title: Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether happiness can spread from person to person and whether niches of happiness form within social networks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal social network analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Framingham Heart Study social network.
  
  
  METHODS
  4739 individuals followed from 1983 to 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Happiness measured with validated four item scale; broad array of attributes of social networks and diverse social ties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clusters of happy and unhappy people are visible in the network, and the relationship between people's happiness extends up to three degrees of separation (for example, to the friends of one's friends' friends). People who are surrounded by many happy people and those who are central in the network are more likely to become happy in the future. Longitudinal statistical models suggest that clusters of happiness result from the spread of happiness and not just a tendency for people to associate with similar individuals. A friend who lives within a mile (about 1.6 km) and who becomes happy increases the probability that a person is happy by 25% (95% confidence interval 1% to 57%). Similar effects are seen in coresident spouses (8%, 0.2% to 16%), siblings who live within a mile (14%, 1% to 28%), and next door neighbours (34%, 7% to 70%). Effects are not seen between coworkers. The effect decays with time and with geographical separation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  People's happiness depends on the happiness of others with whom they are connected. This provides further justification for seeing happiness, like health, as a collective phenomenon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Political Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Christakis
mesh_terms: D006240:Happiness; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008603:Mental Health; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012944:Social Support