title: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for malfunction in previously shunted infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The usage of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) as an alternative to shunt revision in the management of shunt malfunction is gaining popularity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We review the clinical data of 45 patients who underwent ETV because of ventriculopritoneal shunt malfunction at Hacettepe University School of Medicine Department of Neurosurgery between January 2002 and August 2007. Medical records of the patients were retrospectively studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male-to-female ratio was 23/22. The cause of the hydrocephalus was aqueduct stenosis in 21 (46.9%) patients, newborn meningitis in nine (20%) patients, tumor in six (13.3%) patients, newborn intraventricular hemorrhage in four (8.8%) patients, myelomeningocele in three (6.6%), and trauma in two (2.2%) patients. Of the patients, 27 (60%) had triventricular and 18 (40%) had tetraventricular hydrocephalus at their radiologic evaluation. On admission, all patients had at least one episode of shunt dysfunction prior to ETV. Follow-up duration after surgery was 1-5 years (mean 2.46 +/- 1.64 years). Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid flow studies using the cine-PC MR imaging were performed on all patients. The overall success rate for ETV after shunt malfunction was 80% with 36 patients and failure rate was 20% with nine patients. All of these nine patients had undergone shunt insertion within 10 days-1 month after unsuccessful ETV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic third ventriculostomy is an effective treatment for shunt malfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. burcak@tr.net
authors.forename: Burçak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bilginer
authors.forename: Kader Karli
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Oguz
authors.forename: Nejat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akalan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020542:Third Ventricle / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult