title: Presence of the metabolic syndrome is not a better predictor of cardiovascular disease than the sum of its components in HIV-infected individuals: data collection on adverse events of anti-HIV drugs (D:A:D) study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is much debated whether the metabolic syndrome contributes additional information over and above that provided by the individual components of the syndrome alone. Among HIV-infected individuals, we investigated whether any particular combinations of the components included in the definition of the metabolic syndrome are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed 33,347 HIV-infected individuals in a prospective observational study. The effect of combinations of components of the metabolic syndrome (low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, high BMI, hypertension, and diabetes) on the risk of CVD was assessed by Poisson regression incorporating interactions between each component pair and adjusting for age, sex, family history of CVD, smoking status, calendar year, and exposure to antiretroviral therapy. We reduced the risk of type 1 errors by randomly splitting the data set for training (70% of sample) and validation (remaining 30%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the training data set, 671 patients experienced a CVD event over 110,652 person-years. Unadjusted, the presence of metabolic syndrome at study enrollment (>or=3 of the factors) was associated with a 2.89 higher risk of CVD (95% CI 2.34-3.59; P = 0.0001) compared with individuals without the metabolic syndrome. After adjustment for the individual components, the metabolic syndrome as an entity no longer predicted the risk of CVD (adjusted relative risk 0.85; 95% CI 0.61-1.17; P = 0.32). No significant positive interactions were found among the components of the metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of the metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected individuals did not appear to increase the CVD risk over and above that conferred by the components of the syndrome separately.
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen HIV Programme, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. sww@cphiv.dk
authors.forename: Signe W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Worm
authors.forename: Caroline A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sabin
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: Wafaa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: El-Sadr
authors.forename: Antonella d'Arminio
authors.initials: Ad
authors.lastname: Monforte
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pradier
authors.forename: Rodolphe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thiebaut
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rickenbach
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Wit
authors.forename: Jens D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lundgren
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Friis-Møller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D014280:Triglycerides