title: Effect of elevated local temperature on cutaneous vasoconstrictor responsiveness in humans.
abstract: Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) increases in response to local skin heating. Although attenuation of vasoconstrictor responsiveness due to local heating has been demonstrated, the mechanism(s) responsible for this attenuation remains unclear. Nitric oxide has been shown to at least partially contribute to this response, but other mechanisms also may be involved. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that local heating diminishes cutaneous vasoconstrictor responsiveness through a nitric oxide-independent mechanism by altering postsynaptic reactivity to norepinephrine. A follow-up protocol tested the hypothesis that local heating attenuates the presynaptic release of neurotransmitters that cause vasoconstriction, also via non-nitric oxide mechanisms. In protocol I, CVC was assessed in eight subjects during administration of increasing doses of norepinephrine (via intradermal microdialysis) at adjacent sites separately heated to 34 degrees C and 40 degrees C. In protocol II, which was identical to, but separate from, protocol I, CVC was assessed in seven subjects during administration of increasing doses of tyramine, which causes release of neurotransmitters from adrenergic nerves. At each site for both protocols, nitric oxide synthesis was inhibited (via microdialysis administration of N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester) and flow was matched (via microdialysis administration of adenosine); therefore, temperature was the only variable that differed between the sites. For both protocols, nonlinear regression analysis revealed no difference (P > 0.05) in the effective drug concentration causing 50% of the vasoconstrictor response. Minimum CVC [6.3 +/- 2.0 and 9.0 +/- 4.0% of peak CVC (mean +/- SD) for protocol I and 19.3 +/- 9.3 and 20.5 +/- 11.9% of peak CVC for protocol II at 34 degrees C and 40 degrees C sites, respectively] was not different between sites. Independent of nitric oxide, local skin heating to 40 degrees C does not attenuate adrenergically mediated cutaneous vasoconstriction through pre- or postsynaptic mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, Dallas, TX 75231, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wingo
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: R Matthew
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Brothers
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shibasaki
authors.forename: Craig G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Crandall
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000294:innervation; D001831:Body Temperature; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D008875:Middle Aged; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009599:Nitroprusside / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000378:metabolism; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D014439:Tyramine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014661:Vasoconstriction; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009599:Nitroprusside; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D000241:Adenosine; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D009638:Norepinephrine; D014439:Tyramine