title: Fifteen years' experience with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) using bare stents: retrospective review of clinical and technical aspects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors present a retrospective analysis of a large series of patients who underwent transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between March 1992 and December 2006, 658 patients were referred to our centre for TIPS placement. Indications for the procedure were digestive tract bleeding (52.8%), refractory ascites (35.3%), preservation of portal vein patency prior to liver transplantation (3.0%) and thrombosis of the suprahepatic veins (2.3%). Other indications (6.6%) included pleural ascites, portal thrombosis and hepatorenal and hepatopulmonary syndromes. All patients were evaluated with colour Doppler ultrasonography and in a few cases with computed tomography. The portal system was punctured under sonographic guidance. Wallstent, Palmaz and Nitinol thermosensitive stents were used. Embolisation of persistent varices was performed in 6.8% of cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Technical success was 98.9%. During a 1,500-day follow-up, the cumulative incidence of stent revision was 25.7% (Nitinol), 32.9% (Wallstent) and 1.8% (Palmaz). Mortality rates were 31.1%, 38.5% and 56.4%, respectively. The technical complications included six cases of heart failure, six of haematobilia, three of stent migration, two of intrahepatic haematoma and one of haemoperitoneum. Eight patients with severe portosystemic encephalopathy (PSE) were treated with a reduction stent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TIPS placement is safe and effective and may act as a bridge to liver transplantation. Ultrasonography plays a fundamental role in the preliminary assessment, in portal vein puncture and during the follow-up. Stent patency is satisfactory.
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Institute, A.S.O. San Giovanni Battista, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy. carlogazzera@inwind.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gazzera
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Righi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valle
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ottobrelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grosso
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gandini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000601:surgery*; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D015642:Radiology, Interventional; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012449:Safety; D015607:Stents; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color