title: A systematic approach to refractory angina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Refractory angina pectoris is a common clinical condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This review aims to provide a systematic approach to the assessment and treatment of patients with this condition, focusing particularly on recent data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent registry-based data have confirmed that a significant proportion of patients referred to cardiologists are suffering from refractory angina pectoris and that this is associated with poor quality of life and increased mortality. A number of novel antianginal drugs have been developed, although there has been little consensus on their use in the treatment of refractory angina. In addition, multiple interventional treatments are available but detailed evaluation is sparse. More recent studies have begun to address some of the major concerns associated with the use of these technologies, including the placebo effect. Studies comparing the different techniques are now beginning to emerge, allowing clinicians and patients to make informed choices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A systematic approach is needed for the assessment and treatment of patients with refractory angina pectoris. Further research must include carefully designed randomized placebo-controlled trials to enable the role and application of the different techniques to be defined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Sadia N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Dutka
mesh_terms: D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents