title: Automated computer differential classification in Parkinsonian Syndromes via pattern analysis on MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reported error rates for initial clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) against other Parkinson Plus Syndromes (PPS) can reach up to 35%. Reducing this initial error rate is an important research goal. We evaluated the ability of an automated technique, based on structural, cross-sectional T1-weighted (T1w) magnetic resonance imaging, to perform differential classification of IPD patients versus those with either progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) or multiple systems atrophy (MSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 181 subjects were included in this retrospective study: 149 healthy controls, 16 IPD patients, and 16 patients diagnosed with either probable PSP (n = 8) or MSA (n = 8). Cross-sectional T1w magnetic resonance imagers were acquired and subsequently corrected, scaled, resampled, and aligned within a common referential space. Tissue composition and deformation features in the hindbrain region were then automatically extracted. Classification of patients was performed using a support vector machine with least-squares optimization within a multidimensional composition/deformation feature space built from the healthy subjects' data. Leave-one-out classification was used to avoid over-determination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no age difference between groups. The automated system obtained 91% accuracy (agreement with long-term clinical follow-up), 88% specificity, and 93% sensitivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that a classification approach based on quantitative parameters of three-dimensional hindbrain morphology extracted automatically from T1w magnetic resonance imaging has the potential to assist in the differential diagnosis of IPD versus PSP and MSA with high accuracy, therefore reducing the initial clinical error rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Robert Giffard Research Center, Laval University, Quebec, PQ, Canada. duchesne@ieee.org
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duchesne
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rolland
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vérin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity