title: Driving forces behind increasing cardiovascular drug utilization: a dynamic pharmacoepidemiological model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the driving forces behind increasing utilization of cardiovascular drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using register data, all Danish residents as of 1 January 1996 were followed until 2006. Cohort members were censored at death or emigration. Cardiovascular drug utilization on the individual level was traced, applying registered out-of-hospital dispensing. The impact of population ageing on cardiovascular drug utilization was investigated using standardized intensities and prevalences. Based on a three-state (untreated, treated and dead) semi-Markov model, we explored to what extent increasing treatment prevalence was driven by changing incidence, discontinuation and mortality. Expected treatment prevalences were modelled, applying stratum-specific cohort prevalence in 1996 along with incidence, discontinuation and drug user mortality either throughout 1996-2004 or at fixed 1996 levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment prevalence (ages > or =20 years) with cardiovascular drugs increased by 39% during 1996-2005 from 192.4 to 256.9 per 1000 inhabitants (95% confidence interval 256.5, 257.3). Treatment intensity grew by 109% from 272 to 569 defined daily doses 1000(-1) day(-1). Population 'middle-ageing' accounted for 11.5 and 20.3%, respectively. Increasing treatment incidence was the main driver of the rising treatment prevalence in most drug categories. Declining discontinuation drove some of the growth, declining drug user mortality less. Even with fixed incidence in the model, treatment prevalence continued to increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age-related increases in treatment intensity and prevalence, rather than population ageing, drove the increasing treatment intensity with cardiovascular drugs. Increasing treatment prevalence in subgroups was primarily caused by increasing incidence. Due to pharmacoepidemiological disequilibrium, treatment prevalence will continue to grow even with unchanged incidence.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit for General Practice, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. hwkildemoes@health.sdu.dk
authors.forename: Helle Wallach
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kildemoes
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Støvring
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andersen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D017723:Drug Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017891:Pharmacoepidemiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents