title: Combination of perianal-intrarectal lidocaine-prilocaine cream and periprostatic nerve block for pain control during transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To our knowledge the optimal analgesia during prostate biopsy remains undetermined. We tested the efficacy and safety of combined perianal-intrarectal lidocaine-prilocaine cream and periprostatic nerve block during transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 280 patients were randomized to receive combined perianal-intrarectal lidocaine-prilocaine cream and periprostatic nerve block (group 1), perianal-intrarectal lidocaine-prilocaine cream alone (group 2), periprostatic nerve block alone (group 3) or no anesthesia (group 4) before transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. Pain was evaluated with a 10-point visual analog scale at subsequent procedural steps, including perianal-intrarectal substance administration, prostate transrectal ultrasound, periprostatic nerve block and sampling. Complications were assessed by self-administered questionnaire and telephone interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups were comparable in patient age, prostate volume, pathology results and visual analog scale perianal-intrarectal substance administration. Visual analog scale results for transrectal ultrasound were lower in groups 1 and 2 vs 3 and 4 (mean 1.5 and 1.41 vs 5.37 and 5.31, p <0.001) and results for periprostatic nerve block were lower in group 1 vs 3 (mean 1.03 vs 3.74, p <0.001). Results for sampling were lower in groups 1 to 3 vs 4 (mean 0.77, 1.27 and 1.27 vs 4.33, p <0.001) and in group 1 vs 2 and 3 (p <0.001). Stratified analysis showed that visual analog scale sampling was lower in group 1 vs 2 and 3 in patients 65 years old or younger, those with a prostate greater than 49 cc and those with lower anorectal compliance (visual analog scale results for perianal-intrarectal substance administration greater than 2) (p = 0.006, <0.001 and 0.003, respectively). The overall complication rate was similar in all 4 groups (p = 0.87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the combination of perianal-intrarectal lidocaine-prilocaine cream and periprostatic nerve block provides better pain control than the 2 modalities alone during the sampling part of transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy with no increase in the complication rate. The magnitude of this effect is higher in younger men, men with a larger prostate and men with lower anorectal compliance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giannarini
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Autorino
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valent
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mogorovich
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Manassero
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Maria
authors.forename: Girolamo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morelli
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barbone
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Selli
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001707:Biopsy, Needle / Q000379:methods*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D009824:Ointments; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010502:Perineum; D011318:Prilocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011336:Probability; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D012007:Rectum / Q000187:drug effects; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D036761:Ultrasound, High-Intensity Focused, Transrectal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000077442:Lidocaine, Prilocaine Drug Combination; D009824:Ointments; D011318:Prilocaine; D008012:Lidocaine