title: Re-examination of amphetamine-induced conditioned suppression of tastant intake in rats: the task-dependent drug effects hypothesis.
abstract: This study reexamined Grigson's reward comparison hypothesis (1997), which claimed to have resolved the paradox of addictive, rewarding drugs manifesting an aversive effect in the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm. Here, the authors compared the conditioned suppression effects of lithium chloride (LiCl) and amphetamine in a series of three experiments. In Experiment 1, the concentrations of saccharin solution (conditioned stimulus [CS]) and the doses of amphetamine or LiCl (unconditioned stimulus [US]) were manipulated. In Experiment 2, the effects of employing backward versus forward pairings of the CS and US were compared. Finally, in Experiment 3, the additivity of amphetamine's reward property and LiCl's aversive property was examined. The results of these experiments, respectively, indicated that: (1) manipulating saccharin solution concentrations does not distinguish the suppression effect caused by rewarding or aversive effects when amphetamine or LiCl served as the US; (2) both backward and forward pairings produced suppression of saccharin solution intake regardless of whether amphetamine or LiCl was used as the US; and (3) combining amphetamine and LiCl did not diminish the suppression effect, as would be expected if they had opposing mechanisms for the effects; instead, an additive effect occurred. Taken together, these results suggest that the drug of abuse amphetamine and the emetic drug LiCl both possess aversive properties in the CTA paradigm. No rewarding effects of amphetamine were detected in our experimental data. In all, our results do not support the Grigson's reward comparison hypothesis (1997) and a new "task-dependent drug effects hypothesis" is proposed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Fo Guang University, Koshiong, Taiwan. chweihuang@mail.fgu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Andrew Chih Wei
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Sigmund
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hsiao
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005508:Food Deprivation; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000187:drug effects*; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D011582:Psychological Theory; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012201:Reward; D012439:Saccharin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013649:Taste / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D000661:Amphetamine; D012439:Saccharin; D018021:Lithium Chloride