title: Zonisamide in children and young adults with refractory epilepsy: an open label, multicenter Italian study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report on the first multicenter Italian experience with zonisamide as an add-on drug for refractory generalised or partial epilepsy in children, adolescents and young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The patients were enrolled in a prospective, add-on, open-label treatment study from eight Italian centres for children and adolescent epilepsy care. Eighty-two young patients (45 males, 37 females), aged between 3 and 34 years (mean 13.1 years), all affected by partial (47) or generalised (35) refractory epilepsy, were enrolled in the study. ZNS was added to the baseline therapy at a starting dose of 1 mg/kg/day twice daily. This dose was increased by 2 mg/kg every 1-2 weeks over a period of up 3 months, according to the patient's response and tolerability, up to a maximum dose of 12 mg/kg. ZNS was given at the mean daily dose of 5.7/mg/kg/24 h (range 1-12 mg/kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a mean follow-up period of 11.9 months (range 2-64 months), 9 patients (10.9%) were seizure-free. The number of seizures decreased by 50-99% in 31 cases (37.8%), by 25-49% in 5 cases (6.1%), remained the same in 29 cases (35.4%) and increased in 8 cases (9.7%). After 15 months of follow-up, 61 patients (74.4%) were still taking ZNS, while the remaining 21 (25.6%) had stopped. Twenty-two patients (26.8%) reported adverse effects while taking ZNS. They generally appeared during the first weeks of treatment, and were mild to moderate. The most frequent adverse effects were irritability and a reduced appetite.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ZNS effectively reduced seizure frequency in this pediatric population with both partial and generalised crypto/symptomatic refractory epilepsy. Its overall tolerability was good.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Child Neuropsychiatry, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. giangennaro.coppola@unina2.it
authors.forename: Giangennaro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coppola
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grosso
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verrotti
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parisi
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luchetti
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Franzoni
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mangano
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pelliccia
authors.forename: Francesca Felicia
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Operto
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Iannetti
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Curatolo
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Balestri
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascotto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007558:Italy; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055815:Young Adult; D000078305:Zonisamide
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D007555:Isoxazoles; D000078305:Zonisamide