title: Descriptions of the lower limb skeleton of Homo floresiensis.
abstract: Bones of the lower extremity have been recovered for up to nine different individuals of Homo floresiensis - LB1, LB4, LB6, LB8, LB9, LB10, LB11, LB13, and LB14. LB1 is represented by a bony pelvis (damaged but now repaired), femora, tibiae, fibulae, patellae, and numerous foot bones. LB4/2 is an immature right tibia lacking epiphyses. LB6 includes a fragmentary metatarsal and two pedal phalanges. LB8 is a nearly complete right tibia (shorter than that of LB1). LB9 is a fragment of a hominin femoral diaphysis. LB10 is a proximal hallucal phalanx. LB11 includes pelvic fragments and a fragmentary metatarsal. LB13 is a patellar fragment, and LB14 is a fragment of an acetabulum. All skeletal remains recovered from Liang Bua were extremely fragile, and some were badly damaged when they were removed temporarily from Jakarta. At present, virtually all fossil materials have been returned, stabilized, and hardened. These skeletal remains are described and illustrated photographically. The lower limb skeleton exhibits a uniquely mosaic pattern, with many primitive-like morphologies; we have been unable to find this combination of ancient and derived (more human-like) features in either healthy or pathological modern humans, regardless of body size. Bilateral asymmetries are slight in the postcranium, and muscle markings are clearly delineated on all bones. The long bones are robust, and the thickness of their cortices is well within the ranges seen in healthy modern humans. LB1 is most probably a female based on the shape of her greater sciatic notch, and the marked degree of lateral iliac flaring recalls that seen in australopithecines such as "Lucy" (AL 288-1). The metatarsus has a human-like robusticity formula, but the proximal pedal phalanges are relatively long and robust (and slightly curved). The hallux is fully adducted, but we suspect that a medial longitudinal arch was absent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University Medical Center, NY 11794-8081, USA. williamjungers@yahoo.com
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Jungers
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Harcourt-Smith
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Morwood
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sutikna
authors.forename: Rokhus
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Due Awe
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Djubiantono
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050281:Bones of Lower Extremity / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005580:Fossils; D015186:Hominidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000145:classification; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia