title: A mixture containing galactooligosaccharide, produced by the enzymic activity of Bifidobacterium bifidum, reduces Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in mice.
abstract: The prebiotic Bimuno is a mixture containing galactooligosaccharide, produced by the galactosyltransferase activity of Bifidobacterium bifidum NCIMB 41171 in the presence of lactose. Previous studies have implicated prebiotics in reducing infections by enteric pathogens, thus it was hypothesized that Bimuno may confer some protection in the murine host from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infection. In this study, infection caused by S. Typhimurium SL1344nal(r) in the presence or absence of Bimuno was assessed using tissue culture assays, a murine ligated ileal gut loop model and a murine oral challenge model. In tissue culture adherence and invasion assays with HT-29-16E cells, the presence of approximately 2 mM Bimuno significantly reduced the invasion of S. Typhimurium SL1344nal(r) (P<0.0001). In the murine ligated ileal gut loops, the presence of Bimuno prevented colonization and the associated pathology of S. Typhimurium. In the BALB/c mouse model, the oral delivery of Bimuno prior to challenge with S. Typhimurium resulted in significant reductions in colonization in the five organs sampled, with highly significant reductions being observed in the spleen at 72 and 96 h post-challenge (P=0.0002, <0.0001, respectively). Collectively, the results indicate that Bimuno significantly reduced the colonization and pathology associated with S. Typhimurium infection in a murine model system, possibly by reducing the invasion of the pathogen into host cells.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
authors.forename: Laura E J
authors.initials: LEJ
authors.lastname: Searle
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
authors.forename: Angus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Best
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nunez
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Salguero
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Weyer
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.
authors.forename: Alexandra H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Dugdale
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Cooley
authors.affiliation: South East Wales Trials Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Clasado Ltd, 5 Canon Harnett Court, Wolverton Mill, Milton Keynes MK12 5NF, UK.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tzortzis
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
authors.forename: Roberto M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: La Ragione
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001644:Bifidobacterium / Q000201:enzymology*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008099:Liver / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects*; D013154:Spleen / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D009844:Oligosaccharides