title: A transition from unimodal to multimodal activations in four sensory modalities in humans: an electrophysiological study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate the long-latency activities common to all sensory modalities, electroencephalographic responses to auditory (1000 Hz pure tone), tactile (electrical stimulation to the index finger), visual (simple figure of a star), and noxious (intra-epidermal electrical stimulation to the dorsum of the hand) stimuli were recorded from 27 scalp electrodes in 14 healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results of source modeling showed multimodal activations in the anterior part of the cingulate cortex (ACC) and hippocampal region (Hip). The activity in the ACC was biphasic. In all sensory modalities, the first component of ACC activity peaked 30-56 ms later than the peak of the major modality-specific activity, the second component of ACC activity peaked 117-145 ms later than the peak of the first component, and the activity in Hip peaked 43-77 ms later than the second component of ACC activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The temporal sequence of activations through modality-specific and multimodal pathways was similar among all sensory modalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan. temi@nips.ac.jp
authors.forename: Emi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inui
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kida
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeshima
authors.forename: Ryusuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kakigi
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology*