title: Syphilis, psychiatry and offending behaviour: clinical cases from nineteenth-century Ireland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Syphilis presented substantial challenges to nineteenth-century medical and psychiatric services.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To illustrate the clinical course and diagnostic challenges associated with neurosyphilis in nineteenth-century Ireland.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper uses original archival material from the Central Criminal Lunatic Asylum, Dublin to present clinical cases and inform a discussion of related issues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mr A, a 34-year-old banker convicted of "felonious entry", demonstrated many psychiatric and neurological features of neurosyphilis ("general paralysis of the insane"); he soon became "feeble", "paralytic" and "demented", and died within 2 years. The case of Mr B, a 38-year-old game-keeper convicted of "attempting to upset trains", illustrates diagnostic dilemmas associated with neurosyphilis, especially when complicated by evidence of tuberculosis ("scrofulous diathesis").
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical and diagnostic challenges presented by syphilis have changed over the past century, but these cases, combined with recent evidence of syphilis outbreaks, highlight ongoing needs for clinical and epidemiological vigilance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult Psychiatry, University College Dublin, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, 62/63 Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland. brendankelly35@gmail.com
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005555:Forensic Psychiatry; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history*; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000266:history*; D013587:Syphilis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000266:history*