title: Increased risk of adverse neurological development for late preterm infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the risks of moderate prematurity for cerebral palsy (CP), developmental delay/mental retardation (DD/MR), and seizure disorders in early childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study using hospitalization and outpatient databases from the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program. Data covered 141 321 children > or =30 weeks born between Jan 1, 2000, and June 30, 2004, with follow-up through June 30, 2005. Presence of CP, DD/MR, and seizures was based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes identified in the encounter data. Separate Cox proportional hazard models were used for each of the outcomes, with crude and adjusted hazard ratios calculated for each gestational age group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decreasing gestational age was associated with increased incidence of CP and DD/MR, even for those born at 34 to 36 weeks gestation. Children born late preterm were >3 times as likely (hazard ratio, 3.39; 95% CI, 2.54-4.52) as children born at term to be diagnosed with CP. A modest association with DD/MR was found for children born at 34 to 36 weeks (hazard ratio, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01-1.54), but not for children in whom seizures were diagnosed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prematurity is associated with long-term neurodevelopmental consequences, with risks increasing as gestation decreases, even in infants born at 34 to 36 weeks.
authors.affiliation: Perinatal Data Center, March of Dimes National Office, White Plains, NY 10605, USA. JPetrini@marchofdimes.com
authors.forename: Joann R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Petrini
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Marie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Massolo
authors.forename: Nancy S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Gabriel J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Escobar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011272:Pregnancy, Multiple; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult