title: Incidence of cardiovascular disease and cancer in advanced age: prospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of increasing age on the incidence and remaining lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in a cohort of older men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  22,048 male doctors aged 40-84 who were free of major disease in 1982.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence and remaining lifetime risk of major cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, stroke, and death from cardiovascular disease) and cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3252 major cardiovascular events and 5400 incident cancers were confirmed over 23 years of follow-up. The incidence of major cardiovascular disease continued to increase to age 100. Beginning at age 80, however, major cardiovascular disease was more likely to be diagnosed at death. The incidence of cancer peaked in those aged 80-89 and then declined. Cancers detected by screening accounted for most of the decline, whereas most cancers for which there was no screening continued to increase to age 100. Unadjusted cumulative incidence overestimated the risk of cardiovascular disease by 16% and cancer by 8.5%. The remaining lifetime risk of cancer at age 40 was 45.1% (95% confidence interval 43.8% to 46.3%) and at age 90 was 9.6% (7.2% to 11.9%). The remaining lifetime risk of major cardiovascular disease at age 40 was 34.8% (33.1% to 36.5%) and at age 90 was 16.7% (12.9% to 20.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this prospective cohort of men, the incidence of new cardiovascular disease continued to increase after age 80 but was most often diagnosed at death. The decrease in incidence of cancer late in life seemed largely due to a decline in cancers usually detected by screening. These findings suggest that people aged 80 and older have a substantial amount of undiagnosed disease. The remaining lifetime risk of both diseases approached a plateau in the 10th decade. This may be due to decreased detection of disease and reporting of symptoms and increased resistance to disease in those who survive to old age. Accurate estimates of disease risk in an aging population require adjustment for competing risks of mortality.
authors.affiliation: Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. jdriver@partners.org
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Driver
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Djoussé
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Logroscino
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gaziano
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology