title: Is there evidence of a relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer? Findings of a literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  More than half the male population aged >50 yr have histologic evidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), while prostate cancer (PCa) is among the most common male cancers according to recent registry data. Understanding the aetiologies of both conditions is crucial to reduce the resulting burden of mortality and morbidity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review aims to examine the available data on the epidemiology, pathology, risk factors, and genetic markers involved in BPH and PCa; to discuss their clinical implications for management of both conditions; and to discuss their implications for PCa prevention. Our primary objective was to clarify the relationship between BPH and PCa by bringing together evidence from diverse areas of research.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary source of data was PubMed, which was searched using Boolean strategies and by scanning lists of related articles. We also examined secondary sources from reference lists of retrieved articles and data presented at recent congresses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accumulating evidence suggests that BPH and PCa share important anatomic, pathologic, and genetic links in addition to the well-established epidemiologic association between these conditions. We also found data that suggest interactions between apparently diverse factors, such as dihydrotestosterone levels and inflammation. Recent publications support the hypothesis that both BPH and PCa are part of the metabolic syndrome, while inflammation is emerging as a major contributor to the development of both BPH and PCa. Although many of the findings are preliminary and require further research, they offer new insight into the mechanisms of disease underlying the development of BPH and PCa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Available data suggest that epidemiologic and pathologic links exist between BPH and PCa. Evidence of links between the conditions and contributory factors may offer common preventative strategies for BPH and PCa and common therapeutic approaches to their management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. aalcaraz@clinic.ub.es
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alcaraz
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hammerer
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tubaro
authors.forename: Fritz H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: Ramiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Castro
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology