title: Effect of several electrolyzed waters on the skin permeation of lidocaine, benzoic Acid, and isosorbide mononitrate.
abstract: The effects of several electrolyzed waters were evaluated on the permeation of model base, acid and non-ionized compounds, lidocaine (LC), benzoic acid (BA), and isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN), respectively, through excised hairless rat skin. Strong alkaline-electrolyzed reducing water (ERW) enhanced and suppressed the skin permeation of LC and BA, respectively, and it also increased the skin permeation of ISMN, a non-ionized compound. On the contrary, strong acidic electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) enhanced BA permeation, whereas suppressing LC permeation. Only a marginal effect was observed on the skin permeation of ISMN by EOW. These marked enhancing effects of ERW on the skin permeation of LC and ISMN were explained by pH partition hypothesis as well as a decrease in skin impedance. The present results strongly support that electrolyzed waters, ERW and EOW, can be used as a new vehicle in topical pharmaceuticals or cosmetics to modify the skin permeation of drugs without severe skin damage.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Todo
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugibayashi
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D019817:Benzoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004572:Electrolysis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010539:Permeability; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles / Q000737:chemistry*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D014867:Water; D019817:Benzoic Acid; D008012:Lidocaine; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate; C030397:isosorbide-5-mononitrate