title: Solubility of small-molecule crystals in polymers: D-mannitol in PVP, indomethacin in PVP/VA, and nifedipine in PVP/VA.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Amorphous pharmaceuticals, a viable approach to enhancing bioavailability, must be stable against crystallization. An amorphous drug can be stabilized by dispersing it in a polymer matrix. To implement this approach, it is desirable to know the drug's solubility in the chosen polymer, which defines the maximal drug loading without risk of crystallization. Measuring the solubility of a crystalline drug in a polymer is difficult because the high viscosity of polymers makes achieving solubility equilibrium difficult.
  
  
  METHODS
  Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to detect dissolution endpoints of solute/polymer mixtures prepared by cryomilling. This method was validated against other solubility-indicating methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The solubilities of several small-molecule crystals in polymers were measured for the first time near the glass transition temperature, including D: -mannitol (beta polymorph) in PVP, indomethacin (gamma polymorph) in PVP/VA, and nifedipine (alpha polymorph) in PVP/VA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A DSC method was developed for measuring the solubility of crystalline drugs in polymers. Cryomilling the components prior to DSC analysis improved the uniformity of the mixtures and facilitated the determination of dissolution endpoints. This method has the potential of providing useful data for designing physically stable formulations of amorphous drugs.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Geoff G Z
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D003460:Crystallization; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D008353:Mannitol / Q000737:chemistry*; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000737:chemistry*; D011205:Povidone / Q000737:chemistry*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012995:Solubility; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D044366:Transition Temperature; D014753:Vinyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D011759:Pyrrolidines; D012997:Solvents; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; C402301:poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl-acetate); D008353:Mannitol; D011205:Povidone; D009543:Nifedipine; D007213:Indomethacin