title: The expression pattern of PDX-1, SHH, Patched and Gli-1 is associated with pathological and clinical features in human pancreatic cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatic cancer cells have been shown to possess stem-cell-like properties, especially by reactivating embryonic transcription factors involved in tissue differentiation. We therefore investigated if and to what extent developmental genes of the human pancreas are expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and precursor lesions, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), and if this correlates or predicts response to treatment and overall survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Invasive ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas [UICC pT3pN0 (n = 13) vs. pT3pN1 (n = 25)] and tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy [5-fluorouracil (FU)/folic-acid and gemcitabine; UICC ypN0 (n = 7) vs. ypN1 (n = 6)] resected between 1997 and 2003 were characterized histochemically and immunohistochemically [pancreas duodenum homeobox 1 (PDX-1), Sonic hedgehog protein (SHH), Patched (Ptc) and Gli-1]. Gene distribution was compared with morphological patterns of the pancreatic carcinoma and PanIN as well as with peritumorous reactions of normal pancreas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall expression of PDX-1, SHH, Ptc and Gli-1 was low, but showed a distinctive and topographic linkage inside pancreatic carcinomas as well as inside PanINs. Additionally, a topographic and significant association of these markers with nodal status (PDX-1, Ptc, Gli-1), tumor size (PDX-1, Gli-1) and R status (PDX-1) was found. After stratification with the strongest outcome predictor, grading, survival analysis revealed that Ptc expression in grade 2 and PDX-1 expression in grade 3 carcinomas are independent survival factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Markers of pancreas development are reexpressed in invasive ductal adenocarcinomas and their expression is essentially associated with general clinical and pathological features such as survival or nodal status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Quint
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stintzing
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alinger
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hauser-Kronberger
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dietze
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gahr
authors.forename: Eckhart G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ocker
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neureiter
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D000368:Aged; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072079:Patched Receptors; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
chemical_list: C400551:GLI1 protein, human; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D000072079:Patched Receptors; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C509239:SHH protein, human; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071676:Zinc Finger Protein GLI1; C084010:pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 protein