title: A method for approximating acoustic-field-amplitude uncertainty caused by environmental uncertainties.
abstract: In underwater acoustics, the accuracy of computational field predictions is commonly limited by uncertainty in environmental parameters. An approximate technique for determining the probability density function (PDF) of computed field amplitude, A, from known environmental uncertainties is presented here. The technique can be applied to several, N, uncertain parameters simultaneously, requires N+1 field calculations, and can be used with any acoustic field model. The technique implicitly assumes independent input parameters and is based on finding the optimum spatial shift between field calculations completed at two different values of each uncertain parameter. This shift information is used to convert uncertain-environmental-parameter distributions into PDF(A). The technique's accuracy is good when the shifted fields match well. Its accuracy is evaluated in range-independent underwater sound channels via an L(1) error-norm defined between approximate and numerically converged results for PDF(A). In 50-m- and 100-m-deep sound channels with 0.5% uncertainty in depth (N=1) at frequencies between 100 and 800 Hz, and for ranges from 1 to 8 km, 95% of the approximate field-amplitude distributions generated L(1) values less than 0.52 using only two field calculations. Obtaining comparable accuracy from traditional methods requires of order 10 field calculations and up to 10(N) when N>1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2133, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Dowling
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D004777:Environment; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009038:Motion; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D011825:Radar; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013016:Sound; D013997:Time Factors; D035501:Uncertainty