title: Venous air embolism in deep brain stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During the placement of electrodes for deep brain stimulation (DBS), patients are commonly in a seated position, awake, and spontaneously breathing. Air may be entrained through bone or dural veins causing venous air emboli (VAE) and this phenomenon can result in significant hemodynamic changes. Although VAEs have been described in many types of neurosurgical procedures, their incidence during DBS surgery is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following approval from the Institutional Review Board, the University of Florida Movement Disorders Center database comprising 286 DBS leads placed since 2002 was reviewed. Intraoperative cough, which has been associated with VAE, as well as hemodynamic instability were the focus of the review. Additionally, a prospective evaluation of the incidence of VAE using precordial Doppler ultrasound was undertaken over a 3-month period (June 2007-August 2007).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The retrospective review revealed a 3.2% incidence of cough per lead. Prospective monitoring in 21 consecutive patients with 22 leads yielded the detection of 1 VAE, and an incidence of 4.5% per lead.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VAEs are rare but potentially serious complications of DBS surgery unless recognized. Patient positioning and the occurrence of cough are two important predictors to consider in VAE. Precordial Doppler is a safe, non-invasive monitor that can be used in the early detection of VAE in these procedures.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida Movement Disorders Center, Gainesville, Fla. 32601, USA. akhooper@ufl.edu
authors.forename: Amanda K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Okun
authors.forename: Kelly D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Foote
authors.forename: Ihtsham U
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Haq
authors.forename: Hubert H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Dustin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hegland
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Robicsek
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D003371:Cough / Q000503:physiopathology; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004421:Dystonia / Q000628:therapy*; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D020329:Essential Tremor / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen