title: Drosophila olfactory local interneurons and projection neurons derive from a common neuroblast lineage specified by the empty spiracles gene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Encoding of olfactory information in insects occurs in the antennal lobe where the olfactory receptor neurons interact with projection neurons and local interneurons in a complex sensory processing circuitry. While several studies have addressed the developmental mechanisms involved in specification and connectivity of olfactory receptor neurons and projection neurons in Drosophila, the local interneurons are far less well understood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we use genetic marking techniques combined with antibody labelling and neuroblast ablation to analyse lineage specific aspects of local interneuron development. We find that a large set of local interneurons labelled by the GAL4-LN1 (NP1227) and GAL4-LN2 (NP2426) lines arise from the lateral neuroblast, which has also been shown to generate uniglomerular projection neurons. Moreover, we find that a remarkable diversity of local interneuron cell types with different glomerular innervation patterns and neurotransmitter expression derives from this lineage. We analyse the birth order of these two distinct neuronal types by generating MARCM (mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker) clones at different times during larval life. This analysis shows that local interneurons arise throughout the proliferative cycle of the lateral neuroblast beginning in the embryo, while uniglomerular projection neurons arise later during the second larval instar. The lateral neuroblast requires the function of the cephalic gap gene empty spiracles for the development of olfactory interneurons. In empty spiracles null mutant clones, most of the local interneurons and lateral projection neurons are lacking. These findings reveal similarities in the development of local interneurons and projection neurons in the olfactory system of Drosophila.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We find that the lateral neuroblast of the deutocerebrum gives rise to a large and remarkably diverse set of local interneurons as well as to projection neurons in the antennal lobe. Moreover, we show that specific combinations of these two neuron types are produced in specific time windows in this neuroblast lineage. The development of both these cell types in this lineage requires the function of the empty spiracles gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India. abhi@tifr.res.in
authors.forename: Abhijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lichtneckert
authors.forename: Ryuichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reichert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000502:physiology*; D002999:Clone Cells / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004330:Drosophila / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007395:Interneurons / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009833:Olfactory Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D018034:Olfactory Receptor Neurons / Q000254:growth & development*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D000099260:Empty Spiracles Homeobox Proteins
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; C052130:GAL4 protein, S cerevisiae; C093054:ems protein, Drosophila; D000099260:Empty Spiracles Homeobox Proteins