title: Severe intrauterine growth restriction is associated with higher spontaneous carbohydrate intake in young women.
abstract: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with metabolic disorders in adulthood. In rats, an early adverse environment alters food preferences in adult life. We investigated whether IUGR is associated with spontaneous macronutrient preferences in humans. Two thousand sixty-three participants from a Brazilian birth cohort were evaluated at 24 y of age using a food frequency questionnaire, physical examination, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical assays (glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglycerides). IUGR was defined by the birth weight ratio (BWR = birth weight/mean weight for gestational age). Individuals were classified as non growth restricted (BWR > or =0.85), moderately growth restricted (0.85 > BWR > or = 0.75), and severely growth restricted (BWR <0.75). Severe IUGR women consumed a greater carbohydrate to protein ratio, even after controlling for social variables. There was a continuous association between growth restriction and later carbohydrate to protein ratio consumption in women. Women from both IUGR groups had a larger waist to hip ratio (WHR). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was comparable between the groups. IUGR women preferred carbohydrates to protein in their regular diet, suggesting that spontaneous food choices may precede the appearance and contribute to the risk for metabolic diseases in this group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Care and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine of Riberão Preto, São Paulo 14040-904, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Barbieri
authors.forename: André K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Portella
authors.forename: Patrícia P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: Heloísa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bettiol
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agranonik
authors.forename: Antônio A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Marcelo Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Goldani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001938:Brazil; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005518:Food Preferences; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004044:Dietary Proteins