title: Comparative genomic analysis of carbon and nitrogen assimilation mechanisms in three indigenous bioleaching bacteria: predictions and validations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carbon and nitrogen fixation are essential pathways for autotrophic bacteria living in extreme environments. These bacteria can use carbon dioxide directly from the air as their sole carbon source and can use different sources of nitrogen such as ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, or even nitrogen from the air. To have a better understanding of how these processes occur and to determine how we can make them more efficient, a comparative genomic analysis of three bioleaching bacteria isolated from mine sites in Chile was performed. This study demonstrated that there are important differences in the carbon dioxide and nitrogen fixation mechanisms among bioleaching bacteria that coexist in mining environments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we probed that both Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans incorporate CO2 via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle; however, the former bacterium has two copies of the Rubisco type I gene whereas the latter has only one copy. In contrast, we demonstrated that Leptospirillum ferriphilum utilizes the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle for carbon fixation. Although all the species analyzed in our study can incorporate ammonia by an ammonia transporter, we demonstrated that Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans could also assimilate nitrate and nitrite but only Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans could fix nitrogen directly from the air.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study utilized genomic and molecular evidence to verify carbon and nitrogen fixation mechanisms for three bioleaching bacteria and provided an analysis of the potential regulatory pathways and functional networks that control carbon and nitrogen fixation in these microorganisms.
authors.affiliation: Biosigma S.A., Loteo Los Libertadores, Lote 106, Colina, Chile. ppaglevican@usach.cl
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Levicán
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ugalde
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ehrenfeld
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maass
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parada
mesh_terms: D042763:Acidithiobacillus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013856:Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002677:Chile; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D008906:Mining; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D009586:Nitrogen Fixation
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen