title: Comparative effectiveness of beta-blockers in elderly patients with heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whether beta-blockers (BBs) other than carvedilol, metoprolol succinate, and bisoprolol fumarate (evidence-based beta-blockers [EBBBs]) improve survival in patients with heart failure (HF) is unknown. We compared the effectiveness of EBBBs vs non-EBBBs on survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study population included North Carolina residents at least 65 years old who were eligible for Medicare and Medicaid with pharmacy benefits and had had at least 1 hospitalization for HF during the period 2001 through 2004. Primary outcome was survival from 30 days to 1 year. Secondary outcomes included number and days of rehospitalizations for HF and number of outpatient visits. Cohorts were defined by BB class (EBBBs, non-EBBBs, or no BBs) in first 30 days after discharge from index hospitalization for HF. Outcomes were analyzed using inverse probability-weighted (IPW) estimators with propensity score adjustment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 11,959 patients, 40% were nonwhite, 79% were female, and 26% were at least 85 years old. Fifty-nine percent received no BB, 23% received EBBBs, and 18% received non-EBBBs. One-year adjusted mortality rates were 28.3% (no BBs), 22.8% (non-EBBBs), and 24.2% (EBBBs). The IPW-adjusted comparisons of 1-year mortality outcomes for either non-EBBBs or EBBBs compared with no BBs were statistically significant (P = .002 for both), but there was no statistical difference between the 2 BB groups (P = .43). The IPW-adjusted mean numbers of rehospitalizations for HF were 0.33 (no BBs), 0.29 (non-EBBBs), and 0.41 (EBBBs), with statistically more rehospitalizations in patients receiving EBBBs compared with no BBs (P = .002) and with non-EBBBs (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this elderly population, the comparative effectiveness of EBBBs vs non-EBBBs was similar for 1-year survival, whereas the rehospitalization rate was higher for patients receiving EBBBs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC 27715, USA. krame009@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Judith M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Lesley H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Carla S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Dupree
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pelter
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Massing
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Anstrom
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists