title: A high-resolution chemical and structural study of framboidal pyrite formed within a low-temperature bacterial biofilm.
abstract: A novel, anaerobically grown microbial biofilm, scraped from the inner surface of a borehole, 1474 m below land surface within a South African, Witwatersrand gold mine, contains framboidal pyrite. Water flowing from the borehole had a temperature of 30.9 degrees C, a pH of 7.4, and an Eh of -50 mV. Examination of the biofilm using X-ray diffraction, field emission gun scanning electron microscope equipped for energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis demonstrated that the framboids formed within a matrix of bacteria and biopolymers. Focused ion beam sectioning of framboids followed by NEXAFS measurements using both scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and X-ray photoelectron emission microscopy revealed that the pyrite crystals grew within an organic carbon matrix consisting of exopolysaccharides and possibly extracellular DNA, which is intuitively important in sulfide mineral diagenesis. Growth of individual pyrite crystals within the framboid occurred inside organic templates confirms the association between framboidal pyrite and organic materials in low-temperature diagenetic environments and the important role of microenvironments in biofilms in regulating geochemical cycles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A5B7. lmaclean@NRCan.gc.ca
authors.forename: L C W
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: MacLean
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tyliszczak
authors.forename: P U P A
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Pray
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Onstott
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Southam
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D018441:Biofilms; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D013019:South Africa; D013440:Sulfides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D013440:Sulfides; C011342:pyrite; D007501:Iron