title: Vitamin D and diabetes: let the sunshine in.
abstract: Diabetes is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease. Persons with diabetes are at greater risk for early cardiac mortality, and for repeat events if they survive their first cardiac event. Recently, low serum concentrations of vitamin D have been associated with increased risk for cardiac events. Evidence indicates that persons with diabetes have lower serum concentrations of vitamin D. In addition, persons at risk for diabetes or metabolic syndrome have inadequate serum concentrations of vitamin D. This review will assess the evidence relative to the impact of vitamin D in the development of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes complications. Studies that address vitamin D and its impact on metabolic outcomes as well as possible mechanisms of action are provided. Finally, the assessment and suggested treatment for vitamin D deficiency is addressed. Effective detection and treatment of inadequate vitamin D concentrations in persons with diabetes or those at risk for diabetes may be an easy and cost-effective therapy which could improve their long-term health outcomes as well as their quality of life.
authors.affiliation: The School of Nursing, Faculty Scholar, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (Dr Penckofer)
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Penckofer
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Director of Dietetics Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (Dr Kouba)
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kouba
authors.affiliation: Midwest Heart Specialists, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (Dr Wallis)
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wallis
authors.affiliation: Stritch School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (Dr Emanuele)
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Emanuele
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D013472:Sunlight; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D