title: Radiation doses in examination of lower third molars with computed tomography and conventional radiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure organ doses and calculate effective doses for pre-operative radiographic examination of lower third molars with CT and conventional radiography (CR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements of organ doses were made on an anthropomorphic head phantom with lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosemeters. The dosemeters were placed in regions corresponding to parotid and submandibular glands, mandibular bone, thyroid gland, skin, eye lenses and brain. The organ doses were used for the calculation of effective doses according to proposed International Commission on Radiological Protection 2005 guidelines. For the CT examination, a Siemens Somatom Plus 4 Volume Zoom was used and exposure factors were set to 120 kV and 100 mAs. For conventional radiographs, a Scanora unit was used and panoramic, posteroanterior, stereographic (scanogram) and conventional spiral tomographic views were exposed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The effective doses were 0.25 mSv, 0.060 mSv and 0.093 mSv for CT, CR without conventional tomography and CR with conventional spiral tomography, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effective dose is low when CT examination with exposure factors optimized for the examination of bone structures is performed. However, the dose is still about four times as high as for CR without tomography. CT should therefore not be a standard method for the examination of lower third molars. In cases where there is a close relationship between the tooth and the inferior alveolar nerve the advantages of true sectional imaging, such as CT, outweighs the higher effective dose and is recommended. Further reduction in the dose is feasible with further optimization of examination protocols and the development of newer techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Sunderby Hospital, SE-971 80 Luleå, Sweden. anders.ohman@nll.se
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohman
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kull
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Flygare
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000528:radiation effects; D005145:Face / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000528:radiation effects; D008334:Mandible / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000528:radiation effects; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011835:Radiation Protection; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects; D013363:Submandibular Gland / Q000528:radiation effects; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry / Q000295:instrumentation; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects; D014056:Tomography, X-Ray; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed