title: Does executive function explain the IQ-mortality association? Evidence from the Canadian study on health and aging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the robustness of the association between intelligence quotient (IQ) and mortality in older adults and to examine whether or not the association can be explained by more specific cognitive processes, including individual differences in executive functioning.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the associations among Full Scale IQ, individual IQ subtest scores, and 10-year mortality among older community-dwelling, adult participants in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging, who were verified as disease and cognitive-impairment free at baseline via comprehensive medical and neurological evaluation (n = 516). Survival analysis including Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine mortality risk as a function of Full Scale IQ and its specific subcomponents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An inverse association was found between IQ and mortality, but this did not survive adjustment for demographics and education. The association between IQ and mortality seemed to be predominantly accounted for by performance on one specific IQ subtest that taps executive processes (i.e., Digit Symbol (DS)). Performance on this subtest uniquely and robustly predicted mortality in both unadjusted and adjusted models, such that a 1-standard deviation difference in performance was associated with a 28% change in risk of mortality over the 10-year follow-up interval in adjusted models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between IQ and mortality in older adults may be predominantly attributable to individual differences in DS performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. pahall@healthy.uwaterloo.ca
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Joel A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Dubin
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crossley
authors.forename: Maxine E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Holmqvist
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: D'Arcy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003071:Cognition; D032882:Comprehension; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012016:Reference Values; D013561:Symbolism