title: Clinical study of sclerotherapy of maxillofacial venous malformation using absolute ethanol and pingyangmycin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of sclerotherapy of maxillofacial venous malformations by use of absolute ethanol and pingyangmycin (bleomycin A(5) hydrochloride).
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated 23 consecutive patients with maxillofacial venous malformations by sclerotherapy with a combination of absolute ethanol and pingyangmycin under local anesthesia. The size of the lesions ranged from 2 cm x 2 cm to 12 cm x 10 cm. Venography showed the presence of large venous lakes. Venograms were obtained during the first procedure before and after injection of absolute ethanol (0.5-2.5 mL) to confirm the site of the nidus and assess the effect of sclerosis of the nidus and draining veins. Subsequently, 8 to 16 mg of pingyangmycin dissolved in 40 mL of saline solution was infused into the nidus by a dynamic infusion pump at a rate of 1 mL/min. If necessary, this procedure was repeated once in 2 or 4 weeks. The clinical outcomes and complications were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The duration of follow-up ranged from 6 to 37 months, with a mean of 20.3 months. Only 1 procedure was required in 3 patients, and the procedure was required to be repeated twice in 9 patients, 3 times in 7, and 4 times in 4. All the patients were satisfied with the treatment results, and excellent clinical results were obtained in 9 patients. There was no skin necrosis or nerve damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous sclerotherapy with the combined use of absolute ethanol and pingyangmycin is a safe and effective treatment for maxillofacial venous malformations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Denggao
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yixiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Fuyun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000628:therapy*; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005145:Face / Q000098:blood supply*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D008297:Male; D019767:Maxillofacial Abnormalities / Q000628:therapy; D010690:Phlebography; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014680:Veins / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D001761:Bleomycin; D000431:Ethanol; C025703:bleomycetin