title: Association of Malnutrition-Inflammation Score with quality of life and mortality in hemodialysis patients: a 5-year prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Malnutrition-Inflammation Score (MIS), an inexpensive and easy-to-assess score of 0 to 30 to examine protein-energy wasting (PEW) and inflammation, includes 7 components of the Subjective Global Assessment, body mass index, and serum albumin and transferrin concentrations. We hypothesized that MIS risk stratification of hemodialysis (HD) patients in predicting outcomes is better than its components or laboratory markers of inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  5-Year cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 809 stable HD outpatients and followed them for up to 5 years (October 2001 to December 2006).
  
  
  METHODS
  MIS and other nutritional and inflammatory markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective all-cause mortality, health-related quality of life using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and tests of body composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MIS correlated with logarithm of serum interleukin 6 level (r = +0.26; P < 0.001), logarithm of C-reactive protein level (r = +0.16; P < 0.001), and several measures of nutritional status. Patients with a higher MIS had lower SF-36 scores. After multivariate adjustment for case-mix and other measures of PEW, HD patients in the second (3 to 4), third (5 to 7), and fourth (>or=8) quartiles of MIS had worse survival rates than those in the first (0 to 2) quartile (P < 0.001). Each 2-unit increase in MIS was associated with a 2-fold greater death risk, ie, adjusted death hazard ratio of 2.03 (95% confidence interval, 1.76 to 2.33; P < 0.001). Cubic spline survival models confirmed linear trends. Adding MIS to the constellation of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and vintage significantly improved the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve developed for predicting mortality (0.71 versus 0.67; P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selection bias and unknown confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HD patients, the MIS is associated with inflammation, nutritional status, quality of life, and 5-year prospective mortality. The mortality predictability of the MIS appears equal to serum interleukin 6 and somewhat greater than C-reactive protein levels. Controlled trials are warranted to examine whether interventions to improve the MIS can also improve clinical outcomes in HD patients.
authors.affiliation: Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rambod
authors.forename: Rachelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bross
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zitterkoph
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Benner
authors.forename: Juhi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pithia
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colman
authors.forename: Csaba P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Kovesdy
authors.forename: Joel D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kopple
authors.forename: Kamyar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalantar-Zadeh
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011788:Quality of Life; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014168:Transferrin / Q000032:analysis; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D012709:Serum Albumin; D014168:Transferrin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein