title: Polymorphisms in cyclooxygenase-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor are associated with progression-free survival independent of K-ras in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with single-agent cetuximab.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently, an objective response rate of 12% was reported in a phase II study of cetuximab in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) refractory to fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy (IMC-0144). In this large molecular correlates study, we tested whether K-ras mutation status and polymorphisms in genes involved in the EGFR-signaling pathway were associated with clinical outcome in IMC-0144.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed all available tissue samples from 130 of 346 mCRC patients enrolled in the IMC-0144 phase II clinical trial of cetuximab. Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues, and K-ras mutation status and the genotypes were analyzed using PCR-RFLP, direct DNA-sequencing, and 5'-end [gamma-33P] ATP-labeled PCR-protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PFS of patients with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) -765 G>C [C/C; risk ratio (RR), 0.31; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.12-0.84; P = 0.032], COX-2 +8473 T>C (C/C; RR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.40-1.13; P = 0.003), EGF +61 A>G (G/G; RR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.34-0.95; P = 0.042), and EGFR +497 G>A (A/G; RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.56-1.20; P = 0.017) genotypes was significantly longer compared with those with other genotypes. In addition, patients whose tumors did not have K-ras mutations showed better RR, PFS, and overall survival than patients with K-ras mutations. In multivariable analysis, COX-2 +8473 T>C (adjusted P = 0.013) and EGFR +497 G>A (adjusted P = 0.010) remained significantly associated with progression-free survival, independent of skin rash toxicity, K-ras mutation status, and Eastern Cooperative Group performance status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polymorphisms in COX-2 and EGFR may be useful independent molecular markers to predict clinical outcome in patients with mCRC treated with single-agent cetuximab, independent of skin rash toxicity, K-ras mutation, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lurje
authors.forename: Fumio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nagashima
authors.forename: Wu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Dongyun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Heung M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Khoueiry
authors.forename: Hatim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Ladner
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mauro
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.forename: Eric K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Rowinsky
authors.forename: Heinz-Josef
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lenz
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068818:Cetuximab; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000235:genetics*; D011905:Genes, ras / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic; D009154:Mutation; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D000068818:Cetuximab