title: Spinal growth modulation with use of a tether in an immature porcine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spinal growth modulation by tethering the anterolateral aspect of the spine, as previously demonstrated in a nonscoliotic calf model, may be a viable fusionless treatment method for idiopathic scoliosis. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the radiographic, histologic, and biomechanical results after six and twelve months of spinal growth modulation in a porcine model with a growth rate similar to that of adolescent patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve seven-month-old mini-pigs underwent instrumentation with a vertebral staple-screw construct connected by a polyethylene tether over four consecutive thoracic vertebrae. The spines were harvested after six (n = 6) or twelve months (n = 6) of growth. Monthly radiographs, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans (made after the spines were harvested), histologic findings, and biomechanical findings were evaluated. Analysis of variance was used to compare preoperative, six-month postoperative, and twelve-month postoperative data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiographs demonstrated 14 degrees +/- 4 degrees of coronal deformity after six months and 30 degrees +/- 13 degrees after twelve months of growth. Coronal vertebral wedging was observed in all four tethered vertebrae and progressed throughout each animal's survival period. Disc wedging was also created; however, in contrast to the findings associated with vertebral wedging, the tethered side was taller than the untethered side. Magnetic resonance images revealed no evidence of disc degeneration; however, the nucleus pulposus had shifted toward the side of the tethering. Midcoronal undecalcified histologic sections showed intact bone-screw interfaces with no evidence of implant failure or loosening. With the tether cut, stiffness decreased and range of motion increased in lateral bending away from the tether at both time-points (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this porcine model, mechanical tethering during growth altered spinal morphology in the coronal and sagittal planes, leading to vertebral and disc wedging proportional to the duration of tethering. The resulting concave thickening of the disc in response to the tether was not anticipated and may suggest a capacity for the nucleus pulposus to respond to the compressive loads created by growth against the tether.
authors.affiliation: Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, 3030 Children's Way, Suite 410, San Diego, CA 92123, USA. pnewton@rchsd.org
authors.forename: Peter O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: Vidyadhar V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Upasani
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Farnsworth
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Reid C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dwek
authors.forename: Jung Ryul
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Mahar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004867:Equipment Design; D016268:Internal Fixators; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000601:surgery*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000254:growth & development*; D013997:Time Factors; D016474:Weight-Bearing