title: Urinary excretion of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid in middle-aged and elderly general population of Japan.
abstract: Limited data are available on the background levels of exposure to synthetic pyrethroid (PYR) in Japan, despite their frequent application for agriculture and indoor extermination and possible effects of chronic and/or low-dose PYR exposure on human health. This study was conducted to describe the level and distribution of one of the major PYR metabolites, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), in urine samples collected from a general population in Japan. The subjects were 535 individuals (184 men and 351 women; 61.5+/-9.8 years of age, mean+/-S.D.) residing in a town in Hokkaido, a dairy and agricultural area. Urinary 3-PBA was found detectable in 98% of samples above the limit of detection of 0.02 microg/l. The geometric mean values of urinary 3-PBA in occupationally exposed farmers (n=87) and the remaining general group without occupational exposure (n=448) were 0.38 and 0.29 microg/l, respectively, ranging from <LOD to 17.09 microg/l. No significant differences in urinary 3-PBA concentrations were shown between these two groups. Moreover, 3-PBA concentrations were found comparable to those reported in some countries. The present study is, to our knowledge, the first report of a biological monitoring study of urinary 3-PBA, which elucidated the background environmental exposure level of PYR in the Japanese general population without occupational exposure. Further nationwide studies covering different seasons and age distribution are needed to monitor the urinary 3-PBA levels in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Program in Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan. ueyama@met.nagoya-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ueyama
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kimata
authors.forename: Michihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamijima
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamajima
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Kanami
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001565:Benzoates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000652:urine*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D012423:Rural Health; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017618:3-phenoxybenzoic acid; D003404:Creatinine