title: Infection in orthopedic implant surgery, its risk factors and outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infection in orthopedic surgery is a disaster both for the patient and surgeon. Although its incidence has been reduced due to modern theatre facilities and aseptic measures but in developing countries its prevalence is still high. It is better to prevent infection rather than to treat it. The objective of this study is to know the frequency of infection in orthopedic implant surgery in a public hospital and to evaluate the risk factors, causative organism, complications and treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective study was conducted in orthopedic unit-B Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, from 1st April 2007 to 30th October 2007. Close fracture cases admitted for internal fixation devices were included. The exclusion criteria were soft tissue surgery, wounds and open fractures needing external fixation devices. The follow up was done for six months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infection developed in 6 patients (5.76%), out of which superficial and deep infections were 2 (1.92%) and 4 (3.84%) respectively. There were 2 infection cases in each stage of the infection i.e. early, delayed and late. The staphylococcus aureus was the commonest organism, i.e., 3 (50%) out of 6. The age of the patients was more than 60 years in 3 (2.88%) patients, 30 to 60 years in 2 (1.92%) patients and below 30 year in 1 (0.96%) patient. The smoking history was in 2 (1.92%) patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infection rate in our study was quite high and needs proper measures to control it because it had great financial burden on patient and on hospital resources and could lead to morbidity and mortality in patients. We could not find significant risk factors in our small sample size study although the infection was relatively more common in patients with advanced age, prolonged surgery time, smoking and skin abrasion at fracture site. Commonest organism was Staphylococcus aureus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan. drshaoibortho@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Muhammad Shoaib
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Saif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: ur Rehman
authors.forename: Mian Amjad
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Babar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sultan
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sultan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007239:Infections / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009985:Orthopedics; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016896:Treatment Outcome