title: Ultrasound enhanced prehospital thrombolysis using microbubbles infusion in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction: rationale and design of the Sonolysis study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental studies have shown that ultrasound contrast agents enhance the effectiveness of thrombolytic agents in the presence of ultrasound in vitro and in vivo. Recently, we have launched a clinical pilot study, called "Sonolysis", to study this effect in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction based on proximal lesions of the infarct-related artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial we will include patients between 18 and 80 years of age with their first ST-elevation myocardial infarction based on a proximal lesion of the infarct-related artery. After receiving a single bolus alteplase 50 mg IV (Actilyse(R) Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH), a loading dose of aspirin 500 mg, and heparin 5000 IU in the ambulance according to the prehospital thrombolysis protocol, patients, following oral informed consent, are randomized to undergo 15 minutes of pulsatile ultrasound with intravenous administration of ultrasound contrast agent or placebo without ultrasound. Afterwards coronary angiography and, if indicated, percutaneous coronary intervention will take place. A total of 60 patients will be enrolled in approximately 1 year.The primary endpoints are based on the coronary angiogram and consist of TIMI flow, corrected TIMI frame count, and myocardial blush grade. Follow-up includes 12-lead ECG, 2D-echocardiography, cardiac MRI, and enzyme markers to obtain our secondary endpoints, including the infarct size, wall motion abnormalities, and the global left ventricular function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Sonolysis study is the first multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial investigating the therapeutic application of ultrasound and microbubbles in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients. A positive finding may stimulate further research and technical innovations to implement the treatment in the ambulance and maybe obtain even more patency at an earlier stage.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Trialregister NTR161.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. j.slikkerveer@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slikkerveer
authors.forename: Pieter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Dijkmans
authors.forename: Gertjan T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Sieswerda
authors.forename: Pieter A F M
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Doevendans
authors.forename: Arie P J
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: Freek W A
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Verheugt
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kamp