title: Swimming training prevents pentylenetetrazol-induced inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity, seizures, and oxidative stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the present study we decided to investigate whether physical exercise protects against the electrographic, oxidative, and neurochemical alterations induced by subthreshold to severe convulsive doses of pentyltetrazole (PTZ).
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of swimming training (6 weeks) on convulsive behavior induced by PTZ (30, 45, and 60 mg/kg, i.p.) was measured and different electrographic electroencephalography (EEG) frequencies obtained from freely moving rats. After EEG recordings, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPS), protein carbonyl, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity, and glutamate uptake were measured in the cerebral cortex of rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed that physical training increased latency and attenuated the duration of generalized seizures induced by administration of PTZ (45 mg/kg). EEG recordings showed that physical exercise decreased the spike amplitude after PTZ administration (all doses). Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that protection of physical training against PTZ-induced seizures strongly correlated with NPS content, Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity, and glutamate-uptake maintenance. Physical training also increased SOD activity, NPS content, attenuated ROS generation per se, and was effective against inhibition of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity induced by a subthreshold convulsive dose of PTZ (30 mg/kg). In addition, physical training protected against 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) oxidation, TBARS and protein carbonyl increase, decrease of NPS content, inhibition of SOD and catalase, and inhibition glutamate uptake induced by PTZ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that effective protection of selected targets for free radical damage, such as Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, elicited by physical training protects against the increase of neuronal excitability and oxidative damage induced by PTZ.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Laboratório de Neurotoxicidade e Psicofarmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauren Assis
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Mauro Schneider
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Ana Flávia
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Furian
authors.forename: Leonardo Magno
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rambo
authors.forename: Leandro Rodrigo
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Frederico Diniz
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Liriana Correa
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Dalla Corte
authors.forename: Luiz Fernando Almeida
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Leandro Thies
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Retamoso
authors.forename: Cristiane Lenz
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Dalla Corte
authors.forename: Gustavo Orione
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Puntel
authors.forename: Daiana Silva
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: de Avila
authors.forename: Félix Alexandre Antunes
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Michele Rechia
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Fighera
authors.forename: Carlos Fernando
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: de Mello
authors.forename: Luiz Fernando Freire
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Royes
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005452:Fluoresceins; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013550:Swimming; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C037631:2',7'-dichlorofluorescein; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole