title: Three-dimensional analysis of facial morphology surface changes in untreated children from 12 to 14 years of age.
abstract: The developing face is of interest to orthodontists, especially if orthodontic treatment can influence the outcome of facial growth. New 3-dimensional (3D) modalities have enabled clinicians to better understand the facial changes in a developing child.
  
  
  
  Fifty-nine children with normal body mass indexes were evaluated with a previously validated 3D laser imaging device over a 2-year period. Surface changes were evaluated on normal and average faces. These changes were seen as mean surface changes and color maps.
  
  
  
  The results suggest that the surface areas of change in average faces were generally downward and forward with respect to the nose and soft-tissue nasion. The lips also translated in a downward direction as the nose grew, and there was a general increase in the vertical dimension. Some subjects were in the "great changes" category, boys significantly more so than girls.
  
  
  
  The following conclusions can be made from this 3D study of changes of facial morphology in children: (1) surface changes are greater in boys than in girls; (2) differences in the timing of surface changes in boys and girls are clinically significant, with boys exhibiting more changes later; (3) positive surface changes occur in the nose, brows, lips, and vertical dimensions of the face; (4) the eyes deepen, and the cheeks become flatter; and (5) 3D imaging is a useful tool in analyzing changes to the face over time.
authors.affiliation: Orthodontics, 3D Imaging Facility, University of Texas Health Science Center, Department of Orthodontics, Houston, TX 77030, USA. chung.h.kau@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Chung How
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kau
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richmond
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology; D002610:Cheek / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005123:Eye / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D005138:Eyebrows / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005546:Forehead / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D006696:Holography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007834:Lasers; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development; D012737:Sex Factors; D014716:Vertical Dimension