title: Epicardial high-intensity focused ultrasound cardiac ablation for surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The available alternatives to an effective but technically complex Cox maze procedure for surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation include ablation using radiofrequency, microwave, laser, cryotherapy or ultrasound energy sources. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy profile of high-intensity focused ultrasound cardiac ablation for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  14 patients underwent epicardial high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment for atrial fibrillation using the Epicor cardiac ablation system between August 2006 and August 2007. The procedure was performed on the beating heart prior to the commencement of cardiopulmonary bypass for concomitant cardiac procedures. Physical examination, electrocardiography and 24-h Holter monitoring were used to determine the postoperative heart rhythm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no deaths directly related to the procedure. One patient with myelodysplastic syndrome died of septic complications. Three patients required cardioversion at 1 day, 3- and 4-month intervals postoperatively. The mean follow-up period was 9 months. Currently 10/13 (77%) patients are in sinus rhythm, one patient required insertion of a permanent pacemaker, one patient is in atrial fibrillation and another patient is in atrial flutter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epicardial high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation is a viable alternative to the Cox maze procedure for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. It is a safe and efficient procedure that does not require cardiopulmonary bypass and may potentially be performed using less invasive surgical techniques.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
authors.forename: Sergei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitnovetski
authors.forename: Aubrey A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Adrian W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Pick
authors.forename: Julian A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D055011:Ablation Techniques; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010496:Pericardium; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy