title: Alcohol and coronary artery calcium prevalence, incidence, and progression: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol use has been consistently found to have a J-shaped association with coronary heart disease, with moderate drinkers exhibiting a decreased risk compared with both heavy drinkers and nondrinkers. However, results of studies of the association between alcohol use and subclinical coronary artery disease are conflicting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine whether alcohol is associated with the presence, amount, or progression of coronary calcium over a 2- to 4-y period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) is a prospective community-based cohort study of subclinical cardiovascular disease in a multi-ethnic cohort. In 2000-2002, 6814 participants free of clinical cardiovascular disease were enrolled at 6 participating centers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The subjects consisted of 3766 (55.5%) current drinkers, 1635 (24.1%) former drinkers, and 1390 (20.5%) never drinkers. Although light-to-moderate alcohol consumption was associated with lower coronary heart disease risk, we found no evidence of a protective or J-shaped association of alcohol and coronary artery calcium (CAC). In fact, there was evidence that heavy consumption of hard liquor was associated with greater CAC accumulation. Other alcoholic beverages were not associated with CAC prevalence, incidence, or progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This was the first large study to evaluate the association of alcohol with CAC in 4 racial-ethnic groups and to evaluate the progression of calcification. These results suggest that the cardiovascular benefits that may be derived from light-to-moderate alcohol consumption are not mediated through reduced CAC accumulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA. rmcclell@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Robyn L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bild
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Mukamal
authors.forename: João A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kronmal
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States