title: Stepping responses of infants with myelomeningocele when supported on a motorized treadmill.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infants with myelomeningocele (MMC) have difficulty with, and show delays in, acquiring functional skills, such as walking. This study examined whether infants with MMC will respond to treadmill practice by producing stepping patterns or at least motor activity during the first year after birth. This study also compared the stepping trajectories of infants with MMC across age with those of infants with typical development (TD) to analyze the characteristics of the development of stepping patterns in infants with MMC early in life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve infants with MMC (lumbar and sacral lesions) and 12 infants with TD were the participants in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The infants were tested on a treadmill at ages 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, with no treadmill practice between test sessions. Infants were supported on the treadmill for twelve 20-second trials. A digital camera and behavior coding were used to determine step rate, interlimb stepping patterns, step parameters, and motor activity level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treadmill practice elicited steps in infants with MMC (14.4 steps/minute during the year) but less so than in infants with TD (40.8 steps/minute). Responsiveness was affected by lesion level but varied markedly among infants. Interlimb stepping was less readily alternating, but step parameters were similar to those produced by their peers with TD. Finally, holding infants with MMC on a moving treadmill resulted in greater motor activity (17% during the year) than holding infants on a nonmoving treadmill.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infants with MMC responded to the treadmill by stepping (but less so than infants with TD) and showing increased motor activity, but they demonstrated a different developmental trajectory. Future studies are needed to explore the impact of enhancing sensory input during treadmill practice to optimize responses in infants with MMC.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Neuromotor Control Laboratory, Division of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2214, USA. cteulier@umich.edu
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Teulier
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Chia-Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moerchen
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murazko
authors.forename: Beverly D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Ulrich
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007866:Leg; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D012447:Sacrum