title: Rapid dissemination of Francisella tularensis and the effect of route of infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis is classified as a Category A bioweapon that is capable of establishing a lethal infection in humans upon inhalation of very few organisms. However, the virulence mechanisms of this organism are not well characterized. Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida, which is an equally virulent subspecies in mice, was used in concert with a microPET scanner to better understand its temporal dissemination in vivo upon intranasal infection and how such dissemination compares with other routes of infection. Adult mice were inoculated intranasally with F. tularensis subsp. novicida radiolabeled with 64Cu and imaged by microPET at 0.25, 2 and 20 hours post-infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  64Cu labeled F. tularensis subsp. novicida administered intranasally or intratracheally were visualized in the respiratory tract and stomach at 0.25 hours post infection. By 20 hours, there was significant tropism to the lung compared with other tissues. In contrast, the images of radiolabeled F. tularensis subsp. novicida when administered intragastrically, intradermally, intraperitoneally and intravenouslly were more generally limited to the gastrointestinal system, site of inoculation, liver and spleen respectively. MicroPET images correlated with the biodistribution of isotope and bacterial burdens in analyzed tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that Francisella has a differential tissue tropism depending on the route of entry and that the virulence of Francisella by the pulmonary route is associated with a rapid bacteremia and an early preferential tropism to the lung. In addition, the use of the microPET device allowed us to identify the cecum as a novel site of colonization of Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida in mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. ojeda@uthscsa.edu
authors.forename: Sandra S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ojeda
authors.forename: Zheng J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chris A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mares
authors.forename: Tingtung A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jerabek
authors.forename: Judy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Teale
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003301:Copper Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis; D005604:Francisella tularensis / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology; D008168:Lung / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D013154:Spleen / Q000382:microbiology; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D014406:Tularemia / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D051598:Whole Body Imaging / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003301:Copper Radioisotopes