title: Discrepancies in sample size calculations and data analyses reported in randomised trials: comparison of publications with protocols.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate how often sample size calculations and methods of statistical analysis are pre-specified or changed in randomised trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study. Data source Protocols and journal publications of published randomised parallel group trials initially approved in 1994-5 by the scientific-ethics committees for Copenhagen and Frederiksberg, Denmark (n=70).
  
  
  METHODS
  Proportion of protocols and publications that did not provide key information about sample size calculations and statistical methods; proportion of trials with discrepancies between information presented in the protocol and the publication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 11/62 trials described existing sample size calculations fully and consistently in both the protocol and the publication. The method of handling protocol deviations was described in 37 protocols and 43 publications. The method of handling missing data was described in 16 protocols and 49 publications. 39/49 protocols and 42/43 publications reported the statistical test used to analyse primary outcome measures. Unacknowledged discrepancies between protocols and publications were found for sample size calculations (18/34 trials), methods of handling protocol deviations (19/43) and missing data (39/49), primary outcome analyses (25/42), subgroup analyses (25/25), and adjusted analyses (23/28). Interim analyses were described in 13 protocols but mentioned in only five corresponding publications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When reported in publications, sample size calculations and statistical methods were often explicitly discrepant with the protocol or not pre-specified. Such amendments were rarely acknowledged in the trial publication. The reliability of trial reports cannot be assessed without having access to the full protocols.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA. chan.anwen@mayo.edu
authors.forename: An-Wen
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Asbjørn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hróbjartsson
authors.forename: Karsten J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Gøtzsche
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Altman
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D011643:Publishing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018401:Sample Size