title: Liver segmentation from computed tomography scans: a survey and a new algorithm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the recent years liver segmentation from computed tomography scans has gained a lot of importance in the field of medical image processing since it is the first and fundamental step of any automated technique for the automatic liver disease diagnosis, liver volume measurement, and 3D liver volume rendering.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper we report a review study about the semi-automatic and automatic liver segmentation techniques, and we describe our fully automatized method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The survey reveals that automatic liver segmentation is still an open problem since various weaknesses and drawbacks of the proposed works must still be addressed. Our gray-level based liver segmentation method has been developed to tackle all these problems; when tested on 40 patients it achieves satisfactory results, comparable to the mean intra- and inter-observer variation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that our technique outperforms those presented in the literature; nevertheless, a common test set with its gold standard traced by experts, and a generally accepted performance measure are required to demonstrate it.
authors.affiliation: Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Informazione, Via Comelico 39/41, 20135 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Campadelli
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Casiraghi
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esposito
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011336:Probability; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed