title: Suppressed neuroendocrine stress response in depressed women on job-stress-related long-term sick leave: a stable marker potentially suggestive of preexisting vulnerability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We recently reported marked hyporeactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in depressed women on job-stress-related long-term sick leave (LTSL). This unexpected finding prompted the question of whether HPA axis hypofunction in this group results from stress exposure or reflects preexisting vulnerability. Here, as a first step toward addressing this question, we assessed temporal stability of HPA axis reactivity in these subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the combined dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone (DEX-CRH) test to retest HPA axis reactivity in 29 patients and 27 control subjects after 12 months of follow-up. Clinical status and cognitive performance was also retested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite marked clinical improvement and normalization of initially observed impairments in attention and working memory, marked HPA axis hyporeactivity persisted in patients. A high test-retest correlation was found both at the level of corticotropin (R = .85, p < .001) and cortisol (R = .76, p < .001) responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyporeactivity of the HPA was stable over 12 months in LTSL subjects, independent of clinical improvement and normalized cognitive function. The stability of this response over time suggests that decreased DEX-CRH responses in this group may be a trait rather than a state marker. This finding is compatible with a hypothesis that HPA axis hyporeactivity may reflect a preexisting vulnerability in these subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wahlberg
authors.forename: Per Hamid
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Ghatan
authors.forename: Sieglinde
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Modell
authors.forename: Ake
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nygren
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ingvar
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asberg
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heilig
mesh_terms: D000309:Adrenal Insufficiency; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D001288:Attention; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D010912:Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018582:Sick Leave; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003907:Dexamethasone; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone