title: Adenosine A1 and A3 receptor agonists inhibit nonadrenergic, noncholinergic relaxations in the guinea pig isolated trachea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adenosine affects the tone and reactivity of airways by activating specific membrane receptors, named A(1), A(2a), A(2b) and A(3). It affects cellular activities either directly by regulating membrane ion exchanges and polarization, or indirectly by modifying neurotransmitter release.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We assessed the effect of A(1) and A(3) receptor activation on electrically induced nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) relaxations in the guinea pig isolated trachea and the localization of A(1) and A(3) receptors in tracheal inhibitory neurons.
  
  
  METHODS
  NANC responses at 3 Hz were evaluated in the presence of 2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), a selective A(1) agonist, and 2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (Cl-IB-MECA), a selective A(3) agonist, before and after the administration of 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), a selective A(1) antagonist, or 9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)-5-((phenylacetyl)amino[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c])quinazoline (MRS 1220), a selective A(3) antagonist, respectively. For immunohistochemistry, tissues were exposed to antibodies to HuC/D, a general neuronal marker, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and A(1) or A(3) adenosine receptors and processed by indirect immunofluorescence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CCPA (10 nM-3 microM) inhibited NANC relaxations. DPCPX (10 nM) failed to antagonize the effect of CCPA, but inhibited per se NANC relaxations (range 0.1-100 nM). CCPA (10 nM-10 microM) contracted unstimulated tracheal preparations, an effect antagonized by 10 nM DPCPX, with a pK(B) value of 8.43. Cl-IB-MECA (10 nM-3 microM) inhibited NANC relaxations through a mechanism antagonized by MRS 1220 (100 nM). A(1)- and A(3)-positive neurons containing nNOS were detected in tracheal sections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enogenous adenosine may induce airway hyperresponsiveness by inhibiting NANC relaxations via A(1) and A(3) receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive, Occupational and Community Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. antonio.dellabianca@unipv.it
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dellabianca
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faniglione
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Angelis
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tonini
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balestra
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colucci
authors.forename: Marila
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cervio
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clavenzani
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chiocchetti
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Giorgio
authors.forename: Stefano M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Candura
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D058907:Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists; D058909:Adenosine A3 Receptor Agonists; D000818:Animals; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009126:Muscle Relaxation; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D043684:Receptor, Adenosine A3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014132:Trachea / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D058907:Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists; D058909:Adenosine A3 Receptor Agonists; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1; D043684:Receptor, Adenosine A3; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D000241:Adenosine