title: Negative emotions in cancer care: do oncologists' responses depend on severity and type of emotion?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine how type and severity of patients' negative emotions influence oncologists' responses and subsequent conversations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 264 audio-recorded conversations between advanced cancer patients and their oncologists. Conversations were coded for patients' expressions of negative emotion, which were categorized by type of emotion and severity. Oncologists' responses were coded as using either empathic language or blocking and distancing approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients presented fear more often than anger or sadness; severity of disclosures was most often moderate. Oncologists responded to 35% of these negative emotional disclosures with empathic language. They were most empathic when patients presented intense emotions. Responding empathically to patients' emotional disclosures lengthened discussions by an average of only 21s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Greater response rates to severe emotions suggest oncologists may recognize negative emotions better when patients express them more intensely. Oncologists were least responsive to patient fear and responded with greatest empathy to sadness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oncologists may benefit from additional training to recognize negative emotions, even when displayed without intensity. Teaching cancer patients to better articulate their emotional concerns may also enhance patient-oncologist communication.
authors.affiliation: Center for Palliative Care, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, United States. sarah.kennifer@duke.edu
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kennifer
authors.forename: Stewart C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Kathryn I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Pollak
authors.forename: Amy S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jeffreys
authors.forename: Maren K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Keri L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tulsky
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008495:Medical Oncology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009341:Negativism; D009369:Neoplasms; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011594:Psychometrics; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013637:Tape Recording