title: Complex time-dependent alterations in the brain expression of different drug efflux transporter genes after status epilepticus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Frequent epileptic seizures or prolonged seizure activity (status epilepticus, SE) is known to increase the brain expression of drug efflux transporter genes and proteins, such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and members of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) family, which might reduce brain levels of antiepileptic drugs and, therefore, be involved in drug resistance. However, the time course of alterations in Pgp or MRPs after seizures or SE is only incompletely known.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prompted us to study the time course of alterations in the expression of different efflux transporter genes (Mdr1a, Mdr1b, MRP1, MRP2, MRP5) at various times after a pilocarpine-induced SE in limbic brain regions, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (qPCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unexpectedly, between 6 and 24 h after onset of SE, genes encoding Pgp (Mdr1a, Mdr1b), Mrp1, and Mrp5 were downregulated in hippocampus, amygdala, or piriform cortex. This initial decrease in expression was followed by normalization and then increased expression, which became maximal 2 days after SE. One explanation for the initial decrease in transporter expression could be SE-induced acute inflammatory processes, because proinflammatory cytokines are known to suppress the expression of Pgp and other efflux transporters. To directly address this possibility, we quantified the hippocampal mRNA expression of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, showing a marked SE-induced increase in these cytokines, which paralleled the decreased expression of efflux transporters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these findings indicate that alterations in expression of drug efflux transporters after prolonged seizure activity are more complex than previously thought.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, and Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuteykin-Teplyakov
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Löscher
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018021:Lithium Chloride; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010862:Pilocarpine; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013226:Status Epilepticus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D016207:Cytokines; D018021:Lithium Chloride; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D010862:Pilocarpine; D012333:RNA, Messenger