title: Orbital arteriovenous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the clinical features, management, and outcomes in a series of patients with orbital arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical records of patients with orbital AVMs confirmed using angiography were reviewed as a retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients (3 women and 5 men) with unilateral AVMs and a mean age of 39 years (median, 36.5 years; range, 26-70 years) were reviewed. Findings existed for an average of 11.2 years before diagnosis and included periocular mass (7 patients, 88%); periocular edema, pulsation/bruit, proptosis, episcleral congestion, and previous trauma (4 patients each, 50%); elevated intraocular pressure (3 patients, 38%); pain and reduced visual acuity (2 patients each, 25%); and restriction of extraocular movements, and diplopia (1 patient each, 12%). All of the patients except 1 underwent surgical resection, with 3 (38%) receiving preoperative embolization of feeder vessels; all of the patients had initial resolution of manifestations after treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Angiography is essential for diagnosis and for planning the management of orbital AVMs. Treatment depends on patient-specific features and includes observation, embolization, and surgical excision or combined preoperative embolization/excision. Given their vascular nature, the main cause of poor management outcomes is perioperative hemorrhage. Outcomes after a multidisciplinary approach are good, with few recurrences reported at follow-up.
authors.affiliation: South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology and Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. drskwarrier@gmail.com
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Warrier
authors.forename: Venkatesh C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Prabhakaran
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valenzuela
authors.forename: Tim J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Garry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Selva
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D002342:Carotid Artery, External / Q000002:abnormalities; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005145:Face / Q000098:blood supply; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009880:Ophthalmic Artery / Q000002:abnormalities; D009915:Orbit / Q000098:blood supply*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed