title: Mortality and life-threatening events after vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib surgery in children with hypoplastic chest wall deformity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe complex hypoplastic chest wall and spine deformity with thoracic insufficiency syndrome may be associated with premature death secondary to multisystem involvement. The vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR) reconstructs the chest wall to address the thoracic insufficiency seen in this patient population. The purpose of this study is to report the mortality and life-threatening adverse events in a cohort of subjects with severe hypoplastic chest wall deformity, specifically with Jeune syndrome and Jarcho-Levin syndrome, after treatment with the VEPTR device.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 43 patients with either Jeune syndrome or Jarcho-Levin syndrome was extracted from a multicenter Investigational Device Exemption study of 214 patients who had surgery with the VEPTR device. Of the 43 patients, 19 had Jeune syndrome and 24 had Jarcho-Levin syndrome. Fatal and life-threatening adverse events were analyzed, including an assessment of time postsurgery, etiology, and the relationship of the adverse event to the surgical procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four (9%) of the 43 patients died during the follow-up period. All 4 (100%) of these patients had Jeune syndrome. After the initial surgery, 2 died within 6 months, and the remaining 2 within 1 year. Causes of death included respiratory complications in 2, renal failure in 1, and liver failure in 1. An additional 4 (9%) of the 43 patients had life-threatening adverse events. Two (50%) patients were diagnosed with Jeune syndrome and the remaining 2 (50%) with Jarcho-Levin syndrome. Two of the 4 life-threatening events were related to the surgery perioperatively: necrotizing enterocolitis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The other two events included cardiac arrest secondary to central line placement and Demerol overdose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surgeons should be aware of the potential for fatality and life-threatening events that occur in patients with hypoplastic chest wall and spine deformity undergoing surgical treatment. The majority of these events occur within 1 year of surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic study, Level IV (case series, no comparison group).
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA. randalbetz@aol.com
authors.forename: Randal R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Betz
authors.forename: Mary Jane
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mulcahey
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Tricia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: St Hilaire
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012272:Ribs / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D013577:Syndrome; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D035441:Thoracic Wall / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium