title: Targeted inhibition of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase-4 promotes brain tumor regression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As favorable outcomes from malignant brain tumors remain limited by poor survival and treatment-related toxicity, novel approaches to cure are essential. Previously, we identified the cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor Rolipram as a potent antitumor agent. Here, we investigate the role of PDE4 in brain tumors and examine the utility of PDE4 as a therapeutic target.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression pattern of a subfamily of PDE4, PDE4A, in multiple brain tumor types. To evaluate the effect of PDE4A on growth, a brain-specific isoform, PDE4A1 was overexpressed in xenografts of Daoy medulloblastoma and U87 glioblastoma cells. To determine therapeutic potential of PDE4 inhibition, Rolipram, temozolomide, and radiation were tested alone and in combination on mice bearing intracranial U87 xenografts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that PDE4A is expressed in medulloblastoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, and meningioma. Moreover, when PDE4A1 was overexpressed in Daoy medulloblastoma and U87 glioblastoma cells, in vivo doubling times were significantly shorter for PDE4A1-overexpressing xenografts compared with controls. In long-term survival and bioluminescence studies, Rolipram in combination with first-line therapy for malignant gliomas (temozolomide and conformal radiation therapy) enhanced the survival of mice bearing intracranial xenografts of U87 glioblastoma cells. Bioluminescence imaging indicated that whereas temozolomide and radiation therapy arrested intracranial tumor growth, the addition of Rolipram to this regimen resulted in tumor regression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that PDE4 is widely expressed in brain tumors and promotes their growth and that inhibition with Rolipram overcomes tumor resistance and mediates tumor regression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goldhoff
authors.forename: Nicole M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Warrington
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Limbrick
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hope
authors.forename: B Mark
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Woerner
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Piwnica-Worms
authors.forename: Joshua B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rubin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020889:Rolipram / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077204:Temozolomide; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D003606:Dacarbazine; D054703:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4; D020889:Rolipram; D000077204:Temozolomide