title: Activation of the FGF2/FGFR1 autocrine loop for cell proliferation and survival in uveal melanoma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Constitutive activation of ERK1/2 controls proliferation of uveal melanoma cells. Because an autocrine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) activation loop controls ERK1/2 activation in many cancers, this study was conducted to examine the role of the FGF/FGF receptor autocrine loop in the ERK1/2-dependent proliferation and survival of uveal melanoma cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary tumors and cell lines (OCM-1, MKT-BR, SP6.5, Mel270 and 92.1) were used to define the role of the FGF/FGFR system in human uveal melanoma. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT-staining, and apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry. Specific pharmacologic inhibitors of ERK1/2 and FGFR1, an anti-FGF2 neutralizing antibody and an antisense oligonucleotide directed against FGF2 were used to analyze signaling in the FGF/FGFR autocrine loop.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FGF1, FGF2, and their FGFR1 receptor were strongly expressed in the primary uveal melanomas. All five uveal melanoma cell lines expressed and secreted FGF2. They also expressed FGFR1. Cell proliferation was strongly reduced by the antisense oligonucleotide-mediated depletion of endogenous FGF2, immunoneutralization of secreted FGF2, and pharmacologic inhibition of FGFR1. The FGF2/FGFR1-mediated signaling pathway was identified by showing that inhibition of either FGF2 or FGFR1 reduced ERK1/2 activation, cell proliferation, and survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FGF/FGFR/ERK signaling pathway may be a target for therapeutic strategies against uveal melanoma.
authors.affiliation: Cordeliers Research Center, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris France.
authors.forename: Gaëlle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lefèvre
authors.forename: Narjes
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Babchia
authors.forename: Armelle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calipel
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mouriaux
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Faussat
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mrzyk
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mascarelli
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D019898:Autocrine Communication / Q000502:physiology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000378:metabolism; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014604:Uveal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D013873:Thionucleotides; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; C496348:FGFR1 protein, human; D051496:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; C022616:thiazolyl blue