title: Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory and antioxidant compounds from the truffle Elaphomyces granulatus.
abstract: The ethanol extract of fruiting bodies of Elaphomyces granulatus, a truffle-like fungus, was evaluated for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Inhibition of COX-2 activity was evaluated in mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7). The extract of E. granulatus caused a 68% inhibition of COX-2 activity at 50 microg/mL. Bioassay-guided investigation led to the isolation and identification of two active compounds, syringaldehyde and syringic acid. Syringaldehyde moderately inhibited COX-2 activity with an IC(50) of 3.5 microg/mL, while syringic acid strongly inhibited COX-2 activity with an IC(50) of 0.4 microg/mL. The antioxidant activity of the extract and isolated compounds was evaluated in HL-60 cells by the DCFH-DA method. The extract of E. granulatus showed a potent antioxidant effect, with an IC(50) of 41 microg/mL. Of the pure compounds, syringic acid displayed a strong antioxidant activity, with an IC(50) of 0.7 microg/mL, while syringaldehyde showed no activity in the assay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stanikunaite
authors.forename: Shabana I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Trappe
authors.forename: Samir A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000737:chemistry*; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001547:Benzaldehydes; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; C069665:syringaldehyde; D005707:Gallic Acid; C001945:syringic acid