title: Prevalence of refractive error in malay primary school children in suburban area of Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Refractive error remains one of the primary causes of visual impairment in children worldwide, and the prevalence of refractive error varies widely. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of refractive error and study the possible associated factors inducing refractive error among primary school children of Malay ethnicity in the suburban area of Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A school-based cross-sectional study was performed from January to July 2006 by random selection on Standard 1 to Standard 6 students of 10 primary schools in the Kota Bharu district. Visual acuity assessment was measured using logMAR ETDRS chart. Positive predictive value of uncorrected visual acuity equal or worse than 20/40, was used as a cut-off point for further evaluation by automated refraction and retinoscopic refraction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 840 students were enumerated but only 705 were examined. The prevalence of uncorrected visual impairment was seen in 54 (7.7%) children. The main cause of the uncorrected visual impairment was refractive error which contributed to 90.7% of the total, and with 7.0% prevalence for the studied population. Myopia is the most common type of refractive error among children aged 6 to 12 years with prevalence of 5.4%, followed by hyperopia at 1.0% and astigmatism at 0.6%. A significant positive correlation was noted between myopia development with increasing age (P <0.005), more hours spent on reading books (P <0.005) and background history of siblings with glasses (P <0.005) and whose parents are of higher educational level (P <0.005). Malays in suburban Kelantan (5.4%) have the lowest prevalence of myopia compared with Malays in the metropolitan cities of Kuala Lumpur (9.2%) and Singapore (22.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ethnicity-specific prevalence rate of myopia was the lowest among Malays in Kota Bharu, followed by Kuala Lumpur, and is the highest among Singaporean Malays. Better socio-economic factors could have contributed to higher myopia rates in the cities, since the genetic background of these ethnic Malays are similar.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus University Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Syaratul-Emma
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.forename: Hui-Ken
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Wan-Hazabbah
authors.forename: Mohtar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012029:Refraction, Ocular; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012574:Schools; D013383:Suburban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014792:Visual Acuity