title: Novel metabolites of amodiaquine formed by CYP1A1 and CYP1B1: structure elucidation using electrochemistry, mass spectrometry, and NMR.
abstract: An aldehyde metabolite of amodiaquine and desethylamodiaquine has been identified. The aldehyde was the major metabolite formed in incubations with two recombinantly expressed human cytochromes P450 (rP450s), namely, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. The aldehyde metabolite was also formed, to a lesser extent, in both human and rat liver microsomes. When comparing results from incubations with liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats (inducing CYP1A1 and CYP1B1) with those from noninduced rats, a 6-fold increase of the aldehyde metabolite was observed in the rat liver microsomes after 3-methylcholanthrene treatment. The metabolic oxidation was mimicked by the electrochemical system, and the electrochemical oxidation product was matched with the metabolite from the in vitro incubations. The electrochemical generation of the aldehyde metabolite was repeated on a preparative scale, and the proposed structure was confirmed by NMR. Trapping of the aldehyde metabolite was done with methoxyl amine. Trapping experiments with N-acetyl cysteine revealed that the aldehyde was further oxidized to an aldehyde quinoneimine species, both in the rP450 incubations and in the electrochemical system. Three additional new metabolites of amodiaquine and desethylamodiaquine were formed via rCYP1A1 and rCYP1B1. Trace amounts of these metabolites were also observed in incubations with liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. Tentative structures of the metabolites and adducts were assigned based on liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry in combination with accurate mass measurements.
authors.affiliation: Discovery DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden. tove.e.johansson@astrazeneca.com
authors.forename: Tove
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: Ulrik
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jurva
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grönberg
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weidolf
authors.forename: Collen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Masimirembwa
mesh_terms: D000655:Amodiaquine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D065633:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D015394:Molecular Structure; D051381:Rats; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000655:Amodiaquine; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C585496:CYP1B1 protein, human; C585499:Cyp1b1 protein, rat; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D065633:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1