title: A digital smoking cessation program delivered through internet and cell phone without nicotine replacement (happy ending): randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Happy Ending (HE) is an intense 1-year smoking cessation program delivered via the Internet and cell phone. HE consists of more than 400 contacts by email, Web pages, interactive voice response, and short message service technology. HE includes a craving helpline and a relapse prevention system, providing just-in-time therapy. All the components of the program are fully automated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objectives were to describe the rationale for the design of HE, to assess the 12-month efficacy of HE in a sample of smokers willing to attempt to quit without the use of nicotine replacement therapy, and to explore the potential effect of HE on coping planning and self-efficacy (prior to quitting) and whether coping planning and self-efficacy mediate treatment effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two-arm randomized controlled trial was used. Subjects were recruited via Internet advertisements and randomly assigned to condition. Inclusion criteria were willingness to quit on a prescribed day without using nicotine replacement and being aged 18 years or older. The intervention group received HE, and the control group received a 44-page self-help booklet. Abstinence was defined as "not even a puff of smoke, for the last seven days" and was assessed by means of Internet surveys or telephone interviews 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postcessation. The main outcome was repeated point abstinence (ie, abstinence at all four time points). Coping planning and self-efficacy were measured at baseline and at the end of the preparation phase (ie, after 2 weeks of treatment, but prior to cessation day).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 290 participants received either the HE intervention (n=144) or the control booklet (n=146). Using intent-to-treat analysis, participants in the intervention group reported clinically and statistically significantly higher repeated point abstinence rates than control participants (20% versus 7%, odds ratio [OR] = 3.43, 95% CI = 1.60-7.34, P = .002). Although no differences were observed at baseline, by the end of the preparation phase, significantly higher levels of coping planning (t(261) = 3.07, P = .002) and precessation self-efficacy (t(261) = 2.63, P = .01) were observed in the intervention group compared with the control group. However, neither coping planning nor self-efficacy mediated long-term treatment effect. For point abstinence 1 month after quitting, however, coping planning and self-efficacy showed a partial mediation of the treatment effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This 12-month trial documents a long-term treatment effect of a fully automated smoking cessation intervention without the use of nicotine replacement therapy. The study adds to the promise of using digital media in supporting behavior change.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Postboks 1094 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway. haavabre@psykologi.uio.no
authors.forename: Håvar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brendryen
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Drozd
authors.forename: Pål
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kraft
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D040421:Cell Phone; D034742:Electronic Mail; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D019212:Multimedia; D009538:Nicotine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010174:Pamphlets; D018579:Patient Selection; D012907:Smoking / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine