title: Survival of amoebae on building materials.
abstract: Moisture damage and concurrent microbial growth in buildings are associated with adverse health effects among the occupants. However, the causal agents for the symptoms are unclear although microbes are assumed to play a major role. Fungi and bacteria are not the only microbes inhabiting moist building materials; it was recently revealed that amoebae are also present. As amoebae have the potential to harbor many pathogens and to modulate the characteristics of growing microbes, a better appreciation of the growth and survival of amoebae in moisture damage conditions will add to the understanding of their effects on health outcomes. In this study, we investigated the ability of amoebae to survive on six building materials. Furthermore, both aged and unused materials were tested. Amoebae survived on gypsum board and mineral wool for the whole 2 months experiment even without additional sustenance. When sustenance (heat-killed bacteria) was available, aged pine wood and birch wood also allowed their survival. In contrast, amoebae were quickly killed on fresh pine wood and they did not survive on concrete or linoleum. In conclusion, our data show that amoebae can persist on several common building materials once these materials become wet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Amoebae are able to survive on many building materials should the materials become wet. Amoebae have the potential to increase growth, cytotoxicity, and pathogenicity of other microbes present in moisture damages, and they may carry potentially pathogenic bacteria as endosymbionts and thus introduce them into the indoor air. Therefore, amoebae may have a prominent role in the microbial exposures occurring in moisture-damaged buildings. The presence of amoebae could be usefully included in reporting the microbial damage of material samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, National Public Health Institute, Kuopio, Finland. terhi.yli-pirila@ktl.fi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yli-Pirilä
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kusnetsov
authors.forename: M-R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seuri
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
mesh_terms: D000656:Amoeba / Q000254:growth & development*; D000818:Animals; D003252:Construction Materials / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D004780:Environment, Controlled; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000254:growth & development; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water