title: Assessment of the transformation of equine skin-derived fibroblasts to multinucleated skeletal myotubes following lentiviral-induced expression of equine myogenic differentiation 1.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a reliable method for converting cultured equine skin-derived fibroblasts into muscle cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Equine skin-derived fibroblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  The equine myogenic differentiation 1 (eqMyoD) genomic sequence was obtained by use of equine bacterial artificial chromosome screening and PCR sequencing. Total mRNA was extracted from foal skeletal muscle, and eqMyoD cDNA was cloned into a plasmid vector with an internal ribosomal entry site to express bicistronic eqMyoD or enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Transient expression was confirmed by immunocytochemical analysis and western immunoblots in equine fibroblasts and fibroblasts from National Institutes of Health Swiss mouse embryos, prior to generation of a lentiviral vector containing the same coding sequences. Transformation of equine skin-derived cells into skeletal myotubes was examined by use of immunohistochemical analysis, western immunoblotting, and periodic acid-Schiff staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  eqMyoD mRNA consists of 960 bp and shares high homology with myogenic differentiation 1 from other mammals. Transfection confirmed the expression of a 53-kd protein with mainly nuclear localization. Lentiviral transduction was efficient, with approximately 80% of EGFP-positive cells transformed into multinucleated myotubes during 15 days, as determined by expression of the muscle-specific proteins desmin, troponin-T, and sarcomeric myosin and by cytoplasmic storage of glycogen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Equine primary fibroblasts were transformed by lentiviral transduction of eqMyoD into fusion-competent myoblasts. This may offer a preferable alternative to primary myoblast cultures for the investigation of cellular defects associated with muscle diseases of horses, such as recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis and polysaccharide storage myopathy.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Ln, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, England.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Fuente
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Ames
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strom
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Zammit
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Mickelson
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Muntoni
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Piercy
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D016086:Lentivirus / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D017570:MyoD Protein; C057363:MyoD1 myogenic differentiation protein