title: Enzootic rabies elimination from dogs and reemergence in wild terrestrial carnivores, United States.
abstract: To provide molecular and virologic evidence that domestic dog rabies is no longer enzootic to the United States and to identify putative relatives of dog-related rabies viruses (RVs) circulating in other carnivores, we studied RVs associated with recent and historic dog rabies enzootics worldwide. Molecular, phylogenetic, and epizootiologic evidence shows that domestic dog rabies is no longer enzootic to the United States. Nonetheless, our data suggest that independent rabies enzootics are now established in wild terrestrial carnivores (skunks in California and north-central United States, gray foxes in Texas and Arizona, and mongooses in Puerto Rico), as a consequence of different spillover events from long-term rabies enzootics associated with dogs. These preliminary results highlight the key role of dog RVs and human-dog demographics as operative factors for host shifts and disease reemergence into other important carnivore populations and highlight the need for the elimination of dog-related RVs worldwide.
authors.affiliation: Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. dly3@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Velasco-Villa
authors.forename: Serena A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Reeder
authors.forename: Lillian A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Orciari
authors.forename: Pamela A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Yager
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Franka
authors.forename: Jesse D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Blanton
authors.forename: Letha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zuckero
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Ernest H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Oertli
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Rupprecht
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000821:virology*; D002335:Carnivora / Q000821:virology*; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D004285:Dogs; D005589:Foxes / Q000821:virology; D008988:Herpestidae / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D012889:Mephitidae / Q000821:virology; D009698:Nucleoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D011818:Rabies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D011820:Rabies virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D009698:Nucleoproteins