title: Natural history of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in the progression from normal glucose tolerance to impaired fasting glycemia and impaired glucose tolerance: the Inter99 study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to describe the natural history of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in the development of isolated impaired fasting glycemia (i-IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (i-IGT), and combined IFG/IGT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline and 5-year follow-up data from the Inter99 study were used. Individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) at baseline and i-IFG, i-IGT, combined IFG/IGT, or NGT at the 5-year follow-up were examined with an oral glucose tolerance test (n = 3,145). Insulin sensitivity index (ISI), homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS), early-phase insulin release (EPIR), and insulin secretion relative to insulin action (disposition index) were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five years before the pre-diabetes diagnoses (i-IFG, i-IGT, and IFG/IGT), ISI, HOMA-IS, EPIR, and disposition index were lower than in individuals who maintained NGT. During the 5-year follow-up, individuals developing i-IFG experienced a significant decline only in HOMA-IS, whereas individuals developing i-IGT experienced significant declines in ISI, EPIR, and disposition index. Individuals with IFG/IGT exhibited pronounced declines in ISI, HOMA-IS, EPIR, and disposition index during the 5-year follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A stationary reduced insulin secretion followed by a decline in primarily hepatic insulin sensitivity characterizes the transition from NGT to i-IFG. In contrast, low whole-body insulin sensitivity with a secondary lack of beta-cell compensation is associated with the development of i-IGT. Thereby, i-IFG and i-IGT appear to result from different underlying mechanisms, which may have implications for the prevention and treatment of the diabetes that succeeds them.
authors.affiliation: Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark. krif@steno.dk
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Faerch
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaag
authors.forename: Jens J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Borch-Johnsen
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin