title: Forensic toxicology findings in deaths involving gamma-hydroxybutyrate.
abstract: Concentrations of the illicit drug gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) were determined in femoral venous blood and urine obtained at autopsy in a series of GHB-related deaths (N = 49). The analysis of GHB was done by gas chromatography after conversion to gamma-butyrolactone and quantitation of the latter with a flame ionization detector. The cutoff concentration of GHB in femoral blood or urine for reporting positive results was 30 mg/L. The deceased were mainly young men (86%) aged 26.5 +/- 7.2 years (mean +/- SD), and the women (14%) were about 5 years younger at 21.4 +/- 5.0 years. The mean, median, and highest concentrations of GHB in femoral blood (N = 37) were 294, 190, and 2,200 mg/L, respectively. The mean urine-to-blood ratio of GHB was 8.8, and the median was 5.2 (N = 28). In 12 cases, the concentrations of GHB in blood were negative (<30 mg/L) when the urine contained 350 mg/L on average (range 31-1,100 mg/L). Considerable poly-drug use was evident in these GHB-related deaths: ethanol (18 cases), amphetamine (12 cases), and various prescription medications (benzodizepines, opiates, and antidepressants) in other cases. Interpreting the concentrations of GHB in postmortem blood is complicated because of concomitant use of other psychoactive substances, variable degree of tolerance to centrally acting drugs, and the lack of reliable information about survival time after use of the drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fredrik C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Kugelberg
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holmgren
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eklund
authors.forename: Alan Wayne
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality; D000328:Adult; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000097:blood; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000097:blood; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000097:blood; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood* / Q000506:poisoning / Q000652:urine*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D003061:Codeine / Q000097:blood; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D006708:Homicide; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000097:blood; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000097:blood; D012978:Sodium Oxybate / Q000097:blood* / Q000506:poisoning / Q000652:urine*; D013405:Suicide; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D009022:Morphine Derivatives; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000431:Ethanol; D009020:Morphine; D012978:Sodium Oxybate; D000661:Amphetamine; C026979:6-O-monoacetylmorphine; D003061:Codeine