title: Activation of neutral sphingomyelinase is involved in acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanisms involved in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) are not yet fully defined. The aim of the study was to determine the role of protein kinase C zeta (PKCzeta) and neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) in HPV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ceramide content was measured by immunocytochemistry and voltage-gated potassium channel (KV) currents were recorded by the patch clamp technique in isolated rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). Contractile responses were analysed in rat pulmonary arteries mounted in a wire myograph. Pulmonary pressure was recorded in anesthetized open-chest rats. Protein and mRNA expression were measured by western blot and RT-PCR, respectively. We found that hypoxia increased ceramide content in PASMC which was abrogated by inhibition of nSMase, but not acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase). The hypoxia-induced vasoconstrictor response in isolated pulmonary arteries and the inhibition of KV currents were strongly reduced by inhibition of PKCzeta or nSMase but not aSMase. The nSMase inhibitor GW4869 prevented HPV in vivo. The vasoconstrictor response to hypoxia was mimicked by exogenous addition of bacterial Smase and ceramide. nSMase2 mRNA expression was approximately 10-fold higher in pulmonary compared with mesenteric arteries. In mesenteric arteries, hypoxia failed to increase ceramide but exogenous SMase induced a contractile response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  nSMase-derived ceramide production and the activation of PKCzeta are early and necessary events in the signalling cascade of acute HPV.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cogolludo
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frazziano
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moral-Sanz
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menendez
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castañeda
authors.forename: Constancio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Villamor
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perez-Vizcaino
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D002518:Ceramides / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000166:cytology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000502:physiology*; D000099221:Protein Kinase C zeta
chemical_list: D002518:Ceramides; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013108:Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase; D000099221:Protein Kinase C zeta; C107180:Smpd3 protein, rat