title: National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: environmental cold injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present recommendations for the prevention, recognition, and treatment of environmental cold injuries.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Individuals engaged in sport-related or work-related physical activity in cold, wet, or windy conditions are at risk for environmental cold injuries. An understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology, risk management, recognition, and immediate care of environmental cold injuries is an essential skill for certified athletic trainers and other health care providers working with individuals at risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These recommendations are intended to provide certified athletic trainers and others participating in athletic health care with the specific knowledge and problem-solving skills needed to address environmental cold injuries. Each recommendation has been graded (A, B, or C) according to the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy criterion scale.
authors.affiliation: Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Cappaert
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Castellani
authors.forename: Bentley Andrew
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Bradford A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Stephens
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005627:Frostbite / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States