title: [Circadian rhythm of PCA-based opioid consumption in children with chemotherapy-related mucositis].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In order to match the interindividual and intraindividual differences in opioid requirements of pediatric oncology patients with mucositis, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) seems to be the optimal pain therapy option, but scientific data are lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of PCA-treated children with mucositis was carried out over a 6-year period (2000-2006) at the university hospital for children in Erlangen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of the patients was 12.6 years and they mainly suffered from forms of acute leukemia. Daily morphine equivalent dose (MED) requirements increased with the start of the PCA therapy from 14.5 mg/day to 18.7 mg/day (p=0.021; Wilcoxon test). Children required more opioids by bolus request during the night (10:01 p.m. to 06:00 a.m.; 6.28 mg; 13%) than during the other 8-hour intervals (06:01 a.m. to 02:00 p.m. and 02:01 p.m. to 10:00 p.m.; both 21.3 mg (43.5%) during the whole 10-day study period. In 8 out of 10 days there was a significant diurnal variation in opioid requirement with significantly lower requirement during the night (p<0.05 Friedman test). The median count of delivered and un-delivered bolus requests during the night was 0-1 and 0, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCA seems to be an ideal, dependable and feasible mode of analgesic administration for the individual titration of dose in children with chemotherapy-induced mucositis. This is expressed through the increase in daily self-administered opioid doses after starting PCA, the huge interindividual variability in opioid consumption and the rare event of an un-delivered bolus request during lock-out time. With the use of a background infusion, additional bolus requests are rare during the night.
authors.affiliation: Anästhesiologische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland. Christine.Schiessl@uk-koeln.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schiessl
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schestag
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Griessinger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sittl
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zernikow
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000379:methods*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D055870:Drug Chronotherapy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007938:Leukemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D052016:Mucositis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010892:Pirinitramide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D010892:Pirinitramide; D009020:Morphine