title: Use of blood-pressure-lowering medication and risk of prostate cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between use of anti-hypertensive drugs and prostate cancer incidence among 48,389 men in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proportional hazards models were used to calculate rate ratios (RR) for use of Beta-Blockers (BBs), Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs), and ACE Inhibitors (ACE) and incident prostate cancer in time-dependent analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During follow-up from 1997 to 2005, we identified 3,031 cases of incident prostate cancer. Anti-hypertensive use was associated with slightly decreased risk of all (RR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.83-0.98) and organ-confined low-grade prostate cancer (RR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.81-0.99), but was not statistically significantly associated with aggressive-fatal prostate cancer (RR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.79-1.10). BB and ACE inhibitor treatment was associated with an approximately 10% lower risk for all prostate cancer in models adjusted for age and race. These associations were attenuated and lost statistical significance when adjusted for history of heart disease. No trend with duration of use was detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results do not support the hypothesis that anti-hypertensive medication is strongly associated with risk of prostate cancer. Confounding by concurrent illness may explain inverse associations seen in other studies.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, 250 Williams Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Anusila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deka
authors.forename: Alpa V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Elizabeth B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Bain
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thun
authors.forename: Eugenia E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Calle
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents