title: [Lack of insight in schizophrenia: a review. Part I: theoretical concept, clinical aspects and Amador's model].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schizophrenia is the psychiatric disorder in which the awareness of pathology (or insight) is most frequently altered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A review of the literature shows that between 50 and 80% of patients with schizophrenia do not believe they have a disorder. Studies published on this subject over the two last decades stressed the specificity of this phenomenon in schizophrenic patients, taking into account both its prevalence and its clinical consequences comparatively to other mental disorders. If in bipolar disorders a lack of insight is linked with the intensity and acuteness of symptomatology, there is only a limited relationship between these factors in schizophrenia, thus making lack of insight a trait rather than a state-related symptom.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though defined for a very long time as a dichotomic phenomenon, the recent interest on insight in psychosis and the development of assessment tools for its evaluation have made it possible to underline its multifactorial and dynamic characteristics. Although lack of insight related to pathologies may vary across time in bipolar disorders, the results of clinical studies suggest that this phenomenon remains stable in schizophrenia. CONCEPTUAL PROPOSALS: In this review, we will reconsider the evolution of this concept in psychiatry and its definition. The clinical characteristics, which are specifically associated with the lack of insight in schizophrenia will be outlined. We will describe more specifically the model of Amador and Strauss and their assessment tool: the Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD). This model developed since the 1990s takes into account the time-related evolution of insight, and can be applied both to bipolar and psychotic disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SUMD has six general items and four subscales. The general items estimate the three most widely used definitions of insight: awareness of having a mental disorder, awareness of the achieved effects of medication and awareness of the social consequences of having a mental disorder, and include assessment of both current and past-time periods. Four other subscales, each composed of 17 items, assess awareness and attribution of specific current and retrospective symptoms as well as deficits associated with severe mental disorders. Insight, thus, appears as a multidimensional and continuous phenomenon, since patients' awareness may apply only to part of their symptoms and vary over time. In this article, we will review existing scales assessing insight in schizophrenia. The deficiency of available scales validated in French limits the number of scientific publications concerning this important aspect of the clinical evaluation of schizophrenic patients. THERAPEUTICAL ASPECTS: Finally, interventions to improve insight in patients with schizophrenia are presented. Recent studies have shown cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to be of benefit in the treatment of poor insight in schizophrenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence suggests that early diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia leads to better prognosis. An important suggestion from theses studies may be that psychosocial therapy needs to focus on explanations that are in tune with the culture, rather than focus on diagnostic labels.
authors.affiliation: Service universitaire de psychiatrie adulte, hôpital de la Colombière, centre hospitalier universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. s-raffard@chu-montpellier.fr
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raffard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bayard
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Capdevielle
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Boulenger
authors.forename: M-C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gely-Nargeot
mesh_terms: D001364:Awareness; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003469:Culture; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D055809:Illness Behavior; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology; D010359:Patient Readmission; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology