title: Solar radiation disinfection of drinking water at temperate latitudes: inactivation rates for an optimised reactor configuration.
abstract: Solar radiation-driven inactivation of bacteria, virus and protozoan pathogen models was quantified in simulated drinking water at a temperate latitude (34 degrees S). The water was seeded with Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium sporogenes spores, and P22 bacteriophage, each at ca 1x10(5) mL(-1), and exposed to natural sunlight in 30-L reaction vessels. Water temperature ranged from 17 to 39 degrees C during the experiments lasting up to 6h. Dark controls showed little inactivation and so it was concluded that the inactivation observed was primarily driven by non-thermal processes. The optimised reactor design achieved S90 values (cumulative exposure required for 90% reduction) for the test microorganisms in the range 0.63-1.82 MJ m(-2) of Global Solar Exposure (GSX) without the need for TiO2 as a catalyst. High turbidity (840-920 NTU) only reduced the S(90) value by <40%. Further, when all S90 means were compared this decrease was not statistically significant (prob.>0.05). However, inactivation was significantly reduced for E. faecalis and P22 when the transmittance of UV wavelengths was attenuated by water with high colour (140 PtCo units) or a suboptimally transparent reactor lid (prob.<0.05). S90 values were consistent with those measured by other researchers (ca 1-10 MJ m(-2)) for a range of waters and microorganisms. Although temperatures required for SODIS type pasteurization were not produced, non-thermal inactivation alone appeared to offer a viable means for reliably disinfecting low colour source waters by greater than 4 orders of magnitude on sunny days at 34 degrees S latitude.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Water and Waste Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia. cheryl@crehleeds.demon.co.uk
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Roser
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Feitz
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Ashbolt
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption / Q000528:radiation effects; D019149:Bioreactors; D002384:Catalysis / Q000528:radiation effects; D002980:Climate; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D005843:Geography; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013472:Sunlight; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium