title: The risk of gastric cancer in patients with duodenal and gastric ulcer: research progresses and clinical implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although controversial, clinicians generally consider patients who present with gastric ulcer to have an increased risk of gastric cancer, while the risk for patients with duodenal ulcer is reduced in comparison with that of the general population. Infection with Helicobacter pylori and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the major causes for peptic ulcers, but their roles in relation to the risk of gastric cancer in patients with peptic ulcer may be different.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This article reviewed existing literature to assess our understanding of the risk of gastric cancer in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers more than 25 years after the discovery of H. pylori and also examined whether gastric ulcers induced by NSAID carry a lower risk of gastric cancer as compared to those induced by H. pylori infection or other causes.
authors.affiliation: Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, University of East Anglia, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK. Zunwu.zhang@nnuh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Zunwu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000150:complications*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000150:complications*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal