title: Cerebrospinal s100-B: a potential marker for progressive intracranial hemorrhage in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with cerebrovascular dysfunction and changes of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Although knowledge about the function of the BBB would be of high interest, non-invasive neurodiagnostic tools are still lacking. In this context it has been shown, that the astrocytic protein S100-B is a significant parameter for neuronal damage. However, there is only poor knowledge about the dynamics of S100-B in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of patients with severe TBI. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze intrathecal and systemic concentrations of S100-B in patients with severe TBI in correlation to the development of progressive intracranial hemorrhage (PIH) as well as to the CSF/serum albumin ratio (Q subsetalb), as functional parameter of the BBB.
  
  
  METHODS
  In patients, suffering from severe TBI (GCS =or<8pts) and respectively healthy control patients, albumin for calculating the CSF/serum albumin ratio (Q subsetalb) as well as S100-B protein were analyzed in CSF and serum. Samples were collected immediately after placement of a ventricular catheter and 12h, 24h, 48 h and 72 h after TBI. S100-B was quantified using Elecsys S-100 superset assay (Roche superset Diagnostics; Mannheim, Germany). Volume measurements of focal mass lesions based on CT images taken during the first 72 h after TBI were obtained according to the Cavalieri's Direct Estimator method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  21 TBI-patients and respectively 10 healthy controls were enrolled. In patients exhibiting a mean ICP >15 mmHg (n = 15) CSF levels of S100-B were significantly increased on admission (819 +/- 78 pg/ml) compared to patients with ICP =or<15 mmHg (n = 6, 175 +/- 12 pg/ml) as well as to the control group (n = 10, 0.8 +/- 0.09 pg/ml). In the group with ICP >15 mmHg 8 patients developed PIH A positive correlation was found between CSF S100-B and ICP (r2 = 0.925, p<0.001). Furthermore a positive correlation between serum S100-B and Q subsetalb was found for each sampling point (r superset2 = 0.793, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cerebrospinal and serum concentration of S100-B in patients with severe TBI was evaluated. Monitoring cerebrospinal S100-B might help to prospectively identify patients with PIH.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Sportorthopädie, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Conollystrasse 32, 80809 München, Germany. Chlodwig.Kirchhoff@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Chlodwig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kirchhoff
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buhmann
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Braunstein
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Leidel
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kreimeier
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mutschler
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Biberthaler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D004234:Diuretics, Osmotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020198:Intracranial Hemorrhage, Traumatic / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008297:Male; D008353:Mannitol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004234:Diuretics, Osmotic; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; D008353:Mannitol