title: Randomised controlled trial of Alexander technique lessons, exercise, and massage (ATEAM) for chronic and recurrent back pain: economic evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An economic evaluation of therapeutic massage, exercise, and lessons in the Alexander technique for treating persistent back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cost consequences study and cost effectiveness analysis at 12 month follow-up of a factorial randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  579 patients with chronic or recurrent low back pain recruited from primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normal care (control), massage, and six or 24 lessons in the Alexander technique. Half of each group were randomised to a prescription for exercise from a doctor plus behavioural counselling from a nurse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Costs to the NHS and to participants. Comparison of costs with Roland-Morris disability score (number of activities impaired by pain), days in pain, and quality adjusted life years (QALYs). Comparison of NHS costs with QALY gain, using incremental cost effectiveness ratios and cost effectiveness acceptability curves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intervention costs ranged from pound30 for exercise prescription to pound596 for 24 lessons in Alexander technique plus exercise. Cost of health services ranged from pound50 for 24 lessons in Alexander technique to pound124 for exercise. Incremental cost effectiveness analysis of single therapies showed that exercise offered best value ( pound61 per point on disability score, pound9 per additional pain-free day, pound2847 per QALY gain). For two-stage therapy, six lessons in Alexander technique combined with exercise was the best value (additional pound64 per point on disability score, pound43 per additional pain-free day, pound5332 per QALY gain).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An exercise prescription and six lessons in Alexander technique alone were both more than 85% likely to be cost effective at values above pound20 000 per QALY, but the Alexander technique performed better than exercise on the full range of outcomes. A combination of six lessons in Alexander technique lessons followed by exercise was the most effective and cost effective option.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Primary Health Care, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2AA. s.p.hollinghurst@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hollinghurst
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beattie
authors.forename: Maggie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lewith
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oxford
authors.forename: Fran
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Webley
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Little
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D001416:Back Pain / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D000529:Complementary Therapies / Q000191:economics*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008405:Massage / Q000191:economics*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012008:Recurrence; D013222:State Medicine / Q000191:economics