title: [Embolization of craniofacial arteriovenous malformations after the ligation of external carotid artery].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To introduce the method of retrograde embolization through the superficial temporal artery (STA) after the ligation of external carotid artery (ECA) for the treatment of craniofacial arterio-venous malformations (AVM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven cases of craniofacial AVM were included in the study. After the ligation of ECA, the STA was surgically accessed and a 4F (1F = 0.333 mm) sheath introduced into the artery, and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) was selected as the permanent embolization material.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The angiogram was successfully carried out in these cases, which showed that some collateral branches from the ophthalmic artery of left internal carotid artery, vertebral artery and thyrocervical trunk provided the blood supply to the AVM nidus. The retrograde embolization with NBCA was completed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vascular architecture of craniofacial AVM after the ligated ECA was better demonstrated in angiogram of vertebral artery. The retrograde embolization through STA was an effective method for the treatment of craniofacial AVM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China. fanxindong@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Xin-Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Li-Xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Su
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000628:therapy*; D002342:Carotid Artery, External / Q000601:surgery; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005145:Face / Q000098:blood supply; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult