title: Pathological effects of sodium hypochlorite administration through drinking water in male Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica).
abstract: Fifty male Japanese quails of 40 days of age were divided into five equal groups viz. A, B, C, D, and E. Drinking water supplemented with sodium hypochlorite at dose level of 0, 25, 50, 200, and 400 mg chlorine/L, respectively was offered for 6 weeks. At the end of week 6 when no clinical signs of toxicity of sodium hypochlorite appeared, the birds in groups B and C were shifted to 100 mg chlorine/L drinking water, and this level was increased fourfold (400, 1600, 6400 mg chlorine/L drinking water) every week, till i.e., 10th week (70 day). Afterwards all the birds were killed. Depression and anorexia were prominent clinical signs observed. Reduction in feed intake, body weight, and hematological parameters appeared in a dose-dependant manner. Decreased serum total proteins and weights of liver, heart, and kidneys were recorded in birds receiving high levels of sodium hypochlorite. Intoxicated birds were emaciated. Decreased weight and volume of the testes were observed in birds receiving high levels of sodium hypochlorite. However, birds receiving 400 mg chlorine (group E) had smaller but functional testes. Birds receiving higher level of chlorine (groups B and C) had decreased weight and volume of testes, atrophied seminiferous tubules, and arrested spermatogenesis. It was concluded that sodium hypochlorite at high levels, that is, 6400 mg/L in drinking water is toxic to the quails; therefore, it should be used with caution in poultry farming as drinking water disinfectant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. ahrar1122@yahoo.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ullah
authors.forename: Mz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000855:Anorexia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003370:Coturnix; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004326:Drinking; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D012671:Seminiferous Tubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000633:toxicity*; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite