title: Inheritance of susceptibility to root resorption associated with orthodontic force in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  External apical root resorption (EARR) is an unwanted sequelae of orthodontic treatment. Genetic factors account for approximately 64% of the EARR variation in humans. Inbred mice offer a model to control the environmental factors and genetic heterogeneity that complicate human genetic studies. Genetically distinct inbred mice and their offspring (F1s) were analyzed to examine the mode of inheritance and the influence of parental sex on the susceptibility to root resorption associated with orthodontic force (RRAOF).
  
  
  METHODS
  RRAOF was determined histologically for male and female mice of the A/J, DBA/2J, and BALB/cJ strains, and the A/JxDBA/2J and A/JxBALB/cJ crosses (10 males and 10 females/reciprocal cross). RRAOF was induced by tipping the maxillary first molar mesially for 9 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sex differences were observed only among the mice of the BALB/cJ strain. Two patterns of inheritance were observed; F1s from the A/JxBALB/cJ cross were resistant, suggesting that the A/J have dominant resistance alleles. On the other hand, F1s from the A/JxDBA/2J cross showed RRAOF intermediate between their parental mice, suggesting a polygenic trait.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide evidence of a traceable and polygenetic component affecting RRAOF in mice.
authors.affiliation: Dental science, University of Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Shaza K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Abass
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hartsfield
authors.forename: Riyad A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Al-Qawasmi
authors.forename: Eric T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Everett
authors.forename: Tatiana M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Foroud
authors.forename: W Eugene
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005799:Genes, Dominant / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008805:Mice, Inbred A; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology; D020412:Multifactorial Inheritance / Q000235:genetics; D012391:Root Resorption / Q000235:genetics*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007527:Isoenzymes; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000071681:Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase