title: The defensive secretion of Carabus lefebvrei Dejean 1826 pupa (Coleoptera, Carabidae): gland ultrastructure and chemical identification.
abstract: This study documents the defensive function of flavored humor secreted by the abdominal glands of Carabus lefebvrei pupae. The morphology and the ultrastructure of these glands were described and the volatile compounds of glands secretion were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The ultrastructure analysis shows an acinose complex formed by about 50 clusters. Each cluster has 20 glandular units and the unit-composed of one secretory and one canal cell lying along a duct-belongs to the class 3 cell type of Quennedey (1998). In the cytoplasm, the secretory cell contains abundant rough endoplasmatic reticula, glycogen granules, numerous mitochondria, and many well-developed Golgi complexes producing electron-dense secretory granules. Mitochondria are large, elongated, and often adjoining electronlucent vesicles. The kind and the origin of secretory granules varying in size and density were discussed. The chemical analysis of the gland secretion revealed the presence of a mixture of low molecular weight terpenes, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, and carboxylic acids. Monoterpenes, especially linalool, were the major products. We supposed that ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, and carboxylic acids have a deterrent function against the predators and monoterpenes provide a prophylaxis function against pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci cubo 4B, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Calabria, Italy. anita.giglio@unical.it
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giglio
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brandmayr
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dalpozzo
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sindona
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tagarelli
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Talarico
authors.forename: Tullia Zetto
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Brandmayr
authors.forename: Enrico A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ferrero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005088:Exocrine Glands / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D011679:Pupa / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds