title: Ablation of SP-A has a negative impact on the susceptibility of mice to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection after ozone exposure: sex differences.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surfactant protein A (SP-A) enhances phagocytosis of bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, by alveolar macrophages. Ozone, a major air pollutant, can cause oxidation of surfactant and may influence lung immune function. Immune function may also be affected by sex-specific mechanisms. We hypothesized that ablation of SP-A has a negative impact on the susceptibility of mice to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection after ozone exposure, and that sex differences in the effect of ozone do exist.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male and female SP-A (-/-) mice on the C57BL/6J background were exposed to ozone or to filtered air (FA) used as a control and then infected intratracheally with K. pneumoniae bacteria. Survival rate was monitored during a 14-day period. In addition, protein oxidation levels and in vivo phagocytosis were checked 1 h after inoculation of PBS used as a sham control and after inoculation of K. pneumoniae bacteria in PBS, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found: 1) ozone exposure followed by K. pneumoniae infection decreases survival and alveolar macrophage phagocytic function of SP-A (-/-) mice compared to filtered air exposure (p < 0.05), and females are more affected than males; 2) SP-A (-/-) mice (exposed either to ozone or FA) are more susceptible to infection with K. pneumoniae than wild type (WT) mice regarding their survival rate and macrophage phagocytic function; the phagocytic function of FA SP-A(-/-) is similar to that of ozone exposed WT. 3) ozone exposure appears to increase infiltration of PMNs, total protein, and SP-A oxidation in WT mice; infiltration of PMNs and total protein oxidation appears to be more pronounced in female mice in response to ozone; 4) ozone exposure increases SP-A oxidation in WT females significantly more than in males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Absence (i.e. ablation of SP-A in SP-A (-/-) mice) or reduction of functional activity of SP-A (i.e. oxidation of SP-A in WT mice) increases the susceptibility of mice to experimental pneumonia after ozone exposure, and in both cases females are more affected by ozone exposure than males.
authors.affiliation: The Penn State Center for Host defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. a_mikerov@mail.ru
authors.forename: Anatoly N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Mikerov
authors.forename: Rizwanul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.forename: Xiaozhuang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.forename: Xiaoxuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Phelps
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Floros
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010126:Ozone / Q000633:toxicity*; D037662:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D037662:Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A; D010126:Ozone