title: Transient treatment with CDK inhibitors eliminates proliferative potential even when their abilities to evoke apoptosis and DNA damage are blocked.
abstract: Transient treatment with small molecule CDK inhibitors is toxic to cancer cells and leads to depletion of anti-apoptotic proteins and Chk1, coupled with DNA damage and induction of apoptosis. Here we have examined, which of these phenomena are necessary for CDK inhibitors to have an anti-proliferative effect. We find that 24 hours treatment with either a primarily CDK2-specific, or a primarily CDK7/9-specific, antagonist eliminates proliferative potential even if apoptosis is blocked and the tendency of CDK inhibition to result in DNA damage is overcome by expression of recombinant Chk1. Loss of proliferative potential is correlated with irreversible suppression of biomarkers of cell cycle progression. CDK inhibitors dramatically reduced levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins, Mcl-1 and XIAP, but siRNA-mediated suppression of Mcl-1 and XIAP did not induce cell death in the osteosarcoma cells used in this study. Finally, we found that many literature CDK inhibitors do not effectively suppress the CDK/cyclin complexes responsible for cell cycle progression at the minimum doses required to block proliferation: some are only effective after a substantial delay and may act via inhibition of CDK7.
authors.affiliation: Vernalis (R & D) Ltd, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, Cambs, UK.
authors.forename: Simon F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Scrace
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kierstan
authors.forename: Jenifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borgognoni
authors.forename: Lan-Zhen
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Denny
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wayne
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Cansfield
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lockie
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Curtin
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Newell
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D000071877:Checkpoint Kinase 1; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage; D006801:Humans; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; C484864:N-(5-(((5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-oxazolyl)methyl)thio)-2-thiazolyl)-4-piperidinecarboxamide; D010080:Oxazoles; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D013844:Thiazoles; C539071:VER 54505; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; D011494:Protein Kinases; C000605867:CHEK1 protein, human; D000071877:Checkpoint Kinase 1; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases