title: The use of gamma-irradiation and ultraviolet-irradiation in the preparation of human melanoma cells for use in autologous whole-cell vaccines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human cancer vaccines incorporating autologous tumor cells carry a risk of implantation and subsequent metastasis of viable tumor cells into the patient who is being treated. Despite the fact that the melanoma cell preparations used in a recent vaccine trial (Mel37) were gamma-irradiated (200 Gy), approximately 25% of the preparations failed quality control release criteria which required that the irradiated cells incorporate 3H-thymidine at no more than 5% the level seen in the non-irradiated cells. We have, therefore, investigated ultraviolet (UV)-irradiation as a possible adjunct to, or replacement for gamma-irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Melanoma cells were gamma- and/or UV-irradiated. 3H-thymidine uptake was used to assess proliferation of the treated and untreated cells. Caspase-3 activity and DNA fragmentation were measured as indicators of apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis was used to assess antigen expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  UV-irradiation, either alone or in combination with gamma-irradiation, proved to be extremely effective in controlling the proliferation of melanoma cells. In contrast to gamma-irradiation, UV-irradiation was also capable of inducing significant levels of apoptosis. UV-irradiation, but not gamma-irradiation, was associated with the loss of tyrosinase expression. Neither form of radiation affected the expression of gp100, MART-1/MelanA, or S100.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that UV-irradiation may increase the safety of autologous melanoma vaccines, although it may do so at the expense of altering the antigenic profile of the irradiated tumor cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. dmh9q@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Donna H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Deacon
authors.forename: Kevin T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.forename: Erin M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Chianese-Bullock
authors.forename: Chadrick E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Denlinger
authors.forename: Andrea R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Czarkowski
authors.forename: Randy S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Schrecengost
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Teague
authors.forename: Craig L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Slingluff
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000528:radiation effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000528:radiation effects; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008545:Melanoma / Q000628:therapy*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines