title: Elbow extension test to rule out elbow fracture: multicentre, prospective validation and observational study of diagnostic accuracy in adults and children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether full elbow extension as assessed by the elbow extension test can be used in routine clinical practice to rule out bony injury in patients presenting with elbow injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults: multicentre prospective interventional validation study in secondary care. Children: multicentre prospective observational study in secondary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five emergency departments in southwest England.
  
  
  METHODS
  2127 adults and children presenting to the emergency department with acute elbow injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elbow extension test during routine care by clinical staff to determine the need for radiography in adults and to guide follow-up in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presence of elbow fracture on radiograph, or recovery with no indication for further review at 7-10 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1740 eligible participants, 602 patients were able to fully extend their elbow; 17 of these patients had a fracture. Two adult patients with olecranon fractures needed a change in treatment. In the 1138 patients without full elbow extension, 521 fractures were identified. Overall, the test had sensitivity and specificity (95% confidence interval) for detecting elbow fracture of 96.8% (95.0 to 98.2) and 48.5% (45.6 to 51.4). Full elbow extension had a negative predictive value for fracture of 98.4% (96.3 to 99.5) in adults and 95.8% (92.6 to 97.8) in children. Negative likelihood ratios were 0.03 (0.01 to 0.08) in adults and 0.11 (0.06 to 0.19) in children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The elbow extension test can be used in routine practice to inform clinical decision making. Patients who cannot fully extend their elbow after injury should be referred for radiography, as they have a nearly 50% chance of fracture. For those able to fully extend their elbow, radiography can be deferred if the practitioner is confident that an olecranon fracture is not present. Patients who do not undergo radiography should return if symptoms have not resolved within 7-10 days.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Royal Devon and Exeter Foundation NHS Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Appelboam
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Reuben
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Benger
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beech
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dutson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haig
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Higginson
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Le Roux
authors.forename: S S M
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Saranga
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vickery
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lloyd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult; D000092464:Elbow Injuries