An observational, prospective study comparing tibial and humeral intraosseous access using the EZ-IO.
BACKGROUND
Intraosseous (IO) access is an alternative to conventional intravenous access. The proximal tibia and proximal humerus have been proposed as suitable sites for IO access.


METHODS
A nonrandomized, prospective, observational study comparing flow rates and insertion success with tibial and humeral IO access in adults using the EZ-IO-powered drill device was conducted. The tibia was the first site of insertion, and a second IO was inserted in the humerus if clinically indicated for the same patient.


RESULTS
Twenty-four patients were recruited, with 24 tibial and 11 humeral insertions. All EZ-IO insertions were successful at the first attempt except for 1 tibial insertion that was successful on the second attempt. All insertions were achieved within 20 seconds. Mean ease of IO insertion score (1=easiest to 10=most difficult) was 1.1 for both sites. We found tibial flow rates to be significantly faster using a pressure bag (165 mL/min) compared with those achieved without a pressure bag (73 mL/min), with a difference of 92 mL/min (95% confidence interval [CI]: 52, 132). Similarly, humeral flow rates were significantly faster using a pressure bag (153 mL/min) compared with humeral those achieved without pressure bag (84 mL/min), with a difference of 69 mL/min (95% CI: 39, 99). Comparing matched pairs (same patient), there was no significant difference in flow rates between tibial and humeral sites, with or without pressure bag infusion.


CONCLUSIONS
Both sites had high-insertion success rates. Flow rates were significantly faster with a pressure bag infusion than without. However, we did not find any significant difference in tibial or humeral flow rates.
Ong
Marcus Eng Hock
MEH
Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore. Electronic address: marcus.ong.e.h@sgh.com.sg.
Chan
Yiong Huak
YH
Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Oh
Jen Jen
JJ
Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore.
Ngo
Adeline Su-Yin
AS
Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore.
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus; D017148:Infusions, Intraosseous / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013977:Tibia; D055815:Young Adult