title: Psychological vulnerability differences in students--carriers or not of the serotonin transporter promoter allele S: effect of adverse experiences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of the serotonin transporting gene L/S polymorphism on several psychological characteristics in a group of Greek University students.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty-one students were genotyped and classified into two groups: carriers or noncarriers of an S allele. Students were evaluated with a battery of psychological tests (Zung depression rating scale, symptoms check-list-90-R, Eysenck personality inventory); they also answered questionnaires regarding serious past adverse experiences as well as nicotine and alcohol use. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to check the main effect of genotype and its interaction with both adverse life experiences and scores of psychological tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences were detected between the two groups of students regarding scores of the psychological tests. Yet, analysis with MANOVA indicated an interaction between genotype and adversities (lambda = 0.838, F(17,158) = 1.802, P = 0.032). Students who both carry at least one S allele and have faced serious past adverse life experiences have scored higher than carriers of the S allele who have not faced adversities on the following: global severity index (F(1174) = 5.973, P = 0.016), positive symptoms distress index (F(1174) = 4.518, P = 0.035), somatization (F(1174) = 4.074, P = 0.045), depression (F(1174) = 4.971, P = 0.027), anxiety (F(1174) = 8.112, P = 0.005), phobic anxiety (F(1174) = 16.421, P < 0.000), and paranoid ideation (F(1174) = 5.143, P = 0.025). Among students without adversities, those with the LL genotype have scored higher than S allele carriers on the following: depression (t = 2.680, df = 75, P = 0.009), anxiety (t = 2.629, df = 75, P = 0.010), phobic anxiety (t = 3.350, df = 75, P = 0.001), and paranoid ideation (t = 2.668, df = 75, P = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The S and L alleles seem to interact differently with serious past life adversities in influencing psychological vulnerability. Adversities seem to have a stronger effect on S carriers. LL genotype might be related to the expression of certain more endogenous psychopathological tendencies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: Stavroula
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Veletza
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samakouri
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Emmanouil
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trypsianis
authors.forename: Niki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kourmouli
authors.forename: Miltiadis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Livaditis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000235:genetics; D001007:Anxiety / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011581:Psychological Tests; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins