title: Mid-frequency ventilation: unconventional use of conventional mechanical ventilation as a lung-protection strategy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies have found that increasing the respiratory frequency during mechanical ventilation does not always improve alveolar minute ventilation and may cause air-trapping.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the theoretical and practical basis of higher-than-normal ventilation frequencies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used an interactive mathematical model of ventilator output during pressure-control ventilation to predict the frequency at which alveolar ventilation is maximized with the lowest tidal volume (V(T)) for a given pressure. We then tested our predicted optimum frequencies and V(T) values with various lung compliances and higher-than-normal frequencies, with a lung simulator and 5 mechanical ventilators (Dräger Evita XL, Hamilton Galileo, Puritan Bennett 840, Siemens Servo 300 and Servo-i).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compliances between 10 mL/cm H(2)O and 42 mL/cm H(2)O yielded V(T) between 4.1 mL/kg (optimum frequency 75 cycles/min) and 6.0 mL/kg (optimum frequency 27 cycles/min). The intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure at the optimum frequency was always less than 2 cm H(2)O. All the ventilators except the Hamilton Galileo had an optimum frequency near 50 cycles/min, whereas the predicted optimum frequency was 60 cycles/min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With these ventilators and pressure-control ventilation, alveolar minute ventilation can be optimized with higher-than-normal frequency and lower V(T) than is commonly used in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. We call this strategy mid-frequency ventilation.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Therapy, M-56, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mireles-Cabodevila
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Chatburn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000503:physiopathology; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013990:Tidal Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055397:Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical