title: Maternal depression and neurobehavior in newborns prenatally exposed to methamphetamine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of maternal depression on neonatal neurodevelopment in MA exposed neonates have not been well characterized.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the neurobehavioral effects of maternal depressive symptoms on neonates exposed and not exposed to methamphetamine (MA) using the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The purpose of the IDEAL study is to determine the effects of prenatal MA exposure on child outcome. IDEAL screened 13,808 subjects, 1632 were eligible and consented and 176 mothers were enrolled. Only biological mothers with custody of their child at the one-month visit (n=50 MA; n=86 comparison) had the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) administered. The NNNS was administered to the neonate by an examiner blinded to MA exposure within the first five days of life. General Linear Models tested the effects of maternal depression and prenatal MA exposure on NNNS outcomes, with and without covariates. Significance was accepted at p<.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for covariates, regardless of exposure status, maternal depressive symptoms were associated with lower handling and arousal scores, elevated physiological stress scores and an increased incidence of hypotonicity. When adjusting for covariates, MA exposure was associated with lower arousal and higher lethargy scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal depressive symptoms are associated with neurodevelopmental patterns of decreased arousal and increased stress. Prenatal MA exposure combined with maternal depression was not associated with any additional neonatal neurodevelopmental differences.
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles Biomedical Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USA.
authors.forename: Monica S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Paz
authors.forename: Lynne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Linda L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: LaGasse
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Derauf
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Rizwan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arria
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huestis
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haning
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: Sheri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Della Grotta
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Barry M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Lester
mesh_terms: D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D003863:Depression / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000523:psychology*; D053609:Lethargy / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D008694:Methamphetamine