title: Dietary intervention with vitamin D, calcium, and whey protein reduced fat mass and increased lean mass in rats.
abstract: The aim of the current study was to determine the effects and the mechanisms of inclusion of dietary whey protein, high calcium, and high vitamin D intake with either a high-sucrose or high-fat base diets on body composition of rodents. Male Wistar rats were assigned to either no whey protein, suboptimal calcium (0.25%), and vitamin D (400 IU/kg) diet (LD), or a diet containing whey protein, high calcium (1.5%), and vitamin D (10 000 IU/kg) diet (HD), and either high-fat (40% of energy) or high-sucrose (60%) base diets for 13 weeks. Liver tissue homogenates were used to determine [(14)C]glucose and [(14)C]palmitate oxidation. mRNA expression of enzymes related to energy metabolism in liver, adipose, and muscle, as well as regulators of muscle mass and insulin receptor was assessed. The results demonstrated that there was reduced accumulation of body fat mass (P = .01) and greater lean mass (P = .03) for the HD- compared to LD-fed group regardless of the background diet. There were no consistent differences between the LD and HD groups across background diets in substrate oxidation and mRNA expression for enzymes measured that regulate energy metabolism, myostatin, or muscle vascular endothelial growth factor. However, there was an increase in insulin receptor mRNA expression in muscle in the HD compared to the LD groups. In conclusion, elevated whey protein, calcium, and vitamin D intake resulted in reduced accumulation of body fat mass and increased lean mass, with a commensurate increase in insulin receptor expression, regardless of the level of calories from fat or sucrose.
authors.affiliation: Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Shamim M K
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burlage
authors.forename: Mi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Kimberly K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Buhman
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koser
authors.forename: Shawn S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Donkin
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Teegarden
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000097:blood; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects*; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D015870:Gene Expression; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D050177:Overweight / Q000517:prevention & control; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013395:Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D008894:Milk Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D014807:Vitamin D; D013395:Sucrose; D005947:Glucose; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid