title: The biosynthetic gene cluster of zorbamycin, a member of the bleomycin family of antitumor antibiotics, from Streptomyces flavoviridis ATCC 21892.
abstract: The biosynthetic gene cluster for the glycopeptide-derived antitumor antibiotic zorbamycin (ZBM) was cloned by screening a cosmid library of Streptomyces flavoviridis ATCC 21892. Sequence analysis revealed 40 ORFs belonging to the ZBM biosynthetic gene cluster. However, only 23 and 22 ORFs showed striking similarities to the biosynthetic gene clusters for the bleomycins (BLMs) and tallysomycins (TLMs), respectively; the remaining ORFs do not show significant homology to ORFs from the related BLM and TLM clusters. The ZBM gene cluster consists of 16 nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes encoding eight complete NRPS modules, three incomplete didomain NRPS modules, and eight freestanding single NRPS domains or associated enzymes, a polyketide synthase (PKS) gene encoding one PKS module, six sugar biosynthesis genes, as well as genes encoding other biosynthesis and resistance proteins. A genetic system using Escherichia coli-Streptomyces flavoviridis intergeneric conjugation was developed to enable ZBM gene cluster boundary determinations and biosynthetic pathway manipulations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Galm
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wendt-Pienkowski
authors.forename: Liyan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Nicholas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Tae-Jin
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Meifeng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Coughlin
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000145:classification; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000145:classification*; D006020:Glycopeptides / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015394:Molecular Structure; D005810:Multigene Family / Q000235:genetics*; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D006020:Glycopeptides; D001761:Bleomycin; C003787:zorbamycin