Sustained JNK1 activation is associated with altered histone H3 methylations in human liver cancer.
OBJECTIVE
Aberrant c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation has been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in mouse models. It remains unclear whether JNK activation plays an important role in human HCC and, if so, how JNK signaling contributes to the initiation or progression of HCC.


METHODS
The JNK activation, global gene expression, and the status of histone H3 methylations were measured in 31 primary human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) samples paired with the adjacent non-cancerous (ANC) tissues.


RESULTS
Enhanced JNK1 activation was noted in 17 out of 31 HCC samples (55%) relative to the corresponding ANC tissues, whereas JNK2 activation was roughly equal between HCC and ANC tissues. This enhancement in JNK1 activation is associated with an increased tumor size and a lack of encapsulation of the tumors. In addition, an association of JNK1 activation with the histone H3 lysines 4 and 9 tri-methylation was observed in the HCC tissues, which leads to an elevated expression of genes regulating cell growth and a decreased expression of the genes for cell differentiation and the p450 family members in HCC.


CONCLUSIONS
These results, thus, suggest that JNK1 plays important roles in the development of human HCC partially through the epigenetic mechanisms.
Chang
Qingshan
Q
Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
Zhang
Yadong
Y
Beezhold
Kevin J
KJ
Bhatia
Deepak
D
Zhao
Hongwen
H
Chen
Jianguo
J
Castranova
Vince
V
Shi
Xianglin
X
Chen
Fei
F
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D000071221:Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008745:Methylation; D008875:Middle Aged; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8 / Q000378:metabolism*; D063151:Polycomb Repressive Complex 2; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006657:Histones; D014157:Transcription Factors; C498409:EZH2 protein, human; D000071221:Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein; D063151:Polycomb Repressive Complex 2; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8