title: Anti-oestrogens but not oestrogen deprivation promote cellular invasion in intercellular adhesion-deficient breast cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anti-oestrogens have been the mainstay of therapy in patients with oestrogen-receptor (ER) positive breast cancer and have provided significant improvements in survival. However, their benefits are limited by tumour recurrence in a significant proportion of initially drug-responsive breast cancer patients because of acquired anti-oestrogen resistance. Relapse on such therapies clinically presents as local and/or regional recurrences, frequently with distant metastases, and the prognosis for these patients is poor. The selective ER modulator, tamoxifen, classically exerts gene inhibitory effects during the drug-responsive phase in ER-positive breast cancer cells. Paradoxically, this drug is also able to induce the expression of genes, which in the appropriate cell context may contribute to an adverse cell phenotype. Here we have investigated the effects of tamoxifen and fulvestrant treatment on invasive signalling and compared this with the direct effects of oestrogen withdrawal to mimic the action of aromatase inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of oestrogen and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen on the invasive capacity of endocrine-sensitive MCF-7 cells, in the presence or absence of functional E-cadherin, was determined by Matrigel invasion assays. Studies also monitored the impact of oestrogen withdrawal or treatment with fulvestrant on cell invasion. Western blotting using phospho-specific antibodies was performed to ascertain changes in invasive signalling in response to the two anti-oestrogens versus both oestradiol treatment and withdrawal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time that tamoxifen can promote an invasive phenotype in ER-positive breast cancer cells under conditions of poor cell-cell contact and suggest a role for Src kinase and associated pro-invasive genes in this process. Our studies revealed that although this adverse effect is also apparent for further classes of anti-oestrogens, exemplified by the steroidal agent fulvestrant, it is absent during oestrogen withdrawal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data highlight a previously unreported effect of tamoxifen (and potentially further anti-oestrogens), that such agents appear able to induce breast cancer cell invasion in a specific context (absence of good cell-cell contacts), where these findings may have major clinical implications for those patients with tumours that have inherently poor intercellular adhesion. In such patients oestrogen deprivation with aromatase inhibitors may be more appropriate.
authors.affiliation: Velindre Cancer Centre, Velindre Road, Cardiff, CF14 2TL, UK.
authors.forename: Annabel C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Borley
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hiscox
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gee
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barrett-Lee
authors.forename: Robert I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Nicholson
mesh_terms: D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D015820:Cadherins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000172:deficiency*; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015820:Cadherins; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D004967:Estrogens; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D013629:Tamoxifen; D019061:src-Family Kinases