title: [Breath of life: experience with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the context of urban poverty in Fortaleza, Ceará State, Brazil].
abstract: This is an anthropological study on the experience of living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for low-income individuals in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará State, Brazil. From March to November 2006, we conducted case studies of six patients, using ethnographic interviews, illness narratives, and participant-observation during hospital treatment and home visits. Thematic context analysis and contextualized semantic analysis were used to link individual experience to system of significance, actions taken, and structural constraints. Based on the findings, COPD provokes subjective sensations, signs, and meanings. The diagnosis "smothers" patients, provoking hardships and limitations in their manual, sexual, domestic, family, and leisure activities. Lay strategies used to confront acute shortness of breath and low self-esteem include: avoiding direct contact with the patient's "phlegm", quitting or reducing smoking, treating symptoms with home remedies and popular body therapies, remaining calm during attacks, rejecting imposed therapies, and surrendering one's self to spiritual powers. Thus, the subjectivity of illness cannot be excluded from the measurement of the "global burden of disease" in Northeast Brazil.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brasil. jumsp@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Juliana Maria de Sousa
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Luiza Jane Eyre de Souza
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Marilyn K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Nations
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011204:Poverty Areas; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D014505:Urban Population