title: Nerve transfer to serratus anterior muscle using the thoracodorsal nerve for winged scapula in C5 and C6 brachial plexus root avulsions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the results of nerve transfer to the serratus anterior muscle using the thoracodorsal nerve for winged scapula in C5 and C6 brachial plexus avulsion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients with a mean age of 27 years with loss of shoulder abduction due to upper brachial plexus injuries and with winged scapula had nerve transfer using 1 branch (1 medial and 4 lateral) of the thoracodorsal nerve to the long thoracic nerve. The spinal accessory nerve and the nerve to the long head of the triceps were used simultaneously for nerve transfer to the suprascapular nerve and the axillary nerve, respectively. The follow-up period ranged from 24 to 33 months (mean, 28 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients recovered serratus anterior muscle function. Two patients had no winged scapula, whereas 3 patients had mild winged scapula after the surgery at the last follow-up evaluation. The result was excellent for 2 patients, good for 2 patients, and fair for 1 patient. The mean arcs of motion of shoulder abduction and external rotation were 134 degrees and 124 degrees , respectively. No notable weakness of shoulder adduction was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of the branch of the thoracodorsal nerve ensured adequate return function of the serratus anterior muscle by decreasing or correcting winged scapula in upper brachial plexus injury. We recommend nerve transfer for winged scapula for achieving optimum shoulder function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic IV.
authors.affiliation: Upper Extremity and Reconstructive Microsurgery Unit, Institute of Orthopedics, Lerdsin General Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chairoj
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Uerpairojkit
authors.forename: Somsak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leechavengvongs
authors.forename: Kiat
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Witoonchart
authors.forename: Kanchai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Malungpaishorpe
authors.forename: Rattavuth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raksakulkiat
mesh_terms: D000055:Accessory Nerve / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation* / Q000601:surgery; D016067:Nerve Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D013900:Thoracic Nerves / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome