title: Early and long-term outcomes of heart failure in elderly persons, 2001-2005.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment of chronic heart failure has improved during the past 2 decades, but little is known about whether the improvements are reflected in trends in early and long-term mortality and hospital readmission.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective cohort study of 2 540 838 elderly Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized with heart failure between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2005, we examined early and long-term all-cause mortality and hospital readmission and patient- and hospital-level predictors of these outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unadjusted in-hospital mortality declined from 5.1% to 4.2% during the study (P < .001), but 30-day, 180-day, and 1-year all-cause mortality remained fairly constant at 11%, 26%, and 37%, respectively. Nearly 1 in 4 patients were readmitted within 30 days of the index hospitalization, and two-thirds were readmitted within 1 year. Controlling for patient- and hospital-level covariates, the hazard of all-cause mortality at 1 year was slightly lower in 2005 than in 2001 (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.97-0.99). The hazard of readmission did not decline significantly from 2001 to 2005 (hazard ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.00).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early and long-term all-cause mortality and hospital readmission rates remain high and have improved little with time. The need to identify optimal management strategies for these clinically complex patients is urgent.
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical and Genetic Economics, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC 27715, USA. lesley.curtis@duke.edu
authors.forename: Lesley H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.forename: Bradley G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Hammill
authors.forename: Judith M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Whellan
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.forename: Adrian F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Hernandez
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors