title: Robust, high-throughput LC-MS/MS method for therapeutic drug monitoring of cyclosporine, tacrolimus, everolimus, and sirolimus in whole blood.
abstract: The authors describe a fast, robust, and straightforward liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method with the use of a single LC-MS/MS system for cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and everolimus in whole blood. The purpose of this method was to replace the immunoassay (IA) methods used in the laboratory of a hospital performing most organ transplantations (including heart, lung, liver, kidneys, bone marrow, and intestinal tract). Several LC-MS/MS methods have been described so far; however, most of them require complicated online extraction procedures. The described LC-MS/MS method uses a chromatographic gradient in combination with protein precipitation as sample preparation. The chromatographic method is capable of separating otherwise interfering peaks, with an analysis time of 2.6 minutes. Analyses were performed on a triple quadrupole LC-MS/MS system, with a C18 column held at 60 degrees C. Sample preparation required only 1 precipitation/dilution step. Sirolimus and everolimus are prepared and measured separately from tacrolimus and cyclosporine. During method development, it was found that the use of zinc sulfate provides process efficiency results of about 100% for tacrolimus and cyclosporine A, but only 81% and 87% for sirolimus and everolimus, respectively. With the developed sample preparation without zinc sulfate for sirolimus and everolimus, process efficiencies were 99% and 108%, respectively. The methods have been fully validated, and in a comparative study, patient samples were analyzed with IA and our developed LC-MS/MS methods. In the comparative studies, correlations (R2 values) of more than 0.85 were found between the IA and the new LC-MS/MS patient blood levels. There was a systematic deviation in blood levels measured by LC-MS/MS compared with IAs for cyclosporine A (17% lower than with immunoassay) and everolimus (30% lower than with IA). There seemed to be little or no systematic deviation for sirolimus and tacrolimus. The controls determined by the LC-MS/MS method over the past 10 months showed coefficient of variations of no more than 8.0% for each of the 4 immunosuppressants. In conclusion, the authors found the developed methods to be cost saving, more flexible, and more sensitive and that these methods have larger linear ranges than the previously used IA methods. The methods are already used for more than 20,000 patient samples in the daily routine, analyzing approximately 70 patient samples per day.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for TDM and Clinical Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Remco A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Koster
authors.forename: Eli C F
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Dijkers
authors.forename: Donald R A
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Uges
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000097:blood*; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D000068338:Everolimus; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000097:blood*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood*; D012997:Solvents; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000097:blood*; D019287:Zinc Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D012997:Solvents; D019287:Zinc Sulfate; D016572:Cyclosporine; D000068338:Everolimus; D020123:Sirolimus; D016559:Tacrolimus