title: Are there detrimental effects of witnessing school violence in early adolescence?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We prospectively tested the extent to which witnessing school violence predicts psychosocial and school adjustment in students while accounting for their prior psychosocial characteristics and peer victimization. We also explored the role of feelings of insecurity in explaining this relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires were administered to 1104 students (52% boys) from five high schools from the Montreal area (Quebec, Canada) at the beginning, middle, and end of seventh grade. Self report measures included sociodemographic characteristics, victimization, witnessing violence, feelings of insecurity, internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, and measures of engagement, achievement, and truancy as indicators of school adjustment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Witnessing school violence was a comparatively better predictor of subsequent externalizing problems and school adjustment than actual victimization. Conversely, relative to having experienced violence as a witness, actual victimization more reliably estimated later internalizing problems. Feelings of insecurity partially explained the development of school engagement and truancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings underscore the implications of school violence as a public health and safety issue, the consideration of witnessing as important in estimating its impact, and a comprehensive approach when developing and implementing strategies that aim to prevent this form of community violence.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychoeducation, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. michel.janosz@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janosz
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Archambault
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Pagani
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pascal
authors.forename: Alexandre J S
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bowen
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007604:Juvenile Delinquency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012574:Schools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*