title: Impact of restriction of third generation cephalosporins on the burden of third generation cephalosporin resistant K. pneumoniae and E. coli in an ICU.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether a reduction of third generation cephalosporin (3GC) use has a sustainable positive impact on the high endemic prevalence of 3GC resistant K. pneumoniae and E. coli.
  
  
  METHODS
  Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series was used to analyse antibiotic consumption and resistance data 30 months before and 30 after the intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical intensive care unit (ICU) with 16-bed unit in a teaching hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  In July 2004, 3GCs were switched to piperacillin in combination with a beta-lactamase-inhibitor as standard therapy for peritonitis and other intraabdominal infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Segmented regression analysis showed that the intervention achieved a significant and sustainable decrease in the use of 3GCs of -110.2 daily defined doses (DDD)/1,000 pd. 3GC use decreased from a level of 178.9 DDD/1,000 pd before to 68.7 DDD/1,000 pd after the intervention. The intervention resulted in a mean estimated reduction in total antibiotic use of 27%. Piperacillin/tazobactam showed a significant increase in level of 64.4 DDD/1,000 pd, and continued to increase by 2.3 DDD/1,000 pd per month after the intervention. The intervention was not associated with a significant change in the resistance densities of 3GC resistant K. pneumoniae and E. coli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reducing 3GCs does not necessarily impact positively on the resistance situation in the ICU setting. Likewise, replacing piperacillin with beta-lactamase inhibitor might provide a selection pressure on 3GC resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae. To improve resistance, it might not be sufficient to restrict interventions to a risk area.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. elisabeth.meyer@charite.de
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lapatschek
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bechtold
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schwarzkopf
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gastmeier
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schwab
mesh_terms: D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D054539:Medication Therapy Management; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D016134:Organizational Policy; D010878:Piperacillin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance; D065093:beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D002511:Cephalosporins; D065093:beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; D001618:beta-Lactamases; D010878:Piperacillin