title: Cephalosporin-induced neurotoxicity: clinical manifestations, potential pathogenic mechanisms, and the role of electroencephalographic monitoring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the clinical manifestations of cephalosporin-induced neurotoxicity, underlying potential mechanisms, role of electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring, and management of neurotoxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PubMed search (1970-May 2008) was conducted using search terms such as cephalosporins, neurotoxicity, seizures, and status epilepticus. The search was not limited to the English language and yielded approximately 187 articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several case reports and case series were included to outline the salient clinical features of cephalosporin neurotoxicity. Laboratory studies investigating the potential mechanisms were also included. Reports outlining the EEG features of cephalosporin neurotoxicity were included and the role of continuous EEG monitoring was extracted. Finally, management strategies of such neurotoxicity are discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cephalosporin-induced neurotoxicity may manifest in a variety of clinical presentations, ranging from simple encephalopathy or mental status changes to myoclonus, asterixis, seizures, nonconvulsive status epilepticus, as well as coma. Patients who are elderly, those with renal insufficiency, and those with prior neurologic disease may be particularly prone to the neurotoxic effects. The main mechanism of neurotoxicity appears to involve gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor inhibition, although other mechanisms may be possible. Cephalosporin neurotoxicity may be associated with a variety of EEG manifestations. Treatment mainly involves withdrawal of the offending drug, in addition to hemodialysis in patients with renal failure, and use of benzodiazepines or other anticonvulsants in patients who develop frank status epilepticus. Neurotoxicity can be prevented in high-risk cases with dosage adjustments and monitoring of serum concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge and awareness of the neurotoxic clinical manifestations, EEG findings, and underlying mechanisms are essential for clinicians in identifying and treating this potentially lethal but reversible complication of cephalosporin therapy. Further studies are needed to determine the most appropriate treatment paradigms for patients who develop status epilepticus as a result of cephalosporins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute/St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA. Rama.Maganti@CHW.edu
authors.forename: Marie Francisca
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Grill
authors.forename: Rama
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maganti
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004569:Electroencephalography; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; D006801:Humans; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D058787:GABA-A Receptor Antagonists