title: Relationships among optimism, well-being, self-transcendence, coping, and social support in women during treatment for breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The impact of diagnosis and treatment for breast cancer, stressors that affect emotional well-being, is influenced by several psychosocial factors and the relationships among them. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between optimism and emotional well-being (EWB) and the individual and combined mediation of this relationship by perceived social support (SS), problem focused coping (PFC), and self-transcendence in women with breast cancer during radiation therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-three women receiving radiation treatment for breast cancer completed questionnaires that measured EWB, optimism, SS, PFC, and self-transcendence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlational and multiple regression analysis revealed that optimism was positively related to EWB. Of the three mediators, self-transcendence alone was found to partially mediate the relationship between optimism and EWB. The relationship between optimism and PFC was not significant. Optimism was related to SS, but its indirect effect on EWB through SS did not reach significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During breast cancer treatment, the positive effects of optimism on EWB are partially mediated by a woman's level of self-transcendence. Brief screening of women's optimism may help identify women at risk for psychological distress. Early detection and interventions to promote psychological adjustment throughout the cancer trajectory (e.g. enhancing self-transcendence) should receive attention in future research.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA. ellyn.matthews@ucdenver.edu
authors.forename: Ellyn E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000523:psychology; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011340:Problem Solving; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D011855:Radiodermatitis / Q000523:psychology; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012944:Social Support