title: Breast reconstruction with deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap: 3.0-T gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging for preoperative localization of abdominal wall perforators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively evaluate 3.0-T gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for localization of inferior epigastric artery (IEA) perforators before reconstructive breast surgery involving a deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was exempt from institutional review board approval, and the requirement for informed patient consent was waived. Data were collected and stored in compliance with HIPAA regulations. Nineteen patients (mean age, 46.3 years) underwent three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced 3.0-T MR imaging of the abdomen before undergoing DIEP flap breast reconstruction. Up to four of the largest perforators arising from the IEA on each side of the umbilicus were identified. The diameter, intramuscular course, and distance from the umbilicus of each perforator were recorded. One of the marked perforators on each side was labeled "the best" on the basis of an optimal combination of perforator features: diameter, intramuscular course, and location with respect to the flap edges. MR findings were compared with intraoperative findings. The two-tailed Student t test was used to compare the mean diameters of all perforators with the mean diameters of the perforators labeled as the best.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 30 surgical flaps, and 11 (58%) of the 19 patients underwent bilateral flap dissection. At surgery, 122 perforators were localized, and 118 (97%) of these perforators-with a mean diameter of 1.1 mm (range, 0.8-1.6 mm)-had been identified at preoperative MR imaging. Thirty perforators with a mean diameter of 1.4 mm (range, 1.0-1.6 mm) were labeled as the best at MR imaging. Thirty-three perforators were harvested intraoperatively, and all of these had been localized preoperatively. Twenty-eight (85%) of these 33 perforators were labeled as the best at MR imaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gadolinium-enhanced 3.0-T MR imaging can be used to accurately localize IEA perforators and to select the optimal perforator to be harvested for DIEP flap reconstructive breast surgery.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Radiology and Plastic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chernyak
authors.forename: Alla M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rozenblit
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Greenspun
authors.forename: Joshua L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Milikow
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Erhard
mesh_terms: D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019074:Epigastric Arteries / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium