title: Differential neuroprotection and risk for bleeding from activated protein C with varying degrees of anticoagulant activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Activated protein C (APC), a protease with anticoagulant and cytoprotective activities, protects neurons and endothelium from ischemic injury. Drotrecogin-alfa activated, a hyperanticoagulant form of human recombinant APC, is currently being studied in patients with ischemic stroke. How changes in APC anticoagulant activity influence APC's neuroprotection and risk for bleeding is not clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used neuronal and brain endothelial cell injury models and middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice to compare efficacy and safety of drotrecogin-alfa activated and human 3K3A-APC, an APC nonanticoagulant mutant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drotrecogin-alfa activated and 3K3A-APC exhibited 148% and 10% of plasma-derived APC's anticoagulant activity and differ in the carbohydrate content. 3K3A-APC protected mouse neurons from N-methyl-d-aspartate-induced apoptosis and human brain endothelial cell from oxygen-glucose deprivation with 1.8- and 3.1-fold greater efficacy than drotrecogin-alfa activated. Given 5 minutes before transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, 3K3A-APC and drotrecogin-alfa activated (0.5 and 2 mg/kg intravenously) reduced comparably and dose-dependently the infarction lesion up to 85%. 3K3A-APC, but not drotrecogin-alfa activated, improved neurological score dose-dependently (P<0.05). 3K3A-APC did not cause bleeding. In contrast, drotrecogin-alfa activated dose-dependently increased hemoglobin content in postischemic brain. After permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, 3K3A-APC multidose therapy (1 mg/kg intravenously at 12 hours and 1, 3, 5, and 7 days) improved functional recovery and reduced infarction by 60% with no risk for bleeding, whereas drotrecogin-alfa activated increased hemoglobin deposition in the postischemic brain and showed relatively modest neuroprotection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonanticoagulant 3K3A-APC exhibits greater neuroprotective efficacy with no risk for bleeding compared with drotrecogin-alfa activated, a hyperanticoagulant form of APC.
authors.affiliation: Department for Neurosurgery, Center for Neurodegenerative and Vascular Brain Disorders, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Yaoming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Meenakshisundaram
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thiyagarajan
authors.forename: Nienwen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Itender
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Huang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Berislav V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Zlokovic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010314:Partial Thromboplastin Time; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011486:Protein C / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D011134:Polysaccharides; D011486:Protein C; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; C421124:drotrecogin alfa activated