title: Growth factors in bone repair.
abstract: The role of growth factors (GF) in bone repair is widely recognised, particularly for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). GF are usually stored in the extracellular matrix (ECM), but after injury are actively released by ECM, cells and platelets. In this paper, the use of different recombinant GF for bone repair stimulation is summarised in experimental research and clinical applications. Drug delivery systems, including carriers, cell or gene therapy, are needed to ensure a sustained local release of the factors, but efficacy and potential side effects of such systems require additional research prior to clinical applications. Current sources for delivery of a GF mixture into the site of bone repair are platelet gel and demineralised bone matrix. Nevertheless, the levels of GF in such preparations are affected by variability among donors and differences in preparation. Autogenous GF, produced by the patient himself during the bone repair process, potentially interfere with prosthetic devices or even have a role in implant loosening due to the periprosthetic tissue reaction. In conclusion, GF are key components of functional bone regeneration: screening of basic research results and controlled clinical trials are accelerating the development of GF in orthopaedic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Fisiopatologia degli Impianti Ortopedici, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, Italy. valentina.devescovi@ior.it
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Devescovi
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Leonardi
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciapetti
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cenni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000187:drug effects; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000494:pharmacology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D013002:Somatomedins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors