title: Developing PCR primers using a new computer program for detection of multiple animal-derived materials in feed.
abstract: To reduce the risk of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent being recycled to cattle through animal feed, in October 2001 Japan introduced a feed ban prohibiting the use of animal proteins in feed. PCR identification of feed ingredients is part of the audit program to ensure the proper implementation of the feed ban. For efficient analysis, screening of feed products for materials from multiple species is essential. In our study, we developed a computer program GSPRIMER (http://www. famic.go.jp/ffis/feed/gsprimer/) that facilitates development of PCR primers specific to multiple species. The most important feature of GSPRIMER is its ability to estimate the specificity and homology of a potential primer in incremental steps from the 3' terminal. We analyzed all regions of mitochondrial DNA from the target and nontarget species using GSPRIMER. We designed species-specific primer sets for three animal species (sheep, goats, and swine) and group-specific primer sets for ruminants and animals susceptible to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. The primers were efficiently screened by the PCR protocol using a mixture of mitochondrial DNA from nontarget species as a template. As a result, one primer set each for sheep and goats, two for swine, and three for a group of ruminant species were developed. The detection limit of one of the ruminant primer sets ranged from 0.05 to 0.01% bovine meat and bone meal and 0.1 pg of bovine DNA. We also successfully applied the primer set to 17 commercial feed samples that were known to be free from ruminant-derived materials. No false-positive results were found.
authors.affiliation: Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, 2-1 Shintoshin, Chuo-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 330-9731, Japan. naoki_shinoda@nm.famic.go.jp
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shinoda
authors.forename: Toyoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kusama
authors.forename: Tomotaro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Tatsuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.forename: Koh-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kadowaki
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Onodera
authors.forename: Katsuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugiura
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002417:Cattle; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D017931:DNA Primers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016643:Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006041:Goats; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012756:Sheep; D013045:Species Specificity; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial