title: Combinatorial control of gene expression by the three yeast repressors Mig1, Mig2 and Mig3.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Expression of a large number of yeast genes is repressed by glucose. The zinc finger protein Mig1 is the main effector in glucose repression, but yeast also has two related proteins: Mig2 and Mig3. We have used microarrays to study global gene expression in all possible combinations of mig1, mig2 and mig3 deletion mutants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mig1 and Mig2 repress a largely overlapping set of genes on 2% glucose. Genes that are upregulated in a mig1 mig2 double mutant were grouped according to the contribution of Mig2. Most of them show partially redundant repression, with Mig1 being the major repressor, but some genes show complete redundancy, and some are repressed only by Mig1. Several redundantly repressed genes are involved in phosphate metabolism. The promoters of these genes are enriched for Pho4 sites, a novel GGGAGG motif, and a variant Mig1 site which is absent from genes repressed only by Mig1. Genes repressed only by Mig1 on 2% glucose include the hexose transporter gene HXT4, but Mig2 contributes to HXT4 repression on 10% glucose. HXT6 is one of the few genes that are more strongly repressed by Mig2. Mig3 does not seem to overlap in function with Mig1 and Mig2. Instead, Mig3 downregulates the SIR2 gene encoding a histone deacetylase involved in gene silencing and the control of aging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mig2 fine-tunes glucose repression by targeting a subset of the Mig1-repressed genes, and by responding to higher glucose concentrations. Mig3 does not target the same genes as Mig1 and Mig2, but instead downregulates the SIR2 gene.
authors.affiliation: The Linnaeus Centre for Bioinformatics, Uppsala University, Box 598, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden. Jakub.Orzechowski@lcb.uu.se
authors.forename: Jakub Orzechowski
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Westholm
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nordberg
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Murén
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ameur
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Komorowski
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ronne
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009707:Nucleosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D038281:Silent Information Regulator Proteins, Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D056565:Sirtuin 2; D037761:Sirtuins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C085976:MIG1 protein, S cerevisiae; C539385:Mig2 protein, S cerevisiae; C539386:Mig3 protein, S cerevisiae; D009004:Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; D009707:Nucleosomes; C060292:PHO4 protein, S cerevisiae; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D038281:Silent Information Regulator Proteins, Saccharomyces cerevisiae; D014157:Transcription Factors; C087778:SIR2 protein, S cerevisiae; D056565:Sirtuin 2; D037761:Sirtuins; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D005947:Glucose