title: Nutrient-dependent secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide from primary murine K cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone with anti-apoptotic effects on the pancreatic beta cell. The aim of this study was to generate transgenic mice with fluorescently labelled GIP-secreting K cells and to use these to investigate pathways by which K cells detect nutrients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Transgenic mice were generated in which the GIP promoter drives the expression of the yellow fluorescent protein Venus. Fluorescent cells were purified by flow cytometry and analysed by quantitative RT-PCR. GIP secretion was assayed in primary cultures of small intestine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of Venus in transgenic mice was restricted to K cells, as assessed by immunofluorescence and measurements of the Gip mRNA and GIP protein contents of purified cells. K cells expressed high levels of mRNA for Kir6.2 (also known as Kcnj11), Sur1 (also known as Abcc8), Sglt1 (also known as Slc5a1), and of the G-protein-coupled lipid receptors Gpr40 (also known as Ffar1), Gpr119 and Gpr120. In primary cultures, GIP release was stimulated by glucose, glutamine and linoleic acid, and potentiated by forskolin plus 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), but was unaffected by the artificial sweetener sucralose. Secretion was half-maximal at 0.6 mmol/l glucose and partially mimicked by alpha-methylglucopyranoside, suggesting the involvement of SGLT1. Tolbutamide triggered secretion under basal conditions, whereas diazoxide suppressed responses in forskolin/IBMX.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These transgenic mice and primary culture techniques provide novel opportunities to interrogate the mechanisms of GIP secretion. Glucose-triggered GIP secretion was SGLT1-dependent and modulated by K(ATP) channel activity but not determined by sweet taste receptors. Synergistic stimulation by elevated cAMP and glucose suggests that targeting appropriate G-protein-coupled receptors may provide opportunities to modulate GIP release in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Habib
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Gribble
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reimann
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D022202:Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D051381:Rats; D011964:Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone / Q000502:physiology; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D008074:Lipoproteins; D011964:Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone; C098929:calcium binding protein p22, rat; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; C041086:gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D005947:Glucose; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate