title: Does smoking status affect multidisciplinary pain facility treatment outcome?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smoking may be a major problem in chronic low back pain (LBP) patients. The goal of this study was to determine whether smoking status affected multidisciplinary pain facility treatment outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a grant study, chronic LBP patients identified themselves as either current smokers (N = 81) or current nonsmokers (N = 140), and were compared by chi-square for employment status at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months after multidisciplinary pain facility treatment. Smokers who were unemployed at each time interval were then compared with employed smokers for a large number of assessment scales and clinical variables of interest by chi-square or Student's t-test. The significant independent variables from these analyses were then utilized in a logistic regression to determine predictors for smoker nonemployment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain facility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current smokers were less likely to be employed at each follow-up time point. Pain levels over the previous 24 hours predicted employment status for current smokers at 1-, 12-, and 24-month follow-up, while worker compensation status predicted employment status at 6 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current smoking status appears to be associated with poorer treatment outcome after multidisciplinary pain facility treatment. Return to work within smokers is predicted by pain and worker compensation status. Pain facilities should target current smokers with significant perceived pain for close treatment monitoring in an attempt to improve treatment outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Miller School of Medicine at University of Miami, Florida 33136, USA. d.fishbain@miami.edu
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Fishbain
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cutler
authors.forename: Brandly
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steele Rosomoff
authors.forename: Hubert L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Rosomoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004651:Employment; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018710:Pain Clinics; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014942:Workers' Compensation; D055815:Young Adult