Nanomaterials in the environment: behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects.
The recent advances in nanotechnology and the corresponding increase in the use of nanomaterials in products in every sector of society have resulted in uncertainties regarding environmental impacts. The objectives of this review are to introduce the key aspects pertaining to nanomaterials in the environment and to discuss what is known concerning their fate, behavior, disposition, and toxicity, with a particular focus on those that make up manufactured nanomaterials. This review critiques existing nanomaterial research in freshwater, marine, and soil environments. It illustrates the paucity of existing research and demonstrates the need for additional research. Environmental scientists are encouraged to base this research on existing studies on colloidal behavior and toxicology. The need for standard reference and testing materials as well as methodology for suspension preparation and testing is also discussed.
Klaine
Stephen J
SJ
Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biology, Clemson University, P.O. Box 709 Pendleton, South Carolina 29672, USA. sklaine@clemson.edu
Alvarez
Pedro J J
PJ
Batley
Graeme E
GE
Fernandes
Teresa F
TF
Handy
Richard D
RD
Lyon
Delina Y
DY
Mahendra
Shaily
S
McLaughlin
Michael J
MJ
Lead
Jamie R
JR
D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D005399:Fishes / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008386:Marine Biology; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical