title: Effect of elevated PEEP on dynamic variables of fluid responsiveness in a pediatric animal model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have demonstrated that stroke volume variation (SVV), pulse pressure variation (PPV) and global end-diastolic volume (GEDV) can be used to predict the response to fluid administration. Currently, little information is available whether application of different levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), especially in infants and neonates, affects their ability to predict fluid responsiveness. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of increasing PEEP levels on the predictive value of SVV, PPV and GEDV with respect to fluid responsiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stroke volume variation and PPV were monitored continously in 22 anesthetized piglets during changing PEEP levels (5 and 10 cmH(2)O) both before and after fluid loading (FL). GEDV was measured by transpulmonary thermodilution; cardiac output and stroke volume (SV) were measured by pulmonary artery thermodilution. A positive response to FL was defined as > or =15% increase in SV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fluid loading induced significant changes in all hemodynamic variables except of heart rate and systemic vascular resistance. At PEEP 5 cmH(2)O, SVV, PPV and GEDV significantly correlated with volume induced percentage change in SV, whereas at PEEP 10 cmH(2)O, this correlation was abolished for PPV. As assessed by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, SVV and GEDV, independent of PEEP level applied, were the best predictors of a positive response to FL [area under the curve: SVV = 0.88; GEDV = 0.80].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this pediatric animal model, SVV and GEDV were sensitive and specific predictors of fluid responsiveness during increasing PEEP levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany. renner@anaesthesie.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gruenewald
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meybohm
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hedderich
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steinfath
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001831:Body Temperature; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000502:physiology; D012372:ROC Curve; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013552:Swine; D013815:Thermodilution; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology*