title: The role of Akt/protein kinase B subtypes in retinal ischemic preconditioning.
abstract: Potent endogenous protection from ischemia can be induced in the retina by ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Protein kinase B/Akt is a cellular survival factor. We hypothesized that Akt was integral to IPC based upon differential effects of Akt subtypes. Rats were subjected to retinal ischemia after IPC or IPC-mimicking by the opening of mitochondrial KATP (mKATP) channels. The effects of blocking Akt using wortmannin, API-2, or small interfering RNA (siRNA) were examined. Electroretinography assessed functional recovery after ischemia, and TUNEL examined retinal ganglion cell apoptosis. We studied the relationship between Akt activation and known initiators of IPC, including adenosine receptor stimulation and the opening of mKATP channels. The PI-3 kinase inhibitor wortmannin 1 or 4 mg/kg (i.p.), the specific Akt inhibitor API-2, 5-500 microM in the vitreous, or intravitreal siRNA directed against Akt2 or -3, but not Akt1, significantly attenuated the neuroprotective effect of IPC. Interfering RNA against any of the three Akt subtypes significantly but time-dependently attenuated mKATP channel opening to mimic IPC. Adenosine A1 receptor blockade (DPCPX), A2a blockade (CSC), or the mKATP channel blocker 5-hydroxydecanoic acid significantly attenuated Akt activation after IPC. Interfering RNA directed against Akt subtypes prevented the ameliorative effect of IPC on post-ischemic apoptosis. All three Akt subtypes are involved in functional retinal neuroprotection by IPC or IPC-mimicking. Akt is downstream of adenosine A1 and A2a receptors and mKATP channel opening. The results indicate the presence in the retina of robust and redundant endogenous neuroprotection based upon subtypes of Akt.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dreixler
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hemmert
authors.forename: Shanti K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Shenoy
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: H Thomas
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Afzhal R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002747:Chlorpropamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D003981:Diazoxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000187:drug effects / Q000379:methods; D007511:Ischemia / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D000077191:Wortmannin; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D002747:Chlorpropamide; D003981:Diazoxide; D007527:Isoenzymes; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D000077191:Wortmannin; C111224:API 2; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides