title: Diet and expression of estrogen alpha and progesterone receptors in the normal mammary gland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been recently reported that expression of estrogen alpha (ER-alpha) and progesterone (PR) receptors in the normal mammary gland is inversely associated with breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women. We investigated whether dietary intakes are associated with the expression of ER-alpha and PR receptors in the apparently normal, as opposed to pathological, mammary tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a study in Greece, we examined associations of dietary intakes with ER-alpha and PR expression in the adjacent-to-pathological apparently normal mammary tissue of 562 women with either breast cancer (267 women) or BBD (299 women). Diet was assessed through an extensive food frequency questionnaire and results were analyzed using multiple logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monounsaturated (p = 0.03) and, to a lesser extent, polyunsaturated lipids (p = 0.08) were positively associated with ER-alpha expression. Cereals and starchy roots were inversely associated with ER-alpha (p = 0.01), whereas milk and dairy products were inversely associated with PR expression (p = 0.02). Ethanol intake was non-significantly inversely associated with ER-alpha expression (p = 0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the weak associations of diet with breast cancer risk could be explained, to some extent, by effects of diet on receptor expression in the normal mammary gland.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, 75 M. Asias Street, Goudi 115 27, Greece.
authors.forename: Pagona
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lagiou
authors.forename: Evangelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Samoli
authors.forename: Areti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lagiou
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Georgila
authors.forename: Pantelina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zourna
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barbouni
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gkiokas
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vassilarou
authors.forename: Annivas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsikkinis
authors.forename: Constantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sfikas
authors.forename: Constantine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Sekeris
authors.forename: Chung-Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Hans-Olov
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trichopoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone