title: Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of digestive tract neoplasms: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Habitual consumption of diets with a high glycemic index (GI) and a high glycemic load (GL) may influence cancer risk via hyperinsulinemia and the insulin-like growth factor axis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to conduct a systematic review to assess the association between GI, GL, and risk of digestive tract cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline and Embase were searched for relevant publications from inception to July 2008. When possible, adjusted results from a comparison of cancer risk of the highest compared with the lowest category of GI and GL intake were combined by using random-effects meta-analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cohort and case-control studies that examined the risk between GI or GL intake and colorectal cancer (n = 12) and adenomas (n = 2), pancreatic cancer (n = 6), gastric cancer (n = 2), and squamous-cell esophageal carcinoma (n = 1) were retrieved. Most case-control studies observed positive associations between GI and GL intake and these cancers. However, pooled cohort study results showed no associations between colorectal cancer risk and GI intake [relative risk (RR): 1.04; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.12; n = 7 studies] or GL intake (RR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.17; n = 8 studies). Furthermore, no significant associations were observed in meta-analyses of cohort study results of colorectal cancer subsites and GI and GL intake. Similarly, no significant associations emerged between pancreatic cancer risk and GI intake (RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.83, 1.19; n = 5 studies) or GL intake (RR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.86, 1.19; n = 6 studies) in combined cohort studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings from our meta-analyses indicate that GI and GL intakes are not associated with risk of colorectal or pancreatic cancers. There were insufficient data available regarding other digestive tract cancers to make any conclusions about GI or GL intake and risk.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology & Prevention Research Group, Centre for Clinical & Population Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Mulhouse Building, Royal Victoria Hospital Site, Belfast, Northern Ireland. hmulholland04@qub.ac.uk
authors.forename: Helen G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Mulholland
authors.forename: Liam J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Chris R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cardwell
authors.forename: Marie M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cantwell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000150:complications*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007328:Insulin