title: C-reactive protein and 5-year survival in type 2 diabetes: the Casale Monferrato Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine to what extent plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) values influence 5-year all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetic individuals, independently of albumin excretion rate (AER) and other cardiovascular risk factors, and its incremental usefulness for predicting individual risk of mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements of CRP were performed in 2,381 of 3,249 (73.3%) subjects as part of the population-based Casale Monferrato Study. Its association with 5-year all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was assessed with multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling. The C statistic and measures of calibration and global fit were also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results are based on 496 deaths in 11.717 person-years of observations (median follow-up 5.4 years). With respect to subjects with CRP < or =3 mg/l, those with higher values had an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.51 (95% CI 1.18-1.92) for all-cause mortality and 1.44 (0.99-2.08) for cardiovascular mortality. In normoalbuminuric subjects, respective HRs of CRP were 1.56 (1.13-2.15) and 1.65 (1.00-2.74), AER being neither a modifier nor a confounder of CRP association. In analysis limited to diabetic subjects without cardiovascular disease (CVD), adjusted HRs were 1.67 (1.24-2.24) for all-cause mortality and 1.36 (0.83-2.24) for cardiovascular mortality. The improvement in individual risk assessment was marginal when measured with various statistical measures of model discrimination, calibration, and global fit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CRP measurement is independently associated with short-term mortality risk in type 2 diabetic individuals, even in normoalbuminuric subjects and in those without a previous diagnosis of CVD. Its clinical usefulness in individual assessment of 5-year risk of mortality, however, is limited.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Torino, Italy. graziella.bruno@unito.it
authors.forename: Graziella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fornengo
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Novelli
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Panero
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perotto
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Segre
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zucco
authors.forename: PierCarlo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deambrogio
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bargero
authors.forename: Paolo Cavallo
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Perin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D017741:Survivors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin