title: Biodegradation of different synthetic hydrogels made of polyethylene glycol hydrogel/RGD-peptide modifications: an immunohistochemical study in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to investigate the pattern of biodegradation of different polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel/RGD-peptide modifications in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two different hydrogels were employed: (i) a combination of four-arm PEG-thiol, M(n)=2.3 kDa, and eight-arm PEG-acrylate, M(n)=2.3 kDa (PEG1); and (ii) a combination of four-arm PEG-thiol, M(n)=2.3 kDa, and four-arm PEG-acrylate, M(n)=15 kDa (PEG2). Both PEG1 and PEG2 were either used alone or combined with a nine amino acid cys-RGD peptide (RGD). A non-cross-linked porcine type I and III collagen membrane [BioGide (BG)] served as control. Specimens were randomly allocated in unconnected subcutaneous pouches separated surgically on the back of 60 wistar rats, which were divided into six groups (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks). Specimens were prepared for histological (tissue integration, foreign body reactions, biodegradation) and immunohistochemical (angiogenesis) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All materials investigated revealed unimpeded and comparable tissue integration without any signs of foreign body reactions. While BG exhibited transmembraneous blood vessel formation at 1 week, all PEG specimens were just surrounded by a well-vascularized connective tissue. The hydrolytic disruption of PEG1 and PEG1/RGD specimens was associated with an ingrowth of blood vessels at 4 weeks. Biodegradation times were highest for PEG1 (24 weeks)>PEG1/RGD (16 weeks)>BG (4 weeks)>PEG2=PEG2/RGD (2 weeks).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limits of the present study, it was concluded that (i) all materials investigated revealed a high biocompatibility and tissue integration, and (ii) hydrogel biodegradation was dependent on PEG composition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herten
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rothamel
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Golubovic
authors.forename: Aart
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molenberg
authors.forename: Christoph H F
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hämmerle
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schwarz
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000737:chemistry; D024061:Collagen Type III / Q000737:chemistry; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate / Q000737:chemistry*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000737:chemistry*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D012995:Solubility; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000473:pathology; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C106416:Bio-Gide; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D024042:Collagen Type I; D024061:Collagen Type III; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009842:Oligopeptides; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; C047981:arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid; D003094:Collagen