title: Microwave synthesis of SAPO-11 and AlPO-11: aspects of reactor engineering.
abstract: AlPO-11 and SAPO-11 are synthesized using microwave heating. The effects of precursor volume, reaction temperature, reactor geometry, stirring, applicator type and frequency on the microwave synthesis of SAPO-11 and AlPO-11 are studied. The nucleation time and crystallization rate are determined from crystallization curves for SAPO-11 (and/or AlPO-11), for the various parameters investigated. Increasing volume of the reacting material decreases the reaction rate of SAPO-11 at 160 degrees C. In particular, the nucleation time increases with increase in the reaction volume. Increasing the reaction temperature increases the crystallization rate and decreases the nucleation time, however it decreases the particle size. Nucleation of SAPO-11 and AlPO-11 under microwave heating is strongly dependant on the reaction temperature. Using wider geometry vessel (33 mm compared to 11 mm diameter) enhances the reaction rate, producing larger crystals in the same reaction time, even though the crystallization rate is decreased. The crystallization rate is enhanced by applicator type in the following order CEM MARS-5 oven>CEM Discover "focused" system>monomode waveguide. Stirring the reacting solution during heating affects primarily the nucleation time. The effect of microwave frequency on the nucleation and growth of SAPO-11 shows a dependence on the applicator type more than the specific frequency, for the frequency range 2.45-10.5 GHz. The difference between the crystallization rate observed at higher frequencies and that at 2.45 GHz maybe due to the multimode nature of the waveguide at frequencies above 2.45 GHz. Sweeping the microwave frequency linearly between 8.7 and 10.5 GHz at rates of 10 min(-1) and 100 min(-1) shows an intermediate crystallization curve to that for fixed frequencies of 2.45 GHz and that for 5.8, 8.7 and 10.5 GHz.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
authors.forename: Murad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gharibeh
authors.forename: Geoffrey A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Tompsett
authors.forename: William Curtis
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Conner
authors.forename: K Sigfrid
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Yngvesson