title: Tracing misalignment and unequal crossing over during evolution of the repetitive region of the SM50 gene in sea urchins.
abstract: The location of misalignment and unequal crossover involved in concerted evolution of tandemly repetitive sequences is difficult to document owing to the homogeneity of sequences that are subject to this process. However, the repetitive domain of the SM50 gene in sea urchins contains variation, within the gene itself, between alleles, and between species that has allowed us to determine where misalignment and unequal crossing over occurred during evolution of this gene. We have therefore analyzed the SM50 repeat regions in a variety of species to determine where recent changes in repeat numbers have occurred, and from this have deduced the mechanisms that lead to these changes. We next tried to determine whether recent misalignment and unequal crossover has produced allelic variation in current populations of sea urchins. We found SM50 alleles within three species that have different numbers of repeats. This marks the first reported documentation of allelic variation in the number of repeats in the SM50 gene. We also show how a single unequal crossover event could have produced the allelic variation. We have found that substitutions and small deletions in the sequences within the repeats can substantially affect how misalignment occurs, resulting in different patterns of repeats after concerted evolution.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Brian T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Livingston
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D003434:Crossing Over, Genetic; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000235:genetics*; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; C051691:SM50 protein, sea urchin; D004247:DNA