title: Fish consumption and risk of major chronic disease in men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although fish consumption may reduce specific disease endpoints, such as sudden cardiac death and prostate cancer, the effects of major chronic disease on total burden, reflecting sums of effects on a variety of endpoints and risk pathways, are not well established. Higher n-6 fatty acid consumption has also been hypothesized to reduce the health benefits of n-3 fatty acids in fish.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to study the associations of fish and n-3 fatty acid consumption with risk of total major chronic disease (cardiovascular disease, cancer, and death) and to determine whether a high n-6 intake modifies the associations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lifestyle and other risk factors were assessed every 2 y and diet every 4 y in 40,230 US male health professionals aged 40-75 y and free of major chronic disease at baseline in 1986. During 18 y of follow-up, 9715 major chronic disease events occurred, including 3639 cardiovascular disease events, 4690 cancers, and 1386 deaths from other causes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After multivariable adjustment, neither fish nor dietary n-3 fatty acid consumption was significantly associated with risk of total major chronic disease. Compared with fish consumption of <1 serving/mo, consumption of 1 serving/wk and of 2-4 servings/wk was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease of approximately 15%. No significant associations were seen with cancer risk. Higher or lower n-6 fatty acid intake did not significantly modify the results (P for interaction > 0.10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modest fish consumption was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease, consistent with cardiac mortality benefits but not with total cancer or overall major chronic disease; n-6 fatty acid consumption did not influence these relations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. jyrki.virtanen@uku.fi
authors.forename: Jyrki K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Virtanen
authors.forename: Dariush
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mozaffarian
authors.forename: Stephanie E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Chiuve
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rimm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology; D004032:Diet; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005399:Fishes; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017747:Seafood; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6