title: Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride in pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the pharmacokinetic profile of ceftiofur hydrochloride (ceftiofur) administered intramuscularly at 3 mg/kg body weight (BW) in pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) versus clinically healthy pigs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen 3- to 4-week-old PRRSV-negative pigs were randomly assigned to two groups (A and B), with eight pigs per group. Pigs in Group A were uninfected controls and pigs in Group B were intranasally challenged with a PRRSV isolate of Thai origin. Pigs in both groups were intramuscularly administered ceftiofur at 3 mg/kg BW at 7 days post-infection. Blood samples were serially collected up to 72 h post-injection. Plasma was analysed for ceftiofur and its related metabolites using HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters of ceftiofur were calculated based on non-compartmental analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pharmacokinetic parameters of ceftiofur revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) in maximum concentration (C(max)), AUC, volume of distribution at the terminal phase over bioavailability (V(z)/F), clearance over bioavailability (CL/F) and the terminal half-life (t(1/2z)) between Groups A and B. PRRSV-infected pigs had a V(z)/F and CL/F of ceftiofur significantly higher than in the non-infected pigs (116% increase in V(z)/F, 234% increase in CL/F). The C(max) and AUC of the infected pigs decreased by 54% and 70%, respectively, compared with the non-infected pigs. The t(1/2z) of the infected pigs and the non-infected pigs was 13.1 and 21.0 h, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pharmacokinetic profile of ceftiofur is altered in PRRSV-infected pigs due to the decreased plasma ceftiofur concentration compared with clinically healthy pigs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. t_tuvanont@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Angkana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tantituvanont
authors.forename: Walaisiri
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yimprasert
authors.forename: Pornpen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Werawatganone
authors.forename: Dahrit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nilubol
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002511:Cephalosporins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006207:Half-Life; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D010949:Plasma / Q000737:chemistry; D019318:Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome; D011897:Random Allocation; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002511:Cephalosporins; C053503:ceftiofur