title: Maternal Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus infections and risk of testicular cancer in the offspring: a nested case-control study.
abstract: During recent decades the incidence of testicular cancer (TC) has increased rapidly around the world. Associated exogenous etiological factors might therefore be identifiable. We performed a case-control study nested within Finnish, Swedish and Icelandic maternity cohorts exploiting early pregnancy serum samples to evaluate the role of congenital or neonatal infections with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) as risk factors of TC in the offspring. For each case-index mother pair, three or four matched control-control mother pairs were identified using national population registries. First trimester sera were retrieved from the index mothers of 66 TC cases and 258 matched control mothers, and were tested for antibodies to EBV and CMV. High level of maternal EBV IgG antibodies was associated with significantly increased risk of TC in the offspring (odds ratio (OR), 2.50; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15, 5.40), especially with risk of non-seminoma TC (OR, 2.73; 950% CI, 1.25, 5.99) and non-seminoma TC diagnosed under 8 years of age (OR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.05, 7.04). In contrast, offspring of CMV IgG-seropositive mothers had a decreased risk of TC diagnosed under 8 years of age (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.14, 0.89). Our results suggest that EBV and CMV infections may be associated with TC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Health, National Public Health Institute, Oulu, Finland. katsiaryna.holl@uta.fi
authors.forename: Katsiaryna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holl
authors.forename: Helja-Marja
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Surcel
authors.forename: Pentti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koskela
authors.forename: Joakim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dillner
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hallmans
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wadell
authors.forename: Marjo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaasila
authors.forename: Gudridur H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Olafsdottir
authors.forename: Helga M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ogmundsdottir
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pukkala
authors.forename: Pär
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stattino
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehtinen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000254:growth & development*; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000254:growth & development*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G