title: Epstein-Barr virus episome stability is coupled to a delay in replication timing.
abstract: The temporal regulation of DNA replication is thought to be important for chromosome organization and genome stability. We show here that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes replicate in mid- to late S phase and that agents that accelerate replication timing of EBV reduce viral genome stability. Hydroxyurea (HU) treatment, which is known to eliminate EBV episomes, shifted EBV replication to earlier times in the cell cycle. HU treatment correlated with hyperacetylation of histone H3 and loss of telomere repeat factor 2 (TRF2) binding at the EBV origin of plasmid replication (OriP). Deletion of TRF2 binding sites within OriP or short hairpin RNA depletion of TRF2 advanced the replication timing of OriP-containing plasmids. Inhibitors of class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) increased histone acetylation at OriP, advanced the replication timing of EBV, and reduced EBV genome copy number. We also show that HDAC1 and -2 form a stable complex with TRF2 at OriP and that HU treatment inhibits HDAC activity. We propose that the TRF2-HDAC complex enhances EBV episome stability by providing a checkpoint that delays replication initiation at OriP.
authors.affiliation: The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lieberman
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects*; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D016679:Genome, Viral; D042822:Genomic Instability; D006367:HeLa Cells; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000494:pharmacology; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics*; D011485:Protein Binding; D018741:Replication Origin; D034501:Telomere-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D034501:Telomere-Binding Proteins; D014635:Valproic Acid; D006918:Hydroxyurea