title: Comparison of toxicity of smoke from traditional and harm-reduction cigarettes using mouse embryonic stem cells as a novel model for preimplantation development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Embryonic stem cells (ESC), which originate from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, are valuable models for testing the effects of toxicants on preimplantation development. In this study, mouse ESC (mESC) were used to compare the toxicity of mainstream (MS) and sidestream (SS) cigarette smoke on cell attachment, survival and proliferation. In addition, smoke from a traditional commercial cigarette was compared with smoke from three harm-reduction brands.
  
  
  METHODS
  MS and SS smoke solutions were made using an analytical smoking machine and tested at three doses using D3 mESC plated on 0.2% gelatin. At 6 and 24 h, images were taken and the number of attached cells was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both MS and SS smoke from traditional and harm-reduction cigarettes inhibited cell attachment, survival and proliferation dose dependently. For all brands, SS smoke was more potent than MS smoke. However, removal of the cigarette filter increased the toxicity of MS smoke to that of SS smoke. Both MS and SS smoke from harm-reduction cigarettes were as inhibitory, or more inhibitory, than their counterparts from the traditional brand. When preimplantation mouse embryos were cultured for 1 h in MS or SS smoke solutions from a harm-reduction brand, blastomeres became apoptotic, in agreement with the data obtained using mESC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  mESC provide a valuable model for toxicological studies on the preimplantation stage of development and were used to show that MS and SS smoke from traditional and harm-reduction cigarettes are detrimental to embryonic cells prior to implantation.
authors.affiliation: UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Talbot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000187:drug effects; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D040261:Harm Reduction; D051379:Mice; D012906:Smoke; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke