title: Four weeks of near-normalisation of blood glucose improves the insulin response to glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incretin effect is attenuated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, partly as a result of impaired beta cell responsiveness to glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether 4 weeks of near-normalisation of the blood glucose level could improve insulin responses to GIP and GLP-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight obese patients with type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control (HbA(1c) 8.6 +/- 1.3%), were investigated before and after 4 weeks of near-normalisation of blood glucose (mean blood glucose 7.4 +/- 1.2 mmol/l) using insulin treatment. Before and after insulin treatment the participants underwent three hyperglycaemic clamps (15 mmol/l) with infusion of GLP-1, GIP or saline. Insulin responses were evaluated as the incremental area under the plasma C-peptide curve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before and after near-normalisation of blood glucose, the C-peptide responses did not differ during the early phase of insulin secretion (0-10 min). The late phase C-peptide response (10-120 min) increased during GIP infusion from 33.0 +/- 8.5 to 103.9 +/- 24.2 (nmol/l) x (110 min)(-1) (p < 0.05) and during GLP-1 infusion from 48.7 +/- 11.8 to 126.6 +/- 32.5 (nmol/l) x (110 min)(-1) (p < 0.05), whereas during saline infusion the late-phase response did not differ before vs after near-normalisation of blood glucose (40.2 +/- 11.2 vs 46.5 +/- 12.7 [nmol/l] x [110 min](-1)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Near-normalisation of blood glucose for 4 weeks improves beta cell responsiveness to both GLP-1 and GIP by a factor of three to four. No effect was found on beta cell responsiveness to glucose alone. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV ID NO.: NCT 00612950.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study was supported by The Novo Nordisk Foundation, The Medical Science Research Foundation for Copenhagen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegaards Allé 30, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark. pmvc@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Højberg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vilsbøll
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rabøl
authors.forename: F K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Knop
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bache
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Krarup
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madsbad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D005215:Fasting; D019270:Fructosamine / Q000097:blood; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D019270:Fructosamine; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin