title: Evaluation of available treatment guidelines for the management of lithium intoxication.
abstract: Intoxications with lithium carry considerable risk for long-term morbidity and even mortality. Consequently, any patient suspected of lithium intoxication requires immediate and appropriate care. The objectives of this study were to assess the completeness and the applicability of generally available treatment guidelines for the management of patients with a lithium intoxication and, hence, to provide general recommendations for improvement of existing treatment guidelines. Nineteen treatment guidelines originating from 7 different countries were gathered by searching the Internet, online databases, and textbooks and by contacting different poison information centers and university medical centers. A list of items was composed from the retrieved treatment guidelines and a further literature search. Most relevant items were present in the various guidelines. However, in some guidelines, essential information was missing or potentially hazardous information was provided. Clarity, presentation, and applicability of the guidelines, as assessed using parts of the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation instrument, were relatively poor. Regular updates of treatment guidelines should be performed to incorporate new essential information. To improve applicability of guidelines, unambiguous key recommendations, alternative treatments, and special care requirements should be provided and authors are recommended to test treatment guidelines using a panel of less experienced caregivers in a hypothetical case scenario.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciencest, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ingeborg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wilting
authors.forename: Antoine C G
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Egberts
authors.forename: Eibert R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Heerdink
authors.forename: Tessa F T
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Ververs
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meulenbelt
authors.forename: Willem A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Nolen
mesh_terms: D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000506:poisoning*; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D018020:Lithium Compounds