title: Disparities in the treatment of patients with IL-2 for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The incidence of metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC) is rising. To date, interleukin-2 (IL-2) is the only treatment offering a complete response rate for mRCC. We wish to test the hypothesis that the combination of restricted availability and expense associated with IL-2 administration results in differential access to the medication based on race and sex, despite similar clinical indications for its use.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and the Centers for Medicare Services (CMS) to clinically characterize subjects with mRCC diagnosed from 1992 through 2002. We linked these subjects to claims identified in the CMS databases. We then assigned subjects to cohorts receiving radical nephrectomy, IL-2, both, or neither. A logistic model was created to identify factors that had significant independent effects on the receipt of IL-2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three thousand seven hundred thirty individuals were identified with mRCC. After controlling for other variables, female subjects were less likely to receive IL-2 (O.R. 0.80). African American subjects were also less likely to receive IL-2 (O.R 0.55). Married individuals were much more likely to receive IL-2 (O.R 1.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  African Americans and women were much less likely to be treated with IL-2 after controlling for relevant clinical variables. These data document that the only therapy offering a complete response to patients with mRCC is less frequently given to those who are African American or female. It is possible that the racial and gender-based disparities in treatment with IL-2 will be replicated with newer, expensive treatment options for mRCC. Further prospective investigation into mitigating barriers to receipt of effective care for mRCC is urgently needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Saigal
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Deibert
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schonlau
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018426:SEER Program; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007376:Interleukin-2