title: Immune and neuroendocrine responses to head-down rest and countermeasures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Head-down bed rest (HDBR) at -6 degrees is used as a model for studying physiological changes during microgravity in spaceflight. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether exposure to such an environment is associated with alterations in the synthesis of some acute-phase proteins and cytokines, and whether countermeasures would prevent these changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 12 male volunteers who were subjected to HDBR for 20 d; 6 formed the countermeasure (CMS) group and exercised on a short-arm centrifuge for 30 min/d, while the other 6 served as controls (CTL). Variables measured before and after HDBR included plasma noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, leukocyte count, interleukin 6, total serum protein, C-reactive protein, and alpha-1 antichimotrypsin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations increased significantly in both groups, while the concentration of C-reactive protein decreased. The concentration of C-reactive protein was significantly higher (CTL: 0.028 +/- 0.005 mg x dl(-1); CMS: 0.025 +/-0.003 mg x dl(-1)), and that of adrenaline was significantly lower in CTL compared to CMS (CTL: 46.8 +/- 7.5 pg x ml(-1); CMS: 71 +/- 22.5 pg x ml(-1)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that several neuroendocrine and immunological parameters are modulated by prolonged HDBR and these changes may be counteracted at least in part by artificial gravity with exercise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan. dkanikowska@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kanikowska
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iwase
authors.forename: Yuuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inukai
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sugenoya
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D001510:Bed Rest; D002395:Catecholamines; D002498:Centrifugation; D016552:Ergometry; D018475:Head-Down Tilt / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013026:Space Flight; D014893:Weightlessness / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D002395:Catecholamines