title: Mapping of fluoride endemic areas and assessment of fluoride exposure.
abstract: The prevalence of fluorosis is mainly due to the consumption of more fluoride through drinking water. It is necessary to find out the fluoride endemic areas to adopt remedial measures to the people on the risk of fluorosis. The objectives of this study are to estimate the fluoride exposure through drinking water from people of different age group and to elucidate the fluoride endemic areas through mapping. Assessment of fluoride exposure was achieved through the estimation fluoride level in drinking water using fluoride ion selective electrode method. Google earth and isopleth technique were used for mapping of fluoride endemic areas. From the study it was observed that Nilakottai block of Dindigul district in Tamil Nadu is highly fluoride endemic. About 88% of the villages in this block have fluoride level more than the prescribed permissible limit in drinking water. Exposure of fluoride among different age groups was calculated in this block, which comprises 32 villages. The maximum estimated exposure doses were 0.19 mg/kg/day for infants, 0.17 mg/kg/day for children and 0.10 mg/kg/day for adults. When compared with adequate intake of minimal safe level exposure dose of 0.01 mg/kg/day for infants and 0.05 mg/kg/day for other age groups, a health risk due to fluorosis to the people in Nilakottai block has become evident. From the results, the people in Nilakottai block are advised to consume drinking water with fluoride level less than 1 mg/l. It has been recommended to the government authorities to take serious steps to supply drinking water with low fluoride concern for the fluorosis affected villages.
authors.affiliation: Srikrupa Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Velkatta, Kondapak (mdl), Siddiped (Rd), Medak-502277, Andhra Pradesh, India. viswakind@gmail.com
authors.forename: Gopalan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaswanth
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gopalakrishnan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siva ilango
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005458:Fluoride Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology; D005459:Fluorides / Q000032:analysis*; D009050:Fluorosis, Dental / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D012424:Rural Population; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D005459:Fluorides