title: Gentamicin vestibulotoxicity impairs human electrically evoked vestibulo-ocular reflex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electrical vestibular stimulation is believed to directly activate the vestibular afferents to mediate an electrically evoked vestibulo-ocular reflex (eVOR). Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, induces vestibulotoxicity by hair cell damage and death.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if human eVOR is impaired by hair cell damage and death in systemic gentamicin vestibulotoxicity (GV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional binocular eye movements evoked by bilateral, bipolar, 100 msec direct current-step at intensities of 0.9, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mA were recorded with dual-search coils in 12 GV patients, and the results were compared to 13 healthy subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal eVOR was predominantly torsional, comprising phasic eVOR initiation and cessation acceleration pulses at 9 msec latency after current onset and offset, with a tonic eVOR velocity-step during the 100 msec intervening period of maintained current. Normal phasic eVOR increased, while tonic eVOR scaled linearly, with current intensity. GV impaired phasic eVOR more severely than tonic eVOR, and prolonged the latency to 12-13 msec. In patients without mechanical response to vestibular tests, phasic eVOR was reduced to one-fifth of normal amplitude, doubled in duration, had reduced ability to vary with current intensity, and threshold was increased. Tonic eVOR was reduced to one-third of normal, but still scaled linearly with current intensity. Patients, who retained partial mechanical responses to vestibular tests, had phasic eVOR impairment without tonic eVOR abnormality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impairment of evoked vestibulo-ocular reflex (eVOR) in gentamicin vestibulotoxicity (GV) suggests that vestibular hair cells, activated by electrical stimulation, mediate the eVOR. Abnormalities of the eVOR, especially the phasic component, might be a marker of vestibular injury in GV.
authors.affiliation: Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, and Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia. sweea@icn.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Aw
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Aw
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Halmagyi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006198:Hair Cells, Auditory / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales; D012027:Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / Q000187:drug effects*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins