title: Maternal low-protein diet or hypercholesterolemia reduces circulating essential amino acids and leads to intrauterine growth restriction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have examined maternal mechanisms for adult-onset glucose intolerance, increased adiposity, and atherosclerosis using two mouse models for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): maternal protein restriction and hypercholesterolemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  For these studies, we measured the amino acid levels in dams from two mouse models for IUGR: 1) feeding C57BL/6J dams a protein-restricted diet and 2) feeding C57BL/6J LDL receptor-null (LDLR(-/-)) dams a high-fat (Western) diet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both protein-restricted and hypercholesterolemic dams exhibited significantly decreased concentrations of the essential amino acid phenylalanine and the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. The protein-restricted diet for pregnant dams resulted in litters with significant IUGR. Protein-restricted male offspring exhibited catch-up growth by 8 weeks of age and developed increased adiposity and glucose intolerance by 32 weeks of age. LDLR(-/-) pregnant dams on a Western diet also had litters with significant IUGR. Male and female LDLR(-/-) Western-diet offspring developed significantly larger atherosclerotic lesions by 90 days compared with chow-diet offspring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In two mouse models of IUGR, we found reduced concentrations of essential amino acids in the experimental dams. This indicated that shared mechanisms may underlie the phenotypic effects of maternal hypercholesterolemia and maternal protein restriction on the offspring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kum Kum S
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Bhasin
authors.forename: Atila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Nas
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Sherin U
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Devaskar
authors.forename: Aldons J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lusis
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D000601:Amino Acids, Essential / Q000097:blood* / Q000172:deficiency; D000818:Animals; D018753:Diet, Protein-Restricted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000209:etiology*; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood*; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D000601:Amino Acids, Essential; D004041:Dietary Fats; D011973:Receptors, LDL