title: The adenosine A2A antagonist MSX-3 reverses the effort-related effects of dopamine blockade: differential interaction with D1 and D2 family antagonists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brain dopamine (DA) participates in the modulation of instrumental behavior, including aspects of behavioral activation and effort-related choice behavior. Rats with impaired DA transmission reallocate their behavior away from food-seeking behaviors that have high response requirements, and instead select less effortful alternatives. Although accumbens DA is considered a critical component of the brain circuitry regulating effort-related choice behavior, emerging evidence demonstrates a role for adenosine A(2A) receptors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonism has been shown to reverse the effects of DA antagonism. The present experiments were conducted to determine if this effect was dependent upon the subtype of DA receptor that was antagonized to produce the changes in effort-related choice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonist MSX-3 (0.5-2.0 mg/kg IP) was assessed for its ability to reverse the effects of the D1 family antagonist SCH39166 (ecopipam; 0.2 mg/kg IP) and the D2 family antagonist eticlopride (0.08 mg/kg IP), using a concurrent lever pressing/chow feeding procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MSX-3 produced a substantial dose-related reversal of the effects of eticlopride on lever pressing and chow intake. At the highest dose of MSX-3, there was a complete reversal of the effects of eticlopride on lever pressing. In contrast, MSX-3 produced only a minimal attenuation of the effects of SCH39166, as measured by regression and effect size analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The greater ability of MSX-3 to reverse the effects of D2 vs. D1 blockade may be related to the colocalization of D2 and adenosine A(2A) receptors on the same population of striatal neurons.
authors.affiliation: Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA.
authors.forename: Lila T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Worden
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahriari
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Farrar
authors.forename: Kelly S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Sink
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hockemeyer
authors.forename: Christa E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Salamone
mesh_terms: D058917:Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014970:Xanthines / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D058917:Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D065127:Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists; C113602:MSX 3 compound; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; D014970:Xanthines; D004298:Dopamine