title: Advanced heart failure: a call to action.
abstract: Despite improvements in medical therapy for heart failure, more than 250,000 people die in the United States as a result of heart failure each year. There are multiple risk factors and models that have been created to identify these people, yet there has not been a significant impact on outcomes or change in the therapies for these patients. The authors review the available therapies for patients with advanced heart failure and the various risk models available to predict morbidity and mortality and present simple "office predictors" that could be used to potentially predict patients who would benefit from these therapies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. srusse14@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Stuart D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Leslie W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Francis D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Pagani
mesh_terms: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004232:Diuretics