title: Outcome measures for gait and ambulation in the spinal cord injury population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At the 2006 National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) sponsored pre-conference on spinal cord injury (SCI) outcomes, several gait and ambulation measures were evaluated for utility in clinical practice, validity, and reliability as research measurement tools. The Conference Subcommittee on Gait and Ambulation chose to review the Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (WISCI II), 50-Foot Walk Test (50FTWT), 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT), and Functional Independence Measure-Locomotor (FIM-L).
  
  
  METHODS
  A subcommittee of international experts evaluated each instrument for test construct, administration, population applicability, reliability, sensitivity to change, and validity. Evaluations for each outcome measure were compiled, distributed to the whole committee, and then further reviewed with addition of comments and recommendations for consensus. An audience of experts voted on the validity and usefulness of each measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WISCI II and 10MWT were found to be the most valid and clinically useful tests to measure improvement in gait for patients with SCI. FIM-L had little utility and validity for research in SCI. 6MWT and 50FTWT were found to be useful but in need of further validation or changes for the SCI population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination of the 10MWT and WISCI II would provide the most valid measure of improvement in gait and ambulation in as much as objective changes of speed, and functional capacity allow for interval measurement. To provide the most comprehensive battery, however, it will be important to include a measure of endurance such as the 6MWT. Further validation and study should be devoted to WISCI II, 10MWT, and 6MWT as primary outcome measures for gait in SCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35213, USA.
authors.forename: Amie B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Charles T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Carnel
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ditunno
authors.forename: Mary Schmidt
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Boninger
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Schmeler
authors.forename: Steve R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Donovan
mesh_terms: D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*