title: Neurocognitive impairment in unaffected siblings of youth with bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is growing evidence for the familiality of pediatric bipolar disorder (BPD) and its association with impairments on measures of processing speed, verbal learning and 'executive' functions. The current study investigated whether these neurocognitive impairments index the familial risk underlying the diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 170 youth with BPD (mean age 12.3 years), their 118 non-mood-disordered siblings and 79 non-mood-disordered controls. Groups were compared on a battery of neuropsychological tests from the Wechsler Intelligence Scales, the Stroop Color Word Test, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF), an auditory working memory Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and the California Verbal Learning Test-Children's Version (CVLT-C). Measures were factor analyzed for data reduction purposes. All analyses controlled for age, sex and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Principal components analyses with a promax rotation yielded three factors reflecting: (1) processing speed/verbal learning, (2) working memory/interference control and (3) abstract problem solving. The CPT working memory measure with interference filtering demands (WM INT) was only administered to subjects aged > or =12 years and was therefore analyzed separately. BPD youth showed impairments versus controls and unaffected relatives on all three factors and on the WM INT. Unaffected relatives exhibited impairments versus controls on the abstract problem-solving factor and the WM INT. They also showed a statistical trend (p=0.07) towards worse performance on the working memory/interference control factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurocognitive impairments in executive functions may reflect the familial neurobiological risk mechanisms underlying pediatric BPD and may have utility as endophenotypes in molecular genetic studies of the condition.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Child Psychiatry Service, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. doylea@helix.mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wozniak
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Wilens
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Henin
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Petty
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010641:Phenotype; D011340:Problem Solving; D011594:Psychometrics; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000235:genetics; D055139:Sensory Gating / Q000235:genetics; D035781:Siblings / Q000523:psychology*; D014706:Verbal Learning; D014888:Wechsler Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult