title: Prospective controlled study of microbial colonization of the trachea in tracheotomized and laryngectomized patients with HME (heat and moisture exchanger).
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  The use of heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) does not endanger tracheostomy patients in terms of additional exposure to pathogenic microorganisms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Stoma filters in the form of HMEs cause a beneficial convection of respiratory air in tracheotomized and laryngectomized patients. We investigated whether or not this may lead to an altered microbial ecology in the non-physiologically colonized lower respiratory tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test this hypothesis, material from the trachea of stoma patients was prospectively collected utilizing a standardized swab technique and subsequent aerobic quantitative culture assays of the suspended and serially diluted material. With this approach, we examined the microbial flora in 6 and 5 patients after laryngectomy/tracheostomy, respectively, without any protection, in 11 patients after laryngectomy with a bib, and in 8 laryngectomized patients with an HME.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all three groups, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were most frequently demonstrated. The microbial count of facultative pathogenic agents ranged between 3×10(2) colony forming units (cfu)/ml and 10(6) cfu/ml and was similar in the three groups. With respect to the absence of inflammatory symptoms in every patient, all isolates could be regarded as colonizers. Among the antibiotics tested with each isolate, cefuroxime proved to be the most effective against the facultative pathogenic bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany. burkhard.kramp@med.uni-rostock.de
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kramp
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donat
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dommerich
authors.forename: Hans Wilhelm
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Pau
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Podbielski
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007825:Laryngectomy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D014132:Trachea / Q000382:microbiology*; D014139:Tracheostomy