title: Determinants of exposure to chemical pollutants in wet X-ray film processing in Iran.
abstract: The aim of the current study was to measure glutaraldehyde, acetic acid and sulfur dioxide and levels inside wet x-ray processing areas in a developing country and comparing data with those in developed countries. Forty-five radiographers from 10 educational hospitals affiliated to the Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) in Tehran, Iran participated in this descriptive-analytical study. Exposure to glutaraldehyde (a constituent of developer chemistry), acetic acid (a constituent of fixer chemistry) and sulfur dioxide (a byproduct of sulfites present in both developer and fixer solutions) was measured in all participants as well as area exposure. Average full-shift exposure to glutaraldehyde, acetic acid and sulfur dioxide were 0.0018, 2.65 and 1.64 mg m(-1), respectively. The results showed that the TUMS radiographers full-shift exposures are generally lower than the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommended levels. The concentration of glutaraldehyde collected by area sampling (darkroom) was almost five times (0.0104 mg m(-3)) greater than taken by personal sampling. Exposure to the chemical pollutants in the currents study were generally higher than in developed countries. Identification of these key exposure determinants is useful in targeting exposure evaluation and controls to reduce developer and fixer chemicals exposures in the radiology departments. Employing of a digital imaging system that do not involve wet x-ray processing of photographic film would be a useful device for radiographers protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kakooei
authors.forename: Mehdi B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ardakani
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadighi
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007492:Iran; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011872:Radiology Department, Hospital; D000078329:Workforce; D014962:X-Ray Film
chemical_list: D007202:Indicators and Reagents