title: Characterization of Phytophthora infestans populations in Colombia: first report of the A2 mating type.
abstract: Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight in crops of the Solanaceae family, is one of the most important plant pathogens in Colombia. Not only are Solanum lycopersicum, and S. tuberosum at risk, but also several other solanaceous hosts (Physalis peruviana, S. betaceum, S. phureja, and S. quitoense) that have recently gained importance as new crops in Colombia may be at risk. Because little is known about the population structure of Phytophthora infestans in Colombia, we report here the phenotypic and molecular characterization of 97 isolates collected from these six different solanaceous plants in Colombia. All the isolates were analyzed for mating type, mitochondrial haplotypes, genotype for several microsatellites, and sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. This characterization identified a single individual of A2 mating type (from Physalis peruviana) for the first time in Colombia. All isolates had an ITS sequence that was at least 97% identical to the consensus sequence. Of the 97 isolates, 96 were mitochondrial haplotype IIa, with the single A2 isolate being Ia. All isolates were invariant for the microsatellites. Additionally, isolates collected from S. tuberosum and P. peruviana (64 isolates) were tested for: aggressiveness on both hosts, genotype for the isozymes (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and peptidase), and restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprint pattern as detected by RG57. Isolates from S. tuberosum were preferentially pathogenic on S. tuberosum, and isolates from P. peruviana were preferentially pathogenic on P. peruviana. The population from these two hosts was dominated by a single clonal lineage (59 of 64 individuals assayed), previously identified from Ecuador and Peru as EC-1. This lineage was mating type A1, IIa for mitochondrial DNA, invariant for two microsatellites, and invariant for both isozymes. The remaining four A1 isolates were in lineages very closely related to EC-1 (named EC-1.1, CO-1, and CO-2). The remaining lineage (the A2 mating type) had characteristics of the US-8 lineage (previously identified in Mexico, the United States, and Canada). These results have important epidemiological implications for the production of these two crops in Colombia.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.forename: Lina M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Quesada Ocampo
authors.forename: Maria Catalina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Céspedes
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Carreño
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rojas
authors.forename: A Paola
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Zuluaga
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.forename: Adriana J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bernal
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Restrepo
mesh_terms: D003105:Colombia; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D049770:Genes, Mating Type, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D007527:Isoenzymes; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D055750:Phytophthora infestans / Q000235:genetics*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D019657:Solanaceae / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D007527:Isoenzymes