title: Transcriptome analysis in peripheral blood of humans exposed to environmental carcinogens: a promising new biomarker in environmental health studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human carcinogenesis is known to be initiated and/or promoted by exposure to chemicals that occur in the environment. Molecular cancer epidemiology is used to identify human environmental cancer risks by applying a range of effect biomarkers, which tend to be nonspecific and do not generate insights into underlying modes of action. Toxicogenomic technologies may improve on this by providing the opportunity to identify molecular biomarkers consisting of altered gene expression profiles.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to monitor the expression of selected genes in a random sample of adults in Flanders selected from specific regions with (presumably) different environmental burdens. Furthermore, associations of gene expression with blood and urinary measures of biomarkers of exposure, early phenotypic effects, and tumor markers were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individual gene expression of cytochrome p450 1B1, activating transcription factor 4, mitogen-activated protein kinase 14, superoxide dismutase 2 (Mn), chemokine (C-X-C motif) lig-and 1 (melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase homolog 2 (mouse), tigger transposable element derived 3, and PTEN-induced putative kinase1 were measured by means of quantitative polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood cells of 398 individuals. After correction for the confounding effect of tobacco smoking, inhabitants of the Olen region showed the highest differences in gene expression levels compared with inhabitants from the Gent and fruit cultivation regions. Importantly, we observed multiple significant correlations of particular gene expressions with blood and urinary measures of various environmental carcinogens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the observed significant differences between gene expression levels in inhabitants of various regions in Flanders and the associations of gene expression with blood or urinary measures of environmental carcinogens, we conclude that gene expression profiling appears promising as a tool for biological monitoring in relation to environmental exposures in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands. d.vanleeuwen@grat.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Danitsja M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: Ralph W H
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gottschalk
authors.forename: Greet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schoeters
authors.forename: Nicolas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: van Larebeke
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nelen
authors.forename: Willy F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Baeyens
authors.forename: Jos C S
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kleinjans
authors.forename: Joost H M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van Delft
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000633:toxicity*; D017931:DNA Primers; D006801:Humans; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D017931:DNA Primers; D012333:RNA, Messenger