title: The interaction of nuclear factor-kappa B and cytokines is associated with schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many reports suggest that schizophrenia is associated with the inflammatory response mediated by cytokines, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) regulates the expression of cytokines. However, it remains unclear whether the interaction between NF-kappaB and cytokines is implicated in schizophrenia and whether the effect of neuroleptics treatment for 4 weeks is associated with the alteration of cytokines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-five healthy subjects and 83 first-episode schizophrenic patients who met DSM-IV criteria and who were never treated with neuroleptics previously were included. Serum levels of cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were examined by using sandwich enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) mRNA expressions of cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha) and NF-kappaB were detected by using semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). NF-kappaB activation was examined by using transcription factor assay kits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Schizophrenic patients showed significantly higher serum levels and PBMC mRNA expressions of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha compared with healthy subjects. However, treatment with the neuroleptic risperidone for 4 weeks significantly decreased serum levels and PBMC mRNA expressions of IL-1beta in schizophrenic patients. NF-kappaB activation and PBMC mRNA expression in patients were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects. Furthermore, PBMC mRNA expressions of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were positively correlated to NF-kappaB activation in both schizophrenic patients and healthy control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Schizophrenic patients showed activation of the cytokine system and immune disturbance. NF-kappaB activation may play a pivotal role in schizophrenia through interaction with cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Xue-Qin
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Lu-Xian
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.forename: Wen-Qiang
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yi-Hui
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Jing-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000097:blood* / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects; D018967:Risperidone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018967:Risperidone