title: Th1- and Th2-type cytokines in plasma after major trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major trauma induces a dysregulation of immune response supported in parts by lymphocyte dysfunction. Controversial data about a shift within the T-helper cell subsets Th1/Th2 are reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  To prove whether Th1/Th2-type cytokine plasma levels reflect the postulated Th2 shift after trauma, we investigated in a retrospective study 195 severely injured patients (47 women, 148 men; mean age 39.7 +/- 15.8 years; Injury Severity Score 32.0 +/- 11.3 points; overall 1,887 samples) during their ICU stay posttrauma. Mortality rate was 19%. Th1-type cytokines interleukin 2 (IL-2), interferon gamma, IL-12 (p70), and IL-18 and Th2-type cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and IL-11 were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay technique in patients and in healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-2 and interferon gamma were seldom detectable. All other mediators were significantly increased matched to controls (p < 0.05). All cytokines were elevated most prominent during weeks 1 and 2 posttrauma and declined thereafter. A trend toward lower levels in nonsurvivors was seen for both groups of cytokines. However, significant differences were only seen for Injury Severity Score, age, white blood cells, and C-reactive protein. All mediators correlated positively with each other (p < 0.01), a Th2-type shift was not observed. Two groups of patients were identified: one group with generally high plasma levels of all cytokines investigated and a second group of nonresponders who presented with low or diminished plasma levels in which most nonsurvivors were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that in plasma no Th1/Th2 shift can be observed after major trauma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Allgemeinchirurgische Klinik, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Heizmann
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koeller
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muhr
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oertli
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schinkel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D011379:Prognosis; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines