title: Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in healthy adult bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). New echocardiographic indices in Old World monkeys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Macaques are used in cardiovascular and metabolic research. We determined echocardiographic-derived reference values of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function in healthy adult bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata).
  
  
  METHODS
  Transthoracic echocardiography was performed during ketamine sedation in 83 (67% female) healthy monkeys (age 7-26 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Technically adequate studies were obtained in all subjects and required 10.1 +/- 1.3 min of scanning time. Age correlated inversely with the following Doppler indices: E (r = -0.44, p < 0.001), E/A (r = -0.26, p = 0.02), E' (r = -0.45, p < 0.001, E'/A' (r = -0.44, p < 0.001), E/E' (r -0.25, p = 0.03), S' (r = -0.33, p = 0.003), Vp (r = -0.26, p = 0.049). LV mass was more strongly correlated with crown rump length (r = 0.72, p < 0.001) and body surface area (r = 0.70, p < 0.001) than with body mass index (r = 0.47, p < 0.001) and weight (r = 0.63, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates echocardiography is feasible for characterizing LV function. Age-related changes in Doppler indices in primates are similar to those in humans. LV mass is more closely related to fat-free mass indices. We provide reference values for LV systolic and diastolic function in adult bonnet macaques across the captive life span.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 1199 Brooklyn, NY 11203-2098, USA. jason.lazar@downstate.edu
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lazar
authors.forename: Ghazanfar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: Mohammed Rehan
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Scharf
authors.forename: Leonard A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rosenblum
authors.forename: Maxim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Signaevsky
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Kral
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salciccioli
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D000818:Animals; D003971:Diastole; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D007649:Ketamine; D008255:Macaca radiata; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D012016:Reference Values; D013599:Systole; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D007649:Ketamine