title: Association of diabetes and cigarette smoke exposure on the glycemia and liver glycogen of pregnant Wistar rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate cigarette smoke exposure and/or diabetes association effects on the glycemia and liver glycogen levels of pregnant Wistar rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  60 adult rats were randomly distributed into (n=10/group): non-diabetic exposed to filtered air (G1); non-diabetic exposed to cigarette smoke only before pregnancy (G2); non-diabetic exposed to cigarette smoke before and during pregnancy (G3); diabetic exposed to filtered air (G4); diabetic exposed to cigarette smoke only before pregnancy (G5), and diabetic exposed to cigarette smoke before and during pregnancy (G6). Glycemia was determined at days 0 and 21 of pregnancy. Liver samples were collected for liver glycogen determinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At day 21 of pregnancy, glycemia was higher in G5 and G6 compared to G4 group. G2 (2.43+/-0.43), G3 (3.20+/-0.49), G4 (2.62+/-0.34), G5 (2.65+/-0.27) and G6 groups (1.94+/-0.35) presented decreased liver glycogen concentrations compared to G1 (4.20+/-0.18 mg/100mg liver tissue) (p<0.05). G5 and G6 groups presented decreased maternal weight gain and litter weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe diabetes and cigarette smoke exposure, alone or associated, caused impairment in liver glycogen storage at term pregnancy. Due to the fact that liver glycogen storages were considered determinant for glucose tolerance, it is relevant to point out a rigid clinical glycemic control and to stop smoking so earlier in pregnancy programming.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Yuri Karen
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Sinzato
authors.forename: Paula Helena Ortiz
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Carlos Eduardo Meirelles dos
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Kleber Eduardode
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Marilza Vieira Cunha
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Rudge
authors.forename: Débora Cristina
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Damasceno
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D008112:Liver Glycogen / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008112:Liver Glycogen; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution