title: Deficiency of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form oxidase enhances hepatocellular injury but attenuates fibrosis after chronic carbon tetrachloride administration.
abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate hepatic stellate cells and enhance fibrogenesis. This study determined the role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH) oxidase deficiency in the development of hepatocellular necrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis in relation to fibrosis produced by chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) administration. Wild-type (WT) mice or mice with deficiency of the gp91(phox) subunit of NADPH complex (gp91(phox(-/-) )) were subjected to biweekly CCl(4) injections over 8 weeks, whereas controls were given isovolumetric injections of olive oil. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was higher after CCl(4) administration in gp91(phox(-/-) ) than in WT mice, correlating with increased necrosis on liver histology. By contrast, more hepatocyte apoptosis was found after CCl(4) in the WT than in the gp91(phox(-/-) ) mice, which was associated with changes in components of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, namely, an increase in the pro-apoptotic BAX protein in the WT, but not in the gp91(phox(-/-) ) mice and also a lower cytosolic cytochrome c in the gp91(phox(-/-) ) mice. There were fewer stellate cells and less fibrosis after CCl(4) in the gp91(phox(-/-) ) as compared with the WT mice. The increase in alpha(1)(I) collagen messenger RNA (mRNA), however, was greater after CCl(4) in the gp91(phox(-/-) ) mice. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 mRNA increased more in the gp91(phox(-/-) ) than in WT mice after CCl(4.) Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) and TIMP-2 increased after CCl(4) only in the gp91(phox(-/-) ) mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased hepatic fibrosis after chronic CCl(4) administration in mice with NADPH oxidase deficiency occurs in the setting of greater necrosis and inflammation but decreased apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Ghazaleh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aram
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.forename: Xiaopu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Torbenson
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mezey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009336:Necrosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; C488842:Cybb protein, mouse; D000074662:NADPH Oxidase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9