title: Musculoskeletal pain in women working in small-scale agriculture in South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Musculoskeletal pain is associated with demographic, occupational and physical factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with musculoskeletal pain in 911 women working in small-scale agriculture in rural northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa in 2006 using a questionnaire survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 67% (n = 574) of women reported any chronic musculoskeletal pain. The 12-month prevalence of pain ranged from 63.9% to 73.3% and the prevalence of specific chronic pain lasting more than 3 months ranged from 42.8% to 48.3%. Older age, carrying heavy loads, working with hands above shoulder height, and frequently squatting and kneeling were associated with chronic musculoskeletal pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of pain reported in our study, was similar to other developing countries, but considerably higher than in developed countries. Ergonomic interventions including improved and adapted work techniques and tools should be considered to reduce the prevalence of pain in our study population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. naidoos71@ukzn.ac.za
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naidoo
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kromhout
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: London
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Naidoo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burdorf
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000383:Agriculture / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009790:Occupations / Q000145:classification; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult