title: Abrupt rather than gradual hormonal changes induce postpartum blues-like behavior in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postpartum blues is thought to be related to hormonal events accompanying delivery. We investigated whether blues-like symptoms depend on the rate of the decline of hormones, by comparing the behavioral consequences of an abrupt versus a gradual decline of gonadal hormones in an animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female rats were treated with estrogen and progesterone for 23 days, administered either by injections or by subcutaneously implanted tubes filled with hormones. A gradual hormone decline was achieved by discontinuation of the injections; and rapid decline by removal of the tubes. Control groups received either a continued treatment or no hormones. In the period following the decline the stress-reactivity was tested with an acoustic startle test on 3 consecutive days, and anxiety behavior with an open-field test on the 2nd day. The Hypothalamus-, Pituitary-, Adrenal-axis (HPA-axis) response to stress was measured by assessing the corticosterone levels and hypothalamic c-fos expression stress-response at the 4th day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rapid decline of hormones induced an increased startle response lasting for two days, and increased anxiety-like behavior in the open field. This was not found in the gradual-decline and control groups. The HPA-axis response to stress was decreased in all hormone-treated animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This animal study suggests that: 1) abrupt rather than gradual hormonal changes induce increased stress-reactivity and anxiety-like behavior; 2) postpartum blues may result from differences in the capacity to adapt to the changes of gonadal hormones; 3) Recovery of pregnancy-induced diminished HPA-axis response is independent of the postpartum hormone kinetics.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. b.doornbos@med.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Bennard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Doornbos
authors.forename: Dirk S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Fokkema
authors.forename: Margo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molhoek
authors.forename: Marit A C
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tanke
authors.forename: Folkert
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Postema
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Korf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000502:physiology; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood*; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000502:physiology; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D011374:Progesterone