title: Determination of carbamate pesticides using micro-solid-phase extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography.
abstract: We describe a simple and sensitive porous polypropylene membrane-protected micro-solid-phase extraction (mu-SPE) approach for the sample preparation and determination of carbamate pesticides in soil samples by high-performance liquid chromatography. The mu-SPE device consisted of C(18) sorbent held within a porous polypropylene envelope. In order to achieve optimum performance, several extraction parameters were optimized. Under the most favorable conditions, the extraction efficiency of the mu-SPE was very high, with detection limits in the range of 0.01-0.40 ng g(-1). This is more than two orders of magnitude lower than the limits obtained by the United States Environmental Protection Agency Methods 8321A and 8318. A linear relationship was obtained for each analyte in the range of 2 and 200 ng g(-1). The relative standard deviation for the analysis of aged soil samples spiked at 5 ng g(-1) was < or = 11%. The reproducibility of separate mu-SPE device used for experiments was satisfactory (relative standard deviations ranged from 4 to 11%), indicating that the method is reliable for routine environmental analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore. chmcb@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: Chanbasha
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Basheer
authors.forename: Anass Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Alnedhary
authors.forename: B S Madhava
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Hian Kee
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D002219:Carbamates / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D012965:Sodium Chloride