title: Pancreatic islet and stellate cells are the main sources of endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor/prokineticin-1 in pancreatic cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF)/prokineticins have been identified as tissue-specific angiogenic factors. This study investigates the expression and localization of EG-VEGF and its receptors in pancreatic tissues and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  mRNA levels of EG-VEGF/prokineticin 1 (PK1), prokineticin 2 (PK2) and their receptors 1 (PKR1) and 2 (PKR2) were measured in pancreatic tissues, pancreatic cancer cell lines and PSCs by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). Protein expression of PK1, PKR1 and PKR2 was assessed in pancreatic tissues by immunohistochemistry. Growth factor-induced secretion of EG-VEGF was measured by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  QRT-PCR analysis in bulk tissues of normal pancreas, chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma showed no significant difference of PK1 mRNA levels, whereas PK2 mRNA was barely detectable. High PK1 mRNA levels were observed only in cultured PSCs and microdissected islet cells, but not in cancer cells, and PK1 protein was localized mainly in islets and cancer-associated stromal cells. PKR1 and PKR2 proteins were present in endothelial cells of small blood vessels. TGF-beta(1) and PDGF-BB specifically stimulated PK1 secretion in PSCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Islet and/or PSC-derived PK1 might act through its receptors on endothelial cells to increase angiogenesis in pancreatic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Ivane
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Abiatari
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Mert
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erkan
authors.forename: Tiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: De Oliveira
authors.forename: Nathalia A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Giese
authors.forename: Christoph W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Michalski
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Friess
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kleeff
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000378:metabolism*; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010179:Pancreas / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D050500:Pancreatitis, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018000:Receptors, Peptide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D042662:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Endocrine-Gland-Derived / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D009479:Neuropeptides; C423608:PROK2 protein, human; C470837:PROKR1 protein, human; C470838:PROKR2 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D018000:Receptors, Peptide; D042662:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Endocrine-Gland-Derived