title: Crystal and morphological phase transformation of Pb(II) to Pb(IV) in chlorinated water.
abstract: Herein, we show an important transformation of Pb(II) to Pb(IV) in chlorinated water under laboratory conditions. The study results will give an insight toward understanding how corrosion by-products on lead materials found in drinking water distribution systems develop and breakdown with time. The experiments were conducted to elucidate the morphology of lead (IV) oxide mineral transformation from hydrocerussite and its relationship to color change over a period of time. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to describe the surface morphology, shape and size of lead solids. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to determine the mineral structure of lead solids. Solids analysis results were compared over a 14-day period of time to define changes in the crystal structure and morphology of lead solids. XRD analysis results of freshly synthesized lead solids showed that hydrocerussite, [Pb(3)(CO(3))(2)(OH)(2)], was the only lead mineral present. After 14 days, a mixture of cerussite (PbCO(3)) and alpha-PbO(2) and beta-PbO(2) was present. Lead precipitates, i.e. hydrocerussite changed color from white to reddish brown confirming a transformation of the lead phase with time. This was correlated to a change in morphology from flower shaped crystals to hexagonal bars and submicron particles.
authors.affiliation: United States Environmental Protection Agency, ORD, NRMRL, WSWRD, TTEB, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States. lytle.darren@epa.gov
authors.forename: Darren A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lytle
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Mallikarjuna N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Nadagouda
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Worrall
mesh_terms: D002254:Carbonates / Q000032:analysis / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry*; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques; D003116:Color; D003343:Corrosion; D003460:Crystallization; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D010087:Oxides; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002254:Carbonates; D010087:Oxides; C531299:hydrocerussite; D014867:Water; D007854:Lead; C047365:lead oxide; D002713:Chlorine