title: The evolution of drug-resistant malaria.
abstract: Molecular epidemiological investigations have uncovered the patterns of emergence and global spread of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Malaria parasites highly resistant to chloroquine and pyrimethamine spread from Asian origins to Africa, at great cost to human health and life. If artemisinin-resistant falciparum malaria follows the same pattern, renewed efforts to eliminate and eradicate malaria will be gravely threatened. This paper, adapted from a talk given in honour of Professor Malcolm Molyneux in Liverpool in September 2008, reviews the rise and fall of clinically important forms of drug-resistant falciparum malaria and considers how lessons learned from studying the evolution of drug-resistant malaria can be applied to efforts to prevent and deter resistance.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. cplowe@medicine.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Christopher V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Plowe
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D004338:Drug Combinations; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D002738:Chloroquine; D011739:Pyrimethamine