title: Microsurgical management of pineal region lesions: personal experience with 119 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lesions of the pineal region are histopathologically heterogeneous but often accompanied with severe progression of clinical signs. Surgical treatment remains challenging because of the close vicinity of the deep venous system and the mesencephalo-diencephalic structures in this region. We present the surgical approaches and techniques in a consecutive series of 119 patients treated by the senior author (J.H.) between 1980 and 2007 at 2 different neurosurgical university centers in Kuopio and Helsinki, Finland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the included patients, 107 (90%) presented with pineal region tumors and 12 (10%) with vascular malformations. The ITSC route was used for removal of the lesion in 111 (93%) patients and the OIH approach in 8 (7%) patients. All except one patient were operated on in a sitting position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We reviewed all clinical data and radiographic images and analyzed all surgical videos. The pineal lesions were removed completely in most cases (88%). There was no surgical mortality. Twenty-two (18%) of the patients had complications in the postoperative period; these included 1 epidural hematoma, 9 transient Parinaud syndrome, 2 meningitis, 3 wound infections, 2 transient memory disturbances, 2 mild hemiparesis, 1 CSF fistula, and 2 cranial nerves palsies (IV and VI). During a 3.5-year follow-up, 12 patients with malignant lesions died; all patients with benign tumors survived.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ITSC route is a safe and effective surgical approach, associated with low morbidity, complete lesion removal, and definitive histopathologic diagnosis. Considering risk vs benefit, we therefore believe that the surgical treatment can be offered in most cases as the first treatment option for pineal tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00260 Helsinki, Finland. juha.hernesniemi@hus.fi
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernesniemi
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romani
authors.forename: Baki S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Albayrak
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lehto
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dashti
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.forename: Ayse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karatas
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cardia
authors.forename: Ondrej
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Navratil
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piippo
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujiki
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toninelli
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niemelä
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003399:Craniotomy; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010870:Pineal Gland; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011187:Posture; D012189:Retrospective Studies