title: Low dose multi-detector CT of the chest (iLEAD Study): visual ranking of different simulated mAs levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Detailed evaluation of the lung parenchyma might be impaired by use of low dose CT as image noise increases and subsequently image quality decreases. The aim of our study was to determine the accuracy of visual perception of differences in image quality and noise at low dose chest CT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four patients suffering from emphysema underwent CT (Aquilion-16, 120kV, 150mAs, 1mm-collimation). Original raw data were used for simulation of 10 different mAs settings from 10mAs to 100mAs in 10mAs increments. Three representative hard copy images (carina, 4cm above, 5cm below) were printed for evaluation of lung parenchyma (high-resolution kernel, lung window) and mediastinum (soft-kernel, soft tissue window). Ranking of expected low mAs level was performed for lung and soft tissue separately based on visual perception by three-blinded chest radiologist independently. Results were compared to the real simulated mAs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The accuracy for correct ranking of the original 150mAs scan was 89% for lung and 86% for soft tissue while it was 99% for the simulated 10mAs for both windows. In comparison to the lowest mAs a significant error increase was found for the lung at 60-100mAs (with error increase of 30-47%) for reader-I; 60-100mAs for (33-64%) for reader-II and 70-100mAs (38-57%) for reader-III. For the soft tissue: 60-150mAs (with error increase of 28-63%) for reader-I; 50-100mAs (35-56%) for reader-II and 50-90mAs (35-40%) for reader-III.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simulated dose levels below 60mAs (=42mAs(eff)) were clearly differentiated from higher dose levels by all readers. Therefore, imaging doses could be lowered down to 60mAs without a diagnostically relevant increase in noise impairing image quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany. julia.leyzaporozhan@gmail.com
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ley-Zaporozhan
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ley
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Krummenauer
authors.forename: Yoshiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohno
authors.forename: Hiroto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hatabu
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Kauczor
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*