title: Revisiting anaplastic astrocytomas II: further characterization of an expansive growth pattern with visually enhanced diffusion tensor imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To seek to distinguish and visualize the different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) growth patterns among malignant gliomas utilizing visually enhanced diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen consecutive patients undergoing image-guided resection of a newly diagnosed malignant glioma underwent add-on acquisition of DTI data based on an Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved imaging protocol during preoperative MRI scans for routine intraoperative image guidance. Tumor growth patterns were assigned to expansive or mixed/infiltrative classes as described in the companion article (24). Infiltrating tumors were WHO Grade IV astrocytomas and all expansive tumors were either WHO Grade III astrocytomas or WHO Grade II astrocytomas. DTI-based white matter tractography was conducted and the DTI data were fused with anatomical images using an in-house software package we developed to enhance the visualization of the tumor/fiber interface. In one case additional analysis was performed with 2D multivoxel (1)H-MRSI utilizing a 2D chemical shift imaging (CSI) technique to corroborate the nature of this interface.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the 19 tumor patients studied, 11 had infiltrative tumors and the other 8 had expansive tumors. While less clear with 2D axial diffusion color maps, visually enhanced 3D reconstructions of the tumor/fiber interface successfully corroborated distinctive growth patterns. This was particularly evident when viewed in 3D video loops of each tumor/fiber interface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have successfully developed software that visually enhances the anatomic details of the tumor/fiber interface in patients with anaplastic astrocytomas. These data support the existence of a subgroup of patients within the WHO Grade III classification with expansive tumors and a significantly better prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lackey
authors.forename: Jianrong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Udomchai
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Techavipoo
authors.forename: Hugh D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Moulding
authors.forename: Adam E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Flanders
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D053783:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Interventional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging