title: The effects of cannabinoids on serum cortisol and prolactin in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cannabis is one of the most widely used illicit substances, and there is growing interest in the therapeutic applications of cannabinoids. While known to modulate neuroendocrine function, the precise acute and chronic dose-related effects of cannabinoids in humans are not well-known. Furthermore, the existing literature on the neuroendocrine effects of cannabinoids is limited by small sample sizes (n = 6-22), heterogeneous samples with regard to cannabis exposure (lumping users and nonusers), lack of controlling for chronic cannabis exposure, differing methodologies, and limited dose-response data. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-9-THC) was hypothesized to produce dose-related increases in plasma cortisol levels and decreases in plasma prolactin levels. Furthermore, relative to controls, frequent users of cannabis were hypothesized to show altered baseline levels of these hormones and blunted Delta-9-THC-induced changes of these hormones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pooled data from a series of laboratory studies with multiple doses of intravenous Delta-9-THC in healthy control subjects (n = 36) and frequent users of cannabis (n = 40) was examined to characterize the acute, chronic, and acute on chronic effects of cannabinoids on plasma cortisol and prolactin levels. Hormone levels were measured before (baseline) and 70 min after administration of each dose of Delta-9-THC. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models with +70 min hormonal levels as the dependant variable and baseline hormonal level as the covariate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At socially relevant doses, Delta-9-THC raised plasma cortisol levels in a dose-dependent manner but frequent users showed blunted increases relative to healthy controls. Frequent users also had lower baseline plasma prolactin levels relative to healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These group differences may be related to the development of tolerance to the neuroendocrine effects of cannabinoids. Alternatively, these results may reflect inherent differences in neuroendocrine function in frequent users of cannabis and not a consequence of cannabis use.
authors.affiliation: Schizophrenia Biological Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA. mohini.ranganathan@yale.edu
authors.forename: Mohini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ranganathan
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Braley
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pittman
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krystal
authors.forename: Deepak Cyril
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: D'Souza
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D013759:Dronabinol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D006213:Hallucinogens; D013759:Dronabinol; D011388:Prolactin; D006854:Hydrocortisone