title: c-Abl phosphorylates Hdmx and regulates its interaction with p53.
abstract: Upon exposure to DNA damage the p53 tumor suppressor is accumulated and activated to stall cellular growth. For this to occur, p53 must be relieved from its major inhibitors, Mdm2 (Hdm2 in humans) and Mdmx (Mdm4; Hdmx in humans). A key mechanism controlling this relief is the post-translational modifications of p53 and its inhibitors. We have previously demonstrated that the stress-activated tyrosine kinase, c-Abl, contributes to the relief of p53 from Hdm2. Because Hdmx is the major inhibitor of p53 activity, the additional possibility that c-Abl protects p53 through targeting Hdmx was explored in this study. c-Abl was found to interact with and to phosphorylate Hdmx. This phosphorylation was enhanced in response to DNA damage. Importantly, we mapped the sites of phosphorylation to the p53 binding domain of Hdmx. One of these phosphorylations, on tyrosine 99, inhibited Hdmx interaction with p53. This inhibition is consistent with the predicted role of this residue in the interaction with p53 based on the crystal structure of the interaction site. Our results show that c-Abl not only targets Hdm2, but also Hdmx, which together contribute to p53 activation in response to DNA damage.
authors.affiliation: Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zuckerman
authors.forename: Kristiaan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lenos
authors.forename: Grzegorz M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Popowicz
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Silberman
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Marine
authors.forename: Tad A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Holak
authors.forename: Aart G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Jochemsen
authors.forename: Ygal
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Haupt
mesh_terms: D020134:Catalytic Domain / Q000502:physiology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010449:Peptide Mapping / Q000379:methods; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000502:physiology*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000502:physiology; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016315:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C482775:MDM4 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C495901:TP53 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C497206:MDM2 protein, human; D051736:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2; D016315:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl