title: Delta-projection imaging on contrast-enhanced ultrasound to quantify tumor microvasculature and perfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the Delta-projection image processing technique for visualizing tumor microvessels and for quantifying the area of tissue perfused by them on contrast-enhanced ultrasound images.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Delta-projection algorithm was implemented to quantify perfusion by tracking the running maximum of the difference (Delta) between the contrast-enhanced ultrasound image sequence and a baseline image. Twenty-five mice with subcutaneous K1735 melanomas were first imaged with contrast-enhanced grayscale and then with minimum-exposure contrast-enhanced power Doppler (minexCPD) ultrasound. Delta-projection images were reconstructed from the grayscale images and then used to evaluate the evolution of tumor vascularity during the course of contrast enhancement. The extent of vascularity (ratio of the perfused area to the tumor area) for each tumor was determined quantitatively from Delta-projection images and compared to the extent of vascularity determined from contrast-enhanced power Doppler images. Delta-projection and minexCPD measurements were compared using linear regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Delta-projection was successfully performed in all 25 cases. The technique allowed the dynamic visualization of individual blood vessels as they filled in real time. Individual tumor blood vessels were distinctly visible during early image enhancement. Later, as an increasing number of blood vessels were filled with the contrast agent, clusters of vessels appeared as regions of perfusion, and the identification of individual vessels became difficult. Comparisons were made between the perfused area of tumors in Delta-projections and in minexCPD images. The Delta-projection perfusion measurements were correlated linearly with minexCPD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Delta-projection visualized tumor vessels and enabled the quantitative assessment of the tumor area perfused by the contrast agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. sehgalc@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Chandra M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sehgal
authors.forename: Theodore W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Cary
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Arger
authors.forename: Andrew K W
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D055806:Microvessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C042852:perflutren