title: Intramedullary fixation of proximal humerus fractures: do locking bolts endanger the axillary nerve or the ascending branch of the anterior circumflex artery? A cadaveric study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proximal humerus fractures are one of the most common fractures. Intramedullary locked nailing is becoming a popular alternative treatment, especially for easier fracture patterns. Although axillary nerve injury has been reported, no study has compared the safety of the proximal locking options relative to the axillary nerve and the ascending branch of the anterior circumflex artery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six different commercially available proximal humeral nails were implanted in 30 shoulders of 18 cadavers. After fluoroscopically guided implantation the shoulders were carefully dissected and the distance between the locking screws, the axillary nerve and the ascending branch of the anterior circumflex artery was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The course of the axillary nerve varies. A mean distance of 55.8 mm (SD = 5.3) between the lateral edge of the acromions and the axillary nerve at the middle of the humerus in a neutrally rotated position was observed. The minimum distance was 43.4 mm, the maximum 63.9 mm.Bent nails with oblique head interlocking bolts appeared to be the most dangerous in relation to the axillary nerve. The two designs featuring such a bend and oblique bolt showed a mean distance of the locking screw to the axillary nerve of 1 mm and 2.7 mm respectively Sirus (Zimmer(R)) and (Stryker(R)) T2 PHN (Proximal Humeral Nail)).Regarding the ascending branch of the anterior circumflex artery, there was no difference between the nails which have an anteroposterior locking option.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is of great importance for surgeons treating proximal humerus fractures to understand the relative risk of any procedure they perform. Since the designs of different nailing systems risk damaging the axillary nerve and ascending branch, blunt dissection, the use of protection sleeves during drilling and screw insertion, and individual risk evaluation prior to the use of a proximal humeral nail are advocated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma Surgery, UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. stefaan.nijs@uz.kuleuven.ac.be.
authors.forename: Stefaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nijs
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sermon
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Broos