title: Gram-negative resistance in Singapore: a historical perspective.
abstract: In the past 3 decades, classical extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) have probably been the main contributors to gram-negative antimicrobial resistance in Singapore. These appear to be being replaced by the newer CTX-M ESBLs. Metallo-beta-lactamases are found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa but do not seem to have spread widely in Acinetobacter spp. and Enterobacteriaceae. Carbapenem-hydrolysing oxacillinases are prevalent in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter spp. More insidious developments include the emergence of plasmid AmpC beta-lactamases and multifactorial quinolone resistance in Enterobacteriaceae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. koh.tse.hsien@sgh.com.sg
authors.forename: Tse Hsien
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Koh
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012846:Singapore; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015780:Carbapenems; D002511:Cephalosporins; D015363:Quinolones; D001618:beta-Lactamases