title: Genome-wide analysis reveals Sall4 to be a major regulator of pluripotency in murine-embryonic stem cells.
abstract: Embryonic stem cells have potential utility in regenerative medicine because of their pluripotent characteristics. Sall4, a zinc-finger transcription factor, is expressed very early in embryonic development with Oct4 and Nanog, two well-characterized pluripotency regulators. Sall4 plays an important role in governing the fate of stem cells through transcriptional regulation of both Oct4 and Nanog. By using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to microarray hybridization (ChIP-on-chip), we have mapped global gene targets of Sall4 to further investigate regulatory processes in W4 mouse ES cells. A total of 3,223 genes were identified that were bound by the Sall4 protein on duplicate assays with high confidence, and many of these have major functions in developmental and regulatory pathways. Sall4 bound approximately twice as many annotated genes within promoter regions as Nanog and approximately four times as many as Oct4. Immunoprecipitation revealed a heteromeric protein complex(es) between Sall4, Oct4, and Nanog, consistent with binding site co-occupancies. Decreasing Sall4 expression in W4 ES cells decreases the expression levels of Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4, four proteins capable of reprogramming somatic cells to an induced pluripotent state. Further, Sall4 bound many genes that are regulated in part by chromatin-based epigenetic events mediated by polycomb-repressive complexes and bivalent domains. This suggests that Sall4 plays a diverse role in regulating stem cell pluripotency during early embryonic development through integration of transcriptional and epigenetic controls.
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Medicine, Nevada Cancer Institute, One Breakthrough Way, Las Vegas, NV 89135, USA.
authors.forename: Jianchang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Taylor C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Fowles
authors.forename: Zaida
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Alipio
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Louis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Yupo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D016678:Genome; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D039904:Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C000715468:Klf4 protein, mouse; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; C489428:Myc protein, mouse; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3; C494174:Pou5f1 protein, mouse; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors; C509167:Sall4 protein, mouse; C527783:Sox2 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors