title: Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, sucrose, or high-fructose corn syrup.
abstract: Our laboratory has investigated 2 hypotheses regarding the effects of fructose consumption: 1) the endocrine effects of fructose consumption favor a positive energy balance, and 2) fructose consumption promotes the development of an atherogenic lipid profile. In previous short- and long-term studies, we showed that consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages with 3 meals results in lower 24-h plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and leptin in humans than does consumption of glucose-sweetened beverages. We have also tested whether prolonged consumption of high-fructose diets leads to increased caloric intake or decreased energy expenditure, thereby contributing to weight gain and obesity. Results from a study conducted in rhesus monkeys produced equivocal results. Carefully controlled and adequately powered long-term studies are needed to address these hypotheses. In both short- and long-term studies, we showed that consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages substantially increases postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations compared with glucose-sweetened beverages. In the long-term studies, apolipoprotein B concentrations were also increased in subjects consuming fructose, but not in those consuming glucose. Data from a short-term study comparing consumption of beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, high-fructose corn syrup, and sucrose suggest that high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose increase postprandial triacylglycerol to an extent comparable with that induced by 100% fructose alone. Increased consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages along with increased prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes underscore the importance of investigating the metabolic consequences of fructose consumption in carefully controlled experiments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Kimber L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Stanhope
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Havel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D005632:Fructose; D005947:Glucose