title: Fe(III) stimulates 3-methylindole and 4-methylphenol production in swine lagoon enrichments and Clostridium scatologenes ATCC 25775.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of anaerobic electron acceptors on 3-methylindole (3-MI) and 4-methylphenol (4-MP) production in swine lagoon enrichments and Clostridium scatologenes ATCC 25775.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Swine lagoon sediment was incubated anaerobically in tryptone-yeast extract medium with (10 mmol l(-1)) Na(2)SO(4), KNO(3), dimethyl sulfoxide or Fe(III). With Fe(III), 3-MI and 4-MP levels increased significantly to 138 +/- 15.8 and 187 +/- 14.0 micromol l(-1), respectively. Clostridium scatologenes cultured in brain-heart infusion medium amended with (10 mmol l(-1)) Na(2)SO(4), KNO(3), MnO(2) or Fe(III), resulted in only Fe(III) significantly increasing 3-MI (1308 micromol l(-1)) and 4-MP (367 micromol l(-1)) levels. In semi-defined medium, Fe(III) alone and Fe(III) + L-tryptophan (1 mmol l(-1)) resulted in a 1.85-fold and 15.6-fold increase in 3-MI levels over L-tryptophan alone, respectively. Fe(III) alone and Fe(III) + L-tyrosine (1 mmol l(-1)) caused a 4.4-fold and 22.9-fold increase in 4-MP levels over tyrosine alone, respectively. Fe(III) did not increase growth of Cl. scatologenes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fe(III) increases 3-MI and 4-MP in swine lagoon enrichments and Cl. scatologenes broth cultures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous studies suggest Fe(III) addition to swine lagoons could remediate malodorous volatile fatty acids; however, here data suggest Fe(III) could increase malodorous indolic and phenolic levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, USA.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Doerner
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kridelbaugh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Loughrin
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D003013:Clostridium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003408:Cresols / Q000378:metabolism*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology*; D012862:Skatole / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003408:Cresols; D003470:Culture Media; D005290:Ferric Compounds; C032538:4-cresol; D012862:Skatole