title: Serial triggering model.
abstract: T-cells recognize a foreign antigen when presented on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the context of a peptide bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The recognition of an antigen takes place at the T-cell:APC contact site where an "immune synapse is formed and the multichain T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) is triggered. This initiates a signal transduction cascade that involves activation of tyrosine kinases, which in turn activate downstream events that elicit a diverse array of effector functions. T-cell activation requires a sustained signal that lasts for several hours. However, TCR affinity to its antigen is low and activation ofTCR induces only a brief spike of intracellular signals. The serial triggering model resolves these seemingly paradoxical requirements for T-cell activation. The model states that sustained signaling is accomplished by the concerted action of multiple T-cell receptors that are sequentially engaged with and triggered by the peptide:MHC complex. In this chapter, we review the serial triggering model and two other models that expand this modeL These models describe kinetic aspects of T-cell activation such as the pivotal question of how the T-cell "counts" the number of serially triggered receptors over time and how it determines that a threshold level has been reached for the activation ofT-cell response.
authors.affiliation: Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah University Hospital, P.O.B. 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel. rjacob@hadassah.org.il
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rachmilewitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D018448:Models, Immunological; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell