title: Bioconversion of red ginseng saponins in the gastro-intestinal tract in vitro model studied by high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.
abstract: A high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (HPLC-FTICR-MS) method was developed to investigate the metabolism of ginsenosides in in vitro models of the gastro-intestinal tract. The metabolites were identified by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Degradation and bioconversion routes of the different ginsenosides at acidic (gastric) conditions and in the presence of intestinal microbiota were elaborated. Besides hydrolysis (deglycosylation) also hydration reactions occurred at acidic conditions. The results illustrate the value of metabolite profiling by HPLC-FTICR-MS for understanding of the mechanisms in bioavailability of herbal drugs and their metabolites.
authors.affiliation: National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Dalian, China.
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Venema
authors.forename: Annet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maathuis
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Greef
authors.forename: Guowang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hankemeier
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D001711:Biotransformation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007420:Intestine, Large / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides