title: Salvage gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery for surgically refractory trigeminal neuralgia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical outcome of patients with surgically refractory trigeminal neuralgia (TN) treated with rescue gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine patients with typical TN received salvage GKRS between 1997 and 2002 at the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI). All patients had recurrent pain following at least one prior surgical intervention. Prior surgical interventions included percutaneous destructive procedures, microvascular decompression (MVD), or GKRS. Thirty-one (39%) had undergone at least two prior procedures. The most common salvage dose was 80 Gy, although 40-50 Gy was typical in patients who had received prior radiosurgery. Pain outcome was assessed using the BNI Pain Intensity Score, and quality of life was assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median follow-up after salvage GKRS was 5.3 years. Actuarial analysis demonstrated that at 5 years, 20% of patients were pain-free and 50% had pain relief. Pain recurred in patients who had an initial response to GKRS at a median of 1.1 years. Twenty-eight (41%) required a subsequent surgical procedure for recurrence. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model suggested that the strongest predictor of GKRS failure was a history of prior MVD (p=0.029). There were no instances of serious morbidity or mortality. Ten percent of patients developed worsening facial numbness and 8% described their numbness as "very bothersome."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GKRS salvage for refractory TN is well tolerated and results in long-term pain relief in approximately half the patients treated. Clinicians may reconsider using GKRS to salvage patients who have failed prior MVD.
authors.affiliation: Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Shetter
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Shetter
authors.forename: Udaya K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Kakarla
authors.forename: C Leland
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016634:Radiosurgery; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012008:Recurrence; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014277:Trigeminal Neuralgia / Q000601:surgery*