Regulation of bestrophin Cl channels by calcium: role of the C terminus.
Human bestrophin-1 (hBest1), which is genetically linked to several kinds of retinopathy and macular degeneration in both humans and dogs, is the founding member of a family of Cl(-) ion channels that are activated by intracellular Ca(2+). At present, the structures and mechanisms responsible for Ca(2+) sensing remain unknown. Here, we have used a combination of molecular modeling, density functional-binding energy calculations, mutagenesis, and patch clamp to identify the regions of hBest1 involved in Ca(2+) sensing. We identified a cluster of a five contiguous acidic amino acids in the C terminus immediately after the last transmembrane domain, followed by an EF hand and another regulatory domain that are essential for Ca(2+) sensing by hBest1. The cluster of five amino acids (293-308) is crucial for normal channel gating by Ca(2+) because all but two of the 35 mutations we made in this region rendered the channel incapable of being activated by Ca(2+). Using homology models built on the crystal structure of calmodulin (CaM), an EF hand (EF1) was identified in hBest1. EF1 was predicted to bind Ca(2+) with a slightly higher affinity than the third EF hand of CaM and lower affinity than the second EF hand of troponin C. As predicted by the model, the D312G mutation in the putative Ca(2+)-binding loop (312-323) reduced the apparent Ca(2+) affinity by 20-fold. In addition, the D312G and D323N mutations abolished Ca(2+)-dependent rundown of the current. Furthermore, analysis of truncation mutants of hBest1 identified a domain adjacent to EF1 that is rich in acidic amino acids (350-390) that is required for Ca(2+) activation and plays a role in current rundown. These experiments identify a region of hBest1 (312-323) that is involved in the gating of hBest1 by Ca(2+) and suggest a model in which Ca(2+) binding to EF1 activates the channel in a process that requires the acidic domain (293-308) and another regulatory domain (350-390). Many of the approximately 100 disease-causing mutations in hBest1 are located in this region that we have implicated in Ca(2+) sensing, suggesting that these mutations disrupt hBest1 channel gating by Ca(2+).
Xiao
Qinghuan
Q
Department of Cell Biology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Prussia
Andrew
A
Yu
Kuai
K
Cui
Yuan-yuan
YY
Hartzell
H Criss
HC
D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000075002:Bestrophins; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D018118:Chloride Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D020832:EF Hand Motifs / Q000502:physiology; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D006801:Humans; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000502:physiology*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D054730:Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs / Q000502:physiology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013816:Thermodynamics
C113133:BEST1 protein, human; D000075002:Bestrophins; D018118:Chloride Channels; D005136:Eye Proteins; D002118:Calcium