title: Inhaled corticosteroid therapy reduces cytokine levels in sputum from very preterm infants with chronic lung disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of inhaled corticosteroid therapy and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (oscillation) on preterm infants with chronic lung disease (CLD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten infants with CLD who received inhaled corticosteroid therapy were enrolled. Week 1 was defined as the first week of therapy. The concentrations of interleukin (IL)-8, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12p70 in serial sputum specimens from the infants were determined using a cytometric bead array.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sputum concentrations of IL-8 obtained from the infants during week 3-4 were significantly lower than those obtained before therapy and during week 1-2. The sputum concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 during week 3-4 were significantly lower than the concentrations during week 1-2. The ratio of IL-8 levels during week 1-2 to those before therapy in infants who received oscillation (n = 4) was significantly lower than in those who received intermittent mandatory ventilation (n = 6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhaled corticosteroids may be associated with a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in sputum from infants with CLD from 2 weeks after the start of therapy. Our further investigations suggest that therapy with oscillation modulated airway inflammation earlier than therapy with intermittent mandatory ventilation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichiyama
authors.forename: Shinpei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sunagawa
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maeba
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furukawa
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000403:Airway Resistance; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006612:High-Frequency Ventilation; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013183:Sputum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D016207:Cytokines