title: Potential reduced exposure products (PREPs) for smokeless tobacco users: clinical evaluation methodology.
abstract: Several potential reduced exposure products (PREPs) for smokeless tobacco (SLT) users are marketed in the United States, though their effects are largely unknown. These products include some that are low in tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNs), like Stonewall, a pressed tobacco tablet, and General snus, a moist snuff product produced in Sweden. Methodology assessing the toxicant exposure and effects of cigarette-like PREPs for smokers has been developed, and might be modified for use in evaluating PREPs for SLT users. This report describes two studies examining the toxicant exposure and effects of two PREPs for SLT users. Study 1 (n = 13) consisted of four 4.5-hr laboratory sessions where SLT products (own brand, Stonewall, General snus, and tobacco-free placebo) were used for four 30-min episodes and nicotine exposure and tobacco/nicotine abstinence symptoms were measured. Study 2 (n = 19) consisted of four 5-day ad libitum use periods when participants used own brand, Stonewall, General snus, or no SLT and urinary levels of metabolites of nicotine (cotinine) and the TSN 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNAL) and abstinence symptoms were measured. Compared with own brand, Stonewall was associated with lower levels of cotinine and NNAL, while General snus was associated with similar levels of cotinine and lower levels of NNAL. Abstinence symptoms generally did not differ across tobacco conditions. These results show that clinical laboratory methods can be used to evaluate the toxicant exposure and abstinence symptom suppression associated with PREPs for SLT users.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0205, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Alison B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Breland
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eissenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis*; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D020340:Tobacco Use Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002273:Carcinogens; D009602:Nitrosamines; D009538:Nicotine; C016583:4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D003367:Cotinine