title: Experimental measures of ventricular activation and synchrony.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A widened QRS complex as a primary indication for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) for heart failure patients has been reported to be an inconsistent indicator for dyssynchronous ventricular activation. The purpose of this study was to conduct a detailed experimental investigation of total ventricular activation time (TVAT), determine how to measure it accurately, and compare it to the commonly used measure of QRS width. In addition, we investigated a measure of electrical synchrony and determined its relationship to the duration of ventricular activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Unipolar electrograms (EGs) were recorded from the myocardial volume using plunge needle electrodes, from the epicardial surface using "sock" electrode arrays, and from the surface of an electrolytic torso-shaped tank. EGs were analyzed to determine a root mean square (RMS)-based measure of ventricular activation and electrical ventricular synchrony.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RMS-based technique provided an accurate means of measuring TVAT from unipolar EGs recorded from the heart, the entire tank surface, or the precordial leads. In normal canine hearts, a quantification of ventricular electrical synchrony (VES) for normal ventricular activation showed that the ventricles activate, on average, within 3 ms of each other with the left typically activating first.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conclusions from this study are: (1) ventricular activation was reflected accurately by the RMS width obtained from direct cardiac measurements and from precordial leads on the tank surface and (2) VES was not strongly correlated with TVAT.
authors.affiliation: Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5000, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: Quan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: Rob S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: MacLeod
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Lux
authors.forename: Bonnie B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Punske
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D004285:Dogs; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*