title: Review type 2 diabetes mellitus and erectile dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for the development of erectile dysfunction (ED). Although most diabetic ED cases are in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), the majority of basic science studies examining mechanisms of diabetic ED have been conducted in animal models of type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Recently, however, clinical and laboratory-based studies have uncovered some key underlying factors of T2DM-associated ED, which we have compiled in this review of T2DM ED.
  
  
  METHODS
  The outcomes discussed in this review include major mechanisms underlying T2DM, discussing both clinical and basic science studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an extensive search of pertinent clinical and basic science literature using PUBMED.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mechanisms causing ED in T2DM are multifactorial and often lead to resistance to current therapy. Systemic effects of hyperglycemia and hypogonadism contribute to the development of impaired vasodilatory signaling, smooth muscle cell hypercontractility, and veno-occlusive disorder in T2DM ED.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding the different causes for ED in T2DM patients may allow targeted therapy for improved erectile function.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington-Department of Urology, Seattle, Washington, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hidalgo-Tamola
authors.affiliation: University of Washington-Department of Urology, Seattle, Washington, WA, USA. Electronic address: kanchanc@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Kanchan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chitaley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000503:physiopathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000502:physiology