title: Cost-effectiveness of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy according to the appropriateness of the indication.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Application of appropriate indications for upper endoscopy (EGD) should conserve limited endoscopic resources. The cost-effectiveness of current guidelines for the detection of gastro-oesophageal cancer is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and economic impact of ASGE and EPAGE guidelines in selecting patients referred for upper endoscopy relative to the detection of gastro-oesophageal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision analysis model was constructed to compare a strategy of not referring patients for EGD (with either an appropriate or inappropriate indication) with a policy of carrying out the requested EGD. Cancer prevalence in appropriate and inappropriate EGDs was estimated using a systematic review of the literature. Costs of EGD and cancer care were estimated from Medicare reimbursement data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of appropriate and inappropriate EGDs required to detect one case of cancer was 41 and 753, respectively, and to prevent one gastro-oesophageal cancer-related death the numbers were 571 and 11,111, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of appropriate and inappropriate EGDs as compared to a policy of not referring patients for endoscopy were $16,577 and $301,203, respectively, per life-year gained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For inappropriate EGD, the very low likelihood of cancer and the relatively high costs associated with this procedure argue against endoscopic referral.
authors.affiliation: Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Second Medical School, University La Sapienza, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Giulio
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: Perry J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Pickhardt
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zullo
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laghi
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Iafrate
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000191:economics*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D014481:United States