title: The quality of medication use in older adults: methods of a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The quality of medication use in older adults is a recurring problem of substantial concern. Efforts to both measure and improve the quality of medication use often define quality too narrowly and fall short of addressing the complexity of an older adult's medication regimen.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In an effort to more comprehensively define the quality of medication use in older adults, we conducted a prospective cohort study to: (1) describe the quality of medication use in community-dwelling older adults at baseline, examining differences between whites and blacks; (2) examine the effect of race on medication-related problems; and (3) assess the change in quality medication use between whites and blacks over time. This paper presents the research design and methods of this longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We interviewed white and black community-dwelling older adults (aged > or =60 years) 3 times over 1 year (baseline, 6, and 12 months). We oversampled blacks so that we could estimate racial differences in the quality of medication use. We collected information on the quality of medication use, relying on a clinical pharmacist's assessment of quality and the Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders quality indicators. We also collected data on demographic characteristics, health literacy, functional status, and participant-reported drug therapy concerns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four hundred thirty-five older adults were assessed for inclusion; 200 older adults (100 white, 100 black) were enrolled in the study and completed a baseline visit. Of the 200, 92% completed the 6-month visit (n = 183) and 88% completed the 12-month visit (n = 176). We present baseline demographic characteristics for the 200 older adults enrolled in the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This longitudinal study is an initial step toward developing more comprehensive, patient-centered measures and interventions to address the quality of medication use in older adults.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA. mroth@unc.edu
authors.forename: Mary T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Charity G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Jena L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ivey
authors.forename: Denise A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Esserman
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Morris
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weinberger
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D035862:Vulnerable Populations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*