title: Epidemiological data on consumer allergy to p-phenylenediamine.
abstract: Many women and men now dye their hair. p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is a frequent and important component of permanent hair dye products; exposure to it may cause allergic contact sensitization, acute dermatitis, and severe facial oedema. To increase our understanding of PPD allergy, we reviewed published literature containing PPD patch test data from dermatitis patients and individuals in the general population. This was performed to estimate the median prevalence and the weighted average of PPD sensitization and thereby assess the burden of PPD-containing hair care products on health. Literature was examined using PubMed-MEDLINE, Biosis, and Science Citation Index. The median prevalence among dermatitis patients was 4.3% in Asia, 4% in Europe, and 6.2% in North America. A widespread increase in the prevalence of PPD sensitization was observed among Asian dermatitis patients. In Europe, a decrease in the 1970s was replaced by a plateau with steady, high prevalences ranging between 2% and 6%. The prevalence remained high in North America, although a decreasing tendency was observed. Contact allergy to PPD is an important health issue for both women and men. More stringent regulation and enforcement are required as public health measures to reduce the burden of disease that exposure to PPD has brought to populations.
authors.affiliation: National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology, Gentofte University Hospital, Ledreborg Allé 40, 1. Gentofte 2820, Denmark. jacpth01@geh.regionh.dk
authors.forename: Jacob Pontoppidan
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Thyssen
authors.forename: Jonathan M L
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005148:Facial Dermatoses / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006203:Hair Preparations / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D010655:Phenylenediamines / Q000633:toxicity*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012536:Scalp Dermatoses / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D006203:Hair Preparations; D010655:Phenylenediamines; C029728:4-phenylenediamine