Ladder diagrams for atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation.
Ladder diagrams are valuable teaching and interpretive tools in both human and veterinary electrocardiography. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how ladder diagrams can be used to help understand the possible mechanisms underlying atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation.
Summerfield
Nuala
N
Section of Cardiology, Small Animal Hospital, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L7 7EX, UK.
Estrada
Amara
A