title: Management of delayed edema formation after fibrinolytic therapy for intracerebral hematomas: preliminary experimental data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fibrinolytic therapy for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is considered a viable alternative to microsurgical hematoma removal. However, experimental data suggest that rtPA is neurotoxic and evokes a late perihematomal edema. We present preliminary data focusing on the avoidance of late edema formation after lysis of an intracerebral hematoma in a porcine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty pigs underwent placement of a frontal intracerebral hematoma with a minimum volume of 1 mL. Half of the pigs were subjected to rtPA clot lysis and MK-801 injection for blockage of the NMDA receptor-mediated rtPA-enhanced excitotoxic pathway. The remaining 10 pigs received desmoteplase (DSPA) for clot lysis, which is known to be a less neurotoxic fibrinolytic agent than rtPA. MRI on the day of surgery and on postoperative days 4 and 10 was used to assess hematoma and edema volumes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Late edema formation could be prevented in both the MK-801/rtPA and DSPA pigs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The benefits of fibrinolytic therapy for intracerebral hematomas appear to be counterbalanced by late edema formation. MK-801 infusion as an adjunct to rtPA lysis, or the use of DSPA instead of rtPA, prevents late edema and therefore has the potential to further improve results after clot lysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany. veit.rohde@med.uni-goettingen.de
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uzma
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thiex
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Samadani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006406:Hematoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010960:Plasminogen Activators / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013552:Swine; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C069588:salivary plasminogen activator alpha 1, Desmodus rotundus; D016291:Dizocilpine Maleate; D010960:Plasminogen Activators