title: The N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix of viperin mediates localization to the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum and inhibits protein secretion.
abstract: Viperin is an evolutionarily conserved interferon-inducible protein that localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and inhibits a number of DNA and RNA viruses. In this study, we report that viperin specifically localizes to the cytoplasmic face of the ER and that an amphipathic alpha-helix at its N terminus is necessary for the ER localization of viperin and sufficient to promote ER localization of a reporter protein, dsRed. Overexpression of intact viperin but not the amphipathic alpha-helix fused to dsRed induced crystalloid ER. Consistent with other proteins that induce crystalloid ER, viperin self-associates, and it does so independently of the amphipathic alpha-helix. Viperin expression also affected the transport of soluble but not membrane-associated proteins. Expression of intact viperin or an N-terminal alpha-helix-dsRed fusion protein significantly reduced secretion of soluble alkaline phosphatase and reduced its rate of ER-to-Golgi trafficking. Similarly, viperin expression inhibited bulk protein secretion and secretion of endogenous alpha(1)-antitrypsin and serum albumin from HepG2 cells. Converting hydrophobic residues in the N-terminal alpha-helix to acidic residues partially or completely restored normal transport of soluble alkaline phosphatase, suggesting that the extended amphipathic nature of the N-terminal alpha-helical domain is essential for inhibiting protein secretion.
authors.affiliation: Section of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011, USA.
authors.forename: Ella R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Hinson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cresswell
mesh_terms: D004267:DNA Viruses / Q000378:metabolism; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006056:Golgi Apparatus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; D017433:Protein Structure, Secondary / Q000502:physiology; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000235:genetics; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012328:RNA Viruses / Q000378:metabolism; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000090123:Viperin Protein
chemical_list: D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; D011506:Proteins; D012709:Serum Albumin; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; C444427:RSAD2 protein, human; D000090123:Viperin Protein