title: Radiofrequency cannula with active tip radio-opaque marker: image analysis for facet, gray ramus, and dorsal root ganglion techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiofrequency neurolysis is a common technique used in the treatment of chronic pain, particularly facet (zygapophyseal joint) arthralgia. A needle-like cannula is insulated except for the exposed active tip, which is positioned as parallel and adjacent as possible to the targeted nerve branch. Via an inserted probe connected to a radiofrequency generator, energy flowing from the tip of the cannula creates a heat lesion in the 80 - 85 degree Celsius range mostly about the length of the exposed active tip and in proportion to the diameter of the probe. The common active tip lengths used for neurolysis are 5mm or 10mm. The cannulae are FDA approved. The manufacturer advises physicians not to bend or otherwise modify a cannula prior to use. The cannulae are available straight or bent, sharp and blunt. The technique is guided under C-arm fluoroscopy. X-rays passing through the patient demonstrate in 2 dimensions the projected relative radio-opaque bony landmarks and the metallic cannula. Most currently available cannulae are uniform in their radio-opacity from tip to hub. The physician must make an educated guess as to the portion of the cannula that will be making the lesion in relationship to the bony landmark.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A new radiofrequency cannula with a radio-opaque marker (ROC) delineates the proximal end of the active tip. The cannula was used in a phantom model. Images were reproduced with explanation of the potential advantage of the new device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The marker on the new cannula was visible and did help delineate the active tip as well as its orientation. It was also helpful in making sequential lesions at the same nerve using a "tip to tail" repositioning technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ROC did represent an improvement over standard cannulae to optimize visualization of cannula and thus lesion placement using a phantom model. The applications described were only for conventional or "hot" RF.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Pain Medicine Physicians, PLLC, Tacoma, WA 98465-1613, USA. apmedicine@qwestoffice.net
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Jasper
mesh_terms: D001175:Arthrography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D005728:Ganglia, Sympathetic / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery