title: Common genetic contributions to depressive symptoms and inflammatory markers in middle-aged men: the Twins Heart Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the extent to which a common genetic pathway is also involved in the relationship between depressive symptoms, in the absence of major depressive disorder (MDD), and inflammation. Recent data suggested that MDD and inflammation share common genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 188 male twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry who were free of symptomatic coronary artery disease and MDD, with mean +/- standard deviation (SD) age of 55 +/- 2.75 years, including 54 monozygotic and 40 dizygotic twin pairs. These pairs were assessed for two inflammatory markers, interleukin (IL)-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP). Current depressive symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the phenotypic association between depression and inflammatory markers. Biometrical genetic modeling was performed to estimate the genetic and environmental contributions to this association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An association was observed between severity of current depressive symptoms and increased levels of inflammatory markers (p < .001 for IL-6 and p = .005 for CRP). After adjustment for other factors, the association was slightly attenuated but remained statistically significant for IL-6 (p = .002). The heritability of IL-6, CRP, and depressive symptoms were estimated as 0.37, 0.65, and 0.48, respectively. Genetic modeling found a significant genetic correlation between IL-6 and depressive symptoms (r(G) = 0.22, p = .046), indicating that about 66% of the covariance between them can be explained by shared genetic influences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current depressive symptoms are significantly correlated with inflammatory markers. This covariation is due, in large part, to genes that are common to depressive symptoms and inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1256 Briarcliff Road NE, Suite-1 North, Atlanta, GA 30306, USA.
authors.forename: Shaoyong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Andrew H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Snieder
authors.forename: J Douglas
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bremner
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: Carisa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maisano
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Nancy V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Murrah
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaccarino
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic; D014728:Veterans / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008055:Lipids; D002097:C-Reactive Protein