title: Sex differences in medical care and early death after acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women receive less evidence-based medical care than men and have higher rates of death after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It is unclear whether efforts undertaken to improve AMI care have mitigated these sex disparities in the current era.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the Get With the Guidelines-Coronary Artery Disease database, we examined sex differences in care processes and in-hospital death among 78 254 patients with AMI in 420 US hospitals from 2001 to 2006. Women were older, had more comorbidities, less often presented with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and had higher unadjusted in-hospital death (8.2% versus 5.7%; P<0.0001) than men. After multivariable adjustment, sex differences in in-hospital mortality rates were no longer observed in the overall AMI cohort (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=1.04; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.10) but persisted among STEMI patients (10.2% versus 5.5%; P<0.0001; adjusted OR=1.12; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.23). Compared with men, women were less likely to receive early aspirin treatment (adjusted OR=0.86; 95% CI, 0.81 to 0.90), early beta-blocker treatment (adjusted OR=0.90; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.93), reperfusion therapy (adjusted OR=0.75; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.80), or timely reperfusion (door-to-needle time </=30 minutes: adjusted OR=0.78; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.92; door-to-balloon time </=90 minutes: adjusted OR=0.87; 95% CI, 0.79 to 0.95). Women also experienced lower use of cardiac catheterization and revascularization procedures after AMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, no sex differences in in-hospital mortality rates after AMI were observed after multivariable adjustment. However, women with STEMI had higher adjusted mortality rates than men. The underuse of evidence-based treatments and delayed reperfusion among women represent potential opportunities for reducing sex disparities in care and outcome after AMI.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA. jneid@bcm.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Hani
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jneid
authors.forename: Gregg C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Fonarow
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Adrian F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Igor F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Palacios
authors.forename: Andrew O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Maree
authors.forename: Quinn
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Biykem
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bozkurt
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Labresh
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Yuling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: L Kristin
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Newby
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wexler
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D012042:Registries; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D016896:Treatment Outcome