title: Respiratory cancer and inhaled inorganic arsenic in copper smelters workers: a linear relationship with cumulative exposure that increases with concentration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inhalation of high levels of airborne inorganic arsenic is a recognized cause of respiratory cancer. Although multiple epidemiologic studies have demonstrated this association, there have been few analyses of the mathematical relationship between cumulative arsenic exposure and risk of respiratory cancer, and no assessment as to whether and how arsenic concentration may modify this association.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective is an evaluation of the shape of the relationship between respiratory cancer mortality and cumulative inhaled arsenic exposure among copper smelter workers, and the modification of that relationship by arsenic concentration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Poisson regression methods to analyze data from a cohort of arsenic-exposed copper smelter workers under a linear-exponential model for the excess relative risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within categories of arsenic concentration, the association between respiratory cancer and cumulative arsenic exposure was consistent with linearity. The slope of the linear relationship with cumulative exposure increased with increasing arsenic concentration category.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggested a direct concentration effect from inhaled inorganic arsenic, whereby the excess relative risk for a fixed cumulative exposure was greater when delivered at a higher concentration and shorter duration than when delivered at a lower concentration and longer duration.
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. lubinj@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Jay H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lubin
authors.forename: Lee E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Fraumeni
authors.forename: Kenneth P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Cantor
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000633:toxicity*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D009009:Montana; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D012142:Respiratory Tract Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D001151:Arsenic