title: Identification of distinct human invariant natural killer T-cell response phenotypes to alpha-galactosylceramide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human CD1d-restricted, invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) are a unique class of T lymphocytes that recognise glycolipid antigens such as alpha-galactosylceramide (alphaGalCer) and upon T cell receptor (TCR) activation produce both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. iNKT cells expand when cultured in-vitro with alphaGalCer and interleukin 2 (IL-2) in a CD1d-restricted manner. However, the expansion ratio of human iNKT cells varies between individuals and this has implications for attempts to manipulate this pathway therapeutically. We have studied a panel of twenty five healthy human donors to assess the variability in their in-vitro iNKT cell expansion responses to stimulation with CD1d ligands and investigated some of the factors that may influence this phenomenon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although all donors had comparable numbers of circulating iNKT cells their growth rates in-vitro over 14 days in response to a range of CD1d ligands and IL-2 were highly donor-dependent. Two reproducible donor response patterns of iNKT expansion were seen which we have called 'strong' or 'poor' iNKT responders. Donor response phenotype did not correlate with age, gender, frequency of circulating iNKT, or with the CD1d ligand utilised. Addition of exogenous recombinant human interleukin 4 (IL-4) to 'poor' responder donor cultures significantly increased their iNKT proliferative capacity, but not to levels equivalent to that of 'strong' responder donors. However in 'strong' responder donors, addition of IL-4 to their cultures did not significantly alter the frequency of iNKT cells in the expanded CD3+ population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (i) in-vitro expansion of human iNKT cells in response to CD1d ligand activation is highly donor variable, (ii) two reproducible patterns of donor iNKT expansion were observed, which could be classified into 'strong' and 'poor' responder phenotypes, (iii) donor iNKT response phenotypes did not correlate with age, gender, frequency of circulating iNKT cells, or with the CD1d ligand utilised, (iv) addition of IL-4 to 'poor' but not 'strong' responder donor cultures significantly increased their in-vitro iNKT cell expansion to alphaGalCer.
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. jec457@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Joanne E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Croudace
authors.forename: Stuart M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Curbishley
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mura
authors.forename: Carrie R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Willcox
authors.forename: Petr A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Illarionov
authors.forename: Gurdyal S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Besra
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lammas
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000276:immunology; D055610:Antigens, CD1d / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002469:Cell Separation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005699:Galactosylceramides / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology; D055611:Natural Killer T-Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012737:Sex Factors; D014019:Tissue Donors
chemical_list: D055610:Antigens, CD1d; C526877:CD1D protein, human; D005699:Galactosylceramides; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C493154:alpha-galactosylceramide; D015847:Interleukin-4