title: Metabolomic investigation into variation of endogenous metabolites in professional athletes subject to strength-endurance training.
abstract: Strength-endurance type of sport can lead to modification of human beings' physiological status. The present study aimed to investigate the alteration of metabolic phenotype or biochemical compositions in professional athletes induced by long-term training by means of a novel systematic tool, metabolomics. Resting venous blood samples of junior and senior male rowers were obtained before and after 1-wk and 2-wk training. Venous blood from healthy male volunteers as control was also sampled at rest. Endogenous metabolites in serum were profiled by GC/TOF-MS and multivariate statistical technique, i.e., principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares projection to latent structures and discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to process the data. Significant metabolomic difference was observed between the professional athletes and control subjects. Long-term strength and endurance training induced distinct separation between athletes of different exercise seniority, and training stage-related trajectory of the two groups of athletes was clearly shown along with training time. However, most of these variations were not observed by common biochemical parameters, such as hemoglobin, testosterone, and creatine kinase. The identified metabolites contributing to the classification included alanine, lactate, beta-d-methylglucopyranoside, pyroglutamic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, citric acid, free fatty acids, valine, glutamine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and so on, which were involved in glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism. These findings suggest that metabolomics is a promising and potential tool to profile serum of professional athletes, make a deep insight into physiological states, and clarify the disorders induced by strength-endurance physical exercise.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bei
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Jiye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: A
authors.forename: Guangji
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Huali
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Weibin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zha
authors.forename: Haiping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Linsheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shenghua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yuanting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010641:Phenotype; D010807:Physical Endurance; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013177:Sports; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D015415:Biomarkers; D006454:Hemoglobins; D013739:Testosterone; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D005947:Glucose