title: Induction and repairability of DNA damage caused by ultrasoft X-rays: role of core events.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the severity of damage induced in plasmid DNA by ultrasoft X-rays at different energies, in order to unravel the correlation between the sharp increase in cell-killing efficiency of ultrasoft X-rays above versus below the carbon K-threshold and the induction of core events in DNA atoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bluescript (pBS, tight packing) and pSP189 (pSP, loose packing) plasmids were exposed to ultrasoft X-rays at 250, 380 and 760 eV energies, respectively, above phosphorus L-, carbon K- and oxygen K-thresholds. Complex DNA lesions were assayed by the repair protein Formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg) and by in vitro repair assay using whole cell-free extracts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clustered damage, as revealed by Fpg-induced double strand breaks, was observed at low level, but at similar rate at the three energies. Damage induced at 380 eV may be slightly less efficiently repaired by cell extracts than those produced at 250 eV. 760 eV photons which yield longer range electrons than 250 and 380 eV photons, induced more total damages which were more efficiently repaired, and thus likely more dispersed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is demonstrated that ultrasoft X-rays induce complex damage, which do not exhibit the same ability to be repaired, depending on the energy and on DNA packing.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Mineralogie et de Physique de Milieax Condenses, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 68, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Paban K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Agrawala
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eschenbrenner
authors.forename: Marie-Anne Herve
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: du Penhoat
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boissiere
authors.forename: Marie-Francoise
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Politis
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Touati
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sage
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chetioui
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon; D002460:Cell Line; D002474:Cell-Free System; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded; D004249:DNA Damage; D004260:DNA Repair; D043382:DNA-Formamidopyrimidine Glycosylase / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D010100:Oxygen; D010758:Phosphorus; D010957:Plasmids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D010758:Phosphorus; D002244:Carbon; D004247:DNA; D043382:DNA-Formamidopyrimidine Glycosylase; D010100:Oxygen