title: Differential role of beta-arrestin ubiquitination in agonist-promoted down-regulation of M1 vs M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sustained agonist-promoted ubiquitination of beta-arrestin has been correlated with increased stability of the GPCR - beta-arrestin complex. Moreover, abrogation of beta-arrestin ubiquitination has been reported to inhibit receptor internalization with minimal effects on receptor degradation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Herein we report that agonist activation of M1 mAChRs produces a sustained beta-arrestin ubiquitination but no stable co-localization with beta-arrestin. In contrast, sustained ubiquitination of beta-arrestin by activation of M2 mAChRs does result in stable co-localization between the M2 mAChR and beta-arrestin. Internalization of receptors was unaffected by proteasome inhibitors, but down-regulation was significantly reduced, suggesting a role for the ubiquitination machinery in promoting down-regulation of the receptors. Given the ubiquitination status of beta-arrestin following agonist treatment, we sought to determine the effects of beta-arrestin ubiquitination on M1 and M2 mAChR down-regulation. A constitutively ubiquitinated beta-arrestin 2 chimera in which ubiquitin is fused to the C-terminus of beta-arrestin 2 (YFP-beta-arrestin 2-Ub) significantly increased agonist-promoted down-regulation of both M1 and M2 mAChRs, with the effect substantially higher on the M2 mAChR. Based on this observation, we were interested in examining the effects of disruption of potential ubiquitination sites in the beta-arrestin sequence on receptor down-regulation. Agonist-promoted internalization of the M2 mAChR was not affected by expression of beta-arrestin lysine mutants lacking putative ubiquitination sites, beta-arrestin 2K18R, K107R, K108R, K207R, K296R, while down-regulation and stable co-localiztion of the receptor with this beta-arrestin lysine mutant were significantly reduced. Interestingly, expression of beta-arrestin 2K18R, K107R, K108R, K207R, K296R increased the agonist-promoted down-regulation of the M1 mAChR but did not result in a stable co-localiztion of the receptor with this beta-arrestin lysine mutant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that ubiquitination of beta-arrestin has a distinct role in the differential trafficking and degradation of M1 and M2 mAChRs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Science, Skaggs Building Room 376, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. darrell.jackson@umontana.edu.
authors.forename: Valerie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Mosser
authors.forename: Kymry T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Katie M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Nael A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: McCarty
authors.forename: Darrell A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Jackson