title: Role of symmetric dimethylarginine in vascular damage by increasing ROS via store-operated calcium influx in monocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The guanidines asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), a marker of endothelial dysfunction, and its counterpart symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), considered inert, are accumulated in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The present study evaluates their effect on monocyte function, since previous data demonstrated leukocyte activation by other guanidino compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of ADMA and SDMA on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human whole blood at baseline and after N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP) stimulation was evaluated. By using the fluorescent probe Fluo3-AM, the role of changes in monocytic cytoplasmic calcium ([Ca2+]i) was studied. Thapsigargin, and removal followed by addition of extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+(ex)), was used to investigate the contribution of store-operated Ca2+-channels (SOCs). SKF96365 was used as a selective inhibitor of the SOCs. A pharmacologic intervention with captopril, known to affect Ca2+ influx, was tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SDMA enhanced ROS production in fMLP-stimulated monocytes using heparinized blood, and this effect was abolished in EDTA-anticoagulated blood. In the presence of SDMA, an increased Ca2+ entry from the extracellular milieu resulted in an elevated amplitude of the peak [Ca2+]i change triggered by fMLP. None of these effects were seen with ADMA. Depletion of the intracellular stores with thapsigargin in the absence of Ca2+(ex), followed by re-addition of Ca2+(ex) triggered a significantly larger Ca2+ entry after SDMA treatment versus saline. This effect was prevented with SKF96365, as was the SDMA-enhanced oxidative burst after fMLP. Pre-incubation with captopril also reduced the increased ROS production seen with SDMA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SDMA, a uraemic retention solute considered inert, stimulates ROS production of monocytes by acting on Ca2+ entry via SOCs. This pro-inflammatory effect may trigger vascular pathology and may be involved in altering the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in CKD.
authors.affiliation: Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Gent, Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schepers
authors.forename: Griet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Glorieux
authors.forename: Annemieke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhondt
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Leybaert
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vanholder
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002216:Captopril / Q000494:pharmacology; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019284:Thapsigargin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000925:Anticoagulants; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D015220:Calcium Channels; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007093:Imidazoles; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C024917:symmetric dimethylarginine; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; C018524:N,N-dimethylarginine; D019284:Thapsigargin; D001120:Arginine; D004492:Edetic Acid; D002216:Captopril; C063159:1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole; D002118:Calcium