title: Urologic robots and future directions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in urology has gained immense popularity with the daVinci system, but a lot of research teams are working on new robots. The purpose of this study is to review current urologic robots and present future development directions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Future systems are expected to advance in two directions: improvements of remote manipulation robots and developments of image-guided robots.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The final goal of robots is to allow safer and more homogeneous outcomes with less variability of surgeon performance, as well as new tools to perform tasks on the basis of medical transcutaneous imaging, in a less invasive way, at lower costs. It is expected that improvements for a remote system could be augmented in reality, with haptic feedback, size reduction, and development of new tools for natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery. The paradigm of image-guided robots is close to clinical availability and the most advanced robots are presented with end-user technical assessments. It is also notable that the potential of robots lies much further ahead than the accomplishments of the daVinci system. The integration of imaging with robotics holds a substantial promise, because this can accomplish tasks otherwise impossible. Image-guided robots have the potential to offer a paradigm shift.
authors.affiliation: Urology Robotics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mozer
authors.forename: Jocelyne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Troccaz
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stoianovici
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000639:trends*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000639:trends*