title: Doppler echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary prostheses: a comprehensive assessment including velocity time integral ratio and prosthesis effective orifice area.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few reports have been published on the Doppler-derived echocardiographic data for pulmonary valve prostheses (PVPs). The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive Doppler echocardiographic assessment of PVPs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 40 patients (mean age 24.2) with PVPs: 13 (32.5%) mechanical and 27 (67.5%) bioprosthetic valves. After clinical evaluation, all patients underwent complete, two-dimensional and Doppler studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 30 patients with normally functioning PVPs, the mean (SD) peak velocity was 2.33 (0.36) m/s with an average peak pressure gradient of 22.69 (6.7) mm Hg and an average mean pressure gradient of 12.5 (4.1) mm Hg. The mean PVPs velocity time integral (VTI) was 47.49 (12.78) cm with mean right ventricle outflow tract/peak velocity (PV) VTI ratio 0.43 (0.14), mean PVPs effective orifice area was 1.63 (0.36) cm(2). Metallic PVPs had significantly better hemodynamic Doppler study compared with biologic PVPs. In 9 patients with PVP malfunction, average peak PVPs velocity, average peak pressure gradient, mean pressure gradient, PV VTI, PV/left ventricle outflow tract VTI ratio was significantly increased (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study contributes to establishing the normal range for Doppler hemodynamics in various PVPs.
authors.affiliation: Echocardiography Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shahid Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical Center, Tehran, Iran. ani_echocard@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadeghpour
authors.forename: Hakimeh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saadatifar
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiavar
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esmaeilzadeh
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maleki
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ojaghi
authors.forename: Fereidoon
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Noohi
authors.forename: Niloofar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Samiei
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohebbi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D019992:Databases as Topic; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals; D008875:Middle Aged; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D011664:Pulmonary Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008670:Metals