title: Evaluation of risk factors associated with suture-nidus cystoliths in dogs and cats: 176 cases (1999-2006).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize and evaluate risk factors for suture-associated cystoliths in dogs and cats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case-control study. Animals-163 dogs and 13 cats with suture-associated cystoliths and 326 control dogs and 26 control cats with non-suture-associated cystoliths.
  
  
  METHODS
  Submissions to the Canadian Veterinary Urolith Centre received from 1999 to 2006 were reviewed. Case dogs and cats had cystoliths associated with visible suture or with hollow, cylindrical channels or suture knot impressions consistent with dissolved suture. Control dogs and cats had at least a single recurrent non-suture-associated cystolith submitted closest in time to the sample case. Associations among cystolith composition, recurrence times, sex, age, and breed were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cases consisted of 92 dogs and 7 cats with visible suture and 71 dogs and 6 cats with dissolved suture. Suture-associated cystoliths represented 0.6% of canine cystoliths, 9.4% of recurrent canine cystoliths, 0.17% of feline cystoliths, and 4% of recurrent feline cystoliths. Sexually intact and neutered males were at increased odds of suture-associated cystoliths, relative to spayed female dogs. Shih Tzus, Lhasa Apsos, and Pomeranians were significantly predisposed to form suture-associated cystoliths. In dogs, compound suture-associated cystoliths were significantly more likely than other cystolith types (OR, 8.6). Dogs with suture-associated cystoliths had significantly shorter recurrence times than did control dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suture remnants in the bladder have an important role in recurrent cystolithiasis in dogs. Identification of risk factors is important for avoiding recurrence of iatrogenic cystoliths.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Sherry L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lefebvre
authors.forename: Doreen M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Houston
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: J Elizabeth Arnold
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Andrew E P
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: J Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Weese
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002415:Cats; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D017616:Magnesium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D000069877:Struvite; D013537:Sutures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D001744:Urinary Bladder Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D000069877:Struvite