title: Neighborhood context and infant birthweight among recent immigrant mothers: a multilevel analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared the influence of the residential environment and maternal country of origin on birthweight and low birthweight of infants born to recent immigrants to urban Ontario.
  
  
  METHODS
  We linked delivery records (1993-2000) to an immigration database (1993-1995) and small-area census data (1996). The data were analyzed with cross-classified random-effects models and standard multilevel methods. Higher-level predictors included 4 independent measures of neighborhood context constructed by factor analysis and maternal world regions of origin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Births (N = 22 189) were distributed across 1396 census tracts and 155 countries of origin. The associations between neighborhood indices and birthweight disappeared after we controlled for the maternal country of origin in a cross-classified multilevel model. Significant associations between world regions and birthweight and low birthweight persisted after we controlled for neighborhood context and individual characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The residential environment has little, if any, influence on birthweight among recent immigrants to Ontario. Country of origin appears to be a much more important factor in low birthweight among children of recent immigrants than current neighborhood. Findings of neighborhood influences among recent immigrants should be interpreted with caution.
authors.affiliation: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. marcelo.urquia@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Marcelo L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Urquia
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Glazier
authors.forename: Rahim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moineddin
authors.forename: Flora I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Matheson
authors.forename: Anita J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gagnon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001719:Birth Certificates; D019352:Censuses; D016208:Databases, Factual; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult