title: Presence of metabolic syndrome in football linemen.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of symptoms associated with abdominal obesity that demonstrates a high risk for cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate football linemen in National Collegiate Athletic Association Divisions I, II, and III schools for the presence of metabolic syndrome according to the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute criteria as well as to document other related biomarkers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional descriptive study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three university locations on the first full day of football camp in early morning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 76 football linemen, 70 were able to provide blood samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Height, mass, blood pressure, upper-body skinfolds, and waist circumference were measured at various stations. Two small venous samples of blood were collected and analyzed in a hospital laboratory for fasting insulin, glucose, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and glycosylated hemoglobin. The last station was a verbal family history for cardiovascular disease and diabetes; also, athletes filled out a nutrition attitudes questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 70 athletes, 34 were identified as having metabolic syndrome according to measures of blood pressure, waist circumference, fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides. The mean total cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio for the group was 4.95, with 32 participants displaying values higher than 5.0. Twelve volunteers had total cholesterol levels greater than 200 mmol/L, 15 had high levels of C-reactive protein, and 9 had slightly elevated levels of glycosylated hemoglobin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although athletes might be assumed to be protected from risks of cardiovascular disease, we found a high incidence of metabolic syndrome and other associated adverse biomarkers for heart disease in collegiate football linemen. Early screening, awareness, and intervention may have favorable effects on the overall health outcomes of football linemen.
authors.affiliation: Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. buell.7@osu.edu
authors.forename: Jackie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Buell
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Calland
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hanks
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pester
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thorne
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat; D000293:Adolescent; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000503:physiopathology; D005538:Football / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein