title: The expression and distribution of deoxyribonucleic acid repair and apoptosis markers in testicular germ cells of infertile varicocele patients resembles that of old fertile men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the expression and distribution of DNA damage repair and apoptosis marker proteins in human testicular germ cells of infertile varicocele patients; and to compare the expression and distribution with that of young and old fertile men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic institutions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Testicular specimens were obtained from 8 infertile varicocele patients aged 20-30 years and from 16 fertile volunteers aged 20-82 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Testicular germ cell DNA repair markers were assessed using immunohistochemical staining for the cell proliferation marker (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), DNA repair markers [poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), poly(ADP-ribose), X-ray repair cross-complementing 1, and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1], and apoptosis markers (caspase 9, active caspase 3, and cleaved PARP-1).
  
  
  METHODS
  The prevalence and cellular localization of the above markers in testicular tissues of varicocele patients and fertile men of varying ages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant differences in DNA damage repair-associated proteins and apoptosis markers were observed in infertile men with varicocele compared with fertile young men. Old fertile men showed similar expression of the same markers when compared with infertile varicocele patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates that there is an increase in human testicular germ cell DNA repair and apoptosis in infertile varicocele patients and that their profile resembles that of premature aging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Andrology, Al-Minya Faculty of Medicine, Al-Minya, Egypt.
authors.forename: Moetaz M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: El-Domyati
authors.forename: Abo-Bakr M
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Al-Din
authors.forename: Manal T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Barakat
authors.forename: Hasan M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: El-Fakahany
authors.forename: Stanton
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honig
authors.forename: Jiasen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Denny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sakkas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019588:Aging, Premature / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D013087:Spermatids / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D013090:Spermatocytes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology*; D014646:Varicocele / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C499320:PARP1 protein, human; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C506433:CASP9 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9