title: Mechanisms of blood glucose-lowering effect of aqueous extract from stems of Kothala himbutu (Salacia reticulata) in the mouse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kothala himbutu (Salacia reticulata) is a medicinal plant that has been used in Ayurvedic system of Indian and Sri Lankan traditional medicine to treat diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to clarify the mechanism(s) by which aqueous extracts of Kothala himbutu (KTE) stems decreases fasting blood glucose levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene expression profiles were assessed by DNA microarray and RT-PCR analyses of RNA from the liver of KK-Ay diabetic mice administered KTE or control distilled water for 4 weeks, and from cultured liver cells treated with freeze-dried KTE (KTED) or selected phenolic compounds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DNA microarray and RT-PCR analyses revealed that gluconeogenic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP) was decreased compared with the control in KTE-treated KK-Ay mice. RT-PCR analysis using cultured liver cells treated with KTED and/or actinomycin D or cycloheximide, revealed that KTED directly decreased FBP mRNA levels via destabilization of the mRNA. One compound in KTE, mangiferin, was demonstrated to dose-dependently down-regulate FBP mRNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the mangiferin in KTE acts directly on liver cells and down-regulates the gluconeogenic pathway through regulation of FBP expression, thereby decreasing fasting blood glucose levels in mice. Our results demonstrate that gluconeogenic gene regulation is one possible mechanism by which KT exerts its effects in traditional diabetic medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dietetics and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryanghyok
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Im
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mano
authors.forename: Tomokazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.forename: Sachie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakatani
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006597:Fructose-Bisphosphatase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005943:Gluconeogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008515:Medicine, Ayurvedic; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018547:Plant Stems; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D049918:Salacia / Q000737:chemistry*; D013188:Sri Lanka; D044004:Xanthones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044004:Xanthones; C013592:mangiferin; D006597:Fructose-Bisphosphatase