title: Investigation of breast cancer using two-dimensional MRS.
abstract: Proton (1H) MRS enables non-invasive biochemical assay with the potential to characterize malignant, benign and healthy breast tissues. In vitro studies using perchloric acid extracts and ex vivo magic angle spinning spectroscopy of intact biopsy tissues have been used to identify detectable metabolic alterations in breast cancer. The challenges of 1H MRS in vivo include low sensitivity and significant overlap of resonances due to limited chemical shift dispersion and significant inhomogeneous broadening at most clinical magnetic field strengths. Improvement in spectral resolution can be achieved in vivo and in vitro by recording the MR spectra spread over more than one dimension, thus facilitating unambiguous assignment of metabolite and lipid resonances in breast cancer. This article reviews the recent progress with two-dimensional MRS of breast cancer in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. The discussion includes unambiguous detection of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, as well as choline-containing groups such as free choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine and ethanolamines using two-dimensional MRS. In addition, characterization of invasive ductal carcinomas and healthy fatty/glandular breast tissues non-invasively using the classification and regression tree (CART) analysis of two-dimensional MRS data is reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1721, USA. athomas@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: M Albert
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lipnick
authors.forename: S Sendhil
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Velan
authors.forename: Xiaoyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shida
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banakar
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Binesh
authors.forename: Saadallah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramadan
authors.forename: Art
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ambrosio
authors.forename: Raymond R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Raylman
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sayre
authors.forename: Nanette
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: DeBruhl
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bassett
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014020:Tissue Extracts / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D014020:Tissue Extracts; D014280:Triglycerides