[Molecular bases of hereditary hyperekplexia].
BACKGROUND
Hereditary hyperekplexia is a rare clinical syndrome typically characterized by sudden and generalized startle in response to trivial but unexpected tactile or acoustic stimulations. Typically it is accompanied by a temporally but complete muscular rigidly, and usually it manifests shortly after birth. Some affected infants die suddenly from lapses in cardiorespiratory function. Mental development usually is normal.


OBJECTIVE
To summarize and update the molecular bases underlying the hereditary hyperekplexia syndrome.


METHODS
Approximately 30% of the individuals suffering hereditary hyperekplexia show mutations on a gene located on chromosome 5q32 with a dominant or recessive trait. This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor, which plays a crucial role in inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission that process sensory and motor information. About 70% of the patients with hyperekplexia do not show genetic defects in the glycine receptor gene; this suggested that additional genes might be affected in this disease. Recent studies have reveals that mutations in the neuronal glycine transporter GLYT2 are a second major cause of hyperekplexia.


CONCLUSIONS
Hereditary hyperekplexia is a complex genetic disease in which several genes can be implicated, all of them directly or indirectly involved in inhibitory glycinergic neurotransmission. Two major proteins involved in hyperekplexia are the strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor (GlyR) and the neuronal glycine transporter GLYT2. Implication of secondary additional accompanying or interacting proteins in glycinergic terminals are not ruled out.
Giménez
C
C
Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España. cgimenez@cbm.uam.es
Zafra
F
F
López-Corcuera
B
B
Aragón
C
C
D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D050487:Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006941:Hyperesthesia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009154:Mutation; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D018009:Receptors, Glycine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013216:Reflex, Startle; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000235:genetics*; D013577:Syndrome
D050487:Glycine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D018009:Receptors, Glycine; C493271:SLC6A5 protein, human