title: Effect of environment on growth: auxological and hormonal parameters in African and Italian children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Genetic factors are the most important determinant of final height in developed countries, while in underprivileged countries food intake is crucial. Nutrients, in turn, may importantly affect IGF-IGFBP system which is a critical regulator of growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of nutrition on IGF system components, as well as on growth by comparing these variables in two selected populations of children living either in poor or in privileged environmental conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Height and weight were recorded in 38 normal African children, living in a Catholique Mission in Ivory Coast, and in 93 normal Italian children. IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3 and ALS were evaluated in all subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A normal height in spite of markedly reduced IGF-I, IGFBP-3, ALS and BMI was observed in African children, while the ratio IGF-I/IGFBP-3 was comparable in the two populations. IGF-II was slightly but significantly higher in Africans than in Italians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Africans a suboptimal nutritional condition may produce a dramatic reduction of IGF-I, ALS and IGFBP-3, although the final height results minimally affected. This suggests that only a small fraction of the circulating IGF-I is sufficient for growth and confirms what has been reported on liver IGF-I-deficient and ALS knock-out mice. The secular statural trend observed in developed countries is probably due to the increase of IGF-I consequent to the improved nutritional conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinological and Medical Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boschetti
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Larizza
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Calcaterra
authors.forename: Marica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arvigo
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fazzuoli
authors.forename: Eliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Di Battista
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ferone
authors.forename: Francesco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Minuto
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D001824:Body Constitution / Q000502:physiology*; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism*; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000378:metabolism*; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood*; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1
chemical_list: C035170:IGF2 protein, human; C515497:IGFBP3 protein, human; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; C000606290:SOD1 protein, human; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; C000606291:Sod1 protein, mouse; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1