/SCID interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain null (Il2rg(-/-)) mice, can increase the detection of tumorigenic melanoma cells by several orders of magnitude. In limiting dilution assays, approximately 25% of unselected melanoma cells from 12 different patients, including cells from primary and metastatic melanomas obtained directly from patients, formed tumours under these more permissive conditions. In single-cell transplants, an average of 27% of unselected melanoma cells from four different patients formed tumours. Modifications to xenotransplantation assays can therefore dramatically increase the detectable frequency of tumorigenic cells, demonstrating that they are common in some human cancers.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, USA.
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quintana
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shackleton
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sabel
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Fullen
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Sean J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Morrison
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D006801:Humans; D053631:Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D008545:Melanoma / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: C507942:Il2rg protein, mouse; D053631:Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit