title: Effect of low-dose ketamine on inflammatory response in off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (OPCAB) is still associated with a marked systemic inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pre-emptive, low dose of ketamine, which has been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity in on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery, could reduce inflammatory response in low-risk patients undergoing OPCAB.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective randomized-controlled trial, 50 patients with stable angina and preserved myocardial function undergoing OPCAB were randomly assigned to receive either 0.5 mg kg(-1) of ketamine (Ketamine group, n=25) or normal saline (Control group, n=25) during induction of anaesthesia. Inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and cardiac enzymes were measured previous to induction (T1), 4 h after surgery (T2), and the first and second days after the surgery (T3 and T4).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant intergroup differences in the serum concentrations of the CRP, IL-6, and TNF-alpha and cardiac enzymes. Pro-inflammatory markers and cardiac enzymes, except TNF-alpha, were all increased after the surgery compared with baseline values in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose ketamine administered during anaesthesia induction did not exert any evident anti-inflammatory effect in terms of reducing the serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory markers in low-risk patients undergoing OPCAB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Seodaemun-Ku, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Kwak
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D047549:Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007649:Ketamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007649:Ketamine