title: Effects of macrolides on proinflammatory epitopes on endothelial cells in vitro.
abstract: An inflammatory reaction at the site of infusion is a common clinical problem that is observed after the intravenous application of antibiotics and other drugs. The pathomechanism of this infusion-related phlebitis is not fully understood. We analyzed the effects of the three macrolide antibiotics erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin on human endothelial cells in vitro. As a positive control quinupristin/dalfopristin was studied. The cytotoxicity of all substances was analyzed by a modified MTT cytotoxicity assay with 3T3-fibroblasts and EA.hy 926 endothelial cells. Cells were incubated for 10 days with the antibiotics. After adding MTT the optical density was measured which correlates with cell death. Clarithromycin exhibited the strongest cytotoxic effect on EA.hy 926 cells (EC(50) 30 mg/L), followed by azithromycin (EC(50) 40 mg/L), a cytotoxic effect of erythromycin could only be observed at much higher concentrations (EC(50) 310 mg/L). The reaction of the endothelial cells was further analyzed in detail by means of flow cytometry. For these experiments the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 as well as primary cells (HUVEC) were used. The antigens were stained with fluoresceinisothiocyanat- or phycoerythrin-conjugated monoclonal antibodies for the following surface antigens: CD34, E-selectin (CD62E), ICAM-1 (CD54) and VCAM-1 (CD106). Cells were incubated with the antibiotics at concentrations ranging from 100 to 800 mg/L (clarithromycin and azithromycin) and from 200 to 1,200 mg/L (erythromycin). These concentrations occur under therapeutic conditions at the site of infusion. Cells were incubated for 2 h and analysis was carried out after an additional culture period of 22 h without test compounds. A significantly enhanced expression of all four antigens was observed which was most pronounced at 800 mg/L (erythromycin), 600 mg/L (azithromycin) and 400 mg/L (clarithromycin). A concentration of 800 mg/L erythromycin medium caused an increase of the expression of CD34 (+6%), E-selectin (+5%), ICAM-1 (+14%) and VCAM-1 (+5%). At lower concentrations (600 mg/L) azithromycin provokes a stronger upregulation of the proinflammatory antigens: CD34 (+17%), E-selectin (+18%), ICAM-1 (+27%) and VCAM-1 (+17%). At a concentration of 400 mg/L medium clarithromycin induced a similar effect as erythromycin at twice this concentration: CD34 (+5%), E-selectin (+7%), ICAM-1 (+23%) and VCAM-1 (+4%). Reactions of the HUVECs were less pronounced than those of the EA.hy 926 cells. Cell surface markers involved in interactions between endothelial cells and leukocytes proved to be useful markers to study differences in the proinflammatory potential of the three macrolides. By analysing the upregulation of these antigens on EA.hy 926 cells in vitro the risk of phlebitis could be predictable for other drugs as well.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Millrose
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kruse
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Flick
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stahlmann
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D018942:Macrolides / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D010799:Phycoerythrin / Q000378:metabolism; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014769:Virginiamycin
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D018952:Antigens, CD34; D004396:Coloring Agents; D019040:E-Selectin; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D018942:Macrolides; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D014769:Virginiamycin; D010799:Phycoerythrin; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; C062940:quinupristin-dalfopristin; C022616:thiazolyl blue; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate