title: Inhibition of COX-2 and activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma synergistically inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human pancreatic carcinoma cells.
abstract: Although inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) or activation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) leads to growth inhibition in malignancies, the synergistic anti-tumor effects of combination of COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398) and PPAR-gamma agonist (rosiglitazone) on the human pancreatic cancer cells remains unknown. Here, we evaluated the effects of NS-398 and/or rosiglitazone on the cell proliferation and apoptosis in a pancreatic cancer cell line, SW1990. NS-398 and rosiglitazone decreased cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling index significantly decreased in the cells treated with either NS-398 or rosiglitazone. Both NS-398 and rosiglitazone alone induced apoptotic cell death of SW1990. The combination of NS-398 and rosiglitazone exerted synergistic effects on proliferation inhibition, and apoptosis induction in SW1990 cells, with down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax expression. Our results indicate that simultaneous targeting of COX-2 and PPAR-gamma inhibits pancreatic cancer development more effectively than targeting each molecule alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China. weihaosun@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Wei-Hao
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Guo-Sheng
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xi-Long
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Hai-Chen
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Yi-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Su-Ming
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Qin-Shi
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Guo-Xian
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001483:Base Sequence; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000187:drug effects*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009578:Nitrobenzenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000819:agonists*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D017931:DNA Primers; D009578:Nitrobenzenes; D047495:PPAR gamma; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D013449:Sulfonamides; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; C080955:N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2