title: Ethical conflicts and moral distress experienced by paediatric residents during their training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paediatric residents experience numerous ethical conflicts; some of these are experienced by all paediatricians, while others are specifically related to residency training. It has been reported that medical students often feel that they are placed in positions that compromise their own ethical principles. A study in the United States showed that interns frequently face examples of unethical and/or unprofessional conduct among staff.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the ethical conflicts and moral distress experienced by paediatric residents during their training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from four focus groups, which were organized according to the four separate years of residency training. Focus groups consisting of four to 10 participants were led by a research assistant. The focus groups were recorded by an audio device and transcribed verbatim; all data that would identify any of the participants or staff were eliminated. Data analysis involved a modified thematic analysis. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Board at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While residents occasionally face traditional paediatric ethical issues, such as 'do not resuscitate' orders, more often they experience conflicts because of their inexperience and their place in the hierarchy of the medical care team, particularly when there is disagreement between trainees and senior staff. Their ability to deal and cope with these issues changes as they go through their training. Many residents in the first part of their training were more frustrated and confused with ethical conflicts. In these cases, residents found their best support from their peers and other senior residents. Residents in the later years of training seemed more accustomed to ethical issues. Furthermore, almost all of the residents believed that other members of their health care team have acted in an unethical or unprofessional way.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paediatric residents experience significant ethical conflicts and moral distress. Understanding these ethical issues will help those responsible for postgraduate medical education to review or revise the ethics curriculum in keeping with the current moral distress experienced by residents, and help to mentor and guide trainees.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics.
authors.forename: Ri
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hilliard
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madden