title: Changes in cortical potential associated with modulation of peripheral sympathetic activity in patients with epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the immediate and sustained effects of volitional sympathetic modulation, using galvanic skin response (GSR) biofeedback training on cortical excitability in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients undertook 12 sessions of GSR biofeedback training over 1 month, during which they were trained to increase sympathetic arousal, using GSR biofeedback. Contingent negative variation (CNV) (a slow cortical potential reflecting cortical arousal and excitability) and the related post imperative negative variation (PINV) were quantified before and after biofeedback treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant reduction in CNV amplitude was observed in both the short-term (within the first session, after 10 minutes of GSR biofeedback) and long-term (sustained after 12 training sessions). Specifically, the change in baseline CNV amplitude after the 12 training sessions correlated with a percentage reduction in seizure frequency. Furthermore, changes in baseline amplitude of the PINV also correlated with seizure reduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrate that behavioral enhancement of peripheral sympathetic tone (GSR) is associated with modulation of indices of cortical excitability. Moreover, GSR biofeedback training over repeated sessions was associated with a chronic baseline reduction in slow cortical potentials and concurrent therapeutic improvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK. ynagai@essex.ac.uk
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagai
authors.forename: Hugo D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Critchley
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rothwell
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Trimble
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation / Q000502:physiology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014836:Volition / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants