title: Bisphenol-A and the great divide: a review of controversies in the field of endocrine disruption.
abstract: In 1991, a group of 21 scientists gathered at the Wingspread Conference Center to discuss evidence of developmental alterations observed in wildlife populations after chemical exposures. There, the term "endocrine disruptor" was agreed upon to describe a class of chemicals including those that act as agonists and antagonists of the estrogen receptors (ERs), androgen receptor, thyroid hormone receptor, and others. This definition has since evolved, and the field has grown to encompass hundreds of chemicals. Despite significant advances in the study of endocrine disruptors, several controversies have sprung up and continue, including the debate over the existence of nonmonotonic dose response curves, the mechanisms of low-dose effects, and the importance of considering critical periods of exposure in experimental design. One chemical found ubiquitously in our environment, bisphenol-A (BPA), has received a tremendous amount of attention from research scientists, government panels, and the popular press. In this review, we have covered the above-mentioned controversies plus six additional issues that have divided scientists in the field of BPA research, namely: 1) mechanisms of BPA action; 2) levels of human exposure; 3) routes of human exposure; 4) pharmacokinetic models of BPA metabolism; 5) effects of BPA on exposed animals; and 6) links between BPA and cancer. Understanding these topics is essential for educating the public and medical professionals about potential risks associated with developmental exposure to BPA and other endocrine disruptors, the design of rigorously researched programs using both epidemiological and animal studies, and ultimately the development of a sound public health policy.
authors.affiliation: Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Laura N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Vandenberg
authors.forename: Maricel V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Maffini
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sonnenschein
authors.forename: Beverly S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Soto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005104:Expert Testimony; D048788:Growth and Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds