title: What frames of reference underlie self-ratings of oral health?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the referents and meanings that underlie self-ratings of oral health and to determine whether they vary by participants' characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semistructured interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 80 adults who were asked to rate their oral health and explain the reasons for their ratings. The interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed in full, and subject to a content analysis that involved identification and coding of their frames of reference. These codes were collapsed to create a smaller number of categories to allow for comparisons of the proportions invoking each frame of reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was considerable variation in the accounts offered to support the self-ratings of oral health. The most common referents used were biomedical, involving current oral problems, treatment needs and treatment histories, and behavioral, which included oral self-care practices, other health behaviors, and dental visiting patterns. Pain and tooth loss were also common. Most notable was the absence of functional and psychosocial referents that are prominent in contemporary definitions and measures of "oral-health-related quality of life." There was some variation in the referents used according to sociodemographic characteristics, with age being the main source of variation. There was also variation according to the category of the self-rating used; those with favorable ratings tended to use different frames of reference than those with unfavorable ratings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The biomedical model and professional ideologies and values provide the main frames of reference that give meaning to self-ratings of oral health. Variations in the meanings of the self-ratings have some implications for the use of this item in quantitative studies, which warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. david.locker@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Locker
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maggirias
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wexler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009909:Oral Health; D012647:Self-Assessment