title: The effect of word length and other sublexical, lexical, and semantic variables on developmental reading deficits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of word length and several sublexical, and lexico-semantic variables on the reading of Italian children with a developmental reading deficit.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies indicated the role of word length in transparent orthographies. However, several factors that may interact with word length were not controlled for.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen impaired and 34 skilled sixth-grade readers were presented words of different lengths, matched for initial phoneme, bigram frequency, word frequency, age of acquisition, and imageability. Participants were asked to read aloud, as quickly and as accurately as possible. Reaction times at the onset of pronunciation and mispronunciations were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Impaired readers' reaction times indicated a marked effect of word length; in skilled readers, there was no length effect for short words but, rather, a monotonic increase from 6-letter words on. Regression analyses confirmed the role of word length and indicated the influence of word frequency (similar in impaired and skilled readers). No other variables predicted reading latencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Word length differentially influenced word recognition in impaired versus skilled readers, irrespective of the action of (potentially interfering) sublexical, lexical, and semantic variables. It is proposed that the locus of the length effect is at a perceptual level of analysis. The independent influence of word frequency on the reading performance of both groups of participants indicates the sparing of lexical activation in impaired readers.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy. m.deluca@hsantalucia.it
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barca
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burani
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zoccolotti
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time; D011932:Reading; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012660:Semantics