title: Epigenetic regulation and molecular characterization of C/EBPalpha in pancreatic cancer cells.
abstract: Molecular-targeted therapy is a hopeful approach for pancreatic cancer. Silencing of tumor suppressor genes can occur by histone deacetylation and/or DNA methylation in the promoter. Here, we identified epigenetically silenced genes in pancreatic cancer cells. Pancreatic cancer cell line, PANC-1 cells were treated either with or without 5Aza-dC (a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, a histone deacetylase inhibitor), and mRNA was isolated from these cells. Oligonucleotide microarray analysis revealed that 30 genes including UCHL1, C/EBPalpha, TIMP2 and IRF7 were up-regulated after treatment with 5Aza-dC and SAHA in PANC-1. The induction of these 4 genes was validated by real-time PCR in several pancreatic cancer cell lines. Interestingly, expression of C/EBPalpha was significantly restored in 6 of 6 pancreatic cancer cell lines. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that histone H3 of the promoter region of C/EBPalpha was acetylated in PANC-1 treated with SAHA; and bisulfate sequencing showed methylation of its promoter region in several pancreatic cancer cell lines. Forced expression of C/EBPalpha markedly suppressed clonal proliferation of PANC-1 cells. Co-immunoprecipitation assay showed the interaction of C/EBPalpha and E2F1; and the interaction caused the inhibition of E2F1 transcriptional activity. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that C/EBPalpha localized in the cytoplasm in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells, whereas it localized predominantly in the nucleus in normal pancreatic cells. Our data demonstrated that aberrant silencing, as well as, inappropriate cytoplasmic localization of C/EBPalpha causes dysregulation of its function, suggesting that C/EBPalpha is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene in pancreatic cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. kumamed1_2001@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.forename: Tadayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akagi
authors.forename: Julian C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Desmond
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawamata
authors.forename: Sigal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gery
authors.forename: Yasufumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: Jee Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Dorina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gui
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Said
authors.forename: H Phillip
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Koeffler
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D022763:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008954:Models, Biological; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000077337:Vorinostat
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D022763:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha; D050687:E2F1 Transcription Factor; D006657:Histones; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D000077337:Vorinostat