Complex critical realism: tenets and application in nursing research.
OBJECTIVE
To outline the main tenets of critical realism (CR), its use, and future application in nursing.


BACKGROUND
Little work has been done to discuss how CR can be applied to nursing research.


RESULTS
The tenets of CR include recognition of reality independent of human perceptions, a generative view of causation in open systems, and a focus on explanations and methodological eclecticism using a postdisciplinary approach. Critical realism is useful for (1) understanding complex outcomes, (2) optimizing interventions, and (3) researching biopsychosocial pathways. Such questions are central to evidence-based practice, chronic disease management, and population health.


CONCLUSIONS
Critical realism is philosophically strong and potentially useful for nursing research.
Clark
Alexander M
AM
Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Alex.clark@ualberta.ca
Lissel
Sue L
SL
Davis
Caroline
C
D015982:Bias; D034462:Dissent and Disputes; D028781:Ethical Relativism; D055318:Evidence-Based Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005086:Existentialism / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D033183:Interdisciplinary Communication; D019359:Knowledge; D017711:Nonlinear Dynamics; D015399:Nursing Research / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010687:Philosophy, Nursing; D033302:Postmodernism; D012107:Research Design; D012586:Science / Q000458:organization & administration*; D013597:Systems Analysis; D017749:Total Quality Management