title: Identification of tuberculosis susceptibility genes with human macrophage gene expression profiles.
abstract: Although host genetics influences susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB), few genes determining disease outcome have been identified. We hypothesized that macrophages from individuals with different clinical manifestations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection would have distinct gene expression profiles and that polymorphisms in these genes may also be associated with susceptibility to TB. We measured gene expression levels of >38,500 genes from ex vivo Mtb-stimulated macrophages in 12 subjects with 3 clinical phenotypes: latent, pulmonary, and meningeal TB (n = 4 per group). After identifying differentially expressed genes, we confirmed these results in 34 additional subjects by real-time PCR. We also used a case-control study design to examine whether polymorphisms in differentially regulated genes were associated with susceptibility to these different clinical forms of TB. We compared gene expression profiles in Mtb-stimulated and unstimulated macrophages and identified 1,608 and 199 genes that were differentially expressed by >2- and >5-fold, respectively. In an independent sample set of 34 individuals and a subset of highly regulated genes, 90% of the microarray results were confirmed by RT-PCR, including expression levels of CCL1, which distinguished the 3 clinical groups. Furthermore, 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CCL1 were found to be associated with TB in a case-control genetic association study with 273 TB cases and 188 controls. To our knowledge, this is the first identification of CCL1 as a gene involved in host susceptibility to TB and the first study to combine microarray and DNA polymorphism studies to identify genes associated with TB susceptibility. These results suggest that genome-wide studies can provide an unbiased method to identify critical macrophage response genes that are associated with different clinical outcomes and that variation in innate immune response genes regulate susceptibility to TB.
authors.affiliation: Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Nguyen Thuy Thuong
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Thuong
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Dunstan
authors.forename: Tran Thi Hong
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.forename: Vesteinn
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thorsson
authors.forename: Cameron P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Nguyen Than Ha
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Quyen
authors.forename: Guy E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Thwaites
authors.forename: Nguyen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thi Ngoc Lan
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hibberd
authors.forename: Yik Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seielstad
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aderem
authors.forename: Jeremy J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Farrar
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Hawn
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D054402:Chemokine CCL1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008262:Macrophage Activation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D014390:Tuberculosis, Meningeal / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C065971:CCL1 protein, human; D054402:Chemokine CCL1; D012333:RNA, Messenger