title: Refining the tobacco dependence phenotype using the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives.
abstract: The construct of tobacco dependence is important from both scientific and public health perspectives, but it is poorly understood. The current research integrates person-centered analyses (e.g., latent profile analysis) and variable-centered analyses (e.g., exploratory factor analysis) to clarify the latent structure of nicotine dependence and to guide distillation of the phenotype. Using data from 4 samples of smokers, latent profiles were derived using the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives subscale scores. Across all 4 samples, results revealed a unique latent profile that had relative elevations on 4 subscales (Automaticity, Craving, Loss of Control, and Tolerance). Variable-centered analyses supported the uniqueness of these 4 subscales as they constituted a distinct common factor and were the strongest predictors of relapse and other dependence criteria. Conversely, the remaining 9 motives carried little unique predictive validity regarding dependence. Applications of a factor mixture model further supported the presence of a unique class of smokers in relation to a common factor underlying the 4 subscales. The results suggest that a pattern of smoking that is heavy, pervasive, automatic, and relatively unresponsive to instrumental contingencies is a necessary and sufficient condition for severe nicotine dependence.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention.
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bolt
authors.forename: Su-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sandra J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Japuntich
authors.forename: Stevens S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niederdeppe
authors.forename: Dale S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Timothy B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016642:Bupropion / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003376:Counseling; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010641:Phenotype; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012008:Recurrence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D016642:Bupropion