title: Fear of childbirth according to parity, gestational age, and obstetric history.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine fear of childbirth according to parity, gestational age, and obstetric history.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire study.
  
  
  METHODS
  1400 unselected pregnant women in outpatient maternity clinics of a university central hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ) and preferred mode of delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  W-DEQ and VAS scores according to parity, gestational age, obstetric history, and preferred mode of delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The W-DEQ and VAS scores were higher in nulliparous (W-DEQ 72.0 +/- 20.0 [mean +/- SD] and VAS 4.7 [median]) than parous women (65.4 +/- 21.9; 3.2, P < 0.001 for both W-DEQ and VAS). Higher W-DEQ and VAS scores were found for those beyond 21 weeks of gestation compared with those before (W-DEQ 71.6 +/- 23.0 versus 66.6 +/- 20.0, P < 0.001; VAS 4.7 versus 3.2, P < 0.001). Caesarean section was preferred mode of delivery for 8.1% and these women scored higher on fear (W-DEQ 87.6 +/- 26.5, VAS median 7.0) than those who preferred vaginal delivery (W-DEQ 61.8 +/- 18.7, VAS 2.7, P < 0.001, respectively). Those with a previous caesarean scored higher on fear (W-DEQ 73.2 +/- 23.5, VAS 5.1) than parous women without previous caesarean (W-DEQ 63.3 +/- 20.8, VAS 2.9, P < 0.001, respectively). Those with a history of a vacuum extraction (VE) (W-DEQ 70.6 +/- 19.7, VAS 5.0) had higher fear scores than those without (W-DEQ 64.8 +/- 22.0, P < 0.05 and VAS 3.0, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe fear of childbirth was more common in nulliparous women, in later pregnancy, and in women with previous caesarean section or VE. Caesarean section as a preferred mode of childbirth was strongly associated with high score in both W-DEQ and VAS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rouhe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Salmela-Aro
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Halmesmäki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saisto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000523:psychology*; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010298:Parity; D036801:Parturition / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D017584:Reproductive History; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires