title: Estimated 10-year stroke risk by region and race in the United States: geographic and racial differences in stroke risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Black individuals younger than 75 years have more than twice the risk for stroke death than whites in the United States. Regardless of race, stroke death is approximately 50% greater in the "stroke belt" and "stroke buckle" states of the Southeastern United States. We assessed geographic and racial differences in estimated 10-year stroke risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study is a population-based cohort of men and women 45 years or older, recruited February 2003 to September 2007 at this report, with oversampling of stroke belt/buckle residents and blacks. Racial and regional differences in the Framingham Stroke Risk Score were studied in 23,940 participants without previous stroke or transient ischemic attack.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age-, race-, and sex-adjusted 10-year predicted stroke probability differed slightly across regions: 10.7% in the belt, 10.4% in the buckle, and 10.1% elsewhere (p <0.001). Geographic differences were largest for the score components of diabetes and use of antihypertensive therapy. Blacks had a greater age- and sex-adjusted mean 10-year predicted stroke probability than whites: 12.0 versus 9.2%, respectively (p <0.001). Race differences were largest for the score components of hypertension, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and left ventricular hypertrophy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although blacks had a greater predicted stroke probability than whites, regional differences were small. Results suggest that interventions to reduce racial disparities in stroke risk factors hold promise to reduce the racial disparity in stroke mortality. The same may not be true regarding geographic disparities in stroke mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05446, USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cushman
authors.forename: Ronald A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cantrell
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Prineas
authors.forename: Claudia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Moy
authors.forename: Ella M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Temple
authors.forename: Virginia J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Howard
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015144:Southeastern United States / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*