title: Advances in transcranial Doppler ultrasonography.
abstract: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) is the only noninvasive real-time neuroimaging modality for the evaluation of characteristics of blood flow in basal intracerebral vessels that adds physiologic information to structural imaging. TCD has been rapidly evolving from a simple noninvasive diagnostic tool to an imaging modality with a broad spectrum of clinical applications. In acute stroke, TCD can provide rapid information about vascular stenosis and occlusion, the hemodynamic status of the cerebral circulation, and real-time monitoring of recanalization. Extended applications such as vasomotor reactivity testing, emboli monitoring, and right-to-left shunt detection help clinicians ascertain stroke mechanisms at the bedside, plan and monitor treatment, and determine prognosis. In the neurointensive care unit, TCD is useful for detecting increased intracranial pressure and confirming cerebral circulatory arrest. TCD is of established value for screening children with sickle cell disease and detecting and monitoring vasospasm after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage.
authors.affiliation: TGH/USF Stroke Program, Department of Neurology , University of South Florida College of Medicine, 2A Columbia Drive, Room 7034, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsivgoulis
authors.forename: Andrei V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Alexandrov
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sloan
mesh_terms: D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000379:methods; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging