title: Poly-L-lactic acid injection for HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy: treatment principles, case studies, and literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most HIV-positive patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy develop facial lipoatrophy soon after commencing treatment. Attempts to correct lipoatrophy through autologous fat transfer or the use of temporary, semipermanent, or permanent fillers have achieved some benefits, but either do not have lasting effects, do not treat some areas effectively, or have other disadvantages.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article is to outline the treatment principles for use of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) in HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy since its emergence in 1999 and review the relevant literature, with particular emphasis on investigations of the incidence of subcutaneous papule formation after PLLA treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The principles of treating facial lipoatrophy with PLLA, including product preparation, patient preparation, and injection technique, are reviewed. Two case studies and results are presented as typical examples of treatment and results. A literature discussion focuses on changes in the incidence of papule formation after PLLA treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the representative cases presented, 2 white men in their forties with facial lipoatrophy who had been HIV-positive for more than 10 years received 2 vials of PLLA in each of 5 treatments spaced 4 weeks apart. Results are shown 4 weeks after the final treatment. No papules were reported in the 12-month follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early investigations of PLLA for the treatment of HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy reported a significantly high incidence of subcutaneous papule formation. As experience with PLLA has increased, the incidence of papule formation has dropped dramatically. The proper dilution, adequate hydration time, proper placement of the product, sufficient intervals between treatments, and posttreatment massage all have contributed to this decrease.
authors.affiliation: lisackates@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Lisa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Kates
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D005145:Face; D039682:HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007271:Injections, Intradermal; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D019344:Lactic Acid; C033616:poly(lactide)