title: Research methodology: endocrinologic measurements in exercise science and sports medicine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide background information on methodologic factors that influence and add variance to endocrine outcome measurements. Our intent is to aid and improve the quality of exercise science and sports medicine research endeavors of investigators inexperienced in endocrinology.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Numerous methodologic factors influence human endocrine (hormonal) measurements and, consequently, can dramatically compromise the accuracy and validity of exercise and sports medicine research. These factors can be categorized into those that are biologic and those that are procedural-analytic in nature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Researchers should design their studies to monitor, control, and adjust for the biologic and procedural-analytic factors discussed within this paper. By doing so, they will find less variance in their hormonal outcomes and thereby will increase the validity of their physiologic data. These actions can assist the researcher in the interpretation and understanding of endocrine data and, in turn, make their research more scientifically sound.
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. ach@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: Anthony C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hackney
authors.forename: Atko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viru
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001681:Biological Assay; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D008603:Mental Health; D044469:Racial Groups; D012106:Research; D012737:Sex Factors; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones