title: Finding order in heterogeneity: types of quality-improvement intervention publications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stakeholders in quality improvement agree on the need for augmenting and synthesising the scientific literature supporting it. The diversity of perspectives, approaches, and contexts critical to advancing quality improvement science, however, creates challenges. The paper explores the heterogeneity in clinical quality improvement intervention (QII) publications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A preliminary classification framework was developed for QII articles, aiming for categories homogeneous enough to support coherent scientific discussion on QII reporting standards and facilitate systematic review. QII experts were asked to identify articles important to QII science. The framework was tested and revised by applying it to the article set. The final framework screened articles into (1) empirical literature on development and testing of QIIs; (2) QII stories, theories, and frameworks; (3) QII literature syntheses and meta-analyses; or (4) development and testing of QII-related tools. To achieve homogeneity, category (1) required division into (1a) development of QIIs; 1(b) history, documentation, or description of QIIs; or (1c) success, effectiveness or impact of QIIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By discussing unique issues and established standards relevant to each category, QII stakeholders can advance QII practice and science, including the scope and conduct of systematic literature reviews.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System at Sepulveda, North Hills, CA 91343, USA. lisa_rubenstein@rand.org
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hempel
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Asch
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Shekelle
mesh_terms: D011642:Publications / Q000592:standards*; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care