title: Inflammatory lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass is attenuated by adenosine A(2A) receptor activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiopulmonary bypass has been shown to exert an inflammatory response within the lung, often resulting in postoperative pulmonary dysfunction. Several studies have shown that adenosine A(2A) receptor activation attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury; however, the effect of adenosine A(2A) receptor activation on cardiopulmonary bypass-induced lung injury has not been studied. We hypothesized that specific adenosine A(2A) receptor activation by ATL313 would attenuate inflammatory lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: 1) SHAM group (underwent cannulation + heparinization only); 2) CONTROL group (underwent 90 minutes of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with normal whole-blood priming solution; and 3) ATL group (underwent 90 minutes of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with ATL313 added to the normal priming solution).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significantly less pulmonary edema and lung injury in the ATL group compared with the CONTROL group. The ATL group had significant reductions in bronchoalveolar lavage interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interferon-gamma, and myeloperoxidase levels compared with the CONTROL group. Similarly, lung tissue interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma were significantly decreased in the ATL group compared with the CONTROL group. There was no significant difference between the SHAM and ATL groups in the amount of pulmonary edema, lung injury, or levels of proinflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of a potent adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist to the normal priming solution before the initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass significantly protects the lung from the inflammatory effects of cardiopulmonary bypass and reduces the amount of lung injury. Adenosine A(2A) receptor agonists could represent a new therapeutic strategy for reducing the potentially devastating consequences of the inflammatory response associated with cardiopulmonary bypass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. tl4b@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Turner C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lisle
authors.forename: Leo M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gazoni
authors.forename: Lucas G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Ashish K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bellizzi
authors.forename: Grant D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Shifflett
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Schifflett
authors.forename: Victor E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Laubach
authors.forename: Irving L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Kron
mesh_terms: D058908:Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists; D000818:Animals; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000032:analysis; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: C510376:ATL 313; D058908:Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010880:Piperidines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D009195:Peroxidase