title: Absorption and metabolism of cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside extracted from wild mulberry (Morus nigra L.) in rats.
abstract: The mechanism of uptake of anthocyanins (as well as the type) from food in the intestine is not clear. Anthocyanin-rich extract from wild mulberry, composed of cyanidin-3-glucoside (79%) and cyanidin-3-rutinoside (cy-3-rut) (19%), was orally administered to Wistar rats, and their concentrations were determined in plasma, kidney, and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The 2 glycosylated forms showed maximum concentration at 15 minutes after oral administration, both in plasma and kidney. The cyanidin-3-glucoside and cy-3-rut were found in plasma as glucuronides, as sulfates of cyanidin, and as unchanged forms. The area under the curve of concentration vs time (AUC(0-8h)) was 2.76 +/- 0.88 microg hour/mL and 9.74 +/- 0.75 microg hour/g for plasma and kidney, respectively. In spite of the low absorption, the increase in plasma anthocyanin level resulted in a significant increase in antioxidant capacity (P < .05). In the GI tract (stomach and small and large intestines), cyanidin glycosides were found unchanged, but a low amount of the aglycone form was present. Anthocyanin glycosides were no longer detected in the GI tract after 8 hours of administration. In vitro fermentation showed that the 2 cyanidin glycosides were totally metabolized by the rat colonic microflora, explaining their disappearance. In addition, the 2 products of their degradation, cyanidin and protocatechuic acid, were not detected in plasma and probably do not influence plasma antioxidant capacity. As found by the everted sac model, anthocyanins were transported across the enterocyte by the sodium-dependent glucose transporter.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Química, Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Alimentos, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, FCF, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Prof Lineu Prestes 580, Bloco 14, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Neuza Mariko Aymoto
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Hassimotto
authors.forename: Maria Inés
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.forename: Franco Maria
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Lajolo
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001711:Biotransformation; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D005960:Glucosides / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D031625:Morus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D051247:Sodium-Glucose Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D005960:Glucosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D051247:Sodium-Glucose Transport Proteins; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; C428983:cyanidin 3-rutinoside