title: The role of cation binding in determining substrate selectivity of glutamate transporters.
abstract: Glutamate transport is coupled to the co-transport of 3Na(+) and 1H(+) and the countertransport of 1 K(+). However, the mechanism of how this process occurs is not well understood. The crystal structure of an archaeal homolog of the human glutamate transporters, Glt(Ph), has provided the framework to begin to understand the mechanism of transport. The glutamate transporter EAAT2 is different from other subtypes in two respects. First, Li(+) cannot support transport by EAAT2, whereas it can support transport by the other excitatory amino acid transporters, and second, EAAT2 is sensitive to a wider range of blockers than other subtypes. We have investigated the relationship between the cation driving transport and whether the glutamate analogues, l-anti-endo-3,4-methanopyrrolidine-dicarboxylic acid (MPDC) and (2S,4R)-4-methylglutamate (4MG), are substrates or blockers of transport. We have also investigated the molecular basis for these differences. EAAT2 has a Ser residue at position 441 with hairpin loop 2, whereas the corresponding residue in EAAT1 is a Gly residue. We demonstrate that if the transporter has a Ser residue at this position, then 4MG and MPDC are poor substrates in Na(+), and Li(+) cannot support transport of any substrate. Conversely, if the transporter has a Gly residue at this position, then in Na(+) 4MG and MPDC are substrates with efficacy comparable with glutamate, but in Li(+) 4MG and MPDC are poor substrates relative to glutamate. This Ser/Gly residue is located between the bound substrate and one of the cation binding sites, which provides an explanation for the coupling of substrate and cation binding.
authors.affiliation: Transporter Biology Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Shiwei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Renae M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Vandenberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000502:physiology; D002414:Cations, Monovalent / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D027341:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D027342:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2; D050491:Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008094:Lithium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000502:physiology; D013379:Substrate Specificity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D002414:Cations, Monovalent; D027341:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1; D027342:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2; D050491:Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; C493397:SLC1A2 protein, human; C493394:SLC1A3 protein, human; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D008094:Lithium