title: Formation of secondary inorganic aerosols by power plant emissions exhausted through cooling towers in Saxony.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The fraction of ambient PM10 that is due to the formation of secondary inorganic particulate sulfate and nitrate from the emissions of two large, brown-coal-fired power stations in Saxony (East Germany) is examined. The power stations are equipped with natural-draft cooling towers. The flue gases are directly piped into the cooling towers, thereby receiving an additionally intensified uplift. The exhausted gas-steam mixture contains the gases CO, CO2, NO, NO2, and SO2, the directly emitted primary particles, and additionally, an excess of 'free' sulfate ions in water solution, which, after the desulfurization steps, remain non-neutralized by cations. The precursor gases NO2 and SO2 are capable of forming nitric and sulfuric acid by several pathways. The acids can be neutralized by ammonia and generate secondary particulate matter by heterogeneous condensation on preexisting particles.
  
  
  METHODS
  The simulations are performed by a nested and multi-scale application of the online-coupled model system LM-MUSCAT. The Local Model (LM; recently renamed as COSMO) of the German Weather Service performs the meteorological processes, while the Multi-scale Atmospheric Transport Model (MUSCAT) includes the transport, the gas phase chemistry, as well as the aerosol chemistry (thermodynamic ammonium-sulfate-nitrate-water system). The highest horizontal resolution in the inner region of Saxony is 0.7 km. One summer and one winter episode, each realizing 5 weeks of the year 2002, are simulated twice, with the cooling tower emissions switched on and off, respectively. This procedure serves to identify the direct and indirect influences of the single plumes on the formation and distribution of the secondary inorganic aerosols.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surface traces of the individual tower plumes can be located and distinguished, especially in the well-mixed boundary layer in daytime. At night, the plumes are decoupled from the surface. In no case does the resulting contribution of the cooling tower emissions to PM10 significantly exceed 15 microg m(-3) at the surface. These extreme values are obtained in narrow plumes on intensive summer conditions, whereas different situations with lower turbulence (night, winter) remain below this value. About 90% of the PM10 concentrations in the plumes are secondarily formed sulfate, mainly ammonium sulfate, and about 10% originate from the primarily emitted particles. Under the assumptions made, ammonium nitrate plays a rather marginal role.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analyzed results depend on the specific emission data of power plants with flue gas emissions piped through the cooling towers. The emitted fraction of 'free' sulfate ions remaining in excess after the desulfurization steps plays an important role at the formation of secondary aerosols and therefore has to be measured carefully.
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Detlef
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hinneburg
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wolke
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000737:chemistry*; D000383:Agriculture; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D005858:Germany; D007220:Industrial Waste; D011210:Power Plants; D013997:Time Factors; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D007220:Industrial Waste; D001335:Vehicle Emissions