title: 5-Fluoro-2-indolyl des-chlorohalopemide (FIPI), a phospholipase D pharmacological inhibitor that alters cell spreading and inhibits chemotaxis.
abstract: The signaling enzyme phospholipase D (PLD) and the lipid second messenger it generates, phosphatidic acid (PA), are implicated in many cell biological processes, including Ras activation, cell spreading, stress fiber formation, chemotaxis, and membrane vesicle trafficking. PLD production of PA is inhibited by the primary alcohol 1-butanol, which has thus been widely employed to identify PLD/PA-driven processes. However, 1-butanol does not always effectively reduce PA accumulation, and its use may result in PLD-independent deleterious effects. Consequently, identification of potent specific small-molecule PLD inhibitors would be an important advance for the field. We examine one such here, 5-fluoro-2-indolyl des-chlorohalopemide (FIPI), which was identified recently in an in vitro chemical screen for PLD2 inhibitors, and show that it rapidly blocks in vivo PA production with subnanomolar potency. We were surprised to find that several biological processes blocked by 1-butanol are not affected by FIPI, suggesting the need for re-evaluation of proposed roles for PLD. However, FIPI does inhibit PLD regulation of F-actin cytoskeleton reorganization, cell spreading, and chemotaxis, indicating potential utility for it as a therapeutic for autoimmunity and cancer metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biochemistry Pharmacology, Center for Developmental Genetics, Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Wenjuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Oladapo
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yeku
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olepu
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Genna
authors.forename: Jae-Sook
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Guangwei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Gelb
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Frohman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004294:Domperidone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D010739:Phospholipase D / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004294:Domperidone; C017357:halopemide; D010739:Phospholipase D