title: Snoring, daytime sleepiness, and nasal obstruction with or without allergic rhinitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationships among nasal obstruction (NO), snoring, and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in working people with or without allergic rhinitis (AR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study using questionnaires.
  
  
  METHODS
  An industrial company in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  We asked 1878 daytime workers to complete questionnaires; data from 1459 respondents were analyzed. Participants were divided into 3 groups: those with NO plus AR, those with NO without AR, and those with AR without NO. Individuals without NO or AR served as controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Allergic rhinitis and daytime sleepiness were evaluated using the European Community Respiratory Health Survey questionnaire and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of snorers, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale score, and the percentage of participants with EDS were higher in the NO-AR and NO groups but were not significantly different in the AR group compared with the control group. These variables did not differ between the NO-AR and NO groups. Patients in the NO-AR and NO groups had higher odds of snoring and of having EDS, whereas the odds of snoring or of having EDS were not statistically significant in the AR group compared with the control group (P = .67 and P = .3, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nasal obstruction is associated with snoring and EDS in individuals with or without AR. Allergic rhinitis without NO is not associated with sleep-disordered breathing or EDS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hiraki
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Udaka
authors.forename: Teruo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiomori
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000150:complications*; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000150:complications*; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000150:complications; D012913:Snoring / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult