title: Analysis of Salmonella enterica with reduced susceptibility to the third-generation cephalosporin ceftriaxone isolated from U.S. cattle during 2000-2004.
abstract: Over the past decade enteric bacteria in Europe, Africa, and Asia have become increasingly resistant to cephalosporin antimicrobial agents. This is largely due to the spread of genes encoding extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) enzymes that can inactivate many cephalosporins. Recently, these resistance mechanisms have been identified in Salmonella isolated from humans in the United States. Due to the potential for transmission of resistant bacteria to humans via food animals, Salmonella animal isolates were monitored for ESBL production. During 2000-2004, Salmonella cattle slaughter isolates (n = 3,984) were tested, and 97 (2.4%) of these were found to have decreased susceptibility (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] >32 microg/ml) to the third-generation cephalosporin ceftriaxone. The majority of these were serotypes Newport (58) and Agona (14), some of which were genetically indistinguishable by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. None of the isolates had an ESBL phenotype; all were susceptible to the fourth-generation cephalosporins cefepime and cefquinome. PCR and sequence analysis for resistance genes detected the bla(CMY-2) gene in 93 isolates and the bla(TEM-1) gene in 12 isolates; however, neither gene encodes an ESBL. These data indicate that bovine Salmonella isolates from the United States with decreased susceptibility or resistance to ceftriaxone do not exhibit an ESBL phenotype and most contain the bla(CMY-2) gene.
authors.affiliation: Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA. jonathan.frye@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Jonathan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Frye
authors.forename: Paula J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Fedorka-Cray
authors.forename: Charlene R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rose
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018550:Cephalosporin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005838:Genotype; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000592:standards; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000382:microbiology*; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012703:Serotyping; D014481:United States; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002443:Ceftriaxone; C103022:beta-lactamase CMY-2; D001618:beta-Lactamases