title: Necessity for additional incisions with the cervical collar incision to remove retrosternal goiters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retrosternal goiters (RSGs) can be removed transcervically, but additional incisions are sometimes necessary. We examined the factors determining the need for additional incisions to remove an RSG goiter, based on our experience and on an algorithm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 499 patients who underwent surgery for a goiter, 52 (10.4%) had an RSG removed via a collar incision. Additional incisions were necessary in 11 patients (21% of those with an RSG and 2.2% overall): a partial sternotomy in 4, total sternotomy in 5, and right thoracotomy in 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recurrent nerve paralysis developed in two patients and one patient had a tracheal laceration. There was no mortality. A diagnosis of adenomatous goiter was confirmed in all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional incisions can be made if thyroidectomy cannot be done transcervically and if the goiter extends to the level of the aortic arch. If the thyroid gland extends below the aortic arch and the lateral diameter of the goiter is greater than 10 cm, a partial sternotomy may be required. Total sternotomy is needed when an RSG extends caudally to the azygos vein, if it is located in the retrotracheal or retroesophageal space, or if it is recurrent or ectopic. Coexisting lung disorders and goiters extending to the left atrium also require thoracotomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Umuttepe, Kocaeli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Salih
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Topcu
authors.forename: Serife Tuba
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Liman
authors.forename: Zafer
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Canturk
authors.forename: Zafer
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Utkan
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Canturk
authors.forename: Selin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Corak
authors.forename: Berrin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cetinarslan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006042:Goiter / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013249:Sternum / Q000601:surgery; D013908:Thoracotomy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed