title: Epidemiologic considerations in unexplained pediatric arthralgia: the role of season, school, and stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine demographic and epidemiologic characteristics in children with unexplained joint pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population included 730 children (< 18 yrs of age) referred between 1981 and 2007 to the Saskatchewan Pediatric Rheumatology Program, University of Saskatchewan, because of arthralgia. Parents and patients completed a questionnaire at the time of initial presentation, and a diagnosis of unexplained arthralgia was assigned based on clinical assessment. Serum vitamin D levels were measured in 73 patients diagnosed with arthralgia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with arthralgia were more likely to report psychosocial stresses including family discord and illness in the family, and to be cared for by a single parent as a consequence of parental separation or death. Significantly more patients reported fall and winter (30%) as the season of symptom onset compared to spring or summer (20%; p = 0.01). Significantly more survey respondents in the arthralgia group reported missing school compared to the control group (62% vs 31%; p = 0.001). Referrals from northern Saskatchewan were significantly more numerous than from southern Saskatchewan (107 vs 45 per 100,000; p < 0.001). Serum vitamin D concentrations measured in a subgroup of patients (n = 73) showed that 62 (82%) were abnormally low, 42% between 50 and 75 nmol/l (insufficient), and 40% < 50 nmol/l (deficient).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest an association between psychosocial stress, school absenteeism, vitamin D insufficiency, and unexplained arthralgia in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: J Dayre
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: McNally
authors.forename: Loren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Matheson
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002980:Climate; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011584:Psychology; D011610:Psychosocial Deprivation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012525:Saskatchewan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012574:Schools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012621:Seasons; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D