title: Sex-specific differences in fetal germ cell apoptosis induced by ionizing radiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously shown that male human fetal germ cells are highly radiosensitive and that their death depends on p53 activation. Male germ cell apoptosis was initiated with doses as low as 0.1 Gy and was prevented by pifithrin alpha, a p53 inhibitor. In this study, we investigated the radiosensitivity of early female and male fetal proliferating germ cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both male and female fetal germ cells displayed a similar number of gamma H2AX foci in response to ionizing radiation (IR). In organ culture of human fetal ovaries, the germ cells underwent apoptosis only when exposed to high doses of IR (1.5 Gy and above). Accumulation of p53 was detected in irradiated male human fetal germ cells but not in female ones. Inhibition of p53 with pifithrin alpha did not affect oogonia apoptosis following irradiation. IR induced apoptosis similarly in mouse fetal ovaries in organ culture and in vivo during oogonial proliferation. Germ cell survival in testes from p53 knockout or p63 knockout mice exposed to IR was better than wild-type, whereas female germ cell survival was unaffected by p53 or p63 knockout.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show that pre-meiotic male and female fetal germ cells behave differently in response to a genotoxic stress--irradiation--with oogonia being less sensitive and undergoing p53-independent apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: CEA, DSV/DRR/SEGG/LDRG, Laboratory of Differentiation and Radiobiology of the Gonads, Unit of Gametogenesis and Genotoxicity, F-92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Justine
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Guerquin
authors.forename: Clotilde
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duquenne
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Coffigny
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rouiller-Fabre
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lambrot
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakalska
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frydman
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Habert
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Livera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D016158:Genes, p53; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D012737:Sex Factors; D014050:Toluene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D052160:Benzothiazoles; C468783:H2AX protein, human; D006657:Histones; D014050:Toluene; C121565:pifithrin