title: The challenge of continuous exogenous glucocorticoid administration in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic administration of exogenous glucocorticoids is often required in experimental research. We compared the efficacy and reliability of three different methods of continuous glucocorticoid administration in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male CD1 Swiss White mice aged 7-9 weeks received corticosterone (CS) or carrier by either subcutaneous (s.c.) injection (n=15), s.c. implantation of micro-osmotic pumps (n=20) or s.c. implantation of slow-release pellets (n=20). Serial blood samples were taken for the measurement of plasma CS and osteocalcin (OC). Bone structural parameters were analysed by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) in animals treated via slow-release pellets for 4 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Injection of CS (10 mg/kg) resulted in peak plasma CS levels of up to 2600 microg/L after 1 h, with levels returning to baseline within 4 h post-injection. Micro-osmotic pumps failed to consistently alter plasma CS levels and had variable effects on plasma OC levels. Implantation of 10 mg CS pellets induced hypercorticosteronemia within 24 h but levels returned to baseline within 7 days. Plasma OC levels fell rapidly on day 1 and remained suppressed until day 7. Weekly replacement of pellets maintained elevated plasma CS and suppressed plasma OC concentrations, and resulted in significant bone loss at the tibia and spine after 28 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Once-weekly s.c. implantation of slow-release pellets to mice appears to result in relatively consistent plasma CS and OC levels with significant biological effects. However, at least in our hands, no method delivered CS at a constant rate and variability in plasma CS levels was pronounced.
authors.affiliation: ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Hospital Road, Gate 3, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia. markusherr@aol.com
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Henneicke
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Street
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Modzelewski
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kalak
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Buttgereit
authors.forename: Colin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Dunstan
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Markus J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Seibel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D004343:Drug Implants; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000633:toxicity; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009995:Osmosis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004343:Drug Implants; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D003345:Corticosterone