title: Buffering by gene duplicates: an analysis of molecular correlates and evolutionary conservation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One mechanism to account for robustness against gene knockouts or knockdowns is through buffering by gene duplicates, but the extent and general correlates of this process in organisms is still a matter of debate. To reveal general trends of this process, we provide a comprehensive comparison of gene essentiality, duplication and buffering by duplicates across seven bacteria (Mycoplasma genitalium, Bacillus subtilis, Helicobacter pylori, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli), and four eukaryotes (Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), Caenorhabditis elegans (worm), Drosophila melanogaster (fly), Mus musculus (mouse)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In nine of the eleven organisms, duplicates significantly increase chances of survival upon gene deletion (P-value < or = 0.05), but only by up to 13%. Given that duplicates make up to 80% of eukaryotic genomes, the small contribution is surprising and points to dominant roles of other buffering processes, such as alternative metabolic pathways. The buffering capacity of duplicates appears to be independent of the degree of gene essentiality and tends to be higher for genes with high expression levels. For example, buffering capacity increases to 23% amongst highly expressed genes in E. coli. Sequence similarity and the number of duplicates per gene are weak predictors of the duplicate's buffering capacity. In a case study we show that buffering gene duplicates in yeast and worm are somewhat more similar in their functions than non-buffering duplicates and have increased transcriptional and translational activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In sum, the extent of gene essentiality and buffering by duplicates is not conserved across organisms and does not correlate with the organisms' apparent complexity. This heterogeneity goes beyond what would be expected from differences in experimental approaches alone. Buffering by duplicates contributes to robustness in several organisms, but to a small extent--and the relatively large amount of buffering by duplicates observed in yeast and worm may be largely specific to these organisms. Thus, the only common factor of buffering by duplicates between different organisms may be the by-product of duplicate retention due to demands of high dosage.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway, MBB 3.210, Austin, TX 78712, USA. moleculeboy24@gmail.com
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hannay
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Marcotte
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vogel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000235:genetics; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication; D015870:Gene Expression; D051379:Mice; D008957:Models, Genetic; D005810:Multigene Family; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid