title: Potential of dual-energy computed tomography to characterize atherosclerotic plaque: ex vivo assessment of human coronary arteries in comparison to histology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Noninvasive characterization of coronary atherosclerotic plaque is limited with current computed tomography (CT) techniques. Dual-energy CT (DECT) has the potential to provide additional attenuation data for better differentiation of plaque components.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We attempted to characterize coronary atherosclerotic plaque with DECT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven human coronary arteries acquired at autopsy were scanned consecutively at 80 and 140 kVp with CT. Vessels were perfused with saline, and data were acquired before and after contrast agent injection. Lesions were identified, and attenuation measurements were made from CT image quadrants. CT quadrants were classified as densely calcified, fibrocalcific, fibrous, lipid-rich, or normal vessel wall, corresponding to matched histology images. Attenuation values at each peak tube voltage were compared within plaque types for both noncontrast and contrast scans. Further, dual-energy index (DEI) values computed from attenuation were analyzed for classification of plaque.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 14 lesions, a total of 56 quadrants were identified. Histology results classified 8 (14%) as densely calcified, 8 (14%) as fibrocalcific, 9 (16%) as fibrous, 5 (9%) as lipid-rich, and 25 (45%) as normal vessel wall. Calcified lesions attenuated significantly more at 80 kVp in both contrast and noncontrast scans, whereas fibrous plaque attenuated more at 80 kVp only for contrast-enhanced scans. No differences were found for lipid-rich plaques. Using DEI values, only densely calcified plaques could be distinguished from other plaque types except fibrocalcific plaques in contrast images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only densely calcified and fibrocalcific plaques showed a true change in attenuation at 80 versus 140 kVp. Therefore, calcified plaques could be distinguished from noncalcified plaques with DECT, but further classification of plaque types was not possible.
authors.affiliation: Imaging Institute, Cardiovascular Imaging Lab, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Mitya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schoenhagen
authors.forename: Anuja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Amatangelo
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milite
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Obuchowski
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lieber
authors.forename: Sandra S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Halliburton
mesh_terms: D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*