title: A Plasmodium yoelii soluble factor inhibits the phenotypic maturation of dendritic cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infection with the protozoan parasite Plasmodium is the cause of malaria. Plasmodium infects host erythrocytes causing the pathology of the disease. Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes can modulate the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and alter their capacity to activate T cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii and isolated P. yoelii-infected erythrocytes were used to study their effect on the maturation of mouse dendritic cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DCs are not able to mature in response to LPS injection during the late stage of P. yoelii infection in mice, indicating impaired functionality of these cells in vivo. P. yoelii- infected erythrocytes inhibit the maturation of DCs in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, which is consistent with the inhibition found during late infection when parasite burden is highest. The inhibition of DC maturation and the cytokine secretion profile of DCs are modulated by soluble factors released by P. yoelii-infected erythrocytes. A small, heat-stable, non-hydrophobic molecule of P. yoelii-infected erythrocytes rapidly inhibits the LPS induced phenotypic maturation of DCs in a reversible manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings add evidence to the malaria associated immune suppression in vivo and in vitro and provide insight into the nature and mechanism of the Plasmodium factor(s) responsible for altering DC functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA. Jamie.Orengo@regeneron.com
authors.forename: Jamie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Orengo
authors.forename: Kurt A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ocaña-Morgner
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002457:Cell Extracts / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010967:Plasmodium yoelii / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D016207:Cytokines