title: Quantitative detection of Epstein-Barr virus in bronchoalveolar lavage from transplant and nontransplant patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The lower respiratory tract is a latency site of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); however, its pathogenic role is poorly known, particularly in transplant patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and role of EBV in bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) from transplant recipients (TR) in comparison with nontransplant (NT) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for EBV, human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), and HHV-7 and rapid shell-vial culture for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) were performed on 272 consecutive BAL from 194 patients (107 from 59 TR and 165 from 143 NT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  EBV-DNA was positive in 65 specimens (23.9%) from 57 patients (29.4%): 24 of 59 (40.7%) TR and 33 of 143 (23.1%) NT (P<0.05). There was no significant difference of EBV positivity considering the type of transplanted organ. Viral load did not significantly differ comparing specimens of TR versus NT, specimens of solid organ transplant versus bone marrow transplant recipients. EBV was frequently positive in patients with a diagnosis of pneumonia (28.6%), respiratory insufficiency (24.5%), and exacerbation of underlying bronchopneumopathies (30.8%); however, there was no difference comparing TR and NT. EBV was mostly detected in concomitance with other infectious pathogens. Mortality within 28 days of BAL sampling was not related to EBV-DNA positivity and load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EBV is frequently detected in BAL from TR and NT; however, its pathogenic role in lower respiratory tract remains poorly known, also because of the frequent detection of concomitant infectious pathogens. Further studies are needed to better elucidate this issue and the underlying local conditions favoring viral replication.
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. cristina.costa@unito.it
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Mariateresa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elia
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Astegiano
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sidoti
authors.forename: Maria Elena
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Terlizzi
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Solidoro
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Botto
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Libertucci
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergallo
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cavallo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000821:virology*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015654:Herpesvirus 6, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016199:Herpesvirus 7, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011024:Pneumonia, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000821:virology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019349:Roseolovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D019562:Viral Load; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral