title: HIV risk behaviors among Mahuwahine (native Hawaiian transgender women).
abstract: This study explored HIV risk behaviors among Hawaiian and Polynesian- identified transgender women living in Hawai'i. The term transgender encompasses the experience of individuals who violate rigid binomial Western gender roles (Bockting, Robinson, & Rosser, 1998; Lombardi, Wilchins, Priesing, & Malouf, 2001; Yep & Pietri, 1999, pp. 199-200). Although traditional Polynesian cultures tolerate more gender role variations than Western culture, postcolonial acculturation has resulted in notable stigma for transgender individuals in Hawaiì today (Kameèleihiwa, 1999; Kanuha, 2000). Mahu is a cross-Polynesian term originally describing transgender women or female-acting males (Link, 2004; Nanda, 2000; Odo & Hawelu, 2001; Souza, 1976). Mahuwahine is a newly coined term of empowerment among Hawaiì's transgender community signifying male-to-female (MTF) transgender identity in varying, personally chosen, forms and coincides with the Hawaiian cultural renaissance (Odo & Hawelu, 2001). Although most of the participants in this study identified as mahu or Mahuwahine there was a significant range in self-identifying terminology. Because of this range and intended audience this article will use the term transgender women in referring to individuals described in the findings.
authors.affiliation: California State University, Chico, CA 95929-0505, USA.
authors.forename: Lyndall
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ellingson
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Odo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D044468:Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D014189:Transsexualism