title: Pain control in augmentation mammaplasty using indwelling catheters in 687 consecutive patients: data analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative pain following augmentation mammaplasty can cause significant disability. In the authors' previously published prospective study of 644 consecutive augmentation mammaplasty patients, it was shown that the use of indwelling catheters for the postoperative instillation of bupivacaine is both safe and effective in postoperative pain management.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study analyzes a large population of augmentation mammaplasty patients to not only compare the effectiveness of catheter control with systemic analgesics but also to delineate sites of pain and determine if any of a variety of factors influence postoperative pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires were given to all patients to record the extent of pain reduction following the instillation of local anesthesia, patient preference for a variety of analgesics, and the locations of postoperative pain. Potential correlations to pain-including the number of children, age, handedness, preoperative fear, pain tolerance, and length of narcotic use-were investigated using statistical analysis. Operative aspects, such as the size of implants, use of asymmetrical implants, intraoperative expansion, duration of surgery, and sharp versus blunt dissection were also studied to determine if these factors influenced postoperative pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-administration of bupivacaine the evening after surgery achieved pain reduction in 89% of patients. Patients gave high preference scores for the instillation of local anesthesia, comparable to rates achieved with the systemic narcotics Vicodin (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL) and Percocet (Endo Pharmaceuticals, Chadds Ford, PA). Lower patient ratings were given to ibuprofen and methocarbamol. Patients identified multiple sites of postoperative pain, including the sternum, armpits, outer ribs, top of the breast (infraclavicular), interscapular region, and shoulders. Older patients experienced less pain. Patients who reported more pain, higher levels of fear, and sternal pain used narcotics for a longer period of time. Duration of surgery, blunt versus sharp dissection, and intraoperative expansion were not significantly related to pain. Combined implant size did not correlate with pain, though in the case of asymmetrical implants, greater pain (not statistically significant) on the larger side was reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postoperative pain following augmentation mammaplasty may be influenced by several factors, but these appear unrelated to implant size, specific operative techniques (blunt versus sharp dissection), or duration of surgery. Pain may involve not only the breasts, but also the sternum, sides of the chest, armpits, and infraclavicular and interscapular areas. The use of indwelling catheters for the instillation of a long-acting anesthetic is rated comparable in efficacy to the systemic narcotics Vicodin and Percocet. Sternal pain can be severe and may require narcotics for effective pain control.
authors.affiliation: info@plasticsurgerypa.com
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Pacik
authors.forename: Craig E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Werner
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019928:Breast Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006853:Hydrocodone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010098:Oxycodone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012646:Self Administration
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; C083640:acetaminophen, hydrocodone drug combination; C514822:oxycodone-acetaminophen; D000082:Acetaminophen; D006853:Hydrocodone; D010098:Oxycodone; D007052:Ibuprofen; D002045:Bupivacaine