title: Protein, amino acids and the control of food intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present review presents recent findings on peripheral and central pathways involved in protein and amino acid-induced satiety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high-protein load leads to a higher decrease of energy intake at the next meal than carbohydrate and fat. A protein-enriched diet induces satiety, improves body composition and results in weight loss. At the peripheral level, proteins seem to induce the release of anorexigenic gut hormones cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY, whereas the involvement of ghrelin remains uncertain. Energy expenditure and glucose are probably involved as metabolic signals in protein-induced satiety. Moreover, there is some evidence that the circulating level of leucine could impact food intake. Leucine has been shown to modulate the activity of the energy and nutrient sensor pathways controlled by AMPK and mTOR in the hypothalamus. Moreover, high-protein diets lead to activation of the noradrenergic/adrenergic neuronal pathway in the nucleus of the solitary tract and in melanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complex and redundant pathways are involved in protein and amino acid-induced satiety. Significant advances have recently allowed a better understanding of the involved cellular and molecular mechanisms. The involvement of some specific area of the brain including the hypothalamus and the nucleus of the solitary tract has to be further analyzed.
authors.affiliation: INRA, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Mylène
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Potier
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Darcel
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tomé
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006728:Hormones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007930:Leucine / Q000494:pharmacology; D011506:Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012527:Satiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D006728:Hormones; D011506:Proteins; D007930:Leucine; D005947:Glucose