title: Hemoglobin and hematocrit values are higher and prevalence of anemia is lower in the post-folic acid fortification period than in the pre-folic acid fortification period in US adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is not known whether the improved folate status from mandatory folic acid fortification had any impact on indexes and prevalence of anemias in the United States.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated trends in indexes and prevalence of anemia and macrocytosis with a focus on comparison of prefortification data with postfortification data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and prevalences and likelihood of anemia and macrocytosis were determined for 26,596 adults examined in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1988-2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1988-1994 to 1999-2004, hemoglobin modestly but significantly improved from 15.1 to 15.4 g/dL (approximately 2.0%; P < 0.0001) and from 13.3 to 13.6 g/dL (approximately 2.3%; P < 0.0001) in men and women, respectively. There was a significant increase in MCV from 1988-1994 to 1999-2004 in men (from 90.2 to 90.7; P = 0.0123) and older (>60 y) men (from 91.6 to 92.4; P = 0.0105) and in women (from 90.7 to 91.4; P = 0.0141). Only in women was the prevalence of anemia significantly lower in 1999-2004 than in 1988-1994 (27.9% reduction; P = 0.0005). The odds of having anemia in the postfortification period relative to the prefortification period was 0.64 (95% CI: 0.54, 0.75; P < 0.0001) in women and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.99; P < 0.0433) in men. In general, the prevalence of macrocytosis and the odds of having macrocytosis did not change significantly from 1988-1994 to 1999-2004.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The improvement in hemoglobin and the decreased prevalence of anemia from 1988-1994 to 1999-2004, especially in women, may be attributable to improved folate status, increased vitamin/mineral supplements use, and other unknown causes after the initiation of folic acid fortification. The cause of increased MCV in men, and in older persons of both sexes, warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, School of Health Professions, College of Health and Human Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA. vganji@gsu.edu
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ganji
authors.forename: Mohammad R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kafai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000748:Anemia, Macrocytic / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004909:Erythrocyte Indices; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006397:Hematinics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006400:Hematocrit; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006397:Hematinics; D006454:Hemoglobins; D005492:Folic Acid