title: Endovascular stenting for the treatment of traumatic internal carotid injuries: expanding experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of endovascular techniques in the treatment of traumatic vascular injuries, including injury to the internal carotid artery, continues to evolve. Despite growing experience with the usage of these techniques in the setting of artherosclerotic disease, published results in traumatic carotid injuries remain sporadic and confined to case reports and case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a review of the medical literature from 1990 to the present date using the Pubmed and OVID Medline databases to search for all reports documenting the use of endovascular stenting for the treatment of carotid injuries. Thirty-one published reports were analyzed to abstract data regarding mechanism, location, and type of injury; use and type of anticoagulation used in conjunction with stenting; type and timing of radiographic and clinical follow-up; and radiographic and clinical outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of endovascular stenting for the treatment of internal carotid injuries was reported for only 113 patients from 1994 to the present date. Stenting was most commonly used after a blunt mechanism of injury (77.0%). The injury types treated by stenting included pseudoaneurysm (60.2%), arteriovenous fistula (16.8%), dissection (14.2%), partial transection (4.4%), occlusion (2.7%), intimal flap (0.9%), and aneurysm (0.9%). Initial endovascular stent placement was successful in 76.1% of patients. Radiographic and clinical follow-up periods ranging from 2 weeks to 2 years revealed a follow-up patency of 79.6%. No stent-related mortalities were reported. New neurologic deficits after stent placement occurred in 3.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endovascular treatment of traumatic internal carotid artery injury continues to evolve. Early results are encouraging, but experience with this modality and data on late follow-up are still very limited. A large prospective randomized trial is warranted to further define the role of this treatment modality in the setting of trauma.
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma and Critical Care at the Los Angeles County, University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA. jjd3c@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DuBose
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Recinos
authors.forename: Pedro G R
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Demetrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Demetriades
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000783:Aneurysm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000379:methods*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D020215:Carotid Artery, Internal, Dissection / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015607:Stents; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants