title: Associations of serum uric acid with cardiovascular events and mortality in moderate chronic kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is unclear whether the presence of kidney disease modifies the associations of uric acid with cardiovascular events and death.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the limited access, public use Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) database, associations of serum uric acid levels with cardiovascular events and death were analysed using a parametric proportional hazards model and the modification of these associations by the presence of CKD was assessed using a likelihood ratio test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 15 366 ARIC participants included in this analysis, 461 had CKD (eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)). In both non-CKD and CKD sub-groups, participants with hyperuricaemia (> or = 7 mg/dl in men and > or = 6 mg/dl in women) compared to those with normal serum uric acid levels had higher waist circumference and fasting serum insulin levels. In the entire cohort, in a multivariate parametric proportional hazards model, each mg/dl increase in serum uric acid was associated with an increased hazard of cardiovascular events (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.05-1.12) and death. A multiplicative interaction term of serum uric acid and CKD when added to the above models was significant (P < 0.001). The likelihood ratio test of the models with and without the interaction term was also significant (P < 0.001). In the non-CKD population, a multivariate analysis after adjusting for comorbidities and metabolic syndrome showed a significant association between hyperuricaemia and mortality (HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.04-1.33) but not for cardiovascular events (HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.96-1.19). In the CKD population, the association was not significant for both mortality and cardiovascular events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that hyperuricaemia is associated with insulin resistance and mortality in the non-CKD population. The presence of CKD attenuates the associations of uric acid with mortality. Interventional studies are warranted to establish the biological role of hyperuricaemia in mortality in non-CKD and CKD populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Sankar D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Navaneethan
authors.forename: Srinivasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beddhu
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid