title: Therapy of hepatitis C virus-associated glomerulonephritis: current approaches.
abstract: The most frequent kidney disease associated with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) in patients with type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. The principal clinical manifestations of glomerular disease in HCV-infected patients are the presence of proteinuria and microscopic hematuria with or without impaired kidney function. Various approaches have been tried for the treatment of HCV-associated glomerulonephritis, including immunosuppressive therapy (corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents), plasma exchange and antiviral agents. Limited data exist regarding antiviral treatment of HCV-associated glomerulonephritis, whereas immunosuppressive agents have been suggested for cryoglobulinemic kidney disease. A recent meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials (CCTs) suggested that standard interferon (IFN) doses were more effective than immunosuppressive agents in lowering proteinuria of patients with HCV-related cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis (odds ratio 3.86; 95% confidence interval, 1.44-10.33; p=0.007). However, data for follow-up were not given. Two distinct approaches should be considered for the treatment of HCV-associated cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis according to the level of proteinuria and kidney failure. Preliminary studies with rituximab therapy of HCV-related cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis have given encouraging results, even if a point of caution is important, because rituximab use may be associated with activation of various infections, including HCV.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Maggiore Hospital, IRCCS Foundation, Milan - Italy.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fabrizi
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lunghi
authors.forename: Piergiorgio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Messa
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D018951:Antigens, CD20; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D007372:Interferons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012254:Ribavirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069283:Rituximab
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D018951:Antigens, CD20; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D012254:Ribavirin; D000069283:Rituximab; D007372:Interferons