title: Effect of nano-oxide concentration on the mechanical properties of a maxillofacial silicone elastomer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contemporary silicone-based elastomeric prostheses tend to degrade over time because of the effect of mechanical loading. Little has been reported on how the mechanical properties of a maxillofacial prosthetic elastomer may be affected by the addition of nanosized oxide particles used as an opacifier.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of nanosized oxides of various composition on the mechanical properties of a commercially available silicone elastomer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nanosized oxides (Ti, Zn, or Ce) were added in various concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, or 3.0% by weight) to a commercial silicone elastomer (A-2186), commonly used for fabricating extraoral maxillofacial prostheses. Silicone elastomer A-2186 without nanosized oxides served as a control group. Specimens (n=5) were polymerized according to manufacturer's recommendations and tested for tensile strength (ASTM D412) and tear strength (ASTM D624), and percent elongation in a universal testing machine. Uniformity of particle dispersion within the processed elastomer was assessed using scanning electron microscopic imaging. For each property, a 2-way ANOVA was performed evaluating the effect of oxide type and strength, and Fisher's PLSD test was used for pairwise comparisons (alpha=.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  SEM examination indicated that all 3 nanosized oxides distribute evenly throughout the silicone specimens, except for the 3.0% group, which are partly agglomerated. The 2.0% and 2.5% groups of all nanosized oxides demonstrated significantly higher tensile and tear strengths and percent elongation (P<.001) than the control group. CeO(2) had significantly lower tensile strength than TiO2 and ZnO (P<.05). The ZnO group had significantly higher tear strength than TiO(2) and CeO(2) (P <.05). Most of specimens became somewhat harder when compared with the control group. CeO(2) group had significantly higher Shore A hardness than TiO(2) and ZnO (P<.001). There was no significant difference of percent elongation among the type of nanosized oxides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incorporation of Ti, Zn, or Ce nano-oxides at concentrations of 2.0% and 2.5% improved the overall mechanical properties of the silicone A-2186 maxillofacial elastomer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Sudarat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiat-amnuay
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.forename: Yimin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D002563:Cerium; D006244:Hardness; D008422:Materials Testing; D008447:Maxillofacial Prosthesis; D053758:Nanoparticles; D044367:Phase Transition; D012826:Silicone Elastomers / Q000737:chemistry*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014025:Titanium; D015034:Zinc Oxide
chemical_list: D012826:Silicone Elastomers; C078085:silicone A-2186; C009495:titanium dioxide; D002563:Cerium; C030583:ceric oxide; D014025:Titanium; D015034:Zinc Oxide