title: Predictive factors for generalized seizures after deliberate citalopram overdose.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Seizures are a recognized complication of citalopram overdose. The present study sought to establish risk factors for seizures in this high-risk patient group, including stated dose ingested, co-ingested drugs or ethanol, and electrolyte disturbances.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective casenote review was carried out of patients who attended the Emergency Department due to citalopram overdose between January 2000 and July 2007 inclusive. Stepwise logistic regression analysis considered age, gender, stated citalopram dose, acute ethanol consumption, co-ingested drugs, administration of activated charcoal, and hyponatraemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 241 patients (177 women), and the median (interquartile range) stated citalopram dose was 300 mg (200 to 600 mg). Generalized seizures occurred in 18 patients (7.5%). Logistic regression analysis found co-ingested tricyclic antidepressants or venlafaxine predicted seizures with odds ratio = 15 (95% confidence interval 3, 75). In the absence of co-ingested drugs, the minimum citalopram dose associated with seizures was 400 mg. Odds ratio for seizures = 1.1 (95% confidence interval 1.0, 1.2) for every 100 mg increment in citalopram dose. Seizures were associated with a greater need for invasive ventilatory support, higher creatine kinase activity, and prolonged hospital stay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Generalized seizures are an important manifestation of citalopram toxicity, and cannot be explained solely by electrolyte disturbances or co-ingestion of other drugs or ethanol. The strongest predictors of seizures in this patient series were ingestion of high citalopram dosages and co-ingestion of drugs capable of lowering seizure threshold.
authors.affiliation: Scottish Poisons Information Bureau, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. s.waring@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: W Stephen
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Waring
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000506:poisoning*; D015283:Citalopram / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000506:poisoning*; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000506:poisoning*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D062787:Drug Overdose; D004635:Emergency Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D015283:Citalopram; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride