title: Comparison of two school-based smoking prevention programs among South African high school students: results of a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking rates are projected to increase substantially in developing countries such as South Africa.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of two contrasting approaches to school-based smoking prevention in South African youth compared to the standard health education program. One experimental program was based on a skills training/peer resistance model and the other on a harm minimization model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six public schools from two South African provinces, KwaZulu-Natal and the Western Cape, were stratified by socioeconomic status and randomized to one of three groups. Group 1 (comparison) schools (n = 12) received usual tobacco use education. Group 2 schools (n = 12) received a harm minimization curriculum in grades 8 and 9. Group 3 schools (n = 12) received a life skills training curriculum in grades 8 and 9. The primary outcome was past month use of cigarettes based on a self-reported questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five thousand two hundred sixty-six students completed the baseline survey. Of these, 4,684 (89%) completed at least one follow-up assessment. The net change in 30-day smoking from baseline to 2-year follow-up in the control group was 6% compared to 3% in both harm minimization (HM) and life skills training (LST) schools. These differences were not statistically significant. Intervention response was significantly moderated by both gender and race. The HM intervention was more effective for males, whereas the life skills intervention was more effective for females. For black African students, the strongest effect was evident for the HM intervention, whereas the strongest intervention effect for "colored" students was evident for the LST group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The two experimental curricula both produced similar overall reductions in smoking prevalence that were not significantly different from each other or the control group. However, the impact differed by gender and race, suggesting a need to tailor tobacco and drug use prevention programs. More intensive intervention, in the classroom and beyond, may be needed to further impact smoking behavior.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA. kresnic@umich.edu
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Resnicow
authors.forename: Sasiragha Priscilla
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Shamagonam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Riyadh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gabebodeen Omardien
authors.forename: Nilen Sunder
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Kambaran
authors.forename: Heinrich George
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Langner
authors.forename: Roger D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nichols
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D003479:Curriculum; D005260:Female; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D011153:Population; D011584:Psychology; D044469:Racial Groups; D012574:Schools; D012737:Sex Factors; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D013019:South Africa
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs