title: Trends of elevated blood pressure among children and adolescents: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey1988-2006.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated blood pressure (EBP) in children and adolescents increases future risk of cardiovascular disease. Among children and adolescents, increased weight is associated with EBP.
  
  
  METHODS
  National cross-sectional data for children and adolescents aged 8-17 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANESs): 1988-1994, 1999-2002, and 2003-2006. The main outcome measures were EBP and pre-EBP estimates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overweight boys (odds ratio (OR) 1.54, confidence interval (CI) 1.11-2.13) and both obese boys and girls were significantly more likely to be classified as pre-EBP (boys, OR 2.81, CI 2.13-3.71; girls, OR 2.55, CI 1.75-3.73) and having EBP (boys aged 8-12 years, OR 6.06, CI 2.73-13.44, boys aged 13-17, OR 9.62 CI 4.86-19.06; girls, OR 2.33, CI 1.31-4.13) when compared to the reference weight and controlling for all other covariates.During 2003-2006, 13.6% (s.e. = 1.2) of boys aged 8-17 years and 5.7% (s.e. = 0.7) of the girls aged 8-17 years were classified as pre-EBP and 2.6% (s.e. = 0.5) of the boys aged 8-17 and 3.4% (s.e. = 0.7) of the girls aged 8-17 were having EBP. After controlling for age, race/ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI), girls only were significantly more likely to have EBP during 2003-2006 than during 1988-1994 (OR 2.17, CI 1.05-4.49). In contrast, adolescent boys aged 13-17 years were significantly less likely to be having EBP during 2003-2006 than during 1988-1994 (OR 0.32, CI 0.13-0.81).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity is strongly, positively, and independently associated with EBP and pre-EBP among youths. However, controlling for all covariates including BMI, EBP has increased among girls but decreased among adolescent boys aged 13-17, during 2003-2006 when compared with 1988-1994.
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Nutrition Examination Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland, USA. yxol@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Yechiam
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ostchega
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Prineas
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: McDowell
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tilert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology