title: Effects of retinoic acid on Dominant hemimelia expression in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dominant hemimelia (Dh) is an autosomal dominant mutation that arose spontaneously in mice. Dh animals are asplenic and they exhibit asymmetric hindlimb defects in association with reduced numbers of lumbar vertebrae. These defects suggest that Dh acts early in embryonic development to affect patterning of the anterior-posterior (A-P) and left-right axes. This study was undertaken to determine whether retinoic acid (RA), which is involved in A-P patterning and coordination of bilaterally synchronized somitogenesis, affects phenotypic expression of the Dh gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four pregnant females were given, by oral intubation, a single dose of 50 or 75 mg all-trans RA per kilogram body weight at GD 9, 10, or 11. The pregnant females were then euthanized at GD 18 and fetuses removed by cesarean section. A total of 326 fetuses were identified by phenotype and linked DNA and their skeletons were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a differential effect of RA on the axial skeleton and hindlimb of Dh/+ mice as compared to their wild-type littermates. Dose- and stage-specific effects on sternebrae and vertebrae were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of RA dosing on numbers of sternebrae and vertebrae suggest that Dh embryos have a primary defect in retinoid-mediated A-P patterning. Dosing with RA may produce the observed effects on phenotypic expression of Dh/+ by indirectly or directly modifying an already existing altered Hox expression pattern. As the relationship between axial patterning and the asymmetric limb is unknown, Dh is an important model for studying this relationship.
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Simmons College, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5898, USA. mary.owen@simmons.edu
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Louise M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Lewis B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Holmes
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004480:Ectromelia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D005801:Genes, Homeobox / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011247:Pregnancy; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects / Q000196:embryology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D014212:Tretinoin