title: Carbonic anhydrase IX has chaperone-like functions and is an immunoadjuvant.
abstract: Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) is a hypoxia-regulated, transmembrane protein associated with neoplastic growth in a large spectrum of human tumors. CA9 is expressed in nearly all clear-cell renal tumors; levels of CA9 expression predict prognosis and response to interleukin-2 therapy. These observations may be explained by a novel chaperone-like function of CA9, which allows it to serve as an immunoadjuvant and stimulate an adaptive immune response against tumor antigens. Classic heat shock proteins (HSP) such as HSP110 and HSP70 are up-regulated in response to cellular stress and function to protect intracellular proteins from aggregation. Similarly, CA9 formed complexes with client proteins and inhibited heat-induced aggregation and enabled refolding of denatured client protein. HSP released from injured cells activate an immune response. CA9 bound dendritic cells in a receptor-specific manner. Bound CA9 was internalized by dendritic cells and processed primarily through the proteosomal pathway. In a murine melanoma model, a complex of CA9 and gp100 generated a gp100-specific antitumor response. A soluble form of CA9 shed from tumor cells had the same chaperone-like functions, providing renal tumors and hypoxic cells with a mechanism for stimulating an immune response against extracellular antigens. Interleukin-2 treatment of patient renal tumors in short-term culture increased CA9 shedding, suggesting a strategy for augmenting the immunogenicity of renal tumors. CA9 has chaperone-like functions and CA9 shed from tumors may play a direct role in stimulating an adaptive immune response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiang-Yang
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Subjeck
authors.forename: Hyung L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D050957:HSP110 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D050957:HSP110 Heat-Shock Proteins; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; C089226:CA9 protein, human; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases