title: The relation between neurocognitive dysfunction and impaired insight in patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to (i) evaluate the association between insight and measures of executive functions and working memory in a sample of 132 patients with schizophrenia and (ii) to explore to what proportion neurocognitive dysfunction contributed to the variance in insight after controlling for symptomatology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were evaluated with a standardized neurocognitive test battery and a semi-structured interview, the Psychosis Evaluation tool for Common use by Caregivers (PECC). PECC, apart from evaluating symptoms and side-effects, measures insight on a 4-point scale by two of its dimensions: awareness of having a mental illness (AMI) and awareness of having symptoms attributed to a mental illness (ASAMI). Executive functioning was measured by the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) and the Trail Making B (TMB). Working memory was measured by the Letter Number Sequencing (LNS) test from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only one significant association was found after correction for multiple testing, between WCST categories completed and AMI (r=-0.29, p=0.0006). WCST categories completed explained only 7.9% of the variance in AMI, while symptomatology explained 20% of variance in AMI and 16.5% of variance in ASAMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current results show a significant but subtle association with the WCST, which is in agreement with earlier literature. No other associations between cognitive functioning and insight were found. In general, these findings seem to suggest that factors other than cognition have a greater impact on insight in patients with schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Semmelweis University Budapest, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Balassa, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Viktoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Hert
authors.forename: Martien
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wampers
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peuskens
authors.forename: Ruud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Winkel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014888:Wechsler Scales