title: Evaluation of phase II toxicity identification evaluation methods for freshwater whole sediment and interstitial water.
abstract: Phase I whole sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) methods have been developed to characterize the cause of toxicity as organic chemicals, metals, or ammonia. In Phase II identification treatments, resins added to whole sediment to reduce toxicity caused by metals and organics can be separated and eluted much like solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns are eluted for interstitial water. In this study, formulated reference sediments spiked with toxic concentrations of copper, fluoranthene, and nonylphenol were subjected to whole sediment and interstitial water TIE treatments to evaluate Phase I and II TIE procedures for identifying the cause of toxicity to Hyalella azteca. Phase I TIE treatments consisted of adding adsorbent resins to whole sediment, and using SPE columns to remove spiked chemicals from interstitial water. Phase II treatments consisted of eluting resins and SPE columns and the preparation and testing of eluates for toxicity and chemistry. Whole sediment resins and SPE columns significantly reduced toxicity, and the eluates from all treatments contained toxic concentrations of the spiked chemical except for interstitial water fluoranthene. Toxic unit analysis based on median lethal concentrations (LC50s) allowed for the comparison of chemical concentrations among treatments, and demonstrated that the bioavailability of some chemicals was reduced in some samples and treatments. The concentration of fluoranthene in the resin eluate closely approximated the original interstitial water concentration, but the resin eluate concentrations of copper and nonylphenol were much higher than the original interstitial water concentrations. Phase II whole sediment TIE treatments provided complementary lines of evidence to the interstitial water TIE results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Marine Pollution Studies Laboratory, 34500 Coast Route One, Monterey, CA 93940, USA. bmphillips@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Bryn M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: Sara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Jennifer P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Voorhees
authors.forename: Ron S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tjeerdema
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Casteline
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005449:Fluorenes; D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; C007738:fluoranthene; D003300:Copper; C025256:nonylphenol