title: A comparative cost analysis of digital fundus imaging and direct fundus examination for assessment of diabetic retinopathy.
abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the cost between two procedures for fundus examination in patients with diabetes. In our setting, two alternatives for fundus examination are available for patients with diabetes. In the first alternative, a digital image is taken with a nonmydriatic fundus camera when the patient is at the endocrinology consultation, and the image is then examined by an ophthalmologist. In the second alternative, a direct fundus examination is made by an ophthalmologist. We calculated the costs of both procedures from both Public Healthcare System (PHS) and patient perspectives using the official scales to compute personnel, consumables, capital cost of equipment, travel expenses, and time loss of the patient caused by attending the consultation. The first alternative (digital fundus image) required 2.69, 0.03, and 1.62 Euros per patient for personnel, consumables, and capital cost of the equipment, respectively. A direct fundus examination was needed in 31% of patients that had an additional cost of 0.97 Euros per patient for the PHS plus 14.97 Euros per patient because of travel cost and loss of income. The second alternative (direct fundus examination) required 2.69, 0.11, and 0.33 Euros per patient for personnel, consumables, and capital cost, respectively. All patients in this second alternative had to attend a consultation that implied travel and loss of income costs. Attending a consultation represented a cost of 48.29 Euros per patient. From the PHS perspective, direct fundus examination is less costly than using digital fundus images. The higher cost of the digital fundus option is a consequence of the higher capital costs required by the equipment needed to obtain the digital image. However, from a global perspective, the digital image alternative is more convenient because the travel cost and loss of income of the patient are lower.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela and University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gomez-Ulla
authors.forename: Florentina
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aibar
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics*; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D019114:Remote Consultation / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted