title: No evidence of memory processing during propofol-remifentanil target-controlled infusion anesthesia with bispectral index monitoring in cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Auditory information presented during anesthesia can activate memory. Surgical stimulation may enhance memory formation. The authors' hypothesis is that implicit memory processing is not preserved during unconsciousness, even in the presence of a surgical stimulus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double-blind randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-institution, university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight adults undergoing cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to continuously hear either disc A or B during surgery. On each disc, 20 different words were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Implicit and explicit memory were tested. The study design was that each group served as a control for the other. The responses from both groups on both lists allowed the authors to compare the likeliness of correctly identifying the words from a list whether it was heard while under anesthesia or not. During the interview, no patient had explicit recall as investigated by the free recall test, and no one reported dreaming. As for implicit memory processing, the difference between the mean rate of correct answers on the word-stem completion test for the disc the patients heard (3.42% for disc A and 13.15% for disc B) or did not hear (3.15% for disc A and 14.73% for disc B) was not statistically significant (p = 0.95 for A and p = 0.42 for B).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Explicit and implicit memory were not detectable in patients anesthetized with an effect-site target-controlled infusion of propofol and remifentanil with bispectral index monitoring. These results suggest that there is no memory processing under anesthesia in the surgical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bejjani
authors.forename: Pierre-Yves
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Lequeux
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schmartz
authors.forename: Edgard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Engelman
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barvais
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000368:Aged; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000523:psychology*; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D010880:Piperidines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D015742:Propofol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000077208:Remifentanil
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D015742:Propofol