title: A new formalism for reference dosimetry of small and nonstandard fields.
abstract: The use of small fields in radiotherapy techniques has increased substantially, in particular in stereotactic treatments and large uniform or nonuniform fields that are composed of small fields such as for intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). This has been facilitated by the increased availability of standard and add-on multileaf collimators and a variety of new treatment units. For these fields, dosimetric errors have become considerably larger than in conventional beams mostly due to two reasons; (i) the reference conditions recommended by conventional Codes of Practice (CoPs) cannot be established in some machines and (ii) the measurement of absorbed dose to water in composite fields is not standardized. In order to develop standardized recommendations for dosimetry procedures and detectors, an international working group on reference dosimetry of small and nonstandard fields has been established by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in cooperation with the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Therapy Physics Committee. This paper outlines a new formalism for the dosimetry of small and composite fields with the intention to extend recommendations given in conventional CoPs for clinical reference dosimetry based on absorbed dose to water. This formalism introduces the concept of two new intermediate calibration fields: (i) a static machine-specific reference field for those modalities that cannot establish conventional reference conditions and (ii) a plan-class specific reference field closer to the patient-specific clinical fields thereby facilitating standardization of composite field dosimetry. Prior to progressing with developing a CoP or other form of recommendation, the members of this IAEA working group welcome comments from the international medical physics community on the formalism presented here.
authors.affiliation: International Atomic Energy Agency, A-1400 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alfonso
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Andreo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Capote
authors.forename: M Saiful
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Huq
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kilby
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kjäll
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Mackie
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Palmans
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rosser
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seuntjens
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ullrich
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vatnitsky
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007390:International Agencies / Q000592:standards; D011874:Radiometry / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards