title: Hexylaminolaevulinate 'blue light' fluorescence cystoscopy in the investigation of clinically unconfirmed positive urine cytology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the value of photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) using hexylaminolaevulinate (Hexvix, PhotoCure, Oslo, Norway) in the investigation of patients with positive urine cytology who have no evidence of disease after standard initial investigations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three patients referred with positive urine cytology but no current histological evidence of cancer were investigated between April 2005 and January 2007 with PDD, using Hexvix and the D-light system (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany) to detect fluorescence. The bladder was mapped initially under white light and then under 'blue-light'. Biopsies were taken from abnormal urothelium detected by white light, fluorescence, or both. All cytological specimens were reviewed by a reference cytopathologist unaware of the result of the PDD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five PDD-assisted cystoscopies were carried out on 23 patients (20 men/3 women; median age 64 years, range 24-80 years). Of the 23 patients, 17 (74%) were previously untreated for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), whilst six were under surveillance for previous TCC. Nineteen of the 23 (83%) cytology specimens were confirmed as suspicious or positive by the reference pathologist. TCC of the bladder or preneoplastic lesions were diagnosed in six patients, i.e. six (26%) of those investigated and six of 19 (32%) with confirmed positive cytology. Four of the six were under surveillance for previous bladder tumour. Additional pathology was detected by fluorescence in five of the six patients, including two carcinoma in situ (CIS), one CIS + G3pT1 tumour, and two dysplasia. Diagnoses in PDD-negative cases included one upper tract TCC and four patients with stones. In addition, one patient had CIS diagnosed on both white light and PDD 6 months later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional pathology was detected by HAL fluorescence cystoscopy in 32% of patients with confirmed positive urinary cytology. PDD is a key step in the management of patients with positive urinary cytology and no evidence of disease on conventional tests.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology and Histopathology, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Eleanor R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chatterton
authors.forename: Mohammed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Tim S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000592:standards; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008875:Middle Aged; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000592:standards; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; C419924:5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester