title: Terminal illness and access to Phase 1 experimental agents, surgeries and devices: reviewing the ethical arguments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The advent of AIDS brought about a group of patients unwilling to accept crucial aspects of the methodological standards for clinical research investigating Phase 1 drugs, surgeries or devices. Their arguments against placebo controls in trials, which depended--at the time--on the terminal status of patient volunteers led to a renewed discussion of the ethics of denying patients with catastrophic illnesses access to last-chance experimental drugs, surgeries or devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Existing ethics and health policy literature on the topic of access to experimental drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The positions of those arguing for or against free access to experimental drugs for terminally ill patients are irreconcilable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At stake are questions about the kinds of personal sacrifices society can reasonably expect patients in clinical trials to make to ensure statistically predictive results. These would benefit by necessity a much larger number of current and future patients--the conflict is about individual versus public interests. It is also about the question of whether or not the state can legitimately prevent patients with terminal illnesses from unfettered access to experimental drugs, surgeries or devices in order to motivate them to participate in clinical trials. We review the ethical arguments for and against the provision of access to Phase 1 agents for terminally ill patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Finding a compromise between providing free or no access to Phase 1 drugs for terminally ill patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We ought to investigate means to increase access to experimental drugs for terminally ill patients without sacrificing necessary clinical trials' sounds scientific methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. udo.schuklenk@gmail.com
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schüklenk
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lowry
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000941:ethics*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000941:ethics*; D006805:Human Experimentation / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans; D028701:Patient Rights / Q000941:ethics*; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000941:ethics*; D019452:Terminally Ill