title: Interictal dysfunction of a brainstem descending modulatory center in migraine patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The brainstem contains descending circuitry that can modulate nociceptive processing (neural signals associated with pain) in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and the medullary dorsal horn. In migraineurs, abnormal brainstem function during attacks suggest that dysfunction of descending modulation may facilitate migraine attacks, either by reducing descending inhibition or increasing facilitation. To determine whether a brainstem dysfunction could play a role in facilitating migraine attacks, we measured brainstem function in migraineurs when they were not having an attack (i.e. the interictal phase).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), we mapped brainstem activity to heat stimuli in 12 episodic migraine patients during the interictal phase. Separate scans were collected to measure responses to 41 degrees C and noxious heat (pain threshold+1 degrees C). Stimuli were either applied to the forehead on the affected side (as reported during an attack) or the dorsum of the hand. This was repeated in 12 age-gender-matched control subjects, and the side tested corresponded to that in the matched migraine patients. Nucleus cuneiformis (NCF), a component of brainstem pain modulatory circuits, appears to be hypofunctional in migraineurs. 3 out of the 4 thermal stimulus conditions showed significantly greater NCF activation in control subjects than the migraine patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Altered descending modulation has been postulated to contribute to migraine, leading to loss of inhibition or enhanced facilitation resulting in hyperexcitability of trigeminovascular neurons. NCF function could potentially serve as a diagnostic measure in migraine patients, even when not experiencing an attack. This has important implications for the evaluation of therapies for migraine.
authors.affiliation: PAIN Group, Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Moulton
authors.forename: Rami
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burstein
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tully
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hargreaves
authors.forename: Lino
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Becerra
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Borsook
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009474:Neurons; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D017288:Pain Threshold