title: NiTinol-based cutting edges for endovascular heart valve resection: first in-vitro cutting results.
abstract: Machining of shape memory alloys based on Nitinol (NiTi) creates difficulties due to its ductility and severe strain hardening. In this experiment, different cutting edges and grinding parameters were tested to optimize cutting results on NiTi-based blades intended for endovascular heart valve resection. The cutting procedure was performed using two counter-rotating circular NiTi blades of different diameter. A rotating/punching process should be performed. Different shapes (glazed, waved, and saw tooth), different grinding techniques (manual, manual grinder, and precise milling cutter) and additionally various velocities (50 and 200 rpm) were tested on specific test specimens. Cutting forces were measured and cutting quality was examined using digital microscopy. Preliminary tests with rotating blades showed superior results using cutting edges for the punching process (150 N vs. 200 N; n=7). In a second step special test specimens were tested. Maximum cutting-force was 265 N+/-20 N (mean+/-SD; n=7). Subsequently different shapes were tested at 50 and 200 rpm using the rotating/punching method regarding alternate grinding techniques. Cutting forces were 27 N+/-7.7 N for glazed blades (n=7) at 50 rpm and 18 N+/-4.7 N at 200 rpm, waved blades (n=7) required a maximum force of 18 N+/-5 N at 50 rpm and 11 N+/-3.3 N at 200 rpm, whereas saw tooth blades (n=7) needed 17 N+/-12.7 N at 50 rpm and 9 N+/-1.2 N at 200 rpm. Precise cutting quality was only seen when using glazed blades sharpened under accurate conditions with a high-speed milling cutter. Although shape memory alloys based on Nitinol are difficult to process, and well-defined grinding parameters do not exist, acceptable results can be reached using high-speed milling cutters. Best cutting quality can be observed by using glazed blades, performing a rotating/punching process at high velocities. Lower cutting forces can be observed by using other shape-types, however this leads to lower cutting quality. Therefore, further investigations on blade-machining and velocity-testing seem to be necessary to create optimal cutting results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany. Daniel.wendt@uk-essen.de
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stühle
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kawa
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thielmann
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kipfmüller
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hauck
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jakob
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000601:surgery; D004867:Equipment Design; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008853:Microscopy; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011786:Quality Control
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; C013616:nitinol