title: Phosphatase and tensin homolog in cerebral cavernous malformation: a potential role in pathological angiogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are the most common vascular malformation of the central nervous system and involve dysregulated angiogenesis. However, the underlying mechanism of this disease is poorly understood. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) plays a crucial role in regulating angiogenesis. The authors attempted to determine whether PTEN is involved in the pathological angiogenesis of CCM.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical methods to detect the expression of PTEN, PCNA, and P-Akt in the surgical specimens of CCMs and controls. The function of PTEN in cell proliferation was studied after PTEN silencing in endothelial cultures by using the short interfering RNA technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Western blot analysis showed significant reduction of PTEN protein expression in CCMs compared with control brain tissue (p < 0.01). Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed PTEN insufficiency in 33% of vascular endothelia of CCMs, which was significantly higher than that of controls (2%, p < 0.01). Furthermore, PTEN insufficiency occurred more frequently in multiple CCMs (44%) and in small lesions (39%) than in single CCMs (28%, p < 0.05) and large lesions (30%, p < 0.05), respectively, suggesting a potential role of PTEN in the progression of the lesions. Of note, a negative correlation was observed between the expression of PTEN and PCNA in CCM endothelial cells. However, Akt was not constitutively activated in CCMs. Using cultured endothelial cells, the authors demonstrated that PTEN silencing by short interfering RNA increased Akt activation, PCNA expression, and cell proliferation (p < 0.001). Surprisingly, the PTEN silencing-mediated increase in endothelial proliferation was not reversed by the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, the authors report for the first time a significant PTEN insufficiency in CCM vessels associated with endothelial proliferation. The in vitro study provides direct evidence for a pivotal role of PTEN in regulating endothelial proliferation, most likely through a PI3K-independent pathway. The authors suggest that PTEN insufficiency is potentially involved in CCM by stimulating angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany. yuan.zhu@uk-essen.de
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallier-Neelsen
authors.forename: Dorothea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pagenstecher
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bertalanffy
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sure
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000172:deficiency / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C494929:PTEN protein, human