title: Endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review advances in endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from primate studies, randomized studies of intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, and nonrandomized and randomized studies of endovascular therapy were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical trial data demonstrate the superiority of endovascular treatment with thrombolytic medication or mechanical methods to reopen arteries compared with control patients from the PROACT II Trial treated with heparin alone. However, these same clinical trials, as well as preclinical primate models, indicate that recanalization, whether by endovascular approaches or standard-dose recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, is unlikely to improve clinical outcome after a certain time point. Although the threshold beyond which reperfusion has no or little benefit has yet to be conclusively defined, accumulated data to this point indicate an overall threshold of approximately 6 to 7 hours. In addition, although the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage is similar in trials of intravenous lytics and endovascular approaches, endovascular approaches have distinctive risk profiles that can impact outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment of acute ischemic stroke is evolving with new tools to reopen arteries and salvage the ischemic brain. Ongoing randomized trials of these new approaches are prerequisite next steps to demonstrate whether reperfusion translates into clinical effectiveness. Physiologic time to reperfusion will remain critical no matter which tools prove most effective and safest.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, 260 Stetson St, Suite 2300, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, PO Box, Cincinnati, OH, USA. joseph.broderick@uc.edu
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Broderick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000628:therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015424:Reperfusion / Q000379:methods*; D020521:Stroke / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents