Oatp-associated uptake and toxicity of microcystins in primary murine whole brain cells.
Microcystins (MCs) are naturally occurring cyclic heptapeptides that exhibit hepato-, nephro- and possibly neurotoxic effects in mammals. Organic anion transporting polypeptides (rodent Oatp/human OATP) appear to be specifically required for active uptake of MCs into hepatocytes and kidney epithelial cells. Based on symptoms of neurotoxicity in MC-intoxicated patients and the presence of Oatp/OATP at the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal-fluid-barrier (BCFB) it is hypothesized that MCs can be transported across the BBB/BCFB in an Oatp/OATP-dependent manner and can induce toxicity in brain cells via inhibition of protein phosphatase (PP). To test these hypotheses, the presence of murine Oatp (mOatp) in primary murine whole brain cells (mWBC) was investigated at the mRNA and protein level. MC transport was tested by exposing mWBCs to three different MC-congeners (MC-LR, -LW, -LF) with/without co-incubation with the OATP/Oatp-substrates taurocholate (TC) and bromosulfophthalein (BSP). Uptake of MCs and cytotoxicity was demonstrated via MC-Western blot analysis, immunocytochemistry, cell viability and PP inhibition assays. All MC congeners bound covalently and inhibited mWBC PP. MC-LF was the most cytotoxic congener followed by -LW and -LR. The lowest toxin concentration significantly reducing mWBC viability after 48 h exposure was 400 nM (MC-LF). Uptake of MCs into mWBCs was inhibited via co-incubation with excess TC (50 and 500 microM) and BSP (50 microM). MC-Western blot analysis demonstrated a concentration-dependent accumulation of MCs. In conclusion, the in vitro data support the assumed MC-congener-dependent uptake in a mOatp-associated manner and cytotoxicity of MCs in primary murine whole brain cells.
Feurstein
D
D
Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
Holst
K
K
Fischer
A
A
Dietrich
D R
DR
D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002460:Cell Line; D002469:Cell Separation; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D052998:Microcystins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters / Q000378:metabolism*; D054645:Protein Phosphatase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
D052998:Microcystins; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; D054645:Protein Phosphatase 1