title: Relationship between improved airflow limitation and changes in airway calibre induced by inhaled anticholinergic agents in COPD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although airflow limitation improved by inhaled anticholinergic drugs varies among individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the relationship between actual bronchodilation and improved pulmonary function and where in the lung such bronchodilation occurs remains unknown. A study was undertaken to determine the relationship between improved pulmonary function and changes in airway calibre at various sites in the airways in response to inhaled anticholinergic agents in patients with COPD using three-dimensional computed tomography (CT).
  
  
  METHODS
  CT scans were performed at deep inspiration and detailed pulmonary function tests before and 1 week after daily inhalations of tiotropium bromide in 15 patients with clinically stable COPD. The airway luminal area was examined at the third (segmental) to the sixth generations of eight bronchi in the right lung.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bronchodilation was demonstrated by an overall average increase of 39% in the inner luminal area, and the mean (SE) forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) increased from 1.23 (0.11) l to 1.47 (0.13) l. The magnitude of bronchodilation was closely correlated with improved pulmonary function, particularly with that of FEV(1) (r = 0.843, p<0.001). Such correlations were significant at the fourth to the sixth generation but not at the third generation of bronchi, and the slope of the regression lines became steeper from the third to the sixth generation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhaled anticholinergic agents induce overall bronchodilation which is in proportion to improvements in FEV(1) in patients with COPD. Bronchodilation at the distal rather than the proximal airways is the determinant of functional improvement.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, N-15 W-7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Makita
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nasuhara
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Odajima
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Betsuyaku
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishimura
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001980:Bronchi / Q000187:drug effects*; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide