title: Differential deposition of manganese in the rat brain following subchronic exposure to manganese: a T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Manganism is a central nervous system disorder caused by toxic exposure to manganese. Manganism has been related to occupational exposures, liver diseases, prolonged parenteral nutrition, and abuse of illicit drugs. Initially manifested by a reversible neuropsychiatric syndrome (locura manganica), the main symptoms and signs of manganism are emotional lability, compulsive behavior and visual hallucinations. Locura manganica is followed by an irreversible extrapyramidal syndrome, the onset of which occurs years after chronic exposure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the regional distribution of Mn in the rat brain after subchronic exposure to Mn. This animal model holds special clinical relevance, reflecting the earlier clinical stages of manganism before chronic exposure to Mn exerts its irreversible effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were intravenously injected with MnCl2 weekly, for a total of 14 weeks - approximately 1/10 of the lifetime of the rat. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was used to detect the distribution of Mn deposition in brain tissues, as evidenced by areas of T1-weighted hyperintense signals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A consistent region-specific pattern of T1-weighted hyperintensities was observed in the brains of Mn-treated rats. Cortical hyperintensities were prominent in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Hyperintensities were also observed in the olfactory bulbs, pituitary gland, optic nerves and chiasma, pons, midbrain tegmentum, habenula, lentiform and caudate nuclei, thalamus, chorioid plexus and cerebellar hemispheres.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prominent Mn depositions, evidenced by T1-weighted hyperintensities in the hippocampus after subacute exposure to Mn, are compatible with the clinical picture of manganism during its early stages, and may explain its pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: Neurology and Toxicology Unit and Service, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. yoramf@ekmd.huji.ac.il
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Finkelstein
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Vanessa A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Fitsanakis
authors.forename: Malcolm J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Avison
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gore
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aschner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D018891:Dentate Gyrus / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D020149:Manganese Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013681:Tegmentum Mesencephali / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008345:Manganese