title: A psycho-genetic study of associations between the symptoms of binge eating disorder and those of attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some recent studies have reported intriguingly strong correlations between ADHD and obesity. This study examined whether ADHD symptoms were more pronounced in adults with symptoms of binge eating disorder (BE) than in their non-binging obese counterparts, and whether the links were stronger with inattentive vs impulsive/hyperactive symptoms. We also assessed the role of the dopamine D3 receptor in ADHD symptoms since the DRD3 gene has been associated with impulsivity and drug addiction - both relevant features of ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case (BE: n=60) double-control (normal weight: n=61 and obese: n=60) design was employed. Assessments of both childhood and adults ADHD symptoms were made, as well as genotyping of seven markers of DRD3 including the functional Ser9Gly polymorphism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three DRD3 genotypes, including Ser/Ser, had significantly elevated scores on the hyperactive/impulsive symptom scale. In turn, the four ADHD symptom scales were all significantly elevated in the BE and obese groups, who did not differ from each other, compared to those with normal weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicated a role for the D3 receptor in the manifestation of the hyperactive/impulsive symptoms of ADHD, and that symptoms of ADHD are significantly, but not differentially, elevated in obese adults with and without binge eating. Our findings suggest that ADHD screening in adults seeking treatment for obesity, including those with BE, may be warranted as methods used to treat ADHD may help some to better manage overeating and other factors contributing to weight gain.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, York University, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 343 Bethune College, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada. cdavis@yorku.ca
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Patte
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Levitan
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Allan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Clement
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zai
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D052018:Bulimia Nervosa / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3 / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D050637:Receptors, Dopamine D3