title: Combination of 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME2) and eugenol for apoptosis induction synergistically in androgen independent prostate cancer cells.
abstract: Lack of effective treatment options for the management of hormone refractory prostate cancer (PCA) reinforce the great need to develop novel compounds that act singly or in combination. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME(2)) is an endogenous estrogenic metabolite that has been reported to work as an antiproliferative agent in various tumor models including prostate. Recently conducted clinical trial in hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) patients concluded that 2-ME(2) was safe and well tolerated. However this study identified bioavailability of 2-ME(2) as a limiting factor. Here we report the ability of a combination of 2-ME(2) and eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) as an approach for enhancing anticancerous activities in prostate cancer cells. Combining 2-ME(2) with eugenol (i) inhibited growth of prostate cancer cells and induced apoptosis at lower concentrations than either single agent alone; (ii) analysis of the data using combination index (CI) showed CI values of 0.4 indicating strong synergistic interaction; (iii) increased population of cells G(2)/M phase by 4.5-fold (p=0.01); (iv) significantly reduced expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and enhanced expression of proapoptotic protein Bax. Combination induced apoptosis was not affected in PC-3 cells that over-express or lack Bcl-2 but was associated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Since 2-ME(2) was well tolerated in phase II trail in patients with HRPC; and eugenol is consumed by humans in the form of spices, the combination of 2-ME(2) with eugenol may offer a new clinically relevant treatment regimen. Combining these agents may allow ameliorating any adverse effects of either 2-ME(2) or eugenol alone by reducing their individual concentrations should these two agents be developed for human use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, United States.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.forename: Manonmani
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ganapathy
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Alworth
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Addanki P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol; D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004958:Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005054:Eugenol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D005054:Eugenol; D004958:Estradiol; D000077584:2-Methoxyestradiol; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt