title: The efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of emotional distress after acquired brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), adapted to meet the unique needs of individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI), and modified for both group and telephone delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Matched-controlled trial, with multiple measurements across participants, including pretreatment baseline assessment plus posttreatment and 1-month follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient community brain injury center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N=20) with chronic ABI. Ten were assigned to the CBT treatment group and 10 to education control. All were experiencing significant emotional distress at the onset of the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven sessions of CBT (or education control), including 1 introductory individual session plus 10 further sessions administered in either group format or by telephone. The CBT was designed to decrease psychologic distress and improve coping. Specific adaptations were made to the CBT in order to better accommodate individuals with cognitive difficulties.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome measures included the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). Secondary outcome measures included the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) and the Ways of Coping Scale, Revised.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant CBT treatment effects (in both group and telephone formats) were observed on the SCL-90-R and the DASS-21, whereas no significant effects were observed in the education control group. No significant effects of treatment were observed on the CIQ or Ways of Coping Scale, Revised.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that adapted CBT-administered by telephone or in a face-to-face group setting-can significantly improve emotional well-being in chronic ABI.
authors.affiliation: Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada. bradbury.cheryl@torontorehab.on.ca
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bradbury
authors.forename: Bruce K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Lesley A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Ruttan
authors.forename: April L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Arundine
authors.forename: Robin E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult