title: The Toronto Bedside Swallowing Screening Test (TOR-BSST): development and validation of a dysphagia screening tool for patients with stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dysphagia occurs in 55% of all acute stroke patients. Early identification of dysphagia from screening can lead to earlier treatments and thereby reduce complications. We designed and validated a new bedside dysphagia screening tool-the Toronto Bedside Swallowing Screening Test (TOR-BSST) for stroke survivors in acute and rehabilitative settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  The TOR-BSST initially contained 5 items with proven high predictive ability for dysphagia. Trained screeners administer and score the TOR-BSST in less than 10 minutes. Trained nurses from 2 acute and 2 rehabilitation facilities administered the TOR-BSST to consecutively admitted stroke inpatients. A positive screen identified patients at risk for dysphagia. Blinded repeat screenings were conducted within 24 hours. Test-retest reliability was established with the first 50 administrations at an ICC=0.92 (CI, 0.85 to 0.96). Items were eliminated if they contributed <or=5% to the total score and were judged clinically impractical. 20% of all enrolled patients were randomly allocated to gold standard videofluoroscopic assessment of swallowing and findings rated independently by 4 blinded experts. Adequate validity was set at sensitivity >or=90% and negative predictive value >or=90%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  311 stroke inpatients were enrolled; 103 acute and 208 rehabilitation. Screening was positive in 59.2% acute and 38.5% rehabilitation patients. The pharyngeal sensation item did not meet inclusion criteria and was eliminated. The TOR-BSST demonstrated excellent validity with sensitivity at 91.3% (CI, 71.9 to 98.7), and negative predictive values at 93.3% in acute and 89.5% in rehabilitation settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TOR-BSST is a simple accurate tool to identify stroke patients with dysphagia regardless of severity and setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. rosemary.martino@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Teasell
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bayley
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Streiner
authors.forename: Nicholas E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Diamant
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome