title: Helicobacter pylori infection induces a reversible expression of the CDX2 transcription factor protein in human gastric epithelium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The homeobox gene CDX2 is implicated in the appearance of intestinal metaplasia in Helicobacter pylori gastritis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CDX2 expression in gastric mucosa occurs before the appearance of overt intestinal metaplasia in H. pylori gastritis, and whether or not this expression is reversible.
  
  
  METHODS
  CDX2 was studied by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 38 patients with H. pylori gastritis before and after eradication (mean follow-up 6.3 years) of H. pylori. A cohort of 49 individuals with healthy stomachs was analysed as a control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the control group no immunostaining of CDX2 in the epithelial cells of the gastric body was found, while in 57% of the cases a mild, aberrant nuclear immunostaining of CDX2 in the non-metaplastic epithelial cells in antrum, designated as "positive staining of single cells" (PSSC), was found. In H. pylori gastritis, the PSSC was seen in antrum and corpus in 100% and 26% of the cases, respectively. The prevalence of antral PSSC was significantly increased (on average by 4-fold) in H. pylori gastritis as compared with controls. After eradication of H. pylori, the prevalence of PSSC decreased significantly in antrum but not in corpus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of CDX2 at low intensity is common in the epithelium of normal antrum, and this expression is enhanced in H. pylori gastritis. Expression of CDX2 is reversible at least in antrum after eradication of H. pylori infection.
authors.affiliation: Department ofMedicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Jorvi Hospital, Espoo, Finland. matti.vauhkonen@hus.fi
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vauhkonen
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vauhkonen
authors.forename: Pentti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sipponen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001706:Biopsy; D000071616:CDX2 Transcription Factor; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D005756:Gastritis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D015415:Biomarkers; D000071616:CDX2 Transcription Factor; C491270:CDX2 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins