title: An open-label, randomized, flexible-dose, crossover study to assess the comparative efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate and apomorphine hydrochloride in men with erectile dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We report the methodology and results of a study that compared a dopaminergic agonist, apomorphine, with a phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor, sildenafil, in terms of efficacy, tolerability, satisfaction and patient preference.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a 20-week open- label, randomized, flexible-dose, crossover study to assess the comparative efficacy and safety of sildenafil and apomorphine. One sequence group received treatment with sildenafil followed by apomorphine and the other sequence group received treatment with apomorphine followed by sildenafil. The primary efficacy variable was the measurement of the score of the erectile function domain (the sum of questions 1-5 and 15) of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire. The secondary efficacy variables were: the responses to the Global Efficacy Assessment Questions; the score of the responses to all the questions of the IIEF questionnaire; the index score of the Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction questionnaire, and the event log variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A marked increase in the mean IIEF score was observed after treatment with sildenafil, compared with a small increase following treatment with apomorphine. The mean baseline and final scores before and after treatment with sildenafil were 13.9 +/- 5.2 and 24.1 +/- 5.2, while the corresponding mean scores before and after treatment with apomorphine were 14.2 +/- 5.1 and 16.8 +/- 6.2. The comparison between treatments showed a statistically significant difference in favor of sildenafil. Furthermore, sildenafil was found to be significantly superior to apomorphine in all the other secondary variables, produced a high level of patient satisfaction, and a significantly larger number of patients indicated their preference for sildenafil compared to apomorphine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. bgiammusso@hotmail.it
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giammusso
authors.forename: Giovanni M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Colpi
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cormio
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ludovico
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soli
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ponchietti
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montorsi
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Panzironi
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guastella
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011687:Purines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012107:Research Design; D012449:Safety; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013450:Sulfones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D013450:Sulfones; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D001058:Apomorphine; D004298:Dopamine