title: Mining clinical relationships from patient narratives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Clinical E-Science Framework (CLEF) project has built a system to extract clinically significant information from the textual component of medical records in order to support clinical research, evidence-based healthcare and genotype-meets-phenotype informatics. One part of this system is the identification of relationships between clinically important entities in the text. Typical approaches to relationship extraction in this domain have used full parses, domain-specific grammars, and large knowledge bases encoding domain knowledge. In other areas of biomedical NLP, statistical machine learning (ML) approaches are now routinely applied to relationship extraction. We report on the novel application of these statistical techniques to the extraction of clinical relationships.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have designed and implemented an ML-based system for relation extraction, using support vector machines, and trained and tested it on a corpus of oncology narratives hand-annotated with clinically important relationships. Over a class of seven relation types, the system achieves an average F1 score of 72%, only slightly behind an indicative measure of human inter annotator agreement on the same task. We investigate the effectiveness of different features for this task, how extraction performance varies between inter- and intra-sentential relationships, and examine the amount of training data needed to learn various relationships.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that it is possible to extract important clinical relationships from text, using supervised statistical ML techniques, at levels of accuracy approaching those of human annotators. Given the importance of relation extraction as an enabling technology for text mining and given also the ready adaptability of systems based on our supervised learning approach to other clinical relationship extraction tasks, this result has significance for clinical text mining more generally, though further work to confirm our encouraging results should be carried out on a larger sample of narratives and relationship types.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 211 Portobello, Sheffield S14DP, UK. a.roberts@dcs.shef.ac.uk
authors.forename: Angus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gaizauskas
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hepple
authors.forename: Yikun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods*; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D009323:Natural Language Processing