Psychosocial and neurocognitive performance after spontaneous nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage related to the APOE-epsilon4 genotype: a prospective 5-year follow-up study.
OBJECTIVE
In this study, the authors prospectively evaluated long-term psychosocial and neurocognitive performance in patients suffering from nonaneurysmal, nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and investigated the association between the APOE-epsilon4 genotype and outcome in these patients.


METHODS
All patients admitted to the authors' institution between January 2001 and January 2003 with spontaneous nonaneurysmal SAH were prospectively examined (mean follow-up 59.8 months). The APOE genotype was determined in all patients by polymerase chain reaction from a blood sample. Of the 30 patients included in this study, 11 were carriers of the epsilon4 allele.


RESULTS
All patients showed a good recovery and regained full independence with no persisting neurological deficits. The patients with the epsilon4 allele, however, scored significantly higher on the Beck Depression Inventory (22.1 +/- 6.3 vs 14.1 +/- 5.1). At follow-up, depression was more persistent in the group with the epsilon4 allele compared with the group that lacked the allele. This finding reached statistical significance (p < 0.05). Selective attention was impaired in all patients during the first year of follow-up, with an earlier recovery noted in the patients without the epsilon4 allele. Moreover, there was a tendency toward a linear relationship between the Beck Depression Inventory and the d2 Test of Attention. Two patients who carried the epsilon4 allele did not return to their employment even after 5 years.


CONCLUSIONS
The findings in this study suggest that the APOE genotypes may be associated with the psychosocial and neurocognitive performance after spontaneous nonaneurysmal SAH, even in the absence of neurological impairment. Physicians should consider patient genotype in assessing the long-term consequences of nonaneurysmal SAH.
Alfieri
Alex
A
Department of Neurosurgery, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany. alex.alfieri@medizin.uni-halle.de
Unterhuber
Vera
V
Pircher
Martina
M
Schwarz
Andreas
A
Gazzeri
Roberto
R
Reinert
Michael
M
Widmer
Hans R
HR
D000328:Adult; D000483:Alleles; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4 / Q000235:genetics*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011584:Psychology; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*
D053327:Apolipoprotein E4