title: Oxidation management of white wines using cyclic voltammetry and multivariate process monitoring.
abstract: The development of a fingerprinting strategy capable to evaluate the "oxidation status" of white wines based on cyclic voltammetry is proposed here. It is known that the levels of specific antioxidants and redox mechanisms may be evaluated by cyclic voltammetry. This electrochemical technique was applied on two sets of samples. One group was composed of normal aged white wines and a second group obtained from a white wine forced aging protocol with different oxygen, SO(2), pH, and temperature regimens. A study of antioxidant additions, namely ascorbic acid, was also made in order to establish a statistical link between voltammogram fingerprints and chemical antioxidant substances. It was observed that the oxidation curve presented typical features, which enables sample discrimination according to age, oxygen consumption, and antioxidant additions. In fact, it was possible to place the results into four significant orthogonal directions, compressing 99.8% of nonrandom features. Attempts were made to make voltammogram fingerprinting a tool for monitoring oxidation management. For this purpose, a supervised multivariate control chart was developed using a control sample as reference. When white wines are plotted onto the chart, it is possible to monitor the oxidation status and to diagnose the effects of oxygen regimes and antioxidant activity. Finally, quantification of substances implicated in the oxidation process as reagents (antioxidants) and products (off-flavors) was tried using a supervised algorithmic the partial least square regression analysis. Good correlations (r > 0.93) were observed for ascorbic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu index, total SO(2), methional, and phenylacetaldehyde. These results show that cyclic voltammetry fingerprinting can be used to monitor and diagnose the effects of wine oxidation.
authors.affiliation: BioInformatics-Molecular and Environmental Research Center, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rui C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bento
authors.forename: Dulce
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Geraldo
authors.forename: Vitor V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guedes de Pinho
authors.forename: Carla M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Antonio C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Silva Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001205:Ascorbic Acid