title: Parenting practices and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: new findings suggest partial specificity of effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Examine the relations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis and symptom domains with parenting practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty-one children (ages 6-12 years) were assessed for ADHD and non-ADHD status via parent semistructured clinical interview (Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV) and parent and teacher standardized ratings. They included controls (n = 52), ADHD Inattentive type (n = 24), and ADHD Combined type (n = 71) as well as "not otherwise specified" cases (included in regressions only). Parents completed the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire and a structured interview (the Diagnostic Interview Schedule-IV) about their own ADHD symptoms. Symptom counts were created for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), inattention, and hyperactivity-impulsivity to complement categorical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In categorical analysis, maternal inconsistent discipline was associated with ADHD Combined type, even with child ODD and CD diagnosis and parent ADHD symptoms statistically controlled. Paternal low involvement was associated with ADHD regardless of subtype, even with ODD and CD covaried; however, the effect was marginal when paternal ADHD was covaried. In dimensional analysis of symptom counts, maternal inconsistent discipline was related to all behavior domains but none uniquely. Paternal low involvement and inconsistent discipline were related uniquely with child inattention and not other behavioral domains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific aspects of parenting are related to ADHD apart from ODD or CD and are not fully attributable to parental ADHD.
authors.affiliation: 135 Psychology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, USA.
authors.forename: Brandi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nigg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010290:Parents; D010332:Paternal Behavior