title: Immune defects in breast cancer patients after radiotherapy.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immune status of women with stage I-III breast cancer after receiving external beam radiotherapy (RT). Fourteen stage I-III, estrogen or progesterone receptor-positive or-negative (FER/PR +\-), postsurgical breast cancer patients undergoing a standard course of chemotherapy and radiation were studied. Complete blood counts (CBC) with differential, phagocytic activity, natural killer (NK) cell functional activity, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma cytokine activity were measured immediately before and for the six weeks following the completion of radiation therapy. Fatigue levels after completion of RT were measured using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue scale. Nonparametric statistical methods (Wilcoxon rank and Spearman correlations) were used to analyze the data. Compared with postchemotherapy, following the completion of RT, these breast cancer patients showed lymphopenia, low functional activity of natural killer lymphocytes, decreased monocyte phagocytic activity, and decreased TNF-alpha production but no neutropenia, no anemia, and no change in interferon-gamma production. Lymphocyte count did not return to normal by the end of the 6-week post-RT observation period. The severity of lymphopenia and low natural killer cell activity was related to RT area but not radiation dose. Patients did not report significant fatigue levels for the 6 weeks after completing RT. Significant decreases in the numbers and functions of cells from both the innate and adaptive immune system were detected following a standard course of radiation therapy for the treatment of breast cancer. Immune deficits in lymphocyte populations and TNF-alpha production, should they persist, may have consequences for immune response to residual or recurrent malignancy following completion of conventional treatment. The use of adjunctive immune therapies which target these specific defects may be warranted in the post-treatment period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Bastyr University, Kenmore, WA 98028, USA. ljs@bastyr.edu
authors.forename: Leanna J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Standish
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torkelson
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Hamill
authors.forename: Daesong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hill-Force
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Sandi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schildt
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sweet
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Wenner
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Martzen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016207:Cytokines; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000528:radiation effects; D008231:Lymphopenia / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010586:Phagocytes / Q000528:radiation effects; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha