title: Long-term effects on the histology and function of livers and spleens in rats after 33% toploading of PEG-PLA-nano artificial red blood cells.
abstract: This study is to investigate the long-term effects of nanodimension PEG-PLA artificial red blood cells containing hemoglobin and red blood cell enzymes on the liver and spleen after 1/3 blood volume top loading in rats. The experimental rats received one of the following infusions: Nano artificial red blood cells in Ringer lactate, Ringer lactate, stroma-free hemoglobin, polyhemoglobin, and autologous rat whole blood. Blood samples were taken before infusions and on days 1, 7, and 21 after infusions for analysis. Nano artificial red blood cells, polyhemoglobin, Ringer lactate and rat red blood cells did not have any significant adverse effects on alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, amylase and creatine kinase. On the other hand, stroma-free hemoglobin induced significant adverse effects on liver as shown by elevation in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase throughout the 21 days. On day 21 after infusions rats were sacrificed and livers and spleens were excised for histological examination. Nano artificial red blood cells, polyhemoglobin, Ringer lactate and rat red blood cells did not cause any abnormalities in the microscopic histology of the livers and spleens. In the stroma-free hemoglobin group the livers showed accumulation of hemoglobin in central veins and sinusoids, and hepatic steatosis. In conclusion, injected nano artificial red blood cells can be efficiently metabolized and removed by the reticuloendothelial system, and do not have any biochemical or histological adverse effects on the livers or the spleens.
authors.affiliation: Artificial Cells & Organs Research Centre, Departments of Physiology, Medicine & Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Quebec, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Zun Chang
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Thomas M S
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D001802:Blood Substitutes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004798:Enzymes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000201:enzymology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D011091:Polyesters; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011108:Polymers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001802:Blood Substitutes; D004798:Enzymes; D006454:Hemoglobins; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; C016484:hemoglobin, stroma free; C037158:polyhemoglobin; D019344:Lactic Acid; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C033616:poly(lactide)