title: Muscarinic receptor antagonists for overactive bladder treatment: does one fit all?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review evidence and regulatory dosing recommendations for muscarinic receptor antagonists used in the treatment of overactive bladder symptom complex (darifenacin, fesoterodine, oxybutynin, propiverine, solifenacin, tolterodine, trospium) in special patient populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Growing evidence demonstrates effects of renal impairment, hepatic impairment, genetics and/or comedications on the pharmacokinetics of muscarinic antagonists. They may cause greater exposure in the respective population, which may translate into greater risks for side effects. These possible risks lead to drug-specific regulatory dosing recommendations or even contraindications in certain patient populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physicians should be aware of pharmacokinetic alterations in special patient populations and possible associated risks. The evidence-based choice of a muscarinic antagonist in such patients should be guided by its specific pharmacokinetic profile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lambertus P W
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.forename: Wilhemina M C
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: Jean J M C H
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de la Rosette
authors.forename: Martin C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Michel
mesh_terms: D000075202:Contraindications; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 / Q000378:metabolism; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D008099:Liver / Q000503:physiopathology; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D019389:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human