title: Reduction of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis stimulates biliary lipid secretion in mice.
abstract: Recent reports indicate that glycosphingolipids play an important role in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. We have shown that the iminosugar N-(5'-adamantane-1'-yl-methoxy)-pentyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (AMP-DNM), an inhibitor of the enzyme glucosylceramide synthase, is a potent enhancer of insulin signaling in rodent models for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we determined whether AMP-DNM also affects lipid homeostasis and, in particular, the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. Treatment of C57BL/6J mice with AMP-DNM for 5 weeks decreased plasma levels of triglycerides and cholesterol by 35%, whereas neutral sterol excretion increased twofold. Secretion of biliary lipid also increased twofold, which resulted in a similar rise in bile flow. This effect was not due to altered expression levels or kinetics of the various export pumps involved in bile formation. However, the bile salt pool size increased and the expression of Cyp7A1 was up-regulated. In vitro experiments using HepG2 hepatoma cell line revealed this to be due to inhibition of fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19)-mediated suppression of Cyp7A1 via the FGF receptor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacological modulation of glycosphingolipid metabolism showed surprising effects on lipid homeostasis in C57BL/6J mice. Upon administration of 100 mg AMP-DNM/kg body weight/day, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased, biliary lipid secretion doubled and also the endpoint of reverse cholesterol transport, neutral sterol excretion, doubled.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. n.bijl@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bijl
authors.forename: Cindy P A A
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: van Roomen
authors.forename: Vassilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Triantis
authors.forename: Milka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sokolovic
authors.forename: Roelof
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ottenhoff
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scheij
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Eijk
authors.forename: Rolf G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Boot
authors.forename: Johannes M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Aerts
authors.forename: Albert K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Groen
mesh_terms: D017485:1-Deoxynojirimycin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000218:Adamantane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000378:metabolism; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D005732:Gangliosides / Q000502:physiology; D006028:Glycosphingolipids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000378:metabolism; D008113:Liver Neoplasms; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D005732:Gangliosides; D006028:Glycosphingolipids; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; C496281:N-(5-adamantane-1-yl-methoxy-pentyl)deoxynojirimycin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014280:Triglycerides; D017485:1-Deoxynojirimycin; D002784:Cholesterol; D000218:Adamantane