title: Productivity costs of cancer mortality in the United States: 2000-2020.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A model that predicts the economic benefit of reduced cancer mortality provides critical information for allocating scarce resources to the interventions with the greatest benefits.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed models using the human capital approach, which relies on earnings as a measure of productivity, to estimate the value of productivity lost as a result of cancer mortality. The base model aggregated age- and sex-specific data from four primary sources: 1) the US Bureau of the Census, 2) US death certificate data for 1999-2003, 3) cohort life tables from the Berkeley Mortality Database for 1900-2000, and 4) the Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Population Survey. In a model that included costs of caregiving and household work, data from the National Human Activity Pattern Survey and the Caregiving in the U.S. study were used. Sensitivity analyses were performed using six types of cancer assuming a 1% decline in cancer mortality rates. The values of forgone earnings for employed individuals and imputed forgone earnings for informal caregiving were then estimated for the years 2000-2020.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual productivity cost from cancer mortality in the base model was approximately $115.8 billion in 2000; the projected value was $147.6 billion for 2020. Death from lung cancer accounted for more than 27% of productivity costs. A 1% annual reduction in lung, colorectal, breast, leukemia, pancreatic, and brain cancer mortality lowered productivity costs by $814 million per year. Including imputed earnings lost due to caregiving and household activity increased the base model total productivity cost to $232.4 billion in 2000 and to $308 billion in 2020.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Investments in programs that target the cancers with high incidence and/or cancers that occur in younger, working-age individuals are likely to yield the greatest reductions in productivity losses to society.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Administration, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1008 E. Clay Street, P.O. Box 980203, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. cjbradley@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Cathy J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: K Robin
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Yabroff
authors.forename: Bassam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dahman
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feuer
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mariotto
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D004526:Efficiency; D004651:Employment / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D005544:Forecasting; D006701:Home Nursing / Q000191:economics; D006796:Household Work / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007938:Leukemia / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D008017:Life Expectancy; D015993:Life Tables; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017059:Models, Econometric; D018803:Models, Economic; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D026712:Value of Life; D055815:Young Adult