title: Suboptimal aminoglycoside dosing in critically ill patients.
abstract: Maximal aminoglycoside (AG) killing requires that the ratio of peak serum concentrations (Cmax) to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the pathogen exceeds by > or =10. This has been shown to hasten resolution of infection in the general patient population. It was postulated that critically ill patients, likely to have larger intravascular volumes, are underdosed. The primary aim was to determine Cmax to MIC target attainment rate in medical intensive care unit (MICU) patients. A retrospective review of MICU patients who received at least 1 intravenous dose and serum concentration of either gentamicin or tobramycin was performed. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed, and MIC distributions for AG were used in determining the Cmax/MIC and in calculating the probability of attaining the pharmacodynamic (PD) target. One hundred two unique patients with 211 AG concentrations were analyzed to determine population pharmacokinetic parameters. Mean maximum clearance (CL) was 3.14L/h (95% confidence interval: 1.26-4.54 L/h), and mean volume of distribution (V) was 53 L (95% confidence interval: 38-66.8 L/h). Glomerular filtration rate and standardized body weight were identified as significant covariates for clearance in the final model. Standardized body weight also significantly affected V. There was only a 20% and 40% probability that patients receiving 7 mg/kg of gentamicin and tobramycin, respectively, will achieve PD target over the range of MIC distributions. Based on these data, the majority of critically ill patients would not be predicted to achieve the PD target under current dosing regimens. This may be a result of intensive care unit patients having a larger volume of distribution than reported in the literature. Future recommendations for treating gram-negative infections in the MICU population include using initial doses of 7 mg/kg of either gentamicin or tobramycin, measuring Cmax after the first dose, and determining MIC for the pathogen(s) with adjustment of subsequent doses to achieve the PD target.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Rhonda S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Rea
authors.forename: Blair
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Capitano
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bies
authors.forename: Kristin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Bigos
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D016638:Critical Illness; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D014031:Tobramycin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins; D014031:Tobramycin