title: ERK/BCL-2 pathway in the resistance of pancreatic cancer to anoikis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anoikis is a special type of programmed cell death after loss of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Resistance to anoikis is likely involved in the process of metastasis, specifically during the tumor cell migration through lymph or vascular channels. We have previously shown that BCL-2 confers resistance to other forms of programmed cell death (i.e., apoptosis); furthermore, the extracellular signaling-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway regulates BCL-2 expression. We therefore tested the hypothesis that pancreatic cancer cell lines are resistant to anoikis and this resistance is due to activation of ERK1/2 and subsequent overexpression of BCL-2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pancreatic cancer cell lines (MIA-PaCa-2 and BxPC-3) were examined for cell death following loss of adherence to extracellular matrix. Subclones of the MIA-PaCa-2 cell line (either selected in vivo for increased metastatic potential [MIA-LM2] or overexpressing BCL-2 [MIA-BCL2]) were also examined for induction of anoikis following loss of extracellular matrix adherence. Finally, the effect of the ERK inhibitor (PD98059) on BCL-2 expression and induction of anoikis was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under conditions of loss of cell-extracellular matrix interaction, pancreatic cancer cells undergo varying amounts of anoikis. Basal levels of activated ERK and BCL-2 paralleled the sensitivity to induction of anoikis. The highly metastatic cell line, MIA-LM2, was more resistant to anoikis than the parental cell line. Inhibition of ERK down-regulated BCL-2 and was associated with restoration of sensitivity to anoikis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Activation of a signaling pathway from ERK to overexpression of BCL-2 may confer resistance to anoikis, a critical step in the development of metastasis. Targeting the ERK/BCL-2 pathway may lead to sensitization of pancreatic cancer to anoikis, thereby decreasing the ability of these cells to metastasize.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Galante
authors.forename: Melinda M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mortenson
authors.forename: Tawnya L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bowles
authors.forename: Subbulakshmi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Virudachalam
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bold
mesh_terms: D023102:Anoikis; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases