title: Differential brain activation during facial emotion discrimination in first-episode schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aberrant brain activation during facial emotion discrimination has been described in chronic schizophrenia, while little is known about early stages of the illness. The aim of the current study was to investigate valence-specific brain activation of emotion discrimination in first-episode schizophrenia. These patients provide the advantage of lacking the effects of long-term medication and chronic illness course and can hence further enhance the understanding of underlying psychopathological mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using event-related fMRI, we investigated 18 first-episode schizophrenia patients and 18 matched healthy subjects during an explicit emotion discrimination task presenting happy, sad and neutral monochromatic facial expressions. A repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the factors Group (patients, healthy subjects), Gender and Emotion (happy, sad, neutral) was performed on behavioural and functional data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Behavioural performance did not differ between groups. Valence-independent hypoactivations in patients were observed for the anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex while hyperactivations emerged in the posterior cingulate and the precuneus. Emotion-specific group differences were revealed in inferior parietal and orbitofrontal brain areas and the hippocampus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  First-episode schizophrenia already affects areas involved in processing of both, emotions and primary facial information. Our study underlines the role of dysfunctional neural networks as the basis of disturbed social interactions in early schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 8939 Villa La Jolla Drive, Suite C230, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA. mreske@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reske
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Habel
authors.forename: Thilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kellermann
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Backes
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jon Shah
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von Wilmsdorff
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gaebel
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zilles
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D003463:Cues; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods; D004644:Emotions; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018967:Risperidone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D006220:Haloperidol; D018967:Risperidone