title: Cellular mechanisms regulating protein synthesis and skeletal muscle hypertrophy in animals.
abstract: Growth and maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is critical for long-term health and quality of life. Skeletal muscle is a highly adaptable tissue with well-known sensitivities to environmental cues such as growth factors, cytokines, nutrients, and mechanical loading. All of these factors act at the level of the cell and signal through pathways that lead to changes in phenotype through multiple mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the animal and cell culture models used and the signaling mechanisms identified in understanding regulation of protein synthesis in response to mechanical loading/resistance exercise. Particular emphasis has been placed on 1) alterations in mechanical loading and regulation of protein synthesis in both in vivo animal studies and in vitro cell culture studies and 2) upstream mediators regulating mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and protein synthesis during skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St., UKMC MS508, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
authors.forename: Mitsunori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: Karyn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Esser
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006984:Hypertrophy; D007328:Insulin / Q000502:physiology; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009929:Organ Size / Q000502:physiology; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000596:Amino Acids; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C469992:Ddit4 protein, mouse; C450979:Ddit4l protein, mouse; D007328:Insulin; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D011506:Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases