title: Debate: When does a seizure imply epilepsy?
abstract: Epilepsy recently has been defined conceptually as a condition of at least one seizure, with an enduring predisposition to have seizures. It is not yet clear how to make this definition operational and practical. A diagnosis of epilepsy has potentially serious consequences for health, psychosocial well-being, and economics, and, therefore, it should be made with a high level of certainty. A definite diagnosis of epilepsy can be made with two unprovoked seizures at least 24 h apart. This method has the benefit of simplicity and consistency with past epidemiologic studies. Nevertheless, certain circumstances suggest a high likelihood of having a second seizure, as evidenced by common clinical practice of considering treatment after a first unprovoked seizure in conjunction with additional risk factors (surrogate markers). One unifying approach is an operational definition of "definite epilepsy" after two unprovoked seizures at least 24 h apart. An operational definition of "probable epilepsy" can be established with one unprovoked seizure and clinical, electroencephalography (EEG), neuroimaging, genetic, or other information to suggest greater than a 50% chance of having another seizure. "Possible epilepsy" operationally would exist with a single unprovoked seizure and insufficient evidence to predict a high likelihood of recurrence. Future clinical and epidemiologic evidence would allow refinements of the operational definitions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. Robert.fisher@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Ilo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Leppik
mesh_terms: D004827:Epilepsy / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology*