title: Surgical anatomy for a new minimally invasive approach to harvest the flexor digitorum longus tendon: a cadaver study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this cadaver study was to test feasibility and safety of a new technique for harvesting the FDL tendon through a plantar incision placed directly overlying the FDL division and to define the relevant surgical anatomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In eight cadaver feet the FDL tendon was exposed in the midfoot through a plantar incision. In four of these feet this was done after localization of the FDL division site using a probe inserted through a wound in the hindfoot within the sheath of FDL tendon. The exact location was measured in relation to the geometry of the foot and was found to be midway between the back of the heel and the base of the second toe and about 4 cm medial to the lateral border of the foot. Using these determinants FDL was exposed on the contralateral matching four feet without use of the probe. The FDL tendon was divided and pulled proximally and the length of the tendon was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The FDL division lies midway between the back of the heel and the base of the second toe and about 3.7 cm medial to the lateral border of the foot. The medial and the lateral plantar neurovascular bundles are, respectively, about 0.43 cm and 0.86 cm away from the FDL division. The average length of the retrieved tendon was about 9 cm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This cadaver study suggests that the FDL tendon can be safely harvested through a plantar incision. The adjacent neurovascular structures remained undamaged. Plantar surface anatomy guides placement of the plantar incision so that the incision can overlie directly over the FDL division.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0165, USA. vkpanchb@utmb.edu
authors.forename: Vinod K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Panchbhavi
authors.forename: Jinping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Santaram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vallurapalli
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods*