title: Proprioception and muscle torque deficits in children with hypermobility syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sensorimotor deficits such as impaired joint proprioception and muscle weakness have been found in association with hypermobility syndrome (HMS) in adults. HMS is more common in children than adults, yet such deficits have not been adequately investigated in paediatric populations. It is therefore uncertain as to what sensorimotor deficits are present in children with HMS. This study investigated knee joint proprioception and muscle torque in healthy children and those with HMS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven healthy children (mean age +/- s.d. = 11.5 +/- 2.6 yrs) and 29 children with HMS (mean age +/- s.d. = 11.9 +/- 1.8 yrs) participated in this study. Knee joint kinaesthesia (JK) and joint position sense (JPS) were measured, with the absolute angular error (AAE) calculated as the absolute difference between the target and perceived angles. Knee extensor and flexor muscle torque was assessed and normalized to body mass. Mann-Whitney U-tests were performed to compare JK, JPS and muscle torque between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with HMS had significantly poorer JK and JPS compared with the controls (both P < 0.001). Knee extensor and flexor muscle torque was also significantly reduced (both P < 0.001) in children with HMS compared with their healthy counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study demonstrated that knee joint proprioception was impaired in children with HMS. They also had weaker knee extensor and flexor muscles than healthy controls. Clinicians should be aware of these identified deficits in children with HMS, and a programme of proprioceptive training and muscle strengthening may be indicated.
authors.affiliation: Professional Registration Department, School of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Elizabeth Gaskell Campus, Hathersage Road, Manchester M130JA, UK. f.fatoye@mmu.ac.uk
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fatoye
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Macmillan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Linden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D018908:Muscle Weakness; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D019415:Torque