title: Urinary incontinence management in geriatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review prevalence, causes, types, and appropriate therapy to treat urinary incontinence (UI) in geriatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selection and extraction from a PubMed/MEDLINE, English-language literature search from 2000 to the present using the search terms urinary incontinence and geriatrics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  UI is a prevalent condition in geriatric patients. Unmanaged UI decreases quality of life and increases the risk of perineal skin breakdown, which can lead to painful skin irritation and pressure sores. Identifying the type of UI, and treating or eliminating transient causes as a result of acute conditions or medications, are initial steps in appropriate management. Health professionals can identify medication-related causes by reviewing the patient history, diagnoses, symptoms, and medication regimen. Chronic UI is often caused by physiological changes in the bladder; increasing age also can result in changes in bladder and urethral compliance. Other UI risk factors include impaired function, cognition, mobility, and dexterity as well as neurodegenerative damage that affect the patient's ability to toilet or recognize the need to toilet. Chronic or persistent UI is classified as stress, urge, overflow, functional, or mixed. Treatment options for chronic UI are discussed in detail.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacists can have a positive impact on this condition by recommending appropriate medication changes and pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments.
authors.affiliation: Mercer University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA. Marshall_L@mercer.edu
authors.forename: Leisa L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Baliey
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy