title: Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection among heterosexual African American men attending Baltimore sexually transmitted disease clinics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Male circumcision has received international attention as an intervention for reducing HIV infection among high-risk heterosexual men; however, few US studies have evaluated its association with the risk of HIV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed visit records for heterosexual African American men who underwent HIV testing while attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Baltimore, Maryland, from 1993 to 2000. We used multivariable binomial regression to evaluate associations between circumcision and the risk of HIV infection among visits by patients with known and unknown HIV exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 1096 (2.7%) of 40,571 clinic visits yielded positive HIV test results. Among 394 visits by patients with known HIV exposure, circumcision was significantly associated with lower HIV prevalence (10.2% vs. 22.0%; adjusted prevalence rate ratio [PRR], 0.49 [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26-0.93]). Conversely, among 40,177 visits by patients with unknown HIV exposure, circumcision was not associated with reduced HIV prevalence (2.5% vs. 3.3%; adjusted PRR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.86-1.15]), and age >or=25 years old and diagnosis of ulcerative STD were associated with increased prevalence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circumcision was associated with substantially reduced HIV risk in patients with known HIV exposure, suggesting that results of other studies demonstrating reduced HIV risk for circumcision among heterosexual men likely can be generalized to the US context.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA. dlw7@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.forename: Khalil G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Ghanem
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Macaluso
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Erbelding
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002944:Circumcision, Male / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D020010:Heterosexuality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013587:Syphilis / Q000453:epidemiology; D014526:Urethritis / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult; D001741:Black or African American