title: Digital rectal examination, serum prostatic specific antigen or transrectal ultrasonography: the best tool to guide the treatment of men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Benign prostatic hyperplasia can be considered a progressive disease, and identifying men with progressive disease could have a significant impact on the decision to choose the different therapeutic options. Numerous pieces of evidence demonstrate the impact of the prostate volume on the disease progression. It has been accepted that digital rectal examination, serum prostatic specific antigen and transrectal prostate ultrasound are the available tools for the prostate volume estimation. This review examines the updated information on these tools for their guidance in the benign prostatic hyperplasia management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Digital rectal examination is unreliable in assessing the prostate volume; however, it is still important to use it to rule out prostate cancer or neurological problems. Prostatic specific antigens should be recommended as a part of patient evaluation because of their impact on the prediction of disease progression. Transrectal prostate ultrasound may be the best tool in the estimation of the exact prostate size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerous pieces of evidence have clearly demonstrated the impact of the prostate volume on the disease progression. Digital rectal examination seems to be good at identifying very large prostate. Prostatic specific antigen is the best tool for predicting disease progression and guiding the therapeutic options. For surgical guidance, transrectal prostate ultrasound is the useful tool available for the exact prostate volume estimation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. kittinutk@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Kittinut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kijvikai
mesh_terms: D051517:Digital Rectal Examination; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen