title: Increased frequency of chromosome translocations in airline pilots with long-term flying experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chromosome translocations are an established biomarker of cumulative exposure to external ionising radiation. Airline pilots are exposed to cosmic ionising radiation, but few flight crew studies have examined translocations in relation to flight experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the frequency of translocations in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of 83 airline pilots and 50 comparison subjects (mean age 47 and 46 years, respectively). Translocations were scored in an average of 1039 cell equivalents (CE) per subject using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) whole chromosome painting and expressed per 100 CE. Negative binomial regression models were used to assess the relationship between translocation frequency and exposure status and flight years, adjusting for age, diagnostic x ray procedures, and military flying.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in the adjusted mean translocation frequency of pilots and comparison subjects (0.37 (SE 0.04) vs 0.38 (SE 0.06) translocations/100 CE, respectively). However, among pilots, the adjusted translocation frequency was significantly associated with flight years (p = 0.01) with rate ratios of 1.06 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.11) and 1.81 (95% CI 1.16 to 2.82) for a 1- and 10-year incremental increase in flight years, respectively. The adjusted rate ratio for pilots in the highest compared to the lowest quartile of flight years was 2.59 (95% CI 1.26 to 5.33).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggests that pilots with long-term flying experience may be exposed to biologically significant doses of ionising radiation. Epidemiological studies with longer follow-up of larger cohorts of pilots with a wide range of radiation exposure levels are needed to clarify the relationship between cosmic radiation exposure and cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Industrywide Studies Branch, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, R-15, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA. LAY7@CDC.GOV
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sigurdson
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Whelan
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhatti
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ron
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Tucker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000401:Aircraft; D003359:Cosmic Radiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013997:Time Factors; D014178:Translocation, Genetic