title: The relation of hand and arm configuration variances while tracking geometric figures in Parkinson's disease: aspects for rehabilitation.
abstract: Variances of drawing arm movements between patients with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls were compared. The aim was to determine whether differences in joint synergies or individual joint rotations affect the endpoint (hand position) variance. Joint and endpoint coordinates were measured while participants performed drawing tasks. Variances of arm configurations and endpoints were computed and statistically analyzed for 12 patients and 12 controls. The variance of arm movements for patients (both for arm configuration and endpoint) was overall higher than that for the control group. Variation was smaller for drawing a circle versus a square and for drawing with the dominant versus the nondominant hand within both groups. The ratio of arm configuration variances between groups was similar to the ratio of endpoint variances. There were significant differences in the velocity, but not in the path lengths of movements comparing the two groups. Patients presented less movement stability while drawing different figures in different trials. Moreover, the similarity of the ratios suggests that the ill-coordinated hand movement was caused by the error in the movements of individual body parts rather than by the lack of intersegmental coordination. Thus, rehabilitation may focus on the improvement of the precision of individual joint rotations.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Keresztényi
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cesari
authors.forename: Gábor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fazekas
authors.forename: József
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laczkó
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012399:Rotation; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis