title: Evaluation of toluene degradation pathways by two-dimensional stable isotope fractionation.
abstract: Toluene degradation by several pure and mixed microbial cultures was investigated bytwo-dimensional compound specific isotope analysis (2D-CSIA). For most of the cultures, the respective toluene degradation pathway and toluene attacking enzymatic step was known. The slope of the linear regression for hydrogen (delta delta(2)H) vs. carbon (delta delta(13)C) discrimination (lamda = delta delta(2)H/ delta delta(13)C approximately epsilonH(bulk)/epsilonC(bulk)) was determined in order to characterize aerobic and anaerobic toluene degradation pathways. The highest lamda value was estimated for the monohydroxylation of the methyl group by Pseudomonas putida (lamda = 53 +/- 5). The lowest value was observed for Rhodococcus opacus (lamda = 2 +/- 2) due to its insignificant hydrogen fractionation, which indicates that a ring dioxygenase was responsible for the initial attack of toluene. The fungus Cladosprium sphaerospermum containing a cytochrome P450-dependent methyl monooxygenase grouped within these extreme values (lamda = 16 +/- 6). Lamda values for organisms attacking toluene under anoxic conditions by benzylsuccinate synthase were significantly different and ranged from lamda = 4 +/- 3 (Blastochloris sulfoviridis) to 31 +/- 11 (strain TRM1). Values were in the same range for organisms using nitrate (lamda = 11-14) or sulfate (lamda = 28-31) as electron acceptor, indicating that it might be possible to distinguish toluene degradation under different electron acceptor conditions by 2D-CSIA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permnoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cyrus
authors.forename: Ilka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Herklotz
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schlosser
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bahr
authors.forename: Steffi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Hans-Hermann
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Richnow
authors.forename: Anko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D019755:Carbon-Carbon Lyases / Q000378:metabolism; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D004777:Environment; D006859:Hydrogen; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000378:metabolism; D008956:Models, Chemical; D014050:Toluene / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D014050:Toluene; D006859:Hydrogen; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D019755:Carbon-Carbon Lyases; C114354:benzylsuccinate synthase