title: Combinatorial regulation of endothelial gene expression by ets and forkhead transcription factors.
abstract: Vascular development begins when mesodermal cells differentiate into endothelial cells, which then form primitive vessels. It has been hypothesized that endothelial-specific gene expression may be regulated combinatorially, but the transcriptional mechanisms governing specificity in vascular gene expression remain incompletely understood. Here, we identify a 44 bp transcriptional enhancer that is sufficient to direct expression specifically and exclusively to the developing vascular endothelium. This enhancer is regulated by a composite cis-acting element, the FOX:ETS motif, which is bound and synergistically activated by Forkhead and Ets transcription factors. We demonstrate that coexpression of the Forkhead protein FoxC2 and the Ets protein Etv2 induces ectopic expression of vascular genes in Xenopus embryos, and that combinatorial knockdown of the orthologous genes in zebrafish embryos disrupts vascular development. Finally, we show that FOX:ETS motifs are present in many known endothelial-specific enhancers and that this motif is an efficient predictor of endothelial enhancers in the human genome.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Val
authors.forename: Neil C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Stryder M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Meadows
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minovitsky
authors.forename: Joshua P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Ian S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Melissa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ehlers
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Visel
authors.forename: Shan-Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Len A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Pennacchio
authors.forename: Inna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dubchak
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Krieg
authors.forename: Didier Y R
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Stainier
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Black
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000196:embryology; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000166:cytology; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D004727:Endothelium / Q000196:embryology; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets / Q000378:metabolism*; D014981:Xenopus; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets